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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Gauteng | Government of Gauteng | ["1 Legislature","2 Executive","3 Courts","4 Administrative divisions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Government of Gauteng province in South Africa
Government of GautengPolity typeProvince (unitary state)Part ofSouth AfricaConstitutionChapter Six of the Constitution of South AfricaLegislative branchNameGauteng Provincial LegislatureTypeUnicameralMeeting placeJohannesburg City HallPresiding officerNtombi Lentheng Mekgwe, SpeakerExecutive branchHead of GovernmentTitlePremierCurrentlyPanyaza LesufiAppointerGauteng Provincial Legislature
The government of Gauteng province in South Africa consists of a unicameral legislature elected by proportional representation, and an executive branch headed by a Premier who is elected by the legislature.
This article is part of a series on thePolitics of Gauteng
Executive Council of Gauteng
Members
Premier: Panyaza Lesufi
Gauteng Provincial Legislature
Election
Members
Speaker: Ntombi Mekgwe
Parliament of South Africa
Constituency in NA
Delegates to NCOP
Local governmentLocal municipalities
District municipalities
Ekurhuleni
Johannesburg
Tshwane
Sedibeng
West Rand
Political parties
ANC
EFF
DA
FF+
IFP
ACDP
JudiciaryGauteng High Court
Other provinces
EC
FS
GP
KZN
LP
MP
NC
NW
WC
Provinces of South Africa
Politics of South Africa
South Africa portal
Other countries
vte
Legislature
Johannesburg City Hall, seat of the provincial legislature
Main article: Gauteng Provincial Legislature
The provincial legislature is a unicameral body of 73 members elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. The legislature is elected for a term of five years, unless it is dissolved early. By convention elections to the provincial legislature are held at the same time as elections to the National Assembly. The legislature meets in the Johannesburg City Hall.
The most recent elections were held on 8 May 2019, and were won by the African National Congress (ANC) which obtained 37 of the 73 seats on the legislature. The composition of the legislature is as follows:
Party
Seats
ANC
37
DA
20
EFF
11
VF+
3
IFP
1
ACDP
1
Total
73
Executive
Main article: Executive Council of Gauteng
The head of the provincial executive is the Premier of Gauteng, who is a member of the provincial legislature elected by the legislature. The Premier appoints an Executive Council who are a cabinet overseeing the executive departments.
As of December 2022 the Premier is Panyaza Lesufi of the ANC, and the ten members of the Executive Council are listed in the following table.
vte
Portfolio
MEC
Premier
Panyaza Lesufi
Economic Development
Tasneem Motara
Safety and Security
Faith Mazibuko
Transport and Logistics
Kedibone Diale
Education and Youth Development
Matome Chiloane
Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs, e-Government, Research and Development
Mzikayifane Khumalo
Human Settlements and Infrastructure Development
Lebogang Maile
Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation
Morakane Mosupyoe
Social Development, Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment
Mbali Hlophe
Health and Wellness
Nomantu Nkomo-Ralehoko
Finance
Jacob Mamabolo
Courts
The seats of the Gauteng Division of the High Court in Pretoria (above) and Johannesburg (below)
Further information: Courts of South Africa, Gauteng Division, and Magistrate's court (South Africa)
South Africa has a single national court system and the provinces do not have their own courts. The Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa, which has seats in Pretoria and Johannesburg, has jurisdiction over all cases arising in the province. However, most cases are first heard in one of the over 25 district magistrates' courts or in the regional magistrate's court for the province. Appeals from the magistrates' courts are to the High Court, and appeals from the High Court are to the Supreme Court of Appeal or the Constitutional Court.
Administrative divisions
Map of municipalities in Gauteng
Further information: Municipalities of South Africa and List of municipalities in Gauteng
Gauteng is divided into three metropolitan municipalities and two district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into a total of seven local municipalities. These municipalities are:
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Sedibeng District Municipality, consisting of Emfuleni Local Municipality, Lesedi Local Municipality and Midvaal Local Municipality
West Rand District Municipality, consisting of Merafong City Local Municipality, Mogale City Local Municipality, and Rand West City Local Municipality.
See also
Government of South Africa
Provincial governments of South Africa
Politics of Gauteng
References
^ "Gauteng Provincial Government | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
External links
Gauteng Government
Gauteng Provincial Legislature
vteProvince of Gauteng
Capital and largest city: Johannesburg
Population: 11,328,203 (2011)
Land area: 18,178 km2
Topics
Climate
Ecology
Economy
Government
Politics
Government
Premier
Legislature
Executive Council
High Court
Municipalities
Cities andmajor towns
Benoni
Boksburg
Centurion
Germiston
Johannesburg
Kempton Park
Krugersdorp
Midrand
Pretoria
Randburg
Roodepoort
Sandton | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng_Provincial_Legislature"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Gauteng"}],"text":"The government of Gauteng province in South Africa consists of a unicameral legislature elected by proportional representation, and an executive branch headed by a Premier who is elected by the legislature.","title":"Government of Gauteng"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johannesburg_City_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"party-list proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"on 8 May 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2019"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"}],"text":"Johannesburg City Hall, seat of the provincial legislatureThe provincial legislature is a unicameral body of 73 members elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Side%E2%80%93New_Side_Controversy | Old Side–New Side controversy | ["1 History","1.1 Background: Presbyterianism in the American colonies to 1741","1.2 Years of schism, 1742–1758","1.3 1758 reunification and legacy of the controversy","2 Differences","3 Views today","4 Citations","4.1 References"] | Not to be confused with Old School–New School controversy.
American Presbyterian church controversy
The Old Side–New Side controversy occurred within the Presbyterian Church in Colonial America and was part of the wider theological controversy surrounding the First Great Awakening. The Old and New Side Presbyterians existed as separate churches from 1741 until 1758. The name of Old Side–New Side is usually meant as specifically referring to the Presbyterian Church. When one is referring to the debate as a whole, Old and New Light is usually used.
History
Background: Presbyterianism in the American colonies to 1741
In 1717, Presbyterians in the American colonies created the Synod of Philadelphia, which was subdivided into the Philadelphia Presbytery, the Long Island Presbytery, and the New Castle Presbytery. The synod and presbyteries provided oversight and discipline to ministers and churches, and they also ordained ministers. Early on, American Presbyterians were divided by both ethnicity and religious outlook. Some of the members had Scots-Irish and Scottish backgrounds, while others came from New England. The Scots-Irish party stressed a dogmatic adherence to confessional standards, professional ministry, and the orderly and authoritarian nature of church government. The New England party emphasized "spontaneity, vital impulse, adaptability" and experiential piety.
A dispute between these two groups over whether the synod should require ministers to affirm the Westminster Confession led to the subscription controversy of the 1720s. The Scots-Irish or subscription party believed that subscription would preserve Reformed orthodoxy from the threat of rationalistic ideas. The New England or anti-subscription party preferred declaring the Bible to be the common standard for faith and practice. Rather than scrutinizing the beliefs of ministerial candidates, the anti-subscriptionists thought it would be more helpful to examine their personal religious experience. The impasse was resolved with passage of the Adopting Act of 1729. The Adopting Act was a compromise that required affirmation or "subscription" only for those parts of the confession considered "essential" to the faith. This compromise maintained peace between the two groups for several years until the First Great Awakening initiated a new round of conflict.
Years of schism, 1742–1758
For the next several years the Conjunct Presbytery and the Synod of Philadelphia battled in print and over reuniting, with the Presbytery of New York standing in the middle. The Presbytery of New York generally favored the revival, but had doubts about some of the extreme and disorderly actions. Finally, in 1746, the Presbytery of New York left the Synod of Philadelphia and joined the New Side. The Conjunct Presbytery then became the Synod of New York while the Old Side ministers continued as the Synod of Philadelphia.
1758 reunification and legacy of the controversy
The factions of the Old Side and New Side did not die down. The Synod of New York had 72 ministers in 1758 when it merged with the Synod of Philadelphia, which had only a little over twenty. Thus, the New Side doctrine was imposed upon the Presbyteries and became the rule of the Synod. By 1762 disagreement over the plan of union and examination of candidates for the ministry had erupted at synod. The Old Side did not inquire into the candidate's experience to determine his acquaintance with religion, and the New Side minister had done so. The synod decided to leave it up to each presbytery on whether or not to question candidates in such a manner. That year they also created a Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, which was clearly done on a theological split, not a geographical one. In 1765 the Old Side controlled Presbytery of Donegal was split into multiple presbyteries. On account of this perceived violation of their rights and the Plan of Union, the Old Side members of the Presbytery of Donegal withdrew from Synod and Revs. John Ewing and Alexander McDowell, both Old Side ministers, protested the decision of synod to split Donegal. In the end, the outbreak of the Revolutionary War took center stage and by the end of the war the Synod of New York and Philadelphia dissolved and in 1788 the first General Assembly was formed.
The New Hampshire town of Derry seceded in 1827 from its western neighbour, Londonderry, using the boundary that had resulted from the split into east and west parishes during the controversy.
Differences
Points four through seven all deal with consequences of having a different understanding of the Doctrine of Convictions. The Old Side ministers accused the New Side ministers of rashly condemning other Presbyterian ministers as unconverted (point four), of teaching that regularly ordained ministers could do no spiritual good if they were unconverted (point five), of preaching the 'terrors of the law' (point six), and of requiring a conversion narrative and being able to judge the gracious state of an individual by that narrative (point seven). The New Side condemned the Old Side for not requiring narratives or preaching the terrors of the law. Gilbert Tennent at least believed that some ministers were unconverted and that people should not sit under the ministry of an unconverted minister. This comes from his famous sermon, "Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry".
Views today
There are many different view points on the Old Side–New Side conflict today. Historian Joseph Tracy held that the Old Side was saved from drifting into "the dead sea of Arminian inefficiency, and the bottomless gulf of Unitarianism" by reuniting with the New Side in 1758. Others think that there were no doctrinal divisions between the two parties, just ones of methodology.
Citations
^ Longfield 2013, p. 2.
^ Loetscher 1954, p. 1.
^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 24.
^ a b Loetscher 1954, p. 2.
^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 26.
^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 27.
^ Webster 1857.
^ Klett, Guy ed.: Minutes of the Presbyterian Church in America, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, pgs. 339–634, 1976.
^ Holmes, Richard (2009). "10: The Churches". The Road to Derry: A Brief History. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1-62584-262-6.; Hazlett, Charles A. (1915). "Derry". History of Rockingham County, New Hampshire and representative citizens. Chicago: Richmond-Arnold. p. 283.
^ Webster 1857, pp. 168–170.
^ Tennent, Gilbert: "Dangers of An Unconverted Ministry", Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, 1740.
^ Tracy, Joseph: The Great Awakening, The Banner of Truth Trust, pg. 388, 1989.
^ Smith 1962, p. 28.
References
Balmer, Randall Herbert; Fitzmier, John R. (1994). The Presbyterians. Denominations in America. Vol. 5. Praeger. ISBN 0313260842.
Loetscher, Lefferts A. (1954). The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Longfield, Bradley J. (2013). Presbyterians and American Culture: A History. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Johh Knox Press. ISBN 9780664231569.
Smith, Morton H. (1962). Studies in Southern Presbyterian Theology. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing.
Webster, Richard (1857). A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers. Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson on behalf of the Presbyterian Historical Society. 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The Adopting Act was a compromise that required affirmation or \"subscription\" only for those parts of the confession considered \"essential\" to the faith.[4] This compromise maintained peace between the two groups for several years until the First Great Awakening initiated a new round of conflict.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Synod of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1857-7"}],"sub_title":"Years of schism, 1742–1758","text":"For the next several years the Conjunct Presbytery and the Synod of Philadelphia battled in print and over reuniting, with the Presbytery of New York standing in the middle. The Presbytery of New York generally favored the revival, but had doubts about some of the extreme and disorderly actions. Finally, in 1746, the Presbytery of New York left the Synod of Philadelphia and joined the New Side. The Conjunct Presbytery then became the Synod of New York while the Old Side ministers continued as the Synod of Philadelphia.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes2009-9"}],"sub_title":"1758 reunification and legacy of the controversy","text":"The factions of the Old Side and New Side did not die down. The Synod of New York had 72 ministers in 1758 when it merged with the Synod of Philadelphia, which had only a little over twenty. Thus, the New Side doctrine was imposed upon the Presbyteries and became the rule of the Synod. By 1762 disagreement over the plan of union and examination of candidates for the ministry had erupted at synod. The Old Side did not inquire into the candidate's experience to determine his acquaintance with religion, and the New Side minister had done so. The synod decided to leave it up to each presbytery on whether or not to question candidates in such a manner. That year they also created a Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, which was clearly done on a theological split, not a geographical one. In 1765 the Old Side controlled Presbytery of Donegal was split into multiple presbyteries. On account of this perceived violation of their rights and the Plan of Union, the Old Side members of the Presbytery of Donegal withdrew from Synod and Revs. John Ewing and Alexander McDowell, both Old Side ministers, protested the decision of synod to split Donegal. In the end, the outbreak of the Revolutionary War took center stage and by the end of the war the Synod of New York and Philadelphia dissolved and in 1788 the first General Assembly was formed.[8]The New Hampshire town of Derry seceded in 1827 from its western neighbour, Londonderry, using the boundary that had resulted from the split into east and west parishes during the controversy.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terrors of the law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Reformed_view"},{"link_name":"conversion narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_narrative"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1857168%E2%80%93170-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Points four through seven all deal with consequences of having a different understanding of the Doctrine of Convictions. The Old Side ministers accused the New Side ministers of rashly condemning other Presbyterian ministers as unconverted (point four), of teaching that regularly ordained ministers could do no spiritual good if they were unconverted (point five), of preaching the 'terrors of the law' (point six), and of requiring a conversion narrative and being able to judge the gracious state of an individual by that narrative (point seven). The New Side condemned the Old Side for not requiring narratives or preaching the terrors of the law.[10] Gilbert Tennent at least believed that some ministers were unconverted and that people should not sit under the ministry of an unconverted minister. This comes from his famous sermon, \"Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry\".[11]","title":"Differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith196228-13"}],"text":"There are many different view points on the Old Side–New Side conflict today. Historian Joseph Tracy held that the Old Side was saved from drifting into \"the dead sea of Arminian inefficiency, and the bottomless gulf of Unitarianism\" by reuniting with the New Side in 1758.[12] Others think that there were no doctrinal divisions between the two parties, just ones of methodology.[13]","title":"Views today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongfield20132_1-0"},{"link_name":"Longfield 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLongfield2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoetscher19541_2-0"},{"link_name":"Loetscher 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLoetscher1954"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmerFitzmier199424_3-0"},{"link_name":"Balmer & Fitzmier 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalmerFitzmier1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoetscher19542_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoetscher19542_4-1"},{"link_name":"Loetscher 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLoetscher1954"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmerFitzmier199426_5-0"},{"link_name":"Balmer & Fitzmier 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalmerFitzmier1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalmerFitzmier199427_6-0"},{"link_name":"Balmer & Fitzmier 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBalmerFitzmier1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1857_7-0"},{"link_name":"Webster 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWebster1857"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holmes2009_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"10: The Churches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hsJ2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-62584-262-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62584-262-6"},{"link_name":"\"Derry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924028812745/page/n290"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1857168%E2%80%93170_10-0"},{"link_name":"Webster 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWebster1857"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith196228_13-0"},{"link_name":"Smith 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1962"}],"text":"^ Longfield 2013, p. 2.\n\n^ Loetscher 1954, p. 1.\n\n^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 24.\n\n^ a b Loetscher 1954, p. 2.\n\n^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 26.\n\n^ Balmer & Fitzmier 1994, p. 27.\n\n^ Webster 1857.\n\n^ Klett, Guy ed.: Minutes of the Presbyterian Church in America, Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, pgs. 339–634, 1976.\n\n^ Holmes, Richard (2009). \"10: The Churches\". The Road to Derry: A Brief History. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1-62584-262-6.; Hazlett, Charles A. (1915). \"Derry\". History of Rockingham County, New Hampshire and representative citizens. Chicago: Richmond-Arnold. p. 283.\n\n^ Webster 1857, pp. 168–170.\n\n^ Tennent, Gilbert: \"Dangers of An Unconverted Ministry\", Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, 1740.\n\n^ Tracy, Joseph: The Great Awakening, The Banner of Truth Trust, pg. 388, 1989.\n\n^ Smith 1962, p. 28.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BQpN_G2h4TEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0313260842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313260842"},{"link_name":"The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006775421"},{"link_name":"Presbyterians and American Culture: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wDdybyrOc-IC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780664231569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664231569"},{"link_name":"Smith, Morton H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_H._Smith"},{"link_name":"A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NUlnMpHqpA8C"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780524013380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780524013380"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Balmer, Randall Herbert; Fitzmier, John R. (1994). The Presbyterians. Denominations in America. Vol. 5. Praeger. ISBN 0313260842.\nLoetscher, Lefferts A. (1954). The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.\nLongfield, Bradley J. (2013). Presbyterians and American Culture: A History. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Johh Knox Press. ISBN 9780664231569.\nSmith, Morton H. (1962). Studies in Southern Presbyterian Theology. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing.\nWebster, Richard (1857). A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers. Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson on behalf of the Presbyterian Historical Society. ISBN 9780524013380.","title":"Citations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Holmes, Richard (2009). \"10: The Churches\". The Road to Derry: A Brief History. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1-62584-262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hsJ2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93","url_text":"\"10: The Churches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62584-262-6","url_text":"978-1-62584-262-6"}]},{"reference":"Hazlett, Charles A. (1915). \"Derry\". History of Rockingham County, New Hampshire and representative citizens. Chicago: Richmond-Arnold. p. 283.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028812745/page/n290","url_text":"\"Derry\""}]},{"reference":"Balmer, Randall Herbert; Fitzmier, John R. (1994). The Presbyterians. Denominations in America. Vol. 5. Praeger. ISBN 0313260842.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BQpN_G2h4TEC","url_text":"The Presbyterians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313260842","url_text":"0313260842"}]},{"reference":"Loetscher, Lefferts A. (1954). The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006775421","url_text":"The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869"}]},{"reference":"Longfield, Bradley J. (2013). Presbyterians and American Culture: A History. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Johh Knox Press. ISBN 9780664231569.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDdybyrOc-IC","url_text":"Presbyterians and American Culture: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664231569","url_text":"9780664231569"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Morton H. (1962). Studies in Southern Presbyterian Theology. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_H._Smith","url_text":"Smith, Morton H."}]},{"reference":"Webster, Richard (1857). A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers. Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson on behalf of the Presbyterian Historical Society. ISBN 9780524013380.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUlnMpHqpA8C","url_text":"A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Historical_Society","url_text":"Presbyterian Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780524013380","url_text":"9780524013380"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hsJ2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93","external_links_name":"\"10: The Churches\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028812745/page/n290","external_links_name":"\"Derry\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BQpN_G2h4TEC","external_links_name":"The Presbyterians"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006775421","external_links_name":"The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDdybyrOc-IC","external_links_name":"Presbyterians and American Culture: A History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NUlnMpHqpA8C","external_links_name":"A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: From Its Origin Until the Year 1760, with Biographical Sketches of Its Early Ministers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikar_Hamedina | Kikar Hamedina | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 32°05′12″N 34°47′23″E / 32.08667°N 34.78972°E / 32.08667; 34.78972Plaza in Tel Aviv
Kikar Hamedina
Kikar HaMedina (English: "Square of The State") is the largest plaza in Tel Aviv.
Around the plaza, which was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer (in cooperation with Israeli architects who planned for the existing residential buildings), there is a circular street, He Be'Iyar Street (Israeli Independence Day Street), connecting with two major streets: the north–south Weizmann Street, and the east–west Jabotinsky Street, as well as a number of small streets. Around the square, there exists a large array of high-end international designer stores and major representations of brands around the world. These include Gucci, Saint Laurent, Givenchy, Fendi, Dolce & Gabbana, Philip Plein, Furla, Chopard, Burberry, Valentino, Chloé, Dior, Brunello Cucinelli, Moncler, Tom Ford, Celiné, Escada, Nespresso, Audemars Piguet, Richard Mille, IWC Shcaffhausen, Frette, Hermés, Zadig & Voltaire, Eres, Bonpoint, Balenciaga and Padani.
As the epicenter of high international fashion in Tel Aviv, Kikar Hamedina has transformed into a luxury high-end shopping district.
The square itself is currently the site of a large, poorly maintained park, however various plans to demolish it and build large shopping centres and luxury towers have faltered due to local opposition.
In the 1960s, circuses moved into the sandy square coming to perform. In the early 1970s extensive construction activity began around He BeIyar Street, which established a uniform design and luxury buildings. Many of these buildings have luxury stores and international designer shops located on the first floor, which have made it one of the most expensive areas in Tel Aviv.
On 3 September 2011, Kikar Hamedina was the gathering place for the 'March of the Million', the culminating demonstration of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests. The demonstration was the largest in Israel's history, with approximately 300,000 people marching on the square, and 100,000 demonstrating in other locations across Israel.
In November 2015, a plan to revitalize the square was approved. Under the plan, three 40-floor apartment buildings, a 10-acre public park that will take up about half of the square, and an underground car park will be built. Works began in 2019 and as of 2021 most of the square has been dug into.
The square is located near the "wine press Garden", a Hellenistic archaeological site in Israel.
References
^ "Some 450,000 Israelis March at Massive 'March of the Million' Rallies Across Country". Haaretz.
^ "High-rises to rejuvenate Tel Aviv's Kikar Medina - Globes". 23 November 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HaMedina Square.
vteTourism in Tel AvivLandmarks
Azrieli Center
Eretz Israel Museum
Habima Square
Jaffa Clock Tower
Palmach Museum
Rabin Square
Rokach House
Shalom Meir Tower
White City
Museums
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Ben-Gurion House
Eretz Israel Museum
Ilana Goor Museum
Independence Hall
Joseph Bau House Museum
L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art
Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
Palmach Museum
Tel Aviv Museum of Art
Beaches
Banana Beach
Gordon Beach
Frishman Beach
Hilton Beach (Tel-Aviv)
Metzitzim Beach
Tel Baruch Beach
Parks and gardens
Charles Clore Park
Dubnow Garden
Gan Meir
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Neighborhoods
Florentin
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Sarona
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Streets and squares
Allenby Street
Ben Yehuda Street (Tel Aviv)
Dizengoff Street
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Habima Square
Kikar Hamedina
Rabin Square
Entertainment and performance arts centers
Cameri Theater
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Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center
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Hotels
Dan Hotel, Tel Aviv
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Isrotel Tower
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Markets and shopping centers
Carmel Market
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Shuk HaNamel
Cafes and restaurants
Abu Hassan
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Sports venues
Bloomfield Stadium
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Events
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Related
Tourism in Israel
Tel Aviv Global City
vteSquares in Tel Aviv
Atarim Square
Bialik Square
Clock Square
Dizengoff Square
Habima Square
London Square
Magen David Square
Masaryk Square
Rabin Square
Kikar Hamedina
32°05′12″N 34°47′23″E / 32.08667°N 34.78972°E / 32.08667; 34.78972 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamedina.jpg"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Oscar Niemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer"},{"link_name":"circuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"2011 Israeli social justice protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"wine press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_press"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological"}],"text":"Plaza in Tel AvivKikar HamedinaKikar HaMedina (English: \"Square of The State\") is the largest plaza in Tel Aviv.Around the plaza, which was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer (in cooperation with Israeli architects who planned for the existing residential buildings), there is a circular street, He Be'Iyar Street (Israeli Independence Day Street), connecting with two major streets: the north–south Weizmann Street, and the east–west Jabotinsky Street, as well as a number of small streets. Around the square, there exists a large array of high-end international designer stores and major representations of brands around the world. These include Gucci, Saint Laurent, Givenchy, Fendi, Dolce & Gabbana, Philip Plein, Furla, Chopard, Burberry, Valentino, Chloé, Dior, Brunello Cucinelli, Moncler, Tom Ford, Celiné, Escada, Nespresso, Audemars Piguet, Richard Mille, IWC Shcaffhausen, Frette, Hermés, Zadig & Voltaire, Eres, Bonpoint, Balenciaga and Padani.As the epicenter of high international fashion in Tel Aviv, Kikar Hamedina has transformed into a luxury high-end shopping district.The square itself is currently the site of a large, poorly maintained park, however various plans to demolish it and build large shopping centres and luxury towers have faltered due to local opposition.In the 1960s, circuses moved into the sandy square coming to perform. In the early 1970s extensive construction activity began around He BeIyar Street, which established a uniform design and luxury buildings. Many of these buildings have luxury stores and international designer shops located on the first floor, which have made it one of the most expensive areas in Tel Aviv.On 3 September 2011, Kikar Hamedina was the gathering place for the 'March of the Million', the culminating demonstration of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests. The demonstration was the largest in Israel's history, with approximately 300,000 people marching on the square, and 100,000 demonstrating in other locations across Israel.[1]In November 2015, a plan to revitalize the square was approved. Under the plan, three 40-floor apartment buildings, a 10-acre public park that will take up about half of the square, and an underground car park will be built.[2] Works began in 2019 and as of 2021 most of the square has been dug into.The square is located near the \"wine press Garden\", a Hellenistic archaeological site in Israel.","title":"Kikar Hamedina"}] | [{"image_text":"Kikar Hamedina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hamedina.jpg/250px-Hamedina.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Some 450,000 Israelis March at Massive 'March of the Million' Rallies Across Country\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hanburger | Chris Hanburger | ["1 Early life and college career","2 NFL career","3 References","4 External links"] | American football player (born 1941)
American football player
Chris HanburgerHanburger in Super Bowl VIINo. 55Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1941-08-13) August 13, 1941 (age 82)Fort Bragg, North Carolina, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:218 lb (99 kg)Career informationHigh school:Hampton (Hampton, Virginia)College:North CarolinaNFL draft:1965 / Round: 18 / Pick: 245Career history
Washington Redskins (1965–1978)
Career highlights and awards
5× First-team All-Pro (1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976)
Second-team All-Pro (1974)
9× Pro Bowl (1966–1969, 1972–1976)
80 Greatest Redskins
Washington Commanders Ring of Fame
Career NFL statisticsGames played:187Interceptions:19Touchdowns:5Pro Football Hall of Fame
Christian G. Hanburger, Jr. (born August 13, 1941) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire 14-year career with the Washington Redskins, from 1965 through 1978, and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.
Early life and college career
After being a star end for the "Crabbers" at Hampton High School in Hampton, Virginia, Hanburger joined the United States Army. He later accepted a scholarship from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, where he played college football for the Tar Heels. From 1962 through 1964, Hanburger played on offense at center, as well as on defense, as a middle linebacker. He was All-Atlantic Coast Conference at center as both a junior and senior. In 1963, the Tar Heels won the Gator Bowl and a shared ACC Championship with NC State.
NFL career
“He was at that time the smartest player in the league. We did everything we could to try to eliminate him from the play. We knew if we didn't neutralize him, then we had less of a chance of winning.”
John Hannah
Hanburger was selected by the Redskins in the 18th round (245th overall) of the 1965 NFL draft. As a professional, he was considered one of the best outside linebackers of his era and was elected to the Pro Bowl nine times during his career, the most in Washington Redskin history. Hanburger earned the nickname "The Hangman" due to his penchant for clotheslining tackles. From 1973 to 1977, he called the Redskins' defensive signals and acted as the defensive quarterback for head coach George Allen.
Hanburger was a four-time first-team All-Pro (1972, 1973, 1975, 1976) and a second-team All-Pro in 1969 and 1974. Additionally, he was either a Pro Bowler or an All-Conference selection every year from 1966 through 1976 with the exception of 1971—receiving post-season honors in 10 of 11 seasons in that span. From 1971 to 1973, he and Jack Pardee, outside linebacker on the opposite side, formed a particularly effective tandem. In 1972, Hanburger was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Year by the Kansas City Committee of 101. That year, the Redskins won the NFC championship game of the NFL playoffs against the defending champion Dallas Cowboys, when they limited them to 3 points, 96 rushing yards, and 73 net passing yards with Roger Staubach at quarterback, Hanburger getting a sack. Though their defense allowed only 14 points, the Redskins lost Super Bowl VII to the undefeated Miami Dolphins.
Beginning with the 1968 season, Hanburger started 135 straight games, a streak that ended in 1977 after he underwent an appendicitis operation. In the Redskins' season finale of that season, he recorded three sacks against the Los Angeles Rams in a 17–14 win. He played in 1978 to finish his 14-year career. In his career, he picked off 19 passes, recovered 17 fumbles, recorded 46 sacks and scored five touchdowns, two on interception returns and three from fumble recoveries.
In 2004, he was named to the Professional Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association's second HOVG class.
On August 25, 2010, Hanburger was nominated as a senior candidate for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011 along with former Rams linebacker and kicker Les Richter. On February 5, 2011, Hanburger was officially inducted at the enshrinement ceremony where his bust, sculpted by Scott Myers, was unveiled.
References
^ a b Richman, Michael (2007). The Redskins Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-59213-542-4..
^ Pro Football reference
^ "Hall of Very Good Class of 2004". Retrieved November 29, 2021.
External links
Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference
Pro Football Hall of Fame
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Jackson
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Italics denotes members who have been elected, but not yet inducted. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Washington_Redskins_season"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Washington_Redskins_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"American football playerChristian G. Hanburger, Jr. (born August 13, 1941) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire 14-year career with the Washington Redskins, from 1965 through 1978, and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.","title":"Chris Hanburger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Hampton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_High_School_(Hampton,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Tar Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gator Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Gator_Bowl"},{"link_name":"NC State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_NC_State_Wolfpack_football_team"}],"text":"After being a star end for the \"Crabbers\" at Hampton High School in Hampton, Virginia, Hanburger joined the United States Army. He later accepted a scholarship from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, where he played college football for the Tar Heels. From 1962 through 1964, Hanburger played on offense at center, as well as on defense, as a middle linebacker. He was All-Atlantic Coast Conference at center as both a junior and senior. In 1963, the Tar Heels won the Gator Bowl and a shared ACC Championship with NC State.","title":"Early life and college career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18th round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_NFL_Draft#Round_eighteen"},{"link_name":"1965 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"linebackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richman-1"},{"link_name":"All-Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Pro"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Jack Pardee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pardee"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Washington_Redskins_season"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Committee of 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Committee_of_101_Awards"},{"link_name":"NFC championship game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"NFL playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"defending champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_VI"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Dallas_Cowboys_season"},{"link_name":"Roger Staubach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Staubach"},{"link_name":"sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback_sack"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_VII"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Miami_Dolphins_season"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Washington_Redskins_season"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Washington_Redskins_season"},{"link_name":"appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Los_Angeles_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Professional Football Researchers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Les Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Richter"},{"link_name":"Scott Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Myers"}],"text":"Hanburger was selected by the Redskins in the 18th round (245th overall) of the 1965 NFL draft. As a professional, he was considered one of the best outside linebackers of his era and was elected to the Pro Bowl nine times during his career, the most in Washington Redskin history. Hanburger earned the nickname \"The Hangman\" due to his penchant for clotheslining tackles. From 1973 to 1977, he called the Redskins' defensive signals and acted as the defensive quarterback for head coach George Allen.[1]Hanburger was a four-time first-team All-Pro (1972, 1973, 1975, 1976) and a second-team All-Pro in 1969 and 1974. Additionally, he was either a Pro Bowler or an All-Conference selection every year from 1966 through 1976 with the exception of 1971—receiving post-season honors in 10 of 11 seasons in that span. From 1971 to 1973, he and Jack Pardee, outside linebacker on the opposite side, formed a particularly effective tandem. In 1972, Hanburger was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Year by the Kansas City Committee of 101. That year, the Redskins won the NFC championship game of the NFL playoffs against the defending champion Dallas Cowboys, when they limited them to 3 points, 96 rushing yards, and 73 net passing yards with Roger Staubach at quarterback, Hanburger getting a sack. Though their defense allowed only 14 points, the Redskins lost Super Bowl VII to the undefeated Miami Dolphins.Beginning with the 1968 season, Hanburger started 135 straight games, a streak that ended in 1977 after he underwent an appendicitis operation. In the Redskins' season finale of that season, he recorded three sacks against the Los Angeles Rams in a 17–14 win. He played in 1978 to finish his 14-year career. In his career, he picked off 19 passes, recovered 17 fumbles, recorded 46 sacks and scored five touchdowns, two on interception returns and three from fumble recoveries.[2]In 2004, he was named to the Professional Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association's second HOVG class.[3]On August 25, 2010, Hanburger was nominated as a senior candidate for the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011 along with former Rams linebacker and kicker Les Richter. On February 5, 2011, Hanburger was officially inducted at the enshrinement ceremony where his bust, sculpted by Scott Myers, was unveiled.","title":"NFL career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Richman, Michael (2007). The Redskins Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-59213-542-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Richman","url_text":"Richman, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W8pvThJ6lRMC&pg=PA291","url_text":"The Redskins Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-542-4","url_text":"978-1-59213-542-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Very Good Class of 2004\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr_(disambiguation) | Aaron Burr (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Aaron Burr (1756–1836) was an American politician and the 3rd vice president of the United States.
Aaron Burr may also refer to:
Aaron Burr Sr. (1716–1757), American minister and educator, and the father of Aaron Burr
Aaron Columbus Burr (1808–1882), son of Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr (advertisement), 1993 advertisement for the Got Milk? advertising campaign
See also
Aaron (given name)
Burr (surname)
"Aaron Burr, Sir", a song from the 2015 musical Hamilton
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Burr Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr_Sr."},{"link_name":"Aaron Columbus Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Columbus_Burr"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr (advertisement)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr_(advertisement)"}],"text":"Aaron Burr may also refer to:Aaron Burr Sr. (1716–1757), American minister and educator, and the father of Aaron Burr\nAaron Columbus Burr (1808–1882), son of Aaron Burr\nAaron Burr (advertisement), 1993 advertisement for the Got Milk? advertising campaign","title":"Aaron Burr (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aaron (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_(given_name)"},{"title":"Burr (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_(surname)"},{"title":"Aaron Burr, Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr,_Sir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Aaron_Burr_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Aaron_Burr_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gili_Bar-Hillel_Semo | Gili Bar-Hillel | ["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Harry Potter series","3 Translated books","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"] | English-Hebrew translator
Gili Bar-Hillel SemoBornGili Bar-Hillel1974 (age 49–50)IsraelOccupationTranslatorNationalityIsraeliNotable worksHarry PotterNotable awardsSee AwardsRelativesYehoshua Bar-Hillel (grandfather)
Gili Bar-Hillel Semo (Hebrew: גילי בר-הלל סמו; born Gili Bar-Hillel in 1974) is an English-Hebrew translator from Israel, best known for translating the Harry Potter series into Hebrew.
Biography
Bar-Hillel is the daughter of Maya Bar-Hillel, a professor of psychology at the Hebrew University, and the granddaughter of philosopher and linguist Yehoshua Bar-Hillel. Her mother frequently lectured in the United States and as a result she spent a lot of time there as a child, learning to read English before Hebrew.
Bar-Hillel studied at Hebrew University, Tel Aviv University, and Harvard University, and received a Bachelor of Arts in dramatic writing and dramaturgy. She lives and works in Tel Aviv, and is married with three children.
Career
Before translating the Harry Potter series, Bar-Hillel was editor of children's books for the Israeli publishing house Keter, worked for the major Israeli newspaper Haaretz, directed plays, and produced radio programs. She is a member of the International Wizard of Oz Club and has been from before she translated the Harry Potter series. She has also translated books by Jacqueline Wilson, Diana Wynne Jones and Noel Streatfeild, and adapted an annotated edition of The Wizard of Oz for Hebrew readers. As well, she also reviewed picture books for the Israeli women's weekly LaIsha for several years. In 2012 Bar-Hillel founded Utz Publishing, where to this day she continues working as owner and editor in chief.
Harry Potter series
Bar-Hillel began translating the series in 1999, starting with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Since the success of the series, Bar-Hillel has been described as a "bona fide Israeli celebrity" with a "nationwide" reputation. Because of the enormous popularity of Harry Potter, her work has come under close scrutiny by the Israeli public, especially for any deviations from the original text. The translation process was made more difficult by not knowing how the plot would develop in later books, the gender of certain characters, and the problem of how to translate various issues that are not necessarily cross-cultural, such as references to food and religion.
When the seventh book was released, Bar-Hillel flew to London ahead of the book's launch, purchased a copy and read it on the plane back to Israel.
At the Jerusalem International Book Fair in 2007, a large audience gathered to hear her talk about the translation process, with fans elbowing their way in for autographs and photos. She told reporters: "It's ridiculous, this is something that never happens to translators. The attention I've received is because I'm translating Harry Potter. It's Harry, not me".
Translated books
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2009)
Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (A part of the Harry Potter series)
Quidditch Through the Ages (A part of the Harry Potter series)
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (A part of the Harry Potter series)
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (A part of the Harry Potter series)
Oz books by L. Frank Baum:
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (annotated edition)
The Marvelous Land of Oz
Ozma of Oz
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz
The road to Oz
The Emerlad City of Oz
The Patchwork Girl of Oz
Tik-Tok of Oz
Other books (partial list):
Howl's Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones
Double Act by Jacqueline Wilson
Ballet Shoes by Noel Streatfeild
The Annotated Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, annotated by Michael Patrick Hearn
Peter and Wendy and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens by J.M. Barrie: translated and added Hebrew annotations
Predictably Irrational by Dan Ariely
Misbehaving by Richard Thaler
Cakes in Space by Philip Reeve and Sarah McIntyre
Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus! by Mo Willems
Utterly Me, Clarice Bean by Lauren Child
The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith
Mary Poppins by P. L. Travers
Goblin Market by Christina Rossetti
Nimona by ND Stevenson
Awards
Bar-Hillel received a Geffen Award for her translation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows:
Best Translation of a SF&F book (2008): Gili Bar-Hillel Semo for Translating the book: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling, published by Yedioth Books.
Books translated by Bar-Hillel have won several Geffen awards:
2008: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling, translated by Gili Bar-Hillel, published by Yedioth Books.
2015: Ozma of Oz and Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz by L. Frank Baum
2017: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play script
References
^ a b c d e f g h When Harry’ met Hebrew, Cleveland Jewish News, Sarah Bronson, October 18, 2007
^ The Child and the Book 2007 Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine, Boğaziçi University
^ a b Gili Bar-Hillel, Greenmanreview.com
^ Harry Potter is here, Yedioth Ahronoth, Reuven Weiss, July 9, 2007
^ The Magic Continues, Jerusalem Post, Molly Nixon, July 19, 2007
^ Harry Potter fans give a warm welcome to Hebrew translator, Associated Press, March 2, 2007
^ The Geffen Award, 2008 Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Israeli Society for Science Fiction and Fantasty
External links
Gili Bar-Hillel's blog (in Hebrew)
Biography and booklist, Ohio State University (in Hebrew)
Utz Publishing website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Australia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"}],"text":"Gili Bar-Hillel Semo (Hebrew: גילי בר-הלל סמו; born Gili Bar-Hillel in 1974) is an English-Hebrew translator from Israel, best known for translating the Harry Potter series into Hebrew.","title":"Gili Bar-Hillel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maya Bar-Hillel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Bar-Hillel"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Yehoshua Bar-Hillel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoshua_Bar-Hillel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"dramaturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CATB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"}],"text":"Bar-Hillel is the daughter of Maya Bar-Hillel, a professor of psychology at the Hebrew University, and the granddaughter of philosopher and linguist Yehoshua Bar-Hillel.[1] Her mother frequently lectured in the United States and as a result she spent a lot of time there as a child, learning to read English before Hebrew.[1]Bar-Hillel studied at Hebrew University, Tel Aviv University, and Harvard University, and received a Bachelor of Arts in dramatic writing and dramaturgy.[1] She lives and works in Tel Aviv,[2] and is married with three children.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keter_Publishing_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haaretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMR-3"},{"link_name":"International Wizard of Oz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wizard_of_Oz_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Diana Wynne Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones"},{"link_name":"Noel Streatfeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Streatfeild"},{"link_name":"The Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"LaIsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaIsha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMR-3"},{"link_name":"Utz Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utz_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Before translating the Harry Potter series, Bar-Hillel was editor of children's books for the Israeli publishing house Keter, worked for the major Israeli newspaper Haaretz, directed plays, and produced radio programs.[3] She is a member of the International Wizard of Oz Club and has been from before she translated the Harry Potter series.[1] She has also translated books by Jacqueline Wilson, Diana Wynne Jones and Noel Streatfeild, and adapted an annotated edition of The Wizard of Oz for Hebrew readers. As well, she also reviewed picture books for the Israeli women's weekly LaIsha for several years.[3] In 2012 Bar-Hillel founded Utz Publishing, where to this day she continues working as owner and editor in chief.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJN-1"},{"link_name":"seventh book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem International Book Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_International_Book_Fair"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Harry Potter series","text":"Bar-Hillel began translating the series in 1999, starting with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.[1] Since the success of the series, Bar-Hillel has been described as a \"bona fide Israeli celebrity\" with a \"nationwide\" reputation.[1] Because of the enormous popularity of Harry Potter, her work has come under close scrutiny by the Israeli public, especially for any deviations from the original text. The translation process was made more difficult by not knowing how the plot would develop in later books, the gender of certain characters, and the problem of how to translate various issues that are not necessarily cross-cultural, such as references to food and religion.[1]When the seventh book was released, Bar-Hillel flew to London ahead of the book's launch, purchased a copy and read it on the plane back to Israel.[4][5]At the Jerusalem International Book Fair in 2007, a large audience gathered to hear her talk about the translation process, with fans elbowing their way in for autographs and photos. She told reporters: \"It's ridiculous, this is something that never happens to translators. The attention I've received is because I'm translating Harry Potter. It's Harry, not me\".[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"J. K. Rowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)"},{"link_name":"Quidditch Through the Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch_Through_the_Ages"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Beedle the Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child"},{"link_name":"Oz books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_Books"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"The Marvelous Land of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvelous_Land_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"Ozma of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz"},{"link_name":"The road to Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz"},{"link_name":"The Emerlad City of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emerald_City_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"The Patchwork Girl of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"Tik-Tok of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tik-Tok_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"Howl's Moving Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Diana Wynne Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones"},{"link_name":"Double Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Act_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ballet Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Shoes_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Noel Streatfeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Streatfeild"},{"link_name":"The Annotated Wizard of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum"},{"link_name":"Michael Patrick Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Patrick_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Peter and Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_in_Kensington_Gardens"},{"link_name":"J.M. Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M._Barrie"},{"link_name":"Predictably Irrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictably_Irrational"},{"link_name":"Dan Ariely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ariely"},{"link_name":"Misbehaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misbehaving:_The_Making_of_Behavioral_Economics"},{"link_name":"Richard Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thaler"},{"link_name":"Cakes in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cakes_in_Space&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Reeve"},{"link_name":"Sarah McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_the_Pigeon_Drive_the_Bus!"},{"link_name":"Mo Willems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Willems"},{"link_name":"Utterly Me, Clarice Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_Bean_series"},{"link_name":"Lauren Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Child"},{"link_name":"The Hundred and One Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"Dodie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(book_series)"},{"link_name":"P. L. Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._L._Travers"},{"link_name":"Goblin Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_Market"},{"link_name":"Christina Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Rossetti"},{"link_name":"Nimona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimona"},{"link_name":"ND Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ND_Stevenson"}],"text":"Harry Potter series by J. K. RowlingHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\nHarry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\nHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\nHarry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\nHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\nHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\nHarry Potter and the Deathly HallowsFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (A part of the Harry Potter series)\nQuidditch Through the Ages (A part of the Harry Potter series)\nThe Tales of Beedle the Bard (A part of the Harry Potter series)\nHarry Potter and the Cursed Child (A part of the Harry Potter series)Oz books by L. Frank Baum:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (annotated edition)\nThe Marvelous Land of Oz\nOzma of Oz\nDorothy and the Wizard in OzThe road to Oz\nThe Emerlad City of Oz\nThe Patchwork Girl of Oz\nTik-Tok of OzOther books (partial list):Howl's Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones\nDouble Act by Jacqueline Wilson\nBallet Shoes by Noel Streatfeild\nThe Annotated Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, annotated by Michael Patrick Hearn\nPeter and Wendy and Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens by J.M. Barrie: translated and added Hebrew annotations\nPredictably Irrational by Dan Ariely\nMisbehaving by Richard Thaler\nCakes in Space by Philip Reeve and Sarah McIntyre\nDon't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus! by Mo Willems\nUtterly Me, Clarice Bean by Lauren Child\nThe Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith\nMary Poppins by P. L. Travers\nGoblin Market by Christina Rossetti\nNimona by ND Stevenson","title":"Translated books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geffen Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Award"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yedioth Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yedioth_Books&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ozma of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozma_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child"}],"text":"Bar-Hillel received a Geffen Award for her translation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows:[7]Best Translation of a SF&F book (2008): Gili Bar-Hillel Semo for Translating the book: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling, published by Yedioth Books.Books translated by Bar-Hillel have won several Geffen awards:2008: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling, translated by Gili Bar-Hillel, published by Yedioth Books.\n2015: Ozma of Oz and Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz by L. Frank Baum\n2017: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play script","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gili_Bar-Hillel&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/articles/2007/10/18/features/arts/aarts1019.txt","external_links_name":"When Harry’ met Hebrew"},{"Link":"http://www.cb2007.boun.edu.tr/Presenters.htm","external_links_name":"The Child and the Book 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080921221302/http://www.cb2007.boun.edu.tr/Presenters.htm#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.greenmanreview.com/bio/bio_gili_bar-hillel.html","external_links_name":"Gili Bar-Hillel"},{"Link":"http://www.ynet.co.il/english/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3423025,00.html","external_links_name":"Harry Potter is here"},{"Link":"http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1184766010614&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull","external_links_name":"The Magic Continues"},{"Link":"http://blogs.raincoast.com/weblog/C19/P15/","external_links_name":"Harry Potter fans give a warm welcome to Hebrew translator"},{"Link":"http://english.sf-f.org.il/act_gefenaward.htm","external_links_name":"The Geffen Award, 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010063814/http://english.sf-f.org.il/act_gefenaward.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gilibarhillel.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Gili Bar-Hillel's blog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917070033/http://library.osu.edu/sites/users/galron.1/00813.php","external_links_name":"Biography and booklist"},{"Link":"https://utz.co.il/","external_links_name":"Utz Publishing website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107821483","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58439652","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmwqvH99HKXQYD9QDKBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007311031205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002061248","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an59553328","external_links_name":"Australia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_in_Persia | 1848 in Iran | ["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Death","4 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1848 in Iran" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
List of events
←
1847
1846
1845
1848 in Persia
→
1849
1850
1851
Decades:
See also:Other events of 1848Years in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1848 in the Qajar dynasty.
Incumbents
Monarch: Mohammad Shah Qajar (until September 5), Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (starting September 5)
Events
September 17 – Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ascended to throne.
Death
September 5 – Mohammad Shah Qajar died in Tehran, Iran.
References
vteYears in Iran18th century
1796
1797
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vte1848 in AsiaSovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Category
Asia portal
This year in Iran article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of eventsThe following lists events that have happened in 1848 in the Qajar dynasty.","title":"1848 in Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar"},{"link_name":"Naser al-Din Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar"}],"text":"Monarch: Mohammad Shah Qajar (until September 5), Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (starting September 5)","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar"}],"text":"September 17 – Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ascended to throne.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Shah Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"}],"text":"September 5 – Mohammad Shah Qajar died in Tehran, Iran.","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/80px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221848+in+Iran%22","external_links_name":"\"1848 in Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221848+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221848+in+Iran%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221848+in+Iran%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221848+in+Iran%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221848+in+Iran%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1848_in_Iran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_therapy | Mud bath | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Bath of mud, commonly from areas where hot spring water can combine with volcanic ash
Look up mud bath in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mud bath" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mud bath in Turkey
Bather covered with mud at the Dead Sea
A mud bath is a therapeutic spa treatment that involves soaking in a bath of warm mud, often in a natural hot spring or geothermal pool. Mud baths have been used for centuries as a way to promote health and relaxation, and are still popular today in many parts of the world.
The mud used in mud baths is usually a combination of natural mineral-rich clay and water, which is heated to a comfortable temperature. The mud is then applied to the body, and the person is left to soak in the mud for a period of time, typically around 15-20 minutes.
The benefits of mud baths are allegedly numerous. The heat of the mud helps to increase blood flow and stimulate the immune system, while the minerals in the mud are believed to have a range of healing properties. Mud baths are also said to help detoxify the body, ease muscle pain and tension, and promote healthy skin.
A 2021 systematic review of studies which investigated the effect of mud baths on osteoarthritis concluded that mud bath therapy "cannot substitute for conventional therapy" but can be used in addition to it as "treatment with mud-bath therapy may relieve pain, stiffness and improve functional status in patients".
In addition to the physical benefits, mud baths are also believed to have a relaxing and rejuvenating effect on the mind. Many people find that the warm, soothing sensation of the mud helps to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being.
Mud baths can be found at spas and resorts all over the world, from California to Italy to Japan. Some of the most famous mud bath destinations include Calistoga Spa Hot Springs in California's Napa Valley, where visitors can soak in natural hot springs surrounded by picturesque vineyards, and the Dead Sea in Israel, where the high salt content of the water and mud is said to have a range of therapeutic benefits.
Mud baths come from many sources:
Lakes (e.g., Lake Techirghiol in Romania and Käina Bay in Estonia)
Saltwater sea (e.g., Dead Sea in Jordan and Israel (West Bank)
Hot springs (e.g., Calistoga, Napa Valley, California)
Mud volcano (e.g., Tiga Island, Malaysia, El Totumo, Colombia, Gurjaani, Georgia)
See also
"Mud bathing site" (according to the sign) on Bulgaria's Lake Atanasovsko
Balneotherapy
Bath salts
Heubad
Mud wrap
Peloid
Wallowing
References
^ "A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mud-bath therapy on knee osteoarthritis". Clinical Therapeutics. 172 (4). 2021.
^ "Types of Spa Mud Baths".
^ "Discover Jordan". Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Jordan is the mud baths of the Dead Sea.
^ James Alexander. Malaysia Brunei & Singapore. New Holland Publishers. p. 367.
^ "Bathers in the Volcano de Totumo El Totumo mud volcano are left fully caked in mud (Rex)". Yahoo News UK. 9 August 2013.
^ Koiava, Kakhaber (October 2016). "The Structure and Geochemistry of the Kila-Kupra Mud Volcano (Georgia)". Vakhtang Bacho Glonti: 2 – via Research Gate. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mud bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mud_bath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baie_cu_namol_-_Turcia_2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_Sea_mud_man_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa"},{"link_name":"mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud"},{"link_name":"hot spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"blood flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"detoxify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"reduce stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_management"},{"link_name":"Calistoga Spa Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calistoga_Spa_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Napa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Techirghiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Techirghiol"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Käina Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ina_Bay"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Saltwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"Calistoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calistoga,_California"},{"link_name":"Mud volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano"},{"link_name":"Tiga Island, Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Island,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"El Totumo, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Totumo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gurjaani, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtala_(Gurjaani)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Look up mud bath in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Mud bath in TurkeyBather covered with mud at the Dead SeaA mud bath is a therapeutic spa treatment that involves soaking in a bath of warm mud, often in a natural hot spring or geothermal pool. Mud baths have been used for centuries as a way to promote health and relaxation, and are still popular today in many parts of the world.The mud used in mud baths is usually a combination of natural mineral-rich clay and water, which is heated to a comfortable temperature. The mud is then applied to the body, and the person is left to soak in the mud for a period of time, typically around 15-20 minutes.The benefits of mud baths are allegedly numerous. The heat of the mud helps to increase blood flow and stimulate the immune system, while the minerals in the mud are believed to have a range of healing properties. Mud baths are also said to help detoxify the body, ease muscle pain and tension, and promote healthy skin.A 2021 systematic review of studies which investigated the effect of mud baths on osteoarthritis concluded that mud bath therapy \"cannot substitute for conventional therapy\" but can be used in addition to it as \"treatment with mud-bath therapy may relieve pain, stiffness and improve functional status in patients\".[1]In addition to the physical benefits, mud baths are also believed to have a relaxing and rejuvenating effect on the mind. Many people find that the warm, soothing sensation of the mud helps to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being.Mud baths can be found at spas and resorts all over the world, from California to Italy to Japan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LateLine | LateLine | ["1 Cast","2 Episode list","2.1 Season 1: 1998","2.2 Season 2: 1999","3 Home media","4 External links"] | This article is about the US sitcom. For the Australian current affairs program, see Lateline.
American TV series or program
LateLineGenreSitcomCreated by
Al Franken
John Markus
Starring
Al Franken
Megyn Price
Miguel Ferrer
Ajay Naidu
Sanaa Lathan
Catherine Lloyd Burns
Robert Foxworth
ComposerMat MorseCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes19 (7 unaired)ProductionExecutive producers
Al Franken
John Markus
Running time22 minutesProduction companies
Markus-Franken Productions
Paramount Television
Original releaseNetwork
NBCShowtime
ReleaseMarch 17, 1998 (1998-03-17) –March 16, 1999 (1999-03-16)
LateLine is an American sitcom television series that premiered on NBC on March 17, 1998. The series concluded on March 16, 1999, with seven episodes left unaired due to an abrupt cancellation. Three of the unaired episodes were telecast by the Showtime cable network in December 1999.
Created by John Markus and Al Franken (the latter of whom co-starred in the series), LateLine depicted the behind-the-scenes goings-on of a fictitious late-night television news broadcast, patterned in part after the long-running ABC program Nightline. Many plotlines in the series were satirical, dealing with topics like Deep Throat and the Watergate break-in, and the episodes often had cameos by famous politicians.
Cast
Al Franken.....Al Freundlich: Chief Correspondent
Megyn Price.....Gale Ingersoll: Producer
Miguel Ferrer......Vic Kobb: Executive Producer
Ajay Naidu.....Raji Bakshi: Intern
Sanaa Lathan.....Briana Gilliam: Talent Booker
Catherine Lloyd Burns.....Mona: Pearce's Assistant
Robert Foxworth......Pearce McKenzie: Anchor
Episode list
Season 1: 1998
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date
11"Pilot"Andy AckermanAl Franken & John MarkusMarch 17, 1998 (1998-03-17)
22"Al Anonymous"UnknownUnknownMarch 24, 1998 (1998-03-24)
33"Gale Gets a Life"UnknownUnknownMarch 31, 1998 (1998-03-31)
44"Buddy Hackett"Andy AckermanStory by : Steve LooknerTeleplay by : Al Franken & John Markus & Earl PomerantzApril 7, 1998 (1998-04-07)
55"Pearce's New Best Friend"Ken LevineAl Franken & John Markus & Earl PomerantzApril 14, 1998 (1998-04-14)
66"Lawyer, Lawyer"UnknownUnknownApril 21, 1998 (1998-04-21)
Season 2: 1999
Nº
Ep
Title
Directed by:
Written by:
Original air date
71"Pearce on Conan"UnknownUnknownJanuary 6, 1999 (1999-01-06)
82"Protecting the Source"UnknownUnknownJanuary 13, 1999 (1999-01-13)
93"The Minister of Television"UnknownUnknownJanuary 14, 1999 (1999-01-14)
104"Kids 'N' Guns"UnknownUnknownJanuary 20, 1999 (1999-01-20)
115"Svadharma"UnknownUnknownJanuary 27, 1999 (1999-01-27)
126"Karp's Night Out"UnknownUnknownMarch 16, 1999 (1999-03-16)
137"The Christian Guy"TBDTBD*
148"Mona Moves Up"TBDTBD*
159"Error Apparent"TBDTBD*
1610"Requiem for a Horse"TBDTBD*
1711"The Negotiator"TBDTBD*
1812"Eine Kleine Office Problem"TBDTBD*
1913"The Seventh Plague"TBDTBD*
* Not aired on NBC
Home media
On August 17, 2004, Paramount released a DVD set containing all nineteen episodes on three discs.
External links
LateLine at IMDb
LateLine at epguides.com
Al Franken Fan Club and Discussion Forum
vteAl FrankenBibliography
Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations (1996)
Why Not Me? (1999)
Oh, the Things I Know! (2003)
Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them (2003)
The Truth (with Jokes) (2005)
Political career
2017–18 United States political sexual scandals
Employee Free Choice Act
Medical Loss Ratio
Midwest Values PAC
Student Non-Discrimination Act
2008 U.S. Senate election
2014 U.S. Senate election
Weinstein effect
See also
The Al Franken Show
Air America Radio
Saturday Night Live
Stuart Smalley
Stuart Saves His Family
When A Man Loves a Woman (1994 film, co-writer)
LateLine
Al Franken: God Spoke (2006 documentary)
Fox v. Franken
Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
People
Tom Davis
Amy Klobuchar
Tina Smith
Norm Coleman
Mike McFadden
Leeann Tweeden
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lateline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateline"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"John Markus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Markus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Nightline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightline_(US_news_program)"},{"link_name":"Deep Throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)"},{"link_name":"Watergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate"},{"link_name":"cameos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"}],"text":"This article is about the US sitcom. For the Australian current affairs program, see Lateline.American TV series or programLateLine is an American sitcom television series that premiered on NBC on March 17, 1998. The series concluded on March 16, 1999, with seven episodes left unaired due to an abrupt cancellation. Three of the unaired episodes were telecast by the Showtime cable network in December 1999.Created by John Markus and Al Franken (the latter of whom co-starred in the series), LateLine depicted the behind-the-scenes goings-on of a fictitious late-night television news broadcast, patterned in part after the long-running ABC program Nightline. Many plotlines in the series were satirical, dealing with topics like Deep Throat and the Watergate break-in, and the episodes often had cameos by famous politicians.","title":"LateLine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken"},{"link_name":"Megyn Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megyn_Price"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Ajay Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Naidu"},{"link_name":"Sanaa Lathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Lathan"},{"link_name":"Catherine Lloyd Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Lloyd_Burns"},{"link_name":"Robert Foxworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Foxworth"}],"text":"Al Franken.....Al Freundlich: Chief Correspondent\nMegyn Price.....Gale Ingersoll: Producer\nMiguel Ferrer......Vic Kobb: Executive Producer\nAjay Naidu.....Raji Bakshi: Intern\nSanaa Lathan.....Briana Gilliam: Talent Booker\nCatherine Lloyd Burns.....Mona: Pearce's Assistant\nRobert Foxworth......Pearce McKenzie: Anchor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1: 1998","title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2: 1999","text":"* Not aired on NBC","title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"On August 17, 2004, Paramount released a DVD set containing all nineteen episodes on three discs.","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137314/","external_links_name":"LateLine"},{"Link":"http://epguides.com/LateLine","external_links_name":"LateLine"},{"Link":"http://www.alfrankensense.com/","external_links_name":"Al Franken Fan Club and Discussion Forum"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_club | Cardroom | ["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References"] | Gambling establishment
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sign for a cafe and card room in Seattle
A cardroom or card room is a gaming establishment that exclusively offers card games for play by the public. The term poker room is used to describe a room in casinos that is dedicated to playing poker and in function is similar to a card room.
Such rooms typically do not offer slot machines or video poker, or other table games such as craps or roulette as found in casinos. However, a casino will often use the term "cardroom" or "poker room" (usually the latter) to refer to a separate room that offers card games where players typically compete against each other, instead of against "the house".
Overview
In the United States, stand-alone cardrooms are typically the result of local or state laws and regulations, which often prohibit full-fledged casino gambling. This was typically the case in California until the advent of casino gambling offered by Native American tribes in the 1990s, though card rooms continue to flourish and even expand there.
Since games played in card rooms are usually player-against-player instead of player-against-house, card room operators typically derive their revenues in one of two ways. In most situations, the dealer of each game (employed by the establishment) will collect a rake, a portion of the pot from each hand. At other times, a charge will be levied against each player for a specific time period, typically each half-hour.
Though traditional poker variants such as Texas hold 'em, Omaha hold 'em and seven-card stud are by far the most popular games offered by card rooms (and sometimes the only games), others may offer games such as panguingue, pai gow, Chinese poker, and variations on blackjack. These so-called "California games", or "Asian games", may resemble such traditional casino games as blackjack, baccarat and even craps, but have rules that comply with various state restrictions.
Most U.S. stand-alone card rooms are located in Montana, with more than two hundred such clubs licensed in 2013, and over four hundred licensed nationally. California has the second most such clubs, with 88 such clubs as of 2013. California card rooms like the California Grand Casino date back to the 1850s. Some are modest establishments with just a few tables, while others are the largest poker rooms in the world, offering as much as five times as many tables as the largest Las Vegas cardroom. Some even call themselves "casinos", even though their lack of electronic and table games would normally disqualify the use of such a term by modern standards. Hollywood Park Casino, a casino located near and formerly part of Hollywood Park Racetrack, a former Thoroughbred race track in Inglewood, California, has an elaborate card room on its premises. Other large cardrooms are Bay 101 and Casino M8trix in San Jose, the Commerce Casino in Commerce and the Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens. All these clubs host major poker tournaments, which attract the game's top players and television coverage.
Poker rooms are sometimes operated illegally. New York City has been home to underground card rooms, some of which were the basis of the movie Rounders. Two rooms with more than ten tables, the 14th Street PlayStation and the 72nd Street Players Club, were closed down by the police in 2005, but other smaller clubs continue to exist.
Websites offering online poker games are referred to as "online cardrooms" rather than casinos.
See also
Games portal
List of casinos
References
^ "2013 State of the States" (PDF). American Gaming Association. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ "2013 State of the States" (PDF). American Gaming Association. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ CommerceCasino.com: LA Poker Classic
^ NewYorkTimes.com: Killing Sends Tremors Through City’s Illegal Poker Scene
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%26M_Cafe_%26_Cardroom.jpg"},{"link_name":"gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"slot machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_machine"},{"link_name":"video poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_poker"},{"link_name":"craps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craps"},{"link_name":"roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette"}],"text":"Sign for a cafe and card room in SeattleA cardroom or card room is a gaming establishment that exclusively offers card games for play by the public. The term poker room is used to describe a room in casinos that is dedicated to playing poker and in function is similar to a card room.Such rooms typically do not offer slot machines or video poker, or other table games such as craps or roulette as found in casinos. However, a casino will often use the term \"cardroom\" or \"poker room\" (usually the latter) to refer to a separate room that offers card games where players typically compete against each other, instead of against \"the house\".","title":"Cardroom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"seven-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"panguingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguingue"},{"link_name":"pai gow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_gow_poker"},{"link_name":"Chinese poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poker"},{"link_name":"blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack"},{"link_name":"baccarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"craps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craps"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Grand Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Grand_Casino"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Park Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Park_Casino"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Park_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"race track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Inglewood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood,_California"},{"link_name":"Bay 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_101"},{"link_name":"Casino M8trix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_M8trix"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Commerce Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Casino"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_California"},{"link_name":"Bicycle Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_Casino"},{"link_name":"Bell Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Gardens,_California"},{"link_name":"poker tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounders_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"online poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_poker"}],"text":"In the United States, stand-alone cardrooms are typically the result of local or state laws and regulations, which often prohibit full-fledged casino gambling. This was typically the case in California until the advent of casino gambling offered by Native American tribes in the 1990s, though card rooms continue to flourish and even expand there.Since games played in card rooms are usually player-against-player instead of player-against-house, card room operators typically derive their revenues in one of two ways. In most situations, the dealer of each game (employed by the establishment) will collect a rake, a portion of the pot from each hand. At other times, a charge will be levied against each player for a specific time period, typically each half-hour.Though traditional poker variants such as Texas hold 'em, Omaha hold 'em and seven-card stud are by far the most popular games offered by card rooms (and sometimes the only games), others may offer games such as panguingue, pai gow, Chinese poker, and variations on blackjack. These so-called \"California games\", or \"Asian games\", may resemble such traditional casino games as blackjack, baccarat and even craps, but have rules that comply with various state restrictions.Most U.S. stand-alone card rooms are located in Montana, with more than two hundred such clubs licensed in 2013, and over four hundred licensed nationally.[1] California has the second most such clubs, with 88 such clubs as of 2013.[2] California card rooms like the California Grand Casino date back to the 1850s. Some are modest establishments with just a few tables, while others are the largest poker rooms in the world, offering as much as five times as many tables as the largest Las Vegas cardroom. Some even call themselves \"casinos\", even though their lack of electronic and table games would normally disqualify the use of such a term by modern standards. Hollywood Park Casino, a casino located near and formerly part of Hollywood Park Racetrack, a former Thoroughbred race track in Inglewood, California, has an elaborate card room on its premises. Other large cardrooms are Bay 101 and Casino M8trix in San Jose, the Commerce Casino in Commerce and the Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens. All these clubs host major poker tournaments, which attract the game's top players and television coverage.[3]Poker rooms are sometimes operated illegally. New York City has been home to underground card rooms, some of which were the basis of the movie Rounders. Two rooms with more than ten tables, the 14th Street PlayStation and the 72nd Street Players Club, were closed down by the police in 2005, but other smaller clubs continue to exist.[4]Websites offering online poker games are referred to as \"online cardrooms\" rather than casinos.","title":"Overview"}] | [{"image_text":"Sign for a cafe and card room in Seattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/J%26M_Cafe_%26_Cardroom.jpg/220px-J%26M_Cafe_%26_Cardroom.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png"},{"title":"Games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Games"},{"title":"List of casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_casinos"}] | [{"reference":"\"2013 State of the States\" (PDF). American Gaming Association. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101552/http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 State of the States\""},{"url":"http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 State of the States\" (PDF). American Gaming Association. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101552/http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 State of the States\""},{"url":"http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardroom&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101552/http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 State of the States\""},{"Link":"http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101552/http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 State of the States\""},{"Link":"http://www.americangaming.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/aga_sos2013_fnl.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051205042325/http://www.commercecasino.com/tournamentDetails.aspx?tournamentId=3","external_links_name":"CommerceCasino.com: LA Poker Classic"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/nyregion/11poker.html","external_links_name":"NewYorkTimes.com: Killing Sends Tremors Through City’s Illegal Poker Scene"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay | Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay | ["1 Records","2 Qualification","3 Competition format","4 Schedule","5 Results","5.1 Heats","5.2 Final","6 References"] | Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relayat the Games of the XXXII OlympiadVenueTokyo Aquatics CentreDates30 July 2021 (heats)1 August 2021 (final)Competitors74 from 16 nationsTeams16Winning time3:26.78 WRMedalists
Ryan Murphy, Michael Andrew, Caeleb Dressel, Zach Apple, Hunter Armstrong*, Blake Pieroni*, Tom Shields*, Andrew Wilson*
United States
Luke Greenbank, James Guy, Adam Peaty, Duncan Scott, James Wilby*
Great Britain
Thomas Ceccon, Nicolò Martinenghi, Federico Burdisso, Alessandro Miressi *Indicates the swimmer only competed in the preliminary heats.
Italy← 20162024 →
Swimming at the2020 Summer OlympicsQualificationFreestyle50 mmenwomen100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomenBackstroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenBreaststroke100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenButterfly100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomenIndividual medley200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomenFreestyle relay4 × 100 mmenwomen4 × 200 mmenwomenMedley relay4 × 100 mmenmixedwomenMarathon10 kmmenwomenvte
The men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay event at the 2020 Summer Olympics was held on 30 July and 1 August 2021 at the Tokyo Aquatics Centre. It was the event's sixteenth consecutive appearance, having been held at every edition since 1960.
The United States extended their dominance in the event, having won it every time since its introduction in 1960, except for the boycotted 1980 Games.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
World record
United States (USA)Aaron Peirsol (52.19)Eric Shanteau (58.57)Michael Phelps (49.72)David Walters (46.80)
3:27.28
Rome, Italy
2 August 2009
Olympic record
United States (USA)Ryan Murphy (51.85)Cody Miller (59.03)Michael Phelps (50.33)Nathan Adrian (46.74)
3:27.95
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
13 August 2016
The following record was established during the competition:
Date
Event
Name
Nation
Time
Record
1 August
Final
Ryan Murphy (52.31)Michael Andrew (58.49)Caeleb Dressel (49.03)Zach Apple (46.95)
United States
3:26.78
WR
Qualification
Main article: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Qualification
The top 12 teams in this event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships qualified for the Olympics. An additional 4 teams will qualify through having the fastest times at approved qualifying events during the qualifying period (1 March 2019 to 30 May 2020).
Competition format
The competition consists of two rounds: heats and a final. The relay teams with the best 8 times in the heats advance to the final. Swim-offs are used as necessary to break ties for advancement to the next round.
Schedule
All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)
Date
Time
Round
30 July 2021
21:10
Heats
1 August 2021
11:36
Final
Results
Heats
The relay teams with the top 8 times, regardless of heat, advanced to the final.
Rank
Heat
Lane
Nation
Swimmers
Time
Notes
1
1
5
Italy
Thomas Ceccon (53.20)Nicolò Martinenghi (57.94)Federico Burdisso (51.46)Alessandro Miressi (47.42)
3:30.02
Q
2
2
4
Great Britain
Luke Greenbank (53.79)James Wilby (59.16)James Guy (50.77)Duncan Scott (47.75)
3:31.47
Q
3
2
5
ROC
Grigoriy Tarasevich (53.20)Anton Chupkov (59.55)Mikhail Vekovishchev (51.20)Vladislav Grinev (47.71)
3:31.66
Q
4
1
6
China
Xu Jiayu (52.82)Yan Zibei (58.32)Sun Jiajun (51.81)He Junyi (48.77)
3:31.72
Q
5
2
3
Japan
Ryosuke Irie (53.20)Ryuya Mura (59.62)Naoki Mizunuma (51.42)Katsumi Nakamura (47.78)
3:32.02
Q
6
1
3
Australia
Mitch Larkin (53.46)Zac Stubblety-Cook (59.11)David Morgan (51.97)Kyle Chalmers (47.54)
3:32.08
Q
7
1
4
United States
Hunter Armstrong (53.51)Andrew Wilson (59.20)Tom Shields (51.33)Blake Pieroni (48.25)
3:32.29
Q
8
1
1
Canada
Markus Thormeyer (53.66)Gabe Mastromatteo (59.97)Joshua Liendo (50.92)Yuri Kisil (47.82)
3:32.37
Q
9
1
2
Poland
Kacper Stokowski (54.67)Jan Kozakiewicz (59.24)Jakub Majerski (50.66)Jakub Kraska (48.05)
3:32.62
NR
10
2
2
France
Yohann Ndoye Brouard (52.77)Antoine Viquerat (59.94)Léon Marchand (52.05)Mehdy Metella (48.65)
3:33.41
11
2
7
Germany
Marek Ulrich (54.52)Lucas Matzerath (58.70)Marius Kusch (52.38)Damian Wierling (48.48)
3:34.08
12
1
7
Belarus
Mikita Tsmyh (55.50)Ilya Shymanovich (58.20)Yauhen Tsurkin (52.38)Artsiom Machekin (48.74)
3:34.82
13
1
8
Hungary
Richárd Bohus (53.51)Tamás Takács (1:00.57)Hubert Kós (51.94)Péter Holoda (48.89)
3:34.91
14
2
1
Greece
Eyaggelos Makrygiannis (54.07)Konstadinos Meretsolias (1:00.62)Andreas Vazaios (53.36)Apostolos Christou (48.23)
3:36.28
2
6
Brazil
Guilherme Guido (54.11)Felipe LimaVinicius LanzaMarcelo Chierighini
DSQ
2
8
Lithuania
Danas Rapšys (54.71)Andrius ŠidlauskasDeividas MargevičiusSimonas Bilis
Final
Rank
Lane
Nation
Swimmers
Time
Notes
1
United States
Ryan Murphy (52.31)Michael Andrew (58.49)Caeleb Dressel (49.03)Zach Apple (46.95)
3:26.78
WR
5
Great Britain
Luke Greenbank (53.63)Adam Peaty (56.53)James Guy (50.27)Duncan Scott (47.08)
3:27.51
ER
4
Italy
Thomas Ceccon (52.52)Nicolò Martinenghi (58.11)Federico Burdisso (51.07)Alessandro Miressi (47.47)
3:29.17
NR
4
3
ROC
Evgeny Rylov (52.82)Kirill Prigoda (59.06)Andrey Minakov (50.31)Kliment Kolesnikov (47.03)
3:29.22
5
7
Australia
Mitch Larkin (53.19)Zac Stubblety-Cook (58.67)Matthew Temple (50.78)Kyle Chalmers (46.96)
3:29.60
6
2
Japan
Ryosuke Irie (53.05)Ryuya Mura (58.94)Naoki Mizunuma (50.88)Katsumi Nakamura (47.04)
3:29.91
AS
7
8
Canada
Markus Thormeyer (53.69)Gabe Mastromatteo (59.67)Joshua Liendo (51.02) Yuri Kisil (48.04)
3:32.42
6
China
Xu Jiayu (52.77)Yan Zibei (58.35)Sun JiajunHe Junyi
DSQ
References
^ a b "Tokyo 2020: Swimming Schedule". Tokyo 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ Dillman, Lisa (2 August 2009). "Michael Phelps gets 5th gold as more records fall". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Phelps wins 5th gold as U.S. relay team shatters record". CBC Sports. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ Lutz, Rachel (13 August 2016). "Michael Phelps wins career Olympic gold No. 23 in medley relay". NBC Olympics. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^ Auerbach, Nicole (13 August 2016). "Michael Phelps ends career with 23rd Olympic gold medal as U.S. wins medley relay". USA Today. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^ "Tokyo 2020 – FINA Swimming Qualification System" (PDF). Tokyo 2020. FINA. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ "FINA Swimming Rulebook, 2017–21" (PDF). FINA. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ "Heats results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ "Final results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
vteOlympic champions in men's 4 × 100 m medley relay
1960: Frank McKinney, Paul Hait, Lance Larson, Jeff Farrell (USA)
1964: Thompson Mann, Bill Craig, Fred Schmidt, Steve Clark (USA)
1968: Charlie Hickcox, Don McKenzie, Doug Russell, Ken Walsh (USA)
1972: Mike Stamm, Tom Bruce, Mark Spitz, Jerry Heidenreich (USA)
1976: John Naber, John Hencken, Matt Vogel, Jim Montgomery (USA)
1980: Mark Kerry, Peter Evans, Mark Tonelli, Neil Brooks (AUS)
1984: Rick Carey, Steve Lundquist, Pablo Morales, Rowdy Gaines (USA)
1988: David Berkoff, Richard Schroeder, Matt Biondi, Chris Jacobs (USA)
1992: Jeff Rouse, Nelson Diebel, Pablo Morales, Jon Olsen, David Berkoff, Hans Dersch, Melvin Stewart, Matt Biondi (USA)
1996: Jeff Rouse, Jeremy Linn, Mark Henderson, Gary Hall Jr., Josh Davis, Kurt Grote, John Hargis, Tripp Schwenk (USA)
2000: Lenny Krayzelburg, Ed Moses, Ian Crocker, Gary Hall Jr., Neil Walker, Tommy Hannan, Jason Lezak (USA)
2004: Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Ian Crocker, Jason Lezak, Lenny Krayzelburg, Mark Gangloff, Michael Phelps, Neil Walker (USA)
2008: Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Michael Phelps, Jason Lezak, Matt Grevers, Mark Gangloff, Ian Crocker, Garrett Weber-Gale (USA)
2012: Matt Grevers, Brendan Hansen, Michael Phelps, Nathan Adrian, Nick Thoman, Eric Shanteau, Tyler McGill, Cullen Jones (USA)
2016: Ryan Murphy, Cody Miller, Michael Phelps, Nathan Adrian, David Plummer, Cordes, Shields, Dressel (USA)
2020: Ryan Murphy, Michael Andrew, Caeleb Dressel, Zach Apple, Hunter Armstrong, Andrew Wilson, Tom Shields, Blake Pieroni (USA) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schedule-1"}],"text":"The men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay event at the 2020 Summer Olympics was held on 30 July and 1 August 2021 at the Tokyo Aquatics Centre.[1] It was the event's sixteenth consecutive appearance, having been held at every edition since 1960.The United States extended their dominance in the event, having won it every time since its introduction in 1960, except for the boycotted 1980 Games.","title":"Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.The following record was established during the competition:","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"this event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2019_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The top 12 teams in this event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships qualified for the Olympics. 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Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/13/michael-phelps-nathan-adrian-swimming-mens-4x100-medley-final-results/88695732/","url_text":"\"Michael Phelps ends career with 23rd Olympic gold medal as U.S. wins medley relay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo 2020 – FINA Swimming Qualification System\" (PDF). Tokyo 2020. FINA. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/general/final_-_2018-03-19_-_tokyo_2020_-_qualification_system_-_swimming_-_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Tokyo 2020 – FINA Swimming Qualification System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_2020","url_text":"Tokyo 2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA","url_text":"FINA"}]},{"reference":"\"FINA Swimming Rulebook, 2017–21\" (PDF). FINA. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/2017_2021_swimming_12092017_ok_0.pdf","url_text":"\"FINA Swimming Rulebook, 2017–21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heats results\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824100259/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74B_SWMM4X100MMD----------HEAT--------.pdf","url_text":"\"Heats results\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74B_SWMM4X100MMD----------HEAT--------.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final results\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801042748/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C73B1_SWMM4X100MMD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"\"Final results\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C73B1_SWMM4X100MMD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/schedule/olympic/","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo 2020: Swimming Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-08-03/sports/0908020247_1_phelps-longtime-coach-bong-photo-michael-phelps","external_links_name":"\"Michael Phelps gets 5th gold as more records fall\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/sports/amateur/story/2009/08/02/sp-aquatics-rdp.html","external_links_name":"\"Phelps wins 5th gold as U.S. relay team shatters record\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/michael-phelps-wins-career-olympic-gold-no-23-medley-relay","external_links_name":"\"Michael Phelps wins career Olympic gold No. 23 in medley relay\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/13/michael-phelps-nathan-adrian-swimming-mens-4x100-medley-final-results/88695732/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Phelps ends career with 23rd Olympic gold medal as U.S. wins medley relay\""},{"Link":"https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/general/final_-_2018-03-19_-_tokyo_2020_-_qualification_system_-_swimming_-_eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo 2020 – FINA Swimming Qualification System\""},{"Link":"https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/2017_2021_swimming_12092017_ok_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FINA Swimming Rulebook, 2017–21\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824100259/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74B_SWMM4X100MMD----------HEAT--------.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Heats results\""},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C74B_SWMM4X100MMD----------HEAT--------.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801042748/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C73B1_SWMM4X100MMD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final results\""},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/SWM/OG2020-_SWM_C73B1_SWMM4X100MMD----------FNL-000100--.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yeong-nang | Kim Yeong-nang | ["1 Writing","2 References","3 External links"] | Korean poet (1903–1950)
Kim Yeong-nangHangul김영랑Hanja金永郞Revised RomanizationGim YeongnangMcCune–ReischauerKim YŏngnangBirth nameHangul김윤식Hanja金允植Revised RomanizationKim YunsikMcCune–ReischauerKim Yunsik
In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
Kim Yeong-nang (January 16, 1903 – September 29, 1950) was a Korean writer from Gangjin county, South Jeolla province, in present-day South Korea, where he spent most of his life. He participated in the Korean independence movement and as a teenager was jailed for six months in Daegu. Though he was a noted performer of traditional Korean music, he also loved classical Western music and was one of the few of his time who could read and appreciate English language poetry, Keats and Yeats being among his favorites.
When the Japanese oppression was at its height, he alone in Gangjin refused to change his name or offer worship at the Shinto shrine. Many of his earlier poems clearly express opposition to Japanese rule, and after Korea's liberation in 1945 he voiced his disquiet at the political polarisation that was tearing the country apart. When the growing unrest came to threaten the life of his family, he moved to Seoul, where he died as the result of a shrapnel wound to the stomach during the Korean War.
Writing
Monument to the poet at his old home
Under the penname Yeongrang, Kim Yeong-nang was especially active in literature during the 1930s and 1940s. Most of his poems experiment with modernism at the same time as exploring native Korean rhythms and he was well known for writing in the unique Jeolla dialect. Partly this was because Japanese prohibitions led patriotic Koreans to emphasise traditional aesthetics.
His translator, Brother Anthony of Taizé, has commented on the poet's reputation that it is currently growing in Korea. At first he tended to be overlooked in political times because he was only briefly in prison (in 1919), and later because he died before the post-Liberation literary influences and cliques formed. For a long time he was known only as the writer of a single poem, the much anthologized ("Until Peonies Bloom"). The Government's posthumous presentation in 2008 of its highest award for achievement in the field of culture, the Gold Crown Order of Cultural Merit, set the seal on his recognition. The recent translation of his complete poems is now bringing him to the attention of those outside his country.
References
Most biographical and stylistic information is drawn from Until Peonies Bloom: The Complete Poems of Kim Yeong-nang (details below)
^ Ramesh Sharma, “New trends in modern literature” in East Asian Literatures: Japanese, Chinese and Korean, Delhi 2006, p.102
^ Korean Studies
External links
Biographical information and list of major works Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
Brother Anthony of Taizé, Until Peonies Bloom: The Complete Poems of Kim Yeong-nang, ISBN 978-1-937385-03-3, University Of Hawai'i 2010.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Korea | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans"},{"link_name":"writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer"},{"link_name":"Gangjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangjin"},{"link_name":"South Jeolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jeolla"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Daegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu"},{"link_name":"Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats"},{"link_name":"Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeats"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Yeong-nang (January 16, 1903 – September 29, 1950) was a Korean writer from Gangjin county, South Jeolla province, in present-day South Korea, where he spent most of his life. He participated in the Korean independence movement and as a teenager was jailed for six months in Daegu. Though he was a noted performer of traditional Korean music, he also loved classical Western music and was one of the few of his time who could read and appreciate English language poetry, Keats and Yeats being among his favorites.When the Japanese oppression was at its height, he alone in Gangjin refused to change his name or offer worship at the Shinto shrine. Many of his earlier poems clearly express opposition to Japanese rule, and after Korea's liberation in 1945 he voiced his disquiet at the political polarisation that was tearing the country apart. When the growing unrest came to threaten the life of his family, he moved to Seoul, where he died as the result of a shrapnel wound to the stomach during the Korean War.","title":"Kim Yeong-nang"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poem_monument_of_Kim_Yeong-nang_Gangjin_South_Korea.jpg"},{"link_name":"penname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penname"},{"link_name":"Jeolla dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeolla_dialect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brother Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Anthony"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gold Crown Order of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Cultural_Merit_(Korea)"}],"text":"Monument to the poet at his old homeUnder the penname Yeongrang, Kim Yeong-nang was especially active in literature during the 1930s and 1940s. Most of his poems experiment with modernism at the same time as exploring native Korean rhythms and he was well known for writing in the unique Jeolla dialect. Partly this was because Japanese prohibitions led patriotic Koreans to emphasise traditional aesthetics.[1]His translator, Brother Anthony of Taizé, has commented on the poet's reputation that it is currently growing in Korea. At first he tended to be overlooked in political times because he was only briefly in prison (in 1919), and later because he died before the post-Liberation literary influences and cliques formed. For a long time he was known only as the writer of a single poem, the much anthologized (\"Until Peonies Bloom\").[2] The Government's posthumous presentation in 2008 of its highest award for achievement in the field of culture, the Gold Crown Order of Cultural Merit, set the seal on his recognition. The recent translation of his complete poems is now bringing him to the attention of those outside his country.","title":"Writing"}] | [{"image_text":"Monument to the poet at his old home","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Poem_monument_of_Kim_Yeong-nang_Gangjin_South_Korea.jpg/280px-Poem_monument_of_Kim_Yeong-nang_Gangjin_South_Korea.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v7gLNXa6jXsC&dq=%22Kim+Yeong-nang%22&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"p.102"},{"Link":"http://koreanstudies.com/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreanstudies.com/2010-May/007930.html","external_links_name":"Korean Studies"},{"Link":"http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/anthony/KimYeongNang.htm","external_links_name":"Biographical information and list of major works"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000628/http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/anthony/KimYeongNang.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121044844/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-8643-9781937385033.aspx","external_links_name":"Until Peonies Bloom: The Complete Poems of Kim Yeong-nang"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/85393/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115734283","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67799960","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtpvBMPpjvRYVR89xVYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036695581","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007413608805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82005070","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201103351","external_links_name":"Korea"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_Single_Championship | Beyond the Sea Single Championship | ["1 Title history","1.1 Inaugural championship tournament (2018)","2 Reigns","3 Combined reigns","4 References","5 External links"] | Professional wrestling women's championship
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Beyond the Sea Single ChampionshipDetailsPromotionSeadlinnngDate establishedNovember 1, 2018Current champion(s)SareeeDate wonAugust 25, 2023StatisticsFirst champion(s)Nanae TakahashiLongest reignNanae Takahashi(209 days)Shortest reignTakumi Iroha(112 days)Oldest championNanae Takahashi(39 years, 313 days)Youngest championAsuka(22 years, 141 days)Heaviest championTakumi Iroha(159 lb (72 kg))Lightest championArisa Nakajima(132 lb (60 kg))
The Beyond the Sea Single Championship (BEYOND THE SEA SINGLE 王座 or BEYOND THE SEAシングル王座, Biyondo za shī shinguru ōza) is a women's professional wrestling championship owned by the Seadlinnng promotion. The title, which is situated at the top of Seadlinnng's championship hierarchy, was introduced on October 3, 2018, and the inaugural champion was crowned on November 1, 2018, when Nanae Takahashi defeated Arisa Nakajima in the finals of an eight-woman tournament. The bottom part of the belt is blue as it resembles the ocean, while the upper part of the belt is red, which resembles the sun. The title was vacated once as a result of former champion Yoshiko taking time off to rehabilitate nagging injuries.
Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match. There have been nine reigns shared among seven different wrestlers. The current champion is Sareee who is in her first reign.
Title history
Inaugural champion Nanae Takahashi
On November 1, 2018, Nanae Takahashi, the founder of Seadlinnng, defeated Arisa Nakajima in the finals of an eight-woman single-elimination tournament to become the inaugural champion. On March 9, 2021, the current champion Yoshiko vacated the title to recover from injuries. On March 17, Asuka defeated Rina Yamashita to win the vacant championship.
On October 6, 2022, the current champion Nakajima vacated the title suffering an injury. On October 19, Hiroyo Matsumoto defeated Itsuki Aoki in the finals of a ten-woman single-elimination tournament to win the vacant championship.
Inaugural championship tournament (2018)
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Ryo Mizunami
13:13
Takumi Iroha
Sub1
Takumi Iroha
15:22
Nanae Takahashi
Pin
Hiroyo Matsumoto
22:20
Nanae Takahashi
Pin
Nanae Takahashi
Pin
Arisa Nakajima
18:02
Hanako Nakamori
Pin
Yoshiko
6:05
Hanako Nakamori
12:12
Arisa Nakajima
Pin
Arisa Nakajima
Pin
Rina Yamashita
21:05
^1 – This was a technical submission.
Reigns
As of June 19, 2024, there have been nine reigns between seven champions and two vacancies. Nanae Takahashi was the inaugural champion. Arisa Nakajima hold the record for most reigns at three times. Nakajima's second reign is the longest at 299 days, while Hiroyo Matsumoto has the shortest reign at 70 days. Takahashi is the oldest champion at 39 years old, while Asuka is the youngest at 22 years old.
Sareee is the current champion in her first reign. She won the title by defeating Arisa Nakajima at Seadlinnng 8th Anniversary on August 25, 2023, in Tokyo, Japan.
Key
No.
Overall reign number
Reign
Reign number for the specific champion
Days
Number of days held
Defenses
Number of successful defenses
+
Current reign is changing daily
No.
Champion
Championship change
Reign statistics
Notes
Ref.
Date
Event
Location
Reign
Days
Defenses
1
Nanae Takahashi
November 1, 2018
Go! Beyond!
Tokyo, Japan
1
209
3
Takahashi defeated Arisa Nakajima in the finals of an eight-woman single-elimination tournament to become the inaugural champion.
2
Takumi Iroha
May 29, 2019
Stay Tune
Tokyo, Japan
1
112
1
3
Arisa Nakajima
September 18, 2019
Endless Summer
Tokyo, Japan
1
299
4
4
Yoshiko
July 13, 2020
Close to You
Tokyo, Japan
1
239
2
—
Vacated
March 9, 2021
—
—
—
—
—
The championship was vacated after Yoshiko took time off to recover from injuries
5
Asuka
March 17, 2021
Grow Together!
Tokyo, Japan
1
116
0
Defeated Rina Yamashita to win the vacant championship.
6
Ryo Mizunami
July 11, 2021
Nanae Takahashi 25th Anniversary ~ Arigatou
Tokyo, Japan
1
171
2
7
Arisa Nakajima
December 29, 2021
Seadlinnng 2021 Final Battle
Tokyo, Japan
2
281
3
—
Vacated
October 6, 2022
—
—
—
—
—
The championship was vacated after Arisa Nakajima suffering a legitimate injury.
8
Hiroyo Matsumoto
October 19, 2022
October Fist!
Tokyo, Japan
1
70
0
Defeated Itsuki Aoki in the finals of an ten-woman single-elimination tournament to win the vacant championship.
9
Arisa Nakajima
December 28, 2022
Seadlinnng of the Year 2022!
Tokyo, Japan
3
240
3
10
Sareee
August 25, 2023
Seadlinnng 8th Anniversary
Tokyo, Japan
1
299+
2
Combined reigns
Record three-time and longest combined champion Arisa Nakajima
As of June 19, 2024.
†
Indicates the current champion
Rank
Wrestler
No. ofreigns
Combineddefenses
Combineddays
1
Arisa Nakajima
3
10
820
2
Sareee †
1
2
299+
3
Yoshiko
1
2
239
4
Nanae Takahashi
1
3
209
5
Ryo Mizunami
1
2
171
6
Asuka
1
0
116
7
Takumi Iroha
1
1
112
8
Hiroyo Matsumoto
1
0
70
References
^ a b Brennan, Corey (August 25, 2023). "SEAdLINNNG 8th Anniversary Results (8/25/23)". bodyslam.net. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i "2018年11月1日(木)19:00START/18:00OPEN". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 3, 2018.
^ "所属選手 – プロレス団体「Marvelous」マーベラス".
^ "中島安里紗(なかじま・ありさ". Seadlinnng (in Japanese).
^ "11.1後楽園大会・メインイベント". 女子プロレスの熱い試合が観戦できる!│SEAdLINNNG (in Japanese). 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
^ "SEAdLINNNG BEYOND THE SEA CHAMPIONSHIP HISTORY". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 10, 2018.
^ "【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ a b SEAdLINNNG (March 9, 2021). "【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】 | SEAdLINNNG". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-09.
^ a b Richards, Alex (March 17, 2021). "#AndNEW: ASUKA/VENY Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ a b 【中島安里紗シングルベルト返上。コメント/SEAdLINNNG10・19後楽園ホール大会 新王者決定1DAYトーナメント開催】. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 6, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ a b BBM-Mobile (October 19, 2022). SEAdLINNNG~October Fist!~ 東京・後楽園ホール 観衆455人. bbm-mobile.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 19, 2022.
^ a b c d "2018年10月3日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 5, 2018.
^ a b c "2019年5月29日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). May 30, 2019.
^ a b "2019年9月18日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 1, 2019.
^ Richards, Alex. "#AndNEW: Takumi Iroha Wins Beyond The Sea Championship". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ "2020年7月13日(月)19:00 START 18:00 OPEN 東京・後楽園ホール". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved October 25, 2020.
^ 11.4後楽園ホール・メインイベント. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 28, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Richards, Alex (July 13, 2020). "#AndNEW: Yoshiko Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ a b Harrys, Bethany (July 11, 2021). "#AndNEW: Ryo Mizunami Wins Beyond The Sea Championship". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Dark angel (March 22, 2021). "SEAdLINNNG: "Grow Together!" Couples tournament and new monarch". superluchas.com. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
^ a b 12.29後楽園ホール・メインイベント. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Harris, Bethany (July 10, 2021). "Preview: SEAdLINNNG Nanae Takahashi 25th Anniversary Special (7/11/21)". lastwordonsports.com. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ 5.13新宿FACE・メインイベント. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). June 26, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip (December 28, 2022). "SEAdLINNNG Of The Year 2022!". cagematch.net. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
External links
Seadlinnng's official website
Beyond the Sea Championship history at seadlinnng.com
vteSeadlinnngChampionships
Beyond the Sea Single Championship
Beyond the Sea Tag Team Championship
RosterActive
Arisa Nakajima
Asuka
Honori Hana
Makoto
Nanae Takahashi
Sareee
Ryo Mizunami
Yoshiko
Yuu
Alumni
Himeka Arita
ODB
Rin Kadokura
Sakura Hirota
Veda Scott
Riko Kaiju
Staff
Natsuki☆Taiyo
PartnershipsActive
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling
Marvelous That's Women Pro Wrestling
Former
Ice Ribbon
Ring of Honor
JWP Joshi Puroresu
World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana
vteBeyond the Sea Single Champions2010s
Nanae Takahashi
Takumi Iroha
Arisa Nakajima
2020s
Yoshiko
Asuka
Ryo Mizunami
Hiroyo Matsumoto
Sareee (current) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"women's professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Seadlinnng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Nanae Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanae_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Arisa Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Nakajima"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takahashi1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yoshiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiko_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sareee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sareee"}],"text":"The Beyond the Sea Single Championship (BEYOND THE SEA SINGLE 王座 or BEYOND THE SEAシングル王座[5], Biyondo za shī shinguru ōza) is a women's professional wrestling championship owned by the Seadlinnng promotion. The title, which is situated at the top of Seadlinnng's championship hierarchy, was introduced on October 3, 2018, and the inaugural champion was crowned on November 1, 2018, when Nanae Takahashi defeated Arisa Nakajima in the finals of an eight-woman tournament.[2] The bottom part of the belt is blue as it resembles the ocean, while the upper part of the belt is red, which resembles the sun.[6] The title was vacated once as a result of former champion Yoshiko taking time off to rehabilitate nagging injuries.[7]Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match. There have been nine reigns shared among seven different wrestlers. The current champion is Sareee who is in her first reign.","title":"Beyond the Sea Single Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20201223nanae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nanae Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanae_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Nanae Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanae_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Arisa Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Nakajima"},{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takahashi1-2"},{"link_name":"Yoshiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiko_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoshikoVacated1-8"},{"link_name":"Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_(wrestler,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"Rina Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asuka1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NakajimaVacated1-10"},{"link_name":"Hiroyo Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyo_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Itsuki Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsuki_Aoki"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumoto1-11"}],"text":"Inaugural champion Nanae TakahashiOn November 1, 2018, Nanae Takahashi, the founder of Seadlinnng, defeated Arisa Nakajima in the finals of an eight-woman single-elimination tournament to become the inaugural champion.[2] On March 9, 2021, the current champion Yoshiko vacated the title to recover from injuries.[8] On March 17, Asuka defeated Rina Yamashita to win the vacant championship.[9]On October 6, 2022, the current champion Nakajima vacated the title suffering an injury.[10] On October 19, Hiroyo Matsumoto defeated Itsuki Aoki in the finals of a ten-woman single-elimination tournament to win the vacant championship.[11]","title":"Title history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"sub_title":"Inaugural championship tournament (2018)","text":"^1 – This was a technical submission.","title":"Title history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vacancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_(wrestler,_born_1998)"},{"link_name":"Sareee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sareee"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"As of June 19, 2024, there have been nine reigns between seven champions and two vacancies. Nanae Takahashi was the inaugural champion. Arisa Nakajima hold the record for most reigns at three times. Nakajima's second reign is the longest at 299 days, while Hiroyo Matsumoto has the shortest reign at 70 days. Takahashi is the oldest champion at 39 years old, while Asuka is the youngest at 22 years old.Sareee is the current champion in her first reign. She won the title by defeating Arisa Nakajima at Seadlinnng 8th Anniversary on August 25, 2023, in Tokyo, Japan.","title":"Reigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20230516arisa2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arisa Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Nakajima"}],"text":"Record three-time and longest combined champion Arisa NakajimaAs of June 19, 2024.","title":"Combined reigns"}] | [{"image_text":"Inaugural champion Nanae Takahashi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/20201223nanae.jpg/170px-20201223nanae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Record three-time and longest combined champion Arisa Nakajima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20230516arisa2.jpg/170px-20230516arisa2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Seadlinnng.png/100px-Seadlinnng.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brennan, Corey (August 25, 2023). \"SEAdLINNNG 8th Anniversary Results (8/25/23)\". bodyslam.net. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bodyslam.net/2023/08/26/seadlinnng-8th-anniversary-results-8-25-23/","url_text":"\"SEAdLINNNG 8th Anniversary Results (8/25/23)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018年11月1日(木)19:00START/18:00OPEN\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result/20181101korakuenhall","url_text":"\"2018年11月1日(木)19:00START/18:00OPEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"\"所属選手 – プロレス団体「Marvelous」マーベラス\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marvelcompany.co.jp/marvelous/wrestlers/","url_text":"\"所属選手 – プロレス団体「Marvelous」マーベラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"中島安里紗(なかじま・ありさ\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/profile/2994","url_text":"\"中島安里紗(なかじま・ありさ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"\"11.1後楽園大会・メインイベント\". 女子プロレスの熱い試合が観戦できる!│SEAdLINNNG (in Japanese). 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2020-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result01/9917","url_text":"\"11.1後楽園大会・メインイベント\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEAdLINNNG BEYOND THE SEA CHAMPIONSHIP HISTORY\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/championship","url_text":"\"SEAdLINNNG BEYOND THE SEA CHAMPIONSHIP HISTORY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"\"【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/news01/19730","url_text":"\"【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"SEAdLINNNG (March 9, 2021). \"【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】 | SEAdLINNNG\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/news01/19730","url_text":"\"【3.17後楽園大会タッグトーナメント記者会見・世志琥欠場のご報告】 | SEAdLINNNG\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Alex (March 17, 2021). \"#AndNEW: ASUKA/VENY Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship\". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/03/17/asuka-veny-wins-seadlinnng-championship/","url_text":"\"#AndNEW: ASUKA/VENY Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship\""}]},{"reference":"【中島安里紗シングルベルト返上。コメント/SEAdLINNNG10・19後楽園ホール大会 新王者決定1DAYトーナメント開催】. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 6, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/news01/26269","url_text":"【中島安里紗シングルベルト返上。コメント/SEAdLINNNG10・19後楽園ホール大会 新王者決定1DAYトーナメント開催】"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"BBM-Mobile (October 19, 2022). SEAdLINNNG~October Fist!~ 東京・後楽園ホール 観衆455人. bbm-mobile.com (in Japanese). Retrieved October 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wp.bbm-mobile.com/sp2/Result/ResultShow.asp?s=052891","url_text":"SEAdLINNNG~October Fist!~ 東京・後楽園ホール 観衆455人"}]},{"reference":"\"2018年10月3日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result/20181003korakuenhall","url_text":"\"2018年10月3日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"\"2019年5月29日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). May 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result/20190529korakuenhall","url_text":"\"2019年5月29日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"\"2019年9月18日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). October 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result/20190918korakuenhall","url_text":"\"2019年9月18日(水)19:00START /18:00OPEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Alex. \"#AndNEW: Takumi Iroha Wins Beyond The Sea Championship\". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved May 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonprowrestling.com/2019/05/30/takumi-iroha-beyond-the-sea/","url_text":"\"#AndNEW: Takumi Iroha Wins Beyond The Sea Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020年7月13日(月)19:00 START 18:00 OPEN 東京・後楽園ホール\". Seadlinnng (in Japanese). Retrieved October 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result/20200713korakuenhall","url_text":"\"2020年7月13日(月)19:00 START 18:00 OPEN 東京・後楽園ホール\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"11.4後楽園ホール・メインイベント. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). November 28, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result01/18527","url_text":"11.4後楽園ホール・メインイベント"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Alex (July 13, 2020). \"#AndNEW: Yoshiko Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship\". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2020/07/13/yoshiko-beyond-the-sea-championship/","url_text":"\"#AndNEW: Yoshiko Wins SEAdLINNNG Beyond The Sea Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Harrys, Bethany (July 11, 2021). \"#AndNEW: Ryo Mizunami Wins Beyond The Sea Championship\". Last Word on Pro Wrestling. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/07/11/ryo-mizunami-beyond-the-sea-champion/","url_text":"\"#AndNEW: Ryo Mizunami Wins Beyond The Sea Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Dark angel (March 22, 2021). \"SEAdLINNNG: \"Grow Together!\" Couples tournament and new monarch\". superluchas.com. Retrieved May 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.superluchas.com/seadlinnng-grow-together-torneo-de-parejas-y-nueva-monarca/","url_text":"\"SEAdLINNNG: \"Grow Together!\" Couples tournament and new monarch\""}]},{"reference":"12.29後楽園ホール・メインイベント. Seadlinnng (in Japanese). January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://seadlinnng.com/result01/23483","url_text":"12.29後楽園ホール・メインイベント"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seadlinnng","url_text":"Seadlinnng"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Bethany (July 10, 2021). \"Preview: SEAdLINNNG Nanae Takahashi 25th Anniversary Special (7/11/21)\". lastwordonsports.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hill_(writer) | Malaclypse the Younger | ["1 Biography","2 Principia Discordia","3 Illuminatus!","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | American writer and co-founder of Discordianism
"Mal-2" redirects here. For the Mal Waldron album, see Mal/2.
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Gregory HillBorn(1941-05-21)May 21, 1941California, U.S.DiedJuly 20, 2000(2000-07-20) (aged 59)San Francisco Bay Area, California, U.S.Pen nameMalaclypse the YoungerNationalityAmericanSubjectReligion, politics, satireSpouseJeanetta Hill
Gregory Hill (May 21, 1941 – July 20, 2000), better known by the pen name Malaclypse the Younger, was an American author. He is listed as author of the Principia Discordia, which was written with Kerry Wendell Thornley (a.k.a. Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) and others. He was also adapted as a character in The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975). During the early years of circulation of the Principia Discordia, rumors claimed that the author of the book was Richard Nixon, Timothy Leary, or Robert Anton Wilson; or that the book and Malaclypse the Younger were both fictional inventions of Robert Anton Wilson, as with Abdul Alhazred's Necronomicon.
Biography
Gregory H. Hill was born in California on Wednesday, May 21, 1941. He worked for Western Union while a young man in the Southern California area of Whittier, California.
Around 1958 or 1959 while still a teenager, he, Kerry Thornley and others began working on the Discordian religion.
In 1965, the first edition of Principia Discordia was printed, allegedly in five copies. The most famous edition was the fourth.
Hill spent much of his life working for Bank of America as a computer programmer, and moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. He had apparently visited there while a child.
Robert Anton Wilson stated, in the lecture "The I in the Triangle" from 1990, that Greg Hill was at the time the head of a large computer facility owned by one of the largest banks in the United States.
A designer of one of the early video games, Hill wrote about computers including editing a computer-oriented newsletter. He also published an article proposing using a computer to transmit signals to remotely control robots.
He was married to Jeanetta Ross; they later separated and may have divorced.
He died in the San Francisco Bay Area of California on the July 20, 2000. A long-time smoker, he died of cancer.
In 1994, he and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst were inducted into the Order of the Pineapple.
Greg Hill described Mal-2 as a spirit sent into him by Eris that helped him write the Principia Discordia over the course of ten years in his early adulthood. An interview included in the fourth edition of the Principia Discordia by Loompanics Press reveals that Mal-2 left once the book was finished. He claims Mal-2 returned to leave a fifth and final edition consisting solely of a Western Union telegraph form filled with the letter "M". Greg Hill also reveals that he had access to Western Union forms when he worked at Western Union.
Principia Discordia
In 2006, a copy of the first edition of the Principia Discordia was claimed by Rev. DrJon Swabey to have been discovered in the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection in the National Archives, proving Malaclypse the Younger to be Gregory Hill. However, Adam Gorightly, compiler of Historia Discordia which claims to contain the actual first edition, said this was in error. Gorightly said he received the first edition from Dr. Robert Newport who had overseen the estate of Gregory Hill.
Possessing many titles, including "Omnibenevolent Polyfather of Virginity in Gold", Malaclypse's true identity or position within the Erisian religion is completely unknown. He is frequently mentioned in the Principia Discordia, credited with wiring telegrams to God from the Celestial Hotel and decrying the usefulness of prayer. These claims are in the nature of the Principia Discordia.
Very little is known about Malaclypse the Elder, the namesake of Mal-2. The Principia Discordia merely mentions him as a "non-prophet" and that he was mistaken for a doomsayer when carrying a sign that read "DUMB."
Illuminatus!
Malaclypse the Younger also appears in The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson. According to Illuminatus!, he founded the Norton Cabal, and then left the cabal to join the very esoteric Erisian Liberation Front. The character Dr. Ignotum P. Ignotius says the last thing Mal-2 wrote before he left for the ELF was, "Everybody understands Mickey Mouse. Few understand Hermann Hesse. Hardly anyone understands Albert Einstein. And nobody understands Emperor Norton." This is the slogan of the Joshua Norton Cabal of San Francisco.
Malaclypse the Elder has an even larger role in The Illuminatus! Trilogy. In fact, he is an important shape-shifting character in the book, posing as Jean-Paul Sartre, Billy Graham, and the Devil. According to Malaclypse the Elder himself, he is a 4th century B.C. Erisian priest (who was also prepared to perform services to Hermes, Dionysus, Heracles, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera) who achieved "transcendental illumination" in the course of the massacre at Melos in 415 BC. The Illuminati believe that death releases a certain form of energy. Given enough death and a person intent on capturing said energy, a person may be transformed into an immortal, immaterial being, or so the plot element goes. Malaclypse the Elder also posed as Jesus after Jesus was crucified. In the form of Jesus, he introduced Bingo, but asked Luke to not record it.
Bibliography
Malaclypse the Younger. Principia Discordia Archived April 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 1st Edition, p. A7.
_____. Principia Discordia, 4th Edition, 1980, Loompanics Unlimited. Introduction by Robert Anton Wilson. Afterword by Greg Hill.
_____. Principia Discordia, 5th Edition, 1991, IllumiNet Press. Introduction by Kerry Thornley.
References
^ alt.discordia.scc post
^ "Principia Discordia". Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ "Principia Discordia". Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Greg Hill". Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ 'The I in the Triangle', lecture by Robert Anton Wilson in 1990 Video of the lecture (duration: 1:56:25)
^ "Order of the Pineapple: Honored Members". Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ The complete document may be found here: Archived April 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, and the entry in the JFK Assassination Archive here "JFK Simple Search Form". Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008. by searching for "Kerry Thornley". The document is titled "Discordian Socity" (sic).
^ Gorightly, Adam (May 23, 2014). Historia Discordia. RVP Press. ISBN 978-1618613219.
^ Clutterbuck, Brenton (2018). Chasing Eris. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1387709021.
Further reading
Gorightly, Adam (2003). The Prankster and the Conspiracy: The Story of Kerry Thornley and How He Met Oswald and Inspired the Counterculture. Paraview Press. Foreword by Robert Anton Wilson.
External links
Works by or about Malaclypse the Younger at Wikisource
vteDiscordian religionPeople
Malaclypse the Younger
Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
Robert Anton Wilson
Symbols andmythological personas
Eris (a.k.a. Discordia)
Aneris (a.k.a. Harmonia)
Apple of Discord
Fnord
Hung Mung
List ofDiscordian works
Principia Discordia
The Illuminatus! Trilogy
Events
Devival
Related
Discordian calendar
All rights reversed
vteRobert Anton WilsonFiction
The Sex Magicians (1973)
The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975)
Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy (1979)
Masks of the Illuminati (1981)
The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles (1982–1991)
Philosophicaland non-fiction
Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words (1972)
Sex, Drugs and Magick (1973)
The Book of the Breast (1974)
Neuropolitics (1978)
The Game of Life (1979)
Prometheus Rising (1983)
The New Inquisition (1986)
Natural Law, or Don't Put a Rubber on Your Willy (1987)
Ishtar Rising (1989)
Quantum Psychology (1990)
Everything Is Under Control (1998)
TSOG: The Thing That Ate the Constitution (2002)
Cosmic Trigger
Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati (1977)
Cosmic Trigger II: Down to Earth (1991)
Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death (1995)
Plays andscreenplays
Wilhelm Reich in Hell (1987)
Reality Is What You Can Get Away With (1992)
The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1997)
Essays
The Illuminati Papers (1980)
Right Where You Are Sitting Now (1983)
Coincidance: A Head Test (1988)
Email to the Universe (2005)
Related
Semiotext(e) SF
Discordianism
Operation Mindfuck
Principia Discordia
Guerrilla ontology
Fnord
Hagbard Celine
Celine's laws
Ewige Blumenkraft
Reality tunnel
23 enigma
SNAFU Principle
Chaos magic
Church of the SubGenius
Ivan Stang
Discordian works
Association for Consciousness Exploration
Timothy Leary
Eight-circuit model of consciousness
E-Prime
"The map is not the territory"
Illuminati (game)
Tale of the Tribe
vteCulture jammingForms
Art intervention
Billboard hacking
Broadcast signal intrusion
Détournement
Flash mob
Guerrilla communication
Hacktivism
Media prank
Subvertising
Tactical frivolity
Groups
Adbusters
Anonymous
Barbie Liberation Organization
Billboard Liberation Front
Billionaires for Bush
The Bubble Project
Cacophony Society
Guerrilla Girls
Improv Everywhere
Luther Blissett
Merry Pranksters
monochrom
Negativland
RTMark
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
Society for Indecency to Naked Animals
Space Hijackers
Veterans of Future Wars
Whirl-Mart
Wu Ming
The Yes Men
Yippies
Movements
Discordianism
Church of the SubGenius
Provo
Psychogeography
Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping
People
Alan Abel
Banksy
Reverend Billy
Captain Midnight
Captain Crunch
Ron English
Abbie Hoffman
John Law
Malaclypse the Younger
Ben Masel
Sal Randolph
Jerry Rubin
Joey Skaggs
Ivan Stang
Kerry Wendell Thornley
Bill Wasik
Robert Anton Wilson
Works
The Illuminatus! Trilogy
Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy
Principia Discordia
Book of the SubGenius
Temporary Autonomous Zone
No Logo
Steal This Book
Events
Notre-Dame Affair (1950)
Saint Stupid's Day Parade (late 1970s)
Burning Man (1986)
Max Headroom signal hijacking (1987)
Grunge speak (1992)
K Foundation (1993)
SantaCon (1994)
Portland Urban Iditarod (2001)
Pillow fight flash mob (2008)
Related
Anti-consumerism
Artivist
Critique of work
List of culture jamming organizations and people
Performance art
Street art
Subculture
Surreal humour
Operation Mindfuck
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mal/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal/2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"Principia Discordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Discordia"},{"link_name":"Kerry Wendell Thornley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Wendell_Thornley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Illuminatus! Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illuminatus!_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary"},{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Abdul Alhazred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred"},{"link_name":"Necronomicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon"}],"text":"\"Mal-2\" redirects here. For the Mal Waldron album, see Mal/2.Gregory Hill (May 21, 1941 – July 20, 2000),[1] better known by the pen name Malaclypse the Younger, was an American author. He is listed as author of the Principia Discordia, which was written with Kerry Wendell Thornley (a.k.a. Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) and others.[2][3] He was also adapted as a character in The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975). During the early years of circulation of the Principia Discordia, rumors claimed that the author of the book was Richard Nixon, Timothy Leary, or Robert Anton Wilson; or that the book and Malaclypse the Younger were both fictional inventions of Robert Anton Wilson, as with Abdul Alhazred's Necronomicon.","title":"Malaclypse the Younger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kt_hill-4"},{"link_name":"Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Thornley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pineapple_thornley-6"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Loompanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loompanics"}],"text":"Gregory H. Hill was born in California on Wednesday, May 21, 1941. He worked for Western Union while a young man in the Southern California area of Whittier, California.[4]Around 1958 or 1959 while still a teenager, he, Kerry Thornley and others began working on the Discordian religion.[4]In 1965, the first edition of Principia Discordia was printed, allegedly in five copies. The most famous edition was the fourth.Hill spent much of his life working for Bank of America as a computer programmer, and moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. He had apparently visited there while a child.[4]Robert Anton Wilson stated, in the lecture \"The I in the Triangle\" from 1990, that Greg Hill was at the time the head of a large computer facility owned by one of the largest banks in the United States.[5]A designer of one of the early video games, Hill wrote about computers including editing a computer-oriented newsletter. He also published an article proposing using a computer to transmit signals to remotely control robots.[4]He was married to Jeanetta Ross; they later separated and may have divorced.[4]He died in the San Francisco Bay Area of California on the July 20, 2000. A long-time smoker, he died of cancer.[4]In 1994, he and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst were inducted into the Order of the Pineapple.[6]Greg Hill described Mal-2 as a spirit sent into him by Eris that helped him write the Principia Discordia over the course of ten years in his early adulthood. An interview included in the fourth edition of the Principia Discordia by Loompanics Press reveals that Mal-2 left once the book was finished. He claims Mal-2 returned to leave a fifth and final edition consisting solely of a Western Union telegraph form filled with the letter \"M\". Greg Hill also reveals that he had access to Western Union forms when he worked at Western Union.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Adam Gorightly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Gorightly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2006, a copy of the first edition of the Principia Discordia was claimed by Rev. DrJon Swabey to have been discovered in the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection in the National Archives, proving Malaclypse the Younger to be Gregory Hill.[7] However, Adam Gorightly, compiler of Historia Discordia which claims to contain the actual first edition, said this was in error. Gorightly said he received the first edition from Dr. Robert Newport who had overseen the estate of Gregory Hill.[8][9]Possessing many titles, including \"Omnibenevolent Polyfather of Virginity in Gold\", Malaclypse's true identity or position within the Erisian religion is completely unknown. He is frequently mentioned in the Principia Discordia, credited with wiring telegrams to God from the Celestial Hotel and decrying the usefulness of prayer. These claims are in the nature of the Principia Discordia.Very little is known about Malaclypse the Elder, the namesake of Mal-2. The Principia Discordia merely mentions him as a \"non-prophet\" and that he was mistaken for a doomsayer when carrying a sign that read \"DUMB.\"","title":"Principia Discordia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shea"},{"link_name":"Norton Cabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Cabal"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Emperor Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Norton"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"Billy Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham"},{"link_name":"the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Melos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Bingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_(US)"}],"text":"Malaclypse the Younger also appears in The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson. According to Illuminatus!, he founded the Norton Cabal, and then left the cabal to join the very esoteric Erisian Liberation Front. The character Dr. Ignotum P. Ignotius says the last thing Mal-2 wrote before he left for the ELF was, \"Everybody understands Mickey Mouse. Few understand Hermann Hesse. Hardly anyone understands Albert Einstein. And nobody understands Emperor Norton.\" This is the slogan of the Joshua Norton Cabal of San Francisco.Malaclypse the Elder has an even larger role in The Illuminatus! Trilogy. In fact, he is an important shape-shifting character in the book, posing as Jean-Paul Sartre, Billy Graham, and the Devil. According to Malaclypse the Elder himself, he is a 4th century B.C. Erisian priest (who was also prepared to perform services to Hermes, Dionysus, Heracles, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera) who achieved \"transcendental illumination\" in the course of the massacre at Melos in 415 BC. The Illuminati believe that death releases a certain form of energy. Given enough death and a person intent on capturing said energy, a person may be transformed into an immortal, immaterial being, or so the plot element goes. Malaclypse the Elder also posed as Jesus after Jesus was crucified. In the form of Jesus, he introduced Bingo, but asked Luke to not record it.","title":"Illuminatus!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principia Discordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080403214328/http://appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Loompanics Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loompanics_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Kerry Thornley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Thornley"}],"text":"Malaclypse the Younger. Principia Discordia Archived April 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 1st Edition, p. A7.\n_____. Principia Discordia, 4th Edition, 1980, Loompanics Unlimited. Introduction by Robert Anton Wilson. Afterword by Greg Hill.\n_____. Principia Discordia, 5th Edition, 1991, IllumiNet Press. Introduction by Kerry Thornley.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Anton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson"}],"text":"Gorightly, Adam (2003). The Prankster and the Conspiracy: The Story of Kerry Thornley and How He Met Oswald and Inspired the Counterculture. Paraview Press. Foreword by Robert Anton Wilson.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Principia Discordia\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025154332/http://kerrythornley.com/publications/reviews/principia_discordia_review.html","url_text":"\"Principia Discordia\""},{"url":"http://www.kerrythornley.com/publications/reviews/principia_discordia_review.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Principia Discordia\". Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sjgames.com/principia/","url_text":"\"Principia Discordia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Hill\". Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kerrythornley.com/greghill/","url_text":"\"Greg Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order of the Pineapple: Honored Members\". Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://op.loveshade.org/members.html","url_text":"\"Order of the Pineapple: Honored Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"JFK Simple Search Form\". Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917155729/http://www.nara.gov/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=jfksnew.txt&id=demo&pass=&OK=OK","url_text":"\"JFK Simple Search Form\""},{"url":"https://www.nara.gov/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path%3Djfksnew.txt%26id%3Ddemo%26pass%3D%26OK%3DOK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorightly, Adam (May 23, 2014). Historia Discordia. RVP Press. ISBN 978-1618613219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adamgorighty.com&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Gorightly, Adam"},{"url":"http://www.historiadiscordia.com/","url_text":"Historia Discordia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1618613219","url_text":"978-1618613219"}]},{"reference":"Clutterbuck, Brenton (2018). Chasing Eris. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1387709021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brentonclutterbuck.com&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Clutterbuck, Brenton"},{"url":"http://www.chasingeris.com/","url_text":"Chasing Eris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1387709021","url_text":"978-1387709021"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22","external_links_name":"\"Malaclypse the Younger\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Malaclypse+the+Younger%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html","external_links_name":"Principia Discordia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403214328/http://appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/group/alt.discordia.scc/browse_thread/thread/25f571774b7b2003/f05d32875321aae9","external_links_name":"alt.discordia.scc post"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025154332/http://kerrythornley.com/publications/reviews/principia_discordia_review.html","external_links_name":"\"Principia Discordia\""},{"Link":"http://www.kerrythornley.com/publications/reviews/principia_discordia_review.html/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sjgames.com/principia/","external_links_name":"\"Principia Discordia\""},{"Link":"http://www.kerrythornley.com/greghill/","external_links_name":"\"Greg Hill\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9h2eNHB4vY","external_links_name":"Video of the lecture (duration: 1:56:25)"},{"Link":"http://op.loveshade.org/members.html","external_links_name":"\"Order of the Pineapple: Honored Members\""},{"Link":"http://appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403214328/http://appendix.23ae.com/pd1/07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917155729/http://www.nara.gov/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=jfksnew.txt&id=demo&pass=&OK=OK","external_links_name":"\"JFK Simple Search Form\""},{"Link":"https://www.nara.gov/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path%3Djfksnew.txt%26id%3Ddemo%26pass%3D%26OK%3DOK","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.historiadiscordia.com/","external_links_name":"Historia Discordia"},{"Link":"http://www.chasingeris.com/","external_links_name":"Chasing Eris"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22048685","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxxJ4QxBxJGX6Kq6JhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/113836813","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97019865","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0b5d3c43-c678-4b93-8d53-3a12a3379ad1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohippuric_acid | Aminohippuric acid | ["1 Uses","1.1 Diagnostics","1.2 Pharmaceuticals","2 Other","3 See also","4 References"] | Chemical compound
AminohippurateClinical dataOther namesPAH, PAHA, Aminohippurate, 4-Aminohippuric acid , N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine, para-AminohippurateATC codeV04CH30 (WHO) Identifiers
IUPAC name
(4-Aminobenzamido)acetic acid
CAS Number61-78-9 Y 94-16-6 (sodium salt)PubChem CID2148IUPHAR/BPS4810DrugBankDB00345 YChemSpider2063 YUNIIY79XT83BJ9KEGGD06890 YChEBICHEBI:104011 YChEMBLChEMBL463 YNIAID ChemDB019143CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID7022590 ECHA InfoCard100.000.472 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC9H10N2O3Molar mass194.190 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
O=C(c1ccc(N)cc1)NCC(=O)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H10N2O3/c10-7-3-1-6(2-4-7)9(14)11-5-8(12)13/h1-4H,5,10H2,(H,11,14)(H,12,13) YKey:HSMNQINEKMPTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
(verify)
Aminohippuric acid or para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), a derivative of hippuric acid, is a diagnostic agent useful in medical tests involving the kidney used in the measurement of renal plasma flow. It is an amide derivative of the amino acid glycine and para-aminobenzoic acid that is not naturally found in humans; it needs to be IV infused before diagnostic use.
Uses
Diagnostics
PAH is useful for the measurement of renal plasma flow.
The renal extraction ratio of PAH in a normal individual is approximately 0.92. This means that unlike inulin and creatinine, which are filtered in the glomerulus and ignored by the rest of the kidney, aminohippuric acid is both filtered and secreted, being almost entirely removed from the bloodstream in a normal kidney.
Pharmaceuticals
Aminohippuric acid is often used as the sodium salt sodium para-aminohippurate. During World War II, para-aminohippurate was given along with penicillin in order to prolong the time penicillin circulated in the blood. Because both penicillin and para-aminohippurate compete for the same transporter in the kidney, administering para-aminohippurate with penicillin decreased the clearance of penicillin from the body by the kidney, providing better antibacterial therapy. Transporters found in the kidney eliminate organic anions and cations from the blood by moving substances, in this case, drug metabolites, from blood into urine.
Other
pKa = 3.83
See also
PAH clearance
Ortho-iodohippurate
References
^ Costanzo L (2007). Physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 156–160.
^ Reubi FC (September 1953). "Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow and blood viscosity during and after diabetic coma". Circulation Research. 1 (5): 410–3. doi:10.1161/01.res.1.5.410. PMID 13082682.
^ Beyer KH, Flippin H, Verwey WF, Woodward R (1944-12-16). "The effect of para-aminohippuric acid on plasma concentration of penicillin in man". Journal of the American Medical Association. 126 (16): 1007–1009. doi:10.1001/jama.1944.02850510015003.
vteDiagnostic agents (V04)Digestive systemDiabetes
Glucose
Tolbutamide
Fat absorption
Vitamin A concentrates
Bile duct patency
Ceruletide
Magnesium sulfate
Sincalide
Sorbitol
Liver functional capacity
Galactose
Sulfobromophthalein
Gastric secretion
Betazole
Caffeine and sodium benzoate
Cation exchange resins
Histamine phosphate
Methylthioninium chloride
Pentagastrin
Exocrine pancreatic function
Bentiromide
Pancreozymin
cholecystokinin
Secretin
Endocrine systemPituitary function
cortisol
Corticorelin
Metyrapone
GH
Pralmorelin
Sermorelin
Somatorelin
Thyroid function
Protirelin
Thyrotropin
Fertility disturbances
Gonadorelin
Tuberculosis
Tuberculin
Renal function
Alsactide
Aminohippuric acid
Indigo carmine
Inulin and other polyfructosans
Phenolsulfonphthalein
vtePhysiology of the kidneys and acid–base physiologyCreating urineSecretion
Clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
Sodium
Chloride
Urea
Glucose
Oligopeptides
Protein
Filtration
Renal blood flow
Renal plasma flow
Ultrafiltration
Countercurrent exchange
Filtration fraction
Other functionsHormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Prostaglandins
Fluid balanceBody water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid)Acid–base balance
Darrow Yannet diagram
Base excess
Davenport diagram
Anion gap (Delta ratio)
Winters' formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Assessment and measurement
Glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine clearance
Augmented renal clearance
Renal clearance ratio
Urea reduction ratio
Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Dialysis adequacy
Hemodialysis product
PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow
Extraction ratio)
Other
Fractional excretion of sodium
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hippuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippuric_acid"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"renal plasma flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_plasma_flow"},{"link_name":"amide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine"},{"link_name":"para-aminobenzoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-aminobenzoic_acid"}],"text":"Aminohippuric acid or para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), a derivative of hippuric acid, is a diagnostic agent useful in medical tests involving the kidney used in the measurement of renal plasma flow. It is an amide derivative of the amino acid glycine and para-aminobenzoic acid that is not naturally found in humans; it needs to be IV infused before diagnostic use.","title":"Aminohippuric acid"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"renal extraction ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_extraction_ratio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid13082682-2"},{"link_name":"inulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inulin"},{"link_name":"creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine"},{"link_name":"glomerulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)"}],"sub_title":"Diagnostics","text":"PAH is useful for the measurement of renal plasma flow.[1]The renal extraction ratio of PAH in a normal individual is approximately 0.92.[2] This means that unlike inulin and creatinine, which are filtered in the glomerulus and ignored by the rest of the kidney, aminohippuric acid is both filtered and secreted, being almost entirely removed from the bloodstream in a normal kidney.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Pharmaceuticals","text":"Aminohippuric acid is often used as the sodium salt sodium para-aminohippurate. During World War II, para-aminohippurate was given along with penicillin in order to prolong the time penicillin circulated in the blood. Because both penicillin and para-aminohippurate compete for the same transporter in the kidney, administering para-aminohippurate with penicillin decreased the clearance of penicillin from the body by the kidney, providing better antibacterial therapy. Transporters found in the kidney eliminate organic anions and cations from the blood by moving substances, in this case, drug metabolites, from blood into urine.[3]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKa"}],"text":"pKa = 3.83","title":"Other"}] | [] | [{"title":"PAH clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH_clearance"},{"title":"Ortho-iodohippurate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho-iodohippurate"}] | [{"reference":"Costanzo L (2007). Physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 156–160.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reubi FC (September 1953). \"Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow and blood viscosity during and after diabetic coma\". Circulation Research. 1 (5): 410–3. doi:10.1161/01.res.1.5.410. PMID 13082682.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.1.5.410","url_text":"\"Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow and blood viscosity during and after diabetic coma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.1.5.410","url_text":"10.1161/01.res.1.5.410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13082682","url_text":"13082682"}]},{"reference":"Beyer KH, Flippin H, Verwey WF, Woodward R (1944-12-16). \"The effect of para-aminohippuric acid on plasma concentration of penicillin in man\". Journal of the American Medical Association. 126 (16): 1007–1009. doi:10.1001/jama.1944.02850510015003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1944.02850510015003","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1944.02850510015003"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V04CH30","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-78-9","external_links_name":"61-78-9"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=94-16-6&title=","external_links_name":"94-16-6"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2148","external_links_name":"2148"},{"Link":"https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4810","external_links_name":"4810"},{"Link":"https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00345","external_links_name":"DB00345"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2063.html","external_links_name":"2063"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/Y79XT83BJ9","external_links_name":"Y79XT83BJ9"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D06890","external_links_name":"D06890"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:104011","external_links_name":"CHEBI:104011"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL463","external_links_name":"ChEMBL463"},{"Link":"https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=019143","external_links_name":"019143"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7022590","external_links_name":"DTXSID7022590"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.472","external_links_name":"100.000.472"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28c1ccc%28N%29cc1%29NCC%28%3DO%29O","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443661015&page2=Aminohippuric+acid","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.1.5.410","external_links_name":"\"Glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow and blood viscosity during and after diabetic coma\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.1.5.410","external_links_name":"10.1161/01.res.1.5.410"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13082682","external_links_name":"13082682"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1944.02850510015003","external_links_name":"10.1001/jama.1944.02850510015003"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Crime_Control_Bureau | Wildlife Crime Control Bureau | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wildlife Crime Control Bureau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Law enforcement agency
Wildlife Crime Control BureauAbbreviationWCCBMotto"Fighting Transboundary Environmental Crime"Agency overviewFormed6 June 2007EmployeesClassifiedJurisdictional structureNational agencyIndiaOperations jurisdictionIndiaGoverning bodyGovernment of IndiaOperational structureHeadquartersTrikoot-1 Building, 2nd Floor, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi-110066Minister responsibleBhupendra Yadav, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate ChangeAgency executiveTilotama Varma, Additional DirectorParent agencyMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate ChangeWebsitewccb.gov.in
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to combat organised wildlife crime. The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 provisions came in to force on 6 June 2007. It became operational in the year 2008.
WCCB won the prestigious 2010 Clark R. Bavin Wildlife Law Enforcement Awards for its outstanding work on wildlife law enforcement in the country, which was received by Ramesh K Pandey, Deputy Director, on behalf of WCCB. UNEP has also awarded WCCB with Asia Environment Enforcement Award, 2018.
WCCB is also partnering with United Nations University and CIESIN-Earth Institute at Columbia University through the Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System Initiative.
See also
Hunting license
List of endangered animals in India
References
^ "Creation of WCCB". wccb.gov.in. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ Species Survival Network
External links
Official website
vte Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)Authorities
Central Zoo Authority of India
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See also
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This article about government in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"wildlife crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_crime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United Nations University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_University"},{"link_name":"CIESIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIESIN"},{"link_name":"Earth Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Institute"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Enforcement_Monitoring_System"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyWildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to combat organised wildlife crime. The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 provisions came in to force on 6 June 2007. It became operational in the year 2008.[1]WCCB won the prestigious 2010 Clark R. Bavin Wildlife Law Enforcement Awards for its outstanding work on wildlife law enforcement in the country, which was received by Ramesh K Pandey, Deputy Director, on behalf of WCCB.[2] UNEP has also awarded WCCB with Asia Environment Enforcement Award, 2018.WCCB is also partnering with United Nations University and CIESIN-Earth Institute at Columbia University through the Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System Initiative.","title":"Wildlife Crime Control Bureau"}] | [{"image_text":"Flag of India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/50px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Hunting license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_license"},{"title":"List of endangered animals in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_in_India"}] | [{"reference":"\"Creation of WCCB\". wccb.gov.in. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://wccb.gov.in/Content/Creationofwccb.aspx","url_text":"\"Creation of WCCB\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22","external_links_name":"\"Wildlife Crime Control Bureau\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wildlife+Crime+Control+Bureau%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://wccb.gov.in/","external_links_name":"wccb.gov.in"},{"Link":"http://wccb.gov.in/Content/Creationofwccb.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Creation of WCCB\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssn.org/aboutus_awards_2010_EN.htm","external_links_name":"Species Survival Network"},{"Link":"http://wccb.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_Crime_Control_Bureau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan | LIM-49 Spartan | ["1 History","1.1 Zeus","1.2 Cancellation","1.3 Nike X","1.4 Testing","2 Survivors","3 Photo gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "LIM-49 Spartan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anti-ballistic missile LIM-49 Spartan TypeAnti-ballistic missilePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1975-1976Production historyManufacturerWestern Electric & McDonnell DouglasSpecificationsMass29,000 lb (13,100 kg)Length55 ft 2 in (16.8 m)Diameter3 ft 7 in (1.08 m)Wingspan9 ft 9.6 in (2.98 m)WarheadW71 nuclear; 5 megatonnes of TNT (21 PJ)Engine1st Stage: Thiokol TX-500 (2200 kN);2nd Stage: Thiokol TX-454;3rd Stage: Thiokol TX-239PropellantSolid fuelOperationalrange460 mi (740 km)Flight altitude350 mi (560 km)Maximum speed >Mach 3-4GuidancesystemRadio commandLaunchplatformSilo
The LIM-49 Spartan was a United States Army anti-ballistic missile, designed to intercept attacking nuclear warheads from intercontinental ballistic missiles at long range and while still outside the atmosphere. For actual deployment, a five-megaton thermonuclear warhead was planned to destroy the incoming ICBM warheads. It was part of the Safeguard Program.
The Spartan was the latest and, as it turned out, final development in a long series of missile designs from the team of Bell Laboratories and Douglas Aircraft Company that started in the 1940s with the Nike. Spartan was developed directly from the preceding LIM-49 Nike Zeus, retaining the same tri-service identifier, but growing larger and longer ranged, from the Zeus' 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) to approximately 450 nautical miles (830 km; 520 mi).
The Spartan was superseded by the Nike-X project, later becoming the Sentinel Program. This was eventually cancelled and replaced with the much smaller Safeguard Program. Spartans were deployed as part of the Safeguard system from October 1975 to early 1976.
History
Zeus
The US Army started their first serious efforts in the anti-ballistic missile arena when they asked the Bell Labs missile team to prepare a report on the topic in February 1955. The Nike team had already designed the Nike Ajax system that was in widespread use around the US, as well as the Nike Hercules that was in the late stages of development as the Ajax's replacement. They returned an initial study on Nike II in January 1956, Concluding that the fundamental concept was feasible, utilizing a slightly enhanced iteration of the Hercules missile, but requiring dramatically upgraded radars and computers to handle interceptions that took place at thousands of miles an hour.
Work began on the resulting LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in January 1957, initially at a low priority. However, several developments that year, including the development of the first Soviet ICBMs and the launch of Sputnik I, caused the schedule to be pushed up several times. In January 1958 Zeus was given "S-Priority", the highest national priority, with aims to deploy the first operational sites in 1963.
To test the system fully, the Army took control of Kwajalein Island from the US Navy, and began building an entire Zeus site on the island. By 1962 the system was ready for testing, and after some initial problems, demonstrated its ability to intercept warheads launched from California. Eventually fourteen "all up" tests were carried out over the next two years, with ten of them bringing the missile within the lethal radius of its warhead, sometimes within a few hundred meters.
Cancellation
In spite of Zeus' successful testing program and interceptions, it was becoming increasingly clear that the fully integrated system would not be effective in an actual operational scenario. This was due primarily to two problems; decoys shielding the warhead from detection until it was too late for interception, and the rapid increase in the number of deployed ICBMs which threatened to overwhelm the system.
The former problem was becoming increasingly apparent beginning in approximately 1957. Missiles designed to carry a specific warhead began having increasing levels of excess throw-weight as warhead design improved, resulting in smaller and lighter warheads. Missile design improved as well, further increasing excess capacity. Even a small amount of excess capacity could be used to carry radar decoys or chaff, which is very light weight, and would create additional radar returns that would act indistinguishably from those of the real warhead, in the airless, exo-atmospheric vacuum of sub-orbital space where the missile intercept was planned.
In that environment it would be difficult to pick out the warhead. As long as the decoys spread out or the chaff blocked an area larger than the lethal radius of the 5 Megaton (Mt) interceptor (much smaller in space than in the atmosphere), several interceptors would have to be launched to guarantee the warhead would be hit. Adding more decoys was extremely inexpensive, requiring very expensive ABMs to be added in response.
At the same time, both the US and USSR were in the midst of introducing their first truly mass-produced ICBMs, and their numbers were clearly going to grow dramatically during the early 1960s. Zeus, like Hercules and Ajax before it, used mechanically directed radar dishes that could track only one target and one interceptor at a time. It was planned that Zeus bases would actually consist of several launcher sites connected to a central control, but even in this case, the site might be able to guide four to six missiles simultaneously. As the ICBM fleet numbered hundreds even before Zeus could become operational, it would be simple to overcome the defense by directing sufficient warheads over it to overwhelm its ability to guide interceptions rapidly enough.
Nike X
The solution to both of these problems was to improve speed of both the defending missiles, and the defensive system as a whole.
Decoys are less dense than warheads, though with the same aerodynamics. Therefore, they are subject to more deceleration when they begin their reentry of the upper atmosphere. The warhead, which is dense and streamlined, experiences less deceleration from air resistance, eventually passing by the decoys. The rate at which this happens depends on the types of decoys used, but the warhead will have passed even advanced types of decoy by the time it is 250,000–100,000 feet (76,000–30,000 m). At this point the warhead is vulnerable to attack, but is only 5 to 10 seconds from its planned detonation (air burst or ground burst). To address these issues, a very high speed missile was required. Zeus was simply not fast enough to perform such an attack; it was designed for interceptions lasting about two minutes.
Likewise, the solution to dealing with massive numbers of warheads was to use faster computers and automated radars, allowing many interceptors to be in flight simultaneously. Zeus was being developed just as digital computers were experiencing a massive improvement in performance. Radar systems were likewise introducing the first phased array radar (Passive electronically scanned array) systems. Combining the two would allow hundreds of warheads and interceptors to be tracked and controlled at once. As long as the interceptor missile was not significantly more expensive than the ICBM, which was likely given their relative sizes, overwhelming such a system would not be feasible in a weapons system.
Taking these factors into consideration, ARPA outlined four potential approaches to a new ABM system. The first was Nike Zeus in its current form. The second was Zeus combined with a new radar system. The third included new radars and computers. Finally, the fourth, or X, plan called for all of these changes, as well as a new short-range missile. As the shorter range missile would overlap with Zeus, X also called for Zeus to be modified for even greater range as "Zeus EX". After considerable debate, the decision was made to cancel the existing Zeus deployment and move ahead with the X plan.
Testing
The first test-launch of the Spartan, as the X plan came to be called, occurred at Kwajalein Missile Range on 30 March 1968.
Survivors
The Air Defense Artillery museum at Fort Sill, and Safeguard park at Fort Bliss, have Spartan missiles on display.
Photo gallery
See also
Sprint (missile)
Nike-Hercules missile
Nike Zeus
Missile Command (video game)
Related lists
List of military aircraft of the United States
List of missiles
Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
References
^ "List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons".
^ James Walker; Lewis Bernstein; Sharon Lang (2005). Seize the High Ground: The U.S. Army in Space and Missile Defense. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0160723086. The SPARTAN test program began on 30 March 1968
^ "Sprint Gallery 1".
^ ADA park (Fort Sill), photo journal of Daniel DeCristo
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LIM-49A Spartan.
Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
a further development of the Nike Zeus B missile
index of pictures
Mickelsen Safeguard Complex
vteThe Nike family of rocketsProject Nike
Nike Ajax
Nike Hercules
Nike J
Nike Zeus
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Spartan
Sounding rockets
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Nike-Hydac
Nike-Iroquois
Nike-Javelin
Nike-Malemute
Nike-Nike
Nike-Orion
Nike-Recruit
Nike Smoke
Nike T40 T55
Nike-Tomahawk
Nike-Viper
Nike-Yardbird
Taurus Nike Tomahawk
vte1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations, 1963–present1–50
MGM-1
RIM-2
MIM-3
AIM-4
MGM-5
RGM-6
AIM-7
RIM-7
RIM-8
AIM-9
CIM-10
PGM-11
AGM-12
CGM-13/MGM-13
MIM-14
RGM-15
CGM-16
PGM-17
MGM-18
PGM-19
ADM-20
MGM-21
AGM-22
MIM-23
RIM-24
HGM-25A
LGM-25C
AIM-26
UGM-27
AGM-28
MGM-29
LGM-30
MGM-31A/B (MGM-31C)
MGM-32
MQM-33
AQM-34
AQM-35 (I)
LGM-35 (II)
MQM-36
AQM-37
AQM-38
MQM-39
MQM-40
AQM-41
MQM-42
FIM-43
UUM-44
AGM-45
MIM-46
AIM-47
AGM-48
XLIM-49
LIM-49
RIM-50
51–100
MGM-51
MGM-52
AGM-53
AIM-54
RIM-55
PQM-56
MQM-57
MQM-58
RGM-59
AQM-60
MQM-61
AGM-62
AGM-63
AGM-64
AGM-65
RIM-66
RIM-67
AIM-68
AGM-69
LEM-70
BGM-71
MIM-72
UGM-73
BQM-74
BGM-75
AGM-76
FGM-77
AGM-78
AGM-79
AGM-80
AQM-81
AIM-82
AGM-83
AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84
AGM-84E
AGM-84H/K
RIM-85
AGM-86
AGM-87
AGM-88
UGM-89
BQM-90
AQM-91
FIM-92
"AIM-92"
XQM-93
YQM-94
AIM-95
UGM-96
AIM-97
YQM-98
LIM-99
LIM-100
101–150
RIM-101
PQM-102
AQM-103
MIM-104
MQM-105
BQM-106
MQM-107
BQM-108
BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109
BGM-109G
BGM-110
BQM-111
AGM-112
RIM-113
AGM-114
MIM-115
RIM-116
FQM-117
LGM-118
AGM-119
AIM-120
CQM-121/CGM-121
AGM-122
AGM-123
AGM-124
RUM-125/UUM-125
BQM-126
AQM-127
AQM-128
AGM-129
AGM-130
AGM-131
AIM-132
UGM-133
MGM-134
ASM-135
AGM-136
AGM-137
CEM-138
RUM-139
MGM-140
ADM-141
AGM-142
MQM-143
ADM-144
BQM-145
MIM-146
BQM-147
FGM-148
PQM-149
PQM-150
151–200
FQM-151
AIM-152
AGM-153
AGM-154
BQM-155
RIM-156
MGM-157
AGM-158A/B
AGM-158C
AGM-159
ADM-160
RIM-161
RIM-162
GQM-163
MGM-164
RGM-165
MGM-166
BQM-167
MGM-168
AGM-169
MQM-170
MQM-171
FGM-172
GQM-173
RIM-174
MQM-175
AGM-176
BQM-177
MQM-178
AGM-179
AGM-180
AGM-181
LGM-182
AGM-183
RGM-184
MQM-185
MQM-186
AGM-187
201–
AIM-260
MIM-401
Undesignated
Aequare
ASALM
Brazo
Common Missile
GBI
HALO
HACM
Have Dash
JSM
KEI
LREW
LRHW
MA-31
MSDM
NCADE
NLOS
OpFires
PrSM
Senior Prom
Sprint
Wagtail
M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U
GLSDB
See also:
United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963
Drones designated in UAV sequence | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"anti-ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"nuclear warheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhead"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Safeguard Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_Program"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"LIM-49 Nike Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus"},{"link_name":"tri-service identifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system"},{"link_name":"Nike-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike-X"},{"link_name":"Sentinel Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense#Sentinel_Program"},{"link_name":"Safeguard Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_Program"}],"text":"Anti-ballistic missileThe LIM-49 Spartan was a United States Army anti-ballistic missile, designed to intercept attacking nuclear warheads from intercontinental ballistic missiles at long range and while still outside the atmosphere. For actual deployment, a five-megaton thermonuclear warhead was planned to destroy the incoming ICBM warheads.[1] It was part of the Safeguard Program.The Spartan was the latest and, as it turned out, final development in a long series of missile designs from the team of Bell Laboratories and Douglas Aircraft Company that started in the 1940s with the Nike. Spartan was developed directly from the preceding LIM-49 Nike Zeus, retaining the same tri-service identifier, but growing larger and longer ranged, from the Zeus' 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) to approximately 450 nautical miles (830 km; 520 mi).The Spartan was superseded by the Nike-X project, later becoming the Sentinel Program. This was eventually cancelled and replaced with the much smaller Safeguard Program. Spartans were deployed as part of the Safeguard system from October 1975 to early 1976.","title":"LIM-49 Spartan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"anti-ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-3_Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-14_Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"LIM-49 Nike Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus"},{"link_name":"ICBMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM"},{"link_name":"Sputnik I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_I"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Island"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Zeus","text":"The US Army started their first serious efforts in the anti-ballistic missile arena when they asked the Bell Labs missile team to prepare a report on the topic in February 1955. The Nike team had already designed the Nike Ajax system that was in widespread use around the US, as well as the Nike Hercules that was in the late stages of development as the Ajax's replacement. They returned an initial study on Nike II in January 1956, Concluding that the fundamental concept was feasible, utilizing a slightly enhanced iteration of the Hercules missile, but requiring dramatically upgraded radars and computers to handle interceptions that took place at thousands of miles an hour.Work began on the resulting LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in January 1957, initially at a low priority. However, several developments that year, including the development of the first Soviet ICBMs and the launch of Sputnik I, caused the schedule to be pushed up several times. In January 1958 Zeus was given \"S-Priority\", the highest national priority, with aims to deploy the first operational sites in 1963.To test the system fully, the Army took control of Kwajalein Island from the US Navy, and began building an entire Zeus site on the island. By 1962 the system was ready for testing, and after some initial problems, demonstrated its ability to intercept warheads launched from California. Eventually fourteen \"all up\" tests were carried out over the next two years, with ten of them bringing the missile within the lethal radius of its warhead, sometimes within a few hundred meters.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"throw-weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throw-weight"},{"link_name":"chaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Cancellation","text":"In spite of Zeus' successful testing program and interceptions, it was becoming increasingly clear that the fully integrated system would not be effective in an actual operational scenario. This was due primarily to two problems; decoys shielding the warhead from detection until it was too late for interception, and the rapid increase in the number of deployed ICBMs which threatened to overwhelm the system.[citation needed]The former problem was becoming increasingly apparent beginning in approximately 1957. Missiles designed to carry a specific warhead began having increasing levels of excess throw-weight as warhead design improved, resulting in smaller and lighter warheads. Missile design improved as well, further increasing excess capacity. Even a small amount of excess capacity could be used to carry radar decoys or chaff, which is very light weight, and would create additional radar returns that would act indistinguishably from those of the real warhead, in the airless, exo-atmospheric vacuum of sub-orbital space where the missile intercept was planned.In that environment it would be difficult to pick out the warhead. As long as the decoys spread out or the chaff blocked an area larger than the lethal radius of the 5 Megaton (Mt) interceptor (much smaller in space than in the atmosphere), several interceptors would have to be launched to guarantee the warhead would be hit. Adding more decoys was extremely inexpensive, requiring very expensive ABMs to be added in response.At the same time, both the US and USSR were in the midst of introducing their first truly mass-produced ICBMs, and their numbers were clearly going to grow dramatically during the early 1960s. Zeus, like Hercules and Ajax before it, used mechanically directed radar dishes that could track only one target and one interceptor at a time. It was planned that Zeus bases would actually consist of several launcher sites connected to a central control, but even in this case, the site might be able to guide four to six missiles simultaneously. As the ICBM fleet numbered hundreds even before Zeus could become operational, it would be simple to overcome the defense by directing sufficient warheads over it to overwhelm its ability to guide interceptions rapidly enough.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computer"},{"link_name":"phased array radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_radar"},{"link_name":"Passive electronically scanned array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_electronically_scanned_array"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"}],"sub_title":"Nike X","text":"The solution to both of these problems was to improve speed of both the defending missiles, and the defensive system as a whole.Decoys are less dense than warheads, though with the same aerodynamics. Therefore, they are subject to more deceleration when they begin their reentry of the upper atmosphere. The warhead, which is dense and streamlined, experiences less deceleration from air resistance, eventually passing by the decoys. The rate at which this happens depends on the types of decoys used, but the warhead will have passed even advanced types of decoy by the time it is 250,000–100,000 feet (76,000–30,000 m). At this point the warhead is vulnerable to attack, but is only 5 to 10 seconds from its planned detonation (air burst or ground burst). To address these issues, a very high speed missile was required. Zeus was simply not fast enough to perform such an attack; it was designed for interceptions lasting about two minutes.Likewise, the solution to dealing with massive numbers of warheads was to use faster computers and automated radars, allowing many interceptors to be in flight simultaneously. Zeus was being developed just as digital computers were experiencing a massive improvement in performance. Radar systems were likewise introducing the first phased array radar (Passive electronically scanned array) systems. Combining the two would allow hundreds of warheads and interceptors to be tracked and controlled at once. As long as the interceptor missile was not significantly more expensive than the ICBM, which was likely given their relative sizes, overwhelming such a system would not be feasible in a weapons system.[citation needed]Taking these factors into consideration, ARPA outlined four potential approaches to a new ABM system. The first was Nike Zeus in its current form. The second was Zeus combined with a new radar system. The third included new radars and computers. Finally, the fourth, or X, plan called for all of these changes, as well as a new short-range missile. As the shorter range missile would overlap with Zeus, X also called for Zeus to be modified for even greater range as \"Zeus EX\". After considerable debate, the decision was made to cancel the existing Zeus deployment and move ahead with the X plan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kwajalein Missile Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Testing","text":"The first test-launch of the Spartan, as the X plan came to be called, occurred at Kwajalein Missile Range on 30 March 1968.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Defense Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"Fort Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Air Defense Artillery museum at Fort Sill, and Safeguard park at Fort Bliss, have Spartan missiles on display.[3][4]","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIM-49A_Spartan_launch_color.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIM-49A_Spartan_launch.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIM-49A_Spartan_mockup.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIM-49A_Spartan_missile.png"}],"title":"Photo gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sprint (missile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(missile)"},{"title":"Nike-Hercules missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-14_Nike-Hercules"},{"title":"Nike Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Zeus"},{"title":"Missile Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Command"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missiles"},{"title":"Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_anti-ballistic_missile_systems"}] | [{"reference":"\"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html","url_text":"\"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons\""}]},{"reference":"James Walker; Lewis Bernstein; Sharon Lang (2005). Seize the High Ground: The U.S. Army in Space and Missile Defense. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0160723086. The SPARTAN test program began on 30 March 1968","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seizehighgroundt00wash","url_text":"Seize the High Ground: The U.S. Army in Space and Missile Defense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160723086","url_text":"0160723086"}]},{"reference":"\"Sprint Gallery 1\".","urls":[{"url":"http://srmsc.org/mis2050.html","url_text":"\"Sprint Gallery 1\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22","external_links_name":"\"LIM-49 Spartan\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22LIM-49+Spartan%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html","external_links_name":"\"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/seizehighgroundt00wash","external_links_name":"Seize the High Ground: The U.S. Army in Space and Missile Defense"},{"Link":"http://srmsc.org/mis2050.html","external_links_name":"\"Sprint Gallery 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/34540417@N07/sets/72157639944185076/detail/?page=2","external_links_name":"ADA park (Fort Sill), photo journal of Daniel DeCristo"},{"Link":"http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-49.html","external_links_name":"Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles"},{"Link":"http://www.paineless.id.au/missiles/Spartan.html","external_links_name":"a further development of the Nike Zeus B missile"},{"Link":"http://www.srmsc.org/mis2000.html","external_links_name":"index of pictures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040929031950/http://www.duotone.com/coldwar/abm/","external_links_name":"Mickelsen Safeguard Complex"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_hypergraph | Bipartite hypergraph | ["1 Property B and 2-colorability","2 Exact 2-colorability","3 n-partiteness and rainbow-colorability","4 Comparison with other notions of bipartiteness","5 See also","6 References"] | In graph theory, the term bipartite hypergraph describes several related classes of hypergraphs, all of which are natural generalizations of a bipartite graph.
Property B and 2-colorability
Main article: Property B
The weakest definition of bipartiteness is also called 2-colorability. A hypergraph H = (V, E) is called 2-colorable if its vertex set V can be partitioned into two sets, X and Y, such that each hyperedge meets both X and Y. Equivalently, the vertices of H can be 2-colored so that no hyperedge is monochromatic. Every bipartite graph G = (X+Y, E) is 2-colorable: each edge contains exactly one vertex of X and one vertex of Y, so e.g. X can be colored blue and Y can be colored yellow and no edge is monochromatic.
The property of 2-colorability was first introduced by Felix Bernstein in the context of set families; therefore it is also called Property B.
Exact 2-colorability
A stronger definition of bipartiteness is: a hypergraph is called bipartite if its vertex set V can be partitioned into two sets, X and Y, such that each hyperedge contains exactly one element of X. Every bipartite graph is also a bipartite hypergraph.
Every bipartite hypergraph is 2-colorable, but bipartiteness is stronger than 2-colorability. Let H be a hypergraph on the vertices {1, 2, 3, 4} with the following hyperedges:{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} , {2,3,4} }This H is 2-colorable, for example by the partition X = {1,2} and Y = {3,4}. However, it is not bipartite, since every set X with one element has an empty intersection with one hyperedge, and every set X with two or more elements has an intersection of size 2 or more with at least two hyperedges.
Hall's marriage theorem has been generalized from bipartite graphs to bipartite hypergraphs; see Hall-type theorems for hypergraphs.
n-partiteness and rainbow-colorability
A stronger definition is: given an integer n, a hypergraph is called n-uniform if all its hyperedges contain exactly n vertices. An n-uniform hypergraph is called n-partite if its vertex set V can be partitioned into n subsets such that each hyperedge contains exactly one element from each subset. An alternative term is rainbow-colorable.
Every n-partiteness hypergraph is bipartite, but n-partiteness is stronger than bipartiteness. Let H be a hypergraph on the vertices {1, 2, 3, 4} with the following hyperedges;{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} }This H is 3-uniform. It is bipartite by the partition X = {1} and Y = {2,3,4}. However, it is not 3-partite: in every partition of V into 3 subsets, at least one subset contains two vertices, and thus at least one hyperedge contains two vertices from this subset.
A 3-partite hypergraph is often called "tripartite hypergraph". However, a 2-partite hypergraph is not the same as a bipartite hypergraph; it is equivalent to a bipartite graph.
Comparison with other notions of bipartiteness
There are other natural generalizations of bipartite graphs. A hypergraph is called balanced if it is essentially 2-colorable, and remains essentially 2-colorable upon deleting any number of vertices (see Balanced hypergraph).
The properties of bipartiteness and balance do not imply each other.
Bipartiteness does not imply balance. For example, let H be the hypergraph with vertices {1,2,3,4} and edges:{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} }It is bipartite by the partition X={1}, Y={2,3,4}. But is not balanced. For example, if vertex 1 is removed, we get the restriction of H to {2,3,4}, which has the following hyperedges;{ {2,3} , {2,4} , {3,4} }It is not 2-colorable, since in any 2-coloring there are at least two vertices with the same color, and thus at least one of the hyperedges is monochromatic.
Another way to see that H is not balanced is that it contains the odd-length cycle C = (2 - {1,2,3} - 3 - {1,3,4} - 4 - {1,2,4} - 2), and no edge of C contains all three vertices 2,3,4 of C.
Balance does not imply bipartiteness. Let H be the hypergraph:{ {1,2} , {3,4} , {1,2,3,4} }it is 2-colorable and remains 2-colorable upon removing any number of vertices from it. However, it is not bipartite, since to have exactly one green vertex in each of the first two hyperedges, we must have two green vertices in the last hyperedge.
See also
Matching in hypergraphs
Vertex cover in hypergraphs
References
^ Bernstein, F. (1908), "Zur theorie der trigonometrische Reihen", Leipz. Ber., 60: 325–328.
^ Aharoni, Ron; Kessler, Ofra (1990-10-15). "On a possible extension of Hall's theorem to bipartite hypergraphs". Discrete Mathematics. 84 (3): 309–313. doi:10.1016/0012-365X(90)90136-6. ISSN 0012-365X.
^ Annamalai, Chidambaram (2015-12-21), "Finding Perfect Matchings in Bipartite Hypergraphs", Proceedings of the 2016 Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Proceedings, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp. 1814–1823, doi:10.1137/1.9781611974331.ch126, hdl:20.500.11850/224679, ISBN 978-1-61197-433-1
^ Aharoni, Ron (1985-12-01). "Matchings inn-partiten-graphs". Graphs and Combinatorics. 1 (1): 303–304. doi:10.1007/BF02582958. ISSN 1435-5914. S2CID 19258298.
^ Guruswami, Venkatesan; Lee, Euiwoong (2018-06-01). "Strong Inapproximability Results on Balanced Rainbow-Colorable Hypergraphs". Combinatorica. 38 (3): 547–599. doi:10.1007/s00493-016-3383-0. ISSN 1439-6912. S2CID 53566425. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bipartite hypergraph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Bernstein_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Property B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_B"}],"text":"The weakest definition of bipartiteness is also called 2-colorability. A hypergraph H = (V, E) is called 2-colorable if its vertex set V can be partitioned into two sets, X and Y, such that each hyperedge meets both X and Y. Equivalently, the vertices of H can be 2-colored so that no hyperedge is monochromatic. Every bipartite graph G = (X+Y, E) is 2-colorable: each edge contains exactly one vertex of X and one vertex of Y, so e.g. X can be colored blue and Y can be colored yellow and no edge is monochromatic.The property of 2-colorability was first introduced by Felix Bernstein in the context of set families;[1] therefore it is also called Property B.","title":"Property B and 2-colorability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hall's marriage theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%27s_marriage_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hall-type theorems for hypergraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-type_theorems_for_hypergraphs"}],"text":"A stronger definition of bipartiteness is: a hypergraph is called bipartite if its vertex set V can be partitioned into two sets, X and Y, such that each hyperedge contains exactly one element of X.[2][3] Every bipartite graph is also a bipartite hypergraph.Every bipartite hypergraph is 2-colorable, but bipartiteness is stronger than 2-colorability. Let H be a hypergraph on the vertices {1, 2, 3, 4} with the following hyperedges:{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} , {2,3,4} }This H is 2-colorable, for example by the partition X = {1,2} and Y = {3,4}. However, it is not bipartite, since every set X with one element has an empty intersection with one hyperedge, and every set X with two or more elements has an intersection of size 2 or more with at least two hyperedges.Hall's marriage theorem has been generalized from bipartite graphs to bipartite hypergraphs; see Hall-type theorems for hypergraphs.","title":"Exact 2-colorability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A stronger definition is: given an integer n, a hypergraph is called n-uniform if all its hyperedges contain exactly n vertices. An n-uniform hypergraph is called n-partite if its vertex set V can be partitioned into n subsets such that each hyperedge contains exactly one element from each subset.[4] An alternative term is rainbow-colorable.[5]Every n-partiteness hypergraph is bipartite, but n-partiteness is stronger than bipartiteness. Let H be a hypergraph on the vertices {1, 2, 3, 4} with the following hyperedges;{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} }This H is 3-uniform. It is bipartite by the partition X = {1} and Y = {2,3,4}. However, it is not 3-partite: in every partition of V into 3 subsets, at least one subset contains two vertices, and thus at least one hyperedge contains two vertices from this subset.A 3-partite hypergraph is often called \"tripartite hypergraph\". However, a 2-partite hypergraph is not the same as a bipartite hypergraph; it is equivalent to a bipartite graph.","title":"n-partiteness and rainbow-colorability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balanced hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_hypergraph"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There are other natural generalizations of bipartite graphs. A hypergraph is called balanced if it is essentially 2-colorable, and remains essentially 2-colorable upon deleting any number of vertices (see Balanced hypergraph).The properties of bipartiteness and balance do not imply each other.Bipartiteness does not imply balance. For example, let H be the hypergraph with vertices {1,2,3,4} and edges:{ {1,2,3} , {1,2,4} , {1,3,4} }It is bipartite by the partition X={1}, Y={2,3,4}. But is not balanced. For example, if vertex 1 is removed, we get the restriction of H to {2,3,4}, which has the following hyperedges;{ {2,3} , {2,4} , {3,4} }It is not 2-colorable, since in any 2-coloring there are at least two vertices with the same color, and thus at least one of the hyperedges is monochromatic.Another way to see that H is not balanced is that it contains the odd-length cycle C = (2 - {1,2,3} - 3 - {1,3,4} - 4 - {1,2,4} - 2), and no edge of C contains all three vertices 2,3,4 of C.Balance does not imply bipartiteness. Let H be the hypergraph:[citation needed]{ {1,2} , {3,4} , {1,2,3,4} }it is 2-colorable and remains 2-colorable upon removing any number of vertices from it. However, it is not bipartite, since to have exactly one green vertex in each of the first two hyperedges, we must have two green vertices in the last hyperedge.","title":"Comparison with other notions of bipartiteness"}] | [] | [{"title":"Matching in hypergraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_in_hypergraphs"},{"title":"Vertex cover in hypergraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_cover_in_hypergraphs"}] | [{"reference":"Bernstein, F. (1908), \"Zur theorie der trigonometrische Reihen\", Leipz. Ber., 60: 325–328","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aharoni, Ron; Kessler, Ofra (1990-10-15). \"On a possible extension of Hall's theorem to bipartite hypergraphs\". Discrete Mathematics. 84 (3): 309–313. doi:10.1016/0012-365X(90)90136-6. ISSN 0012-365X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2890%2990136-6","url_text":"\"On a possible extension of Hall's theorem to bipartite hypergraphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2890%2990136-6","url_text":"10.1016/0012-365X(90)90136-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-365X","url_text":"0012-365X"}]},{"reference":"Annamalai, Chidambaram (2015-12-21), \"Finding Perfect Matchings in Bipartite Hypergraphs\", Proceedings of the 2016 Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Proceedings, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp. 1814–1823, doi:10.1137/1.9781611974331.ch126, hdl:20.500.11850/224679, ISBN 978-1-61197-433-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1.9781611974331.ch126","url_text":"10.1137/1.9781611974331.ch126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F224679","url_text":"20.500.11850/224679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61197-433-1","url_text":"978-1-61197-433-1"}]},{"reference":"Aharoni, Ron (1985-12-01). \"Matchings inn-partiten-graphs\". Graphs and Combinatorics. 1 (1): 303–304. doi:10.1007/BF02582958. ISSN 1435-5914. S2CID 19258298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02582958","url_text":"10.1007/BF02582958"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-5914","url_text":"1435-5914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19258298","url_text":"19258298"}]},{"reference":"Guruswami, Venkatesan; Lee, Euiwoong (2018-06-01). \"Strong Inapproximability Results on Balanced Rainbow-Colorable Hypergraphs\". Combinatorica. 38 (3): 547–599. doi:10.1007/s00493-016-3383-0. ISSN 1439-6912. S2CID 53566425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00493-016-3383-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00493-016-3383-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-6912","url_text":"1439-6912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53566425","url_text":"53566425"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2890%2990136-6","external_links_name":"\"On a possible extension of Hall's theorem to bipartite hypergraphs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2890%2990136-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0012-365X(90)90136-6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-365X","external_links_name":"0012-365X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F1.9781611974331.ch126","external_links_name":"10.1137/1.9781611974331.ch126"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F224679","external_links_name":"20.500.11850/224679"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02582958","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02582958"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-5914","external_links_name":"1435-5914"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19258298","external_links_name":"19258298"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00493-016-3383-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00493-016-3383-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-6912","external_links_name":"1439-6912"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53566425","external_links_name":"53566425"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships | France at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships | ["1 Results","1.1 Men","1.2 Women","2 2016","3 Results","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","4 References"] | Sporting event delegationFrance at the2015 UCI Track Cycling World ChampionshipsIOC codeFRAin Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France18 February – 22 February 2015Competitors21MedalsRanked 1st
Gold
5
Silver
0
Bronze
2
Total
7
UCI Track Cycling World Championships appearances (overview)Overview pageRecent:
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
France competed at the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines at the Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from 18 to 22 February 2015. A team of 21 cyclists (9 women, 12 men) was announced to represent the country in the event.
Results
Men
Name
Event
Result
Rank
Grégory Baugé
Men's sprint
9.676 (Q),
Quentin Lafargue
Men's sprint
9.768 (Q),
François Pervis
Men's sprint
9.772 (Q),
7
Michaël D'Almeida
Men's sprint
9.796 (Q),
11
François Pervis
Men's 1 km time trial
1:00.207
Quentin Lafargue
Men's 1 km time trial
1:00.648
4
Michaël D'Almeida
Men's 1 km time trial
1:01.036
6
Julien Morice
Men's individual pursuit
4:19.684 (q), 4:21.419
Morgan Kneisky
Men's scratch
—
8
Benjamin Thomas
Men's points race
16 points
9
Thomas Boudat
Men's omnium
144 points
8
François Pervis
Men's keirin
Michaël D'Almeida
Men's keirin
11
Bryan CoquardMorgan Kneisky
Men's madison
21 points
Bryan CoquardJulien DuvalDamien GaudinJulien Morice
Men's team pursuit
4:00.783 (q),
7
Grégory BaugéMichaël D'AlmeidaKévin Sireau
Men's team sprint
43.072 (Q), 43.136
Source:
Women
Name
Event
Result
Rank
Virginie Cueff
Women's sprint
10.970 (Q),
14
Sandie Clair
Women's sprint
11.253 (Q),
23
Virginie Cueff
Women's 500 m time trial
33.926
6
Sandie Clair
Women's 500 m time trial
34.425
11
Élise Delzenne
Women's individual pursuit
3:36.730
9
Élise Delzenne
Women's points race
23 points
4
Laurie Berthon
Women's omnium
87 points
14
Pascale Jeuland
Women's scratch
—
REL
Soline LamboleyÉlise DelzenneEugénie DuvalPascale Jeuland
Women's team pursuit
4:37.808
15
Sandie ClairOlivia Montauban
Women's team sprint
33.476
6
Olivia Montauban
Women's keirin
13
Source:
2016
Sporting event delegationFrance at the2016 UCI Track Cycling World ChampionshipsIOC codeFRAin London, United Kingdom2 March – 6 March 2016Competitors18 (13 men, 5 women)Medals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
1
Total
1
UCI Track Cycling World Championships appearances (overview)Recent:
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
France competed at the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships at the Lee Valley VeloPark in London, United Kingdom from 2–4 March 2016. A team of 18 cyclists (5 women, 13 men) was announced to represent the country in the event.
Results
Men
Name
Event
Result
Rank
Grégory Baugé
Men's sprint
6
Quentin Lafargue
Men's sprint
19
François Pervis
Men's sprint
22
Quentin Lafargue
Men's 1 km time trial
01:01.581
3
Thomas Denis
Men's individual pursuit
265.208
10
François Pervis
Men's keirin
—
12
Michaël D'Almeida
Men's keirin
—
20
Morgan Kneisky
Men's scratch
—
16
Benjamin Thomas
Men's points race
41 points
4
Grégory BaugéKévin SireauMichaël D'Almeida
Men's team sprint
43.487 (q), 43.577
4
Benjamin ThomasThomas DenisJulien DuvalFlorian Maitre
Men's team pursuit
11
Morgan KneiskyBenjamin Thomas
Men's madison
14 points
2
Sources
Women
Name
Event
Result
Rank
Virginie Cueff
Women's sprint
11
Sandie Clair
Women's sprint
29
Élise Delzenne
Women's individual pursuit
03:39.600
6
Virginie Cueff
Women's keirin
10
Pascale Jeuland
Women's scratch
—
15
Élise Delzenne
Women's points race
1 points
15
Laurie Berthon
Women's omnium
183 points
2
Sandie ClairVirginie Cueff
Women's team sprint
33.258
7
Sources
References
Sports portal
^ "Entry list women" (PDF). UCI. 18 February 2015.
^ "Entry list men" (PDF). UCI. 18 February 2015.
^ a b c "2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines". Sport Result. Tissot Timing. February 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ "Entry list men" (PDF). UCI. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ "Entry list women" (PDF). UCI. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ "2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships - London". Sport Result. Tissot Timing. February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationFrance competed at the 2015 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines at the Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from 18 to 22 February 2015. A team of 21 cyclists (9 women, 12 men) was announced to represent the country in the event.[1][2]","title":"France at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley VeloPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_VeloPark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationFrance competed at the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships at the Lee Valley VeloPark in London, United Kingdom from 2–4 March 2016. A team of 18 cyclists (5 women, 13 men) was announced to represent the country in the event.[4][5]","title":"2016"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tissot2016-6"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"Sources[6]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tissot2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Sources[3]","title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Entry list women\" (PDF). UCI. 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uci.ch/mm/Document/News/NewsGeneral/16/85/16/20150212_SQEY_WE_EntryListUCIwebsite_English.PDF","url_text":"\"Entry list women\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entry list men\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Atlanta_Hawks_season | 1971–72 Atlanta Hawks season | ["1 Offseason","1.1 Draft picks","2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Season standings","3.2 Record vs. opponents","3.3 Game log","4 Playoffs","5 References"] | NBA professional basketball team season
NBA professional basketball team season
1971–72 Atlanta Hawks seasonHead coachRichie GuerinArenaAlexander Memorial ColiseumResultsRecord36–46 (.439)PlaceDivision: 2nd (Central)Conference: 4th (Eastern)Playoff finishEast Conference Semifinals(eliminated 2–4)Stats at Basketball-Reference.comLocal mediaTelevisionWQXI-TVRadioWQXI
< 1970–71
1972–73 >
The 1971–72 NBA season was the Hawks' 23rd season in the NBA and fourth season in Atlanta.
Offseason
Draft picks
Main article: 1971 NBA draft
Roster
Atlanta Hawks rostervte
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB
From
F
10
Adams, Don
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
Northwestern
C
8
Bellamy, Walt
6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
Indiana
C
31
Christian, Bob
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
255 lb (116 kg)
Grambling State
G
3
Gilliam, Herm
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
Purdue
G
42
Halliburton, Jeff
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
193 lb (88 kg)
Drake
G/F
23
Hudson, Lou
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
Minnesota
G
44
Maravich, Pete
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
197 lb (89 kg)
LSU
G
22
May, Don
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
Dayton
PG
20
Siegfried, Larry
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
Ohio State
F
12
Washington, Jim
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
Villanova
Head coach
Richie Guerin
Legend
(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured
Regular season
Season standings
Central Divisionvte
W
L
PCT
GB
Home
Road
Neutral
Div
y-Baltimore Bullets
38
44
.463
–
18–15
16–24
4–5
9–9
x-Atlanta Hawks
36
46
.439
2
22–19
13–26
1–1
9–9
Cincinnati Royals
30
52
.366
8
20–18
8–32
2–2
11–9
Cleveland Cavaliers
23
59
.280
15
13–28
8–30
2–1
9–11
#
Eastern Conferencevte
Team
W
L
PCT
1
z-Boston Celtics
56
26
.683
2
y-Baltimore Bullets
38
44
.463
3
x-New York Knicks
48
34
.585
4
x-Atlanta Hawks
36
46
.439
5
Philadelphia 76ers
30
52
.366
5
Cincinnati Royals
30
52
.366
7
Cleveland Cavaliers
23
59
.280
8
Buffalo Braves
22
60
.268
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
1971–72 NBA Records
Team
ATL
BAL
BOS
BUF
CHI
CIN
CLE
DET
GSW
HOU
LAL
MIL
NYK
PHI
PHO
POR
SEA
Atlanta
—
2–4
0–4
4–2
0–5
3–3
4–2
3–2
3–2
1–4
0–5
2–3
3–1
3–3
3–2
4–0
1–4
Baltimore
4–2
—
2–2
3–3
1–4
4–2
1–5
3–2
1–4
3–2
1–4
0–5
2–4
4–0
4–1
3–1
2–3
Boston
4–0
2–2
—
6–0
3–2
4–2
5–1
5–0
2–3
5–0
1–4
2–3
3–3
6–0
2–3
4–0
2–3
Buffalo
2–4
3–3
0–6
—
1–3
3–3
4–2
2–4
1–3
0–4
0–4
0–4
1–5
3–3
0–4
2–4
0–4
Chicago
5–0
4–1
2–3
3–1
—
3–1
4–0
5–1
3–3
5–1
1–3
2–4
3–2
4–1
5–1
6–0
2–3
Cincinnati
3–3
2–4
2–4
3–3
1–3
—
6–2
2–3
2–3
0–4
1–4
0–5
2–2
2–2
2–3
2–2
0–5
Cleveland
2–4
5–1
1–5
2–4
0–4
2–6
—
1–3
0–4
2–2
1–3
0–4
1–5
2–4
0–4
4–2
0–4
Detroit
2–3
2–3
0–5
4–2
1–5
3–2
3–1
—
0–5
3–3
1–4
1–5
1–4
1–4
2–4
2–2
0–4
Golden State
2–3
4–1
3–2
3–1
3–3
3–2
4–0
5–0
—
5–1
1–5
2–2
2–3
4–1
2–3
4–2
4–2
Houston
4–1
2–3
0–5
4–0
1–5
4–0
2–2
3–3
1–5
—
1–5
0–5
0–5
4–1
1–3
4–2
3–3
Los Angeles
5–0
4–1
4–1
4–0
3–1
4–1
3–1
4–1
5–1
5–1
—
4–1
4–1
5–0
4–2
6–0
5–1
Milwaukee
3–2
5–0
3–2
4–0
4–2
5–0
4–0
5–1
2–2
5–0
1–4
—
2–3
4–1
4–2
6–0
6–0
New York
1–3
4–2
3–3
5–1
2–3
2–2
5–1
4–1
3–2
5–0
1–4
3–2
—
3–3
1–4
3–1
3–2
Philadelphia
3–3
0–4
0–6
3–3
1–4
2–2
4–2
4–1
1–4
1–4
0–5
1–4
3–3
—
1–4
2–2
4–1
Phoenix
2–3
1–4
3–2
4–0
1–5
3–2
4–0
4–2
3–2
3–1
2–4
2–4
4–1
4–1
—
6–0
3–2
Portland
0–4
1–3
0–4
4–2
0–6
2–2
2–4
2–2
2–4
2–4
0–6
0–6
1–3
2–2
0–6
—
0–6
Seattle
4–1
3–2
3–2
4–0
3–2
5–0
4–0
4–0
2–4
3–3
1–5
0–6
2–3
1–4
2–3
6–0
—
Game log
1971–72 Game log
#
Date
Opponent
Score
High points
Record
1
October 12
@ Cincinnati
113–127
Lou Hudson (26)
0–1
2
October 16
Philadelphia
104–102
Lou Hudson (32)
0–2
3
October 20
Los Angeles
126–104
Lou Hudson (37)
0–3
4
October 22
Boston
115–108
Lou Hudson (31)
0–4
5
October 23
@ New York
95–89
Lou Hudson (27)
1–4
6
October 25
@ Boston
116–136
Herm Gilliam (25)
1–5
7
October 27
New York
96–110
Lou Hudson (28)
2–5
8
October 29
@ Cleveland
98–97
Don May (28)
3–5
9
October 30
Detroit
104–99
Walt Bellamy (41)
3–6
10
November 3
Chicago
113–100
Lou Hudson (32)
3–7
11
November 5
Buffalo
122–117 (OT)
George Trapp (34)
3–8
12
November 6
@ Philadelphia
96–101
Milt Williams (24)
3–9
13
November 10
Milwaukee
116–110
Lou Hudson (41)
3–10
14
November 12
Golden State
104–106
Lou Hudson (28)
4–10
15
November 17
Seattle
112–104
Walt Bellamy (28)
4–11
16
November 20
Phoenix
109–115
Walt Bellamy (29)
5–11
17
November 23
@ Buffalo
97–102
Jim Washington (25)
5–12
18
November 24
@ Milwaukee
107–141
Walt Bellamy (26)
5–13
19
November 26
Baltimore
118–105
Jim Washington (23)
5–14
20
November 27
Cleveland
103–95
Jim Washington (22)
5–15
21
November 28
@ Boston
108–130
Bellamy, Hudson (15)
5–16
22
November 30
@ Chicago
85–86
Lou Hudson (30)
5–17
23
December 1
@ Detroit
117–103
Lou Hudson (26)
6–17
24
December 4
Philadelphia
109–126
Lou Hudson (30)
7–17
25
December 7
N Golden State
113–116
Lou Hudson (30)
8–17
26
December 9
@ Phoenix
115–135
Lou Hudson (41)
8–18
27
December 10
@ Houston
88–95
Lou Hudson (27)
8–19
28
December 12
@ Los Angeles
95–104
Walt Bellamy (22)
8–20
29
December 15
Houston
117–115 (OT)
Lou Hudson (34)
8–21
30
December 17
@ Baltimore
103–114
Pete Maravich (31)
8–22
31
December 18
Baltimore
94–123
Walt Bellamy (23)
9–22
32
December 19
Cincinnati
99–101
Pete Maravich (27)
10–22
33
December 22
@ Cincinnati
106–103
Pete Maravich (28)
11–22
34
December 23
@ Cleveland
110–115
Walt Bellamy (21)
11–23
35
December 25
Buffalo
117–140
Walt Bellamy (40)
12–23
36
December 26
@ Milwaukee
92–114
Lou Hudson (27)
12–24
37
December 27
Portland
121–135
Lou Hudson (31)
13–24
38
December 30
@ Houston
115–129
Lou Hudson (28)
13–25
39
January 2
@ Phoenix
116–111
Walt Bellamy (30)
14–25
40
January 4
@ Portland
103–91
Walt Bellamy (24)
15–25
41
January 5
@ Seattle
116–127
Walt Bellamy (30)
15–26
42
January 7
Los Angeles
134–90
Pete Maravich (17)
15–27
43
January 8
@ Baltimore
102–110
Pete Maravich (26)
15–28
44
January 12
Milwaukee
102–104
Walt Bellamy (29)
16–28
45
January 14
@ Cincinnati
102–126
Lou Hudson (28)
16–29
46
January 15
Boston
122–106
Jim Washington (27)
16–30
47
January 16
Philadelphia
116–124
Pete Maravich (50)
17–30
48
January 21
Golden State
113–111
Lou Hudson (36)
17–31
49
January 23
@ Milwaukee
118–113
Pete Maravich (35)
18–31
50
January 25
@ Buffalo
123–110
Pete Maravich (28)
19–31
51
January 26
Seattle
131–119
Walt Bellamy (36)
19–32
52
January 28
Detroit
106–124
Lou Hudson (30)
20–32
53
January 30
@ Phoenix
103–105
Walt Bellamy (27)
20–33
54
February 3
@ Golden State
115–132
George Trapp (26)
20–34
55
February 5
Cleveland
117–120
Pete Maravich (50)
21–34
56
February 6
@ Houston
113–120
Lou Hudson (27)
21–35
57
February 9
Los Angeles
117–113
Pete Maravich (28)
21–36
58
February 11
@ Chicago
91–102
Walt Bellamy (18)
21–37
59
February 12
Chicago
117–106
Lou Hudson (36)
21–38
60
February 13
Buffalo
119–133
Lou Hudson (41)
22–38
61
February 15
@ Detroit
113–105
Lou Hudson (26)
23–38
62
February 16
Baltimore
103–105
Pete Maravich (30)
24–38
63
February 18
@ Baltimore
81–106
Walt Bellamy (23)
24–39
64
February 20
Cincinnati
101–92
Lou Hudson (20)
24–40
65
February 23
Phoenix
118–120
Jim Washington (28)
25–40
66
February 25
N Philadelphia
114–110
Lou Hudson (23)
25–41
67
February 27
Portland
110–113
Lou Hudson (32)
26–41
68
February 29
@ Buffalo
99–89
Pete Maravich (33)
27–41
69
March 3
@ Los Angeles
104–114
Adams, Bellamy (21)
27–42
70
March 4
@ Portland
120–101
Lou Hudson (34)
28–42
71
March 5
@ Seattle
110–112
Lou Hudson (29)
28–43
72
March 8
Chicago
98–96
Lou Hudson (33)
28–44
73
March 12
Cleveland
114–135
Lou Hudson (31)
29–44
74
March 14
@ New York
107–115
Walt Bellamy (26)
29–45
75
March 15
Seattle
96–134
Lou Hudson (30)
30–45
76
March 17
@ Detroit
112–121
Walt Bellamy (30)
30–46
77
March 18
Cincinnati
106–115
Pete Maravich (32)
31–46
78
March 19
@ Cleveland
115–105
Herm Gilliam (30)
32–46
79
March 21
@ Philadelphia
117–111
Lou Hudson (36)
33–46
80
March 22
Houston
106–107
Lou Hudson (27)
34–46
81
March 24
Golden State
102–118
Pete Maravich (23)
35–46
82
March 26
New York
106–120
Pete Maravich (27)
36–46
Playoffs
1972 playoff game log
Conference Semifinals: 2–4 (home: 2–1; road: 0–3)
Game
Date
Team
Score
High points
High rebounds
High assists
LocationAttendance
Series
1
March 29
@ Boston
L 108–126
Lou Hudson (29)
Don Adams (12)
Herm Gilliam (8)
Boston Garden12,815
0–1
2
March 31
Boston
W 113–104
Lou Hudson (41)
Walt Bellamy (18)
Herm Gilliam (9)
Alexander Memorial Coliseum6,955
1–1
3
April 2
@ Boston
L 113–136
Pete Maravich (37)
Jim Washington (11)
Pete Maravich (6)
Boston Garden12,094
1–2
4
April 4
Boston
W 112–110
Pete Maravich (36)
Walt Bellamy (15)
Don Adams (4)
Alexander Memorial Coliseum7,192
2–2
5
April 7
@ Boston
L 114–124
three players tied (21)
Walt Bellamy (13)
Pete Maravich (8)
Boston Garden15,315
2–3
6
April 9
Boston
L 118–127
Pete Maravich (37)
Walt Bellamy (15)
Pete Maravich (5)
Alexander Memorial Coliseum7,192
2–4
1972 schedule
References
^ 1971–72 Atlanta Hawks Archived 2012-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
vte1971–72 NBA season by team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.paris | .paris | ["1 References","2 See also"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: ".paris" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message).parisIntroduced2008TLD typeGeoTLDStatusActiveRegistryICANNIntended use Paris residents, institutions and businessesRegistration restrictionsProve any direct or indirect link with the Paris regionStructureDirect second-level registrations are allowedDNSSECYesRegistry websitebienvenue.paris
.paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris, France. It was introduced in June 2008 by ICANN, and the first 100 ".paris" web addresses were assigned in mid-2014.
At the time of launch, domain names corresponding to Parisian places (streets, squares, etc.) were reserved for the authorities concerned. Others, very generic, were blocked without the registry having yet made a decision on the allocation method.
From September to November 2014, the rightful owners of trademarks (protected, company names, names of French municipalities...) were given priority in registering .paris domain names. It was also possible to register, without having any particular rights, domain names before the general public opening at a higher rate, or even at auction if several candidates coveted the same domain name.
Since December 2, 2014, .paris is open to the general public. The available domain names are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.
References
^ "Les premiers sites en .paris sont là!" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
See also
France portal
Internet in France
.fr –CC TLD for the Republic of France
.eu –CC TLD for the European Union
vteList of top-level domains for FranceManaged by AFNICMetropolitan France
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This France-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"web addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":".paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris, France. It was introduced in June 2008 by ICANN, and the first 100 \".paris\" web addresses were assigned in mid-2014.At the time of launch, domain names corresponding to Parisian places (streets, squares, etc.) were reserved for the authorities concerned. Others, very generic, were blocked without the registry having yet made a decision on the allocation method.From September to November 2014, the rightful owners of trademarks (protected, company names, names of French municipalities...) were given priority in registering .paris domain names. It was also possible to register, without having any particular rights, domain names before the general public opening at a higher rate, or even at auction if several candidates coveted the same domain name.Since December 2, 2014, .paris is open to the general public. The available domain names are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.[1]","title":".paris"}] | [] | [{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Internet in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_France"},{"title":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"title":"Republic of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_France"},{"title":".eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu"},{"title":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:France_top-level_domains"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:France_top-level_domains"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_top-level_domains"},{"title":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains"},{"title":"top-level 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Kachuro | Pyotr Kachura | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Coaching career","4 Career statistics","5 Honours","6 References"] | Belarusian footballer (born 1972)
Pyotr Kachura
Personal informationFull name
Pyotr Pyatrovich KachuraDate of birth
(1972-08-02) 2 August 1972 (age 51)Place of birth
Orsha, Belarusian SSR, Soviet UnionHeight
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s)
ForwardYouth career1989–1990
Dinamo MinskSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1990–1991
Dinamo Minsk
4
(0)1992–1993
Dinamo-93 Minsk
61
(28)1994–1996
Dinamo Minsk
60
(52)1996–2000
Sheffield United
95
(19)2000
Chengdu Wuniu
19
(5)2001–2002
Dinamo Minsk
29
(16)2002–2005
Sokol Saratov
82
(24)2005
Dinamo Minsk
1
(0)International career1994–2002
Belarus
29
(5)Managerial career2006
Dinamo Minsk (assistant)2006–2007
Dinamo Minsk2010–2011
Neman Grodno (assistant)2012–2013
Dinamo Minsk (assistant)2013–2014
Bereza-2010 (assistant)2014
Khayr Vahdat2016
Dinamo Minsk (assistant)2017
Lida
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Pyotr Pyatrovich Kachura (Belarusian: Пётр Качура, Russian: Петр Качуро, Petr Kachuro; born 2 August 1972) is a Belarusian former footballer who played as a forward. Starting off with his home town club Dynamo Minsk he went on to have spells at Sheffield United in England and Chengdu Wuniu in China before returning to his homeland, playing for Minsk for a second spell and later for Sokol Saratov. Following his retirement he went on to have a spell as manager at Dinamo Minsk in 2006–07. Internationally, he made 29 appearances, scoring five goals for the Belarus national team.
During his time in England he used an Anglicised version of his name and was referred to as Petr or Peter Katchouro.
Club career
Kachura started his playing career at his hometown club FC Dinamo Minsk, the most successful team in Belarus having won the Belarusian Premier League a record seven times since it began in 1992. Kachura was part of the side which won the Belarusian Premier League in 1995.
In July 1996, Sheffield United signed Kachura for £650,000. He scored 14 goals in his first season as the Blades finished in fifth place in Division One and qualified for the Playoffs. However, the Blades lost 1–0 to Crystal Palace in the final at Wembley, with a last minute David Hopkin goal shattering United's promotion dream. Kachura was awarded for his performances by being given the 1996–97 player of the season award at Bramall Lane.
The following season he made just 16 appearances, due to injuries, as the Blades qualified for the playoffs once again by finishing in sixth place. This time they lost in the semi-finals, with Sunderland defeating the Blades 3–2 on aggregate, after the Blades had held a 2–1 lead going into the second leg. Kachura failed to score that season, but made amends in the next season, as he scored six goals in 16 appearances as the Blades failed to qualify for the playoffs by finishing in a disappointing eighth place, nine points from the playoffs. Kachura missed a large part of the season due to a punctured lung injury in the 4–0 home defeat to Sunderland.
His final season in England saw him score three goals in 30 appearances as the Blades woeful start condemned them to a 16th-place finish, as Neil Warnock replaced Adrian Heath as manager in early December and rescued the Blades from relegation.
In March 2000 Kachura was transferred to Chinese side Chengdu Wuniu on a free transfer. He stayed there for one season before re-joining his hometown club Dinamo Minsk in August 2000.
International career
Kachura made his debut for the Belarus national team on 25 May 1994, in a 3–1 loss against Ukraine in a friendly.
Coaching career
After Kachura retired from playing, Kachura became a football coach. His former club, FC Dinamo Minsk, appointed him in November 2006, but replaced him after the first match of the 2007 Belarusian Premier League season.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Belarus' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kachura goal.
List of international goals scored by Pyotr Kachura
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
29 July 1995
Žalgiris Stadium, Vilnius, Lithuania
Lithuania
1–1
1–1
Friendly
2
1 May 1996
Stadion Miejski, Mielec, Poland
Poland
1–1
1–1
Friendly
3
27 May 1996
City Stadium, Maladzyechna, Belarus
Azerbaijan
1–0
2–2
Friendly
4
7 September 1997
Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen, Scotland
Scotland
1–3
1–4
1998 World Cup qualifier
5
17 April 2002
Stadion Oláh Gábor Út, Debrecen, Hungary
Hungary
5–1
5–2
Friendly
Honours
Dinamo Minsk
Belarusian Premier League: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995
Belarusian Cup: 1993–94
Individual
Belarusian Premier League top scorer: 1993–94
Sheffield United F.C. Player of the Year: 1997
References
^ "Belarus - Record International Players". RSSSF. Retrieved 23 September 2008.
^ "Belarus - full list of international matches between 1991 and 2011" (PDF). Belarusian Football Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Александр ХАЦКЕВИЧ: Если хочется обедать, то тренировка была не тяжелой. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 10 April 2007.
Awards
vteBelarusian Premier League top scorers
1992: Skorobogatko
1992–93: Baranovsky / Romaschenko
1993–94: Kachura
1994–95: Shavrov
1995: Yaromko
1996: Khlebasolaw
1997: Khlebasolaw
1998: Yaromko
1999: Strypeykis
2000: Vasilyuk
2001: Davydov
2002: Strypeykis
2003: Bliznyuk / Kornilenko
2004: Strypeykis
2005: Strypeykis
2006: Klimenka
2007: Vasilyuk
2008: Bliznyuk / Rodionov
2009: Maycon
2010: Bressan
2011: Bressan
2012: Asipenka
2013: Rodionov
2014: Yanush
2015: Yanush
2016: Rodionov / Gordeychuk
2017: Gordeychuk
2018: Savitsky
2019: Shkurin
2020: Skavysh
2021: Darboe
2022: Abdikholikov
2023: Morozov
vteSheffield United F.C. Player of the Year
1967: Hodgkinson
1968: Mallender
1969: Powell
1970: Woodward
1971: Currie
1972: Hockey
1973: Hemsley
1974: Woodward
1975: J. Brown
1976: Woodward
1977: Edwards
1978: Woodward
1979: Kenworthy
1980: Kenworthy
1981: Hatton
1982: Trusson
1983: Trusson
1984: Edwards
1985: Cockerill
1986: Stancliffe
1987: Beagrie
1988: Stancliffe
1989: Agana
1990: Tracey
1991: Deane
1992: Tracey
1993: Beesley
1994: Bradshaw
1995: Gage
1996: Kelly
1997: Katchouro
1998: Marker
1999: Woodhouse
2000: Devlin
2001: S. Murphy
2002: M. Brown
2003: Kenny
2004: Morgan
2005: Jagielka
2006: Jagielka
2007: Jagielka
2008: Beattie
2009: Kilgallon
2010: Montgomery
2011: Quinn
2012: Maguire
2013: Maguire
2014: Maguire
2015: J. Murphy
2016: Sharp
2017: Fleck & Sharp
2018: Fleck
2019: McGoldrick
2020: Basham
2021: Ramsdale
2022: Gibbs-White
2023: Ndiaye
vteFC Dinamo Minsk – managers
Churkin (1940)
Korchebokov (1941)
Yeliseyev (1945–47)
Korchebokov (1947–50)
Nazarov (1950)
Fokin (1951–52)
Bozenenkov (1953–55)
Matveyev (1956–57)
Sokolov (1957)
Bozenenkov (1958–59)
Novikov (1960–61)
Sevidov (1962–69)
Kosenyuk (1969)
Mozer (1969–73)
Yegorov (1974)
Goryansky (1974–76)
Bazilevich (1977–78)
Malofeyev (1978–83)
Arzamastsev (1984–86)
Savostikov (1986–88)
Malofeyev (1988–91)
Vergeyenko (1991–94)
Arzamastsev (1994)
Schyokin (1994–97)
Baidachny (1997–98)
Kurnev (1998)
Arzamastsev (1998)
Kurnenin (1999–2000)
Rodnyonok (2000)
Piskaryov (2000–01)
Kondratyev (2001)
Malofeyev (2001–02)
Zygmantovich (2002)
Arzamastsev (2002)
Gyurov (2002–03)
Baidachny (2003)
Shubin (2003–04)
Shukanov (2004–05)
Bashmakov (2005)
Ryabokon (2005–06)
Petrushin (2006)
Kachuro (2006–07)
Khatskevich (2007)
Kriushenko (2007–08)
Muslin (2008–09)
Alshevsky (2009)
Gurenko (2009–10)
Solodovnikov (2010)
Golmak (2010)
Vasilenko (2010–11)
Ovchinnikov (2011)
Sednyov (2011–12)
Protasov (2012–13)
Maaskant (2013)
Zhuravel (2014)
Uhrin (2014–15)
Rašović (2015–16)
Borovsky (2016–17)
Gurenko (2017–19)
Pylypchuk (2019)
Gurenko (2019–20)
Kuchuk (2020–21)
Chelyadinsky (2021–22)
Skripchenko (2022–)
vteFC Neman Grodno – managers
Mokhov (1964–65)
Radzishevski (1965–70)
Glembotskiy (1970–73)
Dzidziguri (1973–74)
Zabolotskikh (1974–75)
Sivakov (1975–90)
Grishanovich (1990–92)
Ulasevich (1992–93)
Yanochkin (1993–95)
Letyago (1995–96)
Sivakov (1996–97)
Sevostsyanik (1997)
Solodovnikov (1997–98)
Sivakov (1998)
Solodovnikov (1998–05)
Nefedov (2005)
Kurnev (2005–06)
Rumbutis (2007–08)
Akshaev (2008)
Radushko (2008–10)
Koreshkov (2010–11)
Kachuroc (2011)
Solodovnikov (2011–16)
Kirenyac (2016)
Kovalevich (2016–)
(c) = caretaker manager | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chengdu Wuniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Blades_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sokol Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sokol_Saratov"},{"link_name":"Belarus national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anglicised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicised"}],"text":"Pyotr Pyatrovich Kachura (Belarusian: Пётр Качура, Russian: Петр Качуро, Petr Kachuro; born 2 August 1972) is a Belarusian former footballer who played as a forward. Starting off with his home town club Dynamo Minsk he went on to have spells at Sheffield United in England and Chengdu Wuniu in China before returning to his homeland, playing for Minsk for a second spell and later for Sokol Saratov. Following his retirement he went on to have a spell as manager at Dinamo Minsk in 2006–07. Internationally, he made 29 appearances, scoring five goals for the Belarus national team.[1]During his time in England he used an Anglicised version of his name and was referred to as Petr or Peter Katchouro.","title":"Pyotr Kachura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Dinamo Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley"},{"link_name":"David Hopkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hopkin"},{"link_name":"Bramall Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramall_Lane"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"punctured lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctured_lung"},{"link_name":"Neil Warnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Warnock"},{"link_name":"Adrian Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Heath"},{"link_name":"Chengdu Wuniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Blades"}],"text":"Kachura started his playing career at his hometown club FC Dinamo Minsk, the most successful team in Belarus having won the Belarusian Premier League a record seven times since it began in 1992. Kachura was part of the side which won the Belarusian Premier League in 1995.In July 1996, Sheffield United signed Kachura for £650,000. He scored 14 goals in his first season as the Blades finished in fifth place in Division One and qualified for the Playoffs. However, the Blades lost 1–0 to Crystal Palace in the final at Wembley, with a last minute David Hopkin goal shattering United's promotion dream. Kachura was awarded for his performances by being given the 1996–97 player of the season award at Bramall Lane.The following season he made just 16 appearances, due to injuries, as the Blades qualified for the playoffs once again by finishing in sixth place. This time they lost in the semi-finals, with Sunderland defeating the Blades 3–2 on aggregate, after the Blades had held a 2–1 lead going into the second leg. Kachura failed to score that season, but made amends in the next season, as he scored six goals in 16 appearances as the Blades failed to qualify for the playoffs by finishing in a disappointing eighth place, nine points from the playoffs. Kachura missed a large part of the season due to a punctured lung injury in the 4–0 home defeat to Sunderland.His final season in England saw him score three goals in 30 appearances as the Blades woeful start condemned them to a 16th-place finish, as Neil Warnock replaced Adrian Heath as manager in early December and rescued the Blades from relegation.In March 2000 Kachura was transferred to Chinese side Chengdu Wuniu on a free transfer. He stayed there for one season before re-joining his hometown club Dinamo Minsk in August 2000.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarus national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kachura made his debut for the Belarus national team on 25 May 1994, in a 3–1 loss against Ukraine in a friendly.[2]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Dinamo Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk"},{"link_name":"2007 Belarusian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After Kachura retired from playing, Kachura became a football coach. His former club, FC Dinamo Minsk, appointed him in November 2006, but replaced him after the first match of the 2007 Belarusian Premier League season.[3]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scores and results list Belarus' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kachura goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Belarusian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Belarusian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United F.C. Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C._Player_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Dinamo MinskBelarusian Premier League: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995\nBelarusian Cup: 1993–94IndividualBelarusian Premier League top scorer: 1993–94\nSheffield United F.C. Player of the Year: 1997","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Belarus - Record International Players\". RSSSF. Retrieved 23 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/witr-recintlp.html","url_text":"\"Belarus - Record International Players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus - full list of international matches between 1991 and 2011\" (PDF). Belarusian Football Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509232506/http://bff.by/data/downloads/ALL_GAMES.pdf","url_text":"\"Belarus - full list of international matches between 1991 and 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.bff.by/data/downloads/ALL_GAMES.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Александр ХАЦКЕВИЧ: Если хочется обедать, то тренировка была не тяжелой. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 10 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kp.ru/daily/23885/144343/","url_text":"Александр ХАЦКЕВИЧ: Если хочется обедать, то тренировка была не тяжелой"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda","url_text":"Komsomolskaya Pravda"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/witr-recintlp.html","external_links_name":"\"Belarus - Record International Players\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509232506/http://bff.by/data/downloads/ALL_GAMES.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Belarus - full list of international matches between 1991 and 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.bff.by/data/downloads/ALL_GAMES.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kp.ru/daily/23885/144343/","external_links_name":"Александр ХАЦКЕВИЧ: Если хочется обедать, то тренировка была не тяжелой"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lloyd_(sculptor) | Mary Lloyd (sculptor) | ["1 Biography","2 Relationship with Frances Power Cobbe","3 References"] | Welsh sculptor (1819–1896)
Mary Charlotte LloydBorn(1819-01-23)23 January 1819Denbighshire, WalesDied13 October 1896(1896-10-13) (aged 77)Resting placeLlanelltyd, WalesNationalityWelshKnown forsculpturePartnerFrances Power Cobbe
Mary Charlotte Lloyd (23 January 1819 – 13 October 1896) was a Welsh sculptor who studied with John Gibson in Rome and lived for decades with the well-known philosopher, animal welfare advocate, and feminist Frances Power Cobbe.
Biography
Lloyd was born in Denbighshire, Wales, the eighth of seventeen children, and the first of six girls, to Edward Lloyd of Rhagatt and his wife Frances Maddocks. Her father was a substantial squire over many counties, owning 4,300 acres of land, and Mary inherited money from a maiden aunt, Margaret, as well as gifts from Eleanor Charlotte Butler and Sarah Ponsonby, the Ladies of Llangollen. Both her parents died in 1858.
She studied and worked with the French artist Rosa Bonheur. In 1853 she was working in the studio of Welsh sculptor John Gibson in Rome, along with the American sculptor Harriet Hosmer.
Lloyd met Frances Power Cobbe in the winter of 1861–1862, in Rome. Mary and Frances networked with like-minded women in Italy in the period, both being nonconformist, with a feminist outlook. In 1863, they settled together in London.
In 1858, Lloyd inherited a share in the Welsh landed estate of Hengwrt. This allowed Lloyd to refer to herself as a landed proprietor when signing petitions supporting women's suffrage, and also gave her some local political rights, such as the ability to appoint a vicar. She and Frances Power Cobbe retired to Hengwrt from London in April 1884.
Lloyd died in 1896 from heart disease and was buried together with Frances Power Cobbe in Saint Illtud Church Cemetery, Llanelltyd.
Relationship with Frances Power Cobbe
Mary and Frances were a couple, and were recognised as such by all their friends. Letters would be addressed to "you and Miss Lloyd" and Frances peppered her own writings with "our house", "our garden", "we" and other joint terminology. Frances writing to her friend Mary Somerville refers to Lloyd as "my wife", and her death in 1896 affected Frances badly. Her friend, the writer Blanche Atkinson, wrote that "he sorrow of Miss Lloyd's death changed the whole aspect of existence for Miss Cobbe. The joy of life had gone. It had been such a friendship as is rarely seen – perfect in love, sympathy, and mutual understand."
Mary Lloyd is the fictionalized narrator of a 2002 story by Emma Donoghue, "The Fox on the Line", about the relationship between Lloyd and Cobbe, and their anti-vivisection activism.
References
^ "The Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard". National Library of Wales. 23 October 1896. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ a b c Mitchell, Sally (2004). Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist, Reformer. University of Virginia Press.
^ Cherry, Deborah (2000). Beyond the Frame: Feminism and Visual Culture, Britain 1850–1900. Routledge.
^ http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I158815&tree=Welsh Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (cited to Walford, County Families of the United Kingdom, p. 359)
^ a b McAuliffe, Mary; Tiernan, Sonja (26 March 2009). Tribades, Tommies and Transgressives; History of Sexualities: Volume I. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4438-0788-3.
^ Shopland, Norena 'Frances and Mary' from Forbidden Lives: LGBT stories from Wales Seren Books (2017)
^ Brouckmans, Debbie; D'hoker, Elke (December 2014). "Rewriting the Irish Short Story: Emma Donoghue's The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits". Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle (63).
^ Donoghue, Emma (1 June 2003). The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits: Stories. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-63036-6.
Authority control databases International
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WorldCat
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Other
SNAC
vteNew Woman of the late 19th century (born before 1880)
19th-century feminism
First-wave feminism
Women's history
Artists
Louise Abbéma
Elenore Abbott
Nina E. Allender
Sophie Gengembre Anderson
Cornelia Barns
Cecilia Beaux
Enella Benedict
Rosa Bonheur
Jennie Augusta Brownscombe
Julia Margaret Cameron
Mary Cassatt
Minerva J. Chapman
Émilie Charmy
Alice Brown Chittenden
Elizabeth Coffin
Emma Lampert Cooper
Susan Stuart Frackelton
Wilhelmina Weber Furlong
Elizabeth Shippen Green
Ellen Day Hale
Laura Knight
Anna Lea Merritt
Elizabeth Nourse
Violet Oakley
Rose O'Neill
Elizabeth Okie Paxton
Emily Sartain
Pamela Colman Smith
Jessie Willcox Smith
Annie Swynnerton
Candace Wheeler
Anne Whitney
Writers
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Mona Caird
Kate Chopin
Annie Sophie Cory
Ella D'Arcy
Ella Hepworth Dixon
Maria Edgeworth
George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright)
Sarah Grand
Amy Levy
Olive Schreiner
Educators
Alice Freeman Palmer
Literature aboutthe New Woman
Isabel Archer in Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady (serialized 1880–81)
Elizabeth Barrett's Aurora Leigh (1856)
Kate Chopin's The Awakening (1899)
Victoria Cross' Anna Lombard (1901)
Ella Hepworth Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman
Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1856)
Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879)
Henry Arthur Jones's The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894)
Henry James' novella Daisy Miller (serialized 1878)
Amy Levy's The Romance of a Shop (1888)
George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893)
George Bernard Shaw's Candida (1898)
H. G. Wells' Ann Veronica (1909) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Frances Power Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe"}],"text":"Mary Charlotte Lloyd (23 January 1819 – 13 October 1896[1]) was a Welsh sculptor who studied with John Gibson in Rome and lived for decades with the well-known philosopher, animal welfare advocate, and feminist Frances Power Cobbe.","title":"Mary Lloyd (sculptor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitchell-2"},{"link_name":"Ladies of Llangollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_of_Llangollen"},{"link_name":"Rosa Bonheur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Harriet Hosmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Hosmer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitchell-2"},{"link_name":"Hengwrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengwrt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitchell-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAuliffeTiernan2009-5"},{"link_name":"Llanelltyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelltyd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAuliffeTiernan2009-5"}],"text":"Lloyd was born in Denbighshire, Wales, the eighth of seventeen children, and the first of six girls, to Edward Lloyd of Rhagatt and his wife Frances Maddocks.[2] Her father was a substantial squire over many counties, owning 4,300 acres of land, and Mary inherited money from a maiden aunt, Margaret, as well as gifts from Eleanor Charlotte Butler and Sarah Ponsonby, the Ladies of Llangollen. Both her parents died in 1858.She studied and worked with the French artist Rosa Bonheur.[3] In 1853 she was working in the studio of Welsh sculptor John Gibson in Rome, along with the American sculptor Harriet Hosmer.[2]Lloyd met Frances Power Cobbe in the winter of 1861–1862, in Rome. Mary and Frances networked with like-minded women in Italy in the period, both being nonconformist, with a feminist outlook. In 1863, they settled together in London.In 1858, Lloyd inherited a share in the Welsh landed estate of Hengwrt.[4] This allowed Lloyd to refer to herself as a landed proprietor when signing petitions supporting women's suffrage, and also gave her some local political rights, such as the ability to appoint a vicar.[2] She and Frances Power Cobbe retired to Hengwrt from London in April 1884.[5]Lloyd died in 1896 from heart disease and was buried together with Frances Power Cobbe in Saint Illtud Church Cemetery, Llanelltyd.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville"},{"link_name":"Blanche Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Emma Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Donoghue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Mary and Frances were a couple, and were recognised as such by all their friends. Letters would be addressed to \"you and Miss Lloyd\" and Frances peppered her own writings with \"our house\", \"our garden\", \"we\" and other joint terminology. Frances writing to her friend Mary Somerville refers to Lloyd as \"my wife\", and her death in 1896 affected Frances badly. Her friend, the writer Blanche Atkinson, wrote that \"[t]he sorrow of Miss Lloyd's death changed the whole aspect of existence for Miss Cobbe. The joy of life had gone. It had been such a friendship as is rarely seen – perfect in love, sympathy, and mutual understand.\"[6]Mary Lloyd is the fictionalized narrator of a 2002 story by Emma Donoghue, \"The Fox on the Line\", about the relationship between Lloyd and Cobbe, and their anti-vivisection activism.[7][8]","title":"Relationship with Frances Power Cobbe"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard\". National Library of Wales. 23 October 1896. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3315289/3315297/63/%22Mary%20Charlotte%20Lloyd%22","url_text":"\"The Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Sally (2004). Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist, Reformer. University of Virginia Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cherry, Deborah (2000). Beyond the Frame: Feminism and Visual Culture, Britain 1850–1900. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McAuliffe, Mary; Tiernan, Sonja (26 March 2009). Tribades, Tommies and Transgressives; History of Sexualities: Volume I. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 96. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaithmathang | Yaithmathang | ["1 Name","2 Language","3 Country","4 Social organization","5 History of contact","6 Alternative names","7 Notes","7.1 Citations","8 Sources"] | Indigenous Australian people in the State of Victoria
The Jaitmatang, also spelled Yaithmathang, are an Indigenous Australian people of the State of Victoria.
Name
Jaitmatang/Yaithmathang, according to the early ethnographer Alfred William Howitt, may have derived from Ya-yau their word for "yes," and thang ("speech/tongue").
Language
Ian D. Clark, after subjecting evidence for the Omeo languages in early wordlists, identified a distinctive tongue differing substantially from those – Dhudhuroa and Pallanganmiddang – spoken by tribes to the immediate north. After then examining whether it might be a variety of Ngarigu or had a separate name Harold Koch and others consider it a southern variety of the Yuin sub-branch of the Yuin-Kuric language family. Koch's analysis points to a possibility that the Jaitmatang, like their neighbours the Wolgal and the Ngarigo, spoke dialects of one language, with Clark considering it a dialect of Ngarigo.
Country
The Jaitmatang's lands extended some 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2), including the headwaters of Mitta Mitta and Tambo rivers; from the Indi River to "Tom Groggin Run" and perhaps even the Ovens River. To the south their tribal boundaries ran to Omeo and Mount Delusion, 25 miles north of Omeo.
Social organization
Hordes:-
Kandangoramittung (horde on the Omeo plains)
The Djilamatang were considered by early authorities to have been a hordes of the Jaitmathang.
According to Robert Hamilton Mathews, Alfred William Howitt's reference to a "Theddora horde" actually denoted a distinct tribal grouping, Dhudhuroa. Norman Tindale separates them, though noting that Aldo Massola supported the traditional view that the Jaitmatang and Dhudhuroa belonged to the same tribal unity.
The Jaitmathang had an annual migratory cycle, camping on the lower plateaus of their land through the colder, winter period, and then, once the snow began to melt, shifting into the highlands to pass the summer hunting in the alpine zone.
History of contact
The Jaitmathang lands were first penetrated and settlements began to be established there, in 1828. Following the Victorian gold rush, miners also discovered gold in the Omeo area, at Livingstone Creek, off the Mitta Mitta River, and as the news spread, a large mass of gold-diggers rushed to settle and pan the waters of the area. Within a decade, by 1862, only 4-5 Jaitmathang could be counted who had survived the disruption.
Alternative names
Ya-itma-thang
Yaithmathang
Muddhang (Mitta Mitta horde)
Mudthang
Kandangoramittung (horde on the Omeo plains)
Jandangara
Gundanara, Gundanora
Brajerak (rude exonym for them used by coastal tribes).
Notes
^ Clark gives the following page (p.78)
^ "Mittung ('midhang..is the equivalent of -baluk in the Kulin languages of central Victoria." The -baluk suffix indicates a tribal grouping, and may correspond to the wurrung of those central languages ("tongue, speech"). However, the evidence points to it having a denotative function as an ethnonymic signifier.
Citations
^ Howitt 1904, p. 77 n.1.
^ a b c Clark 2009, p. 210.
^ Clark 2009, pp. 209ff..
^ Clark 2009, pp. 211, 219.
^ a b Tindale 1974b, p. 204.
^ a b c Tindale 1974a, p. 205.
^ Howitt 1904, p. 78.
^ Clark 2009.
Sources
Clark, Ian D (2009). "Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction". Aboriginal History. 33. Australian National University: 201–229. JSTOR 24046829.
Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974a). "Jaitmathang (VIC)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974b). "Duduroa (VIC)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
vteAboriginal VictoriansPeoples
Barababaraba
Bidawal
Brabiralung
Braiakaulung
Brataualung
Bungandidj
Boonwurrung
Dadi Dadi
Dhudhuroa
Djab Wurrung
Dja Dja Wurrung
Djargurd Wurrung
Djilamatang
Gadubanud
Girai wurrung
Gulidjan
Gunnai/Kurnai
Gunditjmara
Jardwadjali
Jari Jari
Jupagalk
Krauatungalang
Koori
Kulin
Kurung
Kwatkwat
Ladji Ladji
Mardidjali
Minyambuta
Ngooraialum
Ngurelban
Pallanganmiddang
Pangerang
Tatungalung
Taungurung
Wadawurrung
Warkawarka
Wemba Wemba
Wergaia
Woiwurrung
Wotjobaluk
Wurundjeri
Yalukit
Yorta Yorta
Communities
Coranderrk
Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
Ebenezer Mission
Framlingham
Lake Boga mission
Registered Aboriginal Parties / Land councils
Barengi Gadjin
Bunurong
Wathaurung
Wurundjeri
Sites
Bend Road
Box Gulley
Carisbrook stone arrangement
Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
Cloggs Cave
Grampians National Park
Keilor
Kow Swamp
Lake Bolac stone arrangement
Mount William stone axe quarry
New Guinea II cave
Sunbury earth rings
Tarragal Caves
Wurdi Youang
See also
Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
Victoria Archaeological Survey
State organisations
Heritage Victoria
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
Legislation
Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
Half-Caste Act
Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
Cases:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
History
Batman's Treaty
Battle of Yering
Blood Hole massacre
Campaspe Plains massacre
Convincing Ground massacre
Coranderrk
Gippsland massacres
Mudgegonga rock shelter
Munangabum
Murdering Gully massacre
By state or territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"State of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Victoria"}],"text":"The Jaitmatang, also spelled Yaithmathang, are an Indigenous Australian people of the State of Victoria.","title":"Yaithmathang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred William Howitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowitt190477_n.1-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jaitmatang/Yaithmathang, according to the early ethnographer Alfred William Howitt, may have derived from Ya-yau their word for \"yes,\" and thang (\"speech/tongue\").[1][a]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian D. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_D._Clark_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Dhudhuroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language"},{"link_name":"Pallanganmiddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_language"},{"link_name":"Ngarigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarigo_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009209ff.-4"},{"link_name":"Yuin sub-branch of the Yuin-Kuric language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009210-2"},{"link_name":"Wolgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgalu_people"},{"link_name":"Ngarigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarigo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009211,_219-5"}],"text":"Ian D. Clark, after subjecting evidence for the Omeo languages in early wordlists, identified a distinctive tongue differing substantially from those – Dhudhuroa and Pallanganmiddang – spoken by tribes to the immediate north. After then examining whether it might be a variety of Ngarigu or had a separate name[3] Harold Koch and others consider it a southern variety of the Yuin sub-branch of the Yuin-Kuric language family.[2] Koch's analysis points to a possibility that the Jaitmatang, like their neighbours the Wolgal and the Ngarigo, spoke dialects of one language, with Clark considering it a dialect of Ngarigo.[4]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitta Mitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitta_Mitta_River"},{"link_name":"Tambo rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_River_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"\"Tom Groggin Run\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Towong"},{"link_name":"Ovens River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovens_River"},{"link_name":"Omeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeo"},{"link_name":"Mount Delusion, 25 miles north of Omeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974b204-6"}],"text":"The Jaitmatang's lands extended some 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2), including the headwaters of Mitta Mitta and Tambo rivers; from the Indi River to \"Tom Groggin Run\" and perhaps even the Ovens River. To the south their tribal boundaries ran to Omeo and Mount Delusion, 25 miles north of Omeo.[5]","title":"Country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hordes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_society"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Djilamatang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djilamatang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974b204-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Hamilton Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Alfred William Howitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"Dhudhuroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhudhuroa_people"},{"link_name":"Aldo Massola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Massola"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205-8"}],"text":"Hordes:-Kandangoramittung[b] (horde on the Omeo plains)\nThe Djilamatang were considered by early authorities to have been a hordes of the Jaitmathang.[5]\nAccording to Robert Hamilton Mathews, Alfred William Howitt's reference to a \"Theddora horde\" actually denoted a distinct tribal grouping, Dhudhuroa. Norman Tindale separates them, though noting that Aldo Massola supported the traditional view that the Jaitmatang and Dhudhuroa belonged to the same tribal unity.[6]The Jaitmathang had an annual migratory cycle, camping on the lower plateaus of their land through the colder, winter period, and then, once the snow began to melt, shifting into the highlands to pass the summer hunting in the alpine zone.[6]","title":"Social organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowitt190478-9"}],"text":"The Jaitmathang lands were first penetrated and settlements began to be established there, in 1828. Following the Victorian gold rush, miners also discovered gold in the Omeo area, at Livingstone Creek, off the Mitta Mitta River, and as the news spread, a large mass of gold-diggers rushed to settle and pan the waters of the area. Within a decade, by 1862, only 4-5 Jaitmathang could be counted who had survived the disruption.[7]","title":"History of contact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009-10"},{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205-8"}],"text":"Ya-itma-thang\nYaithmathang[8]\nMuddhang (Mitta Mitta horde)\nMudthang\nKandangoramittung (horde on the Omeo plains)\nJandangara\nGundanara, Gundanora\nBrajerak (rude exonym for them used by coastal tribes).[6]","title":"Alternative names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009210-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Kulin languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_languages"},{"link_name":"ethnonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2009210-2"}],"text":"^ Clark gives the following page (p.78)[2]\n\n^ \"Mittung ('midhang..is the equivalent of -baluk in the Kulin languages of central Victoria.\" The -baluk suffix indicates a tribal grouping, and may correspond to the wurrung of those central languages (\"tongue, speech\"). However, the evidence points to it having a denotative function as an ethnonymic signifier.[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt190477_n.1_1-0"},{"link_name":"Howitt 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHowitt1904"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009210_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009210_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009210_2-2"},{"link_name":"Clark 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClark2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009209ff._4-0"},{"link_name":"Clark 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClark2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009211,_219_5-0"},{"link_name":"Clark 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClark2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974b204_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974b204_6-1"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974b"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974a205_8-2"},{"link_name":"Tindale 1974a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTindale1974a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt190478_9-0"},{"link_name":"Howitt 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHowitt1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2009_10-0"},{"link_name":"Clark 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClark2009"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Howitt 1904, p. 77 n.1.\n\n^ a b c Clark 2009, p. 210.\n\n^ Clark 2009, pp. 209ff..\n\n^ Clark 2009, pp. 211, 219.\n\n^ a b Tindale 1974b, p. 204.\n\n^ a b c Tindale 1974a, p. 205.\n\n^ Howitt 1904, p. 78.\n\n^ Clark 2009.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark, Ian D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_D._Clark_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_History"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24046829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/24046829"},{"link_name":"Howitt, Alfred William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"The native tribes of south-east Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Jaitmathang (VIC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jaitmathang.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Duduroa (VIC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/duduroa.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Barababaraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barababaraba"},{"link_name":"Bidawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidawal"},{"link_name":"Brabiralung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabiralung"},{"link_name":"Braiakaulung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braiakaulung_people"},{"link_name":"Brataualung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brataualung_people"},{"link_name":"Bungandidj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungandidj_people"},{"link_name":"Boonwurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonwurrung"},{"link_name":"Dadi Dadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_Dadi"},{"link_name":"Dhudhuroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhudhuroa_people"},{"link_name":"Djab Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djab_wurrung"},{"link_name":"Dja Dja Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dja_Dja_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Djargurd Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Djilamatang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djilamatang"},{"link_name":"Gadubanud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadubanud"},{"link_name":"Girai wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_wurrung"},{"link_name":"Gulidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulidjan"},{"link_name":"Gunnai/Kurnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunai_people"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"Jardwadjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardwadjali"},{"link_name":"Jari Jari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarijari"},{"link_name":"Jupagalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupagalk"},{"link_name":"Krauatungalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauatungalang"},{"link_name":"Koori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koori"},{"link_name":"Kulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_people"},{"link_name":"Kurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurung_people"},{"link_name":"Kwatkwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwatkwat"},{"link_name":"Ladji Ladji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latji_Latji"},{"link_name":"Mardidjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardidjali"},{"link_name":"Minyambuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyambuta"},{"link_name":"Ngooraialum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngooraialum"},{"link_name":"Ngurelban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurelban_people"},{"link_name":"Pallanganmiddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_people"},{"link_name":"Pangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangerang"},{"link_name":"Tatungalung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatungalung_people"},{"link_name":"Taungurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungurung"},{"link_name":"Wadawurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadawurrung"},{"link_name":"Warkawarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkawarka"},{"link_name":"Wemba Wemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemba_Wemba"},{"link_name":"Wergaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergaia"},{"link_name":"Woiwurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woiwurrung"},{"link_name":"Wotjobaluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotjobaluk_people"},{"link_name":"Wurundjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurundjeri"},{"link_name":"Yalukit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalukit"},{"link_name":"Yorta Yorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorta_Yorta"},{"link_name":"Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Aboriginal_communities_in_Victoria_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coranderrk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranderrk"},{"link_name":"Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_Maar_Indigenous_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Mission"},{"link_name":"Framlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framlingham,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lake Boga mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Boga_mission"},{"link_name":"Registered Aboriginal Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Aboriginal_Party"},{"link_name":"Land councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_council"},{"link_name":"Barengi Gadjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barengi_Gadjin_Land_Council_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bunurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunurong_Land_Council_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wathaurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wathaurung_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wurundjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurundjeri_Woi_Wurrung_Cultural_Heritage_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_sites_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bend Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_Road_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Box Gulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Gully_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Carisbrook stone arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrook_stone_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern-Mt_Pilot_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cloggs Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloggs_Cave"},{"link_name":"Grampians National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Keilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilor_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Kow Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kow_Swamp_Archaeological_Site"},{"link_name":"Lake Bolac stone arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bolac_stone_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Mount William stone axe quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_William_stone_axe_quarry"},{"link_name":"New Guinea II cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_II_cave"},{"link_name":"Sunbury earth rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_earth_rings"},{"link_name":"Tarragal Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragal_Caves"},{"link_name":"Wurdi Youang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdi_Youang"},{"link_name":"Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Aboriginal_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"Victoria Archaeological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Archaeological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Heritage Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Minister for Aboriginal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Aboriginal_Affairs_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869"},{"link_name":"Half-Caste Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Caste_Act"},{"link_name":"Laws concerning Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Yorta_Yorta_Aboriginal_Community_v_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotjobaluk,_Jaadwa,_Jadawadjali,_Wergaia_and_Jupagulk_Peoples_v_Victoria"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Batman's Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%27s_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yering"},{"link_name":"Blood Hole massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Hole_massacre"},{"link_name":"Campaspe Plains massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaspe_Plains_massacre"},{"link_name":"Convincing Ground massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convincing_Ground_massacre"},{"link_name":"Coranderrk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranderrk"},{"link_name":"Gippsland massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_massacres"},{"link_name":"Mudgegonga rock shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgegonga_rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Munangabum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munangabum"},{"link_name":"Murdering Gully massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdering_Gully_massacre"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Clark, Ian D (2009). \"Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction\". Aboriginal History. 33. Australian National University: 201–229. JSTOR 24046829.\nHowitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974a). \"Jaitmathang (VIC)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974b). \"Duduroa (VIC)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.vteAboriginal VictoriansPeoples\nBarababaraba\nBidawal\nBrabiralung\nBraiakaulung\nBrataualung\nBungandidj\nBoonwurrung\nDadi Dadi\nDhudhuroa\nDjab Wurrung\nDja Dja Wurrung\nDjargurd Wurrung\nDjilamatang\nGadubanud\nGirai wurrung\nGulidjan\nGunnai/Kurnai\nGunditjmara\nJardwadjali\nJari Jari\nJupagalk\nKrauatungalang\nKoori\nKulin\nKurung\nKwatkwat\nLadji Ladji\nMardidjali\nMinyambuta\nNgooraialum\nNgurelban\nPallanganmiddang\nPangerang\nTatungalung\nTaungurung\nWadawurrung\nWarkawarka\nWemba Wemba\nWergaia\nWoiwurrung\nWotjobaluk\nWurundjeri\nYalukit\nYorta Yorta\nCommunities\nCoranderrk\nDeen Maar Indigenous Protected Area\nEbenezer Mission\nFramlingham\nLake Boga mission\nRegistered Aboriginal Parties / Land councils\nBarengi Gadjin\nBunurong\nWathaurung\nWurundjeri\nSites\nBend Road\nBox Gulley\nCarisbrook stone arrangement\nChiltern-Mt Pilot National Park\nCloggs Cave\nGrampians National Park\nKeilor\nKow Swamp\nLake Bolac stone arrangement\nMount William stone axe quarry\nNew Guinea II cave\nSunbury earth rings\nTarragal Caves\nWurdi Youang\nSee also\nVictorian Aboriginal Heritage Register\nVictoria Archaeological Survey\nState organisations\nHeritage Victoria\nMinister for Aboriginal Affairs\nLegislation\nAboriginal Heritage Act 2006\nAboriginal Protection Act 1869\nHalf-Caste Act\nLaws concerning Indigenous Australians\nCases:\nMembers of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria\nWotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria\nHistory\nBatman's Treaty\nBattle of Yering\nBlood Hole massacre\nCampaspe Plains massacre\nConvincing Ground massacre\nCoranderrk\nGippsland massacres\nMudgegonga rock shelter\nMunangabum\nMurdering Gully massacre\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Clark, Ian D (2009). \"Dhudhuroa and Yaithmathang languages and social groups in north-east Victoria – a reconstruction\". Aboriginal History. 33. Australian National University: 201–229. JSTOR 24046829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_D._Clark_(historian)","url_text":"Clark, Ian D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_History","url_text":"Aboriginal History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24046829","url_text":"24046829"}]},{"reference":"Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt","url_text":"Howitt, Alfred William"},{"url":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf","url_text":"The native tribes of south-east Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974a). \"Jaitmathang (VIC)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jaitmathang.htm","url_text":"\"Jaitmathang (VIC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University_Press","url_text":"Australian National University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974b). \"Duduroa (VIC)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/duduroa.htm","url_text":"\"Duduroa (VIC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University_Press","url_text":"Australian National University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24046829","external_links_name":"24046829"},{"Link":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf","external_links_name":"The native tribes of south-east Australia"},{"Link":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jaitmathang.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jaitmathang (VIC)\""},{"Link":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/duduroa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Duduroa (VIC)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Schwarz | Hermann Schwarz | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 Publications","4 Notes","5 External links"] | German mathematician
For the philosopher, see Hermann Schwarz (philosopher). For the company founder, see Rohde & Schwarz.
Not to be confused with Laurent Schwartz.
Hermann SchwarzSchwarz c. 1890Born(1843-01-25)25 January 1843Hermsdorf, Silesia, PrussiaDied30 November 1921(1921-11-30) (aged 78)Berlin, GermanyNationalityPrussianAlma materGewerbeinstitutKnown forCauchy–Schwarz inequalityScientific careerFieldsMathematicianInstitutionsUniversity of HalleSwiss Federal PolytechnicGöttingen UniversityDoctoral advisorKarl WeierstrassErnst KummerDoctoral studentsLipót FejérHarris HancockGerhard HessenbergPaul KoebeLeon LichtensteinHeinrich MaschkeRobert RemakRudolf RotheTheodor VahlenErnst Zermelo
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (German: ; 25 January 1843 – 30 November 1921) was a German mathematician, known for his work in complex analysis.
Life
Schwarz was born in Hermsdorf, Silesia (now Sobieszów, Poland). In 1868 he married Marie Kummer, who was the daughter to the mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer and Ottilie née Mendelssohn (a daughter of Nathan Mendelssohn's and granddaughter of Moses Mendelssohn). Schwarz and Kummer had six children, including his daughter Emily Schwarz.
Schwarz originally studied chemistry in Berlin but Ernst Eduard Kummer and Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass persuaded him to change to mathematics. He received his Ph.D. from the Universität Berlin in 1864 and was advised by Kummer and Weierstrass. Between 1867 and 1869 he worked at the University of Halle, then at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic. From 1875 he worked at Göttingen University, dealing with the subjects of complex analysis, differential geometry and the calculus of variations. He died in Berlin.
Work
Schwarz's works include Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche, which was crowned by the Berlin Academy in 1867 and printed in 1871, and Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen (1890).
Among other things, Schwarz improved the proof of the Riemann mapping theorem, developed a special case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, and gave a proof that the ball has less surface area than any other body of equal volume. His work on the latter allowed Émile Picard to show solutions of differential equations exist (the Picard–Lindelöf theorem).
In 1892 he became a member of the Berlin Academy of Science and a professor at the University of Berlin, where his students included Lipót Fejér, Paul Koebe and Ernst Zermelo. In total, he advised at least 22 Ph. D students. In 1914 Schwarz's friends and former students published a volume with 34 articles in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his doctoral dissertation.
His name is attached to many ideas in mathematics, including the following:
Abstract additive Schwarz method
Additive Schwarz method
Schwarz alternating method
Schwarzian derivative
Schwarz function
Schwarz lantern
Schwarz lemma
Schwarz's list
Schwarz minimal surface
Schwarz theorem (also known as Clairaut's theorem)
Schwarz integral formula
Schwarz–Christoffel mapping
Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem
Schwarz reflection principle
Schwarz triangle
Schwarz triangle function
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
Theorem of Pohlke and Schwarz
Publications
Schwarz, H. A. (1871), Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche, Dümmler
Schwarz, H. A. (1972) , Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen. Band I, II, Bronx, N.Y.: AMS Chelsea Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8284-0260-6, MR 0392470
Notes
^ Carathéodory, C (1921). "Hermann Amandus Schwarz". Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch. III (6): 236–238. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..494M. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010615. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ a b c Agarwal, Ravi; Sen, Syamal (11 November 2014). Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. Springer. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9783319108704.
^ a b O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Schwarz biography". www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. The MacTutor History of Mathematics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
^ a b "The Mathematics Genealogy Project – Hermann Schwarz". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
^ a b Chang, Sooyoung (1 January 2011). Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians. World Scientific. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9789814282291.
^ Bottazzini, Umberto (30 April 2003). "Algebraic truths vs geometric fantasies: Weierstrass' Response to Riemann". arXiv:math/0305022.
^ Schwarz, Hermann Amandus (1884). "Proof of the theorem that the ball has less surface area than any other body of the same volume". News of the Royal Society of Sciences and the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. 1884: 1–13.
^ Gronwall, T. H. (1916). "Book Review: Mathematische Abhandlungen, Hermann Amandus Schwarz zu seinem fünfzigjährigen Doktorjubiläum am 6. August 1914 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 22 (8): 406–408. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1916-02811-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hermann Schwarz.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hermann Schwarz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Hermann Schwarz at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Rohde & Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Laurent Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[ˈhɛʁman ˈʃvaʁts]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"complex analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis"}],"text":"For the philosopher, see Hermann Schwarz (philosopher). For the company founder, see Rohde & Schwarz.Not to be confused with Laurent Schwartz.Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (German: [ˈhɛʁman ˈʃvaʁts]; 25 January 1843 – 30 November 1921) was a German mathematician, known for his work in complex analysis.","title":"Hermann Schwarz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobiesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Sobieszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobiesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Eduard Kummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Eduard_Kummer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Moses Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"University of Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Halle"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Göttingen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"complex analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis"},{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"calculus of variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_variations"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"}],"text":"Schwarz was born in Hermsdorf, Silesia (now Sobieszów, Poland). In 1868 he married Marie Kummer,[1] who was the daughter to the mathematician Ernst Eduard Kummer[2] and Ottilie née Mendelssohn (a daughter of Nathan Mendelssohn's and granddaughter of Moses Mendelssohn). Schwarz and Kummer had six children, including his daughter Emily Schwarz.[2]Schwarz originally studied chemistry in Berlin but Ernst Eduard Kummer and Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass persuaded him to change to mathematics.[3] He received his Ph.D. from the Universität Berlin in 1864 and was advised by Kummer and Weierstrass.[4] Between 1867 and 1869 he worked at the University of Halle, then at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic.[5] From 1875 he worked at Göttingen University,[5] dealing with the subjects of complex analysis, differential geometry and the calculus of variations. He died in Berlin.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann mapping theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_mapping_theorem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Schwarz inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Schwarz_inequality"},{"link_name":"has less surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoperimetric_inequality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Émile Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard"},{"link_name":"Picard–Lindelöf theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Lindel%C3%B6f_theorem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lipót Fejér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C3%B3t_Fej%C3%A9r"},{"link_name":"Paul Koebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Koebe"},{"link_name":"Ernst Zermelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Abstract additive Schwarz method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_additive_Schwarz_method"},{"link_name":"Additive Schwarz method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_Schwarz_method"},{"link_name":"Schwarz alternating method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_alternating_method"},{"link_name":"Schwarzian derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzian_derivative"},{"link_name":"Schwarz function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_function"},{"link_name":"Schwarz lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_lantern"},{"link_name":"Schwarz lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_lemma"},{"link_name":"Schwarz's list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%27s_list"},{"link_name":"Schwarz minimal surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_minimal_surface"},{"link_name":"Schwarz theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_theorem"},{"link_name":"Schwarz integral formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_integral_formula"},{"link_name":"Schwarz–Christoffel mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Christoffel_mapping"},{"link_name":"Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Ahlfors%E2%80%93Pick_theorem"},{"link_name":"Schwarz reflection principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_reflection_principle"},{"link_name":"Schwarz triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_triangle"},{"link_name":"Schwarz triangle function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_triangle_function"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Schwarz inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Schwarz_inequality"},{"link_name":"Theorem of Pohlke and Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlke%27s_theorem"}],"text":"Schwarz's works include Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche, which was crowned by the Berlin Academy in 1867 and printed in 1871, and Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen (1890).Among other things, Schwarz improved the proof of the Riemann mapping theorem,[6] developed a special case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, and gave a proof that the ball has less surface area than any other body of equal volume.[7] His work on the latter allowed Émile Picard to show solutions of differential equations exist (the Picard–Lindelöf theorem).[3]In 1892 he became a member of the Berlin Academy of Science and a professor at the University of Berlin, where his students included Lipót Fejér, Paul Koebe and Ernst Zermelo. In total, he advised at least 22 Ph. D students.[4] In 1914 Schwarz's friends and former students published a volume with 34 articles in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his doctoral dissertation.[8]His name is attached to many ideas in mathematics,[2] including the following:Abstract additive Schwarz method\nAdditive Schwarz method\nSchwarz alternating method\n\nSchwarzian derivative\nSchwarz function\nSchwarz lantern\nSchwarz lemma\nSchwarz's list\nSchwarz minimal surface\nSchwarz theorem (also known as Clairaut's theorem)\nSchwarz integral formula\nSchwarz–Christoffel mapping\nSchwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem\nSchwarz reflection principle\nSchwarz triangle\nSchwarz triangle function\nCauchy–Schwarz inequality\nTheorem of Pohlke and Schwarz","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7HEXcgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen. 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H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hakon_Gr%C3%B6nwall"},{"link_name":"\"Book Review: Mathematische Abhandlungen, Hermann Amandus Schwarz zu seinem fünfzigjährigen Doktorjubiläum am 6. August 1914 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1916-02811-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1916-02811-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1916-02811-4"}],"text":"^ Carathéodory, C (1921). \"Hermann Amandus Schwarz\". Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch. III (6): 236–238. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..494M. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010615. Retrieved 7 July 2021.\n\n^ a b c Agarwal, Ravi; Sen, Syamal (11 November 2014). Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. Springer. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9783319108704.\n\n^ a b O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. \"Schwarz biography\". www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. The MacTutor History of Mathematics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.\n\n^ a b \"The Mathematics Genealogy Project – Hermann Schwarz\". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016.\n\n^ a b Chang, Sooyoung (1 January 2011). Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians. World Scientific. pp. 77–78. ISBN 9789814282291.\n\n^ Bottazzini, Umberto (30 April 2003). \"Algebraic truths vs geometric fantasies: Weierstrass' Response to Riemann\". arXiv:math/0305022.\n\n^ Schwarz, Hermann Amandus (1884). \"Proof of the theorem that the ball has less surface area than any other body of the same volume\". News of the Royal Society of Sciences and the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. 1884: 1–13.\n\n^ Gronwall, T. H. (1916). \"Book Review: Mathematische Abhandlungen, Hermann Amandus Schwarz zu seinem fünfzigjährigen Doktorjubiläum am 6. August 1914 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 22 (8): 406–408. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1916-02811-4.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schwarz, H. A. (1871), Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche, Dümmler","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7HEXcgAACAAJ","url_text":"Bestimmung einer speziellen Minimalfläche"}]},{"reference":"Schwarz, H. A. (1972) [1890], Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen. Band I, II, Bronx, N.Y.: AMS Chelsea Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8284-0260-6, MR 0392470","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gesammeltemathem01schwuoft","url_text":"Gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen. 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Retrieved 22 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=7487","url_text":"\"The Mathematics Genealogy Project – Hermann Schwarz\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Sooyoung (1 January 2011). Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians. World Scientific. pp. 77–78. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_soil_mapping | Digital soil mapping | ["1 Ambiguities","2 Scorpan","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Digital soil mapping (DSM) in soil science, also referred to as predictive soil mapping or pedometric mapping, is the computer-assisted production of digital maps of soil types and soil properties. Soil mapping, in general, involves the creation and population of spatial soil information by the use of field and laboratory observational methods coupled with spatial and non-spatial soil inference systems.
The international Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping (WG-DSM) defines digital soil mapping as "the creation and the population of a geographically referenced soil databases generated at a given resolution by using field and laboratory observation methods coupled with environmental data through quantitative relationships."
Ambiguities
DSM can rely upon, but is considered to be distinct from traditional soil mapping, which involves manual delineation of soil boundaries by field soil scientists. Non-digital soil maps produced as result of manual delineation of soil mapping units may also be digitized or surveyors may draw boundaries using field computers, hence both traditional, knowledge-based and technology and data-driven soil mapping frameworks are in essence digital. Unlike traditional soil mapping, digital soil mapping is, however, considered to make an extensive use of:
technological advances, including GPS receivers, field scanners, and remote sensing, and
computational advances, including geostatistical interpolation and inference algorithms, GIS, digital elevation model, and data mining
In digital soil mapping, semi-automated techniques and technologies are used to acquire, process and visualize information on soils and auxiliary information, so that the result can be obtained at cheaper costs. Products of the data-driven or statistical soil mapping are commonly assessed for the accuracy and uncertainty and can be more easily updated when new information comes available.
Digital soil mapping tries to overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional soil maps that are often only focused on delineating soil-classes i.e. soil types. Such traditional soil maps:
do not provide information for modeling the dynamics of soil conditions and
are inflexible to quantitative studies on the functionality of soils.
An example of successful digital soil mapping application is the physical properties (soil texture, bulk density) developed in the European Union with around 20,000 topsoil samples of LUCAS database.
Scorpan
Scorpan is a mnemonic for an empirical quantitative descriptions of relationships between soil and environmental factors with a view to using these as soil spatial prediction functions for the purpose of Digital soil mapping. It is an adaptation of Hans Jenny's five factors not for explanation of soil formation, but for empirical descriptions of relationships between soil and other spatially referenced factors.
S = f(s,c,o,r,p,a,n), where
S = soil classes or attributes (to be modeled)
f = function
s = soil, other or previously measured properties of the soil at a point
c = climate, climatic properties of the environment at a point
o = organisms, including land cover and natural vegetation or fauna or human activity
r = relief, topography, landscape attributes
p = parent material, lithology
a = age, the time factor
n = spatial or geographic position
See also
Pedometric mapping – Statistical method for studying soil
SSURGO – Soil Survey Geographic database
References
^ Scull, P.; J. Franklin; O.A. Chadwick; D. McArthur (June 2003). "Predictive soil mapping - a review". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 171–197. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.137.3441. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp366ra. S2CID 787741.
^ Lagacherie, P.; McBratney, A. B.; Voltz, M., eds. (2006). Digital soil mapping: an introductory perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 600. ISBN 978-0-444-52958-9. Archived from the original on 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ Dobos, E.; Carré, F.; Hengl, T.; Reuter, H.I.; Tóth, G., eds. (2006). Digital Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps (PDF). Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 68. EUR 22123 EN
^ Boettinger, J.L.; Howell, D.W.; Moore, A.C.; Hartemink, A.E.; Kienast-Brown, S., eds. (2010). Digital Soil Mapping: Bridging Research, Environmental Application, and Operation. Springer. p. 473. ISBN 978-90-481-8862-8.
^ a b Hengl, Tom; Mendes de Jesus, Jorge; McMillan, R.A.; Batjes, Niels H.; Heuvelink, G.B.M.; Ribeiro, Eloi C.; Samuel-Rosa, Allesandro; Kempen, Bas; Leenaars, J.G.B.; Walsh, M.G.; Ruiperez Gonzalez, Maria G. (2014). "SoilGrids1km — global soil information based on automated mapping". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105992. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5992H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105992. PMC 4149475. PMID 25171179.
^ a b c McBratney, A.B.; M.L. Mendonça Santos; B. Minasny (1 November 2003). "On digital soil mapping". Geoderma. 117 (1–2): 3–52. Bibcode:2003Geode.117....3M. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00223-4.
^ Ballabio, Cristiano; Panagos, Panos; Monatanarella, Luca (2016). "Mapping topsoil physical properties at European scale using the LUCAS database". Geoderma. 261: 110–123. Bibcode:2016Geode.261..110B. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.006.
^ Orgiazzi, A.; Ballabio, C.; Panagos, P.; Jones, A.; Fernández-Ugalde, O. (2018). "LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review". European Journal of Soil Science. 69: 140–153. doi:10.1111/ejss.12499. ISSN 1365-2389.
External links
Working group on Digital Soil Mapping
Pedometrics Commission of the International Union of Soil Sciences
NRCS Web Soil Survey Inventory of the soil resource across the U.S.
GlobalSoilMap.net Project Archived 2020-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
vteSoil science
History
Index
Main fields
Pedology
Edaphology
Soil biology
Soil microbiology
Soil zoology
Soil ecology
Soil physics
Soil mechanics
Soil chemistry
Environmental soil science
Agricultural soil science
Soil topics
Soil
Pedosphere
Soil morphology
Pedodiversity
Soil formation
Soil erosion
Soil contamination
Soil retrogression and degradation
Soil compaction
Soil compaction (agriculture)
Soil sealing
Soil salinity
Alkali soil
Soil pH
Soil acidification
Soil health
Soil life
Soil biodiversity
Soil quality
Soil value
Soil fertility
Soil resilience
Soil color
Soil texture
Soil structure
Pore space in soil
Pore water pressure
Soil crust
Soil horizon
Soil biomantle
Soil carbon
Soil gas
Soil respiration
Soil organic matter
Soil moisture
Soil water (retention)
Soil typevteSoil classificationWorld Reference Base for Soil Resources (1998–)
Acrisols
Alisols
Andosols
Anthrosols
Arenosols
Calcisols
Cambisols
Chernozem
Cryosols
Durisols
Ferralsols
Fluvisols
Gleysols
Gypsisols
Histosol
Kastanozems
Leptosols
Lixisols
Luvisols
Nitisols
Phaeozems
Planosols
Plinthosols
Podzols
Regosols
Retisols
Solonchaks
Solonetz
Stagnosol
Technosols
Umbrisols
Vertisols
USDA soil taxonomy
Alfisols
Andisols
Aridisols
Entisols
Gelisols
Histosols
Inceptisols
Mollisols
Oxisols
Spodosols
Ultisols
Vertisols
Other systems
FAO soil classification (1974–1998)
Unified Soil Classification System
AASHTO Soil Classification System
Référentiel pédologique (French classification system)
Canadian system of soil classification
Australian Soil Classification
Polish Soil Classification
1938 USDA soil taxonomy
List of U.S. state soils
List of vineyard soil types
Non-systematic soil types
Sand
Silt
Clay
Loam
Topsoil
Subsoil
Soil crust
Claypan
Hardpan
Gypcrust
Caliche
Parent material
Pedosphere
Laimosphere
Rhizosphere
Bulk soil
Alkali soil
Bay mud
Blue goo
Brickearth
Brown earth
Calcareous grassland
Dark earth
Dry quicksand
Duplex soil
Eluvium
Expansive clay
Fill dirt
Fuller's earth
Hydrophobic soil
Loess
Lunar soil
Martian soil
Mud
Muskeg
Paleosol
Peat
Prime farmland
Serpentine soil
Spodic soil
Stagnogley
Subaqueous soil
Takir
Terra preta
Terra rossa
Tropical peat
Yedoma
Types of soilApplications
Soil conservation
Soil management
Soil guideline value
Soil survey
Soil test
Soil governance
Soil value
Soil salinity control
Erosion control
Agroecology
Liming (soil)
Related fields
Geology
Geochemistry
Petrology
Geomorphology
Geotechnical engineering
Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Biogeography
Earth materials
Archaeology
Agricultural science
Agrology
Societies, Initiatives
Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
Canadian Society of Soil Science
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (India)
German Soil Science Society
Indian Institute of Soil Science
International Union of Soil Sciences
International Year of Soil
National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists (US)
OPAL Soil Centre (UK)
Soil Science Society of Poland
Soil and Water Conservation Society (US)
Soil Science Society of America
World Congress of Soil Science
Scientific journals
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
Plant and Soil
Pochvovedenie
Soil Research
Soil Science Society of America Journal
See also
Land use
Land conversion
Land management
Vegetation
Infiltration (hydrology)
Groundwater
Crust (geology)
Impervious surface/Surface runoff
Petrichor
Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil
Category soil
Category soil science
List of soil scientists | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagacherie2004DSM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boettinger2010DSM-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenglPLOSone2014-5"}],"text":"The international Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping (WG-DSM) defines digital soil mapping as \"the creation and the population of a geographically referenced soil databases generated at a given resolution by using field and laboratory observation methods coupled with environmental data through quantitative relationships.\"[2][3][4][5]","title":"Digital soil mapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mapping"},{"link_name":"soil maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_map"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"remote sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing"},{"link_name":"GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"digital elevation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"},{"link_name":"data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBratney2003Geoderma-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBratney2003Geoderma-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenglPLOSone2014-5"},{"link_name":"soil maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_map"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"topsoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"DSM can rely upon, but is considered to be distinct from traditional soil mapping, which involves manual delineation of soil boundaries by field soil scientists. Non-digital soil maps produced as result of manual delineation of soil mapping units may also be digitized or surveyors may draw boundaries using field computers, hence both traditional, knowledge-based and technology and data-driven soil mapping frameworks are in essence digital. Unlike traditional soil mapping, digital soil mapping is, however, considered to make an extensive use of:technological advances, including GPS receivers, field scanners, and remote sensing, and\ncomputational advances, including geostatistical interpolation and inference algorithms, GIS, digital elevation model, and data mining[6]In digital soil mapping, semi-automated techniques and technologies are used to acquire, process and visualize information on soils and auxiliary information, so that the result can be obtained at cheaper costs. Products of the data-driven or statistical soil mapping are commonly assessed for the accuracy and uncertainty and can be more easily updated when new information comes available.[6]Digital soil mapping tries to overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional soil maps that are often only focused on delineating soil-classes i.e. soil types.[5] Such traditional soil maps:do not provide information for modeling the dynamics of soil conditions and\nare inflexible to quantitative studies on the functionality of soils.An example of successful digital soil mapping application is the physical properties[7] (soil texture, bulk density) developed in the European Union with around 20,000 topsoil samples of LUCAS database.[8]","title":"Ambiguities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mnemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"},{"link_name":"Hans Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jenny_(pedologist)"},{"link_name":"soil formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_formation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBratney2003Geoderma-6"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_relief"},{"link_name":"parent material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_material"},{"link_name":"lithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"spatial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic"}],"text":"Scorpan is a mnemonic for an empirical quantitative descriptions of relationships between soil and environmental factors with a view to using these as soil spatial prediction functions for the purpose of Digital soil mapping. It is an adaptation of Hans Jenny's five factors not for explanation of soil formation, but for empirical descriptions of relationships between soil and other spatially referenced factors.[6]S = f(s,c,o,r,p,a,n), whereS = soil classes or attributes (to be modeled)\nf = function\ns = soil, other or previously measured properties of the soil at a point\nc = climate, climatic properties of the environment at a point\no = organisms, including land cover and natural vegetation or fauna or human activity\nr = relief, topography, landscape attributes\np = parent material, lithology\na = age, the time factor\nn = spatial or geographic position","title":"Scorpan"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pedometric mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedometric_mapping"},{"title":"SSURGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSURGO"}] | [{"reference":"Scull, P.; J. Franklin; O.A. Chadwick; D. McArthur (June 2003). \"Predictive soil mapping - a review\". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 171–197. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.137.3441. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp366ra. S2CID 787741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.3441","url_text":"10.1.1.137.3441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0309133303pp366ra","url_text":"10.1191/0309133303pp366ra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:787741","url_text":"787741"}]},{"reference":"Lagacherie, P.; McBratney, A. B.; Voltz, M., eds. (2006). Digital soil mapping: an introductory perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 600. ISBN 978-0-444-52958-9. Archived from the original on 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116002842/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709809/description#description","url_text":"Digital soil mapping: an introductory perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52958-9","url_text":"978-0-444-52958-9"},{"url":"http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709809/description#description","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dobos, E.; Carré, F.; Hengl, T.; Reuter, H.I.; Tóth, G., eds. (2006). Digital Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps (PDF). Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 68. EUR 22123 EN","urls":[{"url":"http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/eusoils_docs/other/EUR22123.pdf","url_text":"Digital Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps"}]},{"reference":"Boettinger, J.L.; Howell, D.W.; Moore, A.C.; Hartemink, A.E.; Kienast-Brown, S., eds. (2010). Digital Soil Mapping: Bridging Research, Environmental Application, and Operation. Springer. p. 473. ISBN 978-90-481-8862-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/series/8746","url_text":"Digital Soil Mapping: Bridging Research, Environmental Application, and Operation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8862-8","url_text":"978-90-481-8862-8"}]},{"reference":"Hengl, Tom; Mendes de Jesus, Jorge; McMillan, R.A.; Batjes, Niels H.; Heuvelink, G.B.M.; Ribeiro, Eloi C.; Samuel-Rosa, Allesandro; Kempen, Bas; Leenaars, J.G.B.; Walsh, M.G.; Ruiperez Gonzalez, Maria G. (2014). \"SoilGrids1km — global soil information based on automated mapping\". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105992. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5992H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105992. PMC 4149475. PMID 25171179.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149475","url_text":"\"SoilGrids1km — global soil information based on automated mapping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j5992H","url_text":"2014PLoSO...9j5992H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105992","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0105992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149475","url_text":"4149475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25171179","url_text":"25171179"}]},{"reference":"McBratney, A.B.; M.L. Mendonça Santos; B. Minasny (1 November 2003). \"On digital soil mapping\". Geoderma. 117 (1–2): 3–52. Bibcode:2003Geode.117....3M. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00223-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geode.117....3M","url_text":"2003Geode.117....3M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7061%2803%2900223-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00223-4"}]},{"reference":"Ballabio, Cristiano; Panagos, Panos; Monatanarella, Luca (2016). \"Mapping topsoil physical properties at European scale using the LUCAS database\". Geoderma. 261: 110–123. Bibcode:2016Geode.261..110B. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.006.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2015.07.006","url_text":"\"Mapping topsoil physical properties at European scale using the LUCAS database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geode.261..110B","url_text":"2016Geode.261..110B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2015.07.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.006"}]},{"reference":"Orgiazzi, A.; Ballabio, C.; Panagos, P.; Jones, A.; Fernández-Ugalde, O. (2018). \"LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review\". European Journal of Soil Science. 69: 140–153. doi:10.1111/ejss.12499. ISSN 1365-2389.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejss.12499","url_text":"\"LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejss.12499","url_text":"10.1111/ejss.12499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2389","url_text":"1365-2389"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.3441","external_links_name":"10.1.1.137.3441"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0309133303pp366ra","external_links_name":"10.1191/0309133303pp366ra"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:787741","external_links_name":"787741"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116002842/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709809/description#description","external_links_name":"Digital soil mapping: an introductory perspective"},{"Link":"http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709809/description#description","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/eusoils_docs/other/EUR22123.pdf","external_links_name":"Digital Soil Mapping as a support to production of functional maps"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/series/8746","external_links_name":"Digital Soil Mapping: Bridging Research, Environmental Application, and Operation"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149475","external_links_name":"\"SoilGrids1km — global soil information based on automated mapping\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j5992H","external_links_name":"2014PLoSO...9j5992H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105992","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0105992"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149475","external_links_name":"4149475"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25171179","external_links_name":"25171179"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Geode.117....3M","external_links_name":"2003Geode.117....3M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7061%2803%2900223-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00223-4"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2015.07.006","external_links_name":"\"Mapping topsoil physical properties at European scale using the LUCAS database\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geode.261..110B","external_links_name":"2016Geode.261..110B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2015.07.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.006"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejss.12499","external_links_name":"\"LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejss.12499","external_links_name":"10.1111/ejss.12499"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2389","external_links_name":"1365-2389"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalsoilmapping.org/","external_links_name":"Working group on Digital Soil Mapping"},{"Link":"http://www.pedometrics.org/","external_links_name":"Pedometrics Commission of the International Union of Soil Sciences"},{"Link":"https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/","external_links_name":"NRCS Web Soil Survey"},{"Link":"http://globalsoilmap.net/","external_links_name":"GlobalSoilMap.net Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200224063330/http://globalsoilmap.net/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_At_Sea | Victory at Sea | ["1 History","2 Awards","3 Music","4 Home media","5 Episode list","6 Notes","7 External links"] | American documentary television series
This article is about the television series. For the naval wargame, see Victory at Sea (game). For the band, see Victory at Sea (band). For the memorial, see Victory at Sea Memorial.
Victory at SeaTitle screenGenreDocumentaryNarrated byLeonard GravesMusic byNBC Symphony OrchestraComposersRichard RodgersRobert Russell BennettCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes26 (list of episodes)ProductionProducerHenry SalomonRunning time30 minutesProduction companyNBC Television NetworkOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseOctober 26, 1952 (1952-10-26) –May 3, 1953 (1953-05-03)
Victory at Sea is a documentary television series about warfare in general during World War II, and naval warfare in particular, as well as the use of industry in warfare. It was broadcast by NBC in the United States during 1952–53. It was condensed into a film released in 1954. Excerpts from the music soundtrack, by Richard Rodgers and Robert Russell Bennett, were re-recorded for record albums. The original TV broadcasts comprised 26 half-hour segments—Sunday afternoons at 3:00 p.m. (EST) in most markets—starting on October 26, 1952 and ending on May 3, 1953. The series won an Emmy award in 1954 as "best public affairs program" and played an important part in establishing historic "compilation" documentaries as a television genre.
History
The project was conceived by Henry Salomon, who, while a U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander during World War II, was a research assistant to historian Samuel Eliot Morison. Morison was then writing the 15-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Salomon learned of the large amounts of film that the opposing navies had compiled. Salomon left the Navy in 1948 and eventually discussed his idea of a documentary series with one of his Phillips Academy and Harvard classmates, Robert Sarnoff, a rising executive at NBC television and the son of David Sarnoff, the chairman of RCA (then the owner of NBC). It was Robert Sarnoff who championed Salomon's proposal, won its approval and saw it through to completion.
NBC approved the project in 1951, with Salomon as producer and a budget of $500,000 (large for that era). His team, composed largely of newsreel veterans, searched naval archives around the world and received cooperation from the U.S. Navy, which recognized the publicity value. Salomon's team compiled 60,000,000 ft (11,000 mi) of film, which was edited to about 61,000 ft (11.6 mi) for broadcast.
After the first run, NBC syndicated it to local stations, where it proved successful financially through the mid-1960s. NBC also marketed the series overseas; by 1964, it had been broadcast in forty foreign markets. NBC created a feature-length (89-minute) motion picture condensation. The feature-length version was narrated by Alexander Scourby who replaced Leonard Graves, the narrator of the 26-part series. NBC made a distribution deal with United Artists and the film debuted in mid-1954. NBC also prepared another, 79-minute, condensation for broadcast and it debuted on 29 December 1960 in a 90-minute evening slot as part of NBC's Project Twenty ("Project XX") series, which itself was established in 1955 as an offshoot of original Victory at Sea production unit.
Awards
Victory at Sea won many honors, including:
a 1953 Emmy nomination for Best Public Affairs Program
a 1954 Emmy award for Best Public Affairs Program
a 1953 Peabody award.
the Freedoms Foundation's George Washington Medal.
Music
Salomon also signed Richard Rodgers, fresh off several successful Broadway musicals, to compose the musical score. Rodgers contributed 12 "themes"—short piano compositions a minute or two in length; these may be examined in the Rodgers Collection at the Library of Congress. Robert Russell Bennett did the orchestrating, transforming Rodgers's themes for a variety of moods, and composing much more original material than Rodgers, as may be observed in Bennett's holograph scores, archived with his papers at Northwestern University and microfilmed at the Library of Congress. Episode No. 18, for example, is entirely of Bennett's creation, and uses none of Rodgers's twelve themes. Bennett nonetheless received credit only for arranging the score and conducting NBC Symphony Orchestra members on the soundtrack recording sessions, and many writers still refer erroneously to "Rodgers's thirteen-hour score". In 1954, Rodgers recorded the VAS "Symphonic Scenario" medley (scored by Bennett) with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia Records, but it was Bennett who conducted the much more familiar RCA Victor recordings—the first (1953) with NBC Symphony Orchestra musicians who played for the soundtrack sessions, and later with members of the Symphony of the Air, an orchestra created in the autumn of 1954 from former NBC Symphony members, identified on the albums as the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra.
RCA has released and reissued the Rodgers-Bennett musical score several times on LP and CD. The listing below is based on the 1992 RCA remastered recordings titled Victory at Sea (13 tracks) and More Victory at Sea (11 tracks). Selections from More Victory at Sea are marked by an asterisk (*). Note that the More Victory at Sea album also includes "Special Effect Battle Sounds" as part of many of the tracks.
The movements and approximate timings in the RCA Victor Symphony performance are as follows:
The Song of the High Seas – 5:02
The Pacific Boils Over – 5:43
Fire on the Waters – 5:58
Guadalcanal March – 3:07
Pelelieu* – 3:37
Theme of the Fast Carriers – 6:44
Hard Work and Horseplay – 3:46
Mare Nostrum – 4:29
Beneath the Southern Cross – 4:04
Mediterranean Mosaic – 5:52
Allies on the March* – 5:15
D-Day – 5:55
The Sound of Victory* – 6:12
Victory at Sea – 6:14
Voyage Into Fate* – 6:20
Rings Around Rabaul* – 6:06
Full Fathom Five* – 7:08
The Turkey Shoot* – 5:18
Ships That Pass* – 4:53
Two If By Sea* – 6:27
The Turning Point* – 5:24
Symphonic Scenario* – 10:34
Danger Down Deep – 4:53
The Magnetic North – 5:45
The score was a favorite of U.S. President Richard Nixon, who was a Navy veteran himself, and part of it was played at his funeral. Additionally, Volume 1 of the score won "Best Engineering Contribution - Classical Recording" at the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1960. The category has since been renamed "Best Engineered Album, Classical."
Rodgers's "Beneath the Southern Cross" theme was given words by Oscar Hammerstein, titled "No Other Love", and put into their 1953 musical, Me and Juliet. The May 1953 recording by RCA Victor recording artist Perry Como became a "Number One" hit on the pop charts later that year.
Home media
Though the original series Victory at Sea is in the public domain because its copyright was never renewed, the copyright on the original musical score was renewed and thus only the music remains under copyright. Victory at Sea has been released on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, DVD and Blu-ray. These include both unofficial and official releases. Embassy Home Entertainment produced the VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc versions. Newer releases include a DVD set from The History Channel/New Video under license from NBC News. In 2010, Periscope Film released the program as a three-disc Blu-ray set. The Periscope Film release is in true 24p high definition and includes commentary tracks by film historian Peter C. Rollins. In 2012, Mill Creek Entertainment marketed the 26-episode series on two DVDs and a bonus disc running over 16 hours. The music soundtrack, originally released as an LP record, has been remastered and released on compact disc. The soundtrack has separate copyright limitations pertaining to the Rodgers and Hammerstein organization.
Episode list
Ep. #
Original air date
Title (with link to full video)
General topic(s)
Synopsis
1.
October 26, 1952
"Design for War"
Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1941
World War II begins with the Germans invading Poland and France. But German forces are restrained by the British thanks to the vital convoys, Canadian and American naval forces' initial involvement and the Lend-Lease program. Still, the German submarine war increases its crescendo thanks to new French bases.
2.
November 2, 1952
"The Pacific Boils Over"
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Using Japanese footage, viewers see the planning, execution and, ultimately, the celebration of the country's attack on Pearl Harbor. There also is an explanation provided for the attack and some peaceful moments depicted among the US sailors before the attack. Though damaged, the US Navy survives to fight again. (This episode was re-broadcast on 7 December 1952—the anniversary of the attack.)
3.
November 9, 1952
"Sealing the Breach"
Anti-submarine warfare, 1941–1943
With war now declared by the US, naval forces join to bring convoys of supplies across the Atlantic Ocean to the Allies in England. German U-Boats come through and manage to destroy some of ships along the way. Still, the Americans are resilient.
4.
November 23, 1952
"Midway Is East"
Japanese victories and the Battle of Midway
The Japanese are ascendant as they invade the East Indies, Singapore and the Philippines. But the Americans are victorious, first on the Coral Sea and ultimately on Midway as they manage to bomb and sink four of Japan's aircraft carriers—the same ones that were used for the attack on Pearl Harbor—making the imperial fleet retreat and giving the US an early victory in the Pacific.
5.
November 30, 1952
"Mediterranean Mosaic"
Gibraltar, Allied and enemy fleets, Malta
World War II comes to the Mediterranean Sea as Italian, French and British naval forces struggle. British forces have the unenviable position of guarding the sea as they escort convoys from Gibraltar to Malta. Still, they have their relaxing moments, especially the daily mealtimes: Morning cocoa, breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper. Meanwhile, the German Luftwaffe attacks Malta, but the Maltese remain determined to keep fighting. Their heroism is rewarded when King George VI pays a later visit to the island, reviving their spirits.
6.
December 14, 1952
"Guadalcanal"
Guadalcanal
After training in Australia and New Zealand, the US Marines land on Guadalcanal. The US Navy suffers defeats by the Japanese Navy around the island—in an area called Ironbottom Sound. Essential information is conveyed about how some deaths are caused not just by battle but also by malaria. The number of people dying on both sides is emphasized here as an example of endurance. Meanwhile, to the tune of Richard Rodgers' most famous march from the series, America's men and materiel are mobilized against the ultimate struggle that is World War II.
7.
December 21, 1952
"Rings Around Rabaul"
Struggle for the Solomon Islands
The Japanese Navy is ascendant in its conquests, of which its main base is on Rabaul in the New Britain Islands. This episode refers to the US strategy of surrounding and strangling the Japanese base in the autumn of 1943 through invasions of its surrounding islands (Bougainville, Rendova). Praise is given to the "Seabees", who made the airfields operational in a brief time, and to observation planes and radar, which helped the US Navy stop Japanese reinforcements and counterattacks.
8.
December 28, 1952
"Mare Nostrum"
Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1942
Mussolini calls the Mediterranean mare nostrum ("our sea") and seeks to exploit it. British and Greek military forces, however, defeat the Italians, forcing the Germans to send the Afrika Korps. But it is the sea battles to control the Mediterranean that is the crux. At issue is who controls the Suez Canal in Egypt. Eventually, the Allies triumph, and proceeded to destroy the Germans in the desert.
9.
January 4, 1953
"Sea and Sand"
Invasion of North Africa, 1942–1943
The USSR government demands a "second front" as their country struggles against the Germans. The wish is granted as Roosevelt and Churchill in Washington agree on the first invasion of North Africa against General Rommel's forces via Operation Torch, while the Allies also neutralize many of the Axis' Mediterranean supply bases. Eventually, the Germans counterattack, but to no avail.
10.
January 11, 1953
"Beneath the Southern Cross"
War in the south Atlantic
The South Atlantic becomes a front in the overall Battle of the Atlantic, from the pursuit of the German ship Graf Spee to the battle between HMS Devonshire and the German raider Atlantis. The Allies, meanwhile, nurture their relations with South America and gain a vital base in Ascension Island. Despite sympathy for the Nazis, South American nations rally to the Allies' cause, securing vital bases, forces and resources.
11.
January 18, 1953
"The Magnetic North"
War from Murmansk to Alaska
This episode of Victory at Sea explores the battles between the Allies and Germans near the Arctic Circle, and the convoys battling past German-occupied Norway to Russia. Meanwhile, the Japanese invade Alaska unsuccessfully, and the US Navy again is ordered to guard this vital area amidst the harsh climate and vast vistas.
12.
January 25, 1953
"The Conquest of Micronesia"
Carrier warfare and the Gilberts and Marshalls
The aircraft carriers of the US Navy attack in the Central Pacific Ocean at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, destroying Japanese installations. But for all of these, there is a price to pay for victory.
13.
February 1, 1953
"Melanesian Nightmare"
New Guinea campaign
The Allies are victorious in New Guinea as they repel the Japanese. They thus bring the fight through a series of "island-hopping" offensives using a new ship—the slow but vital LST. The price paid is great on both sides, but as Japanese casualties increase in their never-ending losing battle against the Allied onslaught, their homeland only hears news of their victory being broadcast by radio. Japan's people are shown suffering in defeat through a scene of a massive funeral, providing a balance of how universal grief truly is.
14.
February 8, 1953
"Roman Renaissance"
Sicily and the Italian campaign
While Hitler's Germany begins its decline, Mussolini's Italy falls. Eventually, as Naples and Rome are bombed, the Italians surrender. But there is still a slow campaign (Salerno, Cassino, Anzio) until victory is achieved by the liberation of Roma, where Romans celebrate freedom waving American flags, and the Pope addressing the audience.
15.
February 15, 1953
"D-Day"
Normandy
The Allied invasion of Normandy is detailed—from preparation to execution—via vintage footage from both sides.
16.
February 22, 1953
"Killers and the Killed"
Victory in the Atlantic, 1943–1945
The U-Boats are ascendant, and their triumphs proclaimed in Germany. But the Allies fight back with new bases in countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean, new anti-submarine techniques and the new escort, or "jeep", carrier. Thus, the eventual neutralization and destruction of the German U-Boat forces is guaranteed.
17.
March 1, 1953
"The Turkey Shoot"
Conquest of the Marianas
Guam, a US territory, is invaded by Japanese a few days after Pearl Harbor and remains occupied for two and a half years. The Japanese fleet is destroyed in a classic "turkey shoot". Meanwhile, the Americans are preparing the bases in the Marianas for the ultimate bomber offensive against Japan.
18.
March 8, 1953
"Two If by Sea"
Peleliu and Angaur
Before the Philippine Islands, the US first attacks Peleliu and Anguar.
19.
March 15, 1953
"Battle for Leyte Gulf"
Sea battle for Leyte Gulf
The Japanese fleet is disintegrating, and the Imperial Navy conducts its last major operation in the Philippines. It ends in debacle: The risen battleships of Pearl Harbor avenge the attack in Surigao Strait, the Center Force is defeated in Sibuyan Sea, the jeep carriers and destroyers fend off a stronger Japanese force near Samar and the remaining Japanese aircraft carriers are sunk. This segment marked the near inevitability that the Japanese would accept defeat and surrender to the Allies.
20.
March 22, 1953
"Return of the Allies"
Liberation of the Philippines
Just after the US entered World War II, the Japanese conquered and occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines, an American protectorate. But they still hope, and in January 1945, these were answered as much of the Philippines Islands were liberated and its people cheered the Americans. Their liberation became bloody as they fought their way in Manila, but still they cheered.
21.
March 29, 1953
"Full Fathom Five"
US submarines, 1941–1945
This episode show how US Navy submarines contributed to the Japanese empire's defeat, sinking thousands of tons of cargo ships.
22.
April 5, 1953
"The Fate of Europe"
Black Sea, south of France, surrender
Sevastopol was liberated and the Allies defeat Germany. The meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin for final plans for Germany's surrender and the forming of the United Nations are depicted. At the end, Hitler commits suicide, and Nazi flags are torn apart and German military uniforms and hats lie on the ground, discarded.
23.
April 12, 1953
"Target Suribachi"
Iwo Jima
The US fought two battles here—the US Marines at Iwo Jima against the Japanese, and the US Navy against a typhoon. During the now-legendary events depicted in this episode, the series reaches the final throes of battle in the Pacific war against the Japanese. And as the scene of the recent Mount Suribachi memorial appears, viewers are once again reminded of the price that comes before true victory can be achieved.
24.
April 19, 1953
"The Road to Mandalay"
China, Burma, India, and Indian Ocean
The Japanese invade China in 1937, but the Japanese are not satisfied and they invade Indochina and Thailand, enabling the invasion of Burma. The US and British navies nurture their relations with the Indian Navy as supplies are built for the return. Eventually, it was decided to build a road to link with the Burma Road. Eventually, they "came back to Mandalay", and the first supplies traveled the road to cheering Chinese.
25.
April 26, 1953
"Suicide for Glory"
Okinawa
In a last effort at glory, Japan employs suicide pilots—the Kamikaze—who crash their planes into ships in order to destroy the American spirit. But the US Navy and Marines are ready for them with their guns, and they fought heroically against the onslaught. And on Okinawa, Americans fight a major battle with the Japanese Army.
26.
May 3, 1953
"Design for Peace"
Surrender of Japan and aftermath of war
The atomic bomb is detonated, and its effects demonstrated at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders, signing the surrender documents aboard the USS Missouri. The US armed forces come home to signs saying, "Welcome Home" before they are greeted by mothers, wives, children and fellow neighbors.
Notes
^ a b c d e f
"Victory at Sea ", U.S. Library of Congress,
2005, webpage: LOC-VaS-23.
^ "Navy Plans to Present War History on Video" Chicago Tribune, 12 March 1951.
^ Emmy awards —Victory at Sea
^ IMDB award page for Victory at Sea
^ Peter C. Rollins, Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic, Gary R. Edgerton & Peter C. Rollins (eds.), Television Histories. Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age, Kentucky 2001, pp. 103–122
^ "The Richard Rodgers collection". Library of Congress.
^ Hawkins, Roy Benton (1989). The Life and Work of Robert Russell Bennett (Ph.D). Texas Tech University. p. 120. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ "Collection: Robert Russell Bennett papers | Archival and Manuscript Collections".
^ "United States Copyright Office".
Literature
Peter C. Rollins, "Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic"Gary R. Edgerton/Peter C Rollins (eds.), Television Histories. Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age, Kentucky 2001, pp. 103–122.
Robert Russell Bennett music manuscripts, 1911–1981. Deering Library, Northwestern University, Evanston IL. http://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/catalog/inu-ead-mus-archon-186
External links
Victory at Sea at IMDb
Victory at Sea at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television
Victory at Sea at Archive.org
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
2
3
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victory at Sea (game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_at_Sea_(game)"},{"link_name":"Victory at Sea (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_at_Sea_(band)"},{"link_name":"Victory at Sea Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_at_Sea_Memorial"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOC-1"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Robert Russell Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOC-1"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"}],"text":"This article is about the television series. For the naval wargame, see Victory at Sea (game). For the band, see Victory at Sea (band). For the memorial, see Victory at Sea Memorial.Victory at Sea is a documentary television series about warfare in general during World War II, and naval warfare in particular, as well as the use of industry in warfare.[1] It was broadcast by NBC in the United States during 1952–53. It was condensed into a film released in 1954. Excerpts from the music soundtrack, by Richard Rodgers and Robert Russell Bennett, were re-recorded for record albums. The original TV broadcasts comprised 26 half-hour segments—Sunday afternoons at 3:00 p.m. (EST) in most markets—starting on October 26, 1952 and ending on May 3, 1953.[1] The series won an Emmy award in 1954 as \"best public affairs program\" and played an important part in establishing historic \"compilation\" documentaries as a television genre.","title":"Victory at Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Eliot Morison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"History of United States Naval Operations in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Phillips Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Robert Sarnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarnoff"},{"link_name":"David Sarnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scourby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scourby"},{"link_name":"Leonard Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Graves"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"}],"text":"The project was conceived by Henry Salomon, who, while a U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander during World War II, was a research assistant to historian Samuel Eliot Morison.[2] Morison was then writing the 15-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Salomon learned of the large amounts of film that the opposing navies had compiled. Salomon left the Navy in 1948 and eventually discussed his idea of a documentary series with one of his Phillips Academy and Harvard classmates, Robert Sarnoff, a rising executive at NBC television and the son of David Sarnoff, the chairman of RCA (then the owner of NBC). It was Robert Sarnoff who championed Salomon's proposal, won its approval and saw it through to completion.NBC approved the project in 1951, with Salomon as producer and a budget of $500,000 (large for that era). His team, composed largely of newsreel veterans, searched naval archives around the world and received cooperation from the U.S. Navy, which recognized the publicity value. Salomon's team compiled 60,000,000 ft (11,000 mi) of film, which was edited to about 61,000 ft (11.6 mi) for broadcast.After the first run, NBC syndicated it to local stations, where it proved successful financially through the mid-1960s. NBC also marketed the series overseas; by 1964, it had been broadcast in forty foreign markets. NBC created a feature-length (89-minute) motion picture condensation. The feature-length version was narrated by Alexander Scourby who replaced Leonard Graves, the narrator of the 26-part series. NBC made a distribution deal with United Artists and the film debuted in mid-1954. NBC also prepared another, 79-minute, condensation for broadcast and it debuted on 29 December 1960 in a 90-minute evening slot as part of NBC's Project Twenty (\"Project XX\") series, which itself was established in 1955 as an offshoot of original Victory at Sea production unit.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peabody award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Freedoms Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedoms_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Victory at Sea won many honors, including:a 1953 Emmy nomination for Best Public Affairs Program\na 1954 Emmy award for Best Public Affairs Program[3]\na 1953 Peabody award.[4]\nthe Freedoms Foundation's George Washington Medal.[5]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Russell Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkins-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOC-1"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Symphony of the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_of_the_Air"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Beneath the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Other_Love_(1953_song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"2nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Engineered Album, Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album,_Classical"},{"link_name":"Beneath the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneath_the_Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"No Other Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Other_Love_(1953_song)"},{"link_name":"Me and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"}],"text":"Salomon also signed Richard Rodgers, fresh off several successful Broadway musicals, to compose the musical score. Rodgers contributed 12 \"themes\"—short piano compositions a minute or two in length; these may be examined in the Rodgers Collection at the Library of Congress.[6] Robert Russell Bennett did the orchestrating, transforming Rodgers's themes for a variety of moods, and composing much more original material than Rodgers,[7] as may be observed in Bennett's holograph scores, archived with his papers at Northwestern University and microfilmed at the Library of Congress.[8] Episode No. 18, for example, is entirely of Bennett's creation, and uses none of Rodgers's twelve themes. Bennett nonetheless received credit only for arranging the score and conducting NBC Symphony Orchestra members on the soundtrack recording sessions, and many writers still refer erroneously to \"Rodgers's thirteen-hour score\".[1] In 1954, Rodgers recorded the VAS \"Symphonic Scenario\" medley (scored by Bennett) with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia Records, but it was Bennett who conducted the much more familiar RCA Victor recordings—the first (1953) with NBC Symphony Orchestra musicians who played for the soundtrack sessions, and later with members of the Symphony of the Air, an orchestra created in the autumn of 1954 from former NBC Symphony members, identified on the albums as the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra.RCA has released and reissued the Rodgers-Bennett musical score several times on LP and CD. The listing below is based on the 1992 RCA remastered recordings titled Victory at Sea (13 tracks) and More Victory at Sea (11 tracks). Selections from More Victory at Sea are marked by an asterisk (*). Note that the More Victory at Sea album also includes \"Special Effect Battle Sounds\" as part of many of the tracks.The movements and approximate timings in the RCA Victor Symphony performance are as follows:The Song of the High Seas – 5:02\nThe Pacific Boils Over – 5:43\nFire on the Waters – 5:58\nGuadalcanal March – 3:07\nPelelieu* – 3:37\nTheme of the Fast Carriers – 6:44\nHard Work and Horseplay – 3:46\nMare Nostrum – 4:29\nBeneath the Southern Cross – 4:04\nMediterranean Mosaic – 5:52\nAllies on the March* – 5:15\nD-Day – 5:55\nThe Sound of Victory* – 6:12\nVictory at Sea – 6:14\nVoyage Into Fate* – 6:20\nRings Around Rabaul* – 6:06\nFull Fathom Five* – 7:08\nThe Turkey Shoot* – 5:18\nShips That Pass* – 4:53\nTwo If By Sea* – 6:27\nThe Turning Point* – 5:24\nSymphonic Scenario* – 10:34\nDanger Down Deep – 4:53\nThe Magnetic North – 5:45The score was a favorite of U.S. President Richard Nixon, who was a Navy veteran himself, and part of it was played at his funeral. Additionally, Volume 1 of the score won \"Best Engineering Contribution - Classical Recording\" at the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1960. The category has since been renamed \"Best Engineered Album, Classical.\"Rodgers's \"Beneath the Southern Cross\" theme was given words by Oscar Hammerstein, titled \"No Other Love\", and put into their 1953 musical, Me and Juliet. The May 1953 recording by RCA Victor recording artist Perry Como became a \"Number One\" hit on the pop charts later that year.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Embassy Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Pictures"},{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"The History Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"New Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Video"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"24p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24p"},{"link_name":"high definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_C._Rollins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOC-1"}],"text":"Though the original series Victory at Sea is in the public domain because its copyright was never renewed, the copyright on the original musical score was renewed and thus only the music remains under copyright.[9] Victory at Sea has been released on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, DVD and Blu-ray. These include both unofficial and official releases. Embassy Home Entertainment produced the VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc versions. Newer releases include a DVD set from The History Channel/New Video under license from NBC News. In 2010, Periscope Film released the program as a three-disc Blu-ray set. The Periscope Film release is in true 24p high definition and includes commentary tracks by film historian Peter C. Rollins. In 2012, Mill Creek Entertainment marketed the 26-episode series on two DVDs and a bonus disc running over 16 hours. The music soundtrack, originally released as an LP record, has been remastered and released on compact disc. The soundtrack has separate copyright limitations pertaining to the Rodgers and Hammerstein organization.[1]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LOC_1-5"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"LOC-VaS-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000023/default.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Emmy awards —Victory at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.emmys.com/shows/victory-sea"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"IMDB award page for Victory at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0046658/awards"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Rollins, Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1973.0603_463.x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Richard Rodgers collection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200033529/"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hawkins_7-0"},{"link_name":"The Life and Work of Robert Russell Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/handle/2346/19311"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Collection: Robert Russell Bennett papers | Archival and Manuscript Collections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/catalog/inu-ead-mus-archon-186#container_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"United States Copyright Office\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.copyright.gov/"},{"link_name":"http://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/catalog/inu-ead-mus-archon-186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/catalog/inu-ead-mus-archon-186"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f \n \"Victory at Sea [Song Collection]\", U.S. Library of Congress,\n 2005, webpage: LOC-VaS-23.\n\n^ \"Navy Plans to Present War History on Video\" Chicago Tribune, 12 March 1951.\n\n^ Emmy awards —Victory at Sea\n\n^ IMDB award page for Victory at Sea\n\n^ Peter C. Rollins, Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic, Gary R. Edgerton & Peter C. Rollins (eds.), Television Histories. Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age, Kentucky 2001, pp. 103–122\n\n^ \"The Richard Rodgers collection\". Library of Congress.\n\n^ Hawkins, Roy Benton (1989). The Life and Work of Robert Russell Bennett (Ph.D). Texas Tech University. p. 120. Retrieved 19 November 2015.\n\n^ \"Collection: Robert Russell Bennett papers | Archival and Manuscript Collections\".\n\n^ \"United States Copyright Office\".LiteraturePeter C. Rollins, \"Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic\"Gary R. Edgerton/Peter C Rollins (eds.), Television Histories. Shaping Collective Memory in the Media Age, Kentucky 2001, pp. 103–122.\nRobert Russell Bennett music manuscripts, 1911–1981. Deering Library, Northwestern University, Evanston IL. http://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/catalog/inu-ead-mus-archon-186","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Richard Rodgers collection\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction_theory | Auction theory | ["1 Introduction","2 History","3 Auction types","4 Auction process","5 Auction envelope theorem","5.1 Benchmark model","5.2 Win probability","5.3 The auction","6 Optimal auctions","6.1 Auctions from a buyer's perspective","6.2 Symmetric auctions with correlated value distributions","6.3 Auctions from the seller's perspective (revenue maximization)","7 Game-theoretic models","8 Asymmetric auctions","9 Revenue equivalence","10 Winner's curse","11 Optimal auctions","12 JEL classification","13 Applications to business strategy","14 Nobel Prize","15 Footnotes","16 Further reading","17 External links"] | Branch of applied economics regarding the behavior of bidders in auctions
Part of a series onAuctions
Types
All-pay
Chinese
Amsterdam
Anglo-Dutch
Barter double
Best/not best
Brazilian
Calcutta
Candle
Click-box bidding
Combinatorial
Common value
Deferred-acceptance
Discriminatory price
Double
Dutch
English
Forward
French
Generalized first-price
Generalized second-price
Japanese
Knapsack
Multi-attribute
Multiunit
No-reserve
Rank
Reverse
Scottish
Sealed first-price
Simultaneous ascending
Single-price
Traffic light
Uniform price
Unique bid
Value of revenues
Vickrey
Vickrey–Clarke–Groves
Walrasian
Yankee
Bidding
Shading
Calor licitantis
Cancellation hunt
Jump
Rigging
Sniping
Suicide
Tacit collusion
Contexts
Algorithms
Autos
Art
Charity
Children
Players
Domain names
Flowers
Loans
Scam
Slaves
Spectrum
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Virginity
Wine
Wives
Theory
Digital goods
Price of anarchy
Revenue equivalence
Winner's curse
Online
Ebidding
Private electronic market
Software
vte
Auction theory is an applied branch of economics which deals with how bidders act in auctions and researches how the features of auctions incentivise predictable outcomes. Auction theory is a tool used to inform the design of real-world auctions. Sellers use auction theory to raise higher revenues while allowing buyers to procure at a lower cost. The conference of the price between the buyer and seller is an economic equilibrium. Auction theorists design rules for auctions to address issues which can lead to market failure. The design of these rulesets encourages optimal bidding strategies among a variety of informational settings. The 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats.”
Introduction
Auctions facilitate transactions by enforcing a specific set of rules regarding the resource allocations of a group of bidders. Theorists consider auctions to be economic games that differ in two respects: format and information. The format defines the rules for the announcement of prices, the placement of bids, the updating of prices, when the auction closes, and the way a winner is picked. The way auctions differ with respect to information regards the asymmetries of information that exist between bidders. In most auctions, bidders have some private information that they choose to withhold from their competitors. For example, bidders usually know their personal valuation of the item, which is unknown to the other bidders and the seller; however, the behaviour of bidders can influence the personal valuation of other bidders.
History
One of the historical events related to auctions that has been reported is a custom in Babylonia, namely when men try to make an offer to women in order to marry them. The more familiar the auction system is, the more situations where auctions are conducted. There are auctions for various things, such as livestock, rare and unusual items, and financial assets.
Non-cooperative games have a long history beginning with Cournot's duopoly model. The 1994 Nobel Laureate for Economic Sciences, John Nash, proved a general existence theorem for non-cooperative games which move beyond simple zero-sum games. This theory was generalized by Vickrey (1961) to deal with the unobservable value of each buyer. By the early 1970s, auction theorists had begun defining equilibrium bidding conditions for single-object auctions under most realistic auction formats and information settings. Recent developments in auction theory consider how multiple-object auctions can be performed efficiently.
Auction types
Main article: Auction § Types
There are traditionally four types of auction that are used for the allocation of a single item:
First-price sealed-bid auction in which bidders place their bid in a sealed envelope and simultaneously hand them to the auctioneer. The envelopes are opened and the individual with the highest bid wins, paying the amount bid. This form of auction requires strategic considerations since bidders must not only consider their valuation but other bidders' valuations and what other bidders believe other bidders' valuations are. The first formal analysis of such an auction was by Vickrey . For the cases of two buyers and uniformly distributed values, he showed that the symmetric equilibrium strategy was to submit a bid equal to half of the buyer's value.
Second-price sealed-bid auctions (Vickrey auctions) which are the same as first-price sealed bid auctions except that the winner pays a price equal to the second-highest bid. The logic of this auction type is that the dominant strategy for all bidders is to bid their true valuation. William Vickrey was the first scholar to study second-price valuation auctions, but their use goes back in history with some evidence suggesting that Goethe sold his manuscripts to a publisher using the second-price auction format. Online auctions often use an equivalent version of Vickrey's second-price auction wherein bidders provide proxy bids for items. A proxy bid is an amount an individual values some item at. The online auction house will bid up the price of the item until the proxy bid for the winner is at the top. However, the individual only has to pay one increment higher than the second-highest price, despite their own proxy valuation.
Open ascending-bid auctions (English auctions) are the oldest and possibly most common type of auctions in which participants make increasingly higher bids, each stopping bidding when they are not prepared to pay more than the current highest bid. This continues until no participant is prepared to make a higher bid; the highest bidder wins the auction at the final amount bid. Sometimes the lot is sold only if the bidding reaches a reserve price set by the seller.
Open descending-bid auctions (Dutch auctions) in which the price is set by the auctioneer at a level sufficiently high to deter all bidders, and is progressively lowered until a bidder is prepared to buy at the current price, winning the auction.
Most auction theory revolves around these four "basic" auction types. However, others have also received some academic study (see Auction § Types). Developments in the world and technology have also influenced the current auction system. With the existence of the internet, online auctions have become an option for people who want to participate in auctions.
Online auctions are efficient platforms for establishing precise prices based on supply and demand. Furthermore, they can overcome geographic boundaries. Online auction sites are used for a variety of purposes, such as online "garage sales" to companies liquidating unwanted inventory. A significant difference between online auctions and traditional auctions is that bidders on the internet are unable to inspect the actual item, leading to perceived differences between imagined and real products.
Auction process
There are six basic activities that complement the auction-based trading process:
Initial buyer and seller registration: Authentication of trading parties, exchange of cryptography keys, and profile creation.
Setting up a particular auction event: Describing items sold or acquired and establishing auction rules. Auction rules define the type of auction, parameters, starting date, and closing rules.
Scheduling and advertising is done to attract potential buyers. Items of the same category should be auctioned together to attract potential buyers. Popular auctions can be combined with less popular auctions to persuade people to attend the less popular ones.
Bidding step: Bids are collected and bid control rules of the auction are implemeted.
Evaluation of bids and closing the auction: Winners and losers are declared.
Trade settlement: Handles payment to seller, transfer of goods, fees to agents.
Auction envelope theorem
The auction envelope theorem defines certain probabilities expected to arise in an auction.
Benchmark model
The benchmark model for auctions, as defined by McAfee and McMillan (1987) is as follows:
All of the bidders are risk-neutral.
Each bidder has a private valuation for the item (almost always) independently drawn from some probability distribution.
The bidders possess symmetric information.
The payment is represented as a function of only the bids.
Win probability
In an auction a buyer bidding
B
(
v
)
{\displaystyle B(v)}
wins if the opposing bidders have lower bids.
The map from values to bids is strictly increasing, The high value buyer therefore wins.
In statistics the probability of having the "first" value is written as
W
=
F
(
1
)
(
v
)
{\displaystyle W=F_{({\scriptstyle {\text{1}}})}(v)}
With independent values and N other bidders
W
=
F
(
v
)
N
{\displaystyle W=F(v)^{N}}
The auction
A buyer's payoff is
u
(
v
,
b
)
=
w
(
b
)
(
v
−
b
)
{\displaystyle u(v,b)=w(b)(v-b)}
Let
B
{\displaystyle B}
be the bid that maximizes the buyer's payoff.
Therefore
u
(
v
,
B
)
>
u
(
v
,
b
)
=
W
(
b
)
(
v
−
b
)
{\displaystyle u(v,B)>u(v,b)=W(b)(v-b)}
The equilibrium payoff is therefore
U
(
v
)
=
W
(
B
)
(
v
−
B
)
)
{\displaystyle U(v)=W(B)(v-B))}
Necessary condition for the maximum:
∂
u
/
∂
b
=
0
{\displaystyle \partial u/\partial b=0}
when
b
=
B
{\displaystyle b=B}
The final step is to take the total derivative of the equilibrium payoff
U
′
(
v
)
=
W
(
B
)
+
∂
u
/
∂
b
{\displaystyle U'(v)=W(B)+\partial u/\partial b}
The second term is zero. Therefore
U
′
(
v
)
=
W
{\displaystyle U'(v)=W}
Then
U
′
(
v
)
=
W
{\displaystyle U'(v)=W}
=
F
(
1
)
(
v
)
{\displaystyle =F_{({\scriptstyle {\text{1}}})}(v)}
Example uniform distribution with two buyers. For the uniform distribution the probability if having a higher value that one other buyer is
F
(
v
)
=
v
{\displaystyle F(v)=v}
.
Then
U
′
(
v
)
=
v
{\displaystyle U'(v)=v}
The equilibrium payoff is therefore
U
(
v
)
=
∫
0
v
x
d
x
=
(
1
/
2
)
v
2
{\displaystyle U(v)=\textstyle \int _{0}^{v}\displaystyle xdx=(1/2)v^{2}}
.
The win probability is
W
=
F
(
v
)
=
v
{\displaystyle W=F(v)=v}
.
U
(
v
)
=
W
(
B
)
(
v
−
B
)
)
{\displaystyle U(v)=W(B)(v-B))}
Then
(
1
/
2
)
v
2
=
v
(
v
−
B
(
v
)
)
{\displaystyle (1/2)v^{2}=v(v-B(v))}
.
Rearranging this expression,
B
(
v
)
=
(
1
/
2
)
v
{\displaystyle B(v)=(1/2)v}
With three buyers,
U
′
(
v
)
=
W
{\displaystyle U'(v)=W}
=
F
(
1
)
(
v
)
=
F
(
v
)
2
=
v
2
{\displaystyle =F_{({\scriptstyle {\text{1}}})}(v)=F(v)^{2}=v^{2}}
, then
B
(
v
)
=
(
2
/
3
)
v
{\displaystyle B(v)=(2/3)v}
With
N
+
1
{\displaystyle N+1}
buyers
B
(
v
)
=
(
N
/
(
N
+
1
)
)
v
{\displaystyle B(v)=(N/(N+1))v}
Lebrun (1996) provides a general proof that there are no asymmetric equilibria.
Optimal auctions
Auctions from a buyer's perspective
The revelation principle is a simple but powerful insight.
In 1979 Riley & Samuelson (1981) proved a general revenue equivalence theorem that applies to all buyers and hence to the seller. Their primary interest was finding out which auction rule would be better for the buyers. A rule might be, for example, that all buyers pay a nonrefundable bid. (Such auctions are conducted on-line.). The equivalence theorem shows that any allocation mechanism or auction that satisfies the four main assumptions of the benchmark model will lead to the same expected revenue for the seller. (Buyer i of with value v also has the same "payoff" or "buyer surplus" across all auctions.)
Symmetric auctions with correlated value distributions
The first model for a broad class of models was Milgrom and Weber's (1983) paper on auctions with affiliated values.
In a recent working paper general asymmetric auctions, Riley (2022) provided a characterization of equilibrium bids for all value distributions. Each buyer's value can be positively or negatively correlated.
The revelation principle as applied to auctions is that the marginal buyer payoff or "buyer surplus" is P(v), the probability of being the winner.
In every participant-efficient auction, the probability of winning is 1 for a high value buyer. The marginal payoff to a buyer is therefore the same in every such auction. The payoff must therefore be the same as well.
Auctions from the seller's perspective (revenue maximization)
Quite independently and soon after, Myerson (1981)) used the revelation principle to provide a general characterization of a revenue maximizing sealed high bid auction. In the "regular" case this is a participation-efficient auction. Setting a reserve price is therefore optimal for the seller. In the "irregular" case it has since been shown that the outcome can be implemented by prohibiting bids in certain subintervals.
Relaxing each of the four main assumptions of the benchmark model yields auction formats with unique characteristics.
Risk-averse bidders incur some kind of cost from participating in risky behaviours, which affects their valuation of a product. In sealed-bid first-price auctions, risk-averse bidders are more willing to bid more to increase their probability of winning, which, in turn, increases their expected utility. This allows sealed-bid first-price auctions to produce higher expected revenue than English and sealed-bid second-price auctions.
In formats with correlated values—where the bidders' values for the item are not independent—one of the bidders perceiving their value of the item to be high makes it more likely that the other bidders will perceive their own values to be high. A notable example of this instance is the winner’s curse, where the results of the auction convey to the winner that everyone else estimated the value of the item to be less than they did. Additionally, the linkage principle allows revenue comparisons amongst a fairly general class of auctions with interdependence between bidders' values.
The asymmetric model assumes that bidders are separated into two classes that draw valuations from different distributions (e.g., dealers and collectors in an antique auction).
In formats with royalties or incentive payments, the seller incorporates additional factors, especially those that affect the true value of the item (e.g., supply, production costs, and royalty payments), into the price function.
The theory of efficient trading processes developed in a static framework relies heavily on the premise of non-repetition. For example, an auction seller-optimal design (as derived in Myerson) involves the best lowest price that exceeds both the seller's valuation and the lowest possible buyer's valuation.
Game-theoretic models
A game-theoretic auction model is a mathematical game represented by a set of players, a set of actions (strategies) available to each player, and a payoff vector corresponding to each combination of strategies. Generally, the players are the buyer(s) and the seller(s). The action set of each player is a set of bid functions or reservation prices (reserves). Each bid function maps the player's value (in the case of a buyer) or cost (in the case of a seller) to a bid price. The payoff of each player under a combination of strategies is the expected utility (or expected profit) of that player under that combination of strategies.
Game-theoretic models of auctions and strategic bidding generally fall into either of the following two categories. In a private values model, each participant (bidder) assumes that each of the competing bidders obtains a random private value from a probability distribution. In a common value model, the participants have equal valuations of the item, but they do not have perfectly accurate information about this valuation. In lieu of knowing the exact valuation of the item, each participant can assume that any other participant obtains a random signal, which can be used to estimate the true valuation, from a probability distribution common to all bidders. Usually, but not always, a private values model assumes that the values are independent across bidders, whereas a common value model usually assumes that the values are independent up to the common parameters of the probability distribution.
A more general category for strategic bidding is the affiliated values model, in which the bidder's total utility depends on both their individual private signal and some unknown common value. Both the private value and common value models can be perceived as extensions of the general affiliated values model.
Ex-post equilibrium in a simple auction market.When it is necessary to make explicit assumptions about bidders' value distributions, most of the published research assumes symmetric bidders. This means that the probability distribution from which the bidders obtain their values (or signals) is identical across bidders. In a private values model which assumes independence, symmetry implies that the bidders' values are "i.i.d." – independently and identically distributed.
An important example (which does not assume independence) is Milgrom and Weber's "general symmetric model" (1982).
Asymmetric auctions
The earliest paper on asymmetric value distributions is by Vickrey (1961). One buyer's value is uniformly distributed on . The other buyer has a known value of 1/2. The equilibrium bid distributions and both uniform wit support ..
Jump-bidding;
Suppose that the buyers' values are uniformly distributed on and buyer 1 has the wider support. Then both continue to bid half their values except at v=1.
The jump bid: buyer 2 jumps from bidding 1/2 to bidding 3/4. If buyer 1 follows suit she halves her profit margin and less the doubles her win probability (because of the tie breaking rule (a coin toss)
So buyer 2 does not jump. This makes buyer 1 much better off. He wins for use if his value is above 1/2.
The next paper by Maskin and Riley (2000) provides a qualitative characterization of equilibrium bids when the "strong buyer" S has a value distribution that dominates that of the weak buyer" under the assumption of conditional stochastic dominance. (first order stochastic dominance for every right-truncated value distribution). Another early contribution is Keith Waehrer's 1999 article. Later published research include Susan Athey's 2001 Econometrica article, as well as Reny and Zamir (2004).
Revenue equivalence
Main article: Revenue equivalence
One of the major findings of auction theory is the revenue equivalence theorem. Early equivalence results focused on a comparison of revenue in the most common auctions. The first such proof, for the case of two buyers and uniformly distributed values was by Vickrey (1961). In 1979 Riley & Samuelson (1981) proved a much more general result. (Quite independently and soon after, this was also derived by Myerson (1981)).The revenue equivalence theorem states that any allocation mechanism or auction that satisfies the four main assumptions of the benchmark model will lead to the same expected revenue for the seller (and player i of type v can expect the same surplus across auction types). The basic version of the theorem asserts that, as long as the SIPV (Symmetric Independent Private Value) environment assumption holds, all standard auctions give the same expected profit to the auctioneer and the same expected surplus to the bidder.
Winner's curse
Main article: Winner's curse
The winner's curse is a phenomenon which can occur in common value settings—when the actual values to the different bidders are unknown but correlated, and the bidders make bidding decisions based on estimated values. In such cases, the winner will tend to be the bidder with the highest estimate, but the results of the auction will show that the remaining bidders' estimates of the item's value are less than that of the winner, giving the winner the impression that they "bid too much".
In an equilibrium of such a game, the winner's curse does not occur because the bidders account for the bias in their bidding strategies. Behaviorally and empirically, however, winner's curse is a common phenomenon, described in detail by Richard Thaler.
Optimal auctions
With identically and independent distributed private values, Riley and Samuelson (1981) showed that in any auction or auction like action (such as the "War of Attrition") the allocation is "participant efficient", i.e. the item is allocated to a buyer submitting the highest bid with probability 1. They then showed that allocation equivalence implied payoff equivalence for all reserve prices. They then showed that discriminating against low value buyers by setting a minimum price or (reserve price) would increase expected revenue. Along with Myerson, they showed that the most profitable reserve price is independent of the number of bidders. There is a simple intuition. The reserve price only comes into play if there is a single bid. Thus it is equivalent to ask what reserve price would maximize the revenue from a single buyer. If values are uniformly distributed over the interval , then the probability p(r) that this buyer's value is less than r is p(r) = (100-r)/100. Therefore the expected revenue is
p(r)*r = (100 - r)*r/100 =(r-50)*(r-50) + 25 .
Thus the expected revenue maximizing reserve price is 50. Myerson (1981). also examined the question of whether it might ever be more profitable to design a mechanism that awards the item to a bidder other than one with the highest value. Surprisingly, this is the case. As Maskin and Riley then showed, this is equivalent to excluding bids over certain intervals above the optimal reserve price.
Bulow and Klemperer (1996) have shown that an auction with n bidders and an optimally chosen reserve price generates a smaller expected profit for the seller than a standard auction with n+1 bidders (and no reserve price).
JEL classification
In the Journal of Economic Literature Classification System C7 is the classification for game theory and D44 is the classification for auctions.
Applications to business strategy
Scholars of managerial economics have noted some applications of auction theory in business strategy. Namely, auction theory can be applied to preemption games and attrition games.
Preemption games are a game where entrepreneurs will preempt other firms in entering a market with new technology before it's ready for commercial deployment. The value generated from waiting for the technology to become commercially viable also increases the risk that a competitor will enter the market preemptively. Preemptive games can be modeled as a first-priced sealed auction. Both companies would prefer to enter the market when the technology is ready for commercial deployment; this can be considered the valuation of both companies. However, one firm might hold information stating that technology is viable earlier than the other firm believes. The company with better information would, then, enter the market and bid to enter the market earlier, even as the risk of failure is higher.
Games of attrition are games of preempting other firms to leave the market. This often occurs in the airline industry as these markets are considered highly contestable. As a new airline enters the market, they will decrease prices to gain market share. This forces the incumbent airline to also decrease prices to avoid losing market share. This creates an auction game. Usually, market entrants will use a strategy of attempting to bankrupt the incumbent. Thus, the auction is measured in how much each firm is willing to lose as they stay in the game of attrition. The firm that lasts the longest in the game wins the market share. This strategy has been used more contemporaneously by entertainment streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, Disney+ and HBOMax who are all loss-making firms attempting to gain market share by bidding on more expansive entertainment content.
Nobel Prize
Two professors from Stanford University, Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson, won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Economics for advancing auction theory by inventing several new auction formats, including simultaneous multiple round auctions (SMRA). This format combines the benefit of both English auctions (open-outcry) and sealed bid auctions. SMRAs are deemed to solve the problem of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Due to the FCC wanting to sell all of its telecommunication frequency slots by using traditional auction, it will eventually turn out to give away the licenses for free or end up with a telecom monopoly in the United States.
The process of simultaneous multiple round auctions is that there are three to four round auctions. Every bidder seals their bid; the auctioneer announces the highest bid to all bidders each round. All the bidders can adjust and change their auction price and strategy after they listen to the highest bid this round. The auction will continue until the highest bid this round is lower than the last round’s highest bid.
SMRA's first distinguishing feature is that the auction is taking place simultaneously for different items, therefore, it seriously increases the cost of speculators, for the same reason sealed bidding can ensure that all bidding is reflecting the bidder’s valuation of the products. The second difference is that the bidding takes place in numerous rounds and the highest price of bidding is announced each round, allowing bidders to learn more about their competitors' preferences and information and adjust their strategy accordingly, thus decreasing the effect of asymmetric information inside the auction. In addition, multiple round bidding can maintain the bidder's activity in the auction. It has substantially increased the information the bidder has about the highest bid because every round after the bidding the host will announce the highest bid.
Footnotes
^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). "Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 13, 2020.
^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). "Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–2.
^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). "Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.
^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). "Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.
^ Milgrom, Paul R. (1989). Advances in economic theory : fifth World Congress (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521389259.
^ Nash, John (1950). "The Bargaining Problem" (PDF). Econometrica. 13 (2): 155–162. doi:10.2307/1907266. JSTOR 1907266. S2CID 153422092.
^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). "Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 4–5.
^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 302–306.
^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 305–306.
^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. p. 305.
^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 309–310.
^ Ba, Sulin; Whinston, Andrew B.; Zhang, Han (1 June 2003). "Building trust in online auction markets through an economic incentive mechanism". Decision Support Systems. 35 (3): 273–286. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(02)00074-X.
^ Yen, Chia-Hui; Lu, Hsi-Peng (1 January 2008). "Factors influencing online auction repurchase intention". Internet Research. 18 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1108/10662240810849568.
^ Kumar, Manoj; Feldman, Stuart I. (1998). "Internet Auctions". USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce. 3: 49–60.
^ Riley, John G (1989-08-01). "Expected Revenue from Open and Sealed Bid Auctions". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 3 (3): 41–50. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.41. ISSN 0895-3309.
^ Lebrun, Bernard (1996) "Existence of an equilibrium in first price auctions," Economic Theory, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 421–443.
^ a b c d e McAfee, R. Preston; McMillan, John (1987). "Auctions and Bidding". Journal of Economic Literature. 25 (2): 699–738. JSTOR 2726107.
^ Watson, Joel (2013). "Chapter 27: Lemons, Auctions, and Information Aggregation". Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory, Third Edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 360–377. ISBN 978-0-393-91838-0.
^ Li, Tong; Perrigne, Isabelle; Vuong, Quang (2002). "Structural Estimation of the Affiliated Private Value Auction Model". The RAND Journal of Economics. 33 (2): 171–193. JSTOR 3087429.
^ Milgrom, P., and R. Weber (1982) "A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding," Econometrica Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 1089–1122.
^ Because bidders in real-world auctions are rarely symmetric, applied scientists began to research auctions with asymmetric value distributions beginning in the late 1980s. Such applied research often depended on numerical solution algorithms to compute an equilibrium and establish its properties. Preston McAfee and John McMillan (1989) simulated bidding for a government contract in which the cost distribution of domestic firms is different from the cost distribution of the foreign firms ("Government Procurement and International Trade," Journal of International Economics, Vol. 26, pp. 291–308.) One of the publications based on the earliest numerical research is Dalkir, S., J. W. Logan, and R. T. Masson, "Mergers in Symmetric and Asymmetric Noncooperative Auction Markets: The Effects on Prices and Efficiency," published in Vol. 18 of The International Journal of Industrial Organization, (2000, pp. 383–413). Other pioneering research include Tschantz, S., P. Crooke, and L. Froeb, "Mergers in Sealed versus Oral Auctions," published in Vol. 7 of The International Journal of the Economics of Business (2000, pp. 201–213).
^ K. Waehrer (1999) "Asymmetric Auctions With Application to Joint Bidding and Mergers," International Journal of Industrial Organization 17: 437–452
^ Athey, S. (2001) "Single Crossing Properties and the Existence of Pure Strategy Equilibria in Games of Incomplete Information," Econometrica Vol. 69 No. 4, pp. 861–890.
^ Reny, P., and S. Zamir (2004) "On the Existence of Pure Strategy Monotone Equilibria in Asymmetric First-Price Auctions," Econometrica, Vol. 72 No. 4, pp. 1105–1125.
^ Ivanova-Stenzel, Radosveta; Salmon, Timothy C. (1 September 2008). "Revenue equivalence revisited". Games and Economic Behavior. 64 (1): 171–192. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.003. hdl:10419/93770.
^ Riley, John G.; Samuelson, William F. (1981). "Optimal Auctions". American Economic Review. 71: 381–92.
^ Myerson, Roger B. (1981). "Optimal Auction Design". Mathematics of Operations Research. 6 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1287/moor.6.1.58. ISSN 0364-765X. S2CID 12282691.
^ Bulow, Jeremy; Klemperer, Paul (1996). "Auctions Versus Negotiations". The American Economic Review. 86 (1): 180–194. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2118262.
^ "Journal of Economic Literature Classification System". American Economic Association. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2008-06-25. (D: Microeconomics, D4: Market Structure and Pricing, D44: Auctions)
^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 322–326. ISBN 9780393062434.
^ Bailey, Elizabeth; Baumol, William (1984). "Derregulation and the Theory of Contestable Markets". Yale Journal on Regulation. 1 (2): 111–137.
^ Aleksi, Korhonen; Janne, Rajala. Streaming Wars: Competitive Dynamics in the Online Video Streaming Industry (PDF) (Masters). Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics.
^ WITTE, MELISSA (19 November 2020). "The bid picture: Stanford economists explain the ideas behind their 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences". Stanford News. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ Paul, Milgrom; Robert, Wilson (October 12, 2020). "improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats" (PDF). Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020 (October 12, 2020). Retrieved April 26, 2022.
Further reading
Cassady, R. (1967). Auctions and auctioneering. University of California Press. An influential early survey.
Klemperer, P. (Ed.). (1999b). The economic theory of auctions. Edward Elgar. A collection of seminal papers in auction theory.
Klemperer, P. (1999a). Auction theory: A guide to the literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 13(3), 227–286. A good modern survey; the first chapter of the preceding book.
Klemperer, Paul (2004). Auctions: Theory and Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11925-2. Draft edition available online
Krishna, Vijay (2002). Auction theory. New York: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-426297-3. A very good modern textbook on auction theory.
McAfee, R. P. and J. McMillan (1987). "Auctions and Bidding". Journal of Economic Literature. 25: 708–47. A survey.
Myerson, Roger B. (1981). "Optimal Auction Design". Mathematics of Operations Research. 6 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1287/moor.6.1.58. ISSN 0364-765X. S2CID 12282691. A seminal paper, introduced revenue equivalence and optimal auctions.
Riley, J., and Samuelson, W. (1981). Optimal auctions. The American Economic Review, 71(3), 381–392. A seminal paper; published concurrently with Myerson's paper cited above.
Parsons, S., Rodriguez-Aguilar, J. A., and Klein, M. (2011). Auctions and bidding: A guide for computer scientists.
Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009). Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89943-7. A recent textbook; see Chapter 11, which presents auction theory from a computational perspective. Downloadable free online.
Vickrey, William (1961). "Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders". The Journal of Finance. 16 (1): 8–37. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1961.tb02789.x.
Wilson, R. (1987a). Auction theory. In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman (Eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, vol. I. London: Macmillan.
External links
Auctions on GameTheory.net, also available on the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
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Latvia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctions"},{"link_name":"incentivise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentivisation"},{"link_name":"price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price"},{"link_name":"economic equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"market failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure"},{"link_name":"optimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Economics"},{"link_name":"Paul R. Milgrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Milgrom"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson"},{"link_name":"auction formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction#Types"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobelpressrelease-2"}],"text":"Auction theory is an applied branch of economics which deals with how bidders act in auctions and researches how the features of auctions incentivise predictable outcomes. Auction theory is a tool used to inform the design of real-world auctions. Sellers use auction theory to raise higher revenues while allowing buyers to procure at a lower cost. The conference of the price between the buyer and seller is an economic equilibrium. Auction theorists design rules for auctions to address issues which can lead to market failure. The design of these rulesets encourages optimal bidding strategies among a variety of informational settings.[1] The 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats.”[2]","title":"Auction theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"asymmetries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_asymmetry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Auctions facilitate transactions by enforcing a specific set of rules regarding the resource allocations of a group of bidders. Theorists consider auctions to be economic games that differ in two respects: format and information.[3] The format defines the rules for the announcement of prices, the placement of bids, the updating of prices, when the auction closes, and the way a winner is picked.[4] The way auctions differ with respect to information regards the asymmetries of information that exist between bidders.[5] In most auctions, bidders have some private information that they choose to withhold from their competitors. For example, bidders usually know their personal valuation of the item, which is unknown to the other bidders and the seller; however, the behaviour of bidders can influence the personal valuation of other bidders.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"zero-sum games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_games"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"One of the historical events related to auctions that has been reported is a custom in Babylonia, namely when men try to make an offer to women in order to marry them.[6] The more familiar the auction system is, the more situations where auctions are conducted. There are auctions for various things, such as livestock, rare and unusual items, and financial assets.Non-cooperative games have a long history beginning with Cournot's duopoly model. The 1994 Nobel Laureate for Economic Sciences, John Nash,[7] proved a general existence theorem for non-cooperative games which move beyond simple zero-sum games. This theory was generalized by Vickrey (1961) to deal with the unobservable value of each buyer. By the early 1970s, auction theorists had begun defining equilibrium bidding conditions for single-object auctions under most realistic auction formats and information settings.[8] Recent developments in auction theory consider how multiple-object auctions can be performed efficiently.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First-price sealed-bid auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-price_sealed-bid_auction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Second-price sealed-bid auctions (Vickrey auctions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_second-price_auction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Open ascending-bid auctions (English auctions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_auction"},{"link_name":"Open descending-bid auctions (Dutch auctions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_auction"},{"link_name":"Auction § Types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction#Types"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"There are traditionally four types of auction that are used for the allocation of a single item:First-price sealed-bid auction in which bidders place their bid in a sealed envelope and simultaneously hand them to the auctioneer. The envelopes are opened and the individual with the highest bid wins, paying the amount bid. This form of auction requires strategic considerations since bidders must not only consider their valuation but other bidders' valuations and what other bidders believe other bidders' valuations are.[9] The first formal analysis of such an auction was by Vickrey [1961]. For the cases of two buyers and uniformly distributed values, he showed that the symmetric equilibrium strategy was to submit a bid equal to half of the buyer's value.\nSecond-price sealed-bid auctions (Vickrey auctions) which are the same as first-price sealed bid auctions except that the winner pays a price equal to the second-highest bid. The logic of this auction type is that the dominant strategy for all bidders is to bid their true valuation.[10] William Vickrey was the first scholar to study second-price valuation auctions, but their use goes back in history with some evidence suggesting that Goethe sold his manuscripts to a publisher using the second-price auction format.[11] Online auctions often use an equivalent version of Vickrey's second-price auction wherein bidders provide proxy bids for items. A proxy bid is an amount an individual values some item at. The online auction house will bid up the price of the item until the proxy bid for the winner is at the top. However, the individual only has to pay one increment higher than the second-highest price, despite their own proxy valuation.[12]\nOpen ascending-bid auctions (English auctions) are the oldest and possibly most common type of auctions in which participants make increasingly higher bids, each stopping bidding when they are not prepared to pay more than the current highest bid. This continues until no participant is prepared to make a higher bid; the highest bidder wins the auction at the final amount bid. Sometimes the lot is sold only if the bidding reaches a reserve price set by the seller.\nOpen descending-bid auctions (Dutch auctions) in which the price is set by the auctioneer at a level sufficiently high to deter all bidders, and is progressively lowered until a bidder is prepared to buy at the current price, winning the auction.Most auction theory revolves around these four \"basic\" auction types. However, others have also received some academic study (see Auction § Types). Developments in the world and technology have also influenced the current auction system. With the existence of the internet, online auctions have become an option for people who want to participate in auctions.Online auctions are efficient platforms for establishing precise prices based on supply and demand. Furthermore, they can overcome geographic boundaries. Online auction sites are used for a variety of purposes, such as online \"garage sales\" to companies liquidating unwanted inventory.[13] A significant difference between online auctions and traditional auctions is that bidders on the internet are unable to inspect the actual item, leading to perceived differences between imagined and real products.[14]","title":"Auction types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"There are six basic activities that complement the auction-based trading process:[15]Initial buyer and seller registration: Authentication of trading parties, exchange of cryptography keys, and profile creation.\nSetting up a particular auction event: Describing items sold or acquired and establishing auction rules. Auction rules define the type of auction, parameters, starting date, and closing rules.\nScheduling and advertising is done to attract potential buyers. Items of the same category should be auctioned together to attract potential buyers. Popular auctions can be combined with less popular auctions to persuade people to attend the less popular ones.\nBidding step: Bids are collected and bid control rules of the auction are implemeted.\nEvaluation of bids and closing the auction: Winners and losers are declared.\nTrade settlement: Handles payment to seller, transfer of goods, fees to agents.","title":"Auction process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The auction envelope theorem defines certain probabilities expected to arise in an auction.[16]","title":"Auction envelope theorem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Benchmark model","text":"The benchmark model for auctions, as defined by McAfee and McMillan (1987) is as follows:All of the bidders are risk-neutral.\nEach bidder has a private valuation for the item (almost always) independently drawn from some probability distribution.\nThe bidders possess symmetric information.\nThe payment is represented as a function of only the bids.","title":"Auction envelope theorem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Win probability","text":"In an auction a buyer bidding \n \n \n \n B\n (\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(v)}\n \n wins if the opposing bidders have lower bids.The map from values to bids is strictly increasing, The high value buyer therefore wins.In statistics the probability of having the \"first\" value is written asW\n =\n \n F\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W=F_{({\\scriptstyle {\\text{1}}})}(v)}With independent values and N other bidders \n \n \n \n W\n =\n F\n (\n v\n \n )\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle W=F(v)^{N}}","title":"Auction envelope theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"The auction","text":"A buyer's payoff isu\n (\n v\n ,\n b\n )\n =\n w\n (\n b\n )\n (\n v\n −\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(v,b)=w(b)(v-b)}Let \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n be the bid that maximizes the buyer's payoff.Thereforeu\n (\n v\n ,\n B\n )\n >\n u\n (\n v\n ,\n b\n )\n =\n W\n (\n b\n )\n (\n v\n −\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(v,B)>u(v,b)=W(b)(v-b)}The equilibrium payoff is thereforeU\n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n (\n B\n )\n (\n v\n −\n B\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(v)=W(B)(v-B))}Necessary condition for the maximum:∂\n u\n \n /\n \n ∂\n b\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial u/\\partial b=0}\n \n when \n \n \n \n b\n =\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b=B}The final step is to take the total derivative of the equilibrium payoffU\n ′\n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n (\n B\n )\n +\n ∂\n u\n \n /\n \n ∂\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U'(v)=W(B)+\\partial u/\\partial b}The second term is zero. ThereforeU\n ′\n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U'(v)=W}ThenU\n ′\n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U'(v)=W}\n \n\n \n \n \n =\n \n F\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle =F_{({\\scriptstyle {\\text{1}}})}(v)}Example uniform distribution with two buyers. For the uniform distribution the probability if having a higher value that one other buyer is \n \n \n \n F\n (\n v\n )\n =\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(v)=v}\n \n.Then \n \n \n \n \n U\n ′\n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U'(v)=v}The equilibrium payoff is therefore \n \n \n \n U\n (\n v\n )\n =\n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n x\n d\n x\n =\n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(v)=\\textstyle \\int _{0}^{v}\\displaystyle xdx=(1/2)v^{2}}\n \n.The win probability is \n \n \n \n W\n =\n F\n (\n v\n )\n =\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W=F(v)=v}\n \n.U\n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n (\n B\n )\n (\n v\n −\n B\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U(v)=W(B)(v-B))}Then(\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n v\n (\n v\n −\n B\n (\n v\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1/2)v^{2}=v(v-B(v))}\n \n.Rearranging this expression,B\n (\n v\n )\n =\n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(v)=(1/2)v}With three buyers, \n \n \n \n \n U\n ′\n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle U'(v)=W}\n \n\n \n \n \n =\n \n F\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n v\n )\n =\n F\n (\n v\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle =F_{({\\scriptstyle {\\text{1}}})}(v)=F(v)^{2}=v^{2}}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n B\n (\n v\n )\n =\n (\n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n )\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(v)=(2/3)v}With \n \n \n \n N\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N+1}\n \n buyers \n \n \n \n B\n (\n v\n )\n =\n (\n N\n \n /\n \n (\n N\n +\n 1\n )\n )\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(v)=(N/(N+1))v}Lebrun (1996)[17] provides a general proof that there are no asymmetric equilibria.","title":"Auction envelope theorem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Optimal auctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riley & Samuelson (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRileySamuelson1981"},{"link_name":"revenue equivalence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_equivalence_theorem"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAffeeandMcMillan-18"}],"sub_title":"Auctions from a buyer's perspective","text":"The revelation principle is a simple but powerful insight.In 1979 Riley & Samuelson (1981) proved a general revenue equivalence theorem that applies to all buyers and hence to the seller. Their primary interest was finding out which auction rule would be better for the buyers. A rule might be, for example, that all buyers pay a nonrefundable bid. (Such auctions are conducted on-line.). The equivalence theorem shows that any allocation mechanism or auction that satisfies the four main assumptions of the benchmark model will lead to the same expected revenue for the seller. (Buyer i of with value v also has the same \"payoff\" or \"buyer surplus\" across all auctions.)[18]","title":"Optimal auctions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Symmetric auctions with correlated value distributions","text":"The first model for a broad class of models was Milgrom and Weber's (1983) paper on auctions with affiliated values.In a recent working paper general asymmetric auctions, Riley (2022) provided a characterization of equilibrium bids for all value distributions. Each buyer's value can be positively or negatively correlated.The revelation principle as applied to auctions is that the marginal buyer payoff or \"buyer surplus\" is P(v), the probability of being the winner.In every participant-efficient auction, the probability of winning is 1 for a high value buyer. The marginal payoff to a buyer is therefore the same in every such auction. The payoff must therefore be the same as well.","title":"Optimal auctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myerson (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMyerson1981"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAffeeandMcMillan-18"},{"link_name":"linkage principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_principle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAffeeandMcMillan-18"}],"sub_title":"Auctions from the seller's perspective (revenue maximization)","text":"Quite independently and soon after, Myerson (1981)) used the revelation principle to provide a general characterization of a revenue maximizing sealed high bid auction. In the \"regular\" case this is a participation-efficient auction. Setting a reserve price is therefore optimal for the seller. In the \"irregular\" case it has since been shown that the outcome can be implemented by prohibiting bids in certain subintervals.Relaxing each of the four main assumptions of the benchmark model yields auction formats with unique characteristics.[18]Risk-averse bidders incur some kind of cost from participating in risky behaviours, which affects their valuation of a product. In sealed-bid first-price auctions, risk-averse bidders are more willing to bid more to increase their probability of winning, which, in turn, increases their expected utility. This allows sealed-bid first-price auctions to produce higher expected revenue than English and sealed-bid second-price auctions.\nIn formats with correlated values—where the bidders' values for the item are not independent—one of the bidders perceiving their value of the item to be high makes it more likely that the other bidders will perceive their own values to be high. A notable example of this instance is the winner’s curse, where the results of the auction convey to the winner that everyone else estimated the value of the item to be less than they did. Additionally, the linkage principle allows revenue comparisons amongst a fairly general class of auctions with interdependence between bidders' values.\nThe asymmetric model assumes that bidders are separated into two classes that draw valuations from different distributions (e.g., dealers and collectors in an antique auction).\nIn formats with royalties or incentive payments, the seller incorporates additional factors, especially those that affect the true value of the item (e.g., supply, production costs, and royalty payments), into the price function.[18]The theory of efficient trading processes developed in a static framework relies heavily on the premise of non-repetition. For example, an auction seller-optimal design (as derived in Myerson) involves the best lowest price that exceeds both the seller's valuation and the lowest possible buyer's valuation.","title":"Optimal auctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematical game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory#Representation_of_games"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometric)"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"reservation prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_price"},{"link_name":"value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(economics)"},{"link_name":"cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost"},{"link_name":"price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price"},{"link_name":"expected utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_utility_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"expected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"private values model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_values_model&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"competing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"random","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"common value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_value_auction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_independence"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnumaElish102.jpg"},{"link_name":"distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_game"},{"link_name":"i.i.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.i.d."},{"link_name":"Milgrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Milgrom"},{"link_name":"Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Weber"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A game-theoretic auction model is a mathematical game represented by a set of players, a set of actions (strategies) available to each player, and a payoff vector corresponding to each combination of strategies. Generally, the players are the buyer(s) and the seller(s). The action set of each player is a set of bid functions or reservation prices (reserves). Each bid function maps the player's value (in the case of a buyer) or cost (in the case of a seller) to a bid price. The payoff of each player under a combination of strategies is the expected utility (or expected profit) of that player under that combination of strategies.Game-theoretic models of auctions and strategic bidding generally fall into either of the following two categories. In a private values model, each participant (bidder) assumes that each of the competing bidders obtains a random private value from a probability distribution. In a common value model, the participants have equal valuations of the item, but they do not have perfectly accurate information about this valuation. In lieu of knowing the exact valuation of the item, each participant can assume that any other participant obtains a random signal, which can be used to estimate the true valuation, from a probability distribution common to all bidders.[19] Usually, but not always, a private values model assumes that the values are independent across bidders, whereas a common value model usually assumes that the values are independent up to the common parameters of the probability distribution.A more general category for strategic bidding is the affiliated values model, in which the bidder's total utility depends on both their individual private signal and some unknown common value. Both the private value and common value models can be perceived as extensions of the general affiliated values model.[20]Ex-post equilibrium in a simple auction market.When it is necessary to make explicit assumptions about bidders' value distributions, most of the published research assumes symmetric bidders. This means that the probability distribution from which the bidders obtain their values (or signals) is identical across bidders. In a private values model which assumes independence, symmetry implies that the bidders' values are \"i.i.d.\" – independently and identically distributed.An important example (which does not assume independence) is Milgrom and Weber's \"general symmetric model\" (1982).[21][22]","title":"Game-theoretic models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Susan Athey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Athey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The earliest paper on asymmetric value distributions is by Vickrey (1961). One buyer's value is uniformly distributed on [0,1]. The other buyer has a known value of 1/2. The equilibrium bid distributions and both uniform wit support [0,1/2]..Jump-bidding;Suppose that the buyers' values are uniformly distributed on [0,1] and [0,2] buyer 1 has the wider support. Then both continue to bid half their values except at v=1.The jump bid: buyer 2 jumps from bidding 1/2 to bidding 3/4. If buyer 1 follows suit she halves her profit margin and less the doubles her win probability (because of the tie breaking rule (a coin toss)So buyer 2 does not jump. This makes buyer 1 much better off. He wins for use if his value is above 1/2.The next paper by Maskin and Riley (2000) provides a qualitative characterization of equilibrium bids when the \"strong buyer\" S has a value distribution that dominates that of the weak buyer\" under the assumption of conditional stochastic dominance. (first order stochastic dominance for every right-truncated value distribution). Another early contribution is Keith Waehrer's 1999 article.[23] Later published research include Susan Athey's 2001 Econometrica article,[24] as well as Reny and Zamir (2004).[25]","title":"Asymmetric auctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickrey (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVickrey1961"},{"link_name":"Riley & Samuelson (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRileySamuelson1981"},{"link_name":"Myerson (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMyerson1981"},{"link_name":"revenue equivalence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_equivalence_theorem"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAffeeandMcMillan-18"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"One of the major findings of auction theory is the revenue equivalence theorem. Early equivalence results focused on a comparison of revenue in the most common auctions. The first such proof, for the case of two buyers and uniformly distributed values was by Vickrey (1961). In 1979 Riley & Samuelson (1981) proved a much more general result. (Quite independently and soon after, this was also derived by Myerson (1981)).The revenue equivalence theorem states that any allocation mechanism or auction that satisfies the four main assumptions of the benchmark model will lead to the same expected revenue for the seller (and player i of type v can expect the same surplus across auction types).[18] The basic version of the theorem asserts that, as long as the SIPV (Symmetric Independent Private Value) environment assumption holds, all standard auctions give the same expected profit to the auctioneer and the same expected surplus to the bidder.[26]","title":"Revenue equivalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAffeeandMcMillan-18"},{"link_name":"Richard Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thaler"}],"text":"The winner's curse is a phenomenon which can occur in common value settings—when the actual values to the different bidders are unknown but correlated, and the bidders make bidding decisions based on estimated values. In such cases, the winner will tend to be the bidder with the highest estimate, but the results of the auction will show that the remaining bidders' estimates of the item's value are less than that of the winner, giving the winner the impression that they \"bid too much\".[18]In an equilibrium of such a game, the winner's curse does not occur because the bidders account for the bias in their bidding strategies. Behaviorally and empirically, however, winner's curse is a common phenomenon, described in detail by Richard Thaler.","title":"Winner's curse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"With identically and independent distributed private values, Riley and Samuelson (1981) [27] showed that in any auction or auction like action (such as the \"War of Attrition\") the allocation is \"participant efficient\", i.e. the item is allocated to a buyer submitting the highest bid with probability 1. They then showed that allocation equivalence implied payoff equivalence for all reserve prices. They then showed that discriminating against low value buyers by setting a minimum price or (reserve price) would increase expected revenue. Along with Myerson, they showed that the most profitable reserve price is independent of the number of bidders. There is a simple intuition. The reserve price only comes into play if there is a single bid. Thus it is equivalent to ask what reserve price would maximize the revenue from a single buyer. If values are uniformly distributed over the interval [0, 100], then the probability p(r) that this buyer's value is less than r is p(r) = (100-r)/100. Therefore the expected revenue isp(r)*r = (100 - r)*r/100 =(r-50)*(r-50) + 25 .Thus the expected revenue maximizing reserve price is 50. Myerson (1981).[28] also examined the question of whether it might ever be more profitable to design a mechanism that awards the item to a bidder other than one with the highest value. Surprisingly, this is the case. As Maskin and Riley then showed, this is equivalent to excluding bids over certain intervals above the optimal reserve price.Bulow and Klemperer (1996) have shown that an auction with n bidders and an optimally chosen reserve price generates a smaller expected profit for the seller than a standard auction with n+1 bidders (and no reserve price).[29]","title":"Optimal auctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Literature Classification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL_classification_codes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JEL-30"}],"text":"In the Journal of Economic Literature Classification System C7 is the classification for game theory and D44 is the classification for auctions.[30]","title":"JEL classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"HBOMax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBOMax"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Scholars of managerial economics have noted some applications of auction theory in business strategy. Namely, auction theory can be applied to preemption games and attrition games.[31]Preemption games are a game where entrepreneurs will preempt other firms in entering a market with new technology before it's ready for commercial deployment. The value generated from waiting for the technology to become commercially viable also increases the risk that a competitor will enter the market preemptively. Preemptive games can be modeled as a first-priced sealed auction. Both companies would prefer to enter the market when the technology is ready for commercial deployment; this can be considered the valuation of both companies. However, one firm might hold information stating that technology is viable earlier than the other firm believes. The company with better information would, then, enter the market and bid to enter the market earlier, even as the risk of failure is higher.Games of attrition are games of preempting other firms to leave the market. This often occurs in the airline industry as these markets are considered highly contestable.[32] As a new airline enters the market, they will decrease prices to gain market share. This forces the incumbent airline to also decrease prices to avoid losing market share. This creates an auction game. Usually, market entrants will use a strategy of attempting to bankrupt the incumbent. Thus, the auction is measured in how much each firm is willing to lose as they stay in the game of attrition. The firm that lasts the longest in the game wins the market share. This strategy has been used more contemporaneously by entertainment streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, Disney+ and HBOMax who are all loss-making firms attempting to gain market share by bidding on more expansive entertainment content.[33]","title":"Applications to business strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Milgrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Milgrom"},{"link_name":"Robert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Two professors from Stanford University, Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson, won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Economics for advancing auction theory by inventing several new auction formats, including simultaneous multiple round auctions (SMRA). This format combines the benefit of both English auctions (open-outcry) and sealed bid auctions. SMRAs are deemed to solve the problem of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Due to the FCC wanting to sell all of its telecommunication frequency slots by using traditional auction, it will eventually turn out to give away the licenses for free or end up with a telecom monopoly in the United States.[34]The process of simultaneous multiple round auctions is that there are three to four round auctions. Every bidder seals their bid; the auctioneer announces the highest bid to all bidders each round. All the bidders can adjust and change their auction price and strategy after they listen to the highest bid this round. The auction will continue until the highest bid this round is lower than the last round’s highest bid.SMRA's first distinguishing feature is that the auction is taking place simultaneously for different items, therefore, it seriously increases the cost of speculators[clarification needed], for the same reason sealed bidding can ensure that all bidding is reflecting the bidder’s valuation of the products. The second difference is that the bidding takes place in numerous rounds and the highest price of bidding is announced each round, allowing bidders to learn more about their competitors' preferences and information and adjust their strategy accordingly, thus decreasing the effect of asymmetric information inside the auction. In addition, multiple round bidding can maintain the bidder's activity in the auction. It has substantially increased the information the bidder has about the highest bid because every round after the bidding the host will announce the highest bid.[35]","title":"Nobel Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nobelpressrelease_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/press-economicsciences2020.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred 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Revenue from Open and Sealed Bid Auctions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.3.3.41"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/jep.3.3.41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.3.3.41"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0895-3309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McAffeeandMcMillan_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McAffeeandMcMillan_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McAffeeandMcMillan_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McAffeeandMcMillan_18-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McAffeeandMcMillan_18-4"},{"link_name":"McMillan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McMillan_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2726107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2726107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-91838-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91838-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3087429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3087429"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"numerical solution algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_solution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Revenue equivalence revisited\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13376/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geb.2008.01.003"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10419/93770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10419%2F93770"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Myerson, Roger B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Myerson"},{"link_name":"Mathematics of Operations 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of Economic Literature Classification System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090106133527/http://aea-web.org/journal/jel_class_system.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aea-web.org/journal/jel_class_system.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KKwBZ0PYPXQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780393062434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393062434"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Derregulation and the Theory of Contestable Markets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjreg/vol1/iss2/2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Streaming Wars: Competitive Dynamics in the Online Video Streaming Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/69802/1/URN%3ANBN%3Afi%3Ajyu-202006094045.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"The bid picture: Stanford economists explain the ideas behind their 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.stanford.edu/2020/11/19/bid-picture-nobel-prize-winners-explain-auction-theory-collaboration/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf"}],"text":"^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\n\n^ \"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 13, 2020.\n\n^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–2.\n\n^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.\n\n^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.\n\n^ Milgrom, Paul R. (1989). Advances in economic theory : fifth World Congress (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521389259.\n\n^ Nash, John (1950). \"The Bargaining Problem\" (PDF). Econometrica. 13 (2): 155–162. doi:10.2307/1907266. JSTOR 1907266. S2CID 153422092.\n\n^ The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 302–306.\n\n^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 305–306.\n\n^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. p. 305.\n\n^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 309–310.\n\n^ Ba, Sulin; Whinston, Andrew B.; Zhang, Han (1 June 2003). \"Building trust in online auction markets through an economic incentive mechanism\". Decision Support Systems. 35 (3): 273–286. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(02)00074-X.\n\n^ Yen, Chia-Hui; Lu, Hsi-Peng (1 January 2008). \"Factors influencing online auction repurchase intention\". Internet Research. 18 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1108/10662240810849568.\n\n^ Kumar, Manoj; Feldman, Stuart I. (1998). \"Internet Auctions\". USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce. 3: 49–60.\n\n^ Riley, John G (1989-08-01). \"Expected Revenue from Open and Sealed Bid Auctions\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 3 (3): 41–50. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.41. ISSN 0895-3309.\n\n^ Lebrun, Bernard (1996) \"Existence of an equilibrium in first price auctions,\" Economic Theory, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 421–443.\n\n^ a b c d e McAfee, R. Preston; McMillan, John (1987). \"Auctions and Bidding\". Journal of Economic Literature. 25 (2): 699–738. JSTOR 2726107.\n\n^ Watson, Joel (2013). \"Chapter 27: Lemons, Auctions, and Information Aggregation\". Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory, Third Edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 360–377. ISBN 978-0-393-91838-0.\n\n^ Li, Tong; Perrigne, Isabelle; Vuong, Quang (2002). \"Structural Estimation of the Affiliated Private Value Auction Model\". The RAND Journal of Economics. 33 (2): 171–193. JSTOR 3087429.\n\n^ Milgrom, P., and R. Weber (1982) \"A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding,\" Econometrica Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 1089–1122.\n\n^ Because bidders in real-world auctions are rarely symmetric, applied scientists began to research auctions with asymmetric value distributions beginning in the late 1980s. Such applied research often depended on numerical solution algorithms to compute an equilibrium and establish its properties. Preston McAfee and John McMillan (1989) simulated bidding for a government contract in which the cost distribution of domestic firms is different from the cost distribution of the foreign firms (\"Government Procurement and International Trade,\" Journal of International Economics, Vol. 26, pp. 291–308.) One of the publications based on the earliest numerical research is Dalkir, S., J. W. Logan, and R. T. Masson, \"Mergers in Symmetric and Asymmetric Noncooperative Auction Markets: The Effects on Prices and Efficiency,\" published in Vol. 18 of The International Journal of Industrial Organization, (2000, pp. 383–413). Other pioneering research include Tschantz, S., P. Crooke, and L. Froeb, \"Mergers in Sealed versus Oral Auctions,\" published in Vol. 7 of The International Journal of the Economics of Business (2000, pp. 201–213).\n\n^ K. Waehrer (1999) \"Asymmetric Auctions With Application to Joint Bidding and Mergers,\" International Journal of Industrial Organization 17: 437–452\n\n^ Athey, S. (2001) \"Single Crossing Properties and the Existence of Pure Strategy Equilibria in Games of Incomplete Information,\" Econometrica Vol. 69 No. 4, pp. 861–890.\n\n^ Reny, P., and S. Zamir (2004) \"On the Existence of Pure Strategy Monotone Equilibria in Asymmetric First-Price Auctions,\" Econometrica, Vol. 72 No. 4, pp. 1105–1125.\n\n^ Ivanova-Stenzel, Radosveta; Salmon, Timothy C. (1 September 2008). \"Revenue equivalence revisited\". Games and Economic Behavior. 64 (1): 171–192. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.003. hdl:10419/93770.\n\n^ Riley, John G.; Samuelson, William F. (1981). \"Optimal Auctions\". American Economic Review. 71: 381–92.\n\n^ Myerson, Roger B. (1981). \"Optimal Auction Design\". Mathematics of Operations Research. 6 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1287/moor.6.1.58. ISSN 0364-765X. S2CID 12282691.\n\n^ Bulow, Jeremy; Klemperer, Paul (1996). \"Auctions Versus Negotiations\". The American Economic Review. 86 (1): 180–194. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2118262.\n\n^ \"Journal of Economic Literature Classification System\". American Economic Association. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2008-06-25. (D: Microeconomics, D4: Market Structure and Pricing, D44: Auctions)\n\n^ Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 322–326. ISBN 9780393062434.\n\n^ Bailey, Elizabeth; Baumol, William (1984). \"Derregulation and the Theory of Contestable Markets\". Yale Journal on Regulation. 1 (2): 111–137.\n\n^ Aleksi, Korhonen; Janne, Rajala. Streaming Wars: Competitive Dynamics in the Online Video Streaming Industry (PDF) (Masters). Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics.\n\n^ WITTE, MELISSA (19 November 2020). \"The bid picture: Stanford economists explain the ideas behind their 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences\". Stanford News. Retrieved 2 May 2022.\n\n^ Paul, Milgrom; Robert, Wilson (October 12, 2020). \"improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF). Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020 (October 12, 2020). Retrieved April 26, 2022.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-11925-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11925-2"},{"link_name":"Draft edition available online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/users/klemperer/VirtualBook/VirtualBookCoverSheet.asp"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-426297-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-426297-3"},{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature"},{"link_name":"Myerson, Roger B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Myerson"},{"link_name":"Mathematics of Operations Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_Operations_Research"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1287/moor.6.1.58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1287%2Fmoor.6.1.58"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0364-765X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0364-765X"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12282691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12282691"},{"link_name":"The American Economic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Economic_Review"},{"link_name":"Auctions and bidding: A guide for computer scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~parsons/projects/mech-design/publications/bluffers-final.pdf"},{"link_name":"Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.masfoundations.org"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-89943-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89943-7"},{"link_name":"Downloadable free online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.masfoundations.org/download.html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1540-6261.1961.tb02789.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6261.1961.tb02789.x"},{"link_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"}],"text":"Cassady, R. (1967). Auctions and auctioneering. University of California Press. An influential early survey.\nKlemperer, P. (Ed.). (1999b). The economic theory of auctions. Edward Elgar. A collection of seminal papers in auction theory.\nKlemperer, P. (1999a). Auction theory: A guide to the literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 13(3), 227–286. A good modern survey; the first chapter of the preceding book.\nKlemperer, Paul (2004). Auctions: Theory and Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11925-2. Draft edition available online\nKrishna, Vijay (2002). Auction theory. New York: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-426297-3. A very good modern textbook on auction theory.\nMcAfee, R. P. and J. McMillan (1987). \"Auctions and Bidding\". Journal of Economic Literature. 25: 708–47. A survey.\nMyerson, Roger B. (1981). \"Optimal Auction Design\". Mathematics of Operations Research. 6 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1287/moor.6.1.58. ISSN 0364-765X. S2CID 12282691. A seminal paper, introduced revenue equivalence and optimal auctions.\nRiley, J., and Samuelson, W. (1981). Optimal auctions. The American Economic Review, 71(3), 381–392. A seminal paper; published concurrently with Myerson's paper cited above.\nParsons, S., Rodriguez-Aguilar, J. A., and Klein, M. (2011). Auctions and bidding: A guide for computer scientists.\nShoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009). Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89943-7. A recent textbook; see Chapter 11, which presents auction theory from a computational perspective. Downloadable free online.\nVickrey, William (1961). \"Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders\". The Journal of Finance. 16 (1): 8–37. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1961.tb02789.x.\nWilson, R. (1987a). Auction theory. In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman (Eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, vol. I. London: Macmillan.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ex-post equilibrium in a simple auction market.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EnumaElish102.jpg/100px-EnumaElish102.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/press-economicsciences2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020\""}]},{"reference":"The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\""}]},{"reference":"The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\""}]},{"reference":"The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\""}]},{"reference":"Milgrom, Paul R. (1989). Advances in economic theory : fifth World Congress (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521389259.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521389259","url_text":"0521389259"}]},{"reference":"Nash, John (1950). \"The Bargaining Problem\" (PDF). Econometrica. 13 (2): 155–162. doi:10.2307/1907266. JSTOR 1907266. S2CID 153422092.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs286r/courses/spring02/papers/nash50a.pdf","url_text":"\"The Bargaining Problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907266","url_text":"10.2307/1907266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907266","url_text":"1907266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153422092","url_text":"153422092"}]},{"reference":"The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (October 12, 2020). \"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. pp. 4–5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/09/advanced-economicsciencesprize2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020: Improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\""}]},{"reference":"Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 302–306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 305–306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. p. 305.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixit, Avinash K.; Nalebuff, Barry J. (2008). The Art of Strategy: A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life. New York: Norton. pp. 309–310.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ba, Sulin; Whinston, Andrew B.; Zhang, Han (1 June 2003). \"Building trust in online auction markets through an economic incentive mechanism\". Decision Support Systems. 35 (3): 273–286. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(02)00074-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-9236%2802%2900074-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0167-9236(02)00074-X"}]},{"reference":"Yen, Chia-Hui; Lu, Hsi-Peng (1 January 2008). \"Factors influencing online auction repurchase intention\". Internet Research. 18 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1108/10662240810849568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F10662240810849568","url_text":"10.1108/10662240810849568"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Manoj; Feldman, Stuart I. (1998). \"Internet Auctions\". USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce. 3: 49–60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Riley, John G (1989-08-01). \"Expected Revenue from Open and Sealed Bid Auctions\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 3 (3): 41–50. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.41. ISSN 0895-3309.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.3.3.41","url_text":"\"Expected Revenue from Open and Sealed Bid Auctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.3.3.41","url_text":"10.1257/jep.3.3.41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309","url_text":"0895-3309"}]},{"reference":"McAfee, R. Preston; McMillan, John (1987). \"Auctions and Bidding\". Journal of Economic Literature. 25 (2): 699–738. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadaicha | Kadaicha | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 1988 Australian filmKadiachaDouble feature DVD cover + Innocent PreyDirected byJames BogleWritten byIan CoughlanProduced byDavid HannayCharles HannahStarringZoe CaridesTom JenningsEric OldfieldNatalie McCurrySteve DoddCinematographyStephen F. WindonEdited byAndrew ArestidesMusic byPeter WestheimerProductioncompaniesPremiere Film MarketingMedusa CommunicationsDistributed byCBS-Fox (video)Release date
1988 (1988)
Running time88 minutesCountryAustraliaLanguageEnglishBudgetA$600,000 (est.)
Kadaicha (also known as Stones of Death) is a 1988 Australian horror film directed by James Bogle who called it "just very commercial stuff". It was the last of four low-budget films made by producers Tom Broadbridge and David Hannay for the video market. It was shot in Sydney.
Plot
A series of unexplained teenage murders occurs in an exclusive residential development.
Cast
Zoe Carides as Gail Sorensen
Eric Oldfield as Alex Sorensen
Tom Jennings as Matt Taylor
Natalie McCurry as Tracy Hocking
Kerry McKay as Shane
Fiona Gauntlett as Fizz Dryden
Bruce Hughes as Tony Pirrello
Steve Dodd as Billinudgel
References
^ a b David Stratton, The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry, Pan MacMillan, 1990 p295-296
^ "Interview with James Bogle", Signet, 7 October 1998 accessed 17 November 2012
^ Scott Murray, Australia on the Small Screen 1970-1995, Oxford Uni Press, 1996 p95
External links
Kadaicha at IMDb
Kadaicha at Oz Movies
This article related to an Australian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a 1980s horror film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bogle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signet-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Broadbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Broadbridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stratton2-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1988 Australian filmKadaicha (also known as Stones of Death) is a 1988 Australian horror film directed by James Bogle who called it \"just very commercial stuff\".[2] It was the last of four low-budget films made by producers Tom Broadbridge and David Hannay for the video market.[1] It was shot in Sydney.[3]","title":"Kadaicha"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A series of unexplained teenage murders occurs in an exclusive residential development.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoe Carides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Carides"},{"link_name":"Eric Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"Steve Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dodd"}],"text":"Zoe Carides as Gail Sorensen\nEric Oldfield as Alex Sorensen\nTom Jennings as Matt Taylor\nNatalie McCurry as Tracy Hocking\nKerry McKay as Shane\nFiona Gauntlett as Fizz Dryden\nBruce Hughes as Tony Pirrello\nSteve Dodd as Billinudgel","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112094751/http://www.signis.net/malone/tiki-index.php?page=James+Bogle&bl","external_links_name":"\"Interview with James Bogle\", Signet, 7 October 1998"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095423/","external_links_name":"Kadaicha"},{"Link":"https://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/kadaicha","external_links_name":"Kadaicha"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadaicha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadaicha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Brooke | Annette Brooke | ["1 Early life","2 Parliamentary career","3 Personal life and honours","4 References","5 External links"] | British politician
The Right HonourableDame Annette BrookeDBEBrooke at the 2009 Liberal Democrat Spring ConferenceMember of Parliament for Mid Dorset and North PooleIn office7 June 2001 – 30 March 2015Preceded byChristopher FraserSucceeded byMichael Tomlinson
Personal detailsBornAnnette Lesley Kelly (1947-06-07) 7 June 1947 (age 77)NationalityBritishPolitical partyLiberal DemocratsSpouseMichael BrookeAlma materLondon School of EconomicsHughes Hall, Cambridge
Dame Annette Lesley Brooke, DBE (née Kelly; born 7 June 1947) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mid Dorset and North Poole from the 2001 general election to 2015.
At the time she left office, Brooke was the longest serving female MP in the history of the Liberal Democrats. As of 2023, she and fellow Liberal Democrat Diana Maddock are the only women to date who represented parliamentary constituencies in Dorset.
Early life
Annette Lesley Kelly was educated at Romford County Technical School in Romford and the London School of Economics, graduating with a BSc degree in Economics. She qualified as a teacher at Hughes Hall, Cambridge. She was a tutor with the Open University for 19 years from 1971 and was a school teacher from 1974, including at Aylesbury, and then Head of Economics at the independent Talbot Heath School for Girls in Bournemouth, which she left in 1994.
Parliamentary career
Annette Brooke was elected as a councillor on Poole Borough Council in 1986; she was the council's deputy leader 1995–7 and 1998–2000, and the Liberal Democrat Group Leader 2000–1. She was the Mayor of Poole in 1998. She contested the Conservative-held seat of Mid Dorset and Poole North at the 2001 General Election.
At the previous election the Conservative Christopher Fraser won the seat by 681 votes. In 2001 Annette Brooke was elected by 384 votes and held the seat until 2015 where it was regained by the Conservatives. She made her maiden speech on 21 June 2001.
In Parliament she was made both a Liberal Democrat Whip and a Spokeswoman on Home Affairs by Charles Kennedy in 2001. In 2004 she became a spokeswoman on Children. Following the 2005 General Election (at which Annette Brooke held her seat with a much increased majority of 5,482), she became a spokeswoman on Education and Skills, and carried on in a similar position as spokeswoman on Children, Schools and Families.
In the 2010 General Election, Brooke's majority fell to 269 votes; a reduction of 5,213 votes. Her main challenger for the seat, Nick King (Conservative), secured a swing of 7.7% making her constituency one of the most marginal of the 2010 Election. Following the defeat of Sandra Gidley in the 2010 General Election, Brooke became the longest-serving female Liberal Democrat MP of the 55th parliament.
Brooke announced in 2013 that she would stand down as a Member of Parliament at the next general election in 2015.
Personal life and honours
In May 2005, she met Hollywood actress Natalie Portman to discuss the microfinance charity, FINCA International, and their joint plans to help the world's poorest people become self-sufficient. She is married to Michael (former geology schoolteacher, and councillor on Poole Borough Council since 2003) with two daughters, and is a partner in her family firm selling rocks and minerals, started in 1987. They live in Broadstone.
Brooke was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for public and political service. She was elevated to a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2015 Dissolution Honours Lists on 27 August 2015. She was appointed to the Privy Council on 16 July 2014.
References
^ "MP Annette Brooke to stand down at the next election". BBC News. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^ "No. 60367". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 9.
^ Dissolution Honours 2015 Archived 29 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, gov.uk; accessed 11 February 2016.
^ "Orders for 16 July 2014" (PDF). Privy Council Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annette Brooke.
Annette Brooke MP official site
Annette Brooke MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
Voting record at Public Whip
Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
Profile: Annette Brooke at BBC News, 10 February 2005
Broadstone Minerals owned jointly with her geologist husband
News articles
Blandford Camp in November 2006
The CSA in December 2004
procedures in April 2003
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byChristopher Fraser
Member of Parliament for Mid Dorset and North Poole 2001–2015
Succeeded byMichael Tomlinson
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mid Dorset and North Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Dorset_and_North_Poole"},{"link_name":"2001 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Diana Maddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Maddock"},{"link_name":"parliamentary constituencies in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Dorset"}],"text":"Dame Annette Lesley Brooke, DBE (née Kelly; born 7 June 1947) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mid Dorset and North Poole from the 2001 general election to 2015.At the time she left office, Brooke was the longest serving female MP in the history of the Liberal Democrats. As of 2023, she and fellow Liberal Democrat Diana Maddock are the only women to date who represented parliamentary constituencies in Dorset.","title":"Annette Brooke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSc"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Hughes Hall, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"Talbot Heath School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Heath_School"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"}],"text":"Annette Lesley Kelly was educated at Romford County Technical School in Romford and the London School of Economics, graduating with a BSc degree in Economics. She qualified as a teacher at Hughes Hall, Cambridge. She was a tutor with the Open University for 19 years from 1971 and was a school teacher from 1974, including at Aylesbury, and then Head of Economics at the independent Talbot Heath School for Girls in Bournemouth, which she left in 1994.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"2001 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"previous election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Christopher Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Fraser"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"Charles Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"2005 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Education and Skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Children, Schools and Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families"},{"link_name":"2010 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Sandra Gidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Gidley"},{"link_name":"2010 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Annette Brooke was elected as a councillor on Poole Borough Council in 1986; she was the council's deputy leader 1995–7 and 1998–2000, and the Liberal Democrat Group Leader 2000–1. She was the Mayor of Poole in 1998. She contested the Conservative-held seat of Mid Dorset and Poole North at the 2001 General Election.At the previous election the Conservative Christopher Fraser won the seat by 681 votes. In 2001 Annette Brooke was elected by 384 votes and held the seat until 2015 where it was regained by the Conservatives. She made her maiden speech on 21 June 2001.In Parliament she was made both a Liberal Democrat Whip and a Spokeswoman on Home Affairs by Charles Kennedy in 2001. In 2004 she became a spokeswoman on Children. Following the 2005 General Election (at which Annette Brooke held her seat with a much increased majority of 5,482), she became a spokeswoman on Education and Skills, and carried on in a similar position as spokeswoman on Children, Schools and Families.In the 2010 General Election, Brooke's majority fell to 269 votes; a reduction of 5,213 votes. Her main challenger for the seat, Nick King (Conservative), secured a swing of 7.7% making her constituency one of the most marginal of the 2010 Election. Following the defeat of Sandra Gidley in the 2010 General Election, Brooke became the longest-serving female Liberal Democrat MP of the 55th parliament.Brooke announced in 2013 that she would stand down as a Member of Parliament at the next general election in 2015.[1]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"FINCA International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINCA_International"},{"link_name":"councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080515205111/http://www.boroughofpoole.com/councillors/ref:C466D39864D18D/"},{"link_name":"minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"Broadstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadstone,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2013 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2015 Dissolution Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Dissolution_Honours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16Jul14-4"}],"text":"In May 2005, she met Hollywood actress Natalie Portman to discuss the microfinance charity, FINCA International, and their joint plans to help the world's poorest people become self-sufficient. She is married to Michael (former geology schoolteacher, and councillor on Poole Borough Council since 2003) with two daughters, and is a partner in her family firm selling rocks and minerals, started in 1987. They live in Broadstone.Brooke was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for public and political service.[2] She was elevated to a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2015 Dissolution Honours Lists on 27 August 2015.[3] She was appointed to the Privy Council on 16 July 2014.[4]","title":"Personal life and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MP Annette Brooke to stand down at the next election\". BBC News. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-21715906","url_text":"\"MP Annette Brooke to stand down at the next election\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-21715906","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60367\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60367/supplement/9","url_text":"\"No. 60367\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Orders for 16 July 2014\" (PDF). Privy Council Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/orders-approved-at-privy-council-16-july-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Orders for 16 July 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112449/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/orders-approved-at-privy-council-16-july-2014.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205111/http://www.boroughofpoole.com/councillors/ref:C466D39864D18D/","external_links_name":"councillor"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-21715906","external_links_name":"\"MP Annette Brooke to stand down at the next election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925231028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-21715906","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60367/supplement/9","external_links_name":"\"No. 60367\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dissolution-honours-2015","external_links_name":"Dissolution Honours 2015"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150829142947/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dissolution-honours-2015","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/orders-approved-at-privy-council-16-july-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orders for 16 July 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112449/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/orders-approved-at-privy-council-16-july-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410153609/http://annettebrooke.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Annette Brooke MP"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080929092231/http://www.libdems.org.uk/people/annette-brooke","external_links_name":"Annette Brooke MP"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/annette-brooke/1431","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/search/MemberContributions?memberId=1431","external_links_name":"Contributions in Parliament"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/ms-annette-brooke","external_links_name":"Contributions in Parliament"},{"Link":"https://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Annette_Brooke","external_links_name":"Voting record"},{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/annettte_brooke","external_links_name":"Record in Parliament"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/mpdb/html/196.stm","external_links_name":"Profile: Annette Brooke"},{"Link":"http://www.broadstoneminerals.com/","external_links_name":"Broadstone Minerals"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6164444.stm","external_links_name":"Blandford Camp in November 2006"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/4059323.stm","external_links_name":"The CSA in December 2004"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2823095.stmParliamentary","external_links_name":"procedures in April 2003"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/pYM9MfwL","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Dennis | Diana Dennis | ["1 Biography","2 Contest history","3 External links"] | American bodybuilder
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Diana DennisBodybuilderPersonal infoNicknameDiBorn (1951-07-21) July 21, 1951 (age 72)United StatesProfessional careerPro-debutIFBB World Amateur Mixed Pairs1985Best win1989 IFBB Pro World Champion1981-1989ActiveRetired 1994
Diana Dennis (born July 21, 1951) is a former professional female bodybuilder from the United States.
Biography
Dennis began competing in local contests in 1981. Her earliest success was in mixed pairs competition (where couples do synchronized posing routines to chosen music), with partner Kevin Lawrence. They won several titles, including the 1985 IFBB World Amateur competition. Dennis earned her pro card by winning the overall title at the 1985 NPC Nationals. She then established herself as one of the top professional competitors by finishing third in the Ms. Olympia later that year. She competed in a total of nine Ms. Olympia contests, finishing outside the top ten only once. As a pro, Dennis won the 1986 Los Angeles Pro Championship and the 1989 Pro World Championship. She was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001.
Dennis is retired from official competition, but still continues to train.
Contest history
1981 The Shrine Amateur Grand Prix - 4th
1982 Saddleback Valley Muscle Classic - 1st (HW)
1982 California Muscle Classic - 1st (HW & overall)
1983 California Championships - 4th (HW)
1983 National Bodybuilding Fair Mixed Pairs - 2nd
1983 AFWB American Championships - 6th (HW)
1983 AFWB American Mixed Pairs - 1st
1983 NPC National Championships - 1st (HW)
1984 Orange County Muscle Classic - 1st (HW & overall)
1984 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 4th
1984 NPC USA Championship - 2nd (HW)
1984 NPC Nationals - 2nd (HW)
1985 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 4th
1985 NPC Nationals - 1st (HW & overall)
1985 IFBB World Amateur Mixed Pairs - 1st
1985 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 3rd
1986 IFBB Pro World Championship - 2nd
1986 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 2nd
1986 Los Angeles Pro Championship - 1st
1986 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 4th
1987 IFBB Pro World Championship - 4th
1987 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 8th
1989 IFBB Pro World Championship - 1st
1989 USA vs. USSR Invitational - 2nd
1989 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 7th
1990 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 7th
1991 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 6th
1992 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 5th
1993 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 15th
1994 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 10th
External links
Official website
IFBB Hall of Fame profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"female bodybuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_bodybuilding"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Diana Dennis (born July 21, 1951) is a former professional female bodybuilder from the United States.","title":"Diana Dennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physique_Committee"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFBB_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Dennis began competing in local contests in 1981. Her earliest success was in mixed pairs competition (where couples do synchronized posing routines to chosen music), with partner Kevin Lawrence. They won several titles, including the 1985 IFBB World Amateur competition. Dennis earned her pro card by winning the overall title at the 1985 NPC Nationals. She then established herself as one of the top professional competitors by finishing third in the Ms. Olympia later that year. She competed in a total of nine Ms. Olympia contests, finishing outside the top ten only once. As a pro, Dennis won the 1986 Los Angeles Pro Championship and the 1989 Pro World Championship. She was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001.Dennis is retired from official competition, but still continues to train.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physique_Committee"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"}],"text":"1981 The Shrine Amateur Grand Prix - 4th\n1982 Saddleback Valley Muscle Classic - 1st (HW)\n1982 California Muscle Classic - 1st (HW & overall)\n1983 California Championships - 4th (HW)\n1983 National Bodybuilding Fair Mixed Pairs - 2nd\n1983 AFWB American Championships - 6th (HW)\n1983 AFWB American Mixed Pairs - 1st\n1983 NPC National Championships - 1st (HW)\n1984 Orange County Muscle Classic - 1st (HW & overall)\n1984 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 4th\n1984 NPC USA Championship - 2nd (HW)\n1984 NPC Nationals - 2nd (HW)\n1985 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 4th\n1985 NPC Nationals - 1st (HW & overall)\n1985 IFBB World Amateur Mixed Pairs - 1st\n1985 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 3rd\n1986 IFBB Pro World Championship - 2nd\n1986 IFBB Pro-Am Mixed Pairs - 2nd\n1986 Los Angeles Pro Championship - 1st\n1986 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 4th\n1987 IFBB Pro World Championship - 4th\n1987 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 8th\n1989 IFBB Pro World Championship - 1st\n1989 USA vs. USSR Invitational - 2nd\n1989 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 7th\n1990 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 7th\n1991 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 6th\n1992 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 5th\n1993 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 15th\n1994 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 10th","title":"Contest history"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Diana+Dennis%22","external_links_name":"\"Diana Dennis\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Diana+Dennis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Diana+Dennis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Diana+Dennis%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Diana+Dennis%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Diana+Dennis%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dianadennis.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510140419/http://www.ifbb.com/halloffame/2001/dennis.html","external_links_name":"IFBB Hall of Fame profile"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gejza_%C5%A0imansk%C3%BD | Gejza Šimanský | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 References"] | Slovak footballer and manager
Gejza ŠimanskýPersonal informationDate of birth
(1924-08-29)29 August 1924Place of birth
Sečovce, CzechoslovakiaDate of death
June 19, 2007(2007-06-19) (aged 82)Position(s)
ForwardYouth career–1946
FK Rapid VinohradySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1943–1946
PTS Prešov
?
(21)1946–1951
Sokol NV Bratislava
?
(48)1951–1958
DSO Tatran Prešov
?
(23)International career1947–1955
Czechoslovakia
15
(7)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Gejza Šimanský (born 29 August 1924 in Sečovce, died 19 June 2007) was a former Slovak footballer who played for ŠK Slovan Bratislava and FC Tatran Prešov during the 1940s and 1950s.
Club career
Šimanský made 212 appearances and scored 85 goals in the Czechoslovakian I. liga over 18 seasons.
International career
Šimanský made 15 appearances and scored 7 goals for the full Czechoslovakia national football team from 1947 through 1955.
References
^ a b "Nezomierali len legendy, ale aj talenty". Dennik Šport. 2008-01-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
^ "Zomrel Gejza Šimanský". 1. FC Tatran. 2007-06-19.
^ "Index of Slovak football players, Q-Z". Slovak Futball.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
^ "Gejza Šimanský". Fotbal.cz. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
vte1. FC Tatran Prešov – managers
Pethe (1898–04)
Iszer (1898)
Peťura (1940–41)
Grobár (1941–42)
Kuchár (1942–43)
Grobár (1943)
Herdický (1943)
Karel (1950–57)
Steiner (1957–59)
Šimanský (1959)
Jačiansky (1960–61)
Kuchár (1961–63)
Sabanoš (1962–64)
Karel (1964–65)
Steiner (1965–66)
Karel (1966)
Reimann (1967–68)
Karel (1968–72)
Moravec (1972–74)
Karel (1974)
Jačiansky (1976–78)
Malaga (1978–79)
Hojsík (1979–81)
Zachar (1981–82)
Švec (1982–84)
Jarabinský (1984–85)
Javorek (1985–86)
Majer (1986–87)
Mihalčín (1987–88)
Nadzam (1989–93)
Novák (1993–94)
Malaga (1994–95)
Jánoš (1995–97)
Daňko (1997–98)
Adamec (1998–99)
Komanický (1999–01)
Dejmal (2001–02)
Gombár (2002–04)
Komanický (2004–05)
Horný (2005)
Rybár (2005–06)
Širmelis (2006)
Karaffa (2006)
Daňko (2006)
Polák (2006–07)
Pivarník (2007–10)
Pecko (2010–11)
Tarkovič (2011)
Kovalets (2012)
Chervenkov (2012)
Totkovič (2012–13)
Bubenko (2013)
Kostelník (2013–14)
Varga (2014–16)
Karaffac (2016)
Jantek (2016–17)
Mlynárc (2017)
Kovalets (2017–18)
Mišovec (2018–19)
Petráš (2019–20)
Kováč (2021)
Šesták (2021–22)
Petruš (2022–23)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
This biographical article related to a forward from Slovakia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Czechoslovak football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sečovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C4%8Dovce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennik_%C5%A0port-1"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"ŠK Slovan Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"FC Tatran Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Gejza Šimanský (born 29 August 1924 in Sečovce, died 19 June 2007[1]) was a former Slovak footballer who played for ŠK Slovan Bratislava and FC Tatran Prešov[2] during the 1940s and 1950s.[3]","title":"Gejza Šimanský"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I. liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambrinus_liga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennik_%C5%A0port-1"}],"text":"Šimanský made 212 appearances and scored 85 goals in the Czechoslovakian I. liga over 18 seasons.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Šimanský made 15 appearances and scored 7 goals for the full Czechoslovakia national football team from 1947 through 1955.[4]","title":"International career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nezomierali len legendy, ale aj talenty\". Dennik Šport. 2008-01-10. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2008-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216144151/http://www.denniksport.sk/clanok?id=43031","url_text":"\"Nezomierali len legendy, ale aj talenty\""},{"url":"http://www.denniksport.sk/clanok?id=43031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zomrel Gejza Šimanský\". 1. FC Tatran. 2007-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.1fctatran.szm.sk/Simansky_zomrel.html","url_text":"\"Zomrel Gejza Šimanský\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index of Slovak football players, Q-Z\". Slovak Futball.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2008-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216111030/http://www.slovakfutball.com/galeriamenaQZ.htm","url_text":"\"Index of Slovak football players, Q-Z\""},{"url":"http://www.slovakfutball.com/galeriamenaQZ.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gejza Šimanský\". Fotbal.cz. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613160033/http://www.fotbal.cz/c/reprezentace/hraci/viewstat.asp?name=SimanskyGejza","url_text":"\"Gejza Šimanský\""},{"url":"http://fotbal.cz/c/reprezentace/hraci/viewstat.asp?name=SimanskyGejza","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216144151/http://www.denniksport.sk/clanok?id=43031","external_links_name":"\"Nezomierali len legendy, ale aj talenty\""},{"Link":"http://www.denniksport.sk/clanok?id=43031","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.1fctatran.szm.sk/Simansky_zomrel.html","external_links_name":"\"Zomrel Gejza Šimanský\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216111030/http://www.slovakfutball.com/galeriamenaQZ.htm","external_links_name":"\"Index of Slovak football players, Q-Z\""},{"Link":"http://www.slovakfutball.com/galeriamenaQZ.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613160033/http://www.fotbal.cz/c/reprezentace/hraci/viewstat.asp?name=SimanskyGejza","external_links_name":"\"Gejza Šimanský\""},{"Link":"http://fotbal.cz/c/reprezentace/hraci/viewstat.asp?name=SimanskyGejza","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000057514011","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84806438","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000088919&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gejza_%C5%A0imansk%C3%BD&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gejza_%C5%A0imansk%C3%BD&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Nielsen | Glenn Nielsen | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Canadian energy industry businessman
Glenn E. NielsonBorn(1903-05-22)May 22, 1903Aetna, Alberta, CanadaDiedOctober 19, 1998(1998-10-19) (aged 95)Known forfounder of Husky Refining Company
Glenn E. Nielson (May 26, 1903 – October 19, 1998) was the founder of Husky Refining Company, now Husky Energy. He was nicknamed "Mr. Asphalt" because of his efforts to expand the use of asphalt in roads.
Nielson was born in Aetna, Alberta, Canada and raised in Cardston, Alberta. He graduated from Raymond Agricultural College and served missions for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in England and California in the 1920s. Nielson received his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Alberta.
He began his involvement in the oil industry in 1938 with the purchase of the Park Refining Company (Cody, WY) from Wyoming oil pioneer Valentine M. Kirk. Nielson's ongoing expansion in the industry included the 1951 purchase of a controlling interest in the Kirk & Krueger Drilling Company, started in 1945 by Valentine Kirk's son Carroll J. Kirk.
After moving to the United States, Nielson became an American citizen.
In 1966, Nielson became the chairman of the Business-Industry Political Action Committee.
In the LDS Church, Nielson was president of the Big Horn Stake based in Lovell, Wyoming. In 1969, he became the director of Brigham Young University's development office. From 1973 to 1977 Nielson was the president of the Washington D.C. Mission. Nielson also served as a regional representative of the Twelve and was a stake patriarch at the time of his death.
Nielson married Olive Wood in the Cardston Alberta Temple in 1928. They had three daughters and two sons.
Notes
^ "New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998". Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
References
Ernest L. Wilkinson and Leonard J. Arrington, ed., Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years (Provo: BYU Press, 1975) Vol. 3, p. 584.
New York Times Obituary of Nielsen, 5 Nov. 1998 Archived 2018-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
Deseret News Oct. 24, 1998 Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Husky Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_Energy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aetna, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetna,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Cardston, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Raymond Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Agricultural_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Valentine M. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Monroe_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Business-Industry Political Action Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-Industry_Political_Action_Committee"},{"link_name":"Stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Lovell, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_president"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"regional representative of the Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_representative_of_the_Twelve"},{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"Cardston Alberta Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardston_Alberta_Temple"}],"text":"Glenn E. Nielson (May 26, 1903 – October 19, 1998) was the founder of Husky Refining Company, now Husky Energy. He was nicknamed \"Mr. Asphalt\" because of his efforts to expand the use of asphalt in roads.[1]Nielson was born in Aetna, Alberta, Canada and raised in Cardston, Alberta. He graduated from Raymond Agricultural College and served missions for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in England and California in the 1920s. Nielson received his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Alberta.He began his involvement in the oil industry in 1938 with the purchase of the Park Refining Company (Cody, WY) from Wyoming oil pioneer Valentine M. Kirk. Nielson's ongoing expansion in the industry included the 1951 purchase of a controlling interest in the Kirk & Krueger Drilling Company, started in 1945 by Valentine Kirk's son Carroll J. Kirk.After moving to the United States, Nielson became an American citizen.In 1966, Nielson became the chairman of the Business-Industry Political Action Committee.In the LDS Church, Nielson was president of the Big Horn Stake based in Lovell, Wyoming. In 1969, he became the director of Brigham Young University's development office. From 1973 to 1977 Nielson was the president of the Washington D.C. Mission. Nielson also served as a regional representative of the Twelve and was a stake patriarch at the time of his death.Nielson married Olive Wood in the Cardston Alberta Temple in 1928. They had three daughters and two sons.","title":"Glenn Nielsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180131044915/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html"}],"text":"^ \"New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998\". Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998\". Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","url_text":"\"New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131044915/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","external_links_name":"\"New York Times obituary, 5 November 1998\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131044915/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","external_links_name":"New York Times Obituary of Nielsen, 5 Nov. 1998"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131044915/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/glenn-e-nielson-95-builder-of-oil-and-asphalt-business.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/659317/Death--Glenn-E-Nielson---END-OF-AN-ERA.html?pg=1","external_links_name":"Deseret News Oct. 24, 1998"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023034740/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/659317/Death--Glenn-E-Nielson---END-OF-AN-ERA.html?pg=1","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porrentruy_Castle | Porrentruy Castle | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 47°25′10″N 7°04′21″E / 47.419486°N 7.072403°E / 47.419486; 7.072403Porrentruy Castle
Porrentruy Castle: the Réfous Tower
Porrentruy Castle is a castle in the municipality of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Construction of the castle took place between the mid-thirteenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century. The oldest part is the thirteenth century Réfous Tower (Tour Réfous). Fourteenth century ramparts survive on the western and northern sides.
Since 1271 belonging to the bishopric of Basel, the castle served as exile residence of the prince-bishops of Basel from 1527 until 1792. The bishops had been exiled from Basel during the Swiss Reformation in 1529, whereas they were able to keep most of their territories outside the city.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Romanesque chapel within the castle walls was destroyed.
See also
List of castles in Switzerland
References
^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Porrentruy Castle
vteCastles and Fortresses of the Canton of Jura
Asuel
Löwenburg
Mont-Terri
Montvoie
Prince-Bishops' Castle
Porrentruy
Raymontpierre
See also
Castles of Switzerland
Castles of Europe
47°25′10″N 7°04′21″E / 47.419486°N 7.072403°E / 47.419486; 7.072403
This article about a castle in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-05-03_Porrentruy_171.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porrentruy_R%C3%A9fous.jpg"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Porrentruy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porrentruy"},{"link_name":"Canton of Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Jura"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"prince-bishops of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformation"}],"text":"Porrentruy CastlePorrentruy Castle: the Réfous TowerPorrentruy Castle is a castle in the municipality of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[1]Construction of the castle took place between the mid-thirteenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century. The oldest part is the thirteenth century Réfous Tower (Tour Réfous). Fourteenth century ramparts survive on the western and northern sides.Since 1271 belonging to the bishopric of Basel, the castle served as exile residence of the prince-bishops of Basel from 1527 until 1792. The bishops had been exiled from Basel during the Swiss Reformation in 1529, whereas they were able to keep most of their territories outside the city.At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Romanesque chapel within the castle walls was destroyed.","title":"Porrentruy Castle"}] | [{"image_text":"Porrentruy Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2009-05-03_Porrentruy_171.JPG/220px-2009-05-03_Porrentruy_171.JPG"},{"image_text":"Porrentruy Castle: the Réfous Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Porrentruy_R%C3%A9fous.jpg/265px-Porrentruy_R%C3%A9fous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Porrentruy Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/230-Porrentruy-ch%C3%A2teau.JPG/220px-230-Porrentruy-ch%C3%A2teau.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of castles in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Switzerland"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\""},{"url":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Porrentruy_Castle¶ms=47.419486_N_7.072403_E_region:CH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°25′10″N 7°04′21″E / 47.419486°N 7.072403°E / 47.419486; 7.072403"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","external_links_name":"\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\""},{"Link":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Porrentruy_Castle¶ms=47.419486_N_7.072403_E_region:CH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°25′10″N 7°04′21″E / 47.419486°N 7.072403°E / 47.419486; 7.072403"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porrentruy_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlatabad-e_Sheykh | Dowlatabad-e Sheykh | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 32°45′13″N 52°55′04″E / 32.75361°N 52.91778°E / 32.75361; 52.91778Village in Isfahan, IranDowlatabad-e Sheykh
دولت ابادشيخvillageDowlatabad-e SheykhCoordinates: 32°45′13″N 52°55′04″E / 32.75361°N 52.91778°E / 32.75361; 52.91778Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyNainBakhshCentralRural DistrictLay SiyahPopulation (2006) • Total73Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Dowlatabad-e Sheykh (Persian: دولت ابادشيخ, also Romanized as Dowlatābād-e Sheykh; also known as Daulatābād and Dowlatābād) is a village in Lay Siyah Rural District, in the Central District of Nain County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 21 families.
References
^ Dowlatabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3061672" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Nain CountyCapital
Nain
DistrictsCentralCities
Nain
Rural Districts and villagesBafran
Bafran
Benvid-e Olya
Benvid-e Sofla
Farahabad
Hendu Chub
Kalut-e Mohammadiyeh
Mazraeh Emam
Mazraeh-ye Hajj Hoseyn
Separu
Soheyl
Baharestan
Ashnan
Feyzabad-e Hajj Kazem
Golestan
Jalalabad
Jeznabad
Juyabad
Kebriyai
Kejan
Kharvan
Malakan
Mehradaran
Najafabad
Neyestanak
Now Bahar
Vandish
Zuruki
Kuhestan
Arand
Arjak
Arvar
Asadabad
Asfejan
Balan
Cham
Dowlatabad
Golabad
Hamunabad
Hoseynabad-e Asheq
Hoseynabad-e Hajj Kazem
Jalalabad
Jamkan
Kahnaviyeh-ye Olya va Sofla
Kamalabad
Kheyrabad
Maz Mehrabad
Mazik
Mazikcheh
Mehrabad
Padandestan
Sadabad
Sangij
Sheykhabad
Soltan Nasir
Tiukecheh
Varpay-e Olya
Varpay-e Sofla
Yurtga
Lay Siyah
Abiabad
Afifabad
Akbarabad
Allahabad
Balaabad
Balaabadcheh
Bidacheh
Dowlatabad-e Sheykh
Eshratabad
Fahiyeh
Feyzabad
Fudaz
Gonuiyeh
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad
Hamidi
Hasanabad-e Tavakkoli
Hashemabad
Homaabad-e Olya
Jahanabad
Jezlan
Jeznabad
Kharzan
Khorramdasht
Kodunuiyeh
Kushkuiyeh
Laghareh
Mahmudabad
Mandegi-ye Olya
Margh Chuiyeh
Masumabad
Mehrabad
Moinabad
Mozaffarabad
Musaabad
Nargur
Nasrabad
Nujuk
Nushin
Owshen-e Olya
Qaleh Dar
Qayumabad
Rahatabad
Rasulabad
Sefideh
Sereshk
Seyfabad
Taminan
Tangestan
Varcham
Varposht
Yek Baghi
Zamanabad
AnarakCities
Anarak
Rural Districts and villagesChupanan
Ashin
Chupanan
Madan-e Nakhlak
Mohammadabad
Iran portal
This Nain County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lay Siyah Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Siyah_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Nain_County)"},{"link_name":"Nain County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nain_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Isfahan, IranDowlatabad-e Sheykh (Persian: دولت ابادشيخ, also Romanized as Dowlatābād-e Sheykh; also known as Daulatābād and Dowlatābād)[1] is a village in Lay Siyah Rural District, in the Central District of Nain County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 21 families.[2]","title":"Dowlatabad-e Sheykh"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dowlatabad-e_Sheykh¶ms=32_45_13_N_52_55_04_E_region:IR_type:city(73)","external_links_name":"32°45′13″N 52°55′04″E / 32.75361°N 52.91778°E / 32.75361; 52.91778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dowlatabad-e_Sheykh¶ms=32_45_13_N_52_55_04_E_region:IR_type:city(73)","external_links_name":"32°45′13″N 52°55′04″E / 32.75361°N 52.91778°E / 32.75361; 52.91778"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dowlatabad-e_Sheykh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toivo_Halonen | Toivo Halonen | ["1 References"] | Toivo Juhana Halonen (7 July 1893 – 29 October 1984) was a Finnish smallholder and politician. He was born in Sääminki. He was imprisoned in 1918 for having sided with the Reds during the Finnish Civil War. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1922 to 1945, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).
References
^ "Toivo Halonen Member of Parliament 05.09.1922 - 05.04.1945". Retrieved 11 October 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Toivo Halonen"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Toivo Halonen Member of Parliament 05.09.1922 - 05.04.1945\". Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/kansanedustajat/Pages/910414.aspx","url_text":"\"Toivo Halonen Member of Parliament 05.09.1922 - 05.04.1945\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/kansanedustajat/Pages/910414.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Toivo Halonen Member of Parliament 05.09.1922 - 05.04.1945\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_the_Sceptic | Agrippa the Skeptic | ["1 The five modes of Agrippa","2 See also","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"] | Hellenistic Pyrrhonist philosopher, creator of Agrippa's Trilemma
AgrippaBorn1st century CEEraHellenistic philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolPyrrhonismMain interestsEpistemologyNotable ideasThe five modes of AgrippaAgrippan trilemma
Part of a series onPyrrhonism
Pyrrhonists
Pyrrho
Timon of Phlius
Aenesidemus
Agrippa the Skeptic
Sextus Empiricus
Concepts
Ataraxia
Acatalepsy
Adiaphora
Aporia
Dogma
Epoché
Similar philosophies
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Benson Mates
Robert Fogelin
Philosophy portalvte
Agrippa (Greek: Ἀγρίππας) was a Pyrrhonist philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century CE. He is regarded as the author of "The Five Tropes (or Modes, in Greek: τρόποι) of Agrippa", which are purported to establish the necessity of suspending judgment (epoché). Agrippa's arguments form the basis of the Agrippan trilemma.
The five modes of Agrippa
Sextus Empiricus described these "modes" or "tropes" in Outlines of Pyrrhonism, attributing them "to the more recent skeptics"; Diogenes Laërtius attributes them to Agrippa.
The five modes of Agrippa (also known as the five tropes of Agrippa) are:
Dissent – The uncertainty demonstrated by the differences of opinions among philosophers and people in general.
Progress ad infinitum – All proof rests on matters themselves in need of proof, and so on to infinity, i.e., the regress argument.
Relation – All things are changed as their relations become changed, or, as we look upon them from different points of view.
Assumption – The truth asserted is based on an unsupported assumption.
Circularity – The truth asserted involves a circularity of proofs.
According to the mode deriving from dispute, we find that undecidable dissension about the matter proposed has come about both in ordinary life and among philosophers. Because of this we are not able to choose or to rule out anything, and we end up with suspension of judgement. In the mode deriving from infinite regress, we say that what is brought forward as a source of conviction for the matter proposed itself needs another such source, which itself needs another, and so ad infinitum, so that we have no point from which to begin to establish anything, and suspension of judgement follows. In the mode deriving from relativity, as we said above, the existing object appears to be such-and-such relative to the subject judging and to the things observed together with it, but we suspend judgement on what it is like in its nature. We have the mode from hypothesis when the Dogmatists, being thrown back ad infinitum, begin from something which they do not establish but claim to assume simply and without proof in virtue of a concession. The reciprocal mode occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we suspend judgement about both.
The first and third tropes summarize the earlier Ten Modes of Aenesidemus. The three additional ones show a progress in the Pyrrhonist system, building upon the objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion to more abstract and metaphysical grounds.
According to Victor Brochard "the five tropes can be regarded as the most radical and most precise formulation of philosophical skepticism that has ever been given. In a sense, they are still irresistible today."
See also
Aenesidemus
Sextus Empiricus
Theory of justification
Munchhausen Trilemma
Notes
^ Jowett, Benjamin (1867), "Agrippa (1)", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 77
^ a b Diogenes Laërtius, ix.
^ Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis i., from Annas, J., Outlines of Scepticism Cambridge University Press. (2000).
^ Brochard, V., The Greek Skeptics.
Bibliography
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Agrippa".
Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Philosophers.
Victor Brochard, The Greek Skeptics
L. E. Goodman, "Skepticism", Review of Metaphysics 36:819–848, 1983.
Jonathan Barnes, The Toils of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1990.
vteSkepticismTypes of skepticism
Philosophical
Radical
Local
Moral
Scientific
Religious
Skeptical philosophies
Academic Skepticism
Ajñana
Cartesian
Charvaka
Humeanism
Pyrrhonism
Solipsism
Skeptical philosophers
Pyrrho
Timon
Arcesilaus
Lacydes
Carneades
Clitomachus
Philo of Larissa
Cicero
Aenesidemus
Agrippa
Sextus Empiricus
Montaigne
René Descartes
David Hume
Skeptical scenarios
Acatalepsy
Brain in a vat
Dream argument
Evil genius
Five-minute hypothesis
Münchhausen trilemma
Problem of the criterion
Problem of induction
Simulation hypothesis
Wax argument
Responses
Here is one hand
Semantic externalism
Process reliabilism
Epistemic closure
Contextualism
Relativism
Lists
List of books about skepticism
List of scientific skeptics
List of skeptical conferences
List of skeptical magazines
List of skeptical organizations
List of skeptical podcasts | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"suspending judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_judgment"},{"link_name":"epoché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Agrippan trilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippan_trilemma"}],"text":"Agrippa (Greek: Ἀγρίππας) was a Pyrrhonist philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century CE.[1] He is regarded as the author of \"The Five Tropes (or Modes, in Greek: τρόποι) of Agrippa\", which are purported to establish the necessity of suspending judgment (epoché). 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The reciprocal mode occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we suspend judgement about both.[3]The first and third tropes summarize the earlier Ten Modes of Aenesidemus.[2] The three additional ones show a progress in the Pyrrhonist system, building upon the objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion to more abstract and metaphysical grounds.According to Victor Brochard \"the five tropes can be regarded as the most radical and most precise formulation of philosophical skepticism that has ever been given. In a sense, they are still irresistible today.\"[4]","title":"The five modes of Agrippa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DGRBM_1-0"},{"link_name":"Jowett, Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett"},{"link_name":"\"Agrippa (1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-diog1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-diog1_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Jowett, Benjamin (1867), \"Agrippa (1)\", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 77\n\n^ a b Diogenes Laërtius, ix.\n\n^ Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis i., from Annas, J., Outlines of Scepticism Cambridge University Press. (2000).\n\n^ Brochard, V., The Greek Skeptics.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Sextus Empiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus"},{"link_name":"Diogenes Laërtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius"},{"link_name":"Victor Brochard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Brochard"},{"link_name":"Jonathan 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of Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Aenesidemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus"},{"link_name":"Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sextus Empiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus"},{"link_name":"Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_De_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"René Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"Acatalepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalepsy"},{"link_name":"Brain in a vat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_in_a_vat"},{"link_name":"Dream argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_argument"},{"link_name":"Evil genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_demon"},{"link_name":"Five-minute 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closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_closure"},{"link_name":"Contextualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism"},{"link_name":"Relativism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_about_skepticism"},{"link_name":"List of books about skepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_skepticism"},{"link_name":"List of scientific skeptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics"},{"link_name":"List of skeptical conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_conferences"},{"link_name":"List of skeptical magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_magazines"},{"link_name":"List of skeptical organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_organizations"},{"link_name":"List of skeptical podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeptical_podcasts"}],"text":"Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article \"Agrippa\".Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism\nDiogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Philosophers.\nVictor Brochard, The Greek Skeptics\nL. E. Goodman, \"Skepticism\", Review of Metaphysics 36:819–848, 1983.\nJonathan Barnes, The Toils of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1990.vteSkepticismTypes of skepticism\nPhilosophical\nRadical\nLocal\nMoral\nScientific\nReligious\nSkeptical philosophies\nAcademic Skepticism\nAjñana\nCartesian\nCharvaka\nHumeanism\nPyrrhonism\nSolipsism\nSkeptical philosophers\nPyrrho\nTimon\nArcesilaus\nLacydes\nCarneades\nClitomachus\nPhilo of Larissa\nCicero\nAenesidemus\nAgrippa\nSextus Empiricus\nMontaigne\nRené Descartes\nDavid Hume\nSkeptical scenarios\nAcatalepsy\nBrain in a vat\nDream argument\nEvil genius\nFive-minute hypothesis\nMünchhausen trilemma\nProblem of the criterion\nProblem of induction\nSimulation hypothesis\nWax argument\nResponses\nHere is one hand\nSemantic externalism\nProcess reliabilism\nEpistemic closure\nContextualism\nRelativism\nLists\nList of books about skepticism\nList of scientific skeptics\nList of skeptical conferences\nList of skeptical magazines\nList of skeptical organizations\nList of skeptical podcasts","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aenesidemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenesidemus"},{"title":"Sextus Empiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus"},{"title":"Theory of justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification"},{"title":"Munchhausen Trilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munchhausen_Trilemma"}] | [{"reference":"Jowett, Benjamin (1867), \"Agrippa (1)\", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 77","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett","url_text":"Jowett, Benjamin"},{"url":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html","url_text":"\"Agrippa (1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html","external_links_name":"\"Agrippa (1)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Araroa_(town) | Te Araroa (town) | ["1 Geography","1.1 Parks","2 Demographics","3 Marae","3.1 Hinerupe Marae","3.2 Other marae","4 Education","5 References"] | Coordinates: 37°38′S 178°22′E / 37.633°S 178.367°E / -37.633; 178.367Town in the Gisborne District of New Zealand
Town in Gisborne District, New ZealandTe AraroaTownTe Waha o RerekohuCoordinates: 37°38′S 178°22′E / 37.633°S 178.367°E / -37.633; 178.367CountryNew ZealandRegionGisborne DistrictWardTairāwhiti General WardElectoratesEast CoastIkaroa-Rāwhiti (Māori)Area • Total1.69 km2 (0.65 sq mi)Population (June 2023) • Total170 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)Postcode(s)4087
Te Araroa is a town in the Gisborne Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated 175 km north of Gisborne city, along State Highway 35 between Tokata and Awatere. Te Araroa is the birthplace of noted Māori politician Sir Āpirana Ngata. Māori in the area are generally associated with the Ngāti Porou iwi. It is 100 metres from its local beach.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the long path" for Te Araroa.
The township has a medical centre, general store, takeaways, fire station and police station. In 2006 the local pub, the Kawakawa Hotel was ravaged by a major fire. Recreational facilities include a children's playground, skate park and rugby domain.
Geography
Te Araroa sits at the base of Whetumatarau at the eastern end of Kawakawa Bay. In the grounds of the local school stands Te Waha o Rerekohu, claimed to be one of the largest pōhutukawa trees (Metrosideros excelsa) in New Zealand.
Parks
Te Araroa Domain is the settlement's sports ground and local park.
Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Te Araroa as a rural settlement, which covers 1.69 km2 (0.65 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 170 as of June 2023, with a population density of 101 people per km2. It is part of the larger East Cape statistical area.
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.2006168— 2013162−0.52%2018153−1.14%Source:
Remote view of Te Araroa in 1971
Te Araroa had a population of 153 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 9 people (−5.6%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 15 people (−8.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 54 households, comprising 81 males and 75 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. The median age was 40.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 42 people (27.5%) aged under 15 years, 15 (9.8%) aged 15 to 29, 72 (47.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (17.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 17.6% European/Pākehā, 92.2% Māori, and 2.0% Pacific peoples. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 33.3% had no religion, 60.8% were Christian, and 3.9% had Māori religious beliefs.
Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (10.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21 (18.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (2.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 36 (32.4%) people were employed full-time, 24 (21.6%) were part-time, and 6 (5.4%) were unemployed.
Marae
Hinerupe Marae
The local Hinerupe Marae and meeting house, located in the township, is a tribal meeting place of the Ngāti Porou hapū of Ngāti Tuere, Te Whānau a Hinerupe, Te Whānau a Karuai and Te Whānau a Tuwhakairiora.
In 1996 an electrical fire destroyed part of Hinerupe Marae. The community rallied to raise funds to build a new marae on the same site as the former 130-year-old building. One major fundraising event The Out of the Ashes Festival saw New Zealand performers Sir Howard Morrison, Dave Dobbyn, Neil Finn and Annie Crummer perform at the Te Araroa Domain. The new marae complex opened on 30 March 2002.
In October 2020, the Government committed $5,756,639 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae and 28 others in the Gisborne District. The funding was expected to create 205 jobs.
Other marae
Four other Ngāti Porou marae are also located in the valley.
Punaruku Marae and Te Pikitanga meeting house, located north of the township, is a meeting place of Ngāti Kahu.
The Tutua or Paerauta Marae and Te Poho o Tamakoro meeting house, located west of the township, is a meeting place of Ngāi Tamakoro and Ngāti Tuere. It also received Government funding for an upgrade in October 2020.
Hurae or Te Kahika Marae and meeting house, also located south of the township, is also a meeting place of Te Whānau a Hinerupe. It also received Government funding for an upgrade in October 2020.
Awatere Marae and Te Aotaihi meeting house, located south of the township, is a meeting place of Te Whānau a Hinerupe. It received $101,200 from the Provincial Growth Fund in 2020 for upgrade work.
Education
Te Waha o Rerekohu Area School is a Year 1–13 co-educational state area school with a roll of 81 students as of February 2024.
References
^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ a b "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
^ Hariss, Gavin. "Te Araroa, Gisborne". topomap.co.nz. NZ Topo Map.
^ a b c "Te Araroa". gisbornenz.com. Gisborne NZ Tourism.
^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
^ "Gisborne Parks and Reserves". gdc.govt.nz. Gisborne District Council.
^ 2018 Census place summary: East Cape
^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7015467.
^ a b c d e "Te Kāhui Māngai directory". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri.
^ a b c d e f "Māori Maps". maorimaps.com. Te Potiki National Trust.
^ Yandall, Paul. "Te Araroa toils to restore pride". The New Zealand Herald. APN. Retrieved 29 December 2001.
^ a b c d "Marae Announcements" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020.
^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
^ Education Counts: Te Waha o Rerekohu Area School
^ "Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
vteGisborne DistrictSeat: Gisborne CentralPopulated placesGisborne City
Awapuni
Elgin
Gisborne Central
Kaiti
Makaraka
Mangapapa
Okitū
Riverdale
Tamarau
Te Hapara
Tuaheni Point
Victoria
Wainui Beach
Whataupoko
Towns and rural areas
East Cape
Hicks Bay
Hiruharama
Horoera
Potaka
Rangitukia
Ruatoria
Te Araroa
Tikapa
Tikitiki
Whareponga
Mātāwai
Mōtū
Muriwai
Ngātapa
Ormond
Otoko
Puha
Rere
Te Karaka
Tiniroto
Waikohu
Waituhi
Wharerātā
Whatatutu
Akuaku
Anaura Bay
Gable End Foreland
Kaiaua Bay
Makarika
Pourewa Island
Te Puia Springs
Tokomaru Bay
Tolaga Bay
Waimata Valley
Waipiro Bay
Whangara
Hexton
Makauri
Manutūkē
Matokitoki
Pātūtahi
Waihirere
Geographic features
East Cape
Whangaokeno / East Island
Gable End Foreland
Huiarau Range
Motuoroi Island
Mount Arowhana
Mount Hikurangi
Maungahaumi
Mount Raukūmara
Pourewa Island
Raukūmara Range
Titirangi Hill
Tuaheni Point
Young Nick's Head
Facilities and attractions
East Cape Lighthouse
Eastwoodhill Arboretum
Gisborne Airport
Gisborne Botanical Gardens
Gisborne Railway Station
Hackfalls Arboretum
Harry Barker Reserve
Mangahanea Marae
Raukumara Conservation Park
Te Puia Springs
Te Urewera protected area
Whakarua Park
Schools
Campion College
Gisborne Boys' High School
Gisborne Girls' High School
Gisborne Intermediate
Lytton High School
Sports
East Coast Rugby
Gisborne City Football
Gisborne Thistle Football
Poverty Bay Rugby | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gisborne Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_Region"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"State Highway 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hariss-3"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Āpirana Ngata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Porou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gisbornenz-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gisbornenz-4"}],"text":"Town in the Gisborne District of New ZealandTown in Gisborne District, New ZealandTe Araroa is a town in the Gisborne Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated 175 km north of Gisborne city, along State Highway 35 between Tokata and Awatere.[3] Te Araroa is the birthplace of noted Māori politician Sir Āpirana Ngata. Māori in the area are generally associated with the Ngāti Porou iwi. It is 100 metres from its local beach.[4]The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of \"the long path\" for Te Araroa.[5]The township has a medical centre, general store, takeaways, fire station and police station. In 2006 the local pub, the Kawakawa Hotel was ravaged by a major fire. Recreational facilities include a children's playground, skate park and rugby domain.[4]","title":"Te Araroa (town)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metrosideros excelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrosideros_excelsa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gisbornenz-4"}],"text":"Te Araroa sits at the base of Whetumatarau at the eastern end of Kawakawa Bay. In the grounds of the local school stands Te Waha o Rerekohu, claimed to be one of the largest pōhutukawa trees (Metrosideros excelsa) in New Zealand.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDCparks-6"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"Te Araroa Domain is the settlement's sports ground and local park.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-2"},{"link_name":"East Cape statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cape#Demographics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Province_-_Te_Araroa_Publicity_Caption_Te_Araroa,_East_Cape,_East_Coast,_Auckland_Province_Photographer_R_Coad.jpg"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pacific peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-8"}],"text":"Statistics New Zealand describes Te Araroa as a rural settlement, which covers 1.69 km2 (0.65 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 170 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 101 people per km2. It is part of the larger East Cape statistical area.[7]Remote view of Te Araroa in 1971Te Araroa had a population of 153 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 9 people (−5.6%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 15 people (−8.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 54 households, comprising 81 males and 75 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. The median age was 40.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 42 people (27.5%) aged under 15 years, 15 (9.8%) aged 15 to 29, 72 (47.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (17.6%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 17.6% European/Pākehā, 92.2% Māori, and 2.0% Pacific peoples. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 33.3% had no religion, 60.8% were Christian, and 3.9% had Māori religious beliefs.Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (10.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21 (18.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (2.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 36 (32.4%) people were employed full-time, 24 (21.6%) were part-time, and 6 (5.4%) were unemployed.[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribal meeting place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marae"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Porou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou"},{"link_name":"hapū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Tuere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tuere"},{"link_name":"Te Whānau a Hinerupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wh%C4%81nau_a_Hinerupe"},{"link_name":"Te Whānau a Karuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wh%C4%81nau_a_Karuai"},{"link_name":"Te Whānau a Tuwhakairiora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wh%C4%81nau_a_Tuwhakairiora"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkmentry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"marae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marae"},{"link_name":"Howard Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Dave Dobbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Dobbyn"},{"link_name":"Neil Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"Annie Crummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Crummer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"Provincial Growth Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Growth_Fund"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maraepgf-12"}],"sub_title":"Hinerupe Marae","text":"The local Hinerupe Marae and meeting house, located in the township, is a tribal meeting place of the Ngāti Porou hapū of Ngāti Tuere, Te Whānau a Hinerupe, Te Whānau a Karuai and Te Whānau a Tuwhakairiora.[9][10]In 1996 an electrical fire destroyed part of Hinerupe Marae.[11] The community rallied to raise funds to build a new marae on the same site as the former 130-year-old building. One major fundraising event The Out of the Ashes Festival saw New Zealand performers Sir Howard Morrison, Dave Dobbyn, Neil Finn and Annie Crummer perform at the Te Araroa Domain. The new marae complex opened on 30 March 2002.[10]In October 2020, the Government committed $5,756,639 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae and 28 others in the Gisborne District. The funding was expected to create 205 jobs.[12]","title":"Marae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ngāti Porou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Porou"},{"link_name":"marae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marae"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Kahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahu_(Ng%C4%81ti_Porou)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkmentry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"Ngāi Tamakoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tamakoro"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Tuere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tuere"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkmentry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maraepgf-12"},{"link_name":"Te Whānau a Hinerupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wh%C4%81nau_a_Hinerupe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkmentry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maraepgf-12"},{"link_name":"Te Whānau a Hinerupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wh%C4%81nau_a_Hinerupe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkmentry-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maorimaps-10"},{"link_name":"Provincial Growth Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Growth_Fund"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maraepgf-12"}],"sub_title":"Other marae","text":"Four other Ngāti Porou marae are also located in the valley.Punaruku Marae and Te Pikitanga meeting house, located north of the township, is a meeting place of Ngāti Kahu.[9][10]The Tutua or Paerauta Marae and Te Poho o Tamakoro meeting house, located west of the township, is a meeting place of Ngāi Tamakoro and Ngāti Tuere.[9][10] It also received Government funding for an upgrade in October 2020.[12]Hurae or Te Kahika Marae and meeting house, also located south of the township, is also a meeting place of Te Whānau a Hinerupe.[9][10] It also received Government funding for an upgrade in October 2020.[12]Awatere Marae and Te Aotaihi meeting house, located south of the township, is a meeting place of Te Whānau a Hinerupe.[9][10] It received $101,200 from the Provincial Growth Fund in 2020 for upgrade work.[12]","title":"Marae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_school_roll_data-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ero-15"}],"text":"Te Waha o Rerekohu Area School is a Year 1–13 co-educational state area school with a roll of 81 students as of February 2024.[13][14][15]","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Remote view of Te Araroa in 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Auckland_Province_-_Te_Araroa_Publicity_Caption_Te_Araroa%2C_East_Cape%2C_East_Coast%2C_Auckland_Province_Photographer_R_Coad.jpg/220px-Auckland_Province_-_Te_Araroa_Publicity_Caption_Te_Araroa%2C_East_Cape%2C_East_Coast%2C_Auckland_Province_Photographer_R_Coad.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7980","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7981","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Hariss, Gavin. \"Te Araroa, Gisborne\". topomap.co.nz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.L.D.E.A%27s_V.P._Dr._P.G._Halakatti_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology | B.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology | ["1 Introduction","2 Courses","3 References"] | Coordinates: 16°50′53″N 75°43′01″E / 16.848°N 75.717°E / 16.848; 75.717College in Karnataka, India
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "B.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
B.L.D.E.A’s V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and TechnologyEstablished1980Academic affiliationVTUChairmanM.B. PatilPrincipalV.P.HuggiAdministratorPrabhu BiradarUndergraduates2500Postgraduates300AddressAshram Road, Bijapur, Karnataka, IndiaWebsitebldeacet.ac.in
B.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology was established by the Bijapur Lingayath District Education Association, Bijapur in the year 1980. It owes its name to Dr. P.G. Halakatti. It offers nine undergraduate programs besides research programs in two disciplines. It is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) in Belgaum and its undergraduate programs are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) of the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
Introduction
The college is recognized by the AICTE (New Delhi) and approved by the Government of Karnataka. It is recognized as an authorized institute to transfer the technology and courses offered by the joint collaboration of VTU Belgaum. Recently NBA inspection has been done.
Courses
The institute offers the following undergraduate courses recognized by AICTE, the Government of Karnataka and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University
Undergraduate Courses
Electronics and Communication Engineering (1983)
Information Science and Engineering (2000)
Computer Science and Engineering (1986)
Electrical And Electronics Engineering (1980)
Mechanical Engineering (1980)
Automobile Engineering (1986)
Civil Engineering (1980)
Architecture (1991)
Postgraduate Courses
Computer Science and Engineering
Structural Engineering
Thermal Engineering
Design Engineering
Microelectronics and Control system Engineering
It also has M.C.A. and M.B.A. departments.
References
^ "Bijapur engg students' design wins prize". The Times of India. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
16°50′53″N 75°43′01″E / 16.848°N 75.717°E / 16.848; 75.717 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvesvaraya_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Belgaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum"},{"link_name":"National Board of Accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_of_Accreditation"},{"link_name":"All India Council for Technical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education"}],"text":"College in Karnataka, IndiaB.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology was established by the Bijapur Lingayath District Education Association, Bijapur in the year 1980. It owes its name to Dr. P.G. Halakatti. It offers nine undergraduate programs besides research programs in two disciplines. It is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) in Belgaum and its undergraduate programs are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) of the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).","title":"B.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"}],"text":"The college is recognized by the AICTE (New Delhi) and approved by the Government of Karnataka. It is recognized as an authorized institute to transfer the technology and courses offered by the joint collaboration of VTU Belgaum. Recently NBA inspection has been done.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvesvaraya_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_and_Communication_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Information Science and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Science_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Computer Science and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Electrical And Electronics Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_And_Electronics_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Automobile Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Computer Science and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Structural Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Thermal Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The institute offers the following undergraduate courses recognized by AICTE, the Government of Karnataka and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityUndergraduate CoursesElectronics and Communication Engineering (1983)\nInformation Science and Engineering (2000)\nComputer Science and Engineering (1986)\nElectrical And Electronics Engineering (1980)\nMechanical Engineering (1980)\nAutomobile Engineering (1986)\nCivil Engineering (1980)\nArchitecture (1991)Postgraduate CoursesComputer Science and Engineering\nStructural Engineering\nThermal Engineering\nDesign Engineering\nMicroelectronics and Control system EngineeringIt also has M.C.A. and M.B.A. departments.[1]","title":"Courses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bijapur engg students' design wins prize\". The Times of India. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Leche | Roger Leche | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early","1.2 Offices","1.3 Lord High Treasurer","1.4 Family","2 References"] | English official and politician
Sir Roger Leche (1361-1416) was a medieval British courtier, Member of Parliament, and Lord High Treasurer.
Biography
Early
Leche was born into a well-to-do Derbyshire family and benefitted from being a Lancastrian supporter. He is a son of DAWKINS II LEECH.
Offices
After Henry Bolinbroke's return from exile in 1399, and subsequent coronation as King Henry IV, Leche started to acquire property and income from public offices such as Royal commissioner, Justice of the Peace, and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire for 1400–01. He became a member of the King's household, spending time in 1403 securing Carmarthen Castle against the Welsh. He was knighted by 1404.
In 1402 he represented Derbyshire in Parliament for the first time. He would represent the county again in 1406, 1413, and 1414.
He was made Controller of the Household of Henry IV in 1404 and Steward of the household of Henry, Prince of Wales from 1407 to 1413. Over the next decade he acquired a large number of positions in the royal household administration. He was Keeper of the city of York for the Crown (1405-1406), Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lordship of the High Peak, Derbyshire (1405-death), Steward of the duchy lordship of Tutbury, Staffordshire (by 1407-death), Bailiff of the High Peak (by 1413-death), Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster north parts (1413-death) and Chamberlain of the Duchy of Lancaster (1416-death).
Lord High Treasurer
He was also Constable of Flint Castle from 1407 to his death. After the accession to the throne of Henry V he was appointed Keeper of the household wardrobe in 1413 and promoted to Lord High Treasurer on 17 April 1416. Ill health forced his retirement on 23 September of the same year and he died two months later.
Family
He had married twice. From his first marriage he had a son and heir, Sir Philip Leche (died 1420), and four daughters. He secondly married Katherine, the widow of Sir John Bromwich and Sir Hugh Waterton.
References
^ "Leche, Roger (d.1416), of Chatsworth and Nether Haddon, Derbys., History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 3 September 2016.
vteEnglish Lord High Treasurers under the House of Lancaster (1399–1461; 1470–1471)Henry IV(1399–1413)
John Norbury (1399–1401)
Laurence Allerthorp (1401–February 1402)
Henry Bowet (February–October 1402)
Guy Mone (October 1402–1403)
William de Ros, 6th Baron Ros (1403–1404)
5th Baron Furnivall (1404–1407)
Nicholas Bubwith (1407–1408)
John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft (1408–1410)
Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (1410–1411)
John Pelham (1411–1413)
Henry V(1413–1422)
Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel (1413–1415)
Hugh Mortimer (January–April 1416)
Roger Leche (April–November 1416)
Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh (December 1416–1421)
William Kinwolmarsh (1421–December 1422)
Henry VI(1422–1461)(1470–1471)
John Stafford (1422–1426)
Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford (1426–1432)
John Scrope (1432–1433)
Ralph Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell (1433–1443)
Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley (1443–1446)
Marmaduke Lumley (1446–1449)
James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele (1449–1450)
John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Powick (1450–1452)
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester (1452–1455)
James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond (March–May 1455)
Henry Bourchier, Baron Bourchier (May 1455–1456)
John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (1456–1458)
James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond (1458–1460)
Henry Bourchier, Baron Bourchier (1460–1461)
John Langstrother (October 1470–April 1471) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sir Roger Leche (1361-1416) was a medieval British courtier, Member of Parliament, and Lord High Treasurer.[1]","title":"Roger Leche"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Early","text":"Leche was born into a well-to-do Derbyshire family and benefitted from being a Lancastrian supporter. He is a son of DAWKINS II LEECH.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Bolinbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bolinbroke"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Nottinghamshire_and_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Offices","text":"After Henry Bolinbroke's return from exile in 1399, and subsequent coronation as King Henry IV, Leche started to acquire property and income from public offices such as Royal commissioner, Justice of the Peace, and High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire for 1400–01. He became a member of the King's household, spending time in 1403 securing Carmarthen Castle against the Welsh. He was knighted by 1404.In 1402 he represented Derbyshire in Parliament for the first time. He would represent the county again in 1406, 1413, and 1414.He was made Controller of the Household of Henry IV in 1404 and Steward of the household of Henry, Prince of Wales from 1407 to 1413. Over the next decade he acquired a large number of positions in the royal household administration. He was Keeper of the city of York for the Crown (1405-1406), Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lordship of the High Peak, Derbyshire (1405-death), Steward of the duchy lordship of Tutbury, Staffordshire (by 1407-death), Bailiff of the High Peak (by 1413-death), Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster north parts (1413-death) and Chamberlain of the Duchy of Lancaster (1416-death).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constable of Flint Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_Flint_Castle"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the household wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_wardrobe"},{"link_name":"Lord High Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer"}],"sub_title":"Lord High Treasurer","text":"He was also Constable of Flint Castle from 1407 to his death. After the accession to the throne of Henry V he was appointed Keeper of the household wardrobe in 1413 and promoted to Lord High Treasurer on 17 April 1416. Ill health forced his retirement on 23 September of the same year and he died two months later.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Waterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Waterton"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"He had married twice. From his first marriage he had a son and heir, Sir Philip Leche (died 1420), and four daughters. He secondly married Katherine, the widow of Sir John Bromwich and Sir Hugh Waterton.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Leche, Roger (d.1416), of Chatsworth and Nether Haddon, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\". Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/leche-roger-1416","url_text":"\"Leche, Roger (d.1416), of Chatsworth and Nether Haddon, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/leche-roger-1416","external_links_name":"\"Leche, Roger (d.1416), of Chatsworth and Nether Haddon, Derbys., History of Parliament Online\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina | Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina | ["1 Economy and tourism","2 Tourist attractions","3 UNESCO World heritage sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina","4 Winter sports","5 Regions and cities","5.1 Sarajevo","5.2 Central Bosnia","5.3 Mostar and Herzegovina","5.4 Bosanska Krajina","5.5 Adriatic Sea","6 National parks","7 Statistics","8 Bihy by Tourism BiH","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | PlaceTourism in Bosnia and HerzegovinaKravica WaterfallsArea code+387WebsiteOfficial Tourist webpage
Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a fast-growing sector making up an important part in the economy of the country.
Beside a number of spots and attractions in Sarajevo and Mostar, as the country's principal tourist destinations, Bosnia and Herzegovina is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountain ski resorts such as Jahorina, Bjelašnica and Igman.
The tourist business environment is constantly developing with an increasingly active tourism promotional system.
In 2019, 1.990.451 tourists visited Bosnia and Herzegovina, an increase of 23,6% and had 4.100.401 overnight hotel stays, a 22.6% increase from the previous year. Also, 74.4% ( 1.48 million ) of the tourists came from foreign countries.
Economy and tourism
Tourism is becoming a great contributor to the Bosnian economy. As a result, Bosnia-Herzegovina now has a wide tourist industry and a fast expanding service sector thanks to the strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. The country also benefits from being both a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughout the year.
Being a predominantly mountainous country Bosnia-Herzegovina provides some of the best-value ski vacations in Europe.
In March 2012, Sarajevo won travel blog Foxnomad's "Best City to Visit" competition, beating out more than one hundred cities around the entire world.
More recently, the town of Visoko has experienced a staggering increase in tourist arrivals due to the alleged discovery of the Bosnian pyramids, attracting in excess of 10,000 tourists in the first weekend of June 2006.
Međugorje has become one of the most popular pilgrimage sites for Catholics (and people of other faiths) in the world and has turned into Europe's third most important religious place, where each year more than 1 million people visit. It has been estimated that 30 million pilgrims have come to Međugorje since the reputed apparitions began in 1981.
Neum on the adriatic coast has steep hills, sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Prices tend to be lower than in neighboring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area. Tourism in Neum is active mostly in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism.
Vacationing in Bosnia has become popular among Gulf Arabs from Eastern Arabia.
Tourist attractions
Andrićgrad and Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Marian shrine of Our Lady of Medjugorje is currently one of the biggest tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stari Most in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The tourist department of Bosnia and Herzegovina indicated that the most attractive benefits experienced by visitors are - 1) the spirit of the people. 2) Cities across the country are well connected with intercity busses and 3) major cities with the surrounding natural sites are easily reachable within a day.
Some of the tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:
Sarajevo The "Olympic City". Economic, scientific, cultural, political and commercial center of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Called The European Jerusalem.
Mostar, "City on Neretva", "City of Sunshine", the UNESCO site of Stari most and old town Mostar;
Tuzla Birthplace of Mesa Selimovic and known for its Pannonian "Salt lakes".
Banja Luka, the "Green City" with various cultural sights like Kastel fortress, the river Vrbas and Ferhadija mosque;
Bihać and the river Una with its waterfalls and the Una National Park;
Zenica the river Bosna and Vranduk – the medieval fortress with a mosque;
Jajce with its waterfalls, city of The Bosnian Kings, and location of the foundation of Yugoslavia during AVNOJ;
Višegrad, the UNESCO site of the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge;
Slatina, a famous spa resort with unpolluted nature, fresh air and a reputation since the 1870s.
Shrine of Our Lady of Medjugorje, Catholic pilgrimage site of a Marian apparition;
Prijedor, Old City Mosque (National heritage), Kozara National Park and Bosnia's largest WWII monument at Mrakovica;
The Neretva river and the Rakitnica river canyons in Upper Neretva;
The Trebižat river and its waterfalls Kravice and Kočuša;
The Buna and its spring Vrelo Bune with the historical town of Blagaj;
The Lower Tara river canyon;
The Perućica ancient forest, one of the last two remaining primeval forests in Europe, and the Sutjeska river canyon, both within Sutjeska National Park;
The Ribnik river fly fishing;
The Pliva river fly fishing;
The Una river and National Park rafting, fly fishing;
Mount Bjelašnica and Jahorina, sites of the XIV Olympic Winter Games;
Srebrenica nature, rafting on Drina, boat rides through canyon of river Drina to Višegrad (second deepest canyon in Europe), also a place where some of the worst war crimes committed in war happened;
Mogorjelo, a Roman villa rustica that dates from the early fourth century. It is situated 5 km south of Čapljina.
Neum, the only Bosnian-Herzegovinan coastal city on the Adriatic.
Doboj and its 13th-century fortress;
Stolac, the Begovina neighborhood and Radimlja tombstones;
Visoko, City of Bosnian Kings and site of the alleged Bosnian pyramids;
Tešanj, one of the oldest cities in Bosnia with its old town;
Bijeljina, known for its agriculture and Etno village Stanišić.
Lukavac - Modrac Lake (Jezero Modrac) the largest artificial lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Travnik - The birthplace of Ivo Andrić and site of old town Travnik
Ostrožac Castle - 16th-century castle built by the Ottomans and a second addition added by the Habsburg family.
Konjic - known for its old town including the Stara Ćuprija bridge.
Počitelj - a historic village near Čapljina.
UNESCO World heritage sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
#
Image
Name of site
UNESCO inscribed
1
Stari Most - Old Bridge
2005
2
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge
2007
3
Stećci - Medieval Bosnian tombstones
2016
4
Janj forest
2021
Properties submitted on the Tentative List:
Sarajevo - unique symbol of universal multiculture - continual open city (N.I.) (1997)
Vjetrenica cave (2004)
The natural and architectural ensemble of Jajce (2006)
The historic urban site of Počitelj (2007)
The natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj (2007)
The natural and architectural ensemble of Blidinje (2007)
The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac (2007)
The natural monument Vjetrenica cave with architectural ensemble of village Zavala (2007)
The Old Jewish cemetery in Sarajevo (2018)
Winter sports
Jahorina ski resort is the biggest in Bosnia and Herzegovina
During the 1984 Winter Olympics, the mountains of Bjelašnica, Jahorina and Igman hosted the skiing events. These are the most visited skiing mountains in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Jahorina ski resort was the site of the women's alpine skiing events. The men's alpine events were held at Bjelašnica. At Igman The Malo Polije area hosted the ski jumping and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined events. Meanwhile, the Veliko Polje hosted the biathlon, cross-country skiing, and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event.
Sarajevo hosted the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival in 2019 and due to this, investments were made to build modern ski lifts and good standards of accommodation, especially at Bjelašnica and Jahorina.
The mountain Vlašić has also become a major center for winter tourism due to its excellent accommodation for skiing, snowboarding and other winter sports. It is also a destination for summer and eco tourism with many hiking trails and undisturbed wilderness areas.
The mountain and National Park Kozara has over the past years also become a tourist attraction for skiing and hiking.
Regions and cities
Bosnia-Herzegovina is known for having various cultural sites of mixed architecture with Roman, medieval, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian influences.
Sarajevo
Old town of Baščaršija
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos
Sacred Heart Cathedral
The capital city Sarajevo is known for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious diversity, Sarajevo has often been called the "Jerusalem of Europe"
Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet one of the top 50 "Best City in the World" in 2006. In December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.
Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading centre during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park with Roman thermal springs, the Sarajevo cathedral, the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque and old town of Sarajevo; Baščaršija. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects.
The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah, an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.
The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Centre for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.
The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the Baščaršija Nights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.
The Sarajevo Film Festival has been hosted at the National Theater, with screenings at the Open-air theatre Metalac and the Bosnian Cultural Center, all located in central Sarajevo and has hosted many world-renowned actors, directors and musicians.
The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in South-Eastern Europe. A talent campus is also held during the duration of the festival, with numerous world-renowned lecturers speaking on behalf of world cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across South-Eastern Europe.
The Sarajevo Jazz Festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Centre (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theatre (aka "Strange Fruits Stage"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").
Central Bosnia
Visoko gained interest from tourists since claims made by Semir Osmanagić about existence of pyramids in that city, a pseudoscientific theory that has been debunked by scientists. He subsequently made shift toward tourism and alleged healing aspect of the tunnels in park Ravne. Visoko is home to tens of thousands tourist yearly since 2006 when the claims were made. Multiple visits to the park and Visočica hill by Serbian tennis player Novak Đoković served a major tourism boost for the area as he hailed the park as "paradise on earth." Other notable visitors include Vlade Divac, Jusuf Nurkić, Amel Tuka, Damir Džumhur, Mirza Teletović, pop singer Goran Karan who also recorded a video for his song in the park, Bosnia national team, Branko Đurić, and others. Osmanagić also claimed that around 92.000 visitors came to the park in 2020.
Mostar and Herzegovina
View of the Old Town of Mostar
The architectural ensemble of the town of Blagaj
Trebinje on the banks of the Trebišnjica
View of the old town of Počitelj
Mostar is an important tourist destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mostar International Airport serves the city as well as the train and bus stations which connect it to a number of national and international destinations. Mostar's old town is an important tourist destination with the Stari Most being its most recognizable feature.
Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Mostar, which is a World War II memorial, is another important city symbol and it was designed by the architect Bogdan Bogdanović. Its sacrosanct quality consists in the unity of nature (water and greenery) with the architectural expression of the designer; the monument was included into a list of national monuments in 2006.
The "Rondo shopping centre", "Biosfera Mall", and the "Mepas Mall" are some of the city's newer attractions. The Catholic pilgrimage site of Međugorje is also nearby as well as the Tekija Dervish Monastery in Blagaj, 13th-century town of Počitelj, Kravica waterfall, seaside town of Neum, Stolac with its famous Stećak necropolis and the remains of an ancient Greek town of Daorson. Nearby sites also include the nature park called Hutovo Blato, Boračko Lake as well as Vjetrenica cave, the largest and most important cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The historic site of Počitelj is located on the left bank of the river Neretva, on the main Mostar to Metković road, and it is to the south of Mostar.
During the Middle Ages, Počitelj was considered the administrative centre and centre of governance of Dubrava župa (county), while its westernmost point gave it major strategic importance. It is believed that the fortified town along with its attendant settlements were built by Bosnia's King Stjepan Tvrtko I in 1383.
The walled town of Počitelj evolved in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Architecturally, the stone-constructed parts of the town are a fortified complex, in which two stages of evolution are evident: mediaeval, and Ottoman.
Blagaj is situated at the spring of the Buna river and a historical tekke (tekija or Dervish monastery). The Blagaj Tekija was built around 1520, with elements of Ottoman architecture and Mediterranean style and is considered a national monument.
The source of the Buna river (Vrelo Bune) is a strong karstic spring. The Buna flows west for approximately 9 kilometres and joins the Neretva near the village Buna.
The historic site of the Old Blagaj Fort (Stjepan grad), on the hill above Blagaj, was the seat of Herzegovinian nobleman, Stjepan Vukčić, and the birthplace of Bosnian queen Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić.
The architectural ensemble of the Blagaj Tekke (a Sufi monastery) stands by the source of the Buna river, not far from the centre of Blagaj. The musafirhana (guest house) and türbe (mausoleum) are tucked into the natural surroundings, constituting a single entity with the cliffs, source of the Buna river and mills. The musafirhana of the Blagaj tekke and the türbe have been preserved to this day. The musafirhana was built before 1664, and rebuilt in 1851 - its original appearance is not known. The building was subsequently repaired on several occasions. The ensemble of the Blagaj Tekke was presumably built very soon after Ottoman rule was established in Herzegovina, around 1520 at the latest.
Trebinje which was initially a Byzantine territory governed by the Serbs. In the mid 9th century, Knez Vlastimir gave the Župania (city state) of Trebinje (Travunia) to his son-in-law Krajina to govern under his suzerainty.
It commanded the road from Ragusa (Dubrovnik) to Constantinople, traversed, in 1096, by Raymond of Toulouse and his crusaders. Under the name of Tribunia or Travunja (the Trebigne of the Ragusans), it belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded Medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police (Gornye Politse) whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century.
In 1482, together with the rest of Herzegovina and the Bosnian kingdom, it was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by Turks on location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques, were built in beginning of the 18th century by Resulbegović family. The Arslanagić bridge was originally built (16th century) at the village of Arslanagić, five kilometres north of the town, by Mehmed-paša Sokolović, and it was managed by Arslanagic family. It was moved closer to Trebinje (1 km) in the late 1960s. The Arslanagić bridge is one of the most attractive Turkish bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.
During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. They also modernized the town expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as, several squares, park, new schools, tobacco plantations, etc.
Međugorje. Since 1981, it has become a site of religious pilgrimage due to reports of apparitions of the Virgin Mary to six local Catholics.
Following reports of apparitions, successive bishops of Mostar ruled the claims groundless. In March 2010, in view of continued public interest, the Holy See announced that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was forming an investigative commission, composed of bishops, theologians, and other experts, under the leadership of Cardinal Camillo Ruini, the Pope's former Vicar General for the Diocese of Rome.
Bosanska Krajina
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
Kastel Fortress on the banks of the Vrbas
Vrbas Canyon
Cvrcka Canyon
The region of Bosanska Krajina is known for its rivers and green landscape. The region also includes cultural cities such as Banja Luka, Prijedor, Bihać and Jajce. Old fortresses and castles such as Ostrožac Castle and Velika Kladusa Castle made by the Ottomans and later Austrian-Hungarians are known national heritage sites. The city of The Bosnian kings, the foundation of Yugoslavia and the Jajce waterfalls Jajce is an UNESCO candidate.
Banja Luka lies on the Vrbas river and is well known in the countries of the Former Yugoslavia for being full of tree-lined avenues, boulevards, gardens, and parks.
The city is also home to the old fortress Kastel and the Ferhadija Mosque listed as a Bosnia and Herzegovina cultural heritage site in 1950. It was subsequently protected by UNESCO until its destruction in 1993. Today the site is being rebuilt and is listed as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other attractions of Banja Luka are the Banj Hill and a waterfall of the Vrbas river near Krupa. Rafting on the Vrbas river has become popular among local tourists. There is fishing, rock climbing and hiking along the canyon of the Vrbas between Banja Luka and Jajce, and there is plenty of accommodation for visitors. Near Banja Luka, famous and prominent Trappist monastery, known as Mariastern Abbey, is located. The church and the monastery contains a large number of works of art and valuable cultural and historical legacy.
Prijedor is located on the river Sana and known for its Catholic, Orthodox Christian and Islamic heritage. Historic buildings from the Ottoman and Austrian-Hungarian periods are a feature of the urban landscape. Most known is the old Ottoman houses in the old city and the old city Mosque from the 15th century. The city underwent extensive renovation between 2006 and 2009.
Within Prijedor municipality is also Kozara National Park that was proclaimed a protected national forest in 1967 by Josip Broz Tito. It is situated between the rivers Una, Sava, Sana and Vrbas, in BiH. These 33.75 square kilometers of dense forest and hilly meadows have earned the nickname 'Green Beauty of Krajina'.
Kozara is a popular hunting ground, with a large 180 square kilometers area of the park open to regulated hunting of deer, pheasants, foxes, boars, hares and ducks.
A smaller part of the park is designated for nature lovers. Walking, hiking, biking and herb picking are among the many activities in Kozara.
Jajce was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent Bosnian kingdom during its time. The town has gates as fortifications, as well as a castle with walls which lead to the various gates around the town. Skenderbeg Mihajlović besieged Jajce in 1501, but without success because he was defeated by Ivaniš Korvin assisted by Zrinski, Frankopan, Karlović and Cubor. When the Bosnian kingdom fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1463, Jajce was taken by the Ottomans but was retaken next year by Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus. About 10–20 kilometres from the Jajce lies the Komotin Castle and town area which is older but smaller than Jajce. It is believed the town of Jajce was previously Komotin but was moved after the black death.
During this period, Bosnian queen Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić restored the Church of Saint Luke in Jajce, today the oldest church in town. Eventually, in 1527, Jajce became the last Bosnian town to fall to Ottoman rule. There are several churches and mosques built in different times during different rules, making Jajce a rather diverse town in this aspect.
The Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke was completed in 1885.
Jajce gained prominence during the Second World War because it hosted the second convention of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia on November 29, 1943, a meeting that set the foundation for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after WWII.
Bihać was the temporary capital of the Croatian Kingdom. It lost its civic status in the 14th century following dynastic struggles in the kingdom, and became a property of the Frankopan nobles. In the 16th century it passed under direct royal rule, when battles with the Ottoman Empire had begun. The town of Bihać, in the region of the same name, withstood the Ottoman attacks until it fell with the Bosnia sanjak (in 1592).
The Bihać fort would become the westernmost fort taken by the Ottoman army over a hundred years later, in 1592 under the Bosnian vizier Hasan-pasha Predojević. The city was initially made the center of the Bihać sanjak, part of the Bosnian pashaluk. It was demoted in 1699 to become part of the sanjak of Bosnia, during the period of intense border wars between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. In 1865 it became the center of its own sanjak, but this lasted only until 1878, when all of Bosnia was occupied by Austria-Hungary.
The city landscape of Bihac with the Una river has old mosques, catholic churches and splendid nature surroundings.
Adriatic Sea
Neum at the Adriatic coast of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Neum is the only coastal town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It comprises 24.5 km (15 mi) of coastline and is the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea.
Neum has steep hills, sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Prices tend to be lower than in neighboring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area. Border formalities with Croatia are relaxed at peak times. Neum has over 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in villas and private accommodation. Tourism in Neum is mainly active in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism.
National parks
Sutjeska National Park
Kozara National Park
Drina National Park
Una National Park
National parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Name
Founded in
Area (km2)
Sutjeska National Park
1965
173
Kozara National Park
1967
34
Una National Park
2008
198
Drina National Park
2017
Nature parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Name
Founded in
Area (km2)
Hutovo Blato
1995
74.11
Blidinje
1995
6
Statistics
Corrida of Grmeč showed on a Yugoslav era stamp
Tourist arrivals grew by an average of 24% annually from 1995 to 2000. The European region's solid growth in arrivals in 2007 was due in significant part to Southern and Mediterranean Europe's strong performance (+7%).
In particular, Bosnia and Herzegovina were among the stronger players with a growth of 20%. In 2013, the World Economic Forum reported in its Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report that Bosnia and Herzegovina was the world's eighth friendliest nation towards tourists.
In 2015, Bosnia and Herzegovina surpassed 1 million arrivals and continued the growth in 2016 recording 1.148.530 arrivals (+11,6%) combined with 2.376.743 overnight stay (+10,9%). 67,6% of the tourist arrivals and 69% of the overnight stays came from foreign countries. According to an estimate of the World Tourism Organization, Bosnia and Herzegovina will have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020. The major sending countries in 2016 have been Croatia (11% arrivals, 11,9% nights), Serbia (8,9% arrivals, 8,4% nights), Turkey (10,7% arrivals, 8,0% nights), Slovenia (6,5% arrivals, 6,0% nights) and Italy (5,4% arrivals, 6,5% nights). Furthermore, it is estimated that over 1 million people visit Međugorje every year but the vast majority goes unregistered by the accommodation providers.
In 2017, 1,307,319 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 13.7%, and had 2,677,125 overnight hotel stays, a 12.3% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries.
In 2018, 1.609.310 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 23,1%, and had 3.343.584 overnight hotel stays, a 24.8% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.2% of the tourists came from foreign countries.
In 2019, 1.990.451 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 23,6% and had 4.100.401 overnight hotel stays, a 22.6% increase from the previous year. Also, 74.4% of the tourists came from foreign countries.
In the first 5 months of 2023. 566.244 Tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 27% and had 1.202.826 overnight hotel stays, a 24,4% increase from the same period the previous year.
Year
Total number
Increase
Overnight stays
Increase
2024 (1-4)
426.125
4.9%
918.070
3.6%
2023
1.733.071
18.4%
3.645.839
14.2%
2022
1.464.216
52,5%
3.193.944
43,2%
2021
960.383
108.1%
2.230.920
92.1%
2020
461.331
-76.8%
1.161.233
-71.6%
2019
1.990.451
23.6%
4.100.401
22.6%
2018
1.609.310
23,1%
3.343.584
24,8%
2017
1.307.319
13,7%
2.677.125
12,3%
2016
1.148.530
11.6%
2.376.743
10.9%
2015
1.029.000
21.5%
2.143.118
25.2%
2014
846.581
0,3%
1.711.480
-6,1%
2013
844.189
12,9%
1.822.927
10,8%
2012
747.827
9,0%
1.645.521
9,4%
2011
686.148
4,5%
1.504.205
6,2%
2010
656.333
5%
1.416.691
11,7%
Number of tourists in Sarajevo
Year
Total number
Increase
Overnight stays
Increase
2023
716.293
26.7%
1.432.133
20.8%
2022
565.139
67.1%
1.185.115
48.5%
2021
338.083
148.2%
797.639
190.3%
2020
136.187
-82.3%
274.731
-80.5%
2019
771.910
28%
1.415.671
19.3%
2018
602.613
26.3%
1.102.458
19.1%
2017
476.873
17,1%
925,545
12,6%
2016
407.339
11,8%
821.357
18,5%
2015
363.818
17,8%
691.990
15,4%
2014
308.907
2,1%
599.533
0,7%
2013
302.570
17,9%
595.637
18%
2012
256.628
10,8%
504.929
12,9%
2011
231.537
10,5%
447,267
13,7%
2010
209.525
13,9%
393.494
12,4%
In 2019 number of countries with over 10.000 visitors was 24
List of Top 30 countries most visitors came from:
Rank
Country
2019
2018
2017
1
Croatia
138.293
116.823
96.965
2
China
102.758
58.235
31.780
3
Serbia
102.316
88.797
77.867
4
Turkey
70.988
85.416
90.749
5
Slovenia
67.930
65.002
55.527
6
Saudi Arabia
65.853
30.930
24.402
7
Germany
56.782
50.402
34.612
8
Italy
47.841
44.979
43.718
9
South Korea
41.337
45.388
52.056
10
Poland
37.497
39.551
39.811
11
United States
33.960
28.187
25.926
12
United Arab Emirates
32.256
35.255
33.896
13
Austria
28.114
26.560
23.889
14
France
20.234
20.282
15.851
15
Malaysia
18.922
18.779
14.215
16
Montenegro
18.532
16.923
14.190
17
Hungary
18.082
15.070
11.962
18
Spain
17.417
14.292
10.473
19
Netherlands
17.000
15.740
13.109
20
United Kingdom
15.082
14.202
12.715
21
Sweden
13.763
12.550
12.320
22
Switzerland
12.560
10.983
9.858
23
Japan
10.608
7.884
6.651
24
North Macedonia
10.308
8.891
8.186
25
Oman
9.869
11.397
14.052
26
Australia
9.846
8.632
7.467
27
Czech Republic
9.033
5.942
5.467
28
Kuwait
8.340
8.223
10.274
29
Bulgaria
8.019
6.685
8.790
30
Bahrain
7.702
7.084
8.150
Total foreign tourists
1.198.059
1.052.898
923.221
Bihy by Tourism BiH
Bihy By Tourism BiH is the national tourism organization for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its objectives are to influence and encourage international and domestic travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina and develop economic benefits to Bosnia and Herzegovina from tourism.
Among the organization's tasks is the attraction of visitors to Bosnia and Herzegovina through advertising and promotional campaigns. The organization also operates the Tourismbih.com website which provides information adapted for both local and international visitors.
See also
Visa policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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^ Enciclopedia Croatica (in Croatian) (III ed.). Zagrem: Naklada Hrvatskog Izdavalačkog Bibliografskog Zavoda. 1942. p. 157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "mediainfo.ba – Federacija BiH: Proglašen nacionalni park "Una"". Mediainfo.ba. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "Nacionalni park "Drina" – novo zaštićeno područje u Republici Srpskoj, BIH". Moja planeta (in Bosnian). 20 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ "Tourism" (PDF). Unwto.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
^ Blanke, Jennifer; Chiesa, Thea, eds. (2013). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. p. 455.
^ a b "STATISTIKA TURIZMA : Kumulativni podaci, januar – decembar 2016" (PDF). Bhas.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "U BiH u 2017. Godini ostvareno 2,6 miliona noćenja | N1 BA". Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
^ "U 2018. Godini BiH posjetilo više od 1,4 miliona turista | N1 BA". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ "Oslobođenje - Ogroman skok broja turista u BiH: Evo odakle ih najviše stiže". www.oslobodjenje.ba (in Bosnian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
^ "U KS-u 2013. je najuspješnija turistička godina od kad se vodi statistika". eKapija.ba. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "STATISTIČKI GODIŠNJACI/LJETOPISI". Fzs.ba. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ "MJESEČNI STATISTIČKI PREGLED FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE".
^ http://bhas.gov.ba/data/Publikacije/Saopstenja/2020/TUR_02_2019_12_0_BS.pdf
^ "Mnogo više od prelepe mlade pravnice: Marina Plakalović je nova zvezda "Telegraf Editorijala"". Telegraf.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "BBI VIJESTI: USAID DIASPORA INVEST RASPISAO POZIV ZA TEHNIČKU PODRŠKU KOMPANIJAMA | Hayat.ba". Hayat TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina).
^ "Turizm Sektoru" (PDF). ticaret.gov.tr.
^ "Inovativni digitalni alat za razvoj turističkih preduzeća i privlačenje turista". ba.ekapija.com.
^ "Federalno ministarstvo okoliša i turizma Strategija turizma" (PDF). www.szdp.gov.ba.
^ "Oporavak turizma na Uni: Sad su u igri i Amerikanci" (in Bosnian). Oslobođenje. 5 April 2022.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Media related to Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina at Wikimedia Commons
BiH promotional site by the Tourism Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina
BiH Travel Guide – iOS application
BiH Travel Guide – android application
Bosnia Tourism - Comprehensive Guide Archived 2019-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
Banja Luka Travel Guide - android application
vteBosnia and Herzegovina topicsHistory
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vteTourism in EuropeSovereign states
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Svalbard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Jahorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina_Ski_Resort"},{"link_name":"Bjelašnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjela%C5%A1nica"},{"link_name":"Igman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igman"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"}],"text":"PlaceTourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a fast-growing sector making up an important part in the economy of the country.Beside a number of spots and attractions in Sarajevo and Mostar, as the country's principal tourist destinations, Bosnia and Herzegovina is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountain ski resorts such as Jahorina, Bjelašnica and Igman.The tourist business environment is constantly developing with an increasingly active tourism promotional system.\nIn 2019, 1.990.451 tourists visited Bosnia and Herzegovina, an increase of 23,6% and had 4.100.401 overnight hotel stays, a 22.6% increase from the previous year. Also, 74.4% ( 1.48 million ) of the tourists came from foreign countries.","title":"Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-away.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Visoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoko,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"Međugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romereports.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romereports.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-4"},{"link_name":"Neum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"archeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Eastern Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Tourism is becoming a great contributor to the Bosnian economy. As a result, Bosnia-Herzegovina now has a wide tourist industry and a fast expanding service sector thanks to the strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. The country also benefits from being both a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughout the year.Being a predominantly mountainous country Bosnia-Herzegovina provides some of the best-value ski vacations in Europe.[1]In March 2012, Sarajevo won travel blog Foxnomad's \"Best City to Visit\" competition, beating out more than one hundred cities around the entire world.[2]More recently, the town of Visoko has experienced a staggering increase in tourist arrivals due to the alleged discovery of the Bosnian pyramids, attracting in excess of 10,000 tourists in the first weekend of June 2006.Međugorje has become one of the most popular pilgrimage sites for Catholics[3] (and people of other faiths) in the world and has turned into Europe's third most important religious place, where each year more than 1 million people visit.[3] It has been estimated that 30 million pilgrims have come to Međugorje since the reputed apparitions began in 1981.[4]Neum on the adriatic coast has steep hills, sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Prices tend to be lower than in neighboring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area. Tourism in Neum is active mostly in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism.Vacationing in Bosnia has become popular among Gulf Arabs from Eastern Arabia.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]","title":"Economy and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrićgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridge"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_in_Me%C4%91ugorje,_B-H,_June_4th_2007_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Medjugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Medjugorje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stari Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Most"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti-14"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Stari most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_most"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Kastel fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastel_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Vrbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbas_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ferhadija mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhat_Pasha_Mosque_(Banja_Luka)"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_(Sava)"},{"link_name":"Una National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Zenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenica"},{"link_name":"Bosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_(river)"},{"link_name":"Vranduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranduk_(Zenica)"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliva_Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_kings"},{"link_name":"AVNOJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVNOJ"},{"link_name":"Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatina,_Lakta%C5%A1i"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Medjugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjugorje"},{"link_name":"Marian apparition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparition"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Kozara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Rakitnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakitnica_(Neretva)"},{"link_name":"Upper Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Trebižat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%BEat"},{"link_name":"Kravice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%BEat"},{"link_name":"Kočuša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%BEat"},{"link_name":"Buna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna_(Neretva)"},{"link_name":"Vrelo Bune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrelo_Bune"},{"link_name":"the historical town of Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Lower Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Drina)"},{"link_name":"Perućica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%C4%87ica"},{"link_name":"ancient forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Sutjeska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutjeska_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Sutjeska National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutjeska_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ribnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribnik_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliva_(river)"},{"link_name":"Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_(Sava)"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bjelašnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjela%C5%A1nica_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Jahorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina"},{"link_name":"XIV Olympic Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"Mogorjelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogorjelo"},{"link_name":"Neum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Doboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doboj"},{"link_name":"Stolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolac_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Begovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begovina"},{"link_name":"Radimlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radimlja"},{"link_name":"Visoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoko,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"Tešanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%A1anj"},{"link_name":"oldest cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_time_of_continuous_habitation"},{"link_name":"Bijeljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeljina"},{"link_name":"Lukavac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukavac"},{"link_name":"Travnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travnik"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ostrožac Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostro%C5%BEac_Castle"},{"link_name":"Konjic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjic"},{"link_name":"Stara Ćuprija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_%C4%86uprija"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj"},{"link_name":"Čapljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capljina"}],"text":"Andrićgrad and Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage SiteThe Marian shrine of Our Lady of Medjugorje is currently one of the biggest tourist attractions in Bosnia and HerzegovinaStari Most in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage SiteThe tourist department of Bosnia and Herzegovina indicated that the most attractive benefits experienced by visitors are - 1) the spirit of the people. 2) Cities across the country are well connected with intercity busses and 3) major cities with the surrounding natural sites are easily reachable within a day.[14]Some of the tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:Sarajevo The \"Olympic City\". Economic, scientific, cultural, political and commercial center of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Called The European Jerusalem.\nMostar, \"City on Neretva\", \"City of Sunshine\", the UNESCO site of Stari most and old town Mostar;\nTuzla Birthplace of Mesa Selimovic and known for its Pannonian \"Salt lakes\".\nBanja Luka, the \"Green City\" with various cultural sights like Kastel fortress, the river Vrbas and Ferhadija mosque;\nBihać and the river Una with its waterfalls and the Una National Park;\nZenica the river Bosna and Vranduk – the medieval fortress with a mosque;\nJajce with its waterfalls, city of The Bosnian Kings, and location of the foundation of Yugoslavia during AVNOJ;\nVišegrad, the UNESCO site of the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge;\nSlatina, a famous spa resort with unpolluted nature, fresh air and a reputation since the 1870s.\nShrine of Our Lady of Medjugorje, Catholic pilgrimage site of a Marian apparition;\nPrijedor, Old City Mosque (National heritage), Kozara National Park and Bosnia's largest WWII monument at Mrakovica;\nThe Neretva river and the Rakitnica river canyons in Upper Neretva;\nThe Trebižat river and its waterfalls Kravice and Kočuša;\nThe Buna and its spring Vrelo Bune with the historical town of Blagaj;\nThe Lower Tara river canyon;\nThe Perućica ancient forest, one of the last two remaining primeval forests in Europe, and the Sutjeska river canyon, both within Sutjeska National Park;\nThe Ribnik river fly fishing;\nThe Pliva river fly fishing;\nThe Una river and National Park rafting, fly fishing;\nMount Bjelašnica and Jahorina, sites of the XIV Olympic Winter Games;\nSrebrenica nature, rafting on Drina, boat rides through canyon of river Drina to Višegrad (second deepest canyon in Europe), also a place where some of the worst war crimes committed in war happened;\nMogorjelo, a Roman villa rustica that dates from the early fourth century. It is situated 5 km south of Čapljina.\nNeum, the only Bosnian-Herzegovinan coastal city on the Adriatic.\nDoboj and its 13th-century fortress;\nStolac, the Begovina neighborhood and Radimlja tombstones;\nVisoko, City of Bosnian Kings and site of the alleged Bosnian pyramids;\nTešanj, one of the oldest cities in Bosnia with its old town;\nBijeljina, known for its agriculture and Etno village Stanišić.\nLukavac - Modrac Lake (Jezero Modrac) the largest artificial lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nTravnik - The birthplace of Ivo Andrić and site of old town Travnik\nOstrožac Castle - 16th-century castle built by the Ottomans and a second addition added by the Habsburg family.\nKonjic - known for its old town including the Stara Ćuprija bridge.\nPočitelj - a historic village near Čapljina.","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj"},{"link_name":"Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Blidinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blidinje"},{"link_name":"Stolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolac"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"}],"text":"Properties submitted on the Tentative List:[15]Sarajevo - unique symbol of universal multiculture - continual open city (N.I.) (1997)\nVjetrenica cave (2004)\nThe natural and architectural ensemble of Jajce (2006)\nThe historic urban site of Počitelj (2007)\nThe natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj (2007)\nThe natural and architectural ensemble of Blidinje (2007)\nThe natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac (2007)\nThe natural monument Vjetrenica cave with architectural ensemble of village Zavala (2007)\nThe Old Jewish cemetery in Sarajevo (2018)","title":"UNESCO World heritage sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jahorina_mountain_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jahorina ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina_ski_resort"},{"link_name":"1984 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bjelašnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjela%C5%A1nica"},{"link_name":"Jahorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina"},{"link_name":"Igman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igman"},{"link_name":"Jahorina ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina_ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"European Youth Olympic Winter Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Youth_Olympic_Winter_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vlašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87_(Bosnian_mountain)"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"}],"text":"Jahorina ski resort is the biggest in Bosnia and HerzegovinaDuring the 1984 Winter Olympics, the mountains of Bjelašnica, Jahorina and Igman hosted the skiing events. These are the most visited skiing mountains in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Jahorina ski resort was the site of the women's alpine skiing events. The men's alpine events were held at Bjelašnica. At Igman The Malo Polije area hosted the ski jumping and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined events. Meanwhile, the Veliko Polje hosted the biathlon, cross-country skiing, and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event.[16]Sarajevo hosted the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival in 2019 and due to this, investments were made to build modern ski lifts and good standards of accommodation, especially at Bjelašnica and Jahorina.The mountain Vlašić has also become a major center for winter tourism due to its excellent accommodation for skiing, snowboarding and other winter sports. It is also a destination for summer and eco tourism with many hiking trails and undisturbed wilderness areas.The mountain and National Park Kozara has over the past years also become a tourist attraction for skiing and hiking.","title":"Winter sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bosnia-Herzegovina is known for having various cultural sites of mixed architecture with Roman, medieval, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian influences.","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fontaine_Sebilj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baščaršija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saborna_crkva_u_Sarajevu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Sarajevo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnien_catholic_church_in_Sarajevo-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Europe's_Jerusalem-18"},{"link_name":"Lonely Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonely_Planet_2006-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1984 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bjelašnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjela%C5%A1nica_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Igman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igman"},{"link_name":"Jahorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahorina"},{"link_name":"Trebević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Treskavica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskavica"},{"link_name":"tourist attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attraction"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vrelo Bosne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrelo_Bosne"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Jesus%27_Heart"},{"link_name":"Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Husrev-beg_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Baščaršija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija"},{"link_name":"Museum of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Aevi"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Haggadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Haggadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggadah"},{"link_name":"cultural institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_institutions"},{"link_name":"Bosniak Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak_Institute"},{"link_name":"art collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"film festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festival"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Winter Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Winter_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Baščaršija Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija_Nights"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Jazz_Festival"}],"sub_title":"Sarajevo","text":"Old town of BaščaršijaCathedral of the Nativity of the TheotokosSacred Heart CathedralThe capital city Sarajevo is known for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries.[17] Due to this long and rich history of religious diversity, Sarajevo has often been called the \"Jerusalem of Europe\"[18]Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet one of the top 50 \"Best City in the World\" in 2006.[19] In December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[20]Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading centre during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park with Roman thermal springs, the Sarajevo cathedral, the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque and old town of Sarajevo; Baščaršija. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects.The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah,[21] an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is held at the museum.The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Centre for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the Baščaršija Nights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.The Sarajevo Film Festival has been hosted at the National Theater, with screenings at the Open-air theatre Metalac and the Bosnian Cultural Center, all located in central Sarajevo and has hosted many world-renowned actors, directors and musicians.The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in South-Eastern Europe. A talent campus is also held during the duration of the festival, with numerous world-renowned lecturers speaking on behalf of world cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across South-Eastern Europe.[22]The Sarajevo Jazz Festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Centre (aka \"Main Stage\"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theatre (aka \"Strange Fruits Stage\"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka \"Solo Stage\"), and at the CDA (aka \"Groove Stage\").","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoko"},{"link_name":"claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramid_claims"},{"link_name":"Semir Osmanagić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semir_Osmanagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"park Ravne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pyramid_claims#Tourism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Visočica hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viso%C4%8Dica_hill"},{"link_name":"Novak Đoković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novak_Djokovic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vlade Divac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlade_Divac"},{"link_name":"Jusuf Nurkić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Nurki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Amel Tuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel_Tuka"},{"link_name":"Damir Džumhur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_D%C5%BEumhur"},{"link_name":"Mirza Teletović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Teletovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Karan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Karan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bosnia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Branko Đurić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_%C4%90uri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Central Bosnia","text":"Visoko gained interest from tourists since claims made by Semir Osmanagić about existence of pyramids in that city, a pseudoscientific theory that has been debunked by scientists. He subsequently made shift toward tourism and alleged healing aspect of the tunnels in park Ravne. Visoko is home to tens of thousands tourist yearly since 2006 when the claims were made.[23] Multiple visits to the park and Visočica hill by Serbian tennis player Novak Đoković served a major tourism boost[24] for the area as he hailed the park as \"paradise on earth.\"[25] Other notable visitors include Vlade Divac, Jusuf Nurkić, Amel Tuka, Damir Džumhur, Mirza Teletović, pop singer Goran Karan who also recorded a video for his song in the park,[26] Bosnia national team, Branko Đurić, and others. Osmanagić also claimed that around 92.000 visitors came to the park in 2020.[27]","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Apr-28-2012_006_(7156010742).jpg"},{"link_name":"the town of Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Trebišnjica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1njica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Po%C4%8Ditelj_-_pano.jpg"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Mostar International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Stari Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Most"},{"link_name":"Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Memorial_Cemetery_in_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Bogdanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Bogdanovi%C4%87_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Međugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje"},{"link_name":"Tekija Dervish Monastery in Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj_Tekija"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj"},{"link_name":"Kravica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravica_(waterfall)"},{"link_name":"Neum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum"},{"link_name":"Stolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolac"},{"link_name":"Stećak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak"},{"link_name":"Daorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daorson"},{"link_name":"Hutovo Blato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutovo_Blato"},{"link_name":"Boračko Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%C4%8Dko_Lake"},{"link_name":"Vjetrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrenica"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Počitelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Ditelj,_%C4%8Capljina"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tvrtko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Blagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Buna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna_(Neretva)"},{"link_name":"tekke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"link_name":"Blagaj Tekija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagaj_Tekija"},{"link_name":"Ottoman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_natural_and_architectural_ensemble_of_Blagaj-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tekke_in_Blagaj_on_the_Buna_Spring,_the_natural_and_architectural_ensemble_of_Blagaj-32"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Herzegovinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Vukčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Kosa%C4%8Da-Kotromani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"türbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe"},{"link_name":"tekke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiyya"},{"link_name":"Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1463%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_natural_and_architectural_ensemble_of_Blagaj-31"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Knez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knez_(title)"},{"link_name":"Vlastimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastimir"},{"link_name":"city state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_state"},{"link_name":"Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajina_Belojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Medieval Bosnian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Bosnian_state"},{"link_name":"Tvrtko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I"},{"link_name":"Vuk Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tvrdoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Bosnian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Trebišnjica River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1njica_River"},{"link_name":"Mehmed-paša Sokolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed-pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Međugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje"},{"link_name":"religious pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"apparitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparition"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Camillo Ruini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Ruini"},{"link_name":"Vicar General for the Diocese of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar"}],"sub_title":"Mostar and Herzegovina","text":"View of the Old Town of MostarThe architectural ensemble of the town of BlagajTrebinje on the banks of the TrebišnjicaView of the old town of PočiteljMostar is an important tourist destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mostar International Airport serves the city as well as the train and bus stations which connect it to a number of national and international destinations. Mostar's old town is an important tourist destination with the Stari Most being its most recognizable feature.Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Mostar, which is a World War II memorial, is another important city symbol and it was designed by the architect Bogdan Bogdanović. Its sacrosanct quality consists in the unity of nature (water and greenery) with the architectural expression of the designer; the monument was included into a list of national monuments in 2006.[28]The \"Rondo shopping centre\", \"Biosfera Mall\", and the \"Mepas Mall\" are some of the city's newer attractions. The Catholic pilgrimage site of Međugorje is also nearby as well as the Tekija Dervish Monastery in Blagaj, 13th-century town of Počitelj, Kravica waterfall, seaside town of Neum, Stolac with its famous Stećak necropolis and the remains of an ancient Greek town of Daorson. Nearby sites also include the nature park called Hutovo Blato, Boračko Lake as well as Vjetrenica cave, the largest and most important cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[29]The historic site of Počitelj is located on the left bank of the river Neretva, on the main Mostar to Metković road, and it is to the south of Mostar.\nDuring the Middle Ages, Počitelj was considered the administrative centre and centre of governance of Dubrava župa (county), while its westernmost point gave it major strategic importance. It is believed that the fortified town along with its attendant settlements were built by Bosnia's King Stjepan Tvrtko I in 1383.\nThe walled town of Počitelj evolved in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Architecturally, the stone-constructed parts of the town are a fortified complex, in which two stages of evolution are evident: mediaeval, and Ottoman.[30]Blagaj is situated at the spring of the Buna river and a historical tekke (tekija or Dervish monastery). The Blagaj Tekija was built around 1520, with elements of Ottoman architecture and Mediterranean style[31][32] and is considered a national monument.\nThe source of the Buna river (Vrelo Bune) is a strong karstic spring. The Buna flows west for approximately 9 kilometres and joins the Neretva near the village Buna.\nThe historic site of the Old Blagaj Fort (Stjepan grad), on the hill above Blagaj, was the seat of Herzegovinian nobleman, Stjepan Vukčić, and the birthplace of Bosnian queen Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić.\nThe architectural ensemble of the Blagaj Tekke (a Sufi monastery) stands by the source of the Buna river, not far from the centre of Blagaj. The musafirhana (guest house) and türbe (mausoleum) are tucked into the natural surroundings, constituting a single entity with the cliffs, source of the Buna river and mills. The musafirhana of the Blagaj tekke and the türbe have been preserved to this day. The musafirhana was built before 1664, and rebuilt in 1851 - its original appearance is not known. The building was subsequently repaired on several occasions. The ensemble of the Blagaj Tekke was presumably built very soon after Ottoman rule was established in Herzegovina, around 1520 at the latest.[31]Trebinje which was initially a Byzantine territory governed by the Serbs. In the mid 9th century, Knez Vlastimir gave the Župania (city state) of Trebinje (Travunia) to his son-in-law Krajina to govern under his suzerainty.\nIt commanded the road from Ragusa (Dubrovnik) to Constantinople, traversed, in 1096, by Raymond of Toulouse and his crusaders. Under the name of Tribunia or Travunja (the Trebigne of the Ragusans), it belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded Medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police (Gornye Politse) whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century.\nIn 1482, together with the rest of Herzegovina and the Bosnian kingdom, it was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by Turks on location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques, were built in beginning of the 18th century by Resulbegović family. The Arslanagić bridge was originally built (16th century) at the village of Arslanagić, five kilometres north of the town, by Mehmed-paša Sokolović, and it was managed by Arslanagic family. It was moved closer to Trebinje (1 km) in the late 1960s. The Arslanagić bridge is one of the most attractive Turkish bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.\nDuring the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. They also modernized the town expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as, several squares, park, new schools, tobacco plantations, etc.Međugorje. Since 1981, it has become a site of religious pilgrimage due to reports of apparitions of the Virgin Mary to six local Catholics.[33]Following reports of apparitions, successive bishops of Mostar ruled the claims groundless. In March 2010, in view of continued public interest, the Holy See announced that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was forming an investigative commission, composed of bishops, theologians, and other experts, under the leadership of Cardinal Camillo Ruini, the Pope's former Vicar General for the Diocese of Rome.","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saborna_crkva_Hrista_spasitelja_Banjaluka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour,_Banja_Luka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kastel Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastel_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Vrbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbas_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrbas_Goli_Vis-07-2018-Cemernica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vrbas Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbas_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cvrcka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvrcka"},{"link_name":"Bosanska Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosanska_Krajina"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"Ostrožac Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostro%C5%BEac_Castle"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Vrbas river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbas_(river)"},{"link_name":"Former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Ferhadija Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhat_Pasha_Mosque_(Banja_Luka)"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist"},{"link_name":"Mariastern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariastern_Abbey,_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_(river)"},{"link_name":"Prijedor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor"},{"link_name":"Kozara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_(Sava)"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_River"},{"link_name":"Vrbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbas_(river)"},{"link_name":"BiH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajina"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"},{"link_name":"foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"boars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar"},{"link_name":"hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Skenderbeg Mihajlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg_Mihajlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Komotin Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komotin_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Kosa%C4%8Da-Kotromani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"The Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_monastery_of_Saint_Luke,_Jajce"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_of_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Croatian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Frankopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankopan"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"Hasan-pasha Predojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Predojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"pashaluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashaluk"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Una river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_(Sava)"}],"sub_title":"Bosanska Krajina","text":"Cathedral of Christ the SaviourKastel Fortress on the banks of the VrbasVrbas CanyonCvrcka CanyonThe region of Bosanska Krajina is known for its rivers and green landscape. The region also includes cultural cities such as Banja Luka, Prijedor, Bihać and Jajce. Old fortresses and castles such as Ostrožac Castle and Velika Kladusa Castle made by the Ottomans and later Austrian-Hungarians are known national heritage sites. The city of The Bosnian kings, the foundation of Yugoslavia and the Jajce waterfalls Jajce is an UNESCO candidate.[34]Banja Luka lies on the Vrbas river and is well known in the countries of the Former Yugoslavia for being full of tree-lined avenues, boulevards, gardens, and parks.\nThe city is also home to the old fortress Kastel and the Ferhadija Mosque listed as a Bosnia and Herzegovina cultural heritage site in 1950. It was subsequently protected by UNESCO until its destruction in 1993. Today the site is being rebuilt and is listed as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other attractions of Banja Luka are the Banj Hill and a waterfall of the Vrbas river near Krupa. Rafting on the Vrbas river has become popular among local tourists.[citation needed] There is fishing, rock climbing and hiking along the canyon of the Vrbas between Banja Luka and Jajce, and there is plenty of accommodation for visitors.[35] Near Banja Luka, famous and prominent Trappist monastery, known as Mariastern Abbey, is located. The church and the monastery contains a large number of works of art and valuable cultural and historical legacy.Prijedor is located on the river Sana and known for its Catholic, Orthodox Christian and Islamic heritage. Historic buildings from the Ottoman and Austrian-Hungarian periods are a feature of the urban landscape. Most known is the old Ottoman houses in the old city and the old city Mosque from the 15th century. The city underwent extensive renovation between 2006 and 2009.\nWithin Prijedor municipality is also Kozara National Park that was proclaimed a protected national forest in 1967 by Josip Broz Tito. It is situated between the rivers Una, Sava, Sana and Vrbas, in BiH. These 33.75 square kilometers of dense forest and hilly meadows have earned the nickname 'Green Beauty of Krajina'.\nKozara is a popular hunting ground, with a large 180 square kilometers area of the park open to regulated hunting of deer, pheasants, foxes, boars, hares and ducks.\nA smaller part of the park is designated for nature lovers. Walking, hiking, biking and herb picking are among the many activities in Kozara.Jajce was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent Bosnian kingdom during its time. The town has gates as fortifications, as well as a castle with walls which lead to the various gates around the town. Skenderbeg Mihajlović besieged Jajce in 1501, but without success because he was defeated by Ivaniš Korvin assisted by Zrinski, Frankopan, Karlović and Cubor.[36] When the Bosnian kingdom fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1463, Jajce was taken by the Ottomans but was retaken next year by Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus. About 10–20 kilometres from the Jajce lies the Komotin Castle and town area which is older but smaller than Jajce. It is believed the town of Jajce was previously Komotin but was moved after the black death. \nDuring this period, Bosnian queen Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić restored the Church of Saint Luke in Jajce, today the oldest church in town. Eventually, in 1527, Jajce became the last Bosnian town to fall to Ottoman rule. There are several churches and mosques built in different times during different rules, making Jajce a rather diverse town in this aspect.\nThe Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke was completed in 1885.\nJajce gained prominence during the Second World War because it hosted the second convention of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia on November 29, 1943, a meeting that set the foundation for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after WWII.Bihać was the temporary capital of the Croatian Kingdom. It lost its civic status in the 14th century following dynastic struggles in the kingdom, and became a property of the Frankopan nobles. In the 16th century it passed under direct royal rule, when battles with the Ottoman Empire had begun. The town of Bihać, in the region of the same name, withstood the Ottoman attacks until it fell with the Bosnia sanjak (in 1592).\nThe Bihać fort would become the westernmost fort taken by the Ottoman army over a hundred years later, in 1592 under the Bosnian vizier Hasan-pasha Predojević. The city was initially made the center of the Bihać sanjak, part of the Bosnian pashaluk. It was demoted in 1699 to become part of the sanjak of Bosnia, during the period of intense border wars between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. In 1865 it became the center of its own sanjak, but this lasted only until 1878, when all of Bosnia was occupied by Austria-Hungary.\nThe city landscape of Bihac with the Una river has old mosques, catholic churches and splendid nature surroundings.","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neum02450.JPG"},{"link_name":"Neum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum"},{"link_name":"Neum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"archeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"}],"sub_title":"Adriatic Sea","text":"Neum at the Adriatic coast of Bosnia and HerzegovinaNeum is the only coastal town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It comprises 24.5 km (15 mi) of coastline and is the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea. \nNeum has steep hills, sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Prices tend to be lower than in neighboring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area. Border formalities with Croatia are relaxed at peak times. Neum has over 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in villas and private accommodation. Tourism in Neum is mainly active in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism.","title":"Regions and cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Np_sutjeska_prasuma_perucica_vodopad_skakavac.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sutjeska National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutjeska_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NP002_-_14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kozara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_National_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drina_Canyon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Drina National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0trba%C4%8Dki_buk_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Una National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_National_Park"},{"link_name":"National parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Nature parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_park"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"Sutjeska National ParkKozara National ParkDrina National ParkUna National ParkNational parks of Bosnia and HerzegovinaNature parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina","title":"National parks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grmecka_korida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grmeč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grme%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhas.ba-41"},{"link_name":"World Tourism Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhas.ba-41"},{"link_name":"Međugorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91ugorje"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Corrida of Grmeč showed on a Yugoslav era stampTourist arrivals grew by an average of 24% annually from 1995 to 2000. The European region's solid growth in arrivals in 2007 was due in significant part to Southern and Mediterranean Europe's strong performance (+7%). \nIn particular, Bosnia and Herzegovina were among the stronger players with a growth of 20%.[39] In 2013, the World Economic Forum reported in its Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report that Bosnia and Herzegovina was the world's eighth friendliest nation towards tourists.[40]In 2015, Bosnia and Herzegovina surpassed 1 million arrivals and continued the growth in 2016 recording 1.148.530 arrivals (+11,6%) combined with 2.376.743 overnight stay (+10,9%). 67,6% of the tourist arrivals and 69% of the overnight stays came from foreign countries.[41] According to an estimate of the World Tourism Organization, Bosnia and Herzegovina will have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020. The major sending countries in 2016 have been Croatia (11% arrivals, 11,9% nights), Serbia (8,9% arrivals, 8,4% nights), Turkey (10,7% arrivals, 8,0% nights), Slovenia (6,5% arrivals, 6,0% nights) and Italy (5,4% arrivals, 6,5% nights).[41] Furthermore, it is estimated that over 1 million people visit Međugorje every year but the vast majority goes unregistered by the accommodation providers.In 2017, 1,307,319 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 13.7%, and had 2,677,125 overnight hotel stays, a 12.3% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[42]In 2018, 1.609.310 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 23,1%, and had 3.343.584 overnight hotel stays, a 24.8% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.2% of the tourists came from foreign countries.[43]In 2019, 1.990.451 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 23,6% and had 4.100.401 overnight hotel stays, a 22.6% increase from the previous year. Also, 74.4% of the tourists came from foreign countries.In the first 5 months of 2023. 566.244 Tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 27% and had 1.202.826 overnight hotel stays, a 24,4% increase from the same period the previous year.[44]Number of tourists in Sarajevo[45][46][47]In 2019 number of countries with over 10.000 visitors was 24 [48] \nList of Top 30 countries most visitors came from:","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Bihy By Tourism BiH is the national tourism organization for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[49] Its objectives are to influence and encourage international and domestic travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina and develop economic benefits to Bosnia and Herzegovina from tourism.[50][51][52]Among the organization's tasks is the attraction of visitors to Bosnia and Herzegovina through advertising and promotional campaigns.[53] The organization also operates the Tourismbih.com website which provides information adapted for both local and international visitors.[54]","title":"Bihy by Tourism BiH"}] | [{"image_text":"Andrićgrad and Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg/200px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Marian shrine of Our Lady of Medjugorje is currently one of the biggest tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Church_in_Me%C4%91ugorje%2C_B-H%2C_June_4th_2007_%282%29.jpg/200px-Church_in_Me%C4%91ugorje%2C_B-H%2C_June_4th_2007_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stari Most in Mostar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg/200px-Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jahorina ski resort is the biggest in Bosnia and Herzegovina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jahorina_mountain_2018.jpg/200px-Jahorina_mountain_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old town of Baščaršija","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fontaine_Sebilj.jpg/200px-Fontaine_Sebilj.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saborna_crkva_u_Sarajevu.jpg/200px-Saborna_crkva_u_Sarajevu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sacred Heart Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bosnien_catholic_church_in_Sarajevo-2.jpg/200px-Bosnien_catholic_church_in_Sarajevo-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Old Town of Mostar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg/200px-Mostar_Old_Town_Panorama_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The architectural ensemble of the town of Blagaj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Apr-28-2012_006_%287156010742%29.jpg/200px-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Apr-28-2012_006_%287156010742%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trebinje on the banks of the Trebišnjica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_1.jpg/200px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the old town of Počitelj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Po%C4%8Ditelj_-_pano.jpg/200px-Po%C4%8Ditelj_-_pano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathedral of Christ the Saviour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saborna_crkva_Hrista_spasitelja_Banjaluka.jpg/200px-Saborna_crkva_Hrista_spasitelja_Banjaluka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kastel Fortress on the banks of the Vrbas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_2.jpg/200px-%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vrbas Canyon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vrbas_Goli_Vis-07-2018-Cemernica.jpg/200px-Vrbas_Goli_Vis-07-2018-Cemernica.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cvrcka Canyon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_2.jpg/200px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neum at the Adriatic coast of Bosnia and Herzegovina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Neum02450.JPG/200px-Neum02450.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sutjeska National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Np_sutjeska_prasuma_perucica_vodopad_skakavac.JPG/200px-Np_sutjeska_prasuma_perucica_vodopad_skakavac.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kozara National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NP002_-_14.jpg/200px-NP002_-_14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drina National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Drina_Canyon.JPG/200px-Drina_Canyon.JPG"},{"image_text":"Una National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%C5%A0trba%C4%8Dki_buk_1.jpg/200px-%C5%A0trba%C4%8Dki_buk_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Corrida of Grmeč showed on a Yugoslav era stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Grmecka_korida.jpg/200px-Grmecka_korida.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Visa policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%C4%90%C4%83ng_L%C3%A2m | Phạm Đăng Lâm | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","2.1 Paris Peace Accords","3 Personal life","4 References"] | South Vietnamese diplomat and politician (1918–1975)
In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Phạm, but is often simplified to Pham in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Lâm.
Phạm Đăng LâmLâm in 1963Deputy Prime Minister of South VietnamIn office9 November 1967 – 18 May 1968Prime MinisterNguyễn Văn LộcPreceded byNguyễn Hữu CóNguyễn Lưu ViênSucceeded byTrần Thiện KhiêmMinister of Foreign Affairs of South VietnamIn office4 November 1964 – 16 February 1965Prime MinisterTrần Văn HươngNguyễn Xuân Oánh (Acting)Preceded byPhan Huy QuátSucceeded byTrần Văn ĐỗIn office4 November 1963 – 30 January 1964Prime MinisterNguyễn Ngọc ThơPreceded byTrương Công Cừu Succeeded byPhan Huy Quát
Personal detailsBorn(1918-06-12)12 June 1918Vĩnh Long, Cochinchina, French IndochinaDied2 June 1975(1975-06-02) (aged 56)Paris, FrancePolitical partyIndependent (since 1963)Other politicalaffiliations Cần Lao (until 1963)Alma materUniversity of Hanoi (Lic. MA)
Phạm Đăng Lâm (12 June 1918 – 2 June 1975) was a South Vietnamese diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Vietnam from November 1963 to January 1964 and again from November 1964 to February 1965. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1968 under Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Lộc. He was the last South Vietnamese ambassador to the UK. He was known for being the chief negotiator on the South Vietnamese side in the 1973 Paris Peace Talks to end the Vietnam War and the co-existence of North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
Early life
He was born on 12 June 1916 in Vĩnh Long, Cochinchina, French Indochina. He earned a Licentiate from the University of Hanoi and a graduate degree in Indochinese Higher studies of Law in 1955.
Political career
He has been a diplomat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1949, serving in both the State of Vietnam and South Vietnam.
Paris Peace Accords
On the morning of 27 November 1972 Lâm met with the head of the U.S. Delegation of the Paris Peace Accords, William J. Porter
to discuss the drafting of the Peace documents. After the meeting Porter reported to Henry Kissinger regarding Lâm's thought,
"He stressed need for preparing Saigon psychologically for draft agreement. He said that when agreement was presented in Saigon by you, it had come as a ‘bomb’ because Ambassador Bunker had briefed President Thiệu that October 8–11 meetings had produced indications of serious DRV intention to negotiate and willingness to separate military from political issues, but nothing more than this bare outline. Thus when draft agreement was presented as best which would be achieved at that time, Saigon leadership did not understand fully why the United States believed that to be so."
"Lâm said question of U.S. public opinion and Congressional support is major factor which had not been grasped earlier by Saigon, and that you also said some very important things about US/SVN relationships after conclusion of the accord. If these things had been grasped earlier by Saigon, they would have greatly helped the process of psychological preparation."
At the Paris Peace Accords, regarding both North Vietnam and South Vietnam, Lâm stresses that such co-existence must be based on mutual respect and the right of the people of North and South Vietnam to follow whatever paths they have chosen. He added that this also meant North and South Vietnam could have friendly relations with neighboring countries. If the Paris Peace Accords live up to its role, Lâm states "The solidarity of Southeast Asia will then become a living reality." According to Lâm, for peace and solidarity to occur in Southeast Asia, it requires work and effort from everyone worldwide to maintain it.
Personal life
In addition to his native Vietnamese, Lam was also fluent in French and English.
He died on 2 June 1975 in Paris after a long battle with an illness.
References
^ a b "PHAM DANG LAM, SAIGON AIDE, DIES". The New York Times. 4 June 1975. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Lam Leaves Paris Talks for Conference in Saigon". The New York Times. 4 January 1970.
^ https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA5WITPYVEN26ZIGJOJU4JLF5ST-FRANCE-PHAM-DANG-LAM-SPEAKS-ON-CO-EXISTENCE-BETWEEN-NORTH-AND/query/DIPLOMATS+PARIS
^ Who's who in Vietnam (PDF). Saigon: Vietnam Press. 1974. p. 419. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ "Who's who in Vietnam". 27 September 1972.
^ https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1968/12/10/m-pham-dang-lam_2509617_1819218.html
^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume IX, Vietnam, October 1972 – January 1973 – Office of the Historian".
^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume IX, Vietnam, October 1972 – January 1973 – Office of the Historian".
^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume IX, Vietnam, October 1972 – January 1973 – Office of the Historian".
^ https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA5WITPYVEN26ZIGJOJU4JLF5ST-FRANCE-PHAM-DANG-LAM-SPEAKS-ON-CO-EXISTENCE-BETWEEN-NORTH-AND/query/DIPLOMATS+PARIS
^ https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA5WITPYVEN26ZIGJOJU4JLF5ST-FRANCE-PHAM-DANG-LAM-SPEAKS-ON-CO-EXISTENCE-BETWEEN-NORTH-AND/query/DIPLOMATS+PARIS
^ "前西貢政府外長范登林病逝巴黎". Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 5 June 1975. p. 2. Retrieved 31 August 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Văn Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"1973 Paris Peace Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"South Vietnamese diplomat and politician (1918–1975)In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Phạm, but is often simplified to Pham in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Lâm.Phạm Đăng Lâm (12 June 1918 – 2 June 1975) was a South Vietnamese diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Vietnam from November 1963 to January 1964 and again from November 1964 to February 1965. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1968 under Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Lộc. He was the last South Vietnamese ambassador to the UK.[1] He was known for being the chief negotiator on the South Vietnamese side in the 1973 Paris Peace Talks to end the Vietnam War and the co-existence of North Vietnam and South Vietnam.[2][3]","title":"Phạm Đăng Lâm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vĩnh Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long"},{"link_name":"Cochinchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinchina"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Licentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)"},{"link_name":"University of Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He was born on 12 June 1916 in Vĩnh Long, Cochinchina, French Indochina.[4] He earned a Licentiate from the University of Hanoi and a graduate degree in Indochinese Higher studies of Law in 1955.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He has been a diplomat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1949, serving in both the State of Vietnam and South Vietnam.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"William J. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Porter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"Bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Bunker"},{"link_name":"Thiệu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Paris Peace Accords","text":"On the morning of 27 November 1972 Lâm met with the head of the U.S. Delegation of the Paris Peace Accords, William J. Porter\nto discuss the drafting of the Peace documents.[7] After the meeting Porter reported to Henry Kissinger regarding Lâm's thought,\"He [Lâm] stressed need for preparing Saigon psychologically for draft agreement. He said that when agreement was presented in Saigon by you, it had come as a ‘bomb’ because Ambassador Bunker had briefed President Thiệu that October 8–11 meetings had produced indications of serious DRV intention to negotiate and willingness to separate military from political issues, but nothing more than this bare outline. Thus when draft agreement was presented as best which would be achieved at that time, Saigon leadership did not understand fully why the United States believed that to be so.\"[8]\"Lâm said question of U.S. public opinion and Congressional support is major factor which had not been grasped earlier by Saigon, and that you also said some very important things about US/SVN relationships after conclusion of the accord. If these things had been grasped earlier by Saigon, they would have greatly helped the process of psychological preparation.\"[9]At the Paris Peace Accords, regarding both North Vietnam and South Vietnam, Lâm stresses that such co-existence must be based on mutual respect and the right of the people of North and South Vietnam to follow whatever paths they have chosen. He added that this also meant North and South Vietnam could have friendly relations with neighboring countries. If the Paris Peace Accords live up to its role, Lâm states \"The solidarity of Southeast Asia will then become a living reality.\"[10] According to Lâm, for peace and solidarity to occur in Southeast Asia, it requires work and effort from everyone worldwide to maintain it.[11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In addition to his native Vietnamese, Lam was also fluent in French and English.He died on 2 June 1975 in Paris after a long battle with an illness.[1][12]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"PHAM DANG LAM, SAIGON AIDE, DIES\". The New York Times. 4 June 1975. Retrieved 1 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/04/archives/pham-dang-lam-saigon-aide-dies-leader-of-delegation-at-the-paris.html","url_text":"\"PHAM DANG LAM, SAIGON AIDE, DIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lam Leaves Paris Talks for Conference in Saigon\". The New York Times. 4 January 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/04/archives/lam-leaves-paris-talks-for-conference-in-saigon.html","url_text":"\"Lam Leaves Paris Talks for Conference in Saigon\""}]},{"reference":"Who's who in Vietnam (PDF). Saigon: Vietnam Press. 1974. p. 419. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_Time | The Killing Time | ["1 Background","2 Situation","3 Reaction","4 Footnotes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | 1679-1688 suppression of Presbyterians in Scotland
This article is about the period in Scottish history. For the film, see The Killing Time (film). For other uses, see Killing Time (disambiguation).
The Killing TimePart of the RestorationJames Renwick executed in 1688Datec. 1680 – 1688LocationKingdom of Scotland (predominantly southwest)Result
Presbyterianism accepted in 1690 Act of SettlementBelligerents
Covenanters (Presbyterians)
Privy Council (Episcopalians and monarchy)Commanders and leaders
James Renwick
Richard Cameron †
Donald Cargill
John Brown
James VII (King of Scotland, 1685–88)
Charles II (King of Scotland until 1685)
The Earl of Perth (Lord Chancellor, 1684–89)
The Earl of Aberdeen (Lord Chancellor, 1682–84)
The Duke of Rothes (Lord Chancellor, 1664–81)
George Mackenzie (Lord Advocate, 1677–87)
Viscount Dundee
Casualties and losses
c.100 executions
Margaret Wilson, one of the 'Wigtown Martyrs', executed by drowning in the incoming tide of the Solway Firth (1685).
The Scottish Parliament on 8th May, 1685 have recorded the following: Our Soveraign Lord, considering the obstinacy of the fanatical party who, notwithstanding all the laws formerly made against them, still keep their house and field conventicles, which are the nurseries and rendezvouses of rebellion; therefore His Majesty, with consent of Parliament, ordains that all such persons who shall hereafter preach at such house or field conventicles, also those who shall be present as hearers, shall be punished by death and confiscation of their goods.
Edinburgh, May the 8th, 1685. Our Soveraign Lord and the Estates of Parliament, do here by Declare that the giving or taking of the National Covenant as explained in the Year 1638 or of the League and Covenant, so commonly called, or writing in defence thereof or owning them as Lawful or Obligatory on themselves or others shall infer the Crime and pains of Treason.
The Killing Time was a period of conflict in Scottish history between the Presbyterian Covenanter movement, based largely in the southwest of the country, and the government forces of Kings Charles II and James VII. The period, roughly from 1679 to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, was subsequently called The Killing Time by Robert Wodrow in his The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, published in 1721–22. It is an important episode in the martyrology of the Church of Scotland.
Background
In the century following the Reformation Parliament of 1560, the question of church government had been one of growing tension between popular opinion and the Monarch. While the Church of Scotland was Presbyterian in its legal status according to various acts of Parliament, King James VI had developed a compromise which tended towards an Episcopalian church government, but Calvinist theology.
When King Charles I acceded to the throne in 1625, his policy increasingly antagonised the nation by imposing High Church Anglicanism and Erastian state control over spiritual matters of the church. This culminated in the 1638 National Covenant which was a widespread popular expression of the nation's protest at the King's policy. Ultimately the Bishops' Wars resulted in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On 5 February 1649, six days after the English Parliament executed the King, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh, but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted Presbyterianism throughout Britain and Ireland.
In order to protect the Presbyterian polity and doctrine of the Church of Scotland, the pre-Restoration government of Scotland signed the 1650 Treaty of Breda to crown him king and support him against the English Parliamentary forces.
However, at his Restoration in 1660, the King renounced the terms of the Treaty and his Oath of Covenant, which the Scottish Covenanters saw as a betrayal. The Rescissory Act 1661 repealed all laws made since 1633, effectively ejecting 400 Ministers from their livings, removing patronage in the appointment of Ministers from congregations and allowing the King to proclaim the restoration of Bishops to the Church of Scotland. The Abjuration Act of 1662 …was a formal rejection of the National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. These were declared to be against the fundamental laws of the kingdom. The Act required all persons taking public office to take an oath of abjuration not to take arms against the king, and rejecting the Covenants. This excluded most Presbyterians from holding official positions of trust. Essentially, this returned church governance to the situation that existed prior to the expulsion of the bishops by the Glasgow General Assembly in 1638 and overthrew the Presbyterian form of organisation favoured by the Covenanters.
Situation
Church ministers were confronted with a stark choice: accept the new situation or lose their livings. Up to a third of the ministry refused. Many ministers chose voluntarily to abandon their own parishes rather than wait to be forced out by the government. Most of the vacancies occurred in the south-west of Scotland, an area particularly strong in its Covenanting sympathies. Some of the ministers also took to preaching in the open fields in conventicles, often attracting thousands of worshippers.
The Scottish Privy Council attempted to end the dissent in the form of the First Indulgence of 1669, followed by a Second in 1672. These allowed ministers to return to their churches on condition that they remained silent on the issues dividing the Kirk. The English spy Daniel Defoe, who studied the period, listed the reasons why the more intransigent clergy refused to countenance the offer:
They would not accept of our Indulgence for worshipping God by the licence of the bishops; because they said they had abjured Prelacy in the Covenant, and had declared the bishops to be anti-scriptural and anti-Christian; and to take licence from them was to homologate their authority as legal, which they detested and abhorred.
They would not take the Oath of Supremacy because they could not in conscience allow any king or head of the Church but Jesus Christ.
They would not pray for the king, or swear to him, because he was a persecutor of the Church, and thereby an enemy to God, because he had renounced the oath of God in the Covenant, and until he had repented, they would have nothing to do with him.
Being debarred all manner of liberty to worship God in public, and on the severest penalties forbidden to assemble themselves together, either in the churches or in private families; and believing it at the same time their duty according to the Scriptures, not to forsake assembling, they could not satisfy their consciences to obey man rather than God.
Reaction
The Stuart regime, worried about the possibility of disorder and rebellion and resentful of the Covenanters' having made their fighting for Charles II during the civil wars conditional upon the maintenance of Scottish Presbyterianism, attempted to stamp this movement out, with varying degrees of success. Fines were levied upon those who failed to attend the parish churches of the "King's curates", the death penalty was imposed for preaching at field conventicles, and torture of suspects using inventive punishments such as hanging people by the thumbs or using the boot or thumbscrews became a tactic of first resort. In 1678, some 3,000 Lowland militia and 6,000 Highlanders (the 'Highland Host') were billeted in the Covenanting shires and plundered their unwilling hosts. These policies provoked armed rebellions in 1666 and 1679, which were quickly suppressed.
The early summer of 1679 saw an escalation of civil unrest with the assassination of the Scottish Primate James Sharp, the Archbishop of St Andrews, the Battle of Drumclog and the Battle of Bothwell Bridge. The Sanquhar Declaration of 1680 effectively declared the people could not accept the authority of a King who would not recognise their religion, nor commit to his previous oaths. Read publicly at Sanquhar by a group of Covenanters led by the Reverend Richard Cameron, it renounced all allegiance to Charles II and opposed the succession of his brother James, Duke of York, a Roman Catholic. In February 1685 the King died and was succeeded by his brother as King James VII.
In response to these shows of political sedition, the Scottish Privy Council authorised extrajudicial field executions of those caught in arms or those who refused to swear loyalty to the King and renounce the Covenant by an Abjuration Oath. This Oath of Abjuration was specifically designed to be repugnant to Covenanters and thereby act as a "sieve, the mesh of which would winnow the loyal from the disloyal." John Graham, Laird of Claverhouse was commissioned to carry out the orders of the Privy Council and was responsible for various summary executions which earned him the name "Bluidy Clavers" by the Covenanters.
Around 100 executions are recorded as a result of the Privy Council's orders, the majority being of radical Cameronians who were executed over a short period of several months in 1685, for civil crimes punishable by death. Despite the relatively short duration of this action and its limitation to a single faction of the broader Presbyterian community, it has since come to dominate the historiography of the period.
Amid rising tensions in both Scotland and England, the Stuart regime descended into chaos and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ended James's reign in England when he fled on 23 December to exile in France. The ensuing political crisis in Scotland, which, pre-empted by English events, left Scotland without a king and saw the members of the Scottish Privy Council swiftly ask William to take over the responsibilities of government in Scotland on 7 January 1689. Having read the mood of the people that there was a lack of popular support for James' regime and that William's political support grew as the crisis unfolded in a similar way to England, the Scottish Parliament passed the Claim of Right Act, thereby establishing in Scots Law, that the throne was left vacant upon James' departure.
The persecution ended with the accession of William of Orange as King William II of Scotland in 1688 and the acceptance of Scottish Presbyterianism by the Act of Settlement 1690. The execution of James Renwick in February 1688 is regarded as closing the period of martyrdom.
Footnotes
^ a b c Lynch, Michael, ed. (2011). Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
^ Hewison, James King (1908). The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution. Vol. 2. Glasgow: J. Smith. pp. 413-454. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ Hewison 1908.
^ Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560 (both not ratified until 1572), The Golden Act 1592, and the General Assembly passing The Second Book of Discipline 1578
^ Brown 2013, Scottish proclamation.
^ "The treaty of Breda", Church & state, BCW Project.
^ Abjuration Oath, The Reformation.
^ Mackie, J. D, A History of Scotland, p. 234, at least 270.
^ McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 48–52. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ Defoe, D (1717), Memoirs of the Church of Scotland, quoted in Barr, J (1946), The Scottish Covenanters, Glasgow, pp. 58–9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
^ MacPherson, Hamish (28 November 2017). "Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 49–54. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ P. Hume Brown, History of Scotland, p. 406.
^ MacPherson, Hamish (5 December 2017). "The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
^ Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 194. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 197. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ Smellie, Alexander (1908). Men of the Covenant (2nd ed.). London: Andrew Melrose. pp. 149–168. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
^ Mackie et al. 1991 pp. 241–245
^ T. Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720 (London: Penguin, 2006), ISBN 0141016523, pp. 380–390.
^ McMillan, William (1950). "The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688". Scottish Church History Society: 141–153. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
Bibliography
Brown, K.M.; et al., eds. (2007–2013), "Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)", The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, St Andrews: University of St Andrews
Brown, P Hume (1905), History of Scotland, vol. ii, Cambridge{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
Cowan, Ian (1976), The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688, London{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
J. D. Douglas, Light in the North (Exeter, 1964)
Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms, 1660–1685 (London, 2005).
Tim Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 (London, 2006)
J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (London, 1978).
Raymond Campbell Patterson, A Land Afflicted: Scotland & the Covenanter Wars, 1638–90 (Edinburgh 1998)
Thomson, John Henderson (1714), A Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal Prerogatives of Jesus Christ: Being the Last Speeches and Testimonies of Those who Have Suffered for the Truth in Scotland Since the Year 1680.
External links
List of Covenanters Executed in the Grassmarket, Edinburgh
Dunton Cove Covenanters hiding place
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vteScottish clan battlesWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst War of Scottish Independence
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Halidon Hill
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Anglo-Scottish WarsBorder wars
Duns
Otterburn
1385
1400
Nesbit Moor (1402)
Homildon Hill
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Edinburgh
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Inchkeith
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Broughty Castle
Private and local clan battles(Many of these also had links at national level, including the feuds between Clan Donald and the Crown, Clan Douglas and the Crown and the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war)13th century
Embo (1245)
Largs (1263)
Red Ford (1294/96)
14th century
Dalrigh (1306)
Pass of Brander (1308)
Drumlui (1330/37)
Invernahavon (1370/86)
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15th century
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Drumchatt (1497)
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16th century
Drumchatt (1501)
Achnashellach (1505)
Knock Mary (1511)
Glendale (1513)
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Melrose (1526)
Linlithgow Bridge (1526)
Summerdale (1529)
Alltan-Beath (1542)
Shirts (1544)
Raids of Urquhart (1544/45)
Garbharry (1555)
Corrichie (1562)
Inverness (1562)
Chaseabout Raid (1565)
Carberry Hill (1567)
Langside (1568)
Chanonry of Ross (1569 - 1573)
Garbhain (1570)
Torran-Roy (1570)
Craibstone (1571)
Tillieangus (1571)
Beauly (1577/78)
Spoiling Dyke (1578)
Allt Camhna (1586)
Leckmelm (1586)
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Logiebride (1597)
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Benbigrie (1598)
Early 17th century
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Carinish (1601)
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Morar (1602)
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Braes of Strathdearn (1645)
Scotland in the Wars of the Three KingdomsBishops Wars
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Period from Restoration of 1660 to Glorious Revolution of 1688Private and local clan battles
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Mulroy (1688)
Covenanter rebellion of 1679
Drumclog
Bothwell Bridge
The Killing Time
Monmouth Rebellion
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Dunkeld
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Glencoe
Jacobite rising of 1715
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Jacobite rising of 1719
Eilean Donan
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Highbridge
1st Ruthven
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Clifton
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1st Fort Augustus
Inverurie
Falkirk
Stirling
2nd Ruthven
Moy
Inverness
2nd Fort Augustus
Atholl
Blair Castle
Keith
Fort William
Dornoch
Tongue
Littleferry
Culloden
Loch nan Uamh
Loch Ailort
Arisaig
Lochaber and Shiramore
Killin
Appin Murder
Rannoch
See also
Scottish clan
Marian civil war
Military of Scotland
Independent Highland Companies
Manrent
List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Killing Time (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_Time_(film)"},{"link_name":"Killing Time (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Time_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Wilson_-_JE_Millais.png"},{"link_name":"Margaret Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(Scottish_martyr)"},{"link_name":"Wigtown Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtown_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"Solway Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Firth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Act_against_conventicles_8th_May_1685.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covenantershisto02hewi_orig_0512covenant.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewison1908-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_history"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Covenanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"James VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters#1679_Rebellion_and_the_Killing_Time"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Robert Wodrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wodrow"},{"link_name":"martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrology"}],"text":"This article is about the period in Scottish history. For the film, see The Killing Time (film). For other uses, see Killing Time (disambiguation).Margaret Wilson, one of the 'Wigtown Martyrs', executed by drowning in the incoming tide of the Solway Firth (1685).The Scottish Parliament on 8th May, 1685 have recorded the following: Our Soveraign Lord, considering the obstinacy of the fanatical party who, notwithstanding all the laws formerly made against them, still keep their house and field conventicles, which are the nurseries and rendezvouses of rebellion; therefore His Majesty, with consent of Parliament, ordains that all such persons who shall hereafter preach at such house or field conventicles, also those who shall be present as hearers, shall be punished by death and confiscation of their goods.[2]Edinburgh, May the 8th, 1685. Our Soveraign Lord and the Estates of Parliament, do here by Declare that the giving or taking of the National Covenant as explained in the Year 1638 or of the League and Covenant, so commonly called, or writing in defence thereof or owning them as Lawful or Obligatory on themselves or others shall infer the Crime and pains of Treason.[3]The Killing Time was a period of conflict in Scottish history between the Presbyterian Covenanter movement, based largely in the southwest of the country, and the government forces of Kings Charles II and James VII. The period, roughly from 1679 to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, was subsequently called The Killing Time by Robert Wodrow in his The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, published in 1721–22. It is an important episode in the martyrology of the Church of Scotland.","title":"The Killing Time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformation Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Episcopalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"High Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Erastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Erastus"},{"link_name":"National Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Bishops' Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"English Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_Parliament"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicide"},{"link_name":"Covenanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mercat Cross, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013Scottish_proclamation-5"},{"link_name":"Presbyterianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian polity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_polity"},{"link_name":"doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"government of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1650)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Oath of Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Rescissory Act 1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescissory_Act_1661"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"}],"text":"In the century following the Reformation Parliament of 1560, the question of church government had been one of growing tension between popular opinion and the Monarch. While the Church of Scotland was Presbyterian in its legal status according to various acts of Parliament,[4] King James VI had developed a compromise which tended towards an Episcopalian church government, but Calvinist theology.When King Charles I acceded to the throne in 1625, his policy increasingly antagonised the nation by imposing High Church Anglicanism and Erastian state control over spiritual matters of the church. This culminated in the 1638 National Covenant which was a widespread popular expression of the nation's protest at the King's policy. Ultimately the Bishops' Wars resulted in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On 5 February 1649, six days after the English Parliament executed the King, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II \"King of Great Britain, France and Ireland\" at the Mercat Cross, Edinburgh,[5] but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted Presbyterianism throughout Britain and Ireland.In order to protect the Presbyterian polity and doctrine of the Church of Scotland, the pre-Restoration government of Scotland[6] signed the 1650 Treaty of Breda to crown him king and support him against the English Parliamentary forces.However, at his Restoration in 1660, the King renounced the terms of the Treaty and his Oath of Covenant, which the Scottish Covenanters saw as a betrayal. The Rescissory Act 1661 repealed all laws made since 1633, effectively ejecting 400 Ministers from their livings, removing patronage in the appointment of Ministers from congregations and allowing the King to proclaim the restoration of Bishops to the Church of Scotland. The Abjuration Act of 1662 …was a formal rejection of the National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. These were declared to be against the fundamental laws of the kingdom. The Act required all persons taking public office to take an oath of abjuration not to take arms against the king, and rejecting the Covenants. This excluded most Presbyterians from holding official positions of trust.[7] Essentially, this returned church governance to the situation that existed prior to the expulsion of the bishops by the Glasgow General Assembly in 1638 and overthrew the Presbyterian form of organisation favoured by the Covenanters.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"conventicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventicle"},{"link_name":"Scottish Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Church ministers were confronted with a stark choice: accept the new situation or lose their livings. Up to a third of the ministry refused. Many ministers chose voluntarily to abandon their own parishes rather than wait to be forced out by the government.[8] Most of the vacancies occurred in the south-west of Scotland, an area particularly strong in its Covenanting sympathies. Some of the ministers also took to preaching in the open fields in conventicles, often attracting thousands of worshippers.The Scottish Privy Council attempted to end the dissent in the form of the First Indulgence of 1669, followed by a Second in 1672. These allowed ministers to return to their churches on condition that they remained silent on the issues dividing the Kirk. The English spy Daniel Defoe, who studied the period, listed the reasons why the more intransigent clergy refused to countenance the offer:They would not accept of our Indulgence for worshipping God by the licence of the bishops; because they said they had abjured Prelacy in the Covenant, and had declared the bishops to be anti-scriptural and anti-Christian; and to take licence from them was to homologate their authority as legal, which they detested and abhorred.\nThey would not take the Oath of Supremacy because they could not in conscience allow any king or head of the Church but Jesus Christ.[9]\nThey would not pray for the king, or swear to him, because he was a persecutor of the Church, and thereby an enemy to God, because he had renounced the oath of God in the Covenant, and until he had repented, they would have nothing to do with him.\nBeing debarred all manner of liberty to worship God in public, and on the severest penalties forbidden to assemble themselves together, either in the churches or in private families; and believing it at the same time their duty according to the Scriptures, not to forsake assembling, they could not satisfy their consciences to obey man rather than God.[10]","title":"Situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presbyterianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"King's curates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"the boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_(torture)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"billeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"James Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sharp_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Battle of Drumclog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drumclog"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bothwell Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bothwell_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sanquhar Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquhar_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Sanquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquhar"},{"link_name":"Richard Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cameron_(Covenanter)"},{"link_name":"James, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"King James VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Scottish Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Abjuration Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abjuration_Oath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Abjuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjuration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cameronians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameronian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocsh-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocsh-1"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Claim of Right Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689"},{"link_name":"Scots Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_law"},{"link_name":"departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"William II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Act of Settlement 1690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Act_of_Settlement_1690&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"James Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Renwick_(Covenanter)"}],"text":"The Stuart regime, worried about the possibility of disorder and rebellion and resentful of the Covenanters' having made their fighting for Charles II during the civil wars conditional upon the maintenance of Scottish Presbyterianism, attempted to stamp this movement out, with varying degrees of success.[11] Fines were levied upon those who failed to attend the parish churches of the \"King's curates\", the death penalty was imposed for preaching at field conventicles, and torture of suspects using inventive punishments such as hanging people by the thumbs or using the boot or thumbscrews became a tactic of first resort.[12] In 1678, some 3,000 Lowland militia and 6,000 Highlanders (the 'Highland Host') were billeted in the Covenanting shires and plundered their unwilling hosts.[13] These policies provoked armed rebellions in 1666 and 1679, which were quickly suppressed.The early summer of 1679 saw an escalation of civil unrest with the assassination of the Scottish Primate James Sharp, the Archbishop of St Andrews, the Battle of Drumclog and the Battle of Bothwell Bridge. The Sanquhar Declaration of 1680 effectively declared the people could not accept the authority of a King who would not recognise their religion, nor commit to his previous oaths. Read publicly at Sanquhar by a group of Covenanters led by the Reverend Richard Cameron, it renounced all allegiance to Charles II and opposed the succession of his brother James, Duke of York, a Roman Catholic. In February 1685 the King died and was succeeded by his brother as King James VII.In response to these shows of political sedition, the Scottish Privy Council authorised extrajudicial field executions of those caught in arms or those who refused to swear loyalty to the King and renounce the Covenant by an Abjuration Oath.[14] This Oath of Abjuration was specifically designed to be repugnant to Covenanters and thereby act as a \"sieve, the mesh of which would winnow the loyal from the disloyal.\"[15] John Graham, Laird of Claverhouse was commissioned to carry out the orders of the Privy Council and was responsible for various summary executions which earned him the name \"Bluidy Clavers\" by the Covenanters.[16]Around 100 executions are recorded as a result of the Privy Council's orders, the majority being of radical Cameronians who were executed over a short period of several months in 1685, for civil crimes punishable by death.[1] Despite the relatively short duration of this action and its limitation to a single faction of the broader Presbyterian community, it has since come to dominate the historiography of the period.[17][1]Amid rising tensions in both Scotland and England, the Stuart regime descended into chaos and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ended James's reign in England when he fled on 23 December to exile in France. The ensuing political crisis in Scotland, which, pre-empted by English events, left Scotland without a king and saw the members of the Scottish Privy Council swiftly ask William to take over the responsibilities of government in Scotland on 7 January 1689.[18] Having read the mood of the people that there was a lack of popular support for James' regime and that William's political support grew as the crisis unfolded in a similar way to England,[19] the Scottish Parliament passed the Claim of Right Act, thereby establishing in Scots Law, that the throne was left vacant upon James' departure.The persecution ended with the accession of William of Orange as King William II of Scotland in 1688 and the acceptance of Scottish Presbyterianism by the Act of Settlement 1690.[20] The execution of James Renwick in February 1688 is regarded as closing the period of martyrdom.","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ocsh_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ocsh_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ocsh_1-2"},{"link_name":"Lynch, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-923482-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923482-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi"},{"link_name":"413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi/page/413"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewison1908_3-0"},{"link_name":"Hewison 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHewison1908"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560"},{"link_name":"Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_Ratification_Act_1560"},{"link_name":"The Second Book of Discipline 1578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Church_of_Scotland)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013Scottish_proclamation_5-0"},{"link_name":"Brown 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrown2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The treaty of Breda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-commonwealth/treaty-of-breda"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Abjuration Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thereformation.info/abjurationOath.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/48/search/Drunken+Parliament"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenational.scot/news/15687210.Scotland_Back_in_the_Day__The_terrible_fall_of_the_Covenanters/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/50/search/%22the+boot%22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenational.scot/news/15701509.The_Killing_Time__How_the_Covenanters_were_hunted_like_game_in_a_downfall_of_their_own_making/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/194/search/abjuration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/196/search/abjuration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Men of the Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/menofcovenant02smeluoft#page/148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0141016523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141016523"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/rschsv010p3mcmillan"}],"text":"^ a b c Lynch, Michael, ed. (2011). Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.\n\n^ Hewison, James King (1908). The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution. Vol. 2. Glasgow: J. Smith. pp. 413-454. Retrieved 16 July 2019.\n\n^ Hewison 1908.\n\n^ Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560 (both not ratified until 1572), The Golden Act 1592, and the General Assembly passing The Second Book of Discipline 1578\n\n^ Brown 2013, Scottish proclamation.\n\n^ \"The treaty of Breda\", Church & state, BCW Project.\n\n^ Abjuration Oath, The Reformation.\n\n^ Mackie, J. D, A History of Scotland, p. 234, at least 270.\n\n^ McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 48–52. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n\n^ Defoe, D (1717), Memoirs of the Church of Scotland, quoted in Barr, J (1946), The Scottish Covenanters, Glasgow, pp. 58–9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).\n\n^ MacPherson, Hamish (28 November 2017). \"Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters\". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n\n^ McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 49–54. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n\n^ P. Hume Brown, History of Scotland, p. 406.\n\n^ MacPherson, Hamish (5 December 2017). \"The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making\". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\n\n^ Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 194. Retrieved 16 August 2018.\n\n^ Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 197. Retrieved 16 August 2018.\n\n^ Smellie, Alexander (1908). Men of the Covenant (2nd ed.). London: Andrew Melrose. pp. 149–168. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\n\n^ Mackie et al. 1991 pp. 241–245\n\n^ T. Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720 (London: Penguin, 2006), ISBN 0141016523, pp. 380–390.\n\n^ McMillan, William (1950). \"The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688\". Scottish Church History Society: 141–153. Retrieved 25 August 2018.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fetch_jump&filename=charlesi_ms&jump=charlesi_t1649_1_71_d6_trans&type=ms&fragment=m1649_1_71_d6_ms"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Brown, K.M.; et al., eds. (2007–2013), \"Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)\", The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, St Andrews: University of St Andrews\nBrown, P Hume (1905), History of Scotland, vol. ii, Cambridge{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).\nCowan, Ian (1976), The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688, London{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).\nJ. D. Douglas, Light in the North (Exeter, 1964)\nTim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms, 1660–1685 (London, 2005).\nTim Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 (London, 2006)\nJ. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (London, 1978).\nRaymond Campbell Patterson, A Land Afflicted: Scotland & the Covenanter Wars, 1638–90 (Edinburgh 1998)\nThomson, John Henderson (1714), A Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal Prerogatives of Jesus Christ: Being the Last Speeches and Testimonies of Those who Have Suffered for the Truth in Scotland Since the Year 1680.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Margaret Wilson, one of the 'Wigtown Martyrs', executed by drowning in the incoming tide of the Solway Firth (1685).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Margaret_Wilson_-_JE_Millais.png/220px-Margaret_Wilson_-_JE_Millais.png"},{"image_text":"The Scottish Parliament on 8th May, 1685 have recorded the following: Our Soveraign Lord, considering the obstinacy of the fanatical party who, notwithstanding all the laws formerly made against them, still keep their house and field conventicles, which are the nurseries and rendezvouses of rebellion; therefore His Majesty, with consent of Parliament, ordains that all such persons who shall hereafter preach at such house or field conventicles, also those who shall be present as hearers, shall be punished by death and confiscation of their goods.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Act_against_conventicles_8th_May_1685.png/220px-Act_against_conventicles_8th_May_1685.png"},{"image_text":"Edinburgh, May the 8th, 1685. Our Soveraign Lord and the Estates of Parliament, do here by Declare that the giving or taking of the National Covenant as explained in the Year 1638 or of the League and Covenant, so commonly called, or writing in defence thereof or owning them as Lawful or Obligatory on themselves or others shall infer the Crime and pains of Treason.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Covenantershisto02hewi_orig_0512covenant.png/220px-Covenantershisto02hewi_orig_0512covenant.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Lynch, Michael, ed. (2011). Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)","url_text":"Lynch, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923482-0","url_text":"978-0-19-923482-0"}]},{"reference":"Hewison, James King (1908). The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution. Vol. 2. Glasgow: J. Smith. pp. 413-454. Retrieved 16 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi","url_text":"The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi/page/413","url_text":"413"}]},{"reference":"\"The treaty of Breda\", Church & state, BCW Project","urls":[{"url":"http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-commonwealth/treaty-of-breda","url_text":"\"The treaty of Breda\""}]},{"reference":"Abjuration Oath, The Reformation","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thereformation.info/abjurationOath.htm","url_text":"Abjuration Oath"}]},{"reference":"Mackie, J. D, A History of Scotland, p. 234, at least 270","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 48–52. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/48/search/Drunken+Parliament","url_text":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts"}]},{"reference":"Defoe, D (1717), Memoirs of the Church of Scotland","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barr, J (1946), The Scottish Covenanters, Glasgow, pp. 58–9","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacPherson, Hamish (28 November 2017). \"Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters\". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenational.scot/news/15687210.Scotland_Back_in_the_Day__The_terrible_fall_of_the_Covenanters/","url_text":"\"Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters\""}]},{"reference":"McCrie, Charles Greig (1893). The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 49–54. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/50/search/%22the+boot%22","url_text":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts"}]},{"reference":"MacPherson, Hamish (5 December 2017). \"The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making\". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenational.scot/news/15701509.The_Killing_Time__How_the_Covenanters_were_hunted_like_game_in_a_downfall_of_their_own_making/","url_text":"\"The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making\""}]},{"reference":"Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 194. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/194/search/abjuration","url_text":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689"}]},{"reference":"Terry, Charles Sanford (1905). John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689. London: A. Constable. p. 197. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/196/search/abjuration","url_text":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689"}]},{"reference":"Smellie, Alexander (1908). Men of the Covenant (2nd ed.). London: Andrew Melrose. pp. 149–168. Retrieved 20 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/menofcovenant02smeluoft#page/148","url_text":"Men of the Covenant"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, William (1950). \"The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688\". Scottish Church History Society: 141–153. Retrieved 25 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/rschsv010p3mcmillan","url_text":"\"The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, K.M.; et al., eds. (2007–2013), \"Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)\", The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, St Andrews: University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fetch_jump&filename=charlesi_ms&jump=charlesi_t1649_1_71_d6_trans&type=ms&fragment=m1649_1_71_d6_ms","url_text":"\"Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, P Hume (1905), History of Scotland, vol. ii, Cambridge","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cowan, Ian (1976), The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–1688, London","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomson, John Henderson (1714), A Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal Prerogatives of Jesus Christ: Being the Last Speeches and Testimonies of Those who Have Suffered for the Truth in Scotland Since the Year 1680","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi","external_links_name":"The Covenanters, a history of the church in Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/covenantershisto02hewi/page/413","external_links_name":"413"},{"Link":"http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-commonwealth/treaty-of-breda","external_links_name":"\"The treaty of Breda\""},{"Link":"http://www.thereformation.info/abjurationOath.htm","external_links_name":"Abjuration Oath"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/48/search/Drunken+Parliament","external_links_name":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts"},{"Link":"http://www.thenational.scot/news/15687210.Scotland_Back_in_the_Day__The_terrible_fall_of_the_Covenanters/","external_links_name":"\"Scotland Back in the Day: The terrible fall of the Covenanters\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/freechurchofscot00mccr#page/50/search/%22the+boot%22","external_links_name":"The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts"},{"Link":"http://www.thenational.scot/news/15701509.The_Killing_Time__How_the_Covenanters_were_hunted_like_game_in_a_downfall_of_their_own_making/","external_links_name":"\"The Killing Time: How the Covenanters were hunted like game in a downfall of their own making\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/194/search/abjuration","external_links_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/johngrahamofclav00terruoft#page/196/search/abjuration","external_links_name":"John Graham of Claverhouse, viscount of Dundee, 1648-1689"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/menofcovenant02smeluoft#page/148","external_links_name":"Men of the Covenant"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/rschsv010p3mcmillan","external_links_name":"\"The covenanters after the Revolution of 1688\""},{"Link":"http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fetch_jump&filename=charlesi_ms&jump=charlesi_t1649_1_71_d6_trans&type=ms&fragment=m1649_1_71_d6_ms","external_links_name":"\"Proclamation of Charles the second king of Great Britane, France and Ireland, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2355298","external_links_name":"List of Covenanters Executed in the Grassmarket, Edinburgh"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/my_videos?o=U","external_links_name":"Dunton Cove Covenanters hiding place"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric-oxide_synthase | Nitric oxide synthase | ["1 Species distribution","2 Function","3 Classification","3.1 nNOS","3.2 iNOS","3.3 eNOS","3.4 bNOS","4 Chemical reaction","5 Structure","6 Inhibitors","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Enzyme catalysing the formation of the gasotransmitter NO(nitric oxide)
Nitric-oxide synthaseHuman inducible nitric oxide synthase. PDB 1nsiIdentifiersEC no.1.14.13.39CAS no.125978-95-2 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
Nitric oxide synthase, oxygenase domainStructure of endothelial nitric oxide synthase heme domain.IdentifiersSymbolNO_synthasePfamPF02898InterProIPR004030SCOP21nos / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary
Nitric oxide synthases (EC 1.14.13.39) (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO is an important cellular signaling molecule. It helps modulate vascular tone, insulin secretion, airway tone, and peristalsis, and is involved in angiogenesis and neural development. It may function as a retrograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide is mediated in mammals by the calcium-calmodulin controlled isoenzymes eNOS (endothelial NOS) and nNOS (neuronal NOS). The inducible isoform, iNOS, involved in immune response, binds calmodulin at physiologically relevant concentrations, and produces NO as an immune defense mechanism, as NO is a free radical with an unpaired electron. It is the proximate cause of septic shock and may function in autoimmune disease.
NOS catalyzes the reaction:
2 L-arginine + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 4 O2
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
2 citrulline +2 nitric oxide + 4 H2O + 3 NADP+
NOS isoforms catalyze other leak and side reactions, such as superoxide production at the expense of NADPH. As such, this stoichiometry is not generally observed, and reflects the three electrons supplied per NO by NADPH.
Eukaryotic NOS isozymes are catalytically self-sufficient. The electron flow is: NADPH → FAD → FMN → heme → O2. Tetrahydrobiopterin provides an additional electron during the catalytic cycle which is replaced during turnover. Zinc, though not a cofactor, also participates but as a structural element. NOSs are unique in that they use five cofactors and are the only known enzyme that binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and calmodulin.
Species distribution
Arginine-derived NO synthesis has been identified in mammals, fish, birds, invertebrates, and bacteria. Best studied are mammals, where three distinct genes encode NOS isozymes: neuronal (nNOS or NOS-1), cytokine-inducible (iNOS or NOS-2) and endothelial (eNOS or NOS-3). iNOS and nNOS are soluble and found predominantly in the cytosol, while eNOS is membrane associated. Evidence has been found for NO signaling in plants, but plant genomes are devoid of homologs to the superfamily which generates NO in other kingdoms.
Function
In mammals, the endothelial isoform is the primary signal generator in the control of vascular tone, insulin secretion, and airway tone, is involved in regulation of cardiac function and angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels). NO produced by eNOS has been shown to be a vasodilator identical to the endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced in response to shear from increased blood flow in arteries. This dilates blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle in their linings. eNOS is the primary controller of smooth muscle tone. NO activates guanylate cyclase, which induces smooth muscle relaxation by:
Increased intracellular cGMP, which inhibits calcium entry into the cell, and decreases intracellular calcium concentrations
Activation of K+ channels, which leads to hyperpolarization and relaxation
Stimulates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase that activates myosin light chain phosphatase, the enzyme that dephosphorylates myosin light chains, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation.
eNOS plays a critical role in embryonic heart development and morphogenesis of coronary arteries and cardiac valves.
The neuronal isoform is involved in the development of nervous system. It functions as a retrograde neurotransmitter important in long term potentiation and hence is likely to be important in memory and learning. nNOS has many other physiological functions, including regulation of cardiac function and peristalsis and sexual arousal in males and females. An alternatively spliced form of nNOS is a major muscle protein that produces signals in response to calcium release from the SR. nNOS in the heart protects against cardiac arrhythmia induced by myocardial infarction.
The primary receiver for NO produced by eNOS and nNOS is soluble guanylate cyclase, but many secondary targets have been identified. S-nitrosylation appears to be an important mode of action.
The inducible isoform iNOS produces large amounts of NO as a defense mechanism. It is synthesized by many cell types in response to cytokines and is an important factor in the response of the body to attack by parasites, bacterial infection, and tumor growth. It is also the cause of septic shock and may play a role in many diseases with an autoimmune etiology.
NOS signaling is involved in development and in fertilization in vertebrates. It has been implicated in transitions between vegetative and reproductive states in invertebrates, and in differentiation leading to spore formation in slime molds. NO produced by bacterial NOS is protective against oxidative damage.
NOS activity has also been correlated with major depressive episodes (MDEs) in the context of major depressive disorder, in a large case-control treatment study published in mid-2021. 460 patients with a current major depressive episode were compared to 895 healthy patients, and by measuring L-citrulline/L-arginine ratio before and after 3–6 months of antidepressant treatment, results indicate that patients in a major depressive episode have significantly lower NOS activity compared to healthy patients, whilst treatment with antidepressants significantly elevated NOS activity levels in patients in a major depressive episode.
Classification
Different members of the NOS family are encoded by separate genes. There are three known isoforms in mammals, two are constitutive (cNOS) and the third is inducible (iNOS). Cloning of NOS enzymes indicates that cNOS include both brain constitutive (NOS1) and endothelial constitutive (NOS3); the third is the inducible (NOS2) gene. Recently, NOS activity has been demonstrated in several bacterial species, including the notorious pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus.
The different forms of NO synthase have been classified as follows:
Name
Gene(s)
Location
Function
Neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1)
NOS1 (Chromosome 12)
nervous tissue
skeletal muscle type II
multiple functions (see below)
Inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2)
Calcium insensitive
NOS2 (Chromosome 17)
immune system
cardiovascular system
immune defense against pathogens
Endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3 or cNOS)
NOS3 (Chromosome 7)
endothelium
vasodilation
Bacterial NOS (bNOS)
multiple
Gram-positive bacteria(various)
defense against oxidative stress, antibiotics, immune attack
nNOS
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) produces NO in nervous tissue in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its functions include:
Synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS)
Smooth muscle relaxation
Central regulation of blood pressure
Vasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nerves
Neuronal NOS also performs a role in cell communication and is associated with plasma membranes. nNOS action can be inhibited by NPA (N-propyl-L-arginine). This form of the enzyme is specifically inhibited by 7-nitroindazole.
The subcellular localisation of nNOS in skeletal muscle is mediated by anchoring of nNOS to dystrophin. nNOS contains an additional N-terminal domain, the PDZ domain.
The gene coding for nNOS is located on Chromosome 12.
iNOS
As opposed to the critical calcium-dependent regulation of constitutive NOS enzymes (nNOS and eNOS), iNOS has been described as calcium-insensitive, likely due to its tight non-covalent interaction with calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+. The gene coding for iNOS is located on Chromosome 17. While evidence for ‘baseline’ iNOS expression has been elusive, IRF1 and NF-κB-dependent activation of the inducible NOS promoter supports an inflammation mediated stimulation of this transcript. iNOS produces large quantities of NO upon stimulation, such as by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. Interleukin-1, Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interferon gamma).
Induction of the high-output iNOS usually occurs in an oxidative environment, and thus high levels of NO have the opportunity to react with superoxide leading to peroxynitrite formation and cell toxicity. These properties may define the roles of iNOS in host immunity, enabling its participation in anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities as part of the oxidative burst of macrophages.
It has been suggested that pathologic generation of nitric oxide through increased iNOS production may decrease tubal ciliary beats and smooth muscle contractions and thus affect embryo transport, which may consequently result in ectopic pregnancy.
eNOS
Main article: Endothelial NOS
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), generates NO in blood vessels and is involved with regulating vascular function. The gene coding for eNOS is located on Chromosome 7. A constitutive Ca2+ dependent NOS provides a basal release of NO. eNOS localizes to caveolae, a plasma membrane domain primarily composed of the protein caveolin 1, and to the Golgi apparatus. These two eNOS populations are distinct, but are both necessary for proper NO production and cell health. eNOS localization to endothelial membranes is mediated by cotranslational N-terminal myristoylation and post-translational palmitoylation. As an essential co-factor for nitric oxide synthase, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) supplementation has shown beneficial results for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in animal experiments and clinical trials, although the tendency of BH4 to become oxidized to BH2 remains a problem.
bNOS
Bacterial NOS (bNOS) has been shown to protect bacteria against oxidative stress, diverse antibiotics, and host immune response. bNOS plays a key role in the transcription of superoxide dismutase (SodA). Bacteria late in the log phase who do not possess bNOS fail to upregulate SodA, which disables the defenses against harmful oxidative stress. Initially, bNOS may have been present to prepare the cell for stressful conditions but now seems to help shield the bacteria against conventional antimicrobials. As a clinical application, a bNOS inhibitor could be produced to decrease the load of Gram positive bacteria.
Chemical reaction
Nitric oxide synthases produce NO by catalysing a five-electron oxidation of a guanidino nitrogen of L-arginine (L-Arg). Oxidation of L-Arg to L-citrulline occurs via two successive monooxygenation reactions producing Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHLA) as an intermediate. 2 mol of O2 and 1.5 mol of NADPH are consumed per mole of NO formed.
Structure
The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N-terminal oxygenase domain, which belongs to the class of heme-thiolate proteins, and a multi-domain C-terminal reductase, which is homologous to NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a calmodulin-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin.
NOSs can be dimeric, calmodulin-dependent or calmodulin-containing cytochrome p450-like hemoprotein that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and carry out a 5`-electron oxidation of non-aromatic amino acid arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.
All three isoforms (each of which is presumed to function as a homodimer during activation) share a carboxyl-terminal reductase domain homologous to the cytochrome P450 reductase. They also share an amino-terminal oxygenase domain containing a heme prosthetic group, which is linked in the middle of the protein to a calmodulin-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a "molecular switch" to enable electron flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O2 and L-arginine to NO and L-citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH4 prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH4 is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by dihydrobiopterin reductase (EC 1.5.1.33), BH4 activates heme-bound O2 by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release.
The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as "constitutively expressed" and "Ca2+ sensitive" but it is now known that they are present in many different cell types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions.
In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca2+ in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the "latch domains", thereby initiating electron transfer from the flavins to the heme moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca2+-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2) even at a low intracellular Ca2+ activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform.
Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important negative feedback regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function. This process, known formally as S-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as S-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between "oxidative stress" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be S-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions. The rate-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of L-arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the induction of NOS2.
Inhibitors
Ronopterin (VAS-203), also known as 4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin (4-ABH4), an analogue of BH4 (a cofactor of NOS), is an NOS inhibitor that is under development as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Other NOS inhibitors that have been or are being researched for possible clinical use include cindunistat, A-84643, ONO-1714, L-NOARG, NCX-456, VAS-2381, GW-273629, NXN-462, CKD-712, KD-7040, and guanidinoethyldisulfide, TFPI among others.
See also
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Nitric-oxide synthase (NAD(P)H-dependent)
Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)
References
^ PDB: 3N5P; Delker SL, Xue F, Li H, Jamal J, Silverman RB, Poulos TL (December 2010). "Role of zinc in isoform-selective inhibitor binding to neuronal nitric oxide synthase". Biochemistry. 49 (51): 10803–10. doi:10.1021/bi1013479. PMC 3193998. PMID 21138269.
^ Ahmad, Nashrah; Ansari, Mohammad Y.; Haqqi, Tariq M. (October 2020). "Role of iNOS in osteoarthritis: Pathological and therapeutic aspects". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 235 (10): 6366–6376. doi:10.1002/jcp.29607. ISSN 0021-9541. PMC 8404685. PMID 32017079.
^ a b c Knowles RG, Moncada S (March 1994). "Nitric oxide synthases in mammals". Biochem. J. 298 (2): 249–58. doi:10.1042/bj2980249. PMC 1137932. PMID 7510950.
^ Cortese-Krott M, Kulakov L, Opländer C, Kolb-Bachofen V, Kröncke K, Suschek C (July 2014). "Zinc regulates iNOS-derived nitric oxide formation in endothelial cells". Redox Bio. J. 2014 (2): 945–954. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.011. PMC 4143817. PMID 25180171.
^ Liu Q, Gross SS (1996). "Binding sites of nitric oxide synthases". Nitric Oxide Part A: Sources and Detection of NO; NO Synthase. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 268. pp. 311–24. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(96)68033-1. ISBN 9780121821692. PMID 8782597. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Liu Y, Feng Q (July 2012). "NOing the heart: role of nitric oxide synthase-3 in heart development". Differentiation. 84 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.004. PMID 22579300.
^ Burger DE, Lu X, Lei M, Xiang FL, Hammoud L, Jiang M, Wang H, Jones DL, Sims SM, Feng Q (October 2009). "Neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects against myocardial infarction-induced ventricular arrhythmia and mortality in mice". Circulation. 120 (14): 1345–54. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.846402. PMID 19770398.
^ E. Loeb; K. El Asmar; S. Trabado; F. Gressier; R. Colle; A. Rigal; S. Martin; C. Verstuyft; B. Fève; P. Chanson; L. Becquemont; E. Corruble (January 2022). "Nitric Oxide Synthase activity in major depressive episodes before and after antidepressant treatment: Results of a large case-control treatment study". Psychological Medicine. 52 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1017/S0033291720001749. PMID 32524920. S2CID 219587961. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Taylor BS, Kim YM, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Geller DA (November 1997). "Nitric oxide down-regulates hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression". Arch Surg. 132 (11): 1177–83. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430350027005. PMID 9366709.
^ a b Stuehr DJ (May 1999). "Mammalian nitric oxide synthases". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1411 (2–3): 217–30. doi:10.1016/S0005-2728(99)00016-X. PMID 10320659.
^ Gusarov I, Starodubtseva M, Wang ZQ, McQuade L, Lippard SJ, Stuehr DJ, Nudler E (May 2008). "Bacterial Nitric-oxide Synthases Operate without a Dedicated Redox Partner". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (19): 13140–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M710178200. PMC 2442334. PMID 18316370.
^ Förstermann, Ulrich; Sessa, William (Apr 2012). "Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function". European Heart Journal. 33 (7): 829–837. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304. PMC 3345541. PMID 21890489.
^ Southan GJ, Szabó C (February 1996). "Selective pharmacological inhibition of distinct nitric oxide synthase isoforms". Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 (4): 383–94. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(95)02099-3. PMID 8619882.
^ Ponting CP, Phillips C (March 1995). "DHR domains in syntrophins, neuronal NO synthases and other intracellular proteins". Trends Biochem. Sci. 20 (3): 102–3. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)88973-2. PMID 7535955.
^ a b c Knowles RG, Moncada S (March 1994). "Nitric oxide synthases in mammals". Biochem. J. 298 (2): 249–58. doi:10.1042/bj2980249. PMC 1137932. PMID 7510950.
^ Green SJ, Scheller LF, Marletta MA, Seguin MC, Klotz FW, Slayter M, Nelson BJ, Nacy CA (December 1994). "Nitric oxide: cytokine-regulation of nitric oxide in host resistance to intracellular pathogens" (PDF). Immunol. Lett. 43 (1–2): 87–94. doi:10.1016/0165-2478(94)00158-8. hdl:2027.42/31140. PMID 7537721.
^ Mungrue IN, Husain M, Stewart DJ (October 2002). "The role of NOS in heart failure: lessons from murine genetic models". Heart Fail Rev. 7 (4): 407–22. doi:10.1023/a:1020762401408. PMID 12379825. S2CID 26600958.
^ Al-Azemi M, Refaat B, Amer S, Ola B, Chapman N, Ledger W (August 2010). "The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the human fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle and in ectopic pregnancy". Fertil. Steril. 94 (3): 833–40. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.020. PMID 19482272.
^ Maulik SJ, Junyi Z, Aneesh TV, Yamuna K (March 2020). "A DNA-based fluorescent probe maps NOS3 activity with subcellular spatial resolution". Nat. Chem. Biol. 16 (6): 660–6. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-0491-3. PMID 32152543. S2CID 212642840.
^ Liu J, Hughes TE, Sessa WC (June 1997). "The First 35 Amino Acids and Fatty Acylation Sites Determine the Molecular Targeting of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase into the Golgi Region of Cells: A Green Fluorescent Protein Study". J. Cell Biol. 137 (7): 1525–35. doi:10.1083/jcb.137.7.1525. PMC 2137822. PMID 9199168.
^ Yuyun MF, Ng LL, Ng GA (2018). "Endothelial dysfunction, endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, tetrahydrobiopterin, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in cardiovascular disease. Where are we with therapy?". Microvascular Research. 119: 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.012. PMID 29596860.
^ Gusarov I, Nudler E (September 2005). "NO-mediated cytoprotection: Instant adaptation to oxidative stress in bacteria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (39): 13855–60. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10213855G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504307102. PMC 1236549. PMID 16172391.
^ Gusarov I, Shatalin K, Starodubtseva M, Nudler E (September 2009). "Endogenous Nitric Oxide Protects Bacteria Against a Wide Spectrum of Antibiotics". Science. 325 (5946): 1380–4. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1380G. doi:10.1126/science.1175439. PMC 2929644. PMID 19745150.
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^ Kopincová, Jana; Púzserová, Angelika; Bernátová, Iveta (2011-06-01). "Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide". Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 4 (2): 63–8. doi:10.2478/v10102-011-0012-z. ISSN 1337-9569. PMC 3131676. PMID 21753901.
External links
Nitric+oxide+synthase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998
University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry - NO Synthase
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Proteopedia
vteEnzymes involved in neurotransmissionmonoaminehistidine → histamineanabolism:
Histidine decarboxylase
catabolism:
Histamine N-methyltransferase
Diamine oxidase
tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrineanabolism:
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
catabolism:
Catechol-O-methyl transferase
Monoamine oxidase
A
B
glutamate→GABAanabolism:
Glutamate decarboxylase
catabolism:
4-aminobutyrate transaminase
tryptophan→serotonin→melatonin
Tryptophan hydroxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
arginine→NO
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2, NOS3)
choline→Acetylcholineanabolism:
Choline acetyltransferase
catabolism:
Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase)
vteOxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate
Prolyl hydroxylase
HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
EGLN1
EGLN2
EGLN3
P4HTM
Lysyl hydroxylase
AlkB
ALKBH1
FTO
1.14.13: NADH or NADPH
Flavin-containing monooxygenase
FMO1
FMO2
FMO3
FMO4
FMO5
Nitric oxide synthase
NOS1
NOS2
NOS3
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
Methane monooxygenase
3A4
14α-demethylase
24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein
19A1
2D6
2E1
1.14.15: reduced iron–sulfur protein
11B1
11B2
11A1
1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent)
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase
1.14.17: reduced ascorbate
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
1.14.18-19: other
Tyrosinase
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
1.14.99 - miscellaneous
Cyclooxygenase
Heme oxygenase (HMOX1)
Squalene monooxygenase
17A1
21A2
Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
vteNitric oxide signaling modulatorsForms
Nitroxyl anion (NO−; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)
Nitric oxide (NO⋅; nitrogen monoxide)
Nitrosonium (NO+; nitrosyl cation)
TargetssGC
Activators/stimulators: Ataciguat
BAY 41-2272
BAY 41-8543
BAY 60-4552
BI-703704
Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)
GSK-2181236A
Praliciguat
Riociguat
Vericiguat
Inhibitors: ODQ
NO donors(prodrugs)
Nitrates: Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)
Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)
Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)
Itramin tosilate
Mannitol hexanitrate
Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)
NCX-466
NCX-2216
NCX-4016
NCX 4040
NCX-4215
Nicorandil
Nipradilol (K-351)
Nitrate (NO−3)
Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)
Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)
Nitrofluvastatin
Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))
Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)
Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)
Propatylnitrate
Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)
Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)
Tenitramine
Trolnitrate
Nitroso compounds/nitrites: Nitrite (NO−2); O-Nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites): Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)
Cyclohexyl nitrite
Ethyl nitrite
Hexyl nitrite
Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)
Isopropyl nitrite
Methyl nitrite
n-Butyl nitrite
Pentyl nitrite
tert-Butyl nitrite; S-Nitroso compounds (thionitrites): LA810
S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)
S-Nitrosated AR545C
S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)
S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)
S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)
S-Nitrosodiclofenac
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)
SNO-t-PA
SNO-vWF; N-Nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines): SIN-1A
Nitrosyl compounds: Metal nitrosyl complexes: Roussin's black salt
Roussin's red salt
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
NONOates (diazeniumdiolates): Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)
Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)
GLO/NO
JS-K
Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)
PROLI/NO
Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)
V-PYRRO/NO
Heterocyclic compounds: Furoxans: Furoxan
REC15/2739; Sydnonimines: Feprosidnine
Linsidomine (SIN-1)
Molsidomine (SIN-10)
Sydnonimine
Unsorted: Cimlanod
FK-409
FR144220
FR146881
N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
Enzyme(inhibitors)NOSnNOS
3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
3-Chloroindazole
3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole
5-Nitroindazole
6-Nitroindazole
7-Nitroindazole
A-84643
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
ARL-17477
Indazole
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA)
Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
Pentamidine isethionate
TRIM
iNOS
1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine
2-Ethylaminoguanidine
2-Iminopiperidine
1400W
AEITU
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
AMT
AR-C 102222
BYK-191023
Canavanine
Cindunistat (SD-6010)
EITU
IPTU
MITU
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Ronopterin (VAS-203)
TRIM
eNOS
Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)
N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO)
Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA)
Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)
Unsorted
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)
CKD-712
Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)
GW-273629
Indospicine
KD-7040
Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)
NCX-456
NXN-462
ONO-1714
VAS-2381
Arginase
ABH
Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)
chlorogenic acid
ginseng
epicatechin
ornithine
norvaline
lysine
alpha aminoacids
CAMK
Calmidazolium
W-7
Others
Precursors: L-Arginine
Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)
Cofactors: NADPH
FAD
FMN
Heme
BH4
CaM
O2
Ca2+
Indirect/downstream NO modulators: ACE inhibitors/AT-II receptor antagonists (e.g., captopril, losartan)
ETB receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan)
L-Type calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines: nifedipine)
Nebivolol (beta blocker)
PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil)
non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g., caffeine)
PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., paraxanthine)
cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)
Statins (e.g., simvastatin)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Portal: Biology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.14.13.39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.14.13.39"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"L-arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-arginine"},{"link_name":"cellular signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"vascular tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tone"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"peristalsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology"},{"link_name":"calmodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin"},{"link_name":"isoenzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme"},{"link_name":"endothelial NOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"calmodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin"},{"link_name":"proximate cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation"},{"link_name":"septic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock"},{"link_name":"autoimmune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"},{"link_name":"arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine"},{"link_name":"NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"citrulline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"superoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide"},{"link_name":"NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH"},{"link_name":"FAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"FMN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxygen"},{"link_name":"Tetrahydrobiopterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin"},{"link_name":"Zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25180171-4"},{"link_name":"cofactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"flavin adenine dinucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"flavin mononucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"tetrahydrobiopterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin"},{"link_name":"calmodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nitric oxide synthases (EC 1.14.13.39) (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO is an important cellular signaling molecule. It helps modulate vascular tone, insulin secretion, airway tone, and peristalsis, and is involved in angiogenesis and neural development. It may function as a retrograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide is mediated in mammals by the calcium-calmodulin controlled isoenzymes eNOS (endothelial NOS) and nNOS (neuronal NOS).[2] The inducible isoform, iNOS, involved in immune response, binds calmodulin at physiologically relevant concentrations, and produces NO as an immune defense mechanism, as NO is a free radical with an unpaired electron. It is the proximate cause of septic shock and may function in autoimmune disease.NOS catalyzes the reaction:[3]2 L-arginine + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 4 O2 \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n 2 citrulline +2 nitric oxide + 4 H2O + 3 NADP+NOS isoforms catalyze other leak and side reactions, such as superoxide production at the expense of NADPH. As such, this stoichiometry is not generally observed, and reflects the three electrons supplied per NO by NADPH.Eukaryotic NOS isozymes are catalytically self-sufficient. The electron flow is: NADPH → FAD → FMN → heme → O2. Tetrahydrobiopterin provides an additional electron during the catalytic cycle which is replaced during turnover. Zinc, though not a cofactor, also participates but as a structural element.[4] NOSs are unique in that they use five cofactors and are the only known enzyme that binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and calmodulin.[citation needed]","title":"Nitric oxide synthase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8782597-5"},{"link_name":"isozymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme"},{"link_name":"neuronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"endothelial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"},{"link_name":"cytosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol"}],"text":"Arginine-derived NO synthesis has been identified in mammals, fish, birds, invertebrates, and bacteria.[5] Best studied are mammals, where three distinct genes encode NOS isozymes: neuronal (nNOS or NOS-1), cytokine-inducible (iNOS or NOS-2) and endothelial (eNOS or NOS-3).[3] iNOS and nNOS are soluble and found predominantly in the cytosol, while eNOS is membrane associated. Evidence has been found for NO signaling in plants, but plant genomes are devoid of homologs to the superfamily which generates NO in other kingdoms.","title":"Species distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airway tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_tone"},{"link_name":"endothelium-derived relaxing factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor"},{"link_name":"guanylate cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22579300-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19770398-7"},{"link_name":"septic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock"},{"link_name":"major depressive episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_episode"},{"link_name":"major depressive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In mammals, the endothelial isoform is the primary signal generator in the control of vascular tone, insulin secretion, and airway tone, is involved in regulation of cardiac function and angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels). NO produced by eNOS has been shown to be a vasodilator identical to the endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced in response to shear from increased blood flow in arteries. This dilates blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle in their linings. eNOS is the primary controller of smooth muscle tone. NO activates guanylate cyclase, which induces smooth muscle relaxation by:Increased intracellular cGMP, which inhibits calcium entry into the cell, and decreases intracellular calcium concentrations\nActivation of K+ channels, which leads to hyperpolarization and relaxation\nStimulates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase that activates myosin light chain phosphatase, the enzyme that dephosphorylates myosin light chains, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation.eNOS plays a critical role in embryonic heart development and morphogenesis of coronary arteries and cardiac valves.[6]The neuronal isoform is involved in the development of nervous system. It functions as a retrograde neurotransmitter important in long term potentiation and hence is likely to be important in memory and learning. nNOS has many other physiological functions, including regulation of cardiac function and peristalsis and sexual arousal in males and females. An alternatively spliced form of nNOS is a major muscle protein that produces signals in response to calcium release from the SR. nNOS in the heart protects against cardiac arrhythmia induced by myocardial infarction.[7]The primary receiver for NO produced by eNOS and nNOS is soluble guanylate cyclase, but many secondary targets have been identified. S-nitrosylation appears to be an important mode of action.The inducible isoform iNOS produces large amounts of NO as a defense mechanism. It is synthesized by many cell types in response to cytokines and is an important factor in the response of the body to attack by parasites, bacterial infection, and tumor growth. It is also the cause of septic shock and may play a role in many diseases with an autoimmune etiology.NOS signaling is involved in development and in fertilization in vertebrates. It has been implicated in transitions between vegetative and reproductive states in invertebrates, and in differentiation leading to spore formation in slime molds. NO produced by bacterial NOS is protective against oxidative damage.NOS activity has also been correlated with major depressive episodes (MDEs) in the context of major depressive disorder, in a large case-control treatment study published in mid-2021. 460 patients with a current major depressive episode were compared to 895 healthy patients, and by measuring L-citrulline/L-arginine ratio before and after 3–6 months of antidepressant treatment, results indicate that patients in a major depressive episode have significantly lower NOS activity compared to healthy patients, whilst treatment with antidepressants significantly elevated NOS activity levels in patients in a major depressive episode.[8]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9366709-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10320659-10"},{"link_name":"NOS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS1"},{"link_name":"NOS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS"},{"link_name":"NOS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10320659-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18316370-11"}],"text":"Different members of the NOS family are encoded by separate genes.[9] There are three known isoforms in mammals, two are constitutive (cNOS) and the third is inducible (iNOS).[10] Cloning of NOS enzymes indicates that cNOS include both brain constitutive (NOS1) and endothelial constitutive (NOS3); the third is the inducible (NOS2) gene.[10] Recently, NOS activity has been demonstrated in several bacterial species, including the notorious pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus.[11]The different forms of NO synthase have been classified as follows:","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"nervous tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_tissue"},{"link_name":"nervous systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_systems"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"N-propyl-L-arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-propyl-L-arginine"},{"link_name":"7-nitroindazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Nitroindazole"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8619882-13"},{"link_name":"dystrophin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin"},{"link_name":"PDZ domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDZ_domain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7535955-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"}],"sub_title":"nNOS","text":"Neuronal NOS (nNOS) produces NO in nervous tissue in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its functions include:[12]Synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS)\nSmooth muscle relaxation\nCentral regulation of blood pressure\nVasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nervesNeuronal NOS also performs a role in cell communication and is associated with plasma membranes. nNOS action can be inhibited by NPA (N-propyl-L-arginine). This form of the enzyme is specifically inhibited by 7-nitroindazole.[13]The subcellular localisation of nNOS in skeletal muscle is mediated by anchoring of nNOS to dystrophin. nNOS contains an additional N-terminal domain, the PDZ domain.[14]The gene coding for nNOS is located on Chromosome 12.[15]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"},{"link_name":"IRF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF1"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"proinflammatory cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine"},{"link_name":"Interleukin-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_1_family"},{"link_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha"},{"link_name":"Interferon gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7537721-16"},{"link_name":"superoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide"},{"link_name":"peroxynitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxynitrite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12379825-17"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"tubal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tube"},{"link_name":"ciliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia"},{"link_name":"ectopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19482272-18"}],"sub_title":"iNOS","text":"As opposed to the critical calcium-dependent regulation of constitutive NOS enzymes (nNOS and eNOS), iNOS has been described as calcium-insensitive, likely due to its tight non-covalent interaction with calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+. The gene coding for iNOS is located on Chromosome 17.[15] While evidence for ‘baseline’ iNOS expression has been elusive, IRF1 and NF-κB-dependent activation of the inducible NOS promoter supports an inflammation mediated stimulation of this transcript. iNOS produces large quantities of NO upon stimulation, such as by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. Interleukin-1, Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interferon gamma).[16]Induction of the high-output iNOS usually occurs in an oxidative environment, and thus high levels of NO have the opportunity to react with superoxide leading to peroxynitrite formation and cell toxicity. These properties may define the roles of iNOS in host immunity, enabling its participation in anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities as part of the oxidative burst of macrophages.[17]It has been suggested that pathologic generation of nitric oxide through increased iNOS production may decrease tubal ciliary beats and smooth muscle contractions and thus affect embryo transport, which may consequently result in ectopic pregnancy.[18]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"},{"link_name":"caveolin 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32152543-19"},{"link_name":"myristoylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristoylation"},{"link_name":"palmitoylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitoylation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9199168-20"},{"link_name":"tetrahydrobiopterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin"},{"link_name":"endothelial dysfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29596860-21"}],"sub_title":"eNOS","text":"Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), generates NO in blood vessels and is involved with regulating vascular function. The gene coding for eNOS is located on Chromosome 7.[15] A constitutive Ca2+ dependent NOS provides a basal release of NO. eNOS localizes to caveolae, a plasma membrane domain primarily composed of the protein caveolin 1, and to the Golgi apparatus. These two eNOS populations are distinct, but are both necessary for proper NO production and cell health.[19] eNOS localization to endothelial membranes is mediated by cotranslational N-terminal myristoylation and post-translational palmitoylation.[20] As an essential co-factor for nitric oxide synthase, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) supplementation has shown beneficial results for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in animal experiments and clinical trials, although the tendency of BH4 to become oxidized to BH2 remains a problem.[21]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superoxide dismutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16172391-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19745150-23"}],"sub_title":"bNOS","text":"Bacterial NOS (bNOS) has been shown to protect bacteria against oxidative stress, diverse antibiotics, and host immune response. bNOS plays a key role in the transcription of superoxide dismutase (SodA). Bacteria late in the log phase who do not possess bNOS fail to upregulate SodA, which disables the defenses against harmful oxidative stress. Initially, bNOS may have been present to prepare the cell for stressful conditions but now seems to help shield the bacteria against conventional antimicrobials. As a clinical application, a bNOS inhibitor could be produced to decrease the load of Gram positive bacteria.[22][23]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOSreaction.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"}],"text":"Nitric oxide synthases produce NO by catalysing a five-electron oxidation of a guanidino nitrogen of L-arginine (L-Arg). Oxidation of L-Arg to L-citrulline occurs via two successive monooxygenation reactions producing Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHLA) as an intermediate. 2 mol of O2 and 1.5 mol of NADPH are consumed per mole of NO formed.[3]","title":"Chemical reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase"},{"link_name":"reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductase"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450 reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.6.2.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.6.2.4"},{"link_name":"calmodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin"},{"link_name":"dimeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer"},{"link_name":"cytochrome p450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_p450"},{"link_name":"hemoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoprotein"},{"link_name":"flavin adenine dinucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide"},{"link_name":"flavin mononucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9493011-24"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform"},{"link_name":"homodimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimer"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450 reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase"},{"link_name":"oxygenase domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenase_domain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"prosthetic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_group"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"calmodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"NO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"dihydrobiopterin reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrobiopterin_reductase"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.5.1.33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.5.1.33"},{"link_name":"endothelial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"flavins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"negative feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition"}],"text":"The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N-terminal oxygenase domain, which belongs to the class of heme-thiolate proteins, and a multi-domain C-terminal reductase, which is homologous to NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a calmodulin-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin.NOSs can be dimeric, calmodulin-dependent or calmodulin-containing cytochrome p450-like hemoprotein that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and carry out a 5`-electron oxidation of non-aromatic amino acid arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.[24]All three isoforms (each of which is presumed to function as a homodimer during activation) share a carboxyl-terminal reductase domain homologous to the cytochrome P450 reductase. They also share an amino-terminal oxygenase domain containing a heme prosthetic group, which is linked in the middle of the protein to a calmodulin-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a \"molecular switch\" to enable electron flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O2 and L-arginine to NO and L-citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH4 prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH4 is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by dihydrobiopterin reductase (EC 1.5.1.33), BH4 activates heme-bound O2 by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release.The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as \"constitutively expressed\" and \"Ca2+ sensitive\" but it is now known that they are present in many different cell types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions.In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca2+ in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the \"latch domains\", thereby initiating electron transfer from the flavins to the heme moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca2+-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2) even at a low intracellular Ca2+ activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform.Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important negative feedback regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function.[25] This process, known formally as S-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as S-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between \"oxidative stress\" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be S-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete[citation needed]. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions[citation needed]. The rate-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of L-arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the induction of NOS2.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronopterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronopterin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"analogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analog"},{"link_name":"neuroprotective agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotective_agent"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023224"},{"link_name":"cindunistat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cindunistat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A-84643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-84643&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ONO-1714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ONO-1714&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L-NOARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-NOARG"},{"link_name":"NCX-456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCX-456&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VAS-2381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VAS-2381&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GW-273629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW-273629&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NXN-462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NXN-462&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CKD-712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CKD-712&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KD-7040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KD-7040&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"guanidinoethyldisulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guanidinoethyldisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733516"}],"text":"Ronopterin (VAS-203), also known as 4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin (4-ABH4), an analogue of BH4 (a cofactor of NOS), is an NOS inhibitor that is under development as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.[1] Other NOS inhibitors that have been or are being researched for possible clinical use include cindunistat, A-84643, ONO-1714, L-NOARG, NCX-456, VAS-2381, GW-273629, NXN-462, CKD-712, KD-7040, and guanidinoethyldisulfide, TFPI among others.","title":"Inhibitors"}] | [] | [{"title":"Biological functions of nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide"},{"title":"Nitric-oxide synthase (NAD(P)H-dependent)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric-oxide_synthase_(NAD(P)H-dependent)"},{"title":"Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)"}] | [{"reference":"Delker SL, Xue F, Li H, Jamal J, Silverman RB, Poulos TL (December 2010). \"Role of zinc in isoform-selective inhibitor binding to neuronal nitric oxide synthase\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_v._Texas | Adams v. Texas | ["1 Further reading","2 External links"] | 1980 United States Supreme Court caseAdams v. TexasSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued March 24, 1980Decided June 25, 1980Full case nameRandall Dale Adams v. State of TexasCitations448 U.S. 38 (more)100 S. Ct. 2521; 65 L. Ed. 2d 581Case historyPriorCertiorari to the Court of Criminal Appeals of TexasSubsequent577 S.W.2d 717, reversed.HoldingA Texas requirement that jurors swear an oath that the mandatory imposition of a death sentence would not interfere with their consideration of factual matters such as guilt or innocence during a trial is unconstitutional.Court membership
Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
Associate Justices
William J. Brennan Jr. · Potter StewartByron White · Thurgood MarshallHarry Blackmun · Lewis F. Powell Jr.William Rehnquist · John P. Stevens
Case opinionsMajorityWhite, joined by Brennan, Stewart, Blackmun, Powell, StevensConcurrenceBurger (in the judgment)ConcurrenceBrennanConcurrenceMarshallDissentRehnquist
Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held on an 8–1 vote that, consistent with its prior opinion in Witherspoon v. Illinois, a Texas requirement that jurors swear an oath that the mandatory imposition of a death sentence would not interfere with their consideration of factual matters such as guilt or innocence during a trial was unconstitutional.
The surrounding factual issues (involving defendant Randall Dale Adams) were the subject of a partially autobiographical book of the same name, and were featured in the 1988 movie The Thin Blue Line.
Further reading
Gillers, Stephen (1985). "Proving the Prejudice of Death-Qualified Juries after Adams v. Texas". University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 47 (1): 219–255.
External links
Text of Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38 (1980) is available from: Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)
Adams v. The Death Penalty
vteUnited States Sixth Amendment case lawSpeedy Trial Clause
Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
Barker v. Wingo (1972)
Doggett v. United States (1992)
Betterman v. Montana (2016)
Public Trial Clause
In re Oliver (1948)
Presley v. Georgia (2010)
Impartial Jury ClauseAvailability
Cheff v. Schnackenberg (1966)
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)
Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas (1989)
Impartiality
Reynolds v. United States (1878)
Glasser v. United States (1942)
Irvin v. Dowd (1961)
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)
Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968)
Ham v. South Carolina (1973)
Ristaino v. Ross (1976)
Adams v. Texas (1980)
Rosales-Lopez v. United States (1981)
Wainwright v. Witt (1985)
Morgan v. Illinois (1992)
Skilling v. United States (2010)
McDonnell v. United States (2016)
United States v. Tsarnaev (2022)
Facts found
Walton v. Arizona (1990)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States (1998)
Jones v. United States (1999)
Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000)
Harris v. United States (2002)
Ring v. Arizona (2002)
Blakely v. Washington (2004)
Schriro v. Summerlin (2004)
United States v. Booker (2005)
Washington v. Recuenco (2006)
Cunningham v. California (2007)
Oregon v. Ice (2009)
Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012)
Alleyne v. United States (2013)
Hurst v. Florida (2016)
United States v. Haymond (2019)
Erlinger v. United States (2024)
Size and unanimity
Maxwell v. Dow (1900)
Rassmussen v. United States (1905)
Williams v. Florida (1970)
Apodaca v. Oregon (1972)
Ballew v. Georgia (1978)
Burch v. Louisiana (1979)
Ramos v. Louisiana (2020)
Edwards v. Vannoy (2021)
Vicinage Clause
United States v. Dawson (1853)
Burton v. United States (1905, 1906)
Smith v. United States (2023)
Impeachment of verdicts
Tanner v. United States (1987)
Warger v. Shauers (2014)
Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017)
Information Clause
Rabe v. Washington (1972)
Confrontation ClauseOut-of-court statements
Reynolds v. United States (1878)
Dowdell v. United States (1911)
Pointer v. Texas (1965)
Bruton v. United States (1968)
Frazier v. Cupp (1969)
Illinois v. Allen (1970)
Ohio v. Roberts (1980)
Crawford v. Washington (2004)
Davis v. Washington (2006)
Whorton v. Bockting (2007)
Giles v. California (2008)
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009)
Michigan v. Bryant (2011)
Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011)
Williams v. Illinois (2012)
Ohio v. Clark (2015)
Hemphill v. New York (2022)
Samia v. United States (2023)
Smith v. Arizona (2024)
Face-to-face confrontation
Maryland v. Craig (1990)
Restrictions on cross-examination
Chambers v. Mississippi (1973)
Compulsory Process Clause
Washington v. Texas (1967)
United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal (1982)
Taylor v. Illinois (1988)
Assistance of Counsel ClauseChoice
United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006)
Appointment
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Betts v. Brady (1942)
Hamilton v. Alabama (1961)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Anders v. California (1967)
Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
Scott v. Illinois (1979)
Pennsylvania v. Finley (1987)
Nichols v. United States (1994)
Alabama v. Shelton (2002)
Conflict-free
Glasser v. United States (1942)
Ineffective assistance
Strickland v. Washington (1984)
Nix v. Whiteside (1986)
Kimmelman v. Morrison (1986)
Lockhart v. Fretwell (1993)
Williams v. Taylor (2000)
Glover v. United States (2001)
Bell v. Cone (2002)
Woodford v. Visciotti (2002)
Wiggins v. Smith (2003)
Holland v. Jackson (2004)
Wright v. Van Patten (2008)
Bobby v. Van Hook (2009)
Wong v. Belmontes (2009)
Porter v. McCollum (2009)
Padilla v. Kentucky (2010)
Sears v. Upton (2010)
Premo v. Moore (2011)
Lafler v. Cooper (2012)
Buck v. Davis (2017)
Garza v. Idaho (2019)
Uncounseled statements
Massiah v. United States (1963)
Brewer v. Williams (1977)
Pro se representation
Faretta v. California (1975)
McKaskle v. Wiggins (1984)
Rock v. Arkansas (1987)
Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California (2000)
Indiana v. Edwards (2008)
This article related to the Supreme Court of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Witherspoon v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherspoon_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"Randall Dale Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Dale_Adams"},{"link_name":"The Thin Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)"}],"text":"1980 United States Supreme Court caseAdams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held on an 8–1 vote that, consistent with its prior opinion in Witherspoon v. Illinois, a Texas requirement that jurors swear an oath that the mandatory imposition of a death sentence would not interfere with their consideration of factual matters such as guilt or innocence during a trial was unconstitutional.The surrounding factual issues (involving defendant Randall Dale Adams) were the subject of a partially autobiographical book of the same name, and were featured in the 1988 movie The Thin Blue Line.","title":"Adams v. Texas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gillers, Stephen (1985). \"Proving the Prejudice of Death-Qualified Juries after Adams v. Texas\". University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 47 (1): 219–255.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gillers, Stephen (1985). \"Proving the Prejudice of Death-Qualified Juries after Adams v. Texas\". University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 47 (1): 219–255.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/us/448/38/case.html","external_links_name":"38"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13498475460009427826","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/448/38/","external_links_name":"Justia"},{"Link":"http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep448/usrep448038/usrep448038.pdf","external_links_name":"Library of Congress"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/cases/1979/79-5175","external_links_name":"Oyez (oral argument audio)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071228103221/http://www.truthinjustice.org/adams.htm","external_links_name":"Adams v. The Death Penalty"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adams_v._Texas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Varley | Damien Varley | ["1 Early life","2 Munster","3 London Wasps","4 Return to Munster","5 Ireland","6 References","7 External links"] | Rugby playerDamien VarleyVarley at his old school, St Munchin's CollegeDate of birth (1983-10-29) 29 October 1983 (age 40)Place of birthLimerick, IrelandHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight110 kg (17 st; 240 lb)SchoolSt Munchin's CollegeUniversityUniversity of LimerickRugby union careerPosition(s)
HookerAmateur team(s)Years
Team
Apps
(Points)
Garryowen
()Senior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2006–20082008–20092009–2015
MunsterWaspsMunster
24121
(0)(10)(60)
Correct as of 5 October 2014International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2010–20142011–2013
IrelandIreland Wolfhounds
34
(0)(0)
Correct as of 9 February 2015
Damien Varley (born 29 October 1983) is a former Irish rugby union player who represented Munster and Ireland. He played as a hooker. Varley was forced to retire from rugby in February 2015, due to a foot injury.
Early life
Varley was educated in a boarding school, St. Munchin's College in Limerick where he scored two tries as Munchin's won the Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup final in 2002. He studied at the University of Limerick.
Munster
Varley made his senior debut for Munster as a replacement in a Celtic League fixture against Ospreys on 5 May 2006.
London Wasps
Varley joined English club side London Wasps on a one-year contract on 26 September 2008, and scored a try for his new club less than a day later in a late win against Leicester Tigers.
Return to Munster
Varley rejoined his native province for the start of the 2009–10 season, and went on to play a total of 22 games for Munster that season, including his Heineken Cup debut as a replacement against Benetton Treviso on 17 October 2009. He started for Munster in their historic 15–6 victory against Australia at Thomond Park on 16 November 2010. Varley also started for Munster when they beat arch-rivals, and newly crowned Heineken Cup champions, Leinster 19–9 in the 2011 Magners League Grand Final. He signed a two-year contract extension with Munster in February 2013. Varley captained Munster in their 2013–14 Heineken Cup 24-16 semi-final defeat to Toulon on 27 April 2014.
Ireland
Varley joined the Ireland squad for the 2010 Summer Tour as cover for Jerry Flannery, and was selected for the New Zealand Barbarians for their match against New Zealand Maori, after the IRFU agreed to release two players for the fixture, but had to withdraw from the squad due to a back injury. He came on as a substitute for Ireland against the Maori a week later, and was named on the bench for Ireland's game against Australia, coming on to win his first cap in the last few minutes. He was named in the Ireland squad for the 2010 Autumn Tests, and came on against Argentina.
Varley was selected in Ireland's training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August, but was left out of the final squad. However, during training at the World Cup, Jerry Flannery suffered an injury and Varley was called up to replace him in the squad. He was selected in the Ireland Wolfhounds squad for their game against England Saxons in January 2012.
Varley was called into Ireland's training squad for the 2013 Six Nations Championship on 21 January 2013. He came on as a replacement during Ireland Wolfhounds friendly with England Saxons on 25 January 2013. Varley was named in the Ireland squad for their 2014 Tour to Argentina on 19 May 2014. He came off the bench in the first test against Argentina on 7 June 2014.
References
^ "Varley Forced To Retire". munsterrugby.ie. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Munster's Damien Varley forced into premature retirement by foot injury". Irish Independent. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ "Damien Varley has been forced to retire from rugby at the age of 31". the42. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ "Ospreys 27–10 Munster". munsterrugby.ie. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ "Unlikely hero Varley kick-starts negative Wasps' campaign". The Guardian. London. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ "Munster v Benetton Treviso". ercrugby.com. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ "Class of 2010 Excel". munsterrugby.ie. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ "Munster Crowned Magners League Champions". munsterrugby.ie. 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^ "Jones and Varley Extend Contracts". munsterrugby.ie. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
^ "Toulon End Munster's European Campaign". munsterrugby.ie. 27 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ "Rugby World Cup 2011: Ireland hooker Jerry Flannery out of World Cup". BBC Sport. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
^ "Ireland And O2 Ireland Wolfhounds Squads Announced". irishrugby.ie. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
^ "Seven Players Added To Training Squad". irishrugby.ie. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ "Wolfhounds Lose Grip on First Half Lead". irishrugby.ie. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ "Ireland Squad Named For Argentina". munsterrugby.ie. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ "New-Look Ireland Stretch Clear of Pumas in Second Half". irishrugby.ie. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
External links
Munster Profile
Ireland Profile
Damien Varley at European Professional Club Rugby
vteMunster – captains1995–present
Pat Murray
Mick Galwey
Jim Williams
Anthony Foley
Paul O'Connell
Ronan O'Gara
Mick O'Driscoll
Denis Leamy
Doug Howlett
James Coughlan
Peter O'Mahony
Mike Sherry
Billy Holland
Damien Varley
Donncha O'Callaghan
Felix Jones
Conor Murray
Denis Hurley
CJ Stander
Tommy O'Donnell
Tyler Bleyendaal
Jack O'Donoghue
Jaco Taute
Niall Scannell
Tadhg Beirne
Diarmuid Barron
vteIreland squad – 2011 Rugby World CupForwards
Best
Buckley
Court
Cronin
Cullen
Ferris
Flannery (ruled out by injury)
Healy
Heaslip
Jennings (replaced Wallace)
Leamy
O'Brien
O'Callaghan
O'Connell (vc)
Ross
Ryan
Varley (replaced Flannery)
D. Wallace (ruled out by injury)
Backs
Boss
Bowe
D'Arcy
Earls
Kearney
McFadden
Murphy
Murray
O'Driscoll (c)
O'Gara
Reddan
Sexton
Trimble
P. Wallace
Coach: Kidney | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Hooker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rugby playerDamien Varley (born 29 October 1983) is a former Irish rugby union player who represented Munster and Ireland. He played as a hooker. Varley was forced to retire from rugby in February 2015, due to a foot injury.[1][2][3]","title":"Damien Varley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Munchin's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Munchin%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Schools_Rugby_Senior_Cup"}],"text":"Varley was educated in a boarding school, St. Munchin's College in Limerick where he scored two tries as Munchin's won the Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup final in 2002. 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However, during training at the World Cup, Jerry Flannery suffered an injury and Varley was called up to replace him in the squad.[11] He was selected in the Ireland Wolfhounds squad for their game against England Saxons in January 2012.[12]Varley was called into Ireland's training squad for the 2013 Six Nations Championship on 21 January 2013.[13] He came on as a replacement during Ireland Wolfhounds friendly with England Saxons on 25 January 2013.[14] Varley was named in the Ireland squad for their 2014 Tour to Argentina on 19 May 2014.[15] He came off the bench in the first test against Argentina on 7 June 2014.[16]","title":"Ireland"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Varley Forced To Retire\". munsterrugby.ie. 17 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragpipe | Dragpipe | ["1 Members","2 Studio albums","3 Further reading","4 References"] | American heavy metal band
DragpipeOriginUnion City, New JerseyGenres
Alternative metal
stoner rock
sludge metal
nu metal
Years active2001 (2001)–2003LabelsInterscope RecordsPast members
Jai Diablo
Richie Garcia
Gino DePinto
John Monte
Jeno
Pete Barrera
Dragpipe was a heavy metal band from Union City, New Jersey. The band was known for their energetic live performances and developed a local following in North Jersey and across the Hudson River in New York City. In 2001, the band was signed to Interscope Records after successfully demoing their songs for Twiggy Ramirez and Jason Newsted. That same year, alongside other New York City area bands such as Biohazard and Glassjaw, as well as Sacramento band Will Haven, Dragpipe submitted contributions to Driven State - A Quicksand Tribute, a proposed tribute album for the influential New York post-hardcore band Quicksand.
In August 2002, Dragpipe released their debut (and only) album, Music for the Last Day of Your Life, produced by Dave Sardy (Helmet, Rage Against the Machine, Nine Inch Nails). Following the album's debut, the band produced and released a music video featuring adult actress Kitana Baker for their song "Simple Minded." That same year, the band embarked on an East Coast tour and a European tour with Filter. The album sold poorly (30,000 copies as of 2009) and the band was released from their record contract soon after the debut release, and they apparently disbanded.
Members
Jai Diablo (real name Jason Messina) - Vocals
Richie Garcia – Guitar
Gino DePinto – Guitar
John Monte – Guitar
Jeno (real name Michael Genovezos) – Bass
Pete Barrera – Drums
Studio albums
Year
Album details
2002
Music For The Last Day Of Your Life
Released: August 27, 2002
Label: Interscope
Format: CD
—
Further reading
http://www.metal-rules.com/interviews/dragpipe.htm
References
^ a b c Torreano, Bradley. "Music for the Last Day of Your Life". Allmusic. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ a b c d e Torreano, Bradley. "Artist Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ Cherubino, Vin (14 April 2010). "Dragpipe — Music for the Last Day of Your Life". Schwegweb. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
^ "Dragpipe". Loudside. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ a b "Dragpipe Set To Take Their Unique Style Of "Gasoline Rock" To The Road". Music Industry News Network. September 27, 2002. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ Sharpe-Young, Gary (2005). New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Zonda Books Limited. ISBN 9780958268400.
^ Dragpipe - Music For The Last Day Of Your Life. CMJ New Music Report. Sep 16, 2002. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "In the Pit with Dragpipe". AntiMusic.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "EDITORIAL: DOING BUSINESS THE DRAGPIPE WAY". Glide Magazine. July 2, 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a United States metal band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Union City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"North Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudside-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minn-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicbio-2"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Twiggy Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiggy_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"Jason Newsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Newsted"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minn-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicbio-2"},{"link_name":"New York City area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Biohazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohazard_(band)"},{"link_name":"Glassjaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassjaw"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Will Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Haven"},{"link_name":"tribute album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_album"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"Quicksand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newwave-6"},{"link_name":"Dave Sardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sardy"},{"link_name":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rage Against the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmj-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antimusic-8"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicbio-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glidemag-9"}],"text":"Dragpipe was a heavy metal band from Union City, New Jersey. The band was known for their energetic live performances and developed a local following in North Jersey and across the Hudson River in New York City.[4][5][2] In 2001, the band was signed to Interscope Records after successfully demoing their songs for Twiggy Ramirez and Jason Newsted.[5][2] That same year, alongside other New York City area bands such as Biohazard and Glassjaw, as well as Sacramento band Will Haven, Dragpipe submitted contributions to Driven State - A Quicksand Tribute, a proposed tribute album for the influential New York post-hardcore band Quicksand.[6]In August 2002, Dragpipe released their debut (and only) album, Music for the Last Day of Your Life, produced by Dave Sardy (Helmet, Rage Against the Machine, Nine Inch Nails). Following the album's debut, the band produced and released a music video featuring adult actress Kitana Baker for their song \"Simple Minded.\"[7][8] That same year, the band embarked on an East Coast tour and a European tour with Filter.[2] The album sold poorly (30,000 copies as of 2009) and the band was released from their record contract soon after the debut release, and they apparently disbanded.[9]","title":"Dragpipe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monte"}],"text":"Jai Diablo (real name Jason Messina) - Vocals\nRichie Garcia – Guitar\nGino DePinto – Guitar\nJohn Monte – Guitar\nJeno (real name Michael Genovezos) – Bass\nPete Barrera – Drums","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studio albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.metal-rules.com/interviews/dragpipe.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metal-rules.com/interviews/dragpipe.htm"}],"text":"http://www.metal-rules.com/interviews/dragpipe.htm","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Torreano, Bradley. \"Music for the Last Day of Your Life\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenyhorodka | Zvenyhorodka | ["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Russian Empire","1.3 Post-war","2 Population","2.1 Number of inhabitants in years","2.2 Language","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Notable residents","5 See also","6 Gallery","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Sources"] | Coordinates: 49°4′11″N 30°58′4″E / 49.06972°N 30.96778°E / 49.06972; 30.96778You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian. (July 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
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Not to be confused with Zvenyhorod (disambiguation).City in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine
Place in Cherkasy Oblast, UkraineZvenyhorodka
ЗвенигородкаCentral part of Zvenyhorodka
FlagCoat of armsZvenyhorodkaLocation of ZvenyhorodkaShow map of Cherkasy OblastZvenyhorodkaZvenyhorodka (Ukraine)Show map of UkraineCoordinates: 49°4′11″N 30°58′4″E / 49.06972°N 30.96778°E / 49.06972; 30.96778Country UkraineOblastCherkasy OblastRaionZvenyhorodka RaionHromadaZvenyhorodka urban hromadaEstablished1394City rights1938Area • Total20.8 km2 (8.0 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total16,269Postal code20200-20207Area code+380 4740Websitewww.zven.gov.ua
Zvenyhorodka (Ukrainian: Звенигородка ) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine, situated on the Hnylyi Tikych River. The town is the administrative center of Zvenyhorodka Raion. It hosts the administration of Zvenyhorodka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city has a population of 16,269 (2022 estimate).
History
Early history
Zvenyhorodka has its origins in the days of the Kievan Rus' and the first mention of the city dates back to 1394, although its actual origins are likely to be older, as the city was previously destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. According to modern legend, the original city was situated 3km further from its current location, encircling a conical mountain.
Zvenyhorodka labeled as Suynigrod in a 1552 map
In 1504 Zvenyhorodka became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after being relinquished by Meñli I Giray. It passed to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1569 following the capture of Right-bank Ukraine. Following this takeover, the population was subject to significant socio-economic oppression from the Polish aristocracy in the forms of various taxes. During the 1648-1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising, the townsfolk revolted and expelled the Polish nobility from the region. Zvenyhorodka then remained part of the Korsun Regiment, a military-territorial unit of the Hetman state, until the Polish crown regained control of Right-bank Ukraine in 1667 as per the Andrusiv Armistice.
Under Polish rule, the population suffered under socio-economic oppression again and fell victim to various national and religious hostilities. The Catholic clergy violently pursued a campaign of polarising Ukrainian nationals, which led to several uprisings in the 18th century. Haydamak forces were active in the area, led by the Cossack Gnat Goly , and they twice stormed the local castle, in 1737 and then 1743. Following these attacks, the Polish government built fortifications around the castle, including new towers and barracks.
During the Koliivshchyna rebellion in 1768, many residents of the city joined the insurgents in fighting against the Catholic church and Polish nobility, amongst others, due to the treatment of peasants and their serfdom. The rebellion was unsuccessful and the city remained under Polish control. In 1792 King Stanisław August Poniatowski granted Zwinogródka city rights under Magdeburg law and it became a royal city of Poland. In the following year it was annexed by Russia after the Second Partition of Poland.
Russian Empire
From 1798 Zvenyhorodka became an administrative centre of uyezd in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire. The intensive development of trade owing to the inclusion of Zvenyhorodka in the Russian market allowed for rapid development of industries, in particularly dairy and lumber, as well as pottery and handicrafts. The city became one of the centres of the dairy industry alongside Chyhyryn and Bila Tserkva. In the 1830s the city saw considerable development including the construction of a local hospital, post office, telegraph communications, and a bridge over the river Hnylyi Tikich. Classes began at the parish school in 1833 with just over 20 students being educated and most of the population being illiterate at the time.
Post-war
Around the turn to the 20th century the town had a train station, three Greek Orthodox churches and one Roman Catholic church.
A local newspaper has been published here since March 14, 1919.
Population
Number of inhabitants in years
1850: 7, 501
1897: 16, 972
1926: 18, 020, 61% Ukrainians, 37% Jews, 1% Russians and 1% Poles.
1989: 22, 740
2013: 17, 958
Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:
Language
Percentage
Ukrainian
96.36%
Russian
2.99%
other/undecided
0.65%
Geography
Climate
Climate data for Zvenyhorodka (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−1.4(29.5)
−0.3(31.5)
5.3(41.5)
14.1(57.4)
20.9(69.6)
23.7(74.7)
25.9(78.6)
25.6(78.1)
19.6(67.3)
12.8(55.0)
4.6(40.3)
−0.2(31.6)
12.6(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−3.9(25.0)
−3.4(25.9)
1.4(34.5)
8.9(48.0)
15.2(59.4)
18.3(64.9)
20.3(68.5)
19.7(67.5)
14.2(57.6)
8.2(46.8)
1.8(35.2)
−2.6(27.3)
8.2(46.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−6.4(20.5)
−6.1(21.0)
−1.8(28.8)
4.3(39.7)
9.8(49.6)
13.3(55.9)
15.1(59.2)
14.4(57.9)
9.6(49.3)
4.5(40.1)
−0.6(30.9)
−5.0(23.0)
4.3(39.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
35.4(1.39)
35.0(1.38)
33.8(1.33)
40.2(1.58)
51.5(2.03)
81.1(3.19)
73.8(2.91)
60.7(2.39)
54.6(2.15)
39.0(1.54)
45.0(1.77)
40.1(1.58)
590.2(23.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
7.4
7.1
7.0
7.8
8.3
9.0
7.9
5.8
6.9
6.2
7.5
7.6
88.5
Average relative humidity (%)
84.6
82.1
77.0
67.0
64.9
70.9
70.0
67.2
73.2
78.8
85.9
87.0
75.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours
50.9
73.9
133.2
186.8
278.6
279.4
300.8
283.5
192.6
129.0
54.5
42.0
2,005.2
Source: World Meteorological Organization
Notable residents
Ahatanhel Krymsky (1871–1942), Ukrainian philologist and orientalist.
David Günzburg (1857–1910), Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader.
Horace Günzburg (1833–1909), Russian philanthropist.
Grigory Petrovich Nikulin (1895–1965), Russian Bolshevik and Chekist.
See also
List of cities in Ukraine
Gallery
Taras Shevchenko monument
Ahatanhel Krymsky Museum
Nature
References
Notes
^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
^ "Звенигородська територіальна громада" (in Ukrainian). decentralization.gov.ua.
^ a b "Local History of Zvenyhorodka". History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR (in Ukrainian). 11 Feb 2015. Retrieved 27 Feb 2022.
^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 227 (in German).
^ Летопись периодических и продолжающихся изданий СССР 1986 - 1990. Часть 2. Газеты. М., «Книжная палата», 1994. стр.421
^ Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 368 (in German).
^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.106
^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
Sources
(in Ukrainian) (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP - Черкаська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast), Kyiv.
vteAdministrative divisions of Cherkasy OblastAdministrative center: CherkasyRaions
Cherkasy
Uman
Zolotonosha
Zvenyhorodka
Hromadas
Babanka
Balakleia
Bashtechky
Berezniaky
Bilozirya
Bobrytsia
Budyshche
Buky
Buzhanka
Cherkasy
Chervona Sloboda
Chornobai
Chyhyryn
Dmytrushky
Drabiv
Helmiaziv
Horodyshche
Irkliiv
Ivanky
Kamianka
Kaniv
Katerynopil
Khrystynivka
Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi
Ladyzhynka
Lesky
Lipliave
Lypianka
Lysianka
Mankivka
Matusiv
Medvedivka
Mliiv
Mokra Kalyhirka
Monastyryshche
Moshny
Mykhailivka
Nabutiv
Nova Dmytrivka
Palanka
Pishchane
Rotmistrivka
Ruska Poliana
Sahunivka
Selyshche
Shevchenkove
Shpola
Shramkivka
Smila
Stebliv
Stepanky
Stepantsi
Talne
Ternivka
Uman
Vatutine
Velyky Khutir
Vilshana
Vodianyky
Voznesenske
Vynohrad
Yerky
Zhashkiv
Zolotonosha
Zorivka
Zvenyhorodka
Cities
Cherkasy
Chyhyryn
Kaniv
Horodyshche
Kamianka
Khrystynivka
Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi
Monastyryshche
Shpola
Smila
Talne
Uman
Vatutine
Zhashkiv
Zolotonosha
Zvenyhorodka
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zvenyhorod (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenyhorod_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[zwenɪɦoˈrɔdkɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Hnylyi Tikych River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnylyi_Tikych"},{"link_name":"Zvenyhorodka Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenyhorodka_Raion"},{"link_name":"Zvenyhorodka urban hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenyhorodka_urban_hromada"},{"link_name":"hromadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admreform_2020_zvenyhorodka-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua2022estimate-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Zvenyhorod (disambiguation).City in Cherkasy Oblast, UkrainePlace in Cherkasy Oblast, UkraineZvenyhorodka (Ukrainian: Звенигородка [zwenɪɦoˈrɔdkɐ]) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine, situated on the Hnylyi Tikych River. The town is the administrative center of Zvenyhorodka Raion. It hosts the administration of Zvenyhorodka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[2] The city has a population of 16,269 (2022 estimate).[1]","title":"Zvenyhorodka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polonia_Et_Ungaria_XX_Nova_Tabula,_detail_of_Kyiv_episcopate_(%E2%80%9CKyouia_epatus%E2%80%9D).jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Meñli I Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray"},{"link_name":"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Right-bank Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"1648-1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Catholic clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_clergy"},{"link_name":"18th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century"},{"link_name":"Haydamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydamak"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Gnat Goly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnat_Goly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9"},{"link_name":"Koliivshchyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliivshchyna"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_law"},{"link_name":"royal city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_city"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Zvenyhorodka has its origins in the days of the Kievan Rus' and the first mention of the city dates back to 1394, although its actual origins are likely to be older, as the city was previously destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. According to modern legend, the original city was situated 3km further from its current location, encircling a conical mountain.[3]Zvenyhorodka labeled as Suynigrod in a 1552 mapIn 1504 Zvenyhorodka became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after being relinquished by Meñli I Giray. It passed to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1569 following the capture of Right-bank Ukraine. Following this takeover, the population was subject to significant socio-economic oppression from the Polish aristocracy in the forms of various taxes. During the 1648-1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising, the townsfolk revolted and expelled the Polish nobility from the region. Zvenyhorodka then remained part of the Korsun Regiment, a military-territorial unit of the Hetman state, until the Polish crown regained control of Right-bank Ukraine in 1667 as per the Andrusiv Armistice.Under Polish rule, the population suffered under socio-economic oppression again and fell victim to various national and religious hostilities. The Catholic clergy violently pursued a campaign of polarising Ukrainian nationals, which led to several uprisings in the 18th century. Haydamak forces were active in the area, led by the Cossack Gnat Goly [uk], and they twice stormed the local castle, in 1737 and then 1743. Following these attacks, the Polish government built fortifications around the castle, including new towers and barracks.During the Koliivshchyna rebellion in 1768, many residents of the city joined the insurgents in fighting against the Catholic church and Polish nobility, amongst others, due to the treatment of peasants and their serfdom. The rebellion was unsuccessful and the city remained under Polish control. In 1792 King Stanisław August Poniatowski granted Zwinogródka city rights under Magdeburg law and it became a royal city of Poland. In the following year it was annexed by Russia after the Second Partition of Poland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uyezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Kiev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"dairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"handicrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"Chyhyryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyhyryn"},{"link_name":"Bila Tserkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva"},{"link_name":"Hnylyi Tikich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnylyi_Tikych"},{"link_name":"parish school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_school"}],"sub_title":"Russian Empire","text":"From 1798 Zvenyhorodka became an administrative centre of uyezd in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire. The intensive development of trade owing to the inclusion of Zvenyhorodka in the Russian market allowed for rapid development of industries, in particularly dairy and lumber, as well as pottery and handicrafts. The city became one of the centres of the dairy industry alongside Chyhyryn and Bila Tserkva. In the 1830s the city saw considerable development including the construction of a local hospital, post office, telegraph communications, and a bridge over the river Hnylyi Tikich. Classes began at the parish school in 1833 with just over 20 students being educated and most of the population being illiterate at the time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Post-war","text":"Around the turn to the 20th century the town had a train station, three Greek Orthodox churches and one Roman Catholic church.[4]A local newspaper has been published here since March 14, 1919.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers-4"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Poles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Number of inhabitants in years","text":"1850: 7, 501[3]\n1897: 16, 972[4]\n1926: 18, 020, 61% Ukrainians, 37% Jews, 1% Russians and 1% Poles.[6]\n1989: 22, 740[7]\n2013: 17, 958[8]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[9]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMOCLINO-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Zvenyhorodka (1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−6.1(21.0)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n35.4(1.39)\n\n35.0(1.38)\n\n33.8(1.33)\n\n40.2(1.58)\n\n51.5(2.03)\n\n81.1(3.19)\n\n73.8(2.91)\n\n60.7(2.39)\n\n54.6(2.15)\n\n39.0(1.54)\n\n45.0(1.77)\n\n40.1(1.58)\n\n590.2(23.24)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n7.4\n\n7.1\n\n7.0\n\n7.8\n\n8.3\n\n9.0\n\n7.9\n\n5.8\n\n6.9\n\n6.2\n\n7.5\n\n7.6\n\n88.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n84.6\n\n82.1\n\n77.0\n\n67.0\n\n64.9\n\n70.9\n\n70.0\n\n67.2\n\n73.2\n\n78.8\n\n85.9\n\n87.0\n\n75.7\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n50.9\n\n73.9\n\n133.2\n\n186.8\n\n278.6\n\n279.4\n\n300.8\n\n283.5\n\n192.6\n\n129.0\n\n54.5\n\n42.0\n\n2,005.2\n\n\nSource: World Meteorological Organization[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahatanhel Krymsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahatanhel_Krymsky"},{"link_name":"David Günzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G%C3%BCnzburg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Horace Günzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_G%C3%BCnzburg"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist"},{"link_name":"Grigory Petrovich Nikulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Petrovich_Nikulin"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Chekist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka"}],"text":"Ahatanhel Krymsky (1871–1942), Ukrainian philologist and orientalist.\nDavid Günzburg (1857–1910), Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader.\nHorace Günzburg (1833–1909), Russian philanthropist.\nGrigory Petrovich Nikulin (1895–1965), Russian Bolshevik and Chekist.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:71-212-0034_Zvenigrodka_Shevchenko_SAM_2478.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D1%83_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_-_%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_-_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9.TIF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zvenyhorodka_Conglomerate.JPG"}],"text":"Taras Shevchenko monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAhatanhel Krymsky Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNature","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Zvenyhorodka labeled as Suynigrod in a 1552 map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Polonia_Et_Ungaria_XX_Nova_Tabula%2C_detail_of_Kyiv_episcopate_%28%E2%80%9CKyouia_epatus%E2%80%9D%29.jpg/220px-Polonia_Et_Ungaria_XX_Nova_Tabula%2C_detail_of_Kyiv_episcopate_%28%E2%80%9CKyouia_epatus%E2%80%9D%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of cities in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine"}] | [{"reference":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Звенигородська територіальна громада\" (in Ukrainian). decentralization.gov.ua.","urls":[{"url":"https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/4823/composition","url_text":"\"Звенигородська територіальна громада\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local History of Zvenyhorodka\". History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR (in Ukrainian). 11 Feb 2015. Retrieved 27 Feb 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukrssr.com.ua/cherkass/zvenigorodskiy/zvenigorodka-zvenigorodskiy","url_text":"\"Local History of Zvenyhorodka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей\". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php","url_text":"\"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010\". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zvenyhorodka¶ms=49_4_11_N_30_58_4_E_region:UA_type:city(16269)","external_links_name":"49°4′11″N 30°58′4″E / 49.06972°N 30.96778°E / 49.06972; 30.96778"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zvenyhorodka¶ms=49_4_11_N_30_58_4_E_region:UA_type:city(16269)","external_links_name":"49°4′11″N 30°58′4″E / 49.06972°N 30.96778°E / 49.06972; 30.96778"},{"Link":"http://www.zven.gov.ua/","external_links_name":"www.zven.gov.ua"},{"Link":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decentralization.gov.ua/newgromada/4823/composition","external_links_name":"\"Звенигородська територіальна громада\""},{"Link":"http://ukrssr.com.ua/cherkass/zvenigorodskiy/zvenigorodka-zvenigorodskiy","external_links_name":"\"Local History of Zvenyhorodka\""},{"Link":"http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php","external_links_name":"\"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_blogger | Vlog | ["1 History","1.1 YouTube","1.2 Miscellaneous events","1.3 Guinness World Record","2 Uses","2.1 Impressions","2.2 Education","2.3 Health","3 Live broadcasting","4 YouTube presence","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Form of blog for which the medium is video
For other uses of "video log", see Videolog (disambiguation). For the hardware description language, see Verilog.
A vlog (/vlɒɡ/), also known as a video blog or video log, is a form of blog for which the medium is video. Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images, and other metadata. Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts. Unlike a more general video diary, vlogs are often recorded depicting the maker throughout.
In recent years, "vlogging" has spawned a large community on social media, becoming one of the most popular forms of digital entertainment. It is popularly believed that, alongside being entertaining, vlogs can deliver deep context through imagery as opposed to written blogs.
Video logs (vlogs) also often take advantage of web syndication to allow for distribution of the video over the Internet, using either the RSS or Atom syndication formats, for automatic aggregation and playback on mobile devices and personal computers (see video podcast). The vlog category is popular on the video-sharing platform YouTube.
History
See also: History of blogging
In the 1980s, New York artist Nelson Sullivan documented his experiences travelling around New York City and South Carolina by recording videos in a distinctive vlog-like style.
On January 2, 2000, Adam Kontras posted a video alongside a blog entry aimed at informing his friends and family of his cross-country move to Los Angeles in pursuit of show business, marking the first post on what would later become the longest-running video blog in history. In November of that year, Adrian Miles posted a video of changing text on a still image, coining the term vog to refer to his video blog. Filmmaker and musician Luuk Bouwman started in 2002 the now-defunct Tropisms.org site as a video diary of his post-college travels, one of the first sites to be called a vlog or videolog. In 2004, Steve Garfield launched his own video blog and declared that year "the year of the video blog".
YouTube
A YouTube vlogger greeting his audience
Vlogging saw a strong increase in popularity beginning in 2005. The most popular video sharing site, YouTube, was founded in February 2005. The site's co-founder Jawed Karim uploaded the first YouTube vlog clip Me at the zoo on his channel "jawed" in April 2005. The ordinary "everydayness" and "dry aesthetics" of Me at the zoo set the tone for the type of amateur vlogging content that would become typical of YouTube, especially among YouTubers. By July 2006, YouTube had become the fifth most popular web destination, with 100 million videos viewed daily and 65,000 new uploads per day. The Yahoo! Videoblogging Group also saw its membership increase dramatically by August 2005.
Many open source content management systems have enabled the inclusion of video content, allowing bloggers to host and administer their own video blogging sites. In addition, the convergence of mobile phones with digital cameras allows publishing of video content to the Web almost as it is recorded. Radio and television stations may use video blogging as a way to help interact more with listeners and viewers.
Throughout the lifetime of the YouTube platform, vloggers have developed large social communities by expressing emotions of vulnerability and encouraging their viewers to do the same. The effect of this emotional exchange between strangers has been documented, for example, in the popularity of bereavement vlogs, in which grieving individuals reassure each other through friendly comments.
Miscellaneous events
2005, January – Vloggercon, the first vlogger conference, is held in New York City.
2006, November – Irina Slutsky created and hosted The Vloggies, the first annual video blog awards.
2007, May and August – The Wall Street Journal places a grandmother on the front page of its Personal Journal section. In August 2007, she was featured on an ABC World News Tonight segment showing the elderly now becoming involved in the online video world.
Guinness World Record
In May 2019, Charles Trippy was awarded the Guinness World Record for the "Most Consecutive Daily Personal Video Blogs Posted On YouTube", having recorded 3653 consecutive videos to his Charles and Allie YouTube channel over the previous ten years.
Uses
Impressions
Vlogs have made it possible to learn about a Vlogger's persona, culture, and impressions using non-verbal hints. Researchers have conducted experiments using crowdsourcing for Amazons Mechanical Turk to determine what kind of personality traits the Vlogger might have. Many Vlogs have been personified by five big personality traits such as Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Along with Mechanical Turk, researchers also looked at the cues that take place within Vlogs. Vlogs can be broken down to their elements considering that there are a lot of factors that play in the creation of one such as placement of camera, lighting, location, amount of time spent looking at the camera, pitch, delivery and amount of the interactions. Using this information and crowdsourcing, results have revealed that the highest rate in personality research was Agreeableness which makes Vlogging a great place to form Agreeable impressions. However, more non-verbal hints are more noticeable in other form traits such as Extraversion. Regardless, Personality impressions have made a more interesting Vlog viewing experience.
Education
Vlogging has been experimented with school systems to determine if it is a reliable platform to deliver higher educational practices to students. Researchers have done an experiment that placed 42 college freshmen into a control and experimental group of 21 each. Oral proficiency exams were given to all students to reflect their current speech skills, after a year of teachings based on each of the groups preference. The control group was instructed to work with their standard writing skills and create their own blogs, while the Experimental group tested their skills with online interaction. Scores for both groups had increased after both tests, however the experimental group had outperformed the control group due to the improvement of speech proficiency that came as a result of a more interactive learning environment between teachers and classmates. The control group claimed that not using video blogs "lowered their confidence" in their speaking proficiency.
Health
Researchers have investigated how vlog-style YouTube videos made by creators who suffer from chronic illnesses can raise health awareness among viewers and create social communities among those suffering. A 2014 study evaluated the contextual relationship between vloggers who shared that they had diabetes, cancer, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their audiences. Most of the creators of these vlogs chose to focus their videos on how disease diagnosis and treatment had impacted them physically and emotionally. Commenters on the vlogs who shared personal characteristics formed ad hoc small groups; these impromptu support groups expanded over time as more and more people discovered the health vlogs.
Live broadcasting
A Twitch streamer broadcasting live
YouTube announced a live broadcasting feature called YouTube Live in 2008. This feature was also established by other social platforms such as Instagram, Facebook and Twitch.
YouTube presence
YouTube currently ranks among the top three most-visited sites on the web. As a high traffic area for video bloggers, or vloggers, YouTube has created a platform for these participants to present their personal videos, which oftentimes are filmed using hand held point and shoot cameras. The popularity of vlogs in the YouTube community has risen exponentially in the past few years; out of the top 100 most subscribed YouTube channels, 17 provide vlogs as their primary style of footage. Many of these vloggers are a part of the YouTube Partner Program, which professionalizes the industry and allows for monetary gain from video production. This professionalization additionally helps increase exposure to various channels as well as creates a sense of stability within the field. Additionally, this professionalization allows content creators to be deemed a credible source by their viewers. Furthermore, many vloggers have been able to turn their channels into sustainable careers; in 2013, the highest paid vlogger brought in a minimum of $720,000 for the year. Hollywood is taking notice of this rising medium, and has placed its value ranked over other entertainment companies such as Marvel, which is also owned by Disney.
See also
History of blogging
Lifecasting (video stream)
Livestream
Photoblog
Parasocial interaction
Video podcast
vBook
References
^ Pilkington, Ed (July 9, 2009). "Merriam-Webster releases list of new words to be included in dictionary". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016.
^ "Media Revolution: Podcasting". New England Film. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006.
^ "Is it necessary to take only selfie videos while vlogging or can you do otherwise?".
^ a b c Huh, Jina; Liu, Leslie S.; Neogi, Tina; Inkpen, Kori; Pratt, Wanda (2014-08-25). "Health Vlogs as Social Support for Chronic Illness Management". ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 21 (4): 1–31. doi:10.1145/2630067. PMC 4488232. PMID 26146474.
^ Ashley, Jake (9 November 2021). "Guide to Starting a Vlog".
^ Colucci, Emily (2014-07-07). "Remembering New York's Downtown Documentarian Nelson Sullivan". Vice. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
^ Kontras, Adam (January 2, 2000). "Talk about moving in the 21st Century..." Archived from the original on January 27, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ Kaminsky, Michael Sean (2010). Naked Lens: Video Blogging & Video Journaling to Reclaim the YOU in YouTube™. Organik Media, Inc. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-9813188-0-6. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
^ Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho (February 7, 2009). "Pinoy Culture Video Blog" (in Filipino). GMA Network. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
^ Miles, Adrian (November 27, 2000). "Welcome". Archived from the original on January 8, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ Miles, Adrian (November 27, 2000). "vog". Archived from the original on July 23, 2001. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ "vlogging: collaborative online video blogging at tropisms.org". boingboing. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ Seenan, Gerard (7 August 2004). "Forget the bloggers, it's the vloggers showing the way on the internet". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ Garfield, Steve (January 1, 2004). "2004: The Year of the Video Blog". Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
^ Garfield, Steve (January 1, 2004). "2004: The Year of the Video Blog". Steve Garfield's Video Blog. Steve Garfield. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
^ "YouTube created a FOMO viewing culture over the past 13 years". Polygon. April 23, 2018.
^ Duplantier, Aaron (2016). Authenticity and How We Fake It: Belief and Subjectivity in Reality TV, Facebook and YouTube. McFarland. p. 122. ISBN 9780786498499.
^ "YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online". USA Today. Gannett Co. Inc. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
^ Those darn video blogging pioneers BusinessWeek Archived July 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Blogging + Video = Vlogging Wired News Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Mobile blogging for journalists". Journalism.co.uk. January 15, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
^ Gibson, Margaret (December 2016). "YouTube and bereavement vlogging: Emotional exchange between strangers". Journal of Sociology. 52 (4): 631–645. doi:10.1177/1440783315573613. ISSN 1440-7833. S2CID 147535146.
^ Watch me@Vlog The Times of India Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ A Night at the Vloggies Red Herring
^ "Today's WSJ in Photos: May 10, 2007 - WSJ". Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
^ Vascellaro, Jessica E. (May 10, 2007). "Using YouTube for Posterity". The Wall Street Journal. p. D1. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017.
^ "The Elderly YouTube Generation". ABC News. August 8, 2007. Archived from the original on August 21, 2012.
^ "Most consecutive daily personal video blogs posted on YouTube". Guinness World Records. May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
^ a b Biel, Joan-Isaac; Gatica-Perez, Daniel (January 2013). "The YouTube Lens: Crowdsourced Personality Impressions and Audiovisual Analysis of Vlogs". IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. 15 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1109/tmm.2012.2225032. ISSN 1520-9210. S2CID 11639330.
^ a b Liu, Mei-hui (July 2016). "Blending a class video blog to optimize student learning outcomes in higher education". The Internet and Higher Education. 30: 44–53. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2016.03.001.
^ "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites". Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ a b Stefanone, Michael A.; Lackaff, Derek (July 2009). "Reality Television as a Model for Online Behavior: Blogging, Photo, and Video Sharing". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 14 (4): 964–987. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01477.x.
^ R. Hovden (2013). "Bibliometrics for Internet media: Applying the h-index to YouTube". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64 (11): 2326–2331. arXiv:1303.0766. Bibcode:2013arXiv1303.0766H. doi:10.1002/asi.22936. S2CID 38708903.
^ "What is the YouTube Partner Program?". Archived from the original on September 16, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ "How Much Do YouTubers Make? The Top 25 Earning Creators' Adsense Salaries Revealed ". New Media Rockstars. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
^ "Why is YouTube brand Maker Studios worth more than Marvel to Disney?". the Guardian. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Video blogging.
A Certain Tendency in Videoblogging and Rethinking the Rebirth of the Author, academic essay on videoblogging
A Post-Cinema of Distractions: On the Genealogical Constitution of Personal Videoblogging, academic essay on videoblogging
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The most popular video sharing site, YouTube, was founded in February 2005. The site's co-founder Jawed Karim uploaded the first YouTube vlog clip Me at the zoo on his channel \"jawed\" in April 2005.[16] The ordinary \"everydayness\" and \"dry aesthetics\" of Me at the zoo set the tone for the type of amateur vlogging content that would become typical of YouTube, especially among YouTubers.[17] By July 2006, YouTube had become the fifth most popular web destination, with 100 million videos viewed daily and 65,000 new uploads per day.[18] The Yahoo! Videoblogging Group also saw its membership increase dramatically by August 2005.[19][20]Many open source content management systems have enabled the inclusion of video content, allowing bloggers to host and administer their own video blogging sites. In addition, the convergence of mobile phones with digital cameras allows publishing of video content to the Web almost as it is recorded.[21] Radio and television stations may use video blogging as a way to help interact more with listeners and viewers.[citation needed]Throughout the lifetime of the YouTube platform, vloggers have developed large social communities by expressing emotions of vulnerability and encouraging their viewers to do the same. The effect of this emotional exchange between strangers has been documented, for example, in the popularity of bereavement vlogs, in which grieving individuals reassure each other through friendly comments.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Irina Slutsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Slutsky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"ABC World News Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous events","text":"2005, January – Vloggercon, the first vlogger conference, is held in New York City.[23]\n2006, November – Irina Slutsky created and hosted The Vloggies, the first annual video blog awards.[24]\n2007, May and August – The Wall Street Journal places a grandmother[25] on the front page of its Personal Journal section.[26] In August 2007, she was featured on an ABC World News Tonight segment[27] showing the elderly now becoming involved in the online video world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Trippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Trippy"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Guinness World Record","text":"In May 2019, Charles Trippy was awarded the Guinness World Record for the \"Most Consecutive Daily Personal Video Blogs Posted On YouTube\", having recorded 3653 consecutive videos to his Charles and Allie YouTube channel over the previous ten years.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-29"}],"sub_title":"Impressions","text":"Vlogs have made it possible to learn about a Vlogger's persona, culture, and impressions using non-verbal hints. Researchers have conducted experiments using crowdsourcing for Amazons Mechanical Turk to determine what kind of personality traits the Vlogger might have.[29] Many Vlogs have been personified by five big personality traits such as Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Along with Mechanical Turk, researchers also looked at the cues that take place within Vlogs. Vlogs can be broken down to their elements considering that there are a lot of factors that play in the creation of one such as placement of camera, lighting, location, amount of time spent looking at the camera, pitch, delivery and amount of the interactions. Using this information and crowdsourcing, results have revealed that the highest rate in personality research was Agreeableness which makes Vlogging a great place to form Agreeable impressions. However, more non-verbal hints are more noticeable in other form traits such as Extraversion. Regardless, Personality impressions have made a more interesting Vlog viewing experience.[29]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-30"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Vlogging has been experimented with school systems to determine if it is a reliable platform to deliver higher educational practices to students. Researchers have done an experiment that placed 42 college freshmen into a control and experimental group of 21 each.[30] Oral proficiency exams were given to all students to reflect their current speech skills, after a year of teachings based on each of the groups preference. The control group was instructed to work with their standard writing skills and create their own blogs, while the Experimental group tested their skills with online interaction. Scores for both groups had increased after both tests, however the experimental group had outperformed the control group due to the improvement of speech proficiency that came as a result of a more interactive learning environment between teachers and classmates. The control group claimed that not using video blogs \"lowered their confidence\" in their speaking proficiency.[30]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-4"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"Researchers have investigated how vlog-style YouTube videos made by creators who suffer from chronic illnesses can raise health awareness among viewers and create social communities among those suffering. A 2014 study evaluated the contextual relationship between vloggers who shared that they had diabetes, cancer, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their audiences.[4] Most of the creators of these vlogs chose to focus their videos on how disease diagnosis and treatment had impacted them physically and emotionally. Commenters on the vlogs who shared personal characteristics formed ad hoc small groups; these impromptu support groups expanded over time as more and more people discovered the health vlogs.[4]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SerpentRick_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"YouTube Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Live"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_(service)"}],"text":"A Twitch streamer broadcasting liveYouTube announced a live broadcasting feature called YouTube Live in 2008. This feature was also established by other social platforms such as Instagram, Facebook and Twitch.","title":"Live broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"YouTube currently ranks among the top three most-visited sites on the web.[31] As a high traffic area for video bloggers, or vloggers, YouTube has created a platform for these participants to present their personal videos, which oftentimes are filmed using hand held point and shoot cameras.[32] The popularity of vlogs in the YouTube community has risen exponentially in the past few years;[33] out of the top 100 most subscribed YouTube channels, 17 provide vlogs as their primary style of footage.[32] Many of these vloggers are a part of the YouTube Partner Program, which professionalizes the industry and allows for monetary gain from video production.[34] This professionalization additionally helps increase exposure to various channels as well as creates a sense of stability within the field. Additionally, this professionalization allows content creators to be deemed a credible source by their viewers. Furthermore, many vloggers have been able to turn their channels into sustainable careers; in 2013, the highest paid vlogger brought in a minimum of $720,000 for the year.[35] Hollywood is taking notice of this rising medium, and has placed its value ranked over other entertainment companies such as Marvel, which is also owned by Disney.[36]","title":"YouTube presence"}] | [{"image_text":"A YouTube vlogger greeting his audience","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vlogger_greeting_viewer.jpg/290px-Vlogger_greeting_viewer.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Twitch streamer broadcasting live","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/SerpentRick_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-SerpentRick_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of blogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_blogging"},{"title":"Lifecasting (video stream)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifecasting_(video_stream)"},{"title":"Livestream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestream"},{"title":"Photoblog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoblog"},{"title":"Parasocial interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasocial_interaction"},{"title":"Video podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_podcast"},{"title":"vBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook#vBook"}] | [{"reference":"Pilkington, Ed (July 9, 2009). \"Merriam-Webster releases list of new words to be included in dictionary\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namma_Kuzhanthaigal | Namma Kuzhandaigal | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 References","7 External links"] | 1970 film directed by Srikanth
Namma KuzhandaigalTheatrical release posterDirected bySrikanthBased onAalam Vizhudhuby PoovannanProduced byD. RamanaiduStarringMajor SundarrajanPandari BaiVennira Aadai NirmalaMusic byM. S. ViswanathanProductioncompanyVijaya & Suresh CombinesRelease date
27 February 1970 (1970-February-27)
CountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Namma Kuzhandaigal (transl. Our children) is a 1970 Indian Tamil-language children's drama film directed by Srikanth and produced by D. Ramanaidu. It is based on writer Poovannan's novel Aalam Vizhudhu. The film stars Major Sundarrajan, Pandari Bai and Vennira Aadai Nirmala. It was released on 27 February 1970, and won three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Third Best Film, Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki, and Best Story Writer for Poovannan.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Major Sundarrajan
Pandari Bai
Vennira Aadai Nirmala
Master Sridhar
S. N. Surendar
Prabhakar
Master Sekhar
Roja Ramani
Leela Jayalakshmi
Production
Namma Kuzhandaigal is based on writer Poovannan's novel Aalam Vizhudhu. It was directed by Srikanth and produced by D. Ramanaidu under Vijaya & Suresh Combines, while the dialogues were written by Thuraiyur K. Murthi. The final cut of the film was 4,308.03 metres (14,134.0 ft).
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan, while the lyrics were written by Kannadasan.
Track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Seethakkalappa"Sirkazhi Govindarajan6:452."Radhaiyai"S. Janaki3:24Total length:10:09
Release and reception
Namma Kuzhandaigal was released on 27 February 1970. The Indian Express said the following day, "To inculcate values prudence, simplicity and honesty in children the movie has meandered into three tracts. Even so the first half of the film is very gripping. In the second half there are many unnecessary incidents and characters not related to the children's film. If one can ignore these it is recommendable film. The attempt is laudable." At the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, the film won the following awards: Best Story Writer for Poovannan, Third Best Film, and Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki.
References
^ a b c "சினிமாவில் வெற்றிக்கொடி நாட்டிய குழந்தைகள்!". Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 4 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ a b "பின்னணிக்குரலில் முன்னணிக் கலைஞர்!". Kungumam (in Tamil). 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "குழந்தை நட்சத்திரங்களின் துறுதுறுப்பு". Thinakaran (in Tamil). 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ வள்ளியப்பன், ஆதி (12 November 2016). "சிறார் இலக்கியச் சாதனையாளர்கள்". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ a b c "Namma Kuzhandaigal". The Indian Express. Madras. 27 February 1970. p. 14. Retrieved 26 November 2018 – via Google News Archive.
^ "Namma Kuzhanthaigal (Celluloid)". Central Board of Film Certification. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Namma Kuzhandaigal". Gaana. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
^ "Cinema". The Indian Express. Madras. 28 February 1970. p. 12. Retrieved 26 November 2018 – via Google News Archive.
^ "Poovannan dead". The Hindu. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Anandan, Film News (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (in Tamil). Sivagami Publications. pp. 7–19.
^ Ettirājan̲, Je (1988). Varalār̲u paṭaittavar varalār̲u: Ṭākṭar Pūvaṇṇan̲in̲ vāl̲kkai varalār̲u (in Tamil). Kul̲antai Ilakkiyak Kal̲akam. p. 117.
^ "Awards and Achievements". SJanaki.net. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
External links
Namma Kuzhandaigal at IMDb
vteTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film1967– 79First prize
Kaavalkaaran (1967)
Uyarndha Manithan (1968)
Adimai Penn (1969)
Vietnam Veedu (1970)
No Award (1971–1976)
16 Vayathinile (1977)
Mullum Malarum (1978)
Pasi (1979)
Second prize
Aalayam (1967)
Thillana Mohanambal (1968)
Akka Thangai (1969)
Engal Thangam (1970)
No Award (1971–1976)
Madhurageetham (1977)
Aval Appadithan (1978)
Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979)
Third prize
Bama Vijayam (1967)
Thamarai Nenjam (1968)
Deiva Magan (1969)
Namma Kuzhandaigal (1970)
No Award (1971–1976)
Bala Pareetchai (1977)
Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu (1978)
Thisai Maariya Paravaigal (1979)
1980– 89First prize
Varumayin Niram Sivappu (1980)
Alaigal Oivathillai (1981)
Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982)
No Award (1983–1987)
Poo Pootha Nandavanam (1988)
Pudhea Paadhai (1989)
Second prize
Nenjathai Killathe (1980)
Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum (1981)
Agni Sakshi (1982)
No Award (1983–1987)
Paasa Paravaigal (1988)
Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989)
Third prize
Vandichakkaram (1980)
Moondram Pirai (1981)
Ezhavathu Manithan (1982)
No Award (1983–1987)
Agni Natchathiram (1988)
Nyaya Tharasu (1989)
1990– 99First prize
Pudhu Vasantham (1990)
Chinna Thambi (1991)
Roja (1992)
Jaathi Malli (1993)
Nattamai (1994)
Anthimanthaarai (1995)
Indian (1996)
Arunachalam & Surya Vamsam (1997)
Natpukkaga (1998)
Padayappa (1999)
Second prize
Keladi Kannmanii (1990)
En Rasavin Manasile (1991)
Thevar Magan (1992)
Pathinipenn (1993)
Nammavar (1994)
Kolangal (1995)
Kadhal Kottai (1996)
Porkkaalam (1997)
Maru Malarchi (1998)
Thulladha Manamum Thullum (1999)
Third prize
Kizhakku Vaasal (1990)
Gunaa (1991)
Chinna Gounder (1992)
Gokulam (1993)
Pavithra (1994)
Avatharam (1995)
Purushan Pondatti (1996)
Arasiyal (1997)
Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen (1998)
Ethirum Puthirum (1999)
2000– 09First prize
Vaanathaippola (2000)
Virumbugiren (2001)
Ramanaa (2002)
Eera Nilam (2003)
Autograph (2004)
Chandramukhi & Ghajini (2005)
Veyil (2006)
Sivaji: The Boss (2007)
Dasavathaaram (2008)
Pasanga (2009)
Second prize
Vaanavil (2000)
Pandavar Bhoomi (2001)
Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
Power of Women (2003)
Vishwa Thulasi (2004)
Anniyan (2005)
Paruthiveeran (2006)
Mozhi (2007)
Abhiyum Naanum (2008)
Mayandi Kudumbathar (2009)
Third prize
Vetri Kodi Kattu (2000)
Aanandham (2001)
Unnai Ninaithu (2002)
Parthiban Kanavu (2003)
Kannadi Pookal (2004)
Thavamai Thavamirundhu (2005)
Thiruttu Payale (2006)
Pallikoodam (2007)
Santosh Subramaniam (2008)
Achchamundu! Achchamundu! (2009)
2010– 15First prize
Mynaa (2010)
Vaagai Sooda Vaa (2011)
Vazhakku Enn 18/9 (2012)
Ramanujan (2013)
Kuttram Kadithal (2014)
Thani Oruvan (2015)
Second prize
Kalavani (2010)
Deiva Thirumagal (2011)
Saattai (2012)
Thanga Meenkal (2013)
Goli Soda (2014)
Pasanga 2 (2015)
Third prize
Puthran (2010)
Uchithanai Muharnthaal (2011)
Dhoni (2012)
Pannaiyarum Padminiyum (2013)
Nimirndhu Nil (2014)
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Janaki, and Best Story Writer for Poovannan.","title":"Namma Kuzhandaigal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major Sundarrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Sundarrajan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailythanthi-1"},{"link_name":"Pandari Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandari_Bai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailythanthi-1"},{"link_name":"Vennira Aadai Nirmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennira_Aadai_Nirmala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kungumam-2"},{"link_name":"Master Sridhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Sridhar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"S. N. 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Ramanaidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Ramanaidu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleasePoster-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBFC-6"}],"text":"Namma Kuzhandaigal is based on writer Poovannan's novel Aalam Vizhudhu.[4] It was directed by Srikanth and produced by D. Ramanaidu under Vijaya & Suresh Combines, while the dialogues were written by Thuraiyur K. Murthi.[5] The final cut of the film was 4,308.03 metres (14,134.0 ft).[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. S. Viswanathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Viswanathan"},{"link_name":"Kannadasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadasan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleasePoster-5"},{"link_name":"Sirkazhi Govindarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkazhi_Govindarajan"},{"link_name":"S. Janaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Janaki"}],"text":"The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan, while the lyrics were written by Kannadasan.[7][5]Track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Seethakkalappa\"Sirkazhi Govindarajan6:452.\"Radhaiyai\"S. Janaki3:24Total length:10:09","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleasePoster-5"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu State Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Story Writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Story_Writer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Third Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Film"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Best Female Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Female_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Namma Kuzhandaigal was released on 27 February 1970.[5] The Indian Express said the following day, \"To inculcate values prudence, simplicity and honesty in children the movie has meandered into three tracts. Even so the first half of the film is very gripping. In the second half there are many unnecessary incidents and characters not related to the children's film. If one can ignore these it is recommendable film. The attempt is laudable.\"[8] At the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, the film won the following awards: Best Story Writer for Poovannan,[9] Third Best Film,[10][11] and Best Female Playback Singer for S. Janaki.[12]","title":"Release and reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"சினிமாவில் வெற்றிக்கொடி நாட்டிய குழந்தைகள்!\". Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 4 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20161121155931/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf","url_text":"\"சினிமாவில் வெற்றிக்கொடி நாட்டிய குழந்தைகள்!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Thanthi","url_text":"Dina Thanthi"},{"url":"http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"பின்னணிக்குரலில் முன்னணிக் கலைஞர்!\". Kungumam (in Tamil). 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6358&id1=124&issue=20160321","url_text":"\"பின்னணிக்குரலில் முன்னணிக் கலைஞர்!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungumam_(magazine)","url_text":"Kungumam"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20181126050841/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6358&id1=124&issue=20160321#","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"குழந்தை நட்சத்திரங்களின் துறுதுறுப்பு\". Thinakaran (in Tamil). 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2013/09/17/?fn=f1309174&p=1","url_text":"\"குழந்தை நட்சத்திரங்களின் துறுதுறுப்பு\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinakaran","url_text":"Thinakaran"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20181127070418/http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2013/09/17/?fn=f1309174&p=1#","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"வள்ளியப்பன், ஆதி (12 November 2016). \"சிறார் இலக்கியச் சாதனையாளர்கள்\". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/87456-.html","url_text":"\"சிறார் இலக்கியச் சாதனையாளர்கள்\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Tamil_Thisai","url_text":"Hindu Tamil Thisai"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411090107/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/87456-.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Namma Kuzhandaigal\". The Indian Express. Madras. 27 February 1970. p. 14. Retrieved 26 November 2018 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700227&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Namma Kuzhandaigal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive","url_text":"Google News Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Namma Kuzhanthaigal (Celluloid)\". Central Board of Film Certification. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20181126041919/http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/namma-kuzhanthaigal-celluloid#","url_text":"\"Namma Kuzhanthaigal (Celluloid)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification","url_text":"Central Board of Film Certification"},{"url":"http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/namma-kuzhanthaigal-celluloid","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Namma Kuzhandaigal\". Gaana. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaana.com/album/namma-kuzhandaigal","url_text":"\"Namma Kuzhandaigal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana_(music_streaming_service)","url_text":"Gaana"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20181127065209/https://gaana.com/album/namma-kuzhandaigal#","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema\". The Indian Express. Madras. 28 February 1970. p. 12. Retrieved 26 November 2018 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive","url_text":"Google News Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Poovannan dead\". The Hindu. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/poovannan-dead/article4300781.ece","url_text":"\"Poovannan dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140408061638/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/poovannan-dead/article4300781.ece#","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anandan, Film News (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru [Tamil film history and its achievements] (in Tamil). Sivagami Publications. pp. 7–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_News_Anandan","url_text":"Anandan, Film News"}]},{"reference":"Ettirājan̲, Je (1988). Varalār̲u paṭaittavar varalār̲u: Ṭākṭar Pūvaṇṇan̲in̲ vāl̲kkai varalār̲u (in Tamil). Kul̲antai Ilakkiyak Kal̲akam. p. 117.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WMczAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Varalār̲u paṭaittavar varalār̲u: Ṭākṭar Pūvaṇṇan̲in̲ vāl̲kkai varalār̲u"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards and Achievements\". SJanaki.net. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neylan_McBaine | Neylan McBaine | ["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American writer and marketer (born 1977)
Neylan McBaineNeylan McBaine in 2019Born1977 (age 46–47)Manhattan, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materJuilliard School (High school music program)Yale UniversitySpouseElliot SmithChildren3RelativesAriel Bybee (mother) Jock McBaine (Father)
John Francis Neylan (great-grandfather)Websitewww.neylanmcbaine.com
Neylan McBaine (born 1977) is an American writer and marketer. As a writer, she focuses on topics related to women in Mormonism (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). She has been published in Patheos.com, PowerofMoms.com, Newsweek, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Segullah, Meridian Magazine and BustedHalo.com.
She wrote How to Be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman (2008) and Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact (2014), and is the founder and editor-in-chief of The Mormon Women Project.
As a marketer, McBaine worked in Silicon Valley in digital marketing. In 2017, she co-founded Better Days 2020, a non-profit that popularizes Utah women's history through education, legislation and art.
Biography
McBaine was born and raised in New York City. Her mother, Ariel Bybee McBaine, was a singer with the Metropolitan Opera and became known at the Met for her performance as Jenny the whore in Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny when she replaced Teresa Stratas on very short notice. Details of these performances can be found in the MET archives. The themes of pleasure, prostitution, debauchery, particularly with respect to the role of Jenny, were controversial but also resonated with themes of excess and exaggeration expressed by well-known popular musicians such as David Bowie in the 1970's. In the play itself, Jenny is seen waiting on multiple men who have lined up for her services and in other portions of the play, men argue over the price to spend a night with her.
Neylan spent much of her childhood at that location. She graduated from the Chapin School and studied piano at the Juilliard School in the high school extension student extension program. She then graduated from Yale University in English literature. Her father, Jock McBaine was an attorney.
As a newlywed after Yale, she moved to San Francisco, California and began working in public relations and marketing. Her husband's graduate studies then took them to Boston, Massachusetts. In 2009 they settled in Salt Lake City, and McBaine became creative director at Bonneville Communications where she worked on the "I'm a Mormon" advertising project.
McBaine self-published her first book in 2009, How to be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman. In 2014, Greg Kofford Books published her book Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact, which addressed tensions regarding the role of women in Mormon culture, and proposes possible solutions.
In 2010 McBaine founded the Mormon Women Project, a 501c3 nonprofit that collects and publishes interviews of Mormon women from various countries around the world. As a Mormon feminist, McBaine also advocated for LDS women to lead the church's refugee-assistance efforts. She served as Chief Marketing Officer at Brain Chase Productions, maker of an online learning program for grade school students.
In 2017, McBaine co-founded Better Days 2020, a non-profit that popularizes Utah women's history through education, legislation and art. She serves as CEO of the organization, preparing Utah to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Utah being the first place a woman cast a legal ballot in the modern nation.
Publications
Books
McBaine, Neylan (2009). How to be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman. Lexington, Kentucky: lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-557-05647-7.
—— (2013). Sisters Abroad: Interviews from the Mormon Women Project. Englewood, Colorado: Patheos Press. ISBN 9781939221179.
—— (2014). Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1589586888.
Articles
McBaine, Neylan (Winter 2007). "Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City". Dialogue. 40 (4): 163–77.
—— (Spring 2008). "Just Mom, Dad, and Me". Segullah. 4 (1).
—— (Winter 2008). "A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: ". Dialogue. 41 (4): 195–98.
—— (Fall 2012). "To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure". Dialogue. 45 (3): 70–97. Originally presented at the 2012 FairMormon Conference. Later published in Mormon Feminism: Essential Writings (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 257–62.
—— (2015). "Finding the Waters of Mormon". In Jensen, Emily W.; McKay-Lamb, Tracy (eds.). A Book of Mormons: Latter-day Saints on a Modern-Day Zion. White Cloud Press. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-1-935952-90-9.
—— (2016). "Filling the Page: Women's Choices in the Context of Gospel Boundaries". In Holbrook, Kate; Bowman, Matthew (eds.). Women and Mormonism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-477-1.
McBaine, Neylan (2016). "Latter-day Saint Women in the Twenty-First Century". In Hales, Laura Harris (ed.). A Reason for Faith: Navigating LDS Doctrine and Church History. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Deseret Book. ISBN 978-1-9443-9401-1.
——; Cassler, V.H. (Summer 2016). "What's in a Name? SquareTwo Poll Survey Results on the Naming of Women's Positions and Organizations in the LDS Church". SquareTwo. 9 (2).
See also
Mormon blogosphere
Mormon feminism
References
^
McBaine, Neylan (Winter 2007). "Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City". Dialogue. 40 (4): 163–77. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^ a b c
"Career Day with Neylan McBaine". Aspiring Mormon Women. August 25, 2014. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
Laura Craner (January 26, 2012). "Emboldening Women (Through Identity): an interview with Neylan McBaine, founder of the Mormon Women Project". A Motley Vision. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
^
Brooks, Joanna; Steenblik, Rachel Hunt; Wheelwright, Hannah, eds. (2016). Mormon Feminism: Essential Writings. Oxford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-19-024803-1.
^
McBaine, Neylan (February 9, 2010). "The Mormon Women Project". Whitney Johnson. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
McBaine, Neylan. "About Neylan". NeylanMcBaine.com. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
^
Stack, Peggy Fletcher (September 28, 2010). "Mormon feminism: It's back". Salt Lake Tribune.
^ a b c
Capital IQ. "Neylan McBaine: Executive Profile & Biography". BusinessWeek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^ Devereux, Eoin (2015). David Bowie: Critical Perspectives. E-book: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-79775-5.
^
"Class of 1995". Alumnae Class Representatives. The Chapin School. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
McBaine, Neylan (Spring 2008). "Just Mom, Dad, and Me". Segullah. 4 (1). Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
Holly Welker (May 25, 2011). "Should the Mormon Church Compare Itself to Wal-Mart?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
Cris (October 7, 2014). "November 7, 2014 — Neylan McBaine". Miller Eccles Study Group Texas. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^
Peggy Fletcher Stack (March 29, 2016). "Mormon feminist rejoices at call for LDS women to lead refugee effort". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^ Neylan McBaine (August 2, 2012). "To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure". FairMormon. Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research (FAIR). Retrieved 2015-03-05.
External links
Profile, MormonWomen.com; accessed April 4, 2018.
McBaine, Neylan (August 9, 2010). "The future of Mormon motherhood". Washington Post. Patheos. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010.
List of media referencing McBaine's work, neylanmcbaine.com; accessed April 4, 2018.
Profile, byu.edu; accessed April 4, 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MF-4"},{"link_name":"women in Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_and_women"},{"link_name":"Patheos.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patheos.com"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"Meridian Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Magazine"},{"link_name":"BustedHalo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BustedHalo.com"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TribFeminism-7"},{"link_name":"digital marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWprofile-8"}],"text":"Neylan McBaine (born 1977)[4] is an American writer and marketer. As a writer, she focuses on topics related to women in Mormonism (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). She has been published in Patheos.com, PowerofMoms.com, Newsweek, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Segullah, Meridian Magazine and BustedHalo.com.[5]She wrote How to Be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman (2008) and Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact (2014), and is the founder and editor-in-chief of The Mormon Women Project.[6][7]As a marketer, McBaine worked in Silicon Valley in digital marketing. In 2017, she co-founded Better Days 2020, a non-profit that popularizes Utah women's history through education, legislation and art.[8]","title":"Neylan McBaine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ariel Bybee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Bybee"},{"link_name":"Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny"},{"link_name":"Teresa Stratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Stratas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chapin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapin_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapin-10"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWprofile-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Segullah08-11"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CareerDay-2"},{"link_name":"Bonneville Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Communications"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welker-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CareerDay-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MillerEccles-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refugee-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWprofile-8"},{"link_name":"first place a woman cast a legal ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah"}],"text":"McBaine was born and raised in New York City. Her mother, Ariel Bybee McBaine, was a singer with the Metropolitan Opera and became known at the Met for her performance as Jenny the whore in Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny when she replaced Teresa Stratas on very short notice. Details of these performances can be found in the MET archives. The themes of pleasure, prostitution, debauchery, particularly with respect to the role of Jenny, were controversial but also resonated with themes of excess and exaggeration expressed by well-known popular musicians such as David Bowie in the 1970's.[9] In the play itself, Jenny is seen waiting on multiple men who have lined up for her services and in other portions of the play, men argue over the price to spend a night with her.Neylan spent much of her childhood at that location. She graduated from the Chapin School[10] and studied piano at the Juilliard School in the high school extension student extension program. She then graduated from Yale University in English literature.[8][11] Her father, Jock McBaine was an attorney.As a newlywed after Yale, she moved to San Francisco, California and began working in public relations and marketing. Her husband's graduate studies then took them to Boston, Massachusetts.[2] In 2009 they settled in Salt Lake City, and McBaine became creative director at Bonneville Communications where she worked on the \"I'm a Mormon\" advertising project.[12]McBaine self-published her first book in 2009, How to be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman. In 2014, Greg Kofford Books published her book Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact, which addressed tensions regarding the role of women in Mormon culture, and proposes possible solutions.[2]In 2010 McBaine founded the Mormon Women Project, a 501c3 nonprofit that collects and publishes interviews of Mormon women from various countries around the world.[13] As a Mormon feminist, McBaine also advocated for LDS women to lead the church's refugee-assistance efforts.[14] She served as Chief Marketing Officer at Brain Chase Productions, maker of an online learning program for grade school students.[8]In 2017, McBaine co-founded Better Days 2020, a non-profit that popularizes Utah women's history through education, legislation and art. She serves as CEO of the organization, preparing Utah to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Utah being the first place a woman cast a legal ballot in the modern nation.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-557-05647-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-05647-7"},{"link_name":"Patheos Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patheos_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781939221179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781939221179"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1589586888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589586888"},{"link_name":"\"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=159"},{"link_name":"Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"\"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//segullah.org/genre/essay/just-mom-dad-and-me/"},{"link_name":"Segullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segullah"},{"link_name":"\"A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: [Review of On the Road to Heaven]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=163"},{"link_name":"Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"\"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=186"},{"link_name":"Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"FairMormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairMormon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jensen, Emily W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Jensen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-935952-90-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935952-90-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60781-477-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-477-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9443-9401-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9443-9401-1"},{"link_name":"Cassler, V.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_M._Hudson"},{"link_name":"\"What's in a Name? SquareTwo Poll Survey Results on the Naming of Women's Positions and Organizations in the LDS Church\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//squaretwo.org/Sq2ArticleCasslerMcBaineWomensNamesPoll.html"}],"text":"BooksMcBaine, Neylan (2009). How to be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman. Lexington, Kentucky: lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-557-05647-7.\n—— (2013). Sisters Abroad: Interviews from the Mormon Women Project. Englewood, Colorado: Patheos Press. ISBN 9781939221179.\n—— (2014). Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1589586888.ArticlesMcBaine, Neylan (Winter 2007). \"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\". Dialogue. 40 (4): 163–77.\n—— (Spring 2008). \"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\". Segullah. 4 (1).\n—— (Winter 2008). \"A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: [Review of On the Road to Heaven]\". Dialogue. 41 (4): 195–98.\n—— (Fall 2012). \"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\". Dialogue. 45 (3): 70–97. Originally presented at the 2012 FairMormon Conference.[15] Later published in Mormon Feminism: Essential Writings (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 257–62.\n—— (2015). \"Finding the Waters of Mormon\". In Jensen, Emily W.; McKay-Lamb, Tracy (eds.). A Book of Mormons: Latter-day Saints on a Modern-Day Zion. White Cloud Press. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-1-935952-90-9.\n—— (2016). \"Filling the Page: Women's Choices in the Context of Gospel Boundaries\". In Holbrook, Kate; Bowman, Matthew (eds.). Women and Mormonism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-477-1.\nMcBaine, Neylan (2016). \"Latter-day Saint Women in the Twenty-First Century\". In Hales, Laura Harris (ed.). A Reason for Faith: Navigating LDS Doctrine and Church History. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Deseret Book. ISBN 978-1-9443-9401-1.\n——; Cassler, V.H. (Summer 2016). \"What's in a Name? SquareTwo Poll Survey Results on the Naming of Women's Positions and Organizations in the LDS Church\". SquareTwo. 9 (2).","title":"Publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mormon blogosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere"},{"title":"Mormon feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_feminism"}] | [{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (2009). How to be a Twenty-First Century Pioneer Woman. Lexington, Kentucky: lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-557-05647-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-05647-7","url_text":"978-0-557-05647-7"}]},{"reference":"—— (2013). Sisters Abroad: Interviews from the Mormon Women Project. Englewood, Colorado: Patheos Press. ISBN 9781939221179.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patheos_Press","url_text":"Patheos Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781939221179","url_text":"9781939221179"}]},{"reference":"—— (2014). Women at Church: Magnifying LDS Women's Local Impact. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1589586888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589586888","url_text":"978-1589586888"}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (Winter 2007). \"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\". Dialogue. 40 (4): 163–77.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=159","url_text":"\"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought","url_text":"Dialogue"}]},{"reference":"—— (Spring 2008). \"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\". Segullah. 4 (1).","urls":[{"url":"http://segullah.org/genre/essay/just-mom-dad-and-me/","url_text":"\"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segullah","url_text":"Segullah"}]},{"reference":"—— (Winter 2008). \"A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: [Review of On the Road to Heaven]\". Dialogue. 41 (4): 195–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=163","url_text":"\"A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: [Review of On the Road to Heaven]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought","url_text":"Dialogue"}]},{"reference":"—— (Fall 2012). \"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\". Dialogue. 45 (3): 70–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=186","url_text":"\"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought","url_text":"Dialogue"}]},{"reference":"—— (2015). \"Finding the Waters of Mormon\". In Jensen, Emily W.; McKay-Lamb, Tracy (eds.). A Book of Mormons: Latter-day Saints on a Modern-Day Zion. White Cloud Press. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-1-935952-90-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Jensen","url_text":"Jensen, Emily W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935952-90-9","url_text":"978-1-935952-90-9"}]},{"reference":"—— (2016). \"Filling the Page: Women's Choices in the Context of Gospel Boundaries\". In Holbrook, Kate; Bowman, Matthew (eds.). Women and Mormonism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-477-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-477-1","url_text":"978-1-60781-477-1"}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (2016). \"Latter-day Saint Women in the Twenty-First Century\". In Hales, Laura Harris (ed.). A Reason for Faith: Navigating LDS Doctrine and Church History. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Deseret Book. ISBN 978-1-9443-9401-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9443-9401-1","url_text":"978-1-9443-9401-1"}]},{"reference":"——; Cassler, V.H. (Summer 2016). \"What's in a Name? SquareTwo Poll Survey Results on the Naming of Women's Positions and Organizations in the LDS Church\". SquareTwo. 9 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_M._Hudson","url_text":"Cassler, V.H."},{"url":"http://squaretwo.org/Sq2ArticleCasslerMcBaineWomensNamesPoll.html","url_text":"\"What's in a Name? SquareTwo Poll Survey Results on the Naming of Women's Positions and Organizations in the LDS Church\""}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (Winter 2007). \"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\". Dialogue. 40 (4): 163–77. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=159","url_text":"\"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought","url_text":"Dialogue"}]},{"reference":"\"Career Day with Neylan McBaine\". Aspiring Mormon Women. August 25, 2014. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://aspiringmormonwomen.org/2014/08/25/career-day-with-neylan-mcbaine/","url_text":"\"Career Day with Neylan McBaine\""}]},{"reference":"Laura Craner (January 26, 2012). \"Emboldening Women (Through Identity): an interview with Neylan McBaine, founder of the Mormon Women Project\". A Motley Vision. Retrieved 2015-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motleyvision.org/2012/emboldening-women-through-identity-an-interview-with-neylan-mcbaine-founder-of-the-mormon-women-project/","url_text":"\"Emboldening Women (Through Identity): an interview with Neylan McBaine, founder of the Mormon Women Project\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Joanna; Steenblik, Rachel Hunt; Wheelwright, Hannah, eds. (2016). Mormon Feminism: Essential Writings. Oxford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-19-024803-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024803-1","url_text":"978-0-19-024803-1"}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (February 9, 2010). \"The Mormon Women Project\". Whitney Johnson. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://whitneyjohnson.com/neylan-mcbaine/","url_text":"\"The Mormon Women Project\""}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan. \"About Neylan\". NeylanMcBaine.com. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neylanmcbaine.com/about-neylan.html","url_text":"\"About Neylan\""}]},{"reference":"Stack, Peggy Fletcher (September 28, 2010). \"Mormon feminism: It's back\". Salt Lake Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack","url_text":"Stack, Peggy Fletcher"},{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/home/50080435-76/women-church-mormon-lds.html.csp","url_text":"\"Mormon feminism: It's back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Capital IQ. \"Neylan McBaine: Executive Profile & Biography\". BusinessWeek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_IQ","url_text":"Capital IQ"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=322729686&privcapId=322515774&previousCapId=322515774&previousTitle=Brain%20Chase%20Productions,%20LLC","url_text":"\"Neylan McBaine: Executive Profile & Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Devereux, Eoin (2015). David Bowie: Critical Perspectives. E-book: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-79775-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-79775-5","url_text":"978-1-315-79775-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Class of 1995\". Alumnae Class Representatives. The Chapin School. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chapin.edu/page.cfm?p=2731","url_text":"\"Class of 1995\""}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (Spring 2008). \"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\". Segullah. 4 (1). Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://segullah.org/genre/essay/just-mom-dad-and-me/","url_text":"\"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\""}]},{"reference":"Holly Welker (May 25, 2011). \"Should the Mormon Church Compare Itself to Wal-Mart?\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/holly-welker/lds-media-director-workin_b_789252.html","url_text":"\"Should the Mormon Church Compare Itself to Wal-Mart?\""}]},{"reference":"Cris (October 7, 2014). \"November 7, 2014 — Neylan McBaine\". Miller Eccles Study Group Texas. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://millerecclestexas.org/2014/10/07/november-7-2014-neylan-mcbaine/","url_text":"\"November 7, 2014 — Neylan McBaine\""}]},{"reference":"Peggy Fletcher Stack (March 29, 2016). \"Mormon feminist rejoices at call for LDS women to lead refugee effort\". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2016-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/lifestyle/faith/3717812-155/mormon-feminist-rejoices-at-call-for","url_text":"\"Mormon feminist rejoices at call for LDS women to lead refugee effort\""}]},{"reference":"Neylan McBaine (August 2, 2012). \"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\". FairMormon. Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research (FAIR). Retrieved 2015-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fairmormon.org/perspectives/fair-conferences/2012-fair-conference/2012-to-do-the-business-of-the-church-a-cooperative-paradigm","url_text":"\"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FairMormon","url_text":"FairMormon"}]},{"reference":"McBaine, Neylan (August 9, 2010). \"The future of Mormon motherhood\". Washington Post. Patheos. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812133303/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/patheos/2010/08/the_future_of_mormon_motherhood.html","url_text":"\"The future of Mormon motherhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patheos","url_text":"Patheos"},{"url":"http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/patheos/2010/08/the_future_of_mormon_motherhood.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.neylanmcbaine.com/","external_links_name":"www.neylanmcbaine.com"},{"Link":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=159","external_links_name":"\"Seeds of Faith in City Soil: Growing Up Mormon in New York City\""},{"Link":"http://segullah.org/genre/essay/just-mom-dad-and-me/","external_links_name":"\"Just Mom, Dad, and Me\""},{"Link":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=163","external_links_name":"\"A Spiritual Awakening Amid a Hippie Faith: [Review of On the Road to Heaven]\""},{"Link":"https://www.dialoguejournal.com/archive/issue-details/?in=186","external_links_name":"\"To Do the Business of the Church: A Cooperative Paradigm for Examining Gendered Participation Within Church Organizational Structure\""},{"Link":"http://squaretwo.org/Sq2ArticleCasslerMcBaineWomensNamesPoll.html","external_links_name":"\"What's in a Name? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christus_Apollo | Christus Apollo | ["1 Style and composition","2 Reception","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"] | Four-movement cantata
Christus Apollo: Cantata Celebrating the Eighth Day of Creation and the Promise of the Ninth is a cantata in four movements for narrator, mezzo-soprano, choir, and orchestra, based on a text by the science fiction author Ray Bradbury and composed by the American composer Jerry Goldsmith. The piece was commissioned by the California Chamber Symphony in 1969, and premiered later that year in Royce Hall at UCLA with the narration performed by Charlton Heston (who had starred in the 1968 film, Planet of the Apes, for which Goldsmith had composed the musical score).
Style and composition
Christus Apollo consists of four movements separated by narration; a complete performance lasts approximately 35 minutes. The musical landscape of the piece blends elements of dodecaphonism and impressionism. In the 2002 Telarc release, Goldsmith commented on the work's inception and composition:In 1969, the California Chamber Symphony asked me to write a cantata based on a text by the celebrated author Ray Bradbury. I was thrilled to be asked since I had a relationship with Ray going back to dramatic radio of the 1950s and later the motion picture The Illustrated Man. The cantata was to be a large piece—orchestra, choir, mezzo-soprano, and narration.
Although the text is quite spiritual, I elected to compose the piece using the 12-tone system. I feel there is a great relationship between impressionism and dodecaphonicism and that was the language I wanted for Christus Apollo.
Reception
Richard S. Ginell of the Los Angeles Times praised the work, saying, "It's a mystical, ear-enticing souvenir from the year of the first moon landing, with long stretches of narration and no maudlin compromises." Gramophone also lauded the cantata, saying, "It’s an ambitious‚ sincere and supremely wellwrought offering‚ whose progressive harmonic sensibility and imaginative instrumental resource will come as no surprise to anyone familiar with Goldsmith’s genuinely adventurous and striking score from the previous year for Franklin J. Schaffner’s science fiction classic‚ Planet of the Apes."
Discography
A 33.3 RPM vinyl recording was made for the participants of the original 1969 performance. Only 10 known copies exist. A CD version of this recording was released by Tsunami Records, Germany, in 1995.
A recording of Christus Apollo was released February 26, 2002 through Telarc and features Goldsmith's other orchestral works Music for Orchestra and Fireworks: A Celebration of Los Angeles. The recording was conducted by Goldsmith and performed by the mezzo-soprano Eirian James, the London Voices, the London Symphony Orchestra, and narrator Anthony Hopkins.
References
^ a b Goldsmith, Jerry (2002). Jerry Goldsmith: Christus Apollo (CD). Telarc.
^ Burlingame, Jon (July 23, 2004). "Jerry Goldsmith Dead at 75". Variety. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ Ginell, Richard S. (March 24, 2002). "Forgotten Gems and a Critical Classic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ a b "Goldsmith Christus Apollo". Gramophone. August 2002. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ "Jerry Goldsmith - The Classical Goldsmith: "Music For Orchestra" / "Christus Apollo"". Discogs (in German). Retrieved 2018-08-21.
External links
Text of the composition | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Jerry Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_liner-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Chamber Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Chamber_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Royce Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Hall"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)"}],"text":"Christus Apollo: Cantata Celebrating the Eighth Day of Creation and the Promise of the Ninth is a cantata in four movements for narrator, mezzo-soprano, choir, and orchestra, based on a text by the science fiction author Ray Bradbury and composed by the American composer Jerry Goldsmith.[1][2] The piece was commissioned by the California Chamber Symphony in 1969, and premiered later that year in Royce Hall at UCLA with the narration performed by Charlton Heston (who had starred in the 1968 film, Planet of the Apes, for which Goldsmith had composed the musical score).","title":"Christus Apollo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dodecaphonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist_music"},{"link_name":"Telarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc_International_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_liner-1"}],"text":"Christus Apollo consists of four movements separated by narration; a complete performance lasts approximately 35 minutes. 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I feel there is a great relationship between impressionism and dodecaphonicism [sic] and that was the language I wanted for Christus Apollo.[1]","title":"Style and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gramophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Franklin J. Schaffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gramophone-4"}],"text":"Richard S. Ginell of the Los Angeles Times praised the work, saying, \"It's a mystical, ear-enticing souvenir from the year of the first moon landing, with long stretches of narration and no maudlin compromises.\"[3] Gramophone also lauded the cantata, saying, \"It’s an ambitious‚ sincere and supremely wellwrought offering‚ whose progressive harmonic sensibility and imaginative instrumental resource will come as no surprise to anyone familiar with Goldsmith’s genuinely adventurous and striking score from the previous year for Franklin J. Schaffner’s science fiction classic‚ Planet of the Apes.\"[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Telarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc_International_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Music for Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Fireworks: A Celebration of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks:_A_Celebration_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"London Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Voices"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gramophone-4"}],"text":"A 33.3 RPM vinyl recording was made for the participants of the original 1969 performance. Only 10 known copies exist. A CD version of this recording was released by Tsunami Records, Germany, in 1995.[5]A recording of Christus Apollo was released February 26, 2002 through Telarc and features Goldsmith's other orchestral works Music for Orchestra and Fireworks: A Celebration of Los Angeles. The recording was conducted by Goldsmith and performed by the mezzo-soprano Eirian James, the London Voices, the London Symphony Orchestra, and narrator Anthony Hopkins.[4]","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Goldsmith, Jerry (2002). Jerry Goldsmith: Christus Apollo (CD). Telarc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goldsmith","url_text":"Goldsmith, Jerry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc_International_Corporation","url_text":"Telarc"}]},{"reference":"Burlingame, Jon (July 23, 2004). \"Jerry Goldsmith Dead at 75\". Variety. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_Castle | Pärnu Castle | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 58°23′06″N 24°30′10″E / 58.385°N 24.5028°E / 58.385; 24.5028The Red Tower
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Pärnu CastlePärnu, Pärnu County, Estonia Red Tower of the Pärnu Castle.Coordinates58°23′06″N 24°30′10″E / 58.385°N 24.5028°E / 58.385; 24.5028
TypeCastle
Pärnu Castle (Estonian: Pärnu ordulinnus) was a castle in Pärnu, in nowadays Estonia.
Also currently called "The Red Tower," it was built in the 15th century originally as a prison. It is the last defensive tower remaining of the Hanseactic town "New-Pärnu." In the 17th century, the tower had four stories and a prison cell 6 meters deep. In the 19th century, it was used as the town archives. Only 3 stories remain.
See also
List of castles in Estonia
References
^ "The Red Tower, Estonia".
vte Castles in Estonia
Alatskivi Castle
Glehn Castle
Haapsalu Castle
Hermann Castle
Koluvere Castle
Kuressaare Castle
Laiuse Castle
Pärnu Castle
Põltsamaa Castle
Purtse Castle
Tarvastu Castle
Toompea Castle
Vastseliina Castle
Viljandi Castle
Also See: Castles in Estonia This article about a castle in Estonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Pärnu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Pärnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Red TowerPärnu Castle (Estonian: Pärnu ordulinnus) was a castle in Pärnu, in nowadays Estonia.\nAlso currently called \"The Red Tower,\" it was built in the 15th century originally as a prison. It is the last defensive tower remaining of the Hanseactic town \"New-Pärnu.\" In the 17th century, the tower had four stories and a prison cell 6 meters deep. In the 19th century, it was used as the town archives. Only 3 stories remain.[1]","title":"Pärnu Castle"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of castles in Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Estonia"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Red Tower, Estonia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitestonia.com/en/the-red-tower","url_text":"\"The Red Tower, Estonia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C3%A4rnu_Castle¶ms=58.385_N_24.5028_E_source:Wikidata","external_links_name":"58°23′06″N 24°30′10″E / 58.385°N 24.5028°E / 58.385; 24.5028"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22","external_links_name":"\"Pärnu Castle\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22P%C3%A4rnu+Castle%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%C3%A4rnu_Castle¶ms=58.385_N_24.5028_E_source:Wikidata","external_links_name":"58°23′06″N 24°30′10″E / 58.385°N 24.5028°E / 58.385; 24.5028"},{"Link":"https://www.visitestonia.com/en/the-red-tower","external_links_name":"\"The Red Tower, Estonia\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4rnu_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4rnu_Castle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysidice_(daughter_of_Coronus_and_Zeuxo) | Lysidice (mythology) | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Lysidice or Lysidike (Ancient Greek: Λυσιδίκη) is the name of several women in Greek mythology.
Lysidice, daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia. She married Mestor and became the mother of Hippothoe. She was also sometimes said to be the mother of Alcmene, by Electryon.
Lysidice, a Thespian princess as one of the 50 daughters of King Thespius and Megamede or by one of his many wives. When Heracles hunted and ultimately slayed the Cithaeronian lion, Lysidice with her other sisters, except for one, all laid with the hero in a night, a week or for 50 days as what their father strongly desired it to be. Lysidice bore Heracles a son, Teles.
Lysidice, daughter of Coronus, mother of Philaeus by Ajax the Great.
Lysidice of Athens, one of the would-be sacrificial victims of Minotaur.
Lysidice, wife of Borus and mother of Penthilus.
Lysidice, one of the daughters of King Aeolus of Lipara, the keeper of the winds. She had six brothers namely: Periphas, Agenor, Euchenor, Klymenos, Xouthos, Macareus, and five sisters: Klymene, Kallithyia, Eurygone, Kanake and an unnamed one. According to various accounts, Aeolus yoked in marriage his sons and daughters, including Lysidike, in order to preserve concord and affection among them.
Notes
^ Scholiast on Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.27 (49); Apollodorus, 2.4.5; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 932
^ Plutarch, Theseus 7
^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.222
^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.2
^ Apollodorus, 2.4.9.
^ Pausanias, 9.27.6; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3, f.n. 51
^ Pausanias, 9.27.6–7; Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orat. IV, Contra Julianum I (Migne S. Gr. 35.661)
^ Athenaeus, 13.4 with Herodorus as the authority; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3, f.n. 51
^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3; Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.224
^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3
^ Apollodorus, 2.7.8
^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Philaidai; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 53
^ Scholia on Plato, p. 376 for the latter version
^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.42. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.
^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.39–42. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.
^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.43–44. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.
^ Homer, Odyssey 10.6 & 11–12
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned. London. Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. 1854. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Athenaeus of Naucratis, Deipnosophistae. Kaibel. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Lipsiae. 1887. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. ISBN 978-0674995796. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. ISBN 978-0198145318. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Lives with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. 1. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Tzetzes, John, Allegories of the Odyssey translated by Goldwyn, Adam J. and Kokkini, Dimitra. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Harvard University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-674-96785-4
Tzetzes, John, Book of Histories, Book II-IV translated by Gary Berkowitz from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com.
This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelops"},{"link_name":"Hippodamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamia"},{"link_name":"Mestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestor"},{"link_name":"Hippothoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippothoe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alcmene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmene"},{"link_name":"Electryon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electryon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Thespian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespiae"},{"link_name":"Thespius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespius"},{"link_name":"Megamede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamede"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Cithaeronian lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_of_Cithaeron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Teles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teles_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Coronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronus_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Philaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ajax the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"sacrificial victims of Minotaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrificial_victims_of_Minotaur"},{"link_name":"Borus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borus"},{"link_name":"Penthilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthilus_of_Messenia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aeolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolus_(Odyssey)"},{"link_name":"Lipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipari"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Periphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphas"},{"link_name":"Agenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Euchenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchenor"},{"link_name":"Klymenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymenus"},{"link_name":"Xouthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuthus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Macareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macareus_(son_of_Aeolus)"},{"link_name":"Klymene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymene_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Kallithyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callithyia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Eurygone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurygone"},{"link_name":"Kanake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canace"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Lysidice, daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia. She married Mestor and became the mother of Hippothoe.[1] She was also sometimes said to be the mother of Alcmene, by Electryon.[2]\nLysidice, a Thespian princess as one of the 50 daughters of King Thespius and Megamede[3] or by one of his many wives.[4] When Heracles hunted and ultimately slayed the Cithaeronian lion,[5] Lysidice with her other sisters, except for one,[6] all laid with the hero in a night,[7] a week[8] or for 50 days[9] as what their father strongly desired it to be.[10] Lysidice bore Heracles a son, Teles.[11]\nLysidice, daughter of Coronus, mother of Philaeus by Ajax the Great.[12]\nLysidice of Athens, one of the would-be sacrificial victims of Minotaur.\nLysidice, wife of Borus and mother of Penthilus.[13]\nLysidice, one of the daughters of King Aeolus of Lipara, the keeper of the winds.[14] She had six brothers namely: Periphas, Agenor, Euchenor, Klymenos, Xouthos, Macareus, and five sisters: Klymene, Kallithyia, Eurygone, Kanake and an unnamed one.[15] According to various accounts, Aeolus yoked in marriage his sons and daughters, including Lysidike, in order to preserve concord and affection among them.[16][17]","title":"Lysidice (mythology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Scholiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholiast"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"2.4.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.5"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"Lycophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophron"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Theseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theseus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:02_3-0"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"2.4.10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"Diodorus 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of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-23837-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-23837-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-23837-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-23837-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-23837-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-23837-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey"}],"text":"^ Scholiast on Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.27 (49); Apollodorus, 2.4.5; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 932 \n\n^ Plutarch, Theseus 7\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.222\n\n^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.2\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.4.9.\n\n^ Pausanias, 9.27.6; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3, f.n. 51\n\n^ Pausanias, 9.27.6–7; Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orat. IV, Contra Julianum I (Migne S. Gr. 35.661)\n\n^ Athenaeus, 13.4 with Herodorus as the authority; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3, f.n. 51\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3; Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.224\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.4.10; Diodorus Siculus, 4.29.3\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.7.8\n\n^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Philaidai; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 53\n\n^ Scholia on Plato, p. 376 for the latter version\n\n^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.42. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.\n\n^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.39–42. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.\n\n^ Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.43–44. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.\n\n^ Homer, Odyssey 10.6 & 11–12","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. pp. 147, 10.42. ISBN 978-0-674-23837-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes","url_text":"Tzetzes, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-23837-4","url_text":"978-0-674-23837-4"}]},{"reference":"Tzetzes, John (2019). Allegories of the Odyssey. Translated by Goldwyn, Adam J.; Kokkini, Dimitra. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftaroline | Ceftaroline fosamil | ["1 Clinical use","2 Safety","3 Contraindications","4 Warnings and precautions","4.1 Hypersensitivity reactions","4.2 Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","4.3 Development of drug-resistant bacteria","4.4 Direct Coombs test seroconversion","4.5 Interactions","4.6 Use in specific populations","5 Side effects","6 Chemistry","7 References","8 External links"] | Chemical compound
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Ceftaroline fosamilClinical dataTrade namesTeflaro, ZinforoOther namesPPI 0903, TAK-599AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa611014License data
EU EMA: by INN
US DailyMed: Ceftaroline_fosamil
US FDA: Ceftaroline
Pregnancycategory
AU: B1
Routes ofadministrationIntravenousATC codeJ01DI02 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding20%Elimination half-life2.5 hoursExcretionUrine (88%), faeces (6%)Identifiers
IUPAC name
(6R,7R)-7-acetyl]amino]-3-sulfanyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
CAS Number229016‐73‐3 Yanhydrous: 400827-46-5 YPubChem CID16007393anhydrous: 9852981DrugBankDB06590 YChemSpider8028692 NUNII7P6FQA5D21anhydrous: EZ9W6O5S09 YKEGGD08884ChEBICHEBI:70718 NChEMBLChEMBL501122 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID60177444 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC22H21N8O8PS4Molar mass684.67 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
O=C4N3/C(=C(/Sc2nc(c1cc(cc1)C)cs2)CS34NC(=O)C(=N\OCC)/c5nc(sn5)NP(=O)(O)O)C()=O
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H21N8O8PS4/c1-3-38-26-13(16-25-21(43-28-16)27-39(35,36)37)17(31)24-14-18(32)30-15(20(33)34)12(9-40-19(14)30)42-22-23-11(8-41-22)10-4-6-29(2)7-5-10/h4-8,14,19H,3,9H2,1-2H3,(H4-,24,25,27,28,31,33,34,35,36,37)/b26-13-/t14-,19-/m1/s1 NKey:ZCCUWMICIWSJIX-NQJJCJBVSA-N N
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Ceftaroline fosamil (INN) /sɛfˈtæroʊliːn/, brand name Teflaro in the US and Zinforo in Europe, is a cephalosporin antibiotic with anti-MRSA activity. Ceftaroline fosamil is a prodrug of ceftaroline. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria. It retains some activity of later-generation cephalosporins having broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but its effectiveness is relatively much weaker. It is currently being investigated for community-acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infection.
Ceftaroline is being developed by Forest Laboratories, under a license from Takeda.
Ceftaroline received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections on 29 October 2010. In vitro studies show it has a similar spectrum to ceftobiprole, the only other fifth-generation cephalosporin to date, although no head-to-head clinical trials have been conducted. Ceftaroline and ceftobiprole are on an unnamed subclass of cephalosporins by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
It was removed from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines in 2019.
Clinical use
Main article: Cephalosporin
Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with phase III clinical trials for complicated skin and skin structure infections with reported non-inferior efficacy against MRSA compared to vancomycin and aztreonam. In 2009, ceftaroline had completed phase-III clinical trials for community-acquired pneumonia comparing it against ceftriaxone with non-inferior results and similar adverse reaction profile. However, only results for phase-II clinical trials in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections have been published. Sept 2009 : Phase III trials results reported.
On 8 September 2010, the FDA Advisory Committee recommended approval for the treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infections.
In October 2010, FDA approval was gained for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, including MRSA.
MRSA can develop resistance to ceftaroline through the alteration of penicillin-binding proteins. Amino acid-altering mutations in the ceftaroline-binding pocket of the transpeptidase region of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) confer resistance to ceftaroline. Ceftaroline- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus have been identified in Europe and Asia, but have not been identified in the United States. While cephalosporinases (a type of beta-lactamase that inactivates cephalosporins) confers resistance to other cephalosporins, cephalosporinases have not yet been identified as a mechanism of resistance to ceftaroline.
Safety
The clinical studies indicated ceftaroline was well tolerated. The overall rate of adverse events was comparable between the two treatment groups (The CANVAS I and CANVAS II trials evaluated ceftaroline monotherapy versus vancomycin plus aztreonam in adult subjects with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.). The overall discontinuation rate for ceftaroline-treated subjects was 2.7% compared to a rate of 3.7% for the comparator group-treated subjects. The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of subjects receiving ceftaroline in the pooled phase-III clinical trials were diarrhea, nausea, and rash.:
Contraindications
Known serious hypersensitivity to ceftaroline or other members of the cephalosporin class
Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions
Warnings and precautions
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The warnings and precautions associated with ceftaroline include:
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions and serious skin reactions have been reported with beta-lactam antibiotics, including ceftaroline. Exercise caution in people with known hypersensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics including ceftaroline. Before therapy with ceftaroline is instituted, careful inquiry about previous hypersensitivity reactions to other cephalosporins, penicillins, or carbapenems should be made. If this product is to be given to penicillin- or other beta-lactam-allergic people, caution should be exercised because cross sensitivity among beta-lactam antibacterial agents has been clearly established. If an allergic reaction to ceftaroline occurs, the drug should be discontinued. Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions require emergency treatment with epinephrine and other emergency measures, that may include airway management, oxygen, intravenous fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and vasopressors as clinically indicated.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported for nearly all antibacterial agents including ceftaroline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, antibacterials not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible.
Development of drug-resistant bacteria
Prescribing ceftaroline in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Direct Coombs test seroconversion
In the pooled phase-III CABP trials, 51/520 (9.8%) of subjects treated with ceftaroline compared to 24/534 (4.5%) of subjects treated with ceftriaxone seroconverted from a negative to a positive direct Coombs' test result. No clinical adverse reactions representing hemolytic anemia were reported in any treatment group. If anemia develops during or after treatment with ceftaroline, drug-induced hemolytic anemia should be considered. If drug-induced hemolytic anemia is suspected, discontinuation of ceftaroline should be considered and supportive care should be administered to the patient if clinically indicated.
Interactions
No clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with ceftaroline fosamil. In vitro studies in human liver microsomes indicated that neither ceftaroline fosamil nor ceftaroline inhibits the major cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. Therefore, neither ceftaroline fosamil nor ceftaroline is expected to inhibit or induce the clearance of drugs that are metabolized by these metabolic pathways in a clinically relevant manner.
Use in specific populations
For pregnant or nursing mothers, ceftaroline fosamil should be used only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus or child. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric children has not been studied.
Because elderly people 65 years of age or older are more likely to have decreased renal function and ceftaroline is excreted primarily by the kidney, care should be taken in dose selection in this age group as in younger people with impaired renal function. Dosage adjustment is required in people with moderately (30 to ‰¤ 50 mL/min) or severely (< 30 mL/min) impaired renal function.
The pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in people with hepatic impairment have not been established.
Side effects
No adverse reactions occurred in greater than 5% of people receiving ceftaroline. The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of people receiving ceftaroline in the pooled phase-III clinical trials were:
Diarrhea
Nausea
Rash
Chemistry
Ceftaroline fosamil is used in form of the acetate. It is a prodrug that is converted to active metabolite ceftaroline and inactive metabolite ceftaroline-M1. Initial in vitro and in vivo animal studies referred to ceftaroline fosamil acetate as PPI-0903.
Characteristic of cephalosporins, ceftaroline has a bicyclic ring with four-member β-lactam ring fused to a six-member cephem ring. Ceftaroline is thought to have activity against MRSA with its 1,3-thiazole ring.
References
^ a b "Teflaro- ceftaroline fosamil powder, for solution". DailyMed. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ a b "Zinforo EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ Duplessis C, Crum-Cianflone NF (February 2011). "Ceftaroline: A New Cephalosporin with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)". Clinical Medicine Reviews in Therapeutics. 3: a2466. doi:10.4137/CMRT.S1637. PMC 3140339. PMID 21785568.
^ Karlowsky JA, Adam HJ, Decorby MR, Lagacé-Wiens PR, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG (June 2011). "In vitro activity of ceftaroline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients in Canadian hospitals in 2009". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (6): 2837–2846. doi:10.1128/aac.01787-10. PMC 3101400. PMID 21402844.
^ Flamm RK, Sader HS, Jones RN (October 2010). "Spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America, 2010". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (5): 564–572. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2013.02.008. PMC 9425132. PMID 23916453.
^ a b Eckberg P, Friedland HD, et al. FOCUS 1 and 2: Randomized, Double-blinded, Multicenter Phase 3 Trials of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftaroline (CPT) vs. Ceftriaxone (CRO) in Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2009 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.
^ a b Corey R, Wilcox M, Talbot GH, et al. CANVAS-1: Randomized, Double-blinded, Phase 3 Study (P903-06) of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftaroline vs. Vancomycin plus Aztreonam in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI). 2008 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.
^ a b Kanafani ZA, Corey GR (February 2009). "Ceftaroline: a cephalosporin with expanded Gram-positive activity". Future Microbiology. 4 (1): 25–33. doi:10.2217/17460913.4.1.25. PMID 19207097.
^ a b Parish D, Scheinfeld N (February 2008). "Ceftaroline fosamil, a cephalosporin derivative for the potential treatment of MRSA infection". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 9 (2): 201–209. PMID 18246523.
^ "Forest Announces FDA Approval of Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection" (Press release). Forest Laboratories. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
^ World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ Talbot GH, Thye D, Das A, Ge Y (October 2007). "Phase 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (10): 3612–3616. doi:10.1128/AAC.00590-07. PMC 2043268. PMID 17682094.
^ "Forest Laboratories Presents Analysis of Two Positive Pivotal Phase III Studies of Ceftaroline for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) at ICAAC" (Press release). BUSINESS WIRE. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
^ "New Drug Approvals". 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ "FDA approves Teflaro for treatment of bacterial infections". 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
^ Long SW, Olsen RJ, Mehta SC, et al. PBP2a mutations causing high-level Ceftaroline resistance in clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(11):6668-6674. doi:10.1128/AAC.03622-14
^ Long SW, Olsen RJ, Mehta SC, et al. PBP2a mutations causing high-level Ceftaroline resistance in clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(11):6668-6674. doi:10.1128/AAC.03622-14
^ a b c d "Teflaro". 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ Ge Y, Floren L, Redman R, et al. The pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftaroline (PPI-0903) in healthy subjects receiving multiple-dose intravenous infusions. 2006 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.
^ Ikeda Y, Ban J, Ishikawa T, Hashiguchi S, Urayama S, Horibe H (October 2008). "Stability and stabilization studies of TAK-599 (Ceftaroline Fosamil), a novel N-phosphono type prodrug of anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin T-91825". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 56 (10): 1406–1411. doi:10.1248/cpb.56.1406. PMID 18827379.
^ Ishikawa T, Matsunaga N, Tawada H, Kuroda N, Nakayama Y, Ishibashi Y, et al. (May 2003). "TAK-599, a novel N-phosphono type prodrug of anti-MRSA cephalosporin T-91825: synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological properties". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (11): 2427–2437. doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00126-3. PMID 12735989.
External links
"Ceftaroline fosamil". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
vteAntibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope (J01C-J01D)Beta-lactams(inhibit synthesisof peptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell wall by bindingto and inhibitingPBPs, a group ofD-alanyl-D-alaninetranspeptidases)Penicillins (Penams)Narrowspectrumβ-lactamase sensitive(1st generation)
Benzylpenicillin (G)#
Benzathine benzylpenicillin#
Procaine benzylpenicillin#
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V)#
Propicillin‡
Pheneticillin‡
Azidocillin‡
Clometocillin‡
Penamecillin‡
β-lactamase resistant(2nd generation)
Cloxacillin# (Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin)
Oxacillin
Nafcillin
Methicillin‡
ExtendedspectrumAminopenicillins (3rd generation)
Amoxicillin#
Ampicillin# (Pivampicillin
Hetacillin‡
Bacampicillin‡
Lenampicillin
Metampicillin‡
Talampicillin‡)
Epicillin‡
Carboxypenicillins (4th generation)
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin‡ / Carindacillin‡
Temocillin‡
Ureidopenicillins (4th generation)
Piperacillin
Azlocillin‡
Mezlocillin‡
Other
Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam)
Sulbenicillin‡
Carbapenems / Penems
Carbapenems (Ertapenem
Antipseudomonal (Doripenem
Imipenem
Meropenem)
Biapenem‡
Panipenem)
Penems (Faropenem
Ritipenem§)
CephemsCephalosporinsCephamycinsCarbacephems1st generation
Cefazolin#
Cefalexin #
Cefadroxil
Cefapirin
Cefazedone‡
Cefazaflur‡
Cefradine‡
Cefroxadine‡
Ceftezole‡
Cefaloglycin‡
Cefacetrile‡
Cefalonium‡
Cefaloridine‡
Cefalotin
Cefatrizine‡
2nd generation
Cefaclor
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefamandole‡
Cefonicid‡
Ceforanide‡
Cefuzonam‡
Cephamycin (Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
Cefminox‡
Cefbuperazone‡
Cefmetazole‡)
Carbacephem (Loracarbef‡)
3rd generation
Cefixime#
Ceftriaxone#
Cefotaxime#
Antipseudomonal (Ceftazidime#
Cefoperazone)
Cefdinir
Cefcapene
Cefdaloxime
Ceftizoxime
Cefmenoxime
Cefpiramide
Cefpodoxime
Ceftibuten
Cefditoren
Cefotiam‡
Cefetamet‡
Cefodizime‡
Cefpimizole‡
Cefsulodin‡
Cefteram‡
Ceftiolene‡
Oxacephem (Flomoxef
Latamoxef‡)
4th generation
Cefepime
Cefozopran‡
Cefpirome
Cefquinome‡
5th generation
Ceftaroline fosamil
Ceftolozane
Ceftobiprole
Siderophore
Cefiderocol#
Veterinary
Ceftiofur
Cefquinome
Cefovecin
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Tigemonam‡
Carumonam‡
Nocardicin A‡
β-lactamase inhibitors
Penam (Sulbactam
Tazobactam)
Clavam (Clavulanic acid)
non-β-lactam (Avibactam
Durlobactam
Relebactam
Vaborbactam)
Combinations
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid#
Ampicillin/flucloxacillin
Ampicillin/sulbactam (Sultamicillin)
Aztreonam/avibactam
Benzathine benzylpenicillin/procaine benzylpenicillin
Cefepime/enmetazobactam
Cefoperazone/sulbactam
Ceftazidime/avibactam
Ceftolozane/tazobactam
Imipenem/cilastatin#
Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam
Meropenem/vaborbactam
Panipenem/betamipron
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Sulbactam/durlobactam
Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid
PolypeptidesGlycopeptidesLipoglycopeptides
Inhibit PG chain elongation: Vancomycin# (Oritavancin
Telavancin)
Teicoplanin (Dalbavancin)
Ristocetin‡
Avoparcin
Inhibit autolysin: Corbomycin (not approved)
Lipopeptides
Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin
Surfactin
Polymyxins
Bind to LPS in the outer bacterial membrane, acting in detergent-like fashion: Colistin
Polymyxin B
Other
Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin§
Intracellular
Inhibit PG subunit synthesis and transport: NAM synthesis inhibition (Fosfomycin)
DADAL/AR inhibitors (Cycloserine)
bactoprenol inhibitors (Bacitracin)
Other
Hydrolyze NAM-NAG
lysozyme
Tyrothricin
Gramicidin
Tyrocidine
Isoniazid#
Teixobactin
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
Portal: Medicine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"/sɛfˈtæroʊliːn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teflaro_FDA_label-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zinforo_EPAR-2"},{"link_name":"cephalosporin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporin"},{"link_name":"antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20001879-3"},{"link_name":"methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"Gram-positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"community-acquired pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckberg2009-6"},{"link_name":"complicated skin and skin structure infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicated_skin_and_skin_structure_infection"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corey2008-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19207097-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18246523-9"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Forest Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Takeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18246523-9"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ceftobiprole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftobiprole"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_and_Laboratory_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ceftaroline fosamil (INN) /sɛfˈtæroʊliːn/, brand name Teflaro in the US and Zinforo in Europe,[1][2] is a cephalosporin antibiotic with anti-MRSA activity.[3] Ceftaroline fosamil is a prodrug of ceftaroline. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria. It retains some activity of later-generation cephalosporins having broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but its effectiveness is relatively much weaker.[4][5] It is currently being investigated for community-acquired pneumonia[6] and complicated skin and skin structure infection.[7][8][9]Ceftaroline is being developed[when?] by Forest Laboratories, under a license from Takeda.[9]\nCeftaroline received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections on 29 October 2010.[10] In vitro studies show it has a similar spectrum to ceftobiprole,[not verified in body] the only other fifth-generation cephalosporin to date,[when?] although no head-to-head clinical trials have been conducted. Ceftaroline and ceftobiprole are on an unnamed subclass of cephalosporins by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).[not verified in body]It was removed from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines in 2019.[11]","title":"Ceftaroline fosamil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase III clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phase_III"},{"link_name":"vancomycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin"},{"link_name":"aztreonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztreonam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corey2008-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19207097-8"},{"link_name":"community-acquired pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"ceftriaxone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckberg2009-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17682094-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forest2009-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"community-acquired bacterial pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-acquired_bacterial_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"skin and skin structure infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_and_skin_structure_infection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ceftaroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftaroline"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with phase III clinical trials for complicated skin and skin structure infections with reported non-inferior efficacy against MRSA compared to vancomycin and aztreonam.[7][8] In 2009, ceftaroline had completed phase-III clinical trials for community-acquired pneumonia comparing it against ceftriaxone with non-inferior results and similar adverse reaction profile.[6] However, only results for phase-II clinical trials in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections have been published.[12] Sept 2009 : Phase III trials results reported.[13]\nOn 8 September 2010, the FDA Advisory Committee recommended approval for the treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infections.[14]\nIn October 2010, FDA approval was gained for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, including MRSA.[15]MRSA can develop resistance to ceftaroline through the alteration of penicillin-binding proteins. Amino acid-altering mutations in the ceftaroline-binding pocket of the transpeptidase region of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) confer resistance to ceftaroline.[16] Ceftaroline- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus have been identified in Europe and Asia, but have not been identified in the United States.[17] While cephalosporinases (a type of beta-lactamase that inactivates cephalosporins) confers resistance to other cephalosporins, cephalosporinases have not yet been identified as a mechanism of resistance to ceftaroline.[citation needed]","title":"Clinical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drug_information_online-18"}],"text":"The clinical studies indicated ceftaroline was well tolerated. The overall rate of adverse events was comparable between the two treatment groups (The CANVAS I and CANVAS II trials evaluated ceftaroline monotherapy versus vancomycin plus aztreonam in adult subjects with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.). The overall discontinuation rate for ceftaroline-treated subjects was 2.7% compared to a rate of 3.7% for the comparator group-treated subjects. The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of subjects receiving ceftaroline in the pooled phase-III clinical trials were diarrhea, nausea, and rash.:[18]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity"},{"link_name":"Anaphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drug_information_online-18"}],"text":"Known serious hypersensitivity to ceftaroline or other members of the cephalosporin class\nAnaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions[18]","title":"Contraindications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drug_information_online-18"}],"text":"The warnings and precautions associated with ceftaroline include:[18]","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hypersensitivity reactions","text":"Serious hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions and serious skin reactions have been reported with beta-lactam antibiotics, including ceftaroline. Exercise caution in people with known hypersensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics including ceftaroline. Before therapy with ceftaroline is instituted, careful inquiry about previous hypersensitivity reactions to other cephalosporins, penicillins, or carbapenems should be made. If this product is to be given to penicillin- or other beta-lactam-allergic people, caution should be exercised because cross sensitivity among beta-lactam antibacterial agents has been clearly established. If an allergic reaction to ceftaroline occurs, the drug should be discontinued. Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions require emergency treatment with epinephrine and other emergency measures, that may include airway management, oxygen, intravenous fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and vasopressors as clinically indicated.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_colitis"}],"sub_title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","text":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported for nearly all antibacterial agents including ceftaroline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, antibacterials not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Development of drug-resistant bacteria","text":"Prescribing ceftaroline in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Direct Coombs test seroconversion","text":"In the pooled phase-III CABP trials, 51/520 (9.8%) of subjects treated with ceftaroline compared to 24/534 (4.5%) of subjects treated with ceftriaxone seroconverted from a negative to a positive direct Coombs' test result. No clinical adverse reactions representing hemolytic anemia were reported in any treatment group. If anemia develops during or after treatment with ceftaroline, drug-induced hemolytic anemia should be considered. If drug-induced hemolytic anemia is suspected, discontinuation of ceftaroline should be considered and supportive care should be administered to the patient if clinically indicated.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Interactions","text":"No clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with ceftaroline fosamil. In vitro studies in human liver microsomes indicated that neither ceftaroline fosamil nor ceftaroline inhibits the major cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. Therefore, neither ceftaroline fosamil nor ceftaroline is expected to inhibit or induce the clearance of drugs that are metabolized by these metabolic pathways in a clinically relevant manner.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Use in specific populations","text":"For pregnant or nursing mothers, ceftaroline fosamil should be used only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus or child. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric children has not been studied.Because elderly people 65 years of age or older are more likely to have decreased renal function and ceftaroline is excreted primarily by the kidney, care should be taken in dose selection in this age group as in younger people with impaired renal function. Dosage adjustment is required in people with moderately (30 to ‰¤ 50 mL/min) or severely (< 30 mL/min) impaired renal function.The pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in people with hepatic impairment have not been established.","title":"Warnings and precautions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drug_information_online-18"},{"link_name":"Diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"Nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash"}],"text":"No adverse reactions occurred in greater than 5% of people receiving ceftaroline. The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of people receiving ceftaroline in the pooled phase-III clinical trials were:[18]Diarrhea\nNausea\nRash","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ge2006-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yukihiro2008-20"},{"link_name":"β-lactam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-lactam"},{"link_name":"cephem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephem"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa2003-21"}],"text":"Ceftaroline fosamil is used in form of the acetate. It is a prodrug that is converted to active metabolite ceftaroline and inactive metabolite ceftaroline-M1. Initial in vitro and in vivo animal studies referred to ceftaroline fosamil acetate as PPI-0903.[19][20]Characteristic of cephalosporins, ceftaroline has a bicyclic ring with four-member β-lactam ring fused to a six-member cephem ring. Ceftaroline is thought to have activity against MRSA with its 1,3-thiazole ring.[21]","title":"Chemistry"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Teflaro- ceftaroline fosamil powder, for solution\". DailyMed. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ecde48b-75a2-4beb-9999-369f3f61bb8a","url_text":"\"Teflaro- ceftaroline fosamil powder, for solution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zinforo EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zinforo","url_text":"\"Zinforo EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"Duplessis C, Crum-Cianflone NF (February 2011). \"Ceftaroline: A New Cephalosporin with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\". Clinical Medicine Reviews in Therapeutics. 3: a2466. doi:10.4137/CMRT.S1637. PMC 3140339. PMID 21785568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140339","url_text":"\"Ceftaroline: A New Cephalosporin with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4137%2FCMRT.S1637","url_text":"10.4137/CMRT.S1637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140339","url_text":"3140339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21785568","url_text":"21785568"}]},{"reference":"Karlowsky JA, Adam HJ, Decorby MR, Lagacé-Wiens PR, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG (June 2011). \"In vitro activity of ceftaroline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients in Canadian hospitals in 2009\". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (6): 2837–2846. doi:10.1128/aac.01787-10. PMC 3101400. PMID 21402844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101400","url_text":"\"In vitro activity of ceftaroline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated from patients in Canadian hospitals in 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.01787-10","url_text":"10.1128/aac.01787-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101400","url_text":"3101400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402844","url_text":"21402844"}]},{"reference":"Flamm RK, Sader HS, Jones RN (October 2010). \"Spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America, 2010\". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (5): 564–572. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2013.02.008. PMC 9425132. PMID 23916453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9425132","url_text":"\"Spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America, 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjid.2013.02.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.bjid.2013.02.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9425132","url_text":"9425132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23916453","url_text":"23916453"}]},{"reference":"Eckberg P, Friedland HD, et al. FOCUS 1 and 2: Randomized, Double-blinded, Multicenter Phase 3 Trials of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftaroline (CPT) vs. Ceftriaxone (CRO) in Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2009 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Corey R, Wilcox M, Talbot GH, et al. CANVAS-1: Randomized, Double-blinded, Phase 3 Study (P903-06) of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftaroline vs. Vancomycin plus Aztreonam in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI). 2008 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kanafani ZA, Corey GR (February 2009). \"Ceftaroline: a cephalosporin with expanded Gram-positive activity\". Future Microbiology. 4 (1): 25–33. doi:10.2217/17460913.4.1.25. PMID 19207097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2217%2F17460913.4.1.25","url_text":"10.2217/17460913.4.1.25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207097","url_text":"19207097"}]},{"reference":"Parish D, Scheinfeld N (February 2008). \"Ceftaroline fosamil, a cephalosporin derivative for the potential treatment of MRSA infection\". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 9 (2): 201–209. PMID 18246523.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18246523","url_text":"18246523"}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Announces FDA Approval of Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection\" (Press release). Forest Laboratories. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frx.com/news/PressRelease.aspx?ID=1489398","url_text":"\"Forest Announces FDA Approval of Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil) for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infection\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F325773","url_text":"10665/325773"}]},{"reference":"Talbot GH, Thye D, Das A, Ge Y (October 2007). \"Phase 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections\". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (10): 3612–3616. doi:10.1128/AAC.00590-07. PMC 2043268. PMID 17682094.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043268","url_text":"\"Phase 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.00590-07","url_text":"10.1128/AAC.00590-07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043268","url_text":"2043268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17682094","url_text":"17682094"}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Laboratories Presents Analysis of Two Positive Pivotal Phase III Studies of Ceftaroline for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) at ICAAC\" (Press release). BUSINESS WIRE. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090912005009/en","url_text":"\"Forest Laboratories Presents Analysis of Two Positive Pivotal Phase III Studies of Ceftaroline for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) at ICAAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Drug Approvals\". 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/newdrugs.html","url_text":"\"New Drug Approvals\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves Teflaro for treatment of bacterial infections\". 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104085917/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/77358/20101030/fda-teflaro-forests-laboratories-inc-bacterial-infections.htm","url_text":"\"FDA approves Teflaro for treatment of bacterial infections\""},{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/77358/20101030/fda-teflaro-forests-laboratories-inc-bacterial-infections.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Teflaro\". 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/teflaro.html","url_text":"\"Teflaro\""}]},{"reference":"Ge Y, Floren L, Redman R, et al. The pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftaroline (PPI-0903) in healthy subjects receiving multiple-dose intravenous infusions. 2006 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy / Infectious Disease Society of America Conference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ikeda Y, Ban J, Ishikawa T, Hashiguchi S, Urayama S, Horibe H (October 2008). \"Stability and stabilization studies of TAK-599 (Ceftaroline Fosamil), a novel N-phosphono type prodrug of anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin T-91825\". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 56 (10): 1406–1411. doi:10.1248/cpb.56.1406. PMID 18827379.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.56.1406","url_text":"\"Stability and stabilization studies of TAK-599 (Ceftaroline Fosamil), a novel N-phosphono type prodrug of anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus cephalosporin T-91825\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.56.1406","url_text":"10.1248/cpb.56.1406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827379","url_text":"18827379"}]},{"reference":"Ishikawa T, Matsunaga N, Tawada H, Kuroda N, Nakayama Y, Ishibashi Y, et al. (May 2003). \"TAK-599, a novel N-phosphono type prodrug of anti-MRSA cephalosporin T-91825: synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological properties\". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (11): 2427–2437. doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00126-3. PMID 12735989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-0896%2803%2900126-3","url_text":"10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00126-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12735989","url_text":"12735989"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceftaroline fosamil\". Drug Information Portal. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Lievens-Esse | Herzele | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°53′N 03°53′E / 50.883°N 3.883°E / 50.883; 3.883
For the town in French Flanders, see Herzeele.
Municipality in Flemish Community, BelgiumHerzeleMunicipalityHerzele Castle
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Herzele
HerzeleLocation in Belgium
Location of Herzele in East Flanders
Coordinates: 50°53′N 03°53′E / 50.883°N 3.883°E / 50.883; 3.883Country BelgiumCommunityFlemish CommunityRegionFlemish RegionProvinceEast FlandersArrondissementAalstGovernment • MayorJohan Van Tittelboom (Open Vld) • Governing party/iesOpen Vld, CD&V en PartnersArea • Total47.9 km2 (18.5 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total17,723 • Density370/km2 (960/sq mi)Postal codes9550-9552NIS code41027Area codes053, 054, 09Websitewww.herzele.be
Herzele (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek. The municipality comprises the villages of Borsbeke , Herzele proper, Hillegem , Ressegem , Sint-Antelinks , Sint-Lievens-Esse , Steenhuize-Wijnhuize and Woubrechtegem . In 2021, Herzele had a total population of 18,414. The total area is 47.40 km2. The current mayor of Herzele is Johan Van Tittelboom, from the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats party.
Herzele is crossed by two brooks, the Molenbeek in Borsbeke, Herzele, Ressegem, and Hillegem, as well as the Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek in Herzele, Sint-Lievens-Esse, Woubrechtegem, and Ressegem.
Church of Ressegem
References
^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ "Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 41027". Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
External links
Media related to Herzele at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Dutch)
Places adjacent to Herzele
Sint-Lievens-Houtem
Erpe-Mere
Zottegem
Herzele
HaaltertNinove
Lierde
Geraardsbergen
vteMunicipalities in the Province of East Flanders, Flanders, BelgiumAalst
Aalst
Denderleeuw
Erpe-Mere
Geraardsbergen
Haaltert
Herzele
Lede
Ninove
Sint-Lievens-Houtem
Zottegem
Dendermonde
Berlare
Buggenhout
Dendermonde
Hamme
Laarne
Lebbeke
Waasmunster
Wetteren
Wichelen
Zele
Eeklo
Assenede
Eeklo
Kaprijke
Maldegem
Sint-Laureins
Zelzate
Ghent
Aalter
Deinze
De Pinte
Destelbergen
Evergem
Gavere
Ghent
Lievegem
Lochristi
Melle
Merelbeke
Moerbeke-Waas
Nazareth
Oosterzele
Sint-Martens-Latem
Wachtebeke
Zulte
Oudenaarde
Brakel
Horebeke
Kluisbergen
Kruisem
Lierde
Maarkedal
Oudenaarde
Ronse
Wortegem-Petegem
Zwalm
Sint-Niklaas
Beveren
Kruibeke
Lokeren
Sint-Gillis-Waas
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This East Flanders location article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Ichijo | Emperor Go-Ichijō | ["1 Biography","2 Events of Go-Ichijō's life","2.1 Kugyō","3 Eras of Go-Ichijō's reign","4 Consort and children","5 Ancestry","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | Emperor of Japan
Emperor Go-Ichijō後一条天皇Emperor of JapanReignMarch 10, 1016 – May 15, 1036CoronationMarch 24, 1016PredecessorSanjōSuccessorGo-SuzakuBornOctober 12, 1008Tsuchimikado Tei (土御門邸), Heian Kyō (Kyōto)DiedMay 15, 1036(1036-05-15) (aged 27)Seiryō Den (清涼殿) in Dairi (内裏), Heian Kyō (Kyōto)BurialBodaijuin no misasagi (菩提樹院陵) (Kyoto)Spouse
Fujiwara no Ishi (m. 1018)Issue
Shōshi
Kaoruko
Posthumous nameTsuigō:Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条院 or 後一条天皇)HouseYamatoFatherEmperor IchijōMotherFujiwara no Shōshi
Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条天皇, Go-Ichijō-tennō, October 12, 1008 – May 15, 1036) was the 68th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Go-Ichijō's reign spanned the years from 1016 through 1036.
This 11th century sovereign was named after his father, Emperor Ichijō, and go- (後), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Ichijō", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Emperor Ichijō, the second."
Biography
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Atsuhira -shinnō (敦成親王). He was also known as Atsunari-shinnō.
Atsuhira was the second son of Emperor Ichijō. His mother, Fujiwara no Akiko/Shōshi (藤原彰子) (988–1074), was a daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga. In her later years, Ichijō's chūgo consort was known as Jōtō-mon In (上東門院).
Events of Go-Ichijō's life
Atsuhira-shinnō was used as a pawn in Imperial court politics when he was only a child.
1012 (Chōwa 1, 8th month): Prince Atsuhira marries a daughter of sesshō and later kampaku Fujiwara no Michinaga.
Atsuhira became emperor at the age of 8, upon the abdication of his first cousin once removed, Emperor Sanjō.
March 10, 1016 (Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 5th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign (三条天皇五年), he abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by a cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).
During the initial years of Go-Ichijō's reign, Fujiwara no Michinaga actually ruled from his position as sesshō (regent).
June 5, 1017 (Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Sanjō died at the age of 41.
1017 (Kannin 1, 8th month): Prince Atsuakira, the eldest son of Emperor Sanjo, had been named Crown Prince. But after he is struck by a skin disease and intense pressure from Michinaga; he withdrew from this role and his younger brother, Prince Atsunaga, was named Crown Prince in his place.
1017 (Kannin 1, 9th month): Michinaga made a pilgrimage to the Iwashimizu Shrine accompanied by many courtiers. The travelers divided themselves amongst 15 boats for a floating trip down the Yotogawa River. One of the vessels overturned, and more than 30 people lost their lives.
1017 (Kannin 1, 12th month): Michinaga was elevated to the office of Daijō-Diajin.
May 15, 1036 (Chōgen 9, 17th day of the 4th month): Emperor Go-Ichijō died at the age of 27.
The actual site of Go-Ichijō's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Go-Ichijō's mausoleum. It is formally named Bodaijuin no misasagi.
Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Ichijō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
Sesshō, Fujiwara Michinaga, 966–1027.
Sesshō, Fujiwara Yorimichi, 992–1074.
Kampaku, Fujiwara Yorimichi.
Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Michinaga.
Daijō-daijin, Kan'in Kinsue, 956–1029.
Sadaijin, Fujiwara Michinaga.
Sadaijin, Fujiwara Akimitsu, 944–1021.
Sadaijin, Fujiwara Yorimichi.
Udaijin, Fujiwara Sanesuke, 957–1046.
Nadaijin, Fujiwara Norimichi, 997–1075.
Dainagon
Eras of Go-Ichijō's reign
The years of Go-Ichijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Chōwa (1012–1017)
Kannin (1017–1021)
Jian (1021–1024)
Manju (1024–1028)
Chōgen (1028–1037)
Consort and children
Tomb of Emperor Go-Ichijō and one of his daughters, Kyoto
Go-Ichijō had one Empress and two Imperial daughters.
Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原威子; 999–1036), Fujiwara no Michinaga’s third daughter
First Daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko/Shōshi (章子内親王) later Nijō-In (二条院), Empress (chūgū) to Emperor Go-Reizei
Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Kaoruko/Keishi (馨子内親王; 1029–1093) later Saien-no Kogo (西院皇后), Empress (chūgū) to Emperor Go-Sanjō
Ancestry
Ancestors of Emperor Go-Ichijō 8. Emperor Murakami (926–967) 4. Emperor En'yū (959–991) 9. Fujiwara no Anshi (927–964) 2. Emperor Ichijō (980–1011) 10. Fujiwara no Kaneie (929–990) (=12) 5. Fujiwara no Senshi (962–1002) 11. Fujiwara no Tokihime (d. 980) (=13) 1. Emperor Go-Ichijō 12. Fujiwara no Kaneie (929–990) (=10) 6. Fujiwara no Michinaga (966–1028) 13. Fujiwara no Tokihime (d. 980) (=11) 3. Empress Shōshi (988–1074) 14. Minamoto no Masanobu (920–993) 7. Minamoto no Rinshi (964–1053) 15. Fujiwara no Bokushi (931–1016)
See also
Emperor of Japan
List of Emperors of Japan
Imperial cult
Notes
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 後一条天皇 (68)
^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 74.
^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 307–310; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 195-196; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 156–159., p. 156, at Google Books
^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
^ Varley, p. 195
^ Titsingh, p. 156; Brown, p. 307.
^ Titsingh, p. 156; Brown, p. 309.
^ Titsingh, p. 154.
^ Titsingh, pp. 155–156; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
^ Brown, pp. 308–309; Varley, p. 195.
^ a b c Brown, p. 310.
^ Titsingh, p. 156.
^ a b Titsingh, p. 157.
^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
^ a b c Brown, p. 308-309.
^ a b c d e f g Brown, p. 309.
^ Titsingh, p. 156-159; Brown, p. 310.
^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
References
Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor Sanjō
Emperor of Japan:Go-Ichijō 1016–1036
Succeeded byEmperor Go-Suzaku
vte Emperors of Japan (list)LegendaryJōmon660 BC–291 BC
Jimmu
Suizei
Annei
Itoku
Kōshō
Kōan
Yayoi290 BC–269 AD
Kōrei
Kōgen
Kaika
Sujin
Suinin
Keikō
Seimu
Chūai
Jingū*
YamatoKofun269–539
Ōjin
Nintoku
Richū
Hanzei
Ingyō
Ankō
Yūryaku
Seinei
Kenzō
Ninken
Buretsu
Keitai
Ankan
Senka
Asuka539–710
Kinmei
Bidatsu
Yōmei
Sushun
Suiko
Jomei
Kōgyoku
Kōtoku
Saimei
Tenji
Kōbun
Tenmu
Jitō
Monmu
Genmei
Nara710–794
Genmei
Genshō
Shōmu
Kōken
Junnin
Shōtoku
Kōnin
Kanmu
Heian794–1185
Kanmu
Heizei
Saga
Junna
Ninmyō
Montoku
Seiwa
Yōzei
Kōkō
Uda
Daigo
Suzaku
Murakami
Reizei
En'yū
Kazan
Ichijō
Sanjō
Go-Ichijō
Go-Suzaku
Go-Reizei
Go-Sanjō
Shirakawa
Horikawa
Toba
Sutoku
Konoe
Go-Shirakawa
Nijō
Rokujō
Takakura
Antoku
Go-Toba
Kamakura1185–1333
Go-Toba
Tsuchimikado
Juntoku
Chūkyō
Go-Horikawa
Shijō
Go-Saga
Go-Fukakusa
Kameyama
Go-Uda
Fushimi
Go-Fushimi
Go-Nijō
Hanazono
Go-Daigo
Northern Court1333–1392
Kōgon
Kōmyō
Sukō
Go-Kōgon
Go-En'yū
Go-Komatsu
Muromachi1333–1573
Go-Murakami
Chōkei
Go-Kameyama
Go-Komatsu
Shōkō
Go-Hanazono
Go-Tsuchimikado
Go-Kashiwabara
Go-Nara
Ōgimachi
Azuchi-Momoyama1573–1603
Ōgimachi
Go-Yōzei
Edo1603–1868
Go-Yōzei
Go-Mizunoo
Meishō
Go-Kōmyō
Go-Sai
Reigen
Higashiyama
Nakamikado
Sakuramachi
Momozono
Go-Sakuramachi
Go-Momozono
Kōkaku
Ninkō
Kōmei
Meiji
Empire of Japan1868–1947
Meiji
Taishō
Shōwa
Japan1947–present
Shōwa
Akihito
Naruhito
Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD * Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed.
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenn%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunaicho-1"},{"link_name":"order of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ichijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D"}],"text":"Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条天皇, Go-Ichijō-tennō, October 12, 1008 – May 15, 1036) was the 68th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]Go-Ichijō's reign spanned the years from 1016 through 1036.[3]This 11th century sovereign was named after his father, Emperor Ichijō, and go- (後), translates literally as \"later;\" and thus, he is sometimes called the \"Later Emperor Ichijō\", or, in some older sources, may be identified as \"Emperor Ichijō, the second.\"","title":"Emperor Go-Ichijō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysanthemum Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne"},{"link_name":"imina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ichijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)[4] was Atsuhira -shinnō (敦成親王).[5] He was also known as Atsunari-shinnō.[6]Atsuhira was the second son of Emperor Ichijō. His mother, Fujiwara no Akiko/Shōshi (藤原彰子) (988–1074), was a daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga. In her later years, Ichijō's chūgo consort was known as Jōtō-mon In (上東門院).[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chōwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwa"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"first cousin once removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cousin_once_removed"},{"link_name":"Emperor Sanjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Sanj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"sesshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b310-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Iwashimizu Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwashimizu_Shrine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t157-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t157-13"},{"link_name":"Chōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b310-11"},{"link_name":"grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_(burial)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunaicho-1"},{"link_name":"memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Atsuhira-shinnō was used as a pawn in Imperial court politics when he was only a child.1012 (Chōwa 1, 8th month): Prince Atsuhira marries a daughter of sesshō and later kampaku Fujiwara no Michinaga.[8]Atsuhira became emperor at the age of 8, upon the abdication of his first cousin once removed, Emperor Sanjō.March 10, 1016 (Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 5th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign (三条天皇五年), he abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by a cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[9]During the initial years of Go-Ichijō's reign, Fujiwara no Michinaga actually ruled from his position as sesshō (regent).[10]June 5, 1017 (Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Sanjō died at the age of 41.[11]\n1017 (Kannin 1, 8th month): Prince Atsuakira, the eldest son of Emperor Sanjo, had been named Crown Prince. But after he is struck by a skin disease and intense pressure from Michinaga; he withdrew from this role and his younger brother, Prince Atsunaga, was named Crown Prince in his place.[12]\n1017 (Kannin 1, 9th month): Michinaga made a pilgrimage to the Iwashimizu Shrine accompanied by many courtiers. The travelers divided themselves amongst 15 boats for a floating trip down the Yotogawa River. One of the vessels overturned, and more than 30 people lost their lives.[13]\n1017 (Kannin 1, 12th month): Michinaga was elevated to the office of Daijō-Diajin.[13]\nMay 15, 1036 (Chōgen 9, 17th day of the 4th month): Emperor Go-Ichijō died at the age of 27.[11]The actual site of Go-Ichijō's grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Go-Ichijō's mausoleum. It is formally named Bodaijuin no misasagi.[14]","title":"Events of Go-Ichijō's life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kugyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Daijō-kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan"},{"link_name":"Sesshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b308-309-15"},{"link_name":"Sesshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara Yorimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_Yorimichi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Kampaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaku"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Daijō-daijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b308-309-15"},{"link_name":"Daijō-daijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Sadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaijin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b308-309-15"},{"link_name":"Sadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaijin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Sadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaijin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Udaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaijin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Nadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadaijin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b309-16"},{"link_name":"Dainagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon"}],"sub_title":"Kugyō","text":"Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Ichijō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:Sesshō, Fujiwara Michinaga, 966–1027.[15]\nSesshō, Fujiwara Yorimichi, 992–1074.[16]\nKampaku, Fujiwara Yorimichi.[16]\nDaijō-daijin, Fujiwara Michinaga.[15]\nDaijō-daijin, Kan'in Kinsue, 956–1029.[16]\nSadaijin, Fujiwara Michinaga.[15]\nSadaijin, Fujiwara Akimitsu, 944–1021.[16]\nSadaijin, Fujiwara Yorimichi.[16]\nUdaijin, Fujiwara Sanesuke, 957–1046.[16]\nNadaijin, Fujiwara Norimichi, 997–1075.[16]\nDainagon","title":"Events of Go-Ichijō's life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_names"},{"link_name":"nengō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neng%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chōwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwa"},{"link_name":"Kannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannin"},{"link_name":"Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian_(era)"},{"link_name":"Manju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manju_(era)"},{"link_name":"Chōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen"}],"text":"The years of Go-Ichijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[17]Chōwa (1012–1017)\nKannin (1017–1021)\nJian (1021–1024)\nManju (1024–1028)\nChōgen (1028–1037)","title":"Eras of Go-Ichijō's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Emperor_Goichijo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b310-11"},{"link_name":"Chūgū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Ishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Ishi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"Shōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sh%C5%8Dshi_(1027%E2%80%931105)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Reizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei"},{"link_name":"Imperial Princess Kaoruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Kaoruko"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Sanjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sanj%C5%8D"}],"text":"Tomb of Emperor Go-Ichijō and one of his daughters, KyotoGo-Ichijō had one Empress and two Imperial daughters.[11]Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原威子; 999–1036), Fujiwara no Michinaga’s third daughterFirst Daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko/Shōshi (章子内親王) later Nijō-In (二条院), Empress (chūgū) to Emperor Go-Reizei\nSecond Daughter: Imperial Princess Kaoruko/Keishi (馨子内親王; 1029–1093) later Saien-no Kogo (西院皇后), Empress (chūgū) to Emperor Go-Sanjō","title":"Consort and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-descent-18"},{"link_name":"Emperor Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Murakami"},{"link_name":"Emperor En'yū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_En%27y%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Anshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Anshi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ichijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kaneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Senshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E8%A9%AE%E5%AD%90"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tokihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%99%82%E5%A7%AB"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kaneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tokihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E6%99%82%E5%A7%AB"},{"link_name":"Empress Shōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Masanobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Masanobu"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Rinshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E5%80%AB%E5%AD%90"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Bokushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E7%A9%86%E5%AD%90"}],"text":"Ancestors of Emperor Go-Ichijō[18] 8. Emperor Murakami (926–967) 4. Emperor En'yū (959–991) 9. Fujiwara no Anshi (927–964) 2. Emperor Ichijō (980–1011) 10. Fujiwara no Kaneie (929–990) (=12) 5. Fujiwara no Senshi (962–1002) 11. Fujiwara no Tokihime (d. 980) (=13) 1. Emperor Go-Ichijō 12. Fujiwara no Kaneie (929–990) (=10) 6. Fujiwara no Michinaga (966–1028) 13. Fujiwara no Tokihime (d. 980) (=11) 3. Empress Shōshi (988–1074) 14. Minamoto no Masanobu (920–993) 7. Minamoto no Rinshi (964–1053) 15. Fujiwara no Bokushi (931–1016)","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg"},{"link_name":"Japanese Imperial kamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kunaicho_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kunaicho_1-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"後一条天皇 (68)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/068/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156"},{"link_name":"Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 156–159.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jomei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jomei"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Emperor Tenji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Tenji"},{"link_name":"Jitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jit%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Yōzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dzei"},{"link_name":"Go-Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba"},{"link_name":"Fushimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Murakami"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b310_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b310_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b310_11-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t157_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t157_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b308-309_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b308-309_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b308-309_15-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-b309_16-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-descent_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Genealogy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp068"}],"text":"Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 後一条天皇 (68)\n\n^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 74.\n\n^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 307–310; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 195-196; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 156–159., p. 156, at Google Books\n\n^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.\n\n^ Varley, p. 195\n\n^ Titsingh, p. 156; Brown, p. 307.\n\n^ Titsingh, p. 156; Brown, p. 309.\n\n^ Titsingh, p. 154.\n\n^ Titsingh, pp. 155–156; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.\n\n^ Brown, pp. 308–309; Varley, p. 195.\n\n^ a b c Brown, p. 310.\n\n^ Titsingh, p. 156.\n\n^ a b Titsingh, p. 157.\n\n^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.\n\n^ a b c Brown, p. 308-309.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Brown, p. 309.\n\n^ Titsingh, p. 156-159; Brown, p. 310.\n\n^ \"Genealogy\". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Tomb of Emperor Go-Ichijō and one of his daughters, Kyoto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tomb_of_Emperor_Goichijo.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Emperor_Goichijo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"title":"List of Emperors of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan"},{"title":"Imperial cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult"}] | [{"reference":"\"Genealogy\". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp068","url_text":"\"Genealogy\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/068/index.html","external_links_name":"後一条天皇 (68)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 156–159."},{"Link":"https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp068","external_links_name":"\"Genealogy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho","external_links_name":"Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323","external_links_name":"OCLC 251325323"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan","external_links_name":"The Imperial House of Japan."},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887","external_links_name":"OCLC 194887"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran","external_links_name":"Annales des empereurs du Japon."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691","external_links_name":"OCLC 5850691"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842","external_links_name":"OCLC 59145842"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1684164/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000047254199","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66256145","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVTwWW7pcqdj38BM3wC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007101611","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01100848","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutadgu_Bilig | Kutadgu Bilig | ["1 Author","2 Text","2.1 History","2.2 Language","2.3 Style","2.4 Content","2.5 Influences","3 Selected Online Resources","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography"] | 11th century work written by Yūsuf Balasaguni
Kutadgu Bilig Kutadgu Bilig written in the Old Uyghur script (15th century, on the 4th line, the basmala is written in the Arabic script)AuthorYusuf Khass HajibLanguageKarakhanidGenrePoetry, Mirrors for princesPublication date11th centuryPublication placeKyrgyzstan
The Kutadgu Bilig or Qutadğu Bilig (/kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk/; Middle Turkic: ) is an 11th-century work written by Yūsuf Balasaguni for the prince of Kashgar. The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings and practices with regard to quite a few topics and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
Author
At several points throughout the Kutadgu Bilig, the author talks some about himself; from this we know a certain amount about him.
The author of the Kutadgu Bilig was named Yūsuf and was born in Balasagun, which at the time was the winter capital of the Karakhanid empire and was located near present-day Tokmok in Kyrgyzstan. He was about 50 years old when he completed the Kutadgu Bilig and upon presenting the completed work to the prince of Kashgar, was awarded the title Khāṣṣ Ḥājib (خاص حاجب), translating as something like "Privy Chamberlain" or "Privy Councilor". He is often referred to as Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib.
Some scholars suspect that the prologue to the Kutadgu Bilig, which is much more overtly Islamic than the rest of the text, was written by a different author—particularly the first prologue, which is in prose, unlike the rest of the text.
Text
History
The Kutadgu Bilig was written in 1069-1070 and presented to Tavghach Bughra Khan, the prince of Kashgar. It was well known through the Timurid era (Dankoff, 3), but only three manuscripts—referred to by the name of the city they were discovered in—survived to give us our modern knowledge of the text:
The Vienna manuscript is written in the 8th century. TURK DIL KURUMU,(I. N. Dilman),Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim,Viyana Nushasi,Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi,Istanbul,1942.
TURK DIL KURUMU, Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim, Fergana Nushasi, Istanbul, Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi, 1943.
TURK DIL KURUMU, Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim, Misir Nushasi, Istanbul, Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi, 1943.
Language
The Kutadgu Bilig is written in a Karluk language known as the "Karakhanid language" but often simply referred to as "Middle Turkic". It's similar to the language of the Orkhon inscriptions, in Old Turkic, but in addition to the Turkic base, has a large influx of Persian vocabulary. Aside from specific vocabulary from Arabic and Persian, Dankoff mentions a good number of calques in the language of the Kutadgu Bilig from Persian.
One of the features of the language of Karakhanid is that its 3rd person imperative always has /s/ instead of /z/ and around half of the Brahmi instances are not -zUn but -sUn. This is often rendered as sU in Kutadgu Bilig:
kutadsu atı bersü iki cihân
May he be happy, may his name spread to the two worlds
——Kutadgu Bilig 88
bayat ok bolu bersü arka yölek
May Allah become your pillar
——Kutadgu Bilig 90
tuta bersü teŋri bu taht birle baht
May God bring you happiness too
——Kutadgu Bilig 92
The following is the excerpt from the Kutadgu Bilig; the first column is the text in the original (Karluk or Middle Turkic) language, but transliterated into Turkish (Latin) letters. Second column is the text's Turkish translation, while the third one is its English translation.
Text in original Turkic language:
Bayat atı birle sözüg başladım, törütgen egidgen keçürgen idim
Üküş ögdi birle tümen miŋ senâ, uğan bir bayatka aŋar yok fenâ
Yağız yer yaşıl kök kün ay birle tün, törütti halâyık öd üdlek bu kün
Tiledi törütti bu bolmış kamuğ, bir ök bol tedi boldı kolmış kamuğ
Kamuğ barça muŋluğ törütülmişi, muŋı yok idi bir aŋar yok eşi
Ay erklig uğan meŋü muŋsuz bayat, yaramaz seniŋdin adınka bu at
Uluğluk saŋa ol bedüklük saŋa, seniŋdin adın yok saŋa tuş teŋe
Aya ber birikmez saŋa bir adın, kamuğ aşnuda sen sen öŋdün kedin
Turkish translation:
Yaratan, yetiştiren ve göçüren rabbim olan Tanrının adı ile söze başladım.
Kâdir ve bir olan Tanrıya çok hamd ve binlerce sena olsun; Onun için fânilik yoktur.
Kara yer ile mavi göğü, Güneş ile Ayı, gece ile gündüzü, zaman ile zamaneyi ve mahlûkları O yarattı.
İstedi ve bütün bu varlıkları yarattı; bir kere: — "ol!"— dedi, bütün diledikleri oldu.
Bütün bu yaratılmış olanlar Ona muhtaçtır; muhtaç olmayan yalnız Tanrıdır; Onun eşi yoktur.
Ey kuvvetli, kâdir, ebedî ve müstağni olan Tanrı, Senden başkasına bu ad yakışmaz.
Ululuk ve büyüklük Sana mahsustur; Sana eş ve denk olan başka biri yoktur.
Ey bir olan Tanrı, bir başkası Sana şirk koşulamaz; başta her şeyden evvel ve sonda her şeyden sonra Sensin.
English translation:
I started with the name of God, my Lord, who created, cultivated and moved.
Praise be to God, who is Powerful and one and only; there is no fraud for Him.
He created the dark earth and the blue sky, the Sun and the Moon, the night and the day, the time and all creatures.
He wanted and created all these beings; Once: - "Be!" - He said, everything He wanted came to fruition.
All these creatures need Him; the only one who does not need anything is God; He has no equal.
God, who is mighty, powerful, eternal and our master, this name does not suit anyone else than You.
Greatness belongs to You; There is no one who can match You or be equal to You.
O only God, no one can reach You; You are the first ahead of everything and last behind everything.
Despite the prevalence of Islamic wisdom from hadiths and the Qurʻān, Persian calques and Arabic and Persian vocabulary, there are no specific references to Islamic texts, nor are Arabic and Persian words used for Islamic concepts. This strengthens the argument that Islam came into Central Asia through wandering Sufis.
Style
The author of the Kutadgu Bilig used the Arabic mutaqārib metre, consisting of couplets of two rhyming 11-syllable lines, often broken down further—the first six syllables forming the first group in each line and the last five syllables forming another group. This is the earliest known application of this metre to a Turkic language.
The original metre is composed of preceding short and long vowels:
Vowel 1
Vowel 2
Vowel 3
short
long
long
short
long
long
short
long
long
short
long
Since Turkic language did not differentiate between short and long vowels, he transformed them to open and close syllables, for example:
Vowel 1
Vowel 2
Vowel 3
ya(open)
ġiz (close)
yir(close)
yı(open)
par(close)
tol(close)
dı(open)
kaf(close)
ur(close)
ki(open)
tip(close)
be(open)
zen(close)
mek(close)
ti(open)
ler(close)
dun(close)
ya(open)
kör(close)
kin(close)
i(open)
tip(close)
(The snow molten, the earth full of fragrance, taking off the winter clothes, the world is in new elegance.
——Kutadgu Bilig·Volume 4·2)
Content
The Kutadgu Bilig is structured around the relations between four main characters, each representing an abstract principle (overtly stated by the author). Dankoff summarises the specifics nicely in the form of a chart (Dankoff, 3):
Name
Translation
Occupation
Principle
küntoğdı
"the sun has risen" / Rising Sun
king
Justice
aytoldı
"the moon is full" / Full Moon
vizier
Fortune
ögdülmiş
"praised" / Highly Praised
sage
Intellect (or Wisdom)
oðğurmış
"awakened" / Wide Awake
Dervish
Man's Last End
Influences
Dankoff suggests that the author of the Kutadgu Bilig was attempting to reconcile the Irano-Islamic and Turkic wisdom traditions present among the Karakhanids, the former with urban roots and the latter with nomadic roots. Certainly the recent move from a more nomadic way of life changed the requirements for a good leader; the Kutadgu Bilig's agenda does appear to include instruction for how to be a good leader. In addition, the author of the Kutadgu Bilig states in the text that he was trying to make a Turkic version of something like the Shāh-nāmeh.
Islamic and pre-Islamic strife poems, found in Arabic and Persian literature,
Aytış, responsive song competition between two opponents found today among the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz,
Askiya, a similar style of song competition found today among the Uzbeks,
Songs between boys and girls, such as Uzbek lapar and Kazakh bedil songs,
Wedding songs such as Uzbek yor-yor and Kazakh jar-jar
Aside from the Irano-Islamic and Turkic influences, Dankoff posits some amount of Greek and Buddhist influence on the text.
Selected Online Resources
Kutadgu Bilig Complete Text
Robert Dankoff — includes bibliography
http://aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp at the Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative — includes scanned copies of the Kutadgu Bilig in various languages
Kutluk Veren Bilgi ve Ağustos'a Giden Yol Archived 2012-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, H. B. Paksoy, D.Phil., Ottoman Studies, posted by Anonym, 26 August
文化精粹之福乐智慧
Gokmen Durmus — Upenn Master's Thesis on Turkish Wisdom
See also
Turkish literature
Mirrors for princes
Kut (mythology)
Notes
^ Meaning The Wisdom which brings Happiness, The Wisdom that Conduces to Royal Glory or Fortune or more concisely Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune.
References
Citations
^ (Dankoff, 1)
^ Sir Gerard Clauson, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish, Oxford, 1972, p597
^ Dankoff, 2
^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 31 December 1987. p. 911. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
^ Çetin, Altan (2022). Kutadgu Bilig'in Kavram Dünyası : Türkistanlılığın değer zemini (in Turkish) (1. ed.). İstanbul: Post Yayınevi. p. 15. ISBN 9786258143065.
^ Balasaguni, Yusuf. "Kutadgu Bilig".
Bibliography
Robert Dankoff — Yusuf Khass Hajib, Wisdom of Royal Glory (Kutadgu Bilig): A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes, translated, with an introduction and notes, by Robert Dankoff. University of Chicago Press, 1983. Pp. 281
vteMaturidi school of Sunni theologyMaturidi scholars3rd AH/9th AD
Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 268 AH)
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)
Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)
Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)
Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)
4th AH/10th AD
Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)
Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)
Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)
Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)
Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)
Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)
5th AH/11th AD
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)
Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)
Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)
Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)
Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH)
Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)
6th AH/12th AD
Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)
Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)
Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)
Baba Farid (d. 664 AH)
Rumi (d. 671 AH)
Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)
7th AH/13th AD
Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH)
Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)
Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)
Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)
Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)
Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)
8th AH/14th AD
Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)
Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)
'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)
Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)
Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)
Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)
Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)
Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH)
Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)
'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)
Mehmed II (d. 886 AH)
Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)
9th AH/15th AD
Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)
Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)
Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH)
Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)
Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)
Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)
Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)
Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)
10th AH/16th AD
Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)
'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)
Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)
Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)
Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)
'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)
Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)
'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)
Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)
Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)
Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)
Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)
11th AH/17th AD
Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)
Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)
Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)
Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)
Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)
İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)
Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)
12th AH/18th AD
Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)
Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)
Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)
Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)
Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)
Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)
Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)
Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)
Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)
Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)
Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)
'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)
13th AH/19th AD
'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)
Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)
Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)
Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)
Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)
Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)
Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)
Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)
Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)
Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)
Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)
Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)
Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)
Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)
Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)
Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)
Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)
Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)
Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)
Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)
Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)
Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH)
Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)
Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)
14th AH/20th AD
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)
Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)
Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Husein Kavazović
Salah Mezhiev
Theology books
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See also
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
2020 International Maturidi Conference
Ahl al-Ra'y
Kalam
Tawhid
Gedimu
Firangi Mahal
Deobandi
Barelvi
Maturidi-related templates
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Islamic theology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"/kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Middle Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"[qʊtɑðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Yūsuf Balasaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"}],"text":"The Kutadgu Bilig[a] or Qutadğu Bilig (/kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk/; Middle Turkic: [qʊtɑðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ]) is an 11th-century work written by Yūsuf Balasaguni for the prince of Kashgar. The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings and practices with regard to quite a few topics and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Kara-Khanid Khanate.","title":"Kutadgu Bilig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balasagun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasagun"},{"link_name":"Tokmok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokmok"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"}],"text":"At several points throughout the Kutadgu Bilig, the author talks some about himself; from this we know a certain amount about him.The author of the Kutadgu Bilig was named Yūsuf and was born in Balasagun, which at the time was the winter capital of the Karakhanid empire and was located near present-day Tokmok in Kyrgyzstan. He was about 50 years old when he completed the Kutadgu Bilig and upon presenting the completed work to the prince of Kashgar, was awarded the title Khāṣṣ Ḥājib (خاص حاجب), translating as something like \"Privy Chamberlain\" or \"Privy Councilor\".[3] He is often referred to as Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib.[4]Some scholars suspect that the prologue to the Kutadgu Bilig, which is much more overtly Islamic than the rest of the text, was written by a different author—particularly the first prologue, which is in prose, unlike the rest of the text.","title":"Author"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The Kutadgu Bilig was written in 1069-1070[5] and presented to Tavghach Bughra Khan, the prince of Kashgar. It was well known through the Timurid era (Dankoff, 3), but only three manuscripts—referred to by the name of the city they were discovered in—survived to give us our modern knowledge of the text:The Vienna manuscript is written in the 8th century. TURK DIL KURUMU,(I. N. Dilman),Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim,Viyana Nushasi,Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi,Istanbul,1942.\nTURK DIL KURUMU, Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim, Fergana Nushasi, Istanbul, Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi, 1943.\nTURK DIL KURUMU, Kutadgu Bilig Tipkibasim, Misir Nushasi, Istanbul, Alaeddin Kiral Basimevi, 1943.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karluk language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_languages"},{"link_name":"Karakhanid language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakhanid_language"},{"link_name":"Orkhon inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Old Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_language"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"calques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hadiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Qurʻān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Sufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The Kutadgu Bilig is written in a Karluk language known as the \"Karakhanid language\" but often simply referred to as \"Middle Turkic\". It's similar to the language of the Orkhon inscriptions, in Old Turkic, but in addition to the Turkic base, has a large influx of Persian vocabulary. Aside from specific vocabulary from Arabic and Persian, Dankoff mentions a good number of calques in the language of the Kutadgu Bilig from Persian.One of the features of the language of Karakhanid is that its 3rd person imperative always has /s/ instead of /z/ and around half of the Brahmi instances are not -zUn but -sUn. This is often rendered as sU in Kutadgu Bilig:kutadsu atı bersü iki cihân\nMay he be happy, may his name spread to the two worlds\n——Kutadgu Bilig 88bayat ok bolu bersü arka yölek\nMay Allah become your pillar\n——Kutadgu Bilig 90tuta bersü teŋri bu taht birle baht\nMay God bring you happiness too\n——Kutadgu Bilig 92The following is the excerpt from the Kutadgu Bilig; the first column is the text in the original (Karluk or Middle Turkic) language, but transliterated into Turkish (Latin) letters. Second column is the text's Turkish translation,[6] while the third one is its English translation.Text in original Turkic language:\nBayat atı birle sözüg başladım, törütgen egidgen keçürgen idim\nÜküş ögdi birle tümen miŋ senâ, uğan bir bayatka aŋar yok fenâ\nYağız yer yaşıl kök kün ay birle tün, törütti halâyık öd üdlek bu kün\nTiledi törütti bu bolmış kamuğ, bir ök bol tedi boldı kolmış kamuğ\nKamuğ barça muŋluğ törütülmişi, muŋı yok idi bir aŋar yok eşi\nAy erklig uğan meŋü muŋsuz bayat, yaramaz seniŋdin adınka bu at\nUluğluk saŋa ol bedüklük saŋa, seniŋdin adın yok saŋa tuş teŋe\nAya ber birikmez saŋa bir adın, kamuğ aşnuda sen sen öŋdün kedin\n\n\n\n\nTurkish translation:\nYaratan, yetiştiren ve göçüren rabbim olan Tanrının adı ile söze başladım.\nKâdir ve bir olan Tanrıya çok hamd ve binlerce sena olsun; Onun için fânilik yoktur.\nKara yer ile mavi göğü, Güneş ile Ayı, gece ile gündüzü, zaman ile zamaneyi ve mahlûkları O yarattı.\nİstedi ve bütün bu varlıkları yarattı; bir kere: — \"ol!\"— dedi, bütün diledikleri oldu.\nBütün bu yaratılmış olanlar Ona muhtaçtır; muhtaç olmayan yalnız Tanrıdır; Onun eşi yoktur.\nEy kuvvetli, kâdir, ebedî ve müstağni olan Tanrı, Senden başkasına bu ad yakışmaz.\nUluluk ve büyüklük Sana mahsustur; Sana eş ve denk olan başka biri yoktur.\nEy bir olan Tanrı, bir başkası Sana şirk koşulamaz; başta her şeyden evvel ve sonda her şeyden sonra Sensin.\n\n\n\n\nEnglish translation:\nI started with the name of God, my Lord, who created, cultivated and moved.\nPraise be to God, who is Powerful and one and only; there is no fraud for Him.\nHe created the dark earth and the blue sky, the Sun and the Moon, the night and the day, the time and all creatures.\nHe wanted and created all these beings; Once: - \"Be!\" - He said, everything He wanted came to fruition.\nAll these creatures need Him; the only one who does not need anything is God; He has no equal.\nGod, who is mighty, powerful, eternal and our master, this name does not suit anyone else than You.\nGreatness belongs to You; There is no one who can match You or be equal to You.\nO only God, no one can reach You; You are the first ahead of everything and last behind everything.Despite the prevalence of Islamic wisdom from hadiths and the Qurʻān, Persian calques and Arabic and Persian vocabulary, there are no specific references to Islamic texts, nor are Arabic and Persian words used for Islamic concepts. This strengthens the argument that Islam came into Central Asia through wandering Sufis.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutaqārib metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_prosody"}],"sub_title":"Style","text":"The author of the Kutadgu Bilig used the Arabic mutaqārib metre, consisting of couplets of two rhyming 11-syllable lines, often broken down further—the first six syllables forming the first group in each line and the last five syllables forming another group. This is the earliest known application of this metre to a Turkic language.\nThe original metre is composed of preceding short and long vowels:Since Turkic language did not differentiate between short and long vowels, he transformed them to open and close syllables, for example:(The snow molten, the earth full of fragrance, taking off the winter clothes, the world is in new elegance.——Kutadgu Bilig·Volume 4·2)","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Content","text":"The Kutadgu Bilig is structured around the relations between four main characters, each representing an abstract principle (overtly stated by the author). Dankoff summarises the specifics nicely in the form of a chart (Dankoff, 3):","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic"},{"link_name":"Shāh-nāmeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh"},{"link_name":"strife poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strife_poems&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aytış","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayt%C4%B1%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Kazakhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people"},{"link_name":"Askiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askiya"},{"link_name":"Uzbeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"lapar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bedil songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedil_songs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"yor-yor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yor-yor"},{"link_name":"jar-jar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jar-jar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"Dankoff suggests that the author of the Kutadgu Bilig was attempting to reconcile the Irano-Islamic and Turkic wisdom traditions present among the Karakhanids, the former with urban roots and the latter with nomadic roots. Certainly the recent move from a more nomadic way of life changed the requirements for a good leader; the Kutadgu Bilig's agenda does appear to include instruction for how to be a good leader. In addition, the author of the Kutadgu Bilig states in the text that he was trying to make a Turkic version of something like the Shāh-nāmeh.Islamic and pre-Islamic strife poems, found in Arabic and Persian literature,\nAytış, responsive song competition between two opponents found today among the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz,\nAskiya, a similar style of song competition found today among the Uzbeks,\nSongs between boys and girls, such as Uzbek lapar and Kazakh bedil songs,\nWedding songs such as Uzbek yor-yor and Kazakh jar-jarAside from the Irano-Islamic and Turkic influences, Dankoff posits some amount of Greek and Buddhist influence on the text.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kutadgu Bilig Complete Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kutadgubilig.appspot.com/"},{"link_name":"Robert Dankoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051130095218/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/nelc/facultypages/dankoff/"},{"link_name":"http://aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp"},{"link_name":"Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uysal%E2%80%93Walker_Archive_of_Turkish_Oral_Narrative"},{"link_name":"Kutluk Veren Bilgi ve Ağustos'a Giden Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240326"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120602092010/http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240326"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"文化精粹之福乐智慧","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304080231/http://www.cxma.cn/people/whjc-fulezh.htm"},{"link_name":"Gokmen Durmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/2917779/Wisdom_Lessons_From_Turkish_Literature_to_Managers_and_Leaders_Turk_Edebiyatindan_Yoneticilere_ve_Liderlere_Bilgelik_Dersleri/"}],"text":"Kutadgu Bilig Complete Text\nRobert Dankoff — includes bibliography\nhttp://aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp at the Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative — includes scanned copies of the Kutadgu Bilig in various languages\nKutluk Veren Bilgi ve Ağustos'a Giden Yol Archived 2012-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, H. B. Paksoy, D.Phil., Ottoman Studies, posted by Anonym, 26 August\n文化精粹之福乐智慧\nGokmen Durmus — Upenn Master's Thesis on Turkish Wisdom","title":"Selected Online Resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ Meaning The Wisdom which brings Happiness, The Wisdom that Conduces to Royal Glory or Fortune[1] or more concisely Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune.[2]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Turkish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature"},{"title":"Mirrors for princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes"},{"title":"Kut (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_(mythology)"}] | [{"reference":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 31 December 1987. p. 911. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA911","url_text":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4","url_text":"90-04-08265-4"}]},{"reference":"Çetin, Altan (2022). Kutadgu Bilig'in Kavram Dünyası : Türkistanlılığın değer zemini (in Turkish) (1. ed.). İstanbul: Post Yayınevi. p. 15. ISBN 9786258143065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Yay%C4%B1nevi&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Post Yayınevi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786258143065","url_text":"9786258143065"}]},{"reference":"Balasaguni, Yusuf. \"Kutadgu Bilig\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kutadgubilig.appspot.com/i.html","url_text":"\"Kutadgu Bilig\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://kutadgubilig.appspot.com/","external_links_name":"Kutadgu Bilig Complete Text"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051130095218/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/nelc/facultypages/dankoff/","external_links_name":"Robert Dankoff"},{"Link":"http://aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp","external_links_name":"http://aton.ttu.edu/kilavuzlar.asp"},{"Link":"http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240326","external_links_name":"Kutluk Veren Bilgi ve Ağustos'a Giden Yol"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120602092010/http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240326","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080231/http://www.cxma.cn/people/whjc-fulezh.htm","external_links_name":"文化精粹之福乐智慧"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/2917779/Wisdom_Lessons_From_Turkish_Literature_to_Managers_and_Leaders_Turk_Edebiyatindan_Yoneticilere_ve_Liderlere_Bilgelik_Dersleri/","external_links_name":"Gokmen Durmus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA911","external_links_name":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936"},{"Link":"https://kutadgubilig.appspot.com/i.html","external_links_name":"\"Kutadgu Bilig\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Briggs_Jr. | Walter Briggs Jr. | ["1 Owner of Detroit Tigers (1952–1956)","1.1 On the field: Rebuilding","1.2 Off the field: Torturous sale process","2 References"] | Spike BriggsBornWalter Owen Briggs Jr.(1912-01-20)January 20, 1912Detroit, Michigan, U.S.DiedJuly 3, 1970(1970-07-03) (aged 58)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.OccupationBaseball executiveParentWalter Briggs Sr.
Walter Owen "Spike" Briggs Jr. (January 20, 1912 – July 3, 1970) was an American Major League Baseball executive. He was the owner of the Detroit Tigers for five seasons following the death of his father, industrialist Walter Briggs Sr., in 1952.
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Briggs was educated at Canterbury School and graduated from Georgetown University in 1934. He joined the family business, Briggs Manufacturing Company (maker of automobile bodies), and interrupted his business career to serve as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He also had become a vice president of the Tigers before the war.
Owner of Detroit Tigers (1952–1956)
On the field: Rebuilding
Walter Briggs Sr.'s death on January 17, 1952, occurred as the Tigers were entering one of the lower points in their five-decade-old history. The 1951 team had finished a disappointing 73–81, in fifth place and 25 games behind the New York Yankees. But the 1952 edition fared even worse, losing 104 games, and finishing eighth and last in the American League—the first time the Tigers had ever reached those dubious milestones since entering the league in 1901.
Four seasons of decided improvement followed, until the 1956 squad won 82 games under manager Bucky Harris. During that time, future Baseball Hall of Famers Al Kaline and Jim Bunning and eight-year All-Star Harvey Kuenn made their debuts.
Off the field: Torturous sale process
However, the senior Briggs' passing also triggered a four-year process that ultimately forced a sale of the team during 1956. Ownership of the Tigers passed in 1952 into a trust for Spike Briggs and his three sisters, with Briggs and the Detroit Bank & Trust Company named as executors. However, Detroit Bank & Trust persuaded a court to order the Tigers sold, believing it was "not a prudent investment" for Walter Sr.'s grandchildren. Spike Briggs made multiple attempts to organize an ownership group to purchase the Tigers from the trust. One group, which included Henry Ford II, broke apart before making a bid.
In September 1955, Briggs assembled a syndicate which included Tiger great and Baseball Hall of Famer Charlie Gehringer that bid $3.5 million to buy the Tigers from the trust; Spike Briggs held 46 percent of the syndicate's shares. However, his four sisters balked at selling the team to their brother due to concern about his hard living, particularly his heavy drinking. Their decision created a rift in the family, and opened up a bidding process which saw a group of 11 Michigan businessmen, led by radio executives John Fetzer and Fred Knorr, purchase the Tigers for $5.2 million in July 1956, with the sale due to close October 1. The sale represented a handsome return on Walter Sr.'s purchase of his stake in the Tigers in 1919; he became a full partner with longtime owner Frank Navin in 1927 and full owner upon Navin's death in 1935. But, during the summer of 1956, Spike Briggs made headlines from his scathing criticism of his team, manager Harris, and the Tiger coaching staff. His outburst drove one of Harris' coaches, Joe Gordon, also a future Hall of Famer, to immediately resign. (He would return to briefly manage Detroit in August and September of 1960).
Knorr and Fetzer had promised to retain Briggs if their bid was successful. Accordingly, when the Knorr/Fetzer group closed on their purchase, they named Briggs executive vice president, and prior to the 1957 campaign, he also became general manager. Despite this, a clash between the boisterous Briggs and the more restrained Fetzer was inevitable. Fetzer forced Briggs' resignation from both posts in April 1957, after Briggs clashed with the board over the choice of Harris' successor in the Bengal dugout. His tenure as owner and general manager saw the continuation of the Tigers' policy of enforcing the baseball color line; when the team fielded its first black player, Ozzie Virgil Sr., on June 6, 1958, it became the 15h of the then-16 MLB teams to integrate its playing roster.
Briggs died at age 58 in Detroit after a prolonged period of ill health. He was survived by his wife, three children, sisters, and 13 grandchildren. One of his brothers-in-law was United States Senator Philip Hart.
References
^ a b Walter O. Briggs: Owned the Tigers (obituary), The New York Times, The Associated Press (3 July 1970)
^ Retrosheet: Detroit Tigers franchise history
^ a b Harrigan, Patrick Joseph (1997), The Detroit Tigers: Club and Community, 1945–1995. Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press, pages 74–77. ISBN 0-8020-0934-4
^ a b c d Hawkins, Jim, and Ewald, Dan; with Van Husen, George (2003), The Detroit Tigers Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC, page 92. ISBN 1-58261-222-6
^ Tiger Stadium at ParksOfBaseball.com
^ "Scoreboard". Time magazine. May 6, 1957. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2014. Tossed out at home: the Detroit Tigers' Walter ("Spike") Briggs Jr. A man with a tiger by the tail ever since he inherited the team from his father, Spike tried hard not to let go. When the courts ordered him to sell, he talked the new owners into keeping him on as executive vice president and general manager, but last week his resignation was 'accepted.' Said Spike: 'It was a semi-force play.'
^ Briley, Ron (2002): "In the Tradition of Jackie Robinson: Ozzie Virgil and the Integration of the Detroit Tigers;" The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture. McFarland & Company, pages 137-150. ISBN 0-7864-1570-3
Preceded byMuddy Ruel
Detroit Tigers General Manager 1957
Succeeded byJohn McHale
vtePrincipal owners of the Detroit Tigers franchise
George Vanderbeck (1894–1900)
James D. Burns (1901)
Samuel F. Angus (1902–1903)
Bill Yawkey (1904–1908)
Bill Yawkey and Frank Navin (1908–1919)
Frank Navin (1919–1927)
Frank Navin and Walter Briggs Sr. (1927–1935)
Walter Briggs Sr. (1935–1952)
Walter Briggs Jr. (1952–1956)
Fred Knorr and John Fetzer (1956–1960)
John Fetzer (1960–1983)
Tom Monaghan (1983–1992)
Mike Ilitch (1992–2017)
Christopher Ilitch (2017–present)
vteDetroit Tigers general managers
Mickey Cochrane (1936–1938)
Jack Zeller (1938–1945)
George Trautman (1946)
Billy Evans (1946–1951)
Charlie Gehringer (1952–1953)
Muddy Ruel (1954–1956)
Walter Briggs Jr. (1957)
John McHale (1957–1959)
Bill DeWitt (1959–1960)
Rick Ferrell (1960–1962)
Jim Campbell (1963–1983)
Bill Lajoie (1984–1990)
Joe McDonald (1991–1992)
Jerry Walker (1993)
Joe Klein (1994–1995)
Randy Smith (1996–2002)
Dave Dombrowski (2002–2015)
Al Avila (2015–2022)
Jeff Greenberg (2023–present) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Walter Briggs Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Briggs_Sr."},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Canterbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_School_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Briggs Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gary-1"}],"text":"Walter Owen \"Spike\" Briggs Jr. (January 20, 1912 – July 3, 1970) was an American Major League Baseball executive. He was the owner of the Detroit Tigers for five seasons following the death of his father, industrialist Walter Briggs Sr., in 1952.Born in Detroit, Michigan, Briggs was educated at Canterbury School and graduated from Georgetown University in 1934. He joined the family business, Briggs Manufacturing Company (maker of automobile bodies), and interrupted his business career to serve as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.[1] He also had become a vice president of the Tigers before the war.","title":"Walter Briggs Jr."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Owner of Detroit Tigers (1952–1956)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bucky Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Harris"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Famers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Al Kaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kaline"},{"link_name":"Jim Bunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bunning"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Harvey Kuenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Kuenn"}],"sub_title":"On the field: Rebuilding","text":"Walter Briggs Sr.'s death on January 17, 1952, occurred as the Tigers were entering one of the lower points in their five-decade-old history. The 1951 team had finished a disappointing 73–81, in fifth place and 25 games behind the New York Yankees. But the 1952 edition fared even worse, losing 104 games, and finishing eighth and last in the American League—the first time the Tigers had ever reached those dubious milestones since entering the league in 1901.[2]Four seasons of decided improvement followed, until the 1956 squad won 82 games under manager Bucky Harris. During that time, future Baseball Hall of Famers Al Kaline and Jim Bunning and eight-year All-Star Harvey Kuenn made their debuts.","title":"Owner of Detroit Tigers (1952–1956)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Bank & Trust Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerica"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dike-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katrina-4"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gehringer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dike-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katrina-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katrina-4"},{"link_name":"John Fetzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fetzer"},{"link_name":"Fred Knorr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Knorr"},{"link_name":"July 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Frank Navin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Navin"},{"link_name":"Joe Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gordon"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katrina-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-6"},{"link_name":"baseball color line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_line"},{"link_name":"Ozzie Virgil Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Virgil_Sr."},{"link_name":"integrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"Philip Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gary-1"}],"sub_title":"Off the field: Torturous sale process","text":"However, the senior Briggs' passing also triggered a four-year process that ultimately forced a sale of the team during 1956. Ownership of the Tigers passed in 1952 into a trust for Spike Briggs and his three sisters, with Briggs and the Detroit Bank & Trust Company named as executors. However, Detroit Bank & Trust persuaded a court to order the Tigers sold, believing it was \"not a prudent investment\" for Walter Sr.'s grandchildren. Spike Briggs made multiple attempts to organize an ownership group to purchase the Tigers from the trust. One group, which included Henry Ford II, broke apart before making a bid.[3][4]In September 1955, Briggs assembled a syndicate which included Tiger great and Baseball Hall of Famer Charlie Gehringer that bid $3.5 million to buy the Tigers from the trust; Spike Briggs held 46 percent of the syndicate's shares. However, his four sisters balked at selling the team to their brother due to concern about his hard living, particularly his heavy drinking.[3][4] Their decision created a rift in the family,[4] and opened up a bidding process which saw a group of 11 Michigan businessmen, led by radio executives John Fetzer and Fred Knorr, purchase the Tigers for $5.2 million in July 1956, with the sale due to close October 1. The sale represented a handsome return on Walter Sr.'s purchase of his stake in the Tigers in 1919; he became a full partner with longtime owner Frank Navin in 1927 and full owner upon Navin's death in 1935. But, during the summer of 1956, Spike Briggs made headlines from his scathing criticism of his team, manager Harris, and the Tiger coaching staff. His outburst drove one of Harris' coaches, Joe Gordon, also a future Hall of Famer, to immediately resign. (He would return to briefly manage Detroit in August and September of 1960).Knorr and Fetzer had promised to retain Briggs if their bid was successful. Accordingly, when the Knorr/Fetzer group closed on their purchase, they named Briggs executive vice president, and prior to the 1957 campaign, he also became general manager. Despite this, a clash between the boisterous Briggs and the more restrained Fetzer was inevitable. Fetzer forced Briggs' resignation from both posts in April 1957, after Briggs clashed with the board over the choice of Harris' successor in the Bengal dugout.[4][5][6] His tenure as owner and general manager saw the continuation of the Tigers' policy of enforcing the baseball color line; when the team fielded its first black player, Ozzie Virgil Sr., on June 6, 1958, it became the 15h of the then-16 MLB teams to integrate its playing roster.[7]Briggs died at age 58 in Detroit after a prolonged period of ill health. He was survived by his wife, three children, sisters, and 13 grandchildren. One of his brothers-in-law was United States Senator Philip Hart.[1]","title":"Owner of Detroit Tigers (1952–1956)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Scoreboard\". Time magazine. May 6, 1957. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2014. Tossed out at home: the Detroit Tigers' Walter (\"Spike\") Briggs Jr. A man with a tiger by the tail ever since he inherited the team from his father, Spike tried hard not to let go. When the courts ordered him to sell, he talked the new owners into keeping him on as executive vice president and general manager, but last week his resignation was 'accepted.' Said Spike: 'It was a semi-force play.'","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019200345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809437,00.html","url_text":"\"Scoreboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809437,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/04/archives/walter-o-briggs-owned-the-tigers-exbaseball-executive-dies-detroit.html","external_links_name":"Walter O. Briggs: Owned the Tigers (obituary)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/D/FR_DET.htm","external_links_name":"Detroit Tigers franchise history"},{"Link":"http://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/past/TigerStadium.htm","external_links_name":"Tiger Stadium at ParksOfBaseball.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019200345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809437,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Scoreboard\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809437,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OS6SCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Briley, Ron (2002): \"In the Tradition of Jackie Robinson: Ozzie Virgil and the Integration of the Detroit Tigers;\" The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture. McFarland & Company, pages 137-150."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kwok-hing | Wong Kwok-hing | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | In this Chinese name, the family name is Wong(王).
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Wong Kwok-hingBBS MH王國興Member of the Legislative CouncilIn office1 October 2012 – 30 September 2016Preceded byNew seatSucceeded byKwok Wai-keungConstituencyHong Kong IslandIn office1 October 2008 – 30 September 2012Preceded bySelina ChowSucceeded byAlice MakConstituencyNew Territories WestIn office1 October 2004 – 30 September 2008Preceded byChan Kwok-keungSucceeded byPan Pey-chyouConstituencyLabour
Personal detailsBorn (1949-03-29) 29 March 1949 (age 75)Haiphong, Tonkin, French IndochinaNationalityChinesePolitical partyHong Kong Federation of Trade UnionsOther politicalaffiliationsDemocratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (1992–2012)Alma materJinan UniversityOccupationLegislative CouncillorTrade unionistsPolitician
Wong Kwok-hing BBS MH (Chinese: 王國興, Vietnamese : Vương Quốc Hưng ; born 29 March 1949, Haiphong, North Vietnam) is a Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the New Territories West constituency from 2008 to 2012, and representing the Hong Kong Island from 2012 to 2016.
Biography
Wong is a member of Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions and was one of the 52 founding members of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, which is the largest party and trade unions of the Pro-Beijing camp. He was previously a member of Eastern District Council for the Provident constituency.
Wong strongly opposed the filibuster, which was mostly led by four LegCo members of People Power and League of Social Democrats then. He wrote big words on the paper in the chamber to protest against them.
References
^ "Hon WONG Kwok-hing, MH". Members' biographies. Legislative Council. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
External links
Wong Kwok-hing's Blog 阿王手記
Political offices
Preceded byChan Yuen-han
Member of the Eastern District Board Representative for North Point North1991–1994
Constituency abolished
New constituency
Member of the Eastern District Council Representative for Provident1994–2007
Succeeded byKwok Wai-keung
New constituency
Member of the Urban Council Representative for North Point East1995–1997
Replaced by Provisional Urban Council
New creation
Member of the Provisional Urban Council 1997–1999
Council abolished
Preceded byChan Oi-kwan
Member of the Eastern District Council Representative for Siu Sai Wan2016–2019
Succeeded byChan Wing-tai
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Preceded byChan Kwok-keung
Member of Legislative Council Representative for Labour2004–2008 Served alongside: Li Fung-ying, Kwong Chi-kin
Succeeded byPan Pey-chyou
Preceded bySelina Chow
Member of Legislative Council Representative for New Territories West2008–2012
Succeeded byAlice Mak
New seat
Member of Legislative Council Representative for Hong Kong Island2012–present
Succeeded byKwok Wai-keung
Order of precedence
Preceded byVincent FangMember of the Legislative Council
Hong Kong order of precedenceMember of the Legislative Council
Succeeded byJoseph LeeMember of the Legislative Council | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"BBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Bauhinia_Star"},{"link_name":"MH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honour_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Haiphong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"trade unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionism"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"New Territories West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories_West"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wong(王).Wong Kwok-hing BBS MH (Chinese: 王國興, Vietnamese : Vương Quốc Hưng ; born 29 March 1949, Haiphong, North Vietnam) is a Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the New Territories West constituency from 2008 to 2012, and representing the Hong Kong Island from 2012 to 2016.","title":"Wong Kwok-hing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legcobio_wkh-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Pro-Beijing camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp"},{"link_name":"Eastern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Provident constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provident_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"filibuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster"},{"link_name":"People Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"League of Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats"}],"text":"Wong is a member of Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions[1] and was one of the 52 founding members of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, which is the largest party and trade unions of the Pro-Beijing camp. He was previously a member of Eastern District Council for the Provident constituency.Wong strongly opposed the filibuster, which was mostly led by four LegCo members of People Power and League of Social Democrats then. He wrote big words on the paper in the chamber to protest against them.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hon WONG Kwok-hing, MH\". Members' biographies. Legislative Council. Retrieved 19 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr08-12/wkh.htm","url_text":"\"Hon WONG Kwok-hing, MH\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr08-12/wkh.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hon WONG Kwok-hing, MH\""},{"Link":"http://hk.myblog.yahoo.com/ah_wongkh","external_links_name":"Wong Kwok-hing's Blog 阿王手記"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Island_(Bahamas) | Man Island (Bahamas) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Not to be confused with Isle of Man.
LighthouseMan Island Lighthouse LocationMan Island, North Eleuthera, The Bahamas Coordinates25°32′52″N 76°38′28″W / 25.5478°N 76.6411°W / 25.5478; -76.6411TowerFoundationconcrete baseConstructionmetal skeletal towerHeight18 m (59 ft) Shapesquare pyramidal skeletal towerMarkingswhite Power sourcesolar power LightFocal height28 m (92 ft) Range12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) CharacteristicFl(3) W 15s
Man Island is a small, undeveloped island located near Eleuthera in the Bahamas Islands. Man Island is located in a group of islands that form a natural harbor and the largest island in this chain is Harbour Island. Man Island is situated between Harbour Island and the island of Spanish Wells.
Man Island's area is approximately 35 acres (140,000 m2) owned by a number of individuals residing in the Bahamas, The United States and Europe. The island's proximity to Harbour Island (capital Dunmore Town) has aroused investor interest because of Harbour Island's increased tourist popularity.
Man Island runs north and south with the east side having beaches on the Atlantic Ocean and the west side facing a natural harbor.
See also
List of lighthouses in the Bahamas
References
^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the Bahamas". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
Portals: Caribbean Engineering
Authority control databases: Man Island Lighthouse
Admiralty
J4682
NGA
This Bahamian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Eleuthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleuthera"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Harbour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_Island,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Spanish Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Wells"},{"link_name":"Dunmore Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore_Town"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Isle of Man.LighthouseMan Island is a small, undeveloped island located near Eleuthera in the Bahamas Islands. Man Island is located in a group of islands that form a natural harbor and the largest island in this chain is Harbour Island. Man Island is situated between Harbour Island and the island of Spanish Wells.Man Island's area is approximately 35 acres (140,000 m2) owned by a number of individuals residing in the Bahamas, The United States and Europe. The island's proximity to Harbour Island (capital Dunmore Town) has aroused investor interest because of Harbour Island's increased tourist popularity.Man Island runs north and south with the east side having beaches on the Atlantic Ocean and the west side facing a natural harbor.","title":"Man Island (Bahamas)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of lighthouses in the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_the_Bahamas"}] | [{"reference":"Rowlett, Russ. \"Lighthouses of the Bahamas\". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2016-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/bhs.htm","url_text":"\"Lighthouses of the Bahamas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill","url_text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Man_Island_(Bahamas)¶ms=25.5478_N_76.6411_W_","external_links_name":"25°32′52″N 76°38′28″W / 25.5478°N 76.6411°W / 25.5478; -76.6411"},{"Link":"https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/bhs.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lighthouses of the Bahamas\""},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2FqueryResults%3Fpublications%2Fngalol%2Flights-buoys%3Fvolume%3D%251%26featureNumber%3D%252%26includeRemovals%3Dfalse%26output%3Dhtml&exp=(%5Cd%7B3%7D)-(.*)&id=110-12204","external_links_name":"NGA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_Island_(Bahamas)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_O%27Connor_(referee) | Joe O'Connor (referee) | ["1 Early life","2 Boxing","3 Government","4 References"] | Joe O'ConnorCommissioner of the Boston Fire DepartmentIn office1959–1960Preceded byFrancis X. CotterSucceeded byHenry ScagnoliBoston Traffic CommissionerIn office1957–1959Preceded byWilliam Arthur ReillySucceeded byWilliam T. Doyle
Personal detailsBornMarch 30, 1892CharlestownDiedOctober 31, 1961 (aged 69)BrightonNationalityAmericanResidenceWest RoxburyOccupationBoxing refereeCivil engineer
Timothy Joseph O'Connor (1892–1961) was an American boxing referee and government official for the city of Boston who served as traffic commissioner and commissioner of the Boston Fire Department.
Early life
O'Connor was born on March 30, 1892, in Charlestown. He was the youngest of eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Andrew O'Connor of Crookston, County Cork, Ireland. He graduated from the Mechanical Arts High School in 1907 and served in the United States Army during World War I.
Boxing
O'Connor became interested in boxing during his time in the Army. He made his professional debut as a referee for Frank Ducey, the matchmaker for the Casino Athletic Club of Lynn, Massachusetts. In 1920 he refereed the first ever bout regulated by the Massachusetts Boxing Commission - a fight between welterweights Nate Siegal and Paddy Flynn.
On December 21, 1920, O'Connor refereed a bout between Harry Greb and Bob Roper. During the sixth round, Greb hit O'Connor in the mouth, which caused him to bleed profusely. O'Connor grabbed Greb around the waist and planted him on his stool. Greb eventually won the 10 round fight by decision.
In 1922 O'Connor officiated a bout between light-heavyweight champion Gene Tunney and Chuck Wiggins at Mechanics Hall.
In 1924, Lawrence J. Sweeney of The Boston Globe questioned O'Connor's decision to declare Quntion Romero-Rojas victorious over Jack Renault. Sweeney felt that O'Connor had penalized Renault for "carrying" Romero-Rojas. The following year, O'Connor refereed a bout in which Jack Sharkey was given a 2 to 1 decision over George Cook. Sweeney wrote that Cook was entitled to the victory and that the officials who gave Sharkey the victory "have outlived their usefulness". He proclaimed that the decision would "just about ruin the sport in the Bay State".
On February 7, 1927, O'Connor disqualified Al Mello in the first round of his fight with George Kid Lee. It was one of Mello's four career disqualifications for low punches and one of Lee's three victories over Mello.
On April 2, 1928, O'Connor declared Roberto Roberti victorious over Ted Sandwina as a result of a foul in the third round of their fight at Mechanics' Hall. The Massachusetts Boxing Commission suspended Sandwina for three months for the foul.
On May 17, 1929, O'Connor disqualified Jim Maloney for hitting his opponent, Riccardo Bertazzolo, after the bell.
On December 13, 1929, O'Connor stopped a fight between welterweight champion Jackie Fields and Gorilla Jones in the seventh round. O'Connor believed that both men were performing below their usual standards and declared the fight a no contest.
On November 10, 1931, O'Connor declared a fight between Joe Sekyra and Paul Swiderski a no contest early in the eight round. David F. Egan of The Boston Globe described the fight as a "farcical exhibition" where the fighters "meant no harm to each other" Egan praised O'Connor for exercising "excellent self-restraint in allowing them to meander as long as they did". O'Connor warned both fighters four times before ending the bout.
On September 17, 1937, O'Connor refereed a bout between the undefeated Ralph Zannelli of Providence, Rhode Island, and Peter Jackson of Los Angeles. Although nonpartisan scoring favored Jackson, the fight was ruled to be a no-contest in what was seen as a "home-town decision". O'Connor favored Jackson while Judges Jim Shaughnessy and Eddie Curley voted for a split verdict.
Other notable bouts officiated by O'Connor include Joe Tiplitz vs. Johnnie Downs, Tommy Gibbons vs. Pat McCarthy, Hambone Kelly vs. George Robinson, Jack Britton vs. Frankie Schoell, Sully Montgomery vs. Battling McCreary, Red Chapman vs. Johnny Dundee, George Cook vs. Bob Lawson, Tommy Loughran vs. Johnny Risko, Young Stribling vs. Maxie Rosenbloom, Tiger Flowers vs. Eddie Huffman, Al Mello vs. Johnny Mendelsohn, Jack Delaney vs. Jack Humbeck, Ernie Schaaf vs. "Big Boy" Peterson, Jim Maloney vs. Tom Heeney, Johnny Indrisano vs. Vince Dundee, Johnny Indrisano vs. Lou Brouillard, Lou Brouillard vs. Sammy Slaughter, Lou Brouillard vs. Tony Shucco, Jack Sharkey vs. Phil Brubaker, and Tiger Jack Fox vs. Lou Brouillard.
Government
In 1911, O'Connor joined the survey and design section of the Boston public works department's highway division as a rodman. In 1929 he was promoted to junior civil engineer and transferred to the new Boston traffic commission. He was made chief traffic engineer in 1954 and promoted to traffic commissioner in 1957. In 1959 he was named fire commissioner. He retired on January 1, 1960.
O'Connor died on October 31, 1961, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Mayor John F. Collins ordered all municipal flags at half-staff in respect for O'Connor.
References
^ a b c "T. J. O'Connor, Sportsman, Dies". The Boston Daily Globe. November 1, 1961.
^ a b c d e Singelais, Neil (March 22, 1959). "New Fire Commissioner Once Top Boxing Referee". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Sweeney, Lawrence J. (December 6, 1924). "Fite Fans Had a Brand New One When Winning Canadian Champ Was Penalized". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Sweeney, Lawrence J. (May 26, 1925). "Just Few Decisions Like Last Night's Will About Ruin Boxing in This State". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (February 8, 1927). "Mello Loses To Lee By Fouling In First". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Al Travers Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
^ Egan, David F. (April 3, 1928). "Roberti Is Victor On A Foul In Third". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Bay State Board Suspends Boxers". The Boston Daily Globe. April 4, 1928.
^ Egan, David F. (May 18, 1929). "Maloney Loses To Bertazzolo On Foul". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Fields-Jones Bout Stopped By Referee". The New York Times. December 14, 1929.
^ Egan, David F. (November 11, 1931). "Purses Of Finalists At Arena Withheld". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Hurwitz, Hy (September 18, 1937). "Zannelli Cops Split Decision". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Tiplitz Puts Out Downes In Ninth". The Boston Daily Globe. August 27, 1920.
^ Saunders, Daniel J. (February 3, 1922). "McCarthy's Title Aspirations Fade Under Hammering of Gibbons--Bout Stopped in Fourth Round". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Hambone Kelly Put Out In The Third". The Boston Daily Globe. September 2, 1922.
^ Sweeney, Lawrence J. (November 21, 1923). "Britton Fails To Make A Comeback". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Sweeney, Lawrence J. (November 26, 1924). "Texan Stops Colored Heavy". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Chelsea Boxer Bounds Into Fistic Spotlight by Clearly Outpointing Johnny Dundee in Boston Bout". The Boston Daily Globe. March 24, 1925.
^ "Cook Bombards Lawson's Body". The Boston Daily Globe. April 12, 1925.
^ Sweeney, Lawrence J. (July 31, 1926). "Tom Loughran Wins Hard, Uphill Battle". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (March 18, 1927). "Stribling Victory In Colorless Fight". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (May 28, 1927). "Georgia Deacon Carries Every Round, But His Flailing Arms Move a Bit More Laboriously Than of Old". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (June 24, 1927). "Al Mello Kayoes Milwaukee Mauler". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (January 21, 1928). "Jack Delaney Stops Humbeck In Sixth". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Schaaf Outclasses "Big Boy" Peterson". The Boston Daily Globe. September 5, 1928.
^ Hallahan, John J. (March 2, 1929). "Maloney Wins Going Great". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (March 30, 1930). "A Shadow That Threw Thorns, a Ghost With Punishing Fists, Shatters Vince Dundee's Fond Hopes". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Egan, David F. (February 25, 1933). "East Boston Rapier Proves Slightly More Effective Than Worcester Bludgeon in Garden Ring". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ Jones, Victor O. (May 17, 1933). "Lou Brouillard Beats Sammy Slaughter in Impressive Fashion in Bout at the Boston Arena". The Boston Daily Globe.
^ "Brouillard Is Beaten". The New York Times. November 25, 1933.
^ "Sharkey Is Victor; Defeated Burbaker". The New York Times. June 26, 1936.
^ Hurwitz, Hy (February 19, 1938). "Fox Defeats Brouillard In 7th on Technical K. O.". The Boston Daily Globe.
vteCommissioners of Boston Fire Department
Russell (1895–1905)
Wells (1905–1908)
Parker (1908–1910)
Daly (1910–1912)
Cole (1912–1914)
Grady (1914–1919)
Murphy (1919–1921)
Glynn (1922–1926)
Hultman (1926–1930)
McLaughlin (1930–1933)
McSweeney (1933–1934)
McLaughlin (1934–1938)
Reilly (1938–1945)
J. Fitzgerald (1945–1946)
Codman (1946–1950)
Kelleher (1950–1953)
J. Cotter (1953–1954)
F. Cotter (1954–1959)
O'Connor (1959–1960)
Scagnoli (1960–1961)
Griffin (1961–1966)
W. Fitzgerald (1966–1968)
Kelly (1968–1975)
Paul (1975–1984)
Stapleton (1984–1991)
Pierce (1991–2000)
Christian (2001–2006)
Fraser (2006–2014)
Finn (2014–2020)
Dempsey (2020–2022)
Burke (2022–present) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Fire_Department"}],"text":"Timothy Joseph O'Connor (1892–1961) was an American boxing referee and government official for the city of Boston who served as traffic commissioner and commissioner of the Boston Fire Department.","title":"Joe O'Connor (referee)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Arts High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._O%27Bryant_School_of_Mathematics_%26_Science"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commissioner-2"}],"text":"O'Connor was born on March 30, 1892, in Charlestown. He was the youngest of eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Andrew O'Connor of Crookston, County Cork, Ireland. He graduated from the Mechanical Arts High School in 1907 and served in the United States Army during World War I.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commissioner-2"},{"link_name":"Harry Greb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Greb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commissioner-2"},{"link_name":"Gene Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Tunney"},{"link_name":"Mechanics Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics_Hall_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commissioner-2"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jack Sharkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sharkey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Al Mello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mello"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Bertazzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Bertazzolo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jackie Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Fields"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Jones"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Peter_Jackson_(boxer,_born_1912)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tommy Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Jack Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Britton"},{"link_name":"Sully Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Tommy Loughran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Loughran"},{"link_name":"Young Stribling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Stribling"},{"link_name":"Maxie Rosenbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxie_Rosenbloom"},{"link_name":"Tiger Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Jack Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Delaney"},{"link_name":"Ernie Schaaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Schaaf"},{"link_name":"Tom Heeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Heeney"},{"link_name":"Johnny Indrisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Indrisano"},{"link_name":"Vince Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Dundee"},{"link_name":"Lou Brouillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Brouillard"},{"link_name":"Tiger Jack Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Jack_Fox"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"O'Connor became interested in boxing during his time in the Army. He made his professional debut as a referee for Frank Ducey, the matchmaker for the Casino Athletic Club of Lynn, Massachusetts. In 1920 he refereed the first ever bout regulated by the Massachusetts Boxing Commission - a fight between welterweights Nate Siegal and Paddy Flynn.[2]On December 21, 1920, O'Connor refereed a bout between Harry Greb and Bob Roper. During the sixth round, Greb hit O'Connor in the mouth, which caused him to bleed profusely. O'Connor grabbed Greb around the waist and planted him on his stool. Greb eventually won the 10 round fight by decision.[2]In 1922 O'Connor officiated a bout between light-heavyweight champion Gene Tunney and Chuck Wiggins at Mechanics Hall.[2]In 1924, Lawrence J. Sweeney of The Boston Globe questioned O'Connor's decision to declare Quntion Romero-Rojas victorious over Jack Renault. Sweeney felt that O'Connor had penalized Renault for \"carrying\" Romero-Rojas.[3] The following year, O'Connor refereed a bout in which Jack Sharkey was given a 2 to 1 decision over George Cook. Sweeney wrote that Cook was entitled to the victory and that the officials who gave Sharkey the victory \"have outlived their usefulness\". He proclaimed that the decision would \"just about ruin the sport in the Bay State\".[4]On February 7, 1927, O'Connor disqualified Al Mello in the first round of his fight with George Kid Lee.[5] It was one of Mello's four career disqualifications for low punches and one of Lee's three victories over Mello.[6]On April 2, 1928, O'Connor declared Roberto Roberti victorious over Ted Sandwina as a result of a foul in the third round of their fight at Mechanics' Hall.[7] The Massachusetts Boxing Commission suspended Sandwina for three months for the foul.[8]On May 17, 1929, O'Connor disqualified Jim Maloney for hitting his opponent, Riccardo Bertazzolo, after the bell.[9]On December 13, 1929, O'Connor stopped a fight between welterweight champion Jackie Fields and Gorilla Jones in the seventh round. O'Connor believed that both men were performing below their usual standards and declared the fight a no contest.[10]On November 10, 1931, O'Connor declared a fight between Joe Sekyra and Paul Swiderski a no contest early in the eight round. David F. Egan of The Boston Globe described the fight as a \"farcical exhibition\" where the fighters \"meant no harm to each other\" Egan praised O'Connor for exercising \"excellent self-restraint in allowing them to meander as long as they did\". O'Connor warned both fighters four times before ending the bout.[11]On September 17, 1937, O'Connor refereed a bout between the undefeated Ralph Zannelli of Providence, Rhode Island, and Peter Jackson of Los Angeles. Although nonpartisan scoring favored Jackson, the fight was ruled to be a no-contest in what was seen as a \"home-town decision\". O'Connor favored Jackson while Judges Jim Shaughnessy and Eddie Curley voted for a split verdict.[12]Other notable bouts officiated by O'Connor include Joe Tiplitz vs. Johnnie Downs, Tommy Gibbons vs. Pat McCarthy, Hambone Kelly vs. George Robinson, Jack Britton vs. Frankie Schoell, Sully Montgomery vs. Battling McCreary, Red Chapman vs. Johnny Dundee, George Cook vs. Bob Lawson, Tommy Loughran vs. Johnny Risko, Young Stribling vs. Maxie Rosenbloom, Tiger Flowers vs. Eddie Huffman, Al Mello vs. Johnny Mendelsohn, Jack Delaney vs. Jack Humbeck, Ernie Schaaf vs. \"Big Boy\" Peterson, Jim Maloney vs. Tom Heeney, Johnny Indrisano vs. Vince Dundee, Johnny Indrisano vs. Lou Brouillard, Lou Brouillard vs. Sammy Slaughter, Lou Brouillard vs. Tony Shucco, Jack Sharkey vs. Phil Brubaker, and Tiger Jack Fox vs. Lou Brouillard.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commissioner-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"},{"link_name":"St. Elizabeth's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Medical_Center_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"John F. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Collins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"}],"text":"In 1911, O'Connor joined the survey and design section of the Boston public works department's highway division as a rodman. In 1929 he was promoted to junior civil engineer and transferred to the new Boston traffic commission. He was made chief traffic engineer in 1954 and promoted to traffic commissioner in 1957. In 1959 he was named fire commissioner.[2] He retired on January 1, 1960.[1]O'Connor died on October 31, 1961, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Mayor John F. Collins ordered all municipal flags at half-staff in respect for O'Connor.[1]","title":"Government"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"T. J. O'Connor, Sportsman, Dies\". The Boston Daily Globe. November 1, 1961.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singelais, Neil (March 22, 1959). \"New Fire Commissioner Once Top Boxing Referee\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Lawrence J. (December 6, 1924). \"Fite Fans Had a Brand New One When Winning Canadian Champ Was Penalized\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Lawrence J. (May 26, 1925). \"Just Few Decisions Like Last Night's Will About Ruin Boxing in This State\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (February 8, 1927). \"Mello Loses To Lee By Fouling In First\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Al Travers Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at\". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2017-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418060820/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/al-travers-1.html","url_text":"\"Al Travers Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/al-travers-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (April 3, 1928). \"Roberti Is Victor On A Foul In Third\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bay State Board Suspends Boxers\". The Boston Daily Globe. April 4, 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (May 18, 1929). \"Maloney Loses To Bertazzolo On Foul\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fields-Jones Bout Stopped By Referee\". The New York Times. December 14, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (November 11, 1931). \"Purses Of Finalists At Arena Withheld\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, Hy (September 18, 1937). \"Zannelli Cops Split Decision\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tiplitz Puts Out Downes In Ninth\". The Boston Daily Globe. August 27, 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saunders, Daniel J. (February 3, 1922). \"McCarthy's Title Aspirations Fade Under Hammering of Gibbons--Bout Stopped in Fourth Round\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hambone Kelly Put Out In The Third\". The Boston Daily Globe. September 2, 1922.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Lawrence J. (November 21, 1923). \"Britton Fails To Make A Comeback\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Lawrence J. (November 26, 1924). \"Texan Stops Colored Heavy\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea Boxer Bounds Into Fistic Spotlight by Clearly Outpointing Johnny Dundee in Boston Bout\". The Boston Daily Globe. March 24, 1925.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cook Bombards Lawson's Body\". The Boston Daily Globe. April 12, 1925.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Lawrence J. (July 31, 1926). \"Tom Loughran Wins Hard, Uphill Battle\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (March 18, 1927). \"Stribling Victory In Colorless Fight\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (May 28, 1927). \"Georgia Deacon Carries Every Round, But His Flailing Arms Move a Bit More Laboriously Than of Old\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (June 24, 1927). \"Al Mello Kayoes Milwaukee Mauler\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (January 21, 1928). \"Jack Delaney Stops Humbeck In Sixth\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Schaaf Outclasses \"Big Boy\" Peterson\". The Boston Daily Globe. September 5, 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hallahan, John J. (March 2, 1929). \"Maloney Wins Going Great\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (March 30, 1930). \"A Shadow That Threw Thorns, a Ghost With Punishing Fists, Shatters Vince Dundee's Fond Hopes\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, David F. (February 25, 1933). \"East Boston Rapier Proves Slightly More Effective Than Worcester Bludgeon in Garden Ring\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Victor O. (May 17, 1933). \"Lou Brouillard Beats Sammy Slaughter in Impressive Fashion in Bout at the Boston Arena\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brouillard Is Beaten\". The New York Times. November 25, 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sharkey Is Victor; Defeated Burbaker\". The New York Times. June 26, 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, Hy (February 19, 1938). \"Fox Defeats Brouillard In 7th on Technical K. O.\". The Boston Daily Globe.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418060820/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/al-travers-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Al Travers Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/tr/al-travers-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipali_Saha | Dipali Saha | ["1 References"] | Indian politician
Dipali SahaMLA of SonamukhiIn office2011–2016Preceded byNiresh BagdiSucceeded byAjit Roy
Personal detailsPolitical partyAll India Trinamool Congress
Dipali Saha is an Indian politician belonging to All India Trinamool Congress. She was elected as a legislator of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Sonamukhi in 2011.
References
^ "List of Winners in West Bengal 2011". www.myneta.info. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ "General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal" (PDF). Constituency-wise Data. Election Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All India Trinamool Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress"},{"link_name":"West Bengal Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Sonamukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonamukhi_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dipali Saha is an Indian politician belonging to All India Trinamool Congress. She was elected as a legislator of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Sonamukhi in 2011.[1][2]","title":"Dipali Saha"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"List of Winners in West Bengal 2011\". www.myneta.info. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default","url_text":"\"List of Winners in West Bengal 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal\" (PDF). Constituency-wise Data. Election Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf","url_text":"\"General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default","external_links_name":"\"List of Winners in West Bengal 2011\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gege_(Swaziland) | Gege, Eswatini | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017
Gege is a town in the Shiselweni district of southern Eswatini.
It is near the Bothashoop border crossing point towards Piet Retief in South Africa. It is on the MR13 road.
26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017
References
^ "EEASA 2008 Conference, Swaziland - General Information". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
vteTransport in EswatiniMain roads
MR1
MR2
MR3
MR4
MR5
MR6
MR7
MR8
MR9
MR11
MR13
MR14
MR18
MR19
MR21
MR24
Rail
Eswatini Railways
Air
List of airports in Eswatini
Matsapha Airport
King Mswati III International Airport
Royal Swazi National Airways
Aero Africa
Swazi Express Airways
Swazi Airways
Border posts
Bulembu
Gege
Lavumisa
Lomahasha
Lunatsi
Mahamba
Mananga
Matsamo
Mhlumeni
Ngwenya
Salitje
Sandlane
Sicunusa
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
This Eswatini location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiselweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiselweni"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gege,_Eswatini¶ms=26_57_S_31_01_E_region:SZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"}],"text":"Gege is a town in the Shiselweni district of southern Eswatini.It is near the Bothashoop border crossing point towards Piet Retief in South Africa.[1] It is on the MR13 road.26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017","title":"Gege, Eswatini"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"EEASA 2008 Conference, Swaziland - General Information\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163231/http://www.environment.gov.sz/eeasa/information.asp","url_text":"\"EEASA 2008 Conference, Swaziland - General Information\""},{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.sz/eeasa/information.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gege,_Eswatini¶ms=26_57_S_31_01_E_region:SZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gege,_Eswatini¶ms=26_57_S_31_01_E_region:SZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"26°57′S 31°01′E / 26.950°S 31.017°E / -26.950; 31.017"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163231/http://www.environment.gov.sz/eeasa/information.asp","external_links_name":"\"EEASA 2008 Conference, Swaziland - General Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.sz/eeasa/information.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133881172","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007475870005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gege,_Eswatini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydiennes_Formation | Lydiennes Formation | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Geologic formation in France
Lydiennes FormationStratigraphic range: CarboniferousTypeFormationLocationCountryFrance
The Lydiennes Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
See also
Earth sciences portalFrance portalPaleontology portal
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
References
Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 17 December 2021.
This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to the Carboniferous period is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geologic formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(geology)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(geology)"}],"text":"The Lydiennes Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.","title":"Lydiennes Formation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Earth sciences portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences"},{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Paleontology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology"},{"title":"List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_France"}] | [{"reference":"Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. \"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database\". Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=home","url_text":"\"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=home","external_links_name":"\"Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydiennes_Formation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydiennes_Formation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Wonder_Stories | Wonder Stories | ["1 Publication history","1.1 Gernsback era","1.2 Thrilling Wonder Stories","1.3 IF —!: a picture feature","2 Contents and reception","2.1 After the merger","2.2 Hornig","2.3 Weisinger and Friend","2.4 Merwin and Mines","2.5 Influence on the field","3 Publication details","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"] | American science fiction magazine
Wonder StoriesThe first issue of Air Wonder Stories, July 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.PublisherStellar PublishingFounderHugo GernsbackFirst issueJuly 1929; 94 years ago (1929-07)Final issueJanuary 1955; 69 years ago (1955-01)CountryUSABased inNew York CityLanguageEnglish
Wonder Stories was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, when his media company Experimenter Publishing went bankrupt. Within a few months of the bankruptcy, Gernsback launched three new magazines: Air Wonder Stories, Science Wonder Stories, and Science Wonder Quarterly.
Air Wonder Stories and Science Wonder Stories were merged in 1930 as Wonder Stories, and the quarterly was renamed Wonder Stories Quarterly. The magazines were not financially successful, and in 1936 Gernsback sold Wonder Stories to Ned Pines at Beacon Publications, where, retitled Thrilling Wonder Stories, it continued for nearly 20 years. The last issue was dated Winter 1955, and the title was then merged with Startling Stories, another of Pines' science fiction magazines. Startling itself lasted only to the end of 1955 before finally succumbing to the decline of the pulp magazine industry.
The editors under Gernsback's ownership were David Lasser, who worked hard to improve the quality of the fiction, and, from mid-1933, Charles Hornig. Both Lasser and Hornig published some well-received fiction, such as Stanley Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey", but Hornig's efforts in particular were overshadowed by the success of Astounding Stories, which had become the leading magazine in the new field of science fiction. Under its new title, Thrilling Wonder Stories was initially unable to improve its quality. For a period in the early 1940s it was aimed at younger readers, with a juvenile editorial tone and covers that depicted beautiful women in implausibly revealing spacesuits. Later editors began to improve the fiction, and by the end of the 1940s, in the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, the magazine briefly rivaled Astounding.
Publication history
By the end of the 19th century, stories centered on scientific inventions and set in the future, in the tradition of Jules Verne, were appearing regularly in popular fiction magazines. Magazines such as Munsey's Magazine and The Argosy, launched in 1889 and 1896 respectively, carried a few science fiction stories each year. Some upmarket "slicks" such as McClure's, which paid well and were aimed at a more literary audience, also carried scientific stories, but by the early years of the 20th century, science fiction (though it was not yet called that) was appearing more often in the pulp magazines than in the slicks. The first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era. It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre, and by the end of the 1930s a "Golden Age of Science Fiction" had begun, inaugurated by the efforts of John W. Campbell, the editor of Astounding Science Fiction. Wonder Stories was launched in the pulp era, not long after Amazing Stories, and lasted through the Golden Age and well into the 1950s. The publisher was Stellar Publishing company based in New York City.
Gernsback era
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Gernsback's new magazine, Amazing Stories, was successful, but Gernsback lost control of the publisher when it went bankrupt in February 1929. By April he had formed a new company, Gernsback Publications Incorporated, and created two subsidiaries: Techni-Craft Publishing Corporation and Stellar Publishing Corporation. Gernsback sent out letters advertising his plans for new magazines; the mailing lists he used almost certainly were compiled from the subscription lists of Amazing Stories. This would have been illegal, as the lists were owned by Irving Trust, the receiver of the bankruptcy. Gernsback denied using the lists under oath, but historians have generally agreed that he must have done so. The letters also asked potential subscribers to decide the name of the new magazine; they voted for "Science Wonder Stories", which became the name of one of Gernsback's new magazines.
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Gernsback's recovery from the bankruptcy judgment was remarkably quick. By early June he had launched three new magazines, two of which published science fiction. The June 1929 issue of Science Wonder Stories appeared on newsstands on 5 May 1929, and was followed on 5 June by the July 1929 issue of Air Wonder Stories. Both magazines were monthly, with Gernsback as editor-in-chief and David Lasser as editor. Lasser had no prior editing experience and knew little about science fiction, but his recently acquired degree from MIT convinced Gernsback to hire him.
Gernsback claimed that science fiction was educational. He repeatedly made this assertion in Amazing Stories, and continued to do so in his editorials for the new magazines, stating, for example, that "teachers encourage the reading of this fiction because they know that it gives the pupil a fundamental knowledge of science and aviation." He also recruited a panel of "nationally known educators pass upon the scientific principles of all stories". Science fiction historian Everett Bleiler describes this as "fakery, pure and simple", asserting that there is no evidence that the men on the panel—some of whom, such as Lee De Forest, were well-known scientists—had any editorial influence. However, Donald Menzel, the astrophysicist on the panel, said that Gernsback sent him manuscripts and made changes to stories as a result of Menzel's commentary.
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Issues of Wonder Stories from the merger of Science Wonder and AirWonder to the acquisition by Beacon Publications, indicating editors: Lasser(blue, 1930–1933), and Hornig (yellow, 1933–1936)
In 1930, Gernsback decided to merge Science Wonder Stories and Air Wonder Stories into Wonder Stories. The reason for the merger is unknown, although it may have been that he needed the space in the printing schedule for his new Aviation Mechanics magazine. Bleiler has suggested that the merger was caused by poor sales and a consequent need to downsize. In addition, Air Wonder Stories was probably focused on too specialized a niche to succeed. In an editorial just before Science Wonder Stories changed its name, Gernsback commented that the word "Science" in the title "has tended to retard the progress of the magazine, because many people had the impression that it is a sort of scientific periodical rather than a fiction magazine". Ironically, the inclusion of "science" in the title was the reason that science fiction writer Isaac Asimov began reading the magazine; when he saw the August 1929 issue he obtained permission to read it from his father on the grounds that it was clearly educational. Concerns about the marketability of titles seem to have surfaced in the last two issues of Science Wonder, which had the word "Science" printed in a color that made it difficult to read. On the top of the cover appeared the words "Mystery-Adventure-Romance", the last of which was a surprising way to advertise a science fiction magazine.
The first issue of the merged magazine appeared in June 1930, still on a monthly schedule, with Lasser as editor. The volume numbering continued that of Science Wonder Stories, therefore Wonder Stories is sometimes regarded as a retitling of Science Wonder Stories. Gernsback had also produced a companion magazine for Science Wonder Stories, titled Science Wonder Quarterly, the first issue of which was published in the fall of 1929. Three issues were produced under this title, but after the merger Gernsback changed the companion magazine's title to Wonder Stories Quarterly, and produced a further eleven issues under that title.
Science Wonder Quarterly andWonder Stories Quarterly
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Science Wonder Quarterly (first three issues) andWonder Stories Quarterly (all subsequent issues). Theeditor was David Lasser throughout.
In July 1933, Gernsback dismissed Lasser as editor. Lasser had become active in promoting workers' rights and was spending less time on his editorial duties. According to Lasser, Gernsback told him "if you like working with the unemployed so much, I suggest you go and join them". It is likely that cost-cutting was also a consideration, as Lasser was paid $65 per week, a substantial salary in those days. Soon after Lasser was let go, Gernsback received a fanzine, The Fantasy Fan, from a reader, Charles Hornig. Gernsback called Hornig to his office to interview him for the position of editor; Hornig turned out to be only 17, but Gernsback asked him to proofread a manuscript and decided that the results were satisfactory. Hornig was hired at an initial salary of $20 per week. That same year, Gernsback dissolved Stellar Publications and created Continental Publications as the new publisher for Wonder Stories. The schedule stuttered for the first time, missing the July and September 1933 issues; the recent bankruptcy of the company's distributor, Eastern Distributing Corporation, may have been partly responsible for this disruption. The first issue with Continental on the masthead, and the first listing Hornig as editor, was November 1933.
Wonder Stories had a circulation of about 25,000 in 1934, comparable to that of Amazing Stories, which had declined from an early peak of about 100,000. Gernsback considered issuing a reprint magazine in 1934, Wonder Stories Reprint Annual, but it never appeared. That year he experimented with other fiction magazines—Pirate Stories and High Seas Adventures—but neither was successful. Wonder Stories was also failing, and in November 1935 it started publishing bimonthly instead of monthly. Gernsback had a reputation for paying slowly and was therefore unpopular with many authors; by 1936 he was even failing to pay Laurence Manning, one of his most reliable authors. Staff were sometimes asked to delay cashing their paychecks for weeks at a time. Gernsback felt the blame lay with dealers who were returning magazine covers as unsold copies, and then selling the stripped copies at a reduced rate. To bypass the dealers, he made a plea in the March 1936 issue to his readers, asking them to subscribe, and proposing to distribute Wonder Stories solely by subscription. There was little response, and Gernsback decided to sell. He made a deal with Ned Pines of Beacon Magazines and on 21 February 1936 Wonder Stories was sold.
Thrilling Wonder Stories
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Issues of Thrilling Wonder Stories from 1936 to 1945. Editors are Mort Weisinger(green, 1936–1941), Oscar Friend (pink, 1941–1944), and Sam Merwin (purple,1945). Underlining indicates that an issue was titled as a quarterly (e.g. "Winter1944") rather than as a monthly.
Pines' magazines included several with "Thrilling" in the title, such as Thrilling Detective and Thrilling Love Stories. These were run by Leo Margulies, who had hired Mort Weisinger (among others) as the workload increased in the early 1930s. Weisinger was already an active science fiction fan, and when Wonder Stories was acquired, Margulies involved him in the editorial work. Margulies' group worked as a team, with Margulies listed as editor-in-chief on the magazines and having final say. However, since Weisinger knew science fiction well, Weisinger was quickly given more leeway, and bibliographers generally list Weisinger as the editor for this period of the magazine's history.
The title was changed to Thrilling Wonder Stories to match the rest of the "Thrilling" line. The first issue appeared in August 1936—four months after the last Gernsback Wonder Stories appeared. Wonder Stories had been monthly until the last few Gernsback issues; Thrilling Wonder was launched on a bimonthly schedule. In February 1938 Weisinger asked for reader feedback regarding the idea of a companion magazine; the response was positive, and in January 1939 the first issue of Startling Stories appeared, alternating months with Thrilling Wonder. A year later Thrilling Wonder went monthly; this lasted fewer than eighteen months, and the bimonthly schedule resumed after April 1941. Weisinger left that summer and was replaced at both Startling and Thrilling Wonder by Oscar J. Friend, a pulp writer with more experience in Westerns than science fiction, though he had published a novel, The Kid from Mars, in Startling Stories just the year before. In mid-1943 both magazines went to a quarterly schedule, and at the end of 1944 Friend was replaced in his turn by Sam Merwin, Jr. The quarterly schedule lasted until well after World War II ended: Thrilling Wonder returned to a bimonthly schedule with the December 1946 issue and again alternated with Startling which went bimonthly in January 1947. Merwin left in 1951 in order to become a freelance editor, and was replaced by Samuel Mines, who had worked for Ned Pines since 1942.
The Thrilling Wonder logo, a winged man against the background of a glass mountain was taken from the Noel Loomis story, "The Glass Mountain."
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Issues of Thrilling Wonder Stories from 1946 to 1955. Editors are Sam Merwin(purple, 1946–1951), Samuel Mines (orange, 1951–1954), and Alexander Samalman(gray, 1954–1955). Underlining indicates that an issue was titled as a quarterly(e.g. "Winter 1946") rather than as a monthly.
By the summer of 1949 Street & Smith, one of the largest pulp publishers, had shut down every one of their pulps. This format was dying out, though it took several more years before the pulps completely disappeared from the newsstands. Both Thrilling Wonder and Startling went quarterly in 1954, and at the end of that year Mines left. The magazines did not survive him for long; only two more issues of Thrilling Wonder appeared, both edited by Alexander Samalman. After the beginning of 1955, Thrilling Wonder was merged with Startling, which itself ceased publication at the end of 1955.
After the demise of Thrilling Wonder Stories the old Wonder Stories title was revived for two issues, published in 1957 and 1963. These were both edited by Jim Hendryx Jr. They were numbered vol. 45, no. 1 and 2, continuing the volume numbering of Thrilling Wonder. Both were selections from past issues of Thrilling Wonder; the second one convinced Ned Pines, the publisher who had bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback in 1936 and who still owned the rights to the stories, to start a reprint magazine called Treasury of Great Science Fiction Stories in 1964; a companion, Treasury of Great Western Stories, was added the next year.
In 2007, Winston Engle published a new magazine in book format, titled Thrilling Wonder Stories, with a cover date of Summer 2007. Engle commented that it was "not a pastiche or nostalgia exercise as much as modern SF with the entertainment, inspirational value, and excitement of the golden age". A second volume appeared in 2009.
IF —!: a picture feature
Six months after the debut of Thrilling Wonder Stories, its June 1937 issue contained a picture feature by Jack Binder entitled IF —!. Binder's earlier training as a fine artist helped him create detailed renderings of space ships, lost cities, future cities, landscapes, indigenous peoples, and even ancient Atlantins. IF —!'s pen and ink drawings are hand-lettered and rendered in black and white. These one-to-two page studies presented readers with possible outcomes to early 20th-century scientific quandaries. These included:
IF Another Ice Age Grips the Earth! (June 1937) – Binder's first picture feature is tucked in between "The Chessboard of Mars" by Eando Binder and J. Harvey Haggard's "Renegade: The Ways of the Ether are Strange When a Spaceman Seeks to Betray." Ice Age offered renderings of glaciated cities, infra-red ray guns, and a floating city alongside underground habitations—"the safest and most practicable retreat!" for chilly humans. It ends with the announcement: "Next Issue: If Atomic Power were Harnessed!"
IF the Oceans Dried! (April 1938) – Sailing vessels are museum pieces enshrined in huge bubble cases since the ocean floor is now home to meandering train tracks. All manner of minerals are mined to the benefit of mankind and the lost city of Atlantis (if real) is exposed. All ocean life becomes extinct and the Earth's climate undergoes dramatic, yet positive, change.
IF Science Reached the Earth's Core (Oct. 1938) – Neutronium allows humans to penetrate to the Earth's core, which is not molten, but a gravity-free haven where "vacationers enjoy the thrill of being weightless." IF —! is credited with the first use of the phrase "zero-gravity," a science fiction mainstay, where "Space Travel is solved. Starting at the zero-gravity of Earth's core, accumulative acceleration is easily built up in a four-thousand-mile tube. The ship's reach Earth's surface where gravitation !|is strongest with an appreciable velocity that makes the take-off a simple process of continuation!"
IF Earth's Axis Shifted (April 1940) – An astronomical telescope points towards the night sky revealing that the planets have aligned and caused the Earth's axis to shift. Tidal waves sweep cities away. North America in now a tropic zone, while Siberia is balmy and Antarctica swarms with immigrants wanting to harvest the now accessible coal and metal. "Next Issue: IF the World were Ruled by Intelligent Robots!"
Contents and reception
The first issue of Science Wonder Stories, June 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.
When Air Wonder Stories was launched in the middle of 1929 there were already pulp magazines such as Sky Birds and Flying Aces which focused on aerial adventures. Gernsback's first editorial dismissed these as being of the "purely 'Wild West'-world war adventure-sky busting type". By contrast, Gernsback said he planned to fill Air Wonder solely with "flying stories of the future, strictly along scientific-mechanical-technical lines, full of adventure, exploration and achievement." Non-fiction material on aviation was printed, including quizzes, short popular articles, and book reviews. The letters column made it clear that the readership comprised more science fiction fans than aviation fans, and Gernsback later commented that the overlap with Science Wonder readers was 90% (a figure that presumably referred only to the subscription base, not to newsstand sales).
Gernsback frequently ran reader contests, one of which, announced in the February 1930 issue of Air Wonder Stories, asked for a slogan for the magazine. John Wyndham, later to become famous as the author of The Day of the Triffids, won with "Future Flying Fiction", submitted under his real name of John Beynon Harris. Later that year a contest in Science Wonder Quarterly asked readers for an answer to the question "What I Have Done to Spread Science Fiction". The winner was Raymond Palmer who later became editor of Gernsback's original magazine, Amazing Stories. He won the contest for his role in founding a "Science Correspondence Club".
Science Wonder's first issue included the first part of a serial, The Reign of the Ray, by Fletcher Pratt and Irwin Lester, and short stories by Stanton Coblentz and David H. Keller. Air Wonder began with a reprinted serial, Victor MacClure's Ark of the Covenant. Writers who first appeared in the pages of these magazines include Neil R. Jones, Ed Earl Repp, Raymond Z. Gallun and Lloyd Eshbach. The quality of published science fiction at the time was generally low, and Lasser was keen to improve it. On 11 May 1931 he wrote to his regular contributors to tell them that their science fiction stories "should deal realistically with the effect upon people, individually and in groups, of a scientific invention or discovery. ... In other words, allow yourself one fundamental assumption—that a certain machine or discovery is possible—and then show what would be its logical and dramatic consequences upon the world; also what would be the effect upon the group of characters that you pick to carry your theme."
After the merger
Lasser provided ideas to his authors and commented on their drafts, attempting to improve both the level of scientific literacy and the quality of the writing. Some of his correspondence has survived, including an exchange with Jack Williamson, whom Lasser commissioned in early 1932 to write a story based on a plot provided by a reader—the winning entry in one of the magazine's competitions. Lasser emphasized to Williamson the importance of scientific plausibility, citing as an example a moment in the story where the earthmen have to decipher a written Martian language: "You must be sure and make it convincing how they did it; for they have absolutely no method of approach to a written language of another world." On one occasion Lasser's work with his authors extended to collaboration: "The Time Projector", a story which appeared in the July 1931 issue of Wonder Stories, was credited to David H. Keller and David Lasser. Both Lasser and, later, Hornig, were given almost complete editorial freedom by Gernsback, who reserved only the right to give final approval to the contents. This was in contrast to the more detailed control Gernsback had exerted over the content of Amazing Stories in the first years of its existence. Science fiction historian Sam Moskowitz has suggested that the reason was the poor financial state of Wonder Stories—Gernsback perhaps avoided corresponding with authors as he owed many of them money.
Lasser allowed the letter column to become a free discussion of ideas and values, and published stories dealing with topics such as the relationship between the sexes. One such story, Thomas S. Gardner's "The Last Woman", portrayed a future in which men, having evolved beyond the need for love, keep the last woman in a museum. In "The Venus Adventurer", an early story by John Wyndham, a spaceman corrupts the innocent natives of Venus. Lasser avoided printing space opera, and several stories from Wonder in the early 1930s were more realistic than most contemporary space fiction. Examples include Edmond Hamilton's "A Conquest of Two Worlds", P. Schuyler Miller's "The Forgotten Man of Space", and several stories by Frank K. Kelly, including "The Moon Tragedy".
Lasser was one of the founders of the American Rocket Society which, under its initial name of the "Interplanetary Society", announced its existence in the pages of the June 1930 Wonder Stories. Several of Wonder's writers were also members of the Interplanetary Society, and perhaps as a consequence of the relationship Wonder Stories Quarterly began to focus increasingly on fiction with interplanetary settings. A survey of the last eight issues of Wonder Stories Quarterly by Bleiler found almost two-thirds of the stories were interplanetary adventures, while only a third of the stories in the corresponding issues of Wonder Stories could be so described. Wonder Stories Quarterly added a banner reading "Interplanetary Number" to the cover of the Winter 1931 issue, and retained it, as "Interplanetary Stories", for subsequent issues. Lasser and Gernsback were also briefly involved with the fledgling Technocracy movement. Gernsback published two issues of Technocracy Review, which Lasser edited, commissioning stories based on technocratic ideas from Nat Schachner. These appeared in Wonder Stories during 1933, culminating in a novel, The Revolt of the Scientists.
Reviews of fiction and popular science books were published, and there was a science column which endeavored to answer readers' questions. These features were at first of good quality, but deteriorated after Lasser's departure, although it is not certain that Lasser wrote the content of either one. An influential non-fiction initiative was the creation of the Science Fiction League, an organization that brought together local science fiction fan clubs across the country. Gernsback took the opportunity to sell items such as buttons and insignia, and it was undoubtedly a profitable enterprise for him as well as a good source of publicity. It was ultimately more important in becoming one of the foundations of science fiction fandom.
Hornig
When Hornig took over from Lasser at the end of 1933 he attempted to continue and expand Lasser's approach. Hornig introduced a "New Policy" in the January 1934 issue, emphasizing originality and barring stories that merely reworked well-worn ideas. He asked for stories that included good science, although "not enough to become boring to those readers who are not primarily interested in the technicalities of the science". However, Astounding was moving into the lead position in the science fiction magazine field at this time, and Hornig had difficulty in competing. His rates of payment were lower than Astounding's one cent per word; sometimes his writers were paid very late, or not at all. Despite these handicaps, Hornig managed to find some good material, including Stanley G. Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey", which appeared in the July 1934 Wonder and has been frequently reprinted.
In the December 1934 – January 1935 issue of Hornig's fanzine, Fantasy Magazine, he took the unusual step of listing several stories that he had rejected as lacking novelty, but which had subsequently appeared in print in other magazines. The list includes several by successful writers of the day, such as Raymond Z. Gallun and Miles Breuer. The most prominent story named is Triplanetary by E. E. Smith, which appeared in Amazing.
Both Lasser and Hornig printed fiction translated from French and German writers, including Otfrid von Hanstein and Otto Willi Gail. With the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in the 1930s a few readers (including Donald Wollheim) wrote letters complaining about the inclusion of German stories. The editorial response was a strong defense of the translations; Gernsback argued that events in Germany were irrelevant to the business of selecting fiction.
The covers for almost every issue of Air Wonder, Science Wonder, Wonder Stories and Wonder Stories Quarterly were painted by Frank R. Paul, who had followed Gernsback from Amazing Stories. The only exception was a cover image composed of colored dots, which appeared on the November 1932 issue.
Weisinger and Friend
When the magazine moved to Beacon Publications, as Thrilling Wonder, the fiction began to focus more on action than on ideas. The covers, often by Earle K. Bergey, typically depicted bizarre aliens and damsels in distress. In 1939, a reader, Martin Alger, coined the phrase "bug-eyed monster" to describe one such cover; the phrase subsequently entered the dictionary as a word for an alien. Several well-known writers contributed, including Ray Cummings, and John W. Campbell, whose "Brain-Stealers of Mars" series began in Thrilling Wonder in the December 1936 issue. A comic-strip began in August 1936, the first issue of the Beacon Publications version. It was illustrated and possibly written by Max Plaisted. The strip, titled Zarnak, was not a success, and was cancelled after eight issues.
Weisinger's successor, Friend, gave the magazine a significantly more juvenile feel. He used the alias "Sergeant Saturn" and was generally condescending to the readers; this may not have been his fault as Margulies, who was still the editorial director, probably wanted him to attract a younger readership. Under Friend's direction, Earle K. Bergey transformed the look of Thrilling Wonder Stories by foregrounding human figures in space, focusing on the anatomy of women in implausibly revealing spacesuits and his trademark "brass brassières".
Merwin and Mines
Merwin, who took over with the Winter 1945 issue, adopted a more mature approach than Friend's. He obtained fiction from writers who had previously been publishing mainly in John Campbell's Astounding. The Summer 1945 issue of Thrilling Wonder included Jack Vance's first published story, "The World Thinker". Merwin also published several stories by Ray Bradbury, some of which were later included in Bradbury's collection The Martian Chronicles. Other well-known writers that Merwin was able to attract included Theodore Sturgeon, A. E. van Vogt, and Robert A. Heinlein. Thrilling Wonder often published intelligent, thoughtful stories, some of which Campbell would have been unlikely to accept at Astounding: he did not like to publish stories that showed the negative consequences of scientific advances such as nuclear power. In the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, during the late 1940s Thrilling Wonder became a serious rival to Astounding's long domination of the field. However, this is not a universal opinion, as the magazine is elsewhere described during Merwin's tenure as "evidently secondary to Startling".
Samuel Mines took over from Merwin at the end of 1951, both at Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder. He argued against restrictions in science fiction themes, and in 1952 published Philip José Farmer's "The Lovers", a ground-breaking story about inter-species sex, in Startling. He followed this in 1953 with another taboo-breaking story from Farmer, "Mother", in Thrilling Wonder, in which a spaceman makes his home in an alien womb. In the December 1952 Thrilling Wonder, Mines published Edmond Hamilton's "What's It Like Out There?", a downbeat story about the realities of space exploration that had been considered too bleak for publication when it had originally been written in the 1930s. Sherwood Springer's "No Land of Nod", in the same issue, dealt with incest between a father and his daughter in a world in which they are the only two survivors. These stories were all well received by the readership.
Influence on the field
For a few years, Lasser was the dominant force in American science fiction. Under him, Wonder Stories was the best of the science fiction magazines of the early 1930s, and the most successful of all Gernsback's forays into the field. Lasser shaped a new generation of writers, who in many cases had no prior writing experience of any kind; Wonder Stories was part of a "forcing ground", according to Isaac Asimov, where young writers learned their trade. The magazine was less constrained by pulp convention than its competitors, and published some novels such as Eric Temple Bell's The Time Stream and Festus Pragnell's The Green Man of Graypec, which were not in the mainstream of development of the science fiction genre.
As Thrilling Wonder the magazine was much less influential. Until the mid-1940s it was focused on younger readers, and by the time Merwin and Mines introduced a more adult approach, Astounding Science Fiction had taken over as the unquestioned leader of the field. Thrilling Wonder could not compete with John Campbell and the Golden Age of science fiction that he brought into being, but it did periodically publish good stories. In the end it was unable to escape its roots in the pulp industry, and died in the carnage that swept away every remaining pulp magazine in the 1950s.
Publication details
The first issue of Science Wonder Quarterly, Fall 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.
The editorial duties at Wonder Stories and its related magazines were not always performed by the person who bore the title of "editor" in the magazine's masthead. From the beginning until the sale to Beacon Publications, Gernsback was listed as editor-in-chief; Lasser was variously listed as "literary editor" and "managing editor", while Hornig was always listed as "managing editor". Similarly, under Beacon Publications, the nominal editor (initially Leo Margulies) was not always the one to work on the magazine. The following list shows who actually performed the editorial duties. More details are given in the publishing history section, above, which focuses on when the editors involved actually obtained control of the magazine contents, instead of when their names appeared on the masthead.
Air Wonder Stories
David Lasser (July 1929 – May 1930)
Science Wonder Stories
David Lasser (June 1929 – May 1930)
Science Wonder Quarterly
David Lasser (Fall 1929 – Spring 1930)
Wonder Stories
David Lasser (June 1930 – October 1933)
Charles Hornig (November 1933 – March–April 1936)
Wonder Stories Quarterly
David Lasser (Summer 1930 – Winter 1933)
Thrilling Wonder Stories
Mort Weisinger (August 1936 – April 1941)
Oscar Friend (August 1941 – Fall 1944)
Sam Merwin (Winter 1945 – October 1951)
Samuel Mines (December 1951 – Summer 1954)
Alexander Samalman (Fall 1954 – Winter 1955)
The publisher only changed once through the lifetime of the magazine, when Gernsback sold Wonder Stories in 1936. However, Gernsback changed the name of his company from Stellar Publishing Corporation to Continental Publications, Incorporated, with effect from December 1933. Thrilling Wonder's publisher went by three names: Beacon Publications initially, then Better Publications from the August 1937 issue, and finally, starting with the Fall 1943 issue, Standard Magazines.
Gernsback experimented with the price and format, looking for a profitable combination. Both Air Wonder and Science Wonder were bedsheet-sized (8.5 × 11.75 in, or 216 × 298 mm) and priced at 25 cents, as were the first issues of Wonder Stories. With the November 1930 issue Wonder Stories changed to pulp format, 6.75 × 9.9 in (171 × 251 mm). It reverted to bedsheet after a year, and then in November 1933 became a pulp magazine for good. The pulp issues all had 144 pages; the bedsheet issues generally had 96 pages, though five issues from November 1932 to March 1933 had only 64 pages. Those five issues coincided with a price cut to 15 cents, which was reversed with the April 1933 issue. Gernsback cut the price to 15 cents again from June 1935 until the sale to Beacon Publications in 1936, though this time he did not reduce the page count. The short duration of these price cuts suggests Gernsback rapidly realized that the additional circulation they gained him cost too much in lost revenue. Under Beacon Publications Thrilling Wonder remained pulp-sized throughout.
There were two British reprint editions of Thrilling Wonder. The earlier edition, from Atlas Publishing, produced three numbered issues from 1949 to 1950, and a further seven from 1952 to 1953. Another four issues appeared from Pemberton between 1953 and 1954; these were numbered from 101 to 104. There were Canadian editions in 1945–1946 and 1948–1951.
References
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 7.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 21–25.
^ Nicholls, "Pulp Magazines", p. 979.
^ Ashley, Transformations, p. 155.
^ Stableford, "Amazing Stories", p. 27.
^ Nicholls, "Golden Age of SF", p. 258.
^ H. W. Hall, ed. (1983). The Science Fiction Magazine Checklist (PDF). Bryan, TX. p. 10. ISBN 0-935064-10-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c Bleiler, Gernsback Years, pp. 579–581.
^ Perry, "An Amazing Story" pp. 114–115.
^ The other was Radio-Craft, which was aimed at radio hobbyists and repairmen. See Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 579.
^ a b c Bleiler, Gernsback Years, pp. 541–543.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 64.
^ a b Ashley, Time Machines, p. 237.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ashley, Time Machines, p. 254.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 47.
^ Gernsback, editorial in Air Wonder Stories, July 1929, p. 5, quoted in Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 542.
^ Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 580.
^ Carter, Creation of Tomorrow, p. 11.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 70–71.
^ Gernsback, in Science Wonder, May 1930, p. 1099; quoted in Ashley, Time Machines, p. 71.
^ Asimov, Before the Golden Age I, p. 29.
^ a b c d e Bleiler, Gernsback Years, pp. 586–589.
^ a b Bleiler, Gernsback Years, pp. 578–579.
^ a b c Bleiler, Gernsback Years, pp. 595–596.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 57.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 57. Bleiler, who cites Davin, gives Lasser's salary as $70 per week, though he does not explain the discrepancy; see Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 588.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 94, note 38.
^ a b c d Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 78–79.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 70.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 29.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 43.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 51.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 85–86.
^ Tuck, Encyclopedia of SF, Vol. 3, p. 609.
^ a b Ashley, Time Machines, p. 91.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 64.
^ Hornig, quoted in Davin, Pioneers, p. 68; Hornig does not specify whether this happened only towards the end of Gernsback's control of the magazine.
^ a b c Ashley, Time Machines, p. 100.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 136.
^ Clute & Edwards, "Oscar J. Friend", p. 454.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 250.
^ Edwards, "Sam Merwin Jr.", p. 801.
^ Edwards, "Samuel Mines", p. 811.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 220–221.
^ a b Ashley, Transformations, p. 345.
^ a b Nicholls & Stableford, "Wonder Stories", p. 1346.
^ Ashley, Transformations, p. 221.
^ Engle, Thrilling Wonder Stories Summer 2007
^ Ansible 239, June 2007, David Langford, retrieved November 29, 2008
^ Engle, Thrilling Wonder Stories Volume 2
^ Nahin, Paul (1999). Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 261. ISBN 0-387-98571-9.
^ Hamerlinck, P.C. (2001). Fawcett Campanion: The Best of FCA. Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 1-893905-10-1.
^ Binder, Jack (June 1937). "IF Another Ice Age Grips the Earth!". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 9 (3): 87.
^ Binder, Jack (April 1938). "IF The Oceans Dried!". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 11 (2): 104–105.
^ Binder, Jack (October 1938). "IF Science Reached the Earth's Core!". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 12 (3): 98–99.
^ Joyce, C. Allen (2009). Under the Covers and Between the Sheets: The Inside Story behind classic characters, authors, unforgettable phrases, and unexpected endings. New York: Penguin. pp. np. ISBN 978-1-60652-034-5.
^ Binder, Jack (April 1940). "IF Earth's Axis Shifted!". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 16 (1): 78–79.
^ a b Editorial in Air Wonder Stories, July 1929; quoted in Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 541.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 52.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 39.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 65–67.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 71–73. The quote, from a letter by Lasser dated 11 May 1931, is given by Ashley on p. 73.
^ a b Davin, Pioneers, p. 41.
^ Davin, Pioneers, pp. 41–43.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 48.
^ Davin, Pioneers, pp. 63–64.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 73–75.
^ Davin, Pioneers, pp. 32–33.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 37.
^ Clute, "Nat Schachner", p. 1056.
^ Peter Roberts, "Science Fiction League", p. 1066.
^ a b Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 87–88.
^ Carter, Creation of Tomorrow, p. 119.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, p. 276.
^ "Catalog". www.pulpartists.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 100–102.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 187–188.
^ Ashley, Time Machines, pp. 188–190.
^ a b c d Malcolm Edwards, "Thrilling Wonder Stories", pp. 1222–1223.
^ Ashley, Transformations, p. 343.
^ a b Ashley, Transformations, pp. 13–16.
^ Peter Nicholls, "Sex", p. 539.
^ Davin, Pioneers, p. 40.
^ Clute, Illustrated Encyclopedia, p. 100.
^ a b c d Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 543.
^ a b c d Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 581.
^ a b c d e Bleiler, Gernsback Years, p. 589.
^ a b Tuck, Encyclopedia of SF, Vol. 3, p. 599.
Sources
Asimov, Isaac (1978), Before the Golden Age: Volume One, London: Orbit, ISBN 0-86007-803-5
Ashley, Mike (2000), The Time Machines:The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines from the beginning to 1950, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-865-0
Ashley, Mike (2005), Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-779-4
Bleiler, Everett F. (1998), Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years: A complete coverage of the genre magazines Amazing, Astounding, Wonder, and others from 1926 through 1936, Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, ISBN 0-87338-604-3
Carter, Paul A. (1977), The Creation of Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Magazine Science Fiction, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-04211-6
Clute, John (1981), "Sex", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8
Clute, John (1993), "Nat Schachner", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Clute, John; Edwards, Malcolm (1993), "Oscar J. Friend", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Davin, Erik Leif (1999), Pioneers of Wonder, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-57392-702-3
Edwards, Malcolm (1993), "Sam Merwin Jr.", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Edwards, Malcolm (1993), "Samuel Mines", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Edwards, Malcolm (1993), "Thrilling Wonder Stories", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Edwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993), "SF Magazines", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Engle, Winston (2007), Thrilling Wonder Stories Summer 2007, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-0-7
Engle, Winston (2009), Thrilling Wonder Stories Volume 2, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-1-4
Nicholls, Peter (1981), "Golden Age of SF", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8
Nicholls, Peter; Stableford, Brian (1993), "Wonder Stories", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Perry, Tom "An Amazing Story: Experiment in Bankruptcy" in Amazing Science Fiction vol. 51, no 3 (May 1978)
Roberts, Peter (1993), "Science Fiction League", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6
Stableford, Brian (1981), "Amazing Stories", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8
Tuck, Donald H. (1982), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 3, Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-911682-26-0
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Stories.
Archived Wonder Stories on the Internet Archive
vteScience fiction and fantasy pulp magazinesMagazines
Ace Mystery
Amazing Stories
Amazing Stories Annual
Amazing Stories Quarterly
A. Merritt's Fantasy Magazine
Astonishing Stories
Astounding Stories
Captain Future
Captain Hazzard
Captain Zero
Comet
Cosmic Stories
Doc Savage
Doctor Death
Dusty Ayres and His Battle Birds
Dynamic Science Fiction
Dynamic Science Stories
Famous Fantastic Mysteries
Fantastic Adventures
Fantastic Novels
Fantastic Story Quarterly
Fantasy
Flash Gordon Strange Adventure Magazine
Future Science Fiction
G-8 and His Battle Aces
Ghost Stories
Jungle Stories
Marvel Science Stories
Mind Magic
Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories
New Worlds
The Octopus
Operator #5
Oriental Stories
Other Worlds
Out of This World Adventures
Planet Stories
Science Fiction
Science-Fiction Plus
Science Fiction Quarterly
Scientific Detective Monthly
The Scorpion
Secret Agent X
Space Stories
The Spider
Startling Stories
Stirring Science Stories
Strange Stories
Strange Tales
Super Science Stories
Tales of Magic and Mystery
Tales of Wonder
10 Story Fantasy
Terence X. O'Leary's War Birds
The Thrill Book
Tops in Science Fiction
Two Complete Science-Adventure Books
Uncanny Stories
Uncanny Tales (Canadian)
Unknown
Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine
Weird Tales
The Witch's Tales
Wonder Stories
Wonder Story Annual
Related
History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine"},{"link_name":"Hugo Gernsback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"Experimenter Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimenter_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Ned Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Pines"},{"link_name":"Beacon Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Publications"},{"link_name":"Startling Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startling_Stories"},{"link_name":"pulp magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"David Lasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasser"},{"link_name":"Charles Hornig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hornig"},{"link_name":"Stanley Weinbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum"},{"link_name":"A Martian Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Astounding Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Stories"},{"link_name":"spacesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacesuits_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Mike Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)"}],"text":"American science fiction magazineWonder Stories was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, when his media company Experimenter Publishing went bankrupt. Within a few months of the bankruptcy, Gernsback launched three new magazines: Air Wonder Stories, Science Wonder Stories, and Science Wonder Quarterly.Air Wonder Stories and Science Wonder Stories were merged in 1930 as Wonder Stories, and the quarterly was renamed Wonder Stories Quarterly. The magazines were not financially successful, and in 1936 Gernsback sold Wonder Stories to Ned Pines at Beacon Publications, where, retitled Thrilling Wonder Stories, it continued for nearly 20 years. The last issue was dated Winter 1955, and the title was then merged with Startling Stories, another of Pines' science fiction magazines. Startling itself lasted only to the end of 1955 before finally succumbing to the decline of the pulp magazine industry.The editors under Gernsback's ownership were David Lasser, who worked hard to improve the quality of the fiction, and, from mid-1933, Charles Hornig. Both Lasser and Hornig published some well-received fiction, such as Stanley Weinbaum's \"A Martian Odyssey\", but Hornig's efforts in particular were overshadowed by the success of Astounding Stories, which had become the leading magazine in the new field of science fiction. Under its new title, Thrilling Wonder Stories was initially unable to improve its quality. For a period in the early 1940s it was aimed at younger readers, with a juvenile editorial tone and covers that depicted beautiful women in implausibly revealing spacesuits. Later editors began to improve the fiction, and by the end of the 1940s, in the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, the magazine briefly rivaled Astounding.","title":"Wonder Stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_7-1"},{"link_name":"Munsey's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsey%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"McClure's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure%27s"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_21-25-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESF_Pulp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_155-4"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"Hugo Gernsback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Astounding Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESF_AMZ-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESF_GAOSF-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"By the end of the 19th century, stories centered on scientific inventions and set in the future, in the tradition of Jules Verne, were appearing regularly in popular fiction magazines.[1] Magazines such as Munsey's Magazine and The Argosy, launched in 1889 and 1896 respectively, carried a few science fiction stories each year. Some upmarket \"slicks\" such as McClure's, which paid well and were aimed at a more literary audience, also carried scientific stories, but by the early years of the 20th century, science fiction (though it was not yet called that) was appearing more often in the pulp magazines than in the slicks.[2][3][4] The first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era. It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre, and by the end of the 1930s a \"Golden Age of Science Fiction\" had begun, inaugurated by the efforts of John W. Campbell, the editor of Astounding Science Fiction. Wonder Stories was launched in the pulp era, not long after Amazing Stories, and lasted through the Golden Age and well into the 1950s.[5][6] The publisher was Stellar Publishing company based in New York City.[7]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_579-581-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMZ_1978-5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_RC-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_579-581-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_541-543-11"},{"link_name":"David Lasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasser"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_64-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_237-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_47-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_542_Q-16"},{"link_name":"Everett Bleiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Bleiler"},{"link_name":"Lee De Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_580-17"},{"link_name":"Donald Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Menzel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_11-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_70-71-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_541-543-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_71_Q-20"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTGA_29-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_579-581-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_237-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_586-589-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleiler_SWQ-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_595-596-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_57-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_57_2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_94-27"},{"link_name":"fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Charles Hornig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hornig"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_78-79-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_70-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_78-79-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_78-79-28"},{"link_name":"Eastern Distributing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Distributing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_29-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_43-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_78-79-28"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_51-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_85-86-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuck_609-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_91-35"},{"link_name":"Laurence Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Manning"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_64-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_68_Q-37"},{"link_name":"Beacon Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Magazines"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_91-35"}],"sub_title":"Gernsback era","text":"Gernsback's new magazine, Amazing Stories, was successful, but Gernsback lost control of the publisher when it went bankrupt in February 1929. By April he had formed a new company, Gernsback Publications Incorporated, and created two subsidiaries: Techni-Craft Publishing Corporation and Stellar Publishing Corporation. Gernsback sent out letters advertising his plans for new magazines; the mailing lists he used almost certainly were compiled from the subscription lists of Amazing Stories. This would have been illegal, as the lists were owned by Irving Trust, the receiver of the bankruptcy. Gernsback denied using the lists under oath, but historians have generally agreed that he must have done so. The letters also asked potential subscribers to decide the name of the new magazine; they voted for \"Science Wonder Stories\", which became the name of one of Gernsback's new magazines.[8][9]Gernsback's recovery from the bankruptcy judgment was remarkably quick. By early June he had launched three new magazines, two of which published science fiction.[10] The June 1929 issue of Science Wonder Stories appeared on newsstands on 5 May 1929, and was followed on 5 June by the July 1929 issue of Air Wonder Stories.[8][11] Both magazines were monthly, with Gernsback as editor-in-chief and David Lasser as editor.[12][13][14] Lasser had no prior editing experience and knew little about science fiction, but his recently acquired degree from MIT convinced Gernsback to hire him.[15]Gernsback claimed that science fiction was educational. He repeatedly made this assertion in Amazing Stories, and continued to do so in his editorials for the new magazines, stating, for example, that \"teachers encourage the reading of this fiction because they know that it gives the pupil a fundamental knowledge of science and aviation.\"[16] He also recruited a panel of \"nationally known educators [who] pass upon the scientific principles of all stories\". Science fiction historian Everett Bleiler describes this as \"fakery, pure and simple\", asserting that there is no evidence that the men on the panel—some of whom, such as Lee De Forest, were well-known scientists—had any editorial influence.[17] However, Donald Menzel, the astrophysicist on the panel, said that Gernsback sent him manuscripts and made changes to stories as a result of Menzel's commentary.[18]In 1930, Gernsback decided to merge Science Wonder Stories and Air Wonder Stories into Wonder Stories. The reason for the merger is unknown, although it may have been that he needed the space in the printing schedule for his new Aviation Mechanics magazine.[19] Bleiler has suggested that the merger was caused by poor sales and a consequent need to downsize. In addition, Air Wonder Stories was probably focused on too specialized a niche to succeed.[11] In an editorial just before Science Wonder Stories changed its name, Gernsback commented that the word \"Science\" in the title \"has tended to retard the progress of the magazine, because many people had the impression that it is a sort of scientific periodical rather than a fiction magazine\".[20] Ironically, the inclusion of \"science\" in the title was the reason that science fiction writer Isaac Asimov began reading the magazine; when he saw the August 1929 issue he obtained permission to read it from his father on the grounds that it was clearly educational.[21] Concerns about the marketability of titles seem to have surfaced in the last two issues of Science Wonder, which had the word \"Science\" printed in a color that made it difficult to read. On the top of the cover appeared the words \"Mystery-Adventure-Romance\", the last of which was a surprising way to advertise a science fiction magazine.[8]The first issue of the merged magazine appeared in June 1930, still on a monthly schedule, with Lasser as editor.[13][14] The volume numbering continued that of Science Wonder Stories, therefore Wonder Stories is sometimes regarded as a retitling of Science Wonder Stories.[22] Gernsback had also produced a companion magazine for Science Wonder Stories, titled Science Wonder Quarterly, the first issue of which was published in the fall of 1929. Three issues were produced under this title, but after the merger Gernsback changed the companion magazine's title to Wonder Stories Quarterly, and produced a further eleven issues under that title.[23][24]In July 1933, Gernsback dismissed Lasser as editor. Lasser had become active in promoting workers' rights and was spending less time on his editorial duties. According to Lasser, Gernsback told him \"if you like working with the unemployed so much, I suggest you go and join them\".[25] It is likely that cost-cutting was also a consideration, as Lasser was paid $65 per week, a substantial salary in those days.[26][27] Soon after Lasser was let go, Gernsback received a fanzine, The Fantasy Fan, from a reader, Charles Hornig. Gernsback called Hornig to his office to interview him for the position of editor; Hornig turned out to be only 17, but Gernsback asked him to proofread a manuscript and decided that the results were satisfactory. Hornig was hired at an initial salary of $20 per week.[28][29] That same year, Gernsback dissolved Stellar Publications and created Continental Publications as the new publisher for Wonder Stories.[28] The schedule stuttered for the first time, missing the July and September 1933 issues;[28] the recent bankruptcy of the company's distributor, Eastern Distributing Corporation, may have been partly responsible for this disruption.[30][31] The first issue with Continental on the masthead, and the first listing Hornig as editor, was November 1933.[28]Wonder Stories had a circulation of about 25,000 in 1934, comparable to that of Amazing Stories, which had declined from an early peak of about 100,000.[32][33] Gernsback considered issuing a reprint magazine in 1934, Wonder Stories Reprint Annual, but it never appeared.[34] That year he experimented with other fiction magazines—Pirate Stories and High Seas Adventures—but neither was successful.[35] Wonder Stories was also failing, and in November 1935 it started publishing bimonthly instead of monthly. Gernsback had a reputation for paying slowly and was therefore unpopular with many authors; by 1936 he was even failing to pay Laurence Manning, one of his most reliable authors.[36] Staff were sometimes asked to delay cashing their paychecks for weeks at a time.[37] Gernsback felt the blame lay with dealers who were returning magazine covers as unsold copies, and then selling the stripped copies at a reduced rate. To bypass the dealers, he made a plea in the March 1936 issue to his readers, asking them to subscribe, and proposing to distribute Wonder Stories solely by subscription. There was little response, and Gernsback decided to sell. He made a deal with Ned Pines of Beacon Magazines and on 21 February 1936 Wonder Stories was sold.[35]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Margulies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Margulies"},{"link_name":"Mort Weisinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Weisinger"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_100-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_100-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"Startling Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startling_Stories"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_136-39"},{"link_name":"Oscar J. Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_J._Friend"},{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_fiction"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-40"},{"link_name":"Sam Merwin, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Merwin,_Jr."},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_250-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_Merwin-42"},{"link_name":"Samuel Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_Mines-43"},{"link_name":"Noel Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Loomis"},{"link_name":"Street & Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_%26_Smith"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_220-221-44"},{"link_name":"Alexander Samalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Samalman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_345-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_1346-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_221-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engle-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A239-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engle2-50"}],"sub_title":"Thrilling Wonder Stories","text":"Pines' magazines included several with \"Thrilling\" in the title, such as Thrilling Detective and Thrilling Love Stories. These were run by Leo Margulies, who had hired Mort Weisinger (among others) as the workload increased in the early 1930s. Weisinger was already an active science fiction fan, and when Wonder Stories was acquired, Margulies involved him in the editorial work. Margulies' group worked as a team, with Margulies listed as editor-in-chief on the magazines and having final say. However, since Weisinger knew science fiction well, Weisinger was quickly given more leeway, and bibliographers generally list Weisinger as the editor for this period of the magazine's history.[38]The title was changed to Thrilling Wonder Stories to match the rest of the \"Thrilling\" line. The first issue appeared in August 1936—four months after the last Gernsback Wonder Stories appeared.[14][38] Wonder Stories had been monthly until the last few Gernsback issues; Thrilling Wonder was launched on a bimonthly schedule.[14] In February 1938 Weisinger asked for reader feedback regarding the idea of a companion magazine; the response was positive, and in January 1939 the first issue of Startling Stories appeared, alternating months with Thrilling Wonder.[39] A year later Thrilling Wonder went monthly; this lasted fewer than eighteen months, and the bimonthly schedule resumed after April 1941. Weisinger left that summer and was replaced at both Startling and Thrilling Wonder by Oscar J. Friend, a pulp writer with more experience in Westerns than science fiction, though he had published a novel, The Kid from Mars, in Startling Stories just the year before.[40] In mid-1943 both magazines went to a quarterly schedule, and at the end of 1944 Friend was replaced in his turn by Sam Merwin, Jr. The quarterly schedule lasted until well after World War II ended: Thrilling Wonder returned to a bimonthly schedule with the December 1946 issue and again alternated with Startling which went bimonthly in January 1947.[14][41] Merwin left in 1951 in order to become a freelance editor,[42] and was replaced by Samuel Mines, who had worked for Ned Pines since 1942.[43]The Thrilling Wonder logo, a winged man against the background of a glass mountain was taken from the Noel Loomis story, \"The Glass Mountain.\"By the summer of 1949 Street & Smith, one of the largest pulp publishers, had shut down every one of their pulps. This format was dying out, though it took several more years before the pulps completely disappeared from the newsstands.[44] Both Thrilling Wonder and Startling went quarterly in 1954, and at the end of that year Mines left. The magazines did not survive him for long; only two more issues of Thrilling Wonder appeared, both edited by Alexander Samalman. After the beginning of 1955, Thrilling Wonder was merged with Startling, which itself ceased publication at the end of 1955.[45]After the demise of Thrilling Wonder Stories the old Wonder Stories title was revived for two issues, published in 1957 and 1963. These were both edited by Jim Hendryx Jr. They were numbered vol. 45, no. 1 and 2, continuing the volume numbering of Thrilling Wonder. Both were selections from past issues of Thrilling Wonder; the second one convinced Ned Pines, the publisher who had bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback in 1936 and who still owned the rights to the stories, to start a reprint magazine called Treasury of Great Science Fiction Stories in 1964; a companion, Treasury of Great Western Stories, was added the next year.[46][47]In 2007, Winston Engle published a new magazine in book format, titled Thrilling Wonder Stories, with a cover date of Summer 2007.[48] Engle commented that it was \"not a pastiche or nostalgia exercise as much as modern SF with the entertainment, inspirational value, and excitement of the golden age\".[49] A second volume appeared in 2009.[50]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nahin-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamerlinck-52"},{"link_name":"Atlantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Neutronium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronium"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joyce_and_Janssen-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"IF —!: a picture feature","text":"Six months after the debut of Thrilling Wonder Stories, its June 1937 issue contained a picture feature by Jack Binder entitled IF —!.[51] Binder's earlier training as a fine artist[52] helped him create detailed renderings of space ships, lost cities, future cities, landscapes, indigenous peoples, and even ancient Atlantins. IF —!'s pen and ink drawings are hand-lettered and rendered in black and white. These one-to-two page studies presented readers with possible outcomes to early 20th-century scientific quandaries. These included:IF Another Ice Age Grips the Earth![53] (June 1937) – Binder's first picture feature is tucked in between \"The Chessboard of Mars\" by Eando Binder and J. Harvey Haggard's \"Renegade: The Ways of the Ether are Strange When a Spaceman Seeks to Betray.\" Ice Age offered renderings of glaciated cities, infra-red ray guns, and a floating city alongside underground habitations—\"the safest and most practicable retreat!\" for chilly humans. It ends with the announcement: \"Next Issue: If Atomic Power were Harnessed!\"\nIF the Oceans Dried![54] (April 1938) – Sailing vessels are museum pieces enshrined in huge bubble cases since the ocean floor is now home to meandering train tracks. All manner of minerals are mined to the benefit of mankind and the lost city of Atlantis (if real) is exposed. All ocean life becomes extinct and the Earth's climate undergoes dramatic, yet positive, change.\nIF Science Reached the Earth's Core[55] (Oct. 1938) – Neutronium allows humans to penetrate to the Earth's core, which is not molten, but a gravity-free haven where \"vacationers enjoy the thrill of being weightless.\" IF —! is credited with the first use of the phrase \"zero-gravity,\" a science fiction mainstay,[56] where \"Space Travel is solved. Starting at the zero-gravity of Earth's core, accumulative acceleration is easily built up in a four-thousand-mile tube. The ship's reach Earth's surface where gravitation !|is strongest with an appreciable velocity that makes the take-off a simple process of continuation!\"\nIF Earth's Axis Shifted[57] (April 1940) – An astronomical telescope points towards the night sky revealing that the planets have aligned and caused the Earth's axis to shift. Tidal waves sweep cities away. North America in now a tropic zone, while Siberia is balmy and Antarctica swarms with immigrants wanting to harvest the now accessible coal and metal. \"Next Issue: IF the World were Ruled by Intelligent Robots!\"","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_Wonder_Stories_1929_June.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_541Q-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_541Q-58"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFB_541-543-11"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_52-59"},{"link_name":"John Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Triffids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Triffids"},{"link_name":"Raymond Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Palmer"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_39-60"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Stanton Coblentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Coblentz"},{"link_name":"David H. Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Keller"},{"link_name":"Victor MacClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_MacClure&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neil R. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_R._Jones"},{"link_name":"Ed Earl Repp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Earl_Repp"},{"link_name":"Raymond Z. Gallun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Z._Gallun"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Eshbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Eshbach"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_65-67-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_71-73_Q-62"}],"text":"The first issue of Science Wonder Stories, June 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.When Air Wonder Stories was launched in the middle of 1929 there were already pulp magazines such as Sky Birds and Flying Aces which focused on aerial adventures. Gernsback's first editorial dismissed these as being of the \"purely 'Wild West'-world war adventure-sky busting type\".[58] By contrast, Gernsback said he planned to fill Air Wonder solely with \"flying stories of the future, strictly along scientific-mechanical-technical lines, full of adventure, exploration and achievement.\"[58] Non-fiction material on aviation was printed, including quizzes, short popular articles, and book reviews. The letters column made it clear that the readership comprised more science fiction fans than aviation fans, and Gernsback later commented that the overlap with Science Wonder readers was 90% (a figure that presumably referred only to the subscription base, not to newsstand sales).[11]Gernsback frequently ran reader contests,[59] one of which, announced in the February 1930 issue of Air Wonder Stories, asked for a slogan for the magazine. John Wyndham, later to become famous as the author of The Day of the Triffids, won with \"Future Flying Fiction\", submitted under his real name of John Beynon Harris. Later that year a contest in Science Wonder Quarterly asked readers for an answer to the question \"What I Have Done to Spread Science Fiction\". The winner was Raymond Palmer who later became editor of Gernsback's original magazine, Amazing Stories. He won the contest for his role in founding a \"Science Correspondence Club\".[60]Science Wonder's first issue included the first part of a serial, The Reign of the Ray, by Fletcher Pratt and Irwin Lester, and short stories by Stanton Coblentz and David H. Keller. Air Wonder began with a reprinted serial, Victor MacClure's Ark of the Covenant. Writers who first appeared in the pages of these magazines include Neil R. Jones, Ed Earl Repp, Raymond Z. Gallun and Lloyd Eshbach.[61] The quality of published science fiction at the time was generally low, and Lasser was keen to improve it. On 11 May 1931 he wrote to his regular contributors to tell them that their science fiction stories \"should deal realistically with the effect upon people, individually and in groups, of a scientific invention or discovery. ... In other words, allow yourself one fundamental assumption—that a certain machine or discovery is possible—and then show what would be its logical and dramatic consequences upon the world; also what would be the effect upon the group of characters that you pick to carry your theme.\"[62]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literacy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_41-63"},{"link_name":"Jack Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_41-43-64"},{"link_name":"David H. Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Keller"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_41-63"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_48-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_63-64-66"},{"link_name":"John Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"space opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera"},{"link_name":"Edmond Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"P. Schuyler Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller"},{"link_name":"Frank K. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_K._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_73-75-67"},{"link_name":"American Rocket Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rocket_Society"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_32-33-68"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_595-596-24"},{"link_name":"Technocracy movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_movement"},{"link_name":"Nat Schachner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Schachner"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_37-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"science fiction fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_586-589-22"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESF_SFL-71"}],"sub_title":"After the merger","text":"Lasser provided ideas to his authors and commented on their drafts, attempting to improve both the level of scientific literacy and the quality of the writing.[63] Some of his correspondence has survived, including an exchange with Jack Williamson, whom Lasser commissioned in early 1932 to write a story based on a plot provided by a reader—the winning entry in one of the magazine's competitions. Lasser emphasized to Williamson the importance of scientific plausibility, citing as an example a moment in the story where the earthmen have to decipher a written Martian language: \"You must be sure and make it convincing how they did it; for they have absolutely no method of approach to a written language of another world.\"[64] On one occasion Lasser's work with his authors extended to collaboration: \"The Time Projector\", a story which appeared in the July 1931 issue of Wonder Stories, was credited to David H. Keller and David Lasser.[63] Both Lasser and, later, Hornig, were given almost complete editorial freedom by Gernsback, who reserved only the right to give final approval to the contents. This was in contrast to the more detailed control Gernsback had exerted over the content of Amazing Stories in the first years of its existence. Science fiction historian Sam Moskowitz has suggested that the reason was the poor financial state of Wonder Stories—Gernsback perhaps avoided corresponding with authors as he owed many of them money.[65][66]Lasser allowed the letter column to become a free discussion of ideas and values, and published stories dealing with topics such as the relationship between the sexes. One such story, Thomas S. Gardner's \"The Last Woman\", portrayed a future in which men, having evolved beyond the need for love, keep the last woman in a museum. In \"The Venus Adventurer\", an early story by John Wyndham, a spaceman corrupts the innocent natives of Venus. Lasser avoided printing space opera, and several stories from Wonder in the early 1930s were more realistic than most contemporary space fiction. Examples include Edmond Hamilton's \"A Conquest of Two Worlds\", P. Schuyler Miller's \"The Forgotten Man of Space\", and several stories by Frank K. Kelly, including \"The Moon Tragedy\".[67]Lasser was one of the founders of the American Rocket Society which, under its initial name of the \"Interplanetary Society\", announced its existence in the pages of the June 1930 Wonder Stories.[68] Several of Wonder's writers were also members of the Interplanetary Society, and perhaps as a consequence of the relationship Wonder Stories Quarterly began to focus increasingly on fiction with interplanetary settings. A survey of the last eight issues of Wonder Stories Quarterly by Bleiler found almost two-thirds of the stories were interplanetary adventures, while only a third of the stories in the corresponding issues of Wonder Stories could be so described. Wonder Stories Quarterly added a banner reading \"Interplanetary Number\" to the cover of the Winter 1931 issue, and retained it, as \"Interplanetary Stories\", for subsequent issues.[24] Lasser and Gernsback were also briefly involved with the fledgling Technocracy movement. Gernsback published two issues of Technocracy Review, which Lasser edited, commissioning stories based on technocratic ideas from Nat Schachner. These appeared in Wonder Stories during 1933, culminating in a novel, The Revolt of the Scientists.[69][70]Reviews of fiction and popular science books were published, and there was a science column which endeavored to answer readers' questions. These features were at first of good quality, but deteriorated after Lasser's departure, although it is not certain that Lasser wrote the content of either one. An influential non-fiction initiative was the creation of the Science Fiction League, an organization that brought together local science fiction fan clubs across the country. Gernsback took the opportunity to sell items such as buttons and insignia, and it was undoubtedly a profitable enterprise for him as well as a good source of publicity. It was ultimately more important in becoming one of the foundations of science fiction fandom.[22][71]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_87-88-72"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_586-589-22"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Weinbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum"},{"link_name":"A Martian Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_87-88-72"},{"link_name":"fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Raymond Z. Gallun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Z._Gallun"},{"link_name":"Miles Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Triplanetary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplanetary_(novel)"},{"link_name":"E. E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Smith"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_586-589-22"},{"link_name":"Otto Willi Gail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Willi_Gail"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Donald Wollheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Wollheim"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter_119-73"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_276-74"}],"sub_title":"Hornig","text":"When Hornig took over from Lasser at the end of 1933 he attempted to continue and expand Lasser's approach. Hornig introduced a \"New Policy\" in the January 1934 issue, emphasizing originality and barring stories that merely reworked well-worn ideas.[72] He asked for stories that included good science, although \"not enough to become boring to those readers who are not primarily interested in the technicalities of the science\".[22] However, Astounding was moving into the lead position in the science fiction magazine field at this time, and Hornig had difficulty in competing. His rates of payment were lower than Astounding's one cent per word; sometimes his writers were paid very late, or not at all. Despite these handicaps, Hornig managed to find some good material, including Stanley G. Weinbaum's \"A Martian Odyssey\", which appeared in the July 1934 Wonder and has been frequently reprinted.[72]In the December 1934 – January 1935 issue of Hornig's fanzine, Fantasy Magazine, he took the unusual step of listing several stories that he had rejected as lacking novelty, but which had subsequently appeared in print in other magazines. The list includes several by successful writers of the day, such as Raymond Z. Gallun and Miles Breuer. The most prominent story named is Triplanetary by E. E. Smith, which appeared in Amazing.[22]Both Lasser and Hornig printed fiction translated from French and German writers, including Otfrid von Hanstein and Otto Willi Gail. With the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in the 1930s a few readers (including Donald Wollheim) wrote letters complaining about the inclusion of German stories. The editorial response was a strong defense of the translations; Gernsback argued that events in Germany were irrelevant to the business of selecting fiction.[73]The covers for almost every issue of Air Wonder, Science Wonder, Wonder Stories and Wonder Stories Quarterly were painted by Frank R. Paul, who had followed Gernsback from Amazing Stories. The only exception was a cover image composed of colored dots, which appeared on the November 1932 issue.[14][74]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earle K. Bergey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_K._Bergey"},{"link_name":"damsels in distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress"},{"link_name":"the phrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster"},{"link_name":"Ray Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cummings"},{"link_name":"John W. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Campbell"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_100-102-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_187-188-77"}],"sub_title":"Weisinger and Friend","text":"When the magazine moved to Beacon Publications, as Thrilling Wonder, the fiction began to focus more on action than on ideas. The covers, often by Earle K. Bergey, typically depicted bizarre aliens and damsels in distress. In 1939, a reader, Martin Alger, coined the phrase \"bug-eyed monster\" to describe one such cover; the phrase subsequently entered the dictionary as a word for an alien. Several well-known writers contributed, including Ray Cummings, and John W. Campbell, whose \"Brain-Stealers of Mars\" series began in Thrilling Wonder in the December 1936 issue. A comic-strip began in August 1936, the first issue of the Beacon Publications version. It was illustrated and possibly written by Max Plaisted.[75] The strip, titled Zarnak, was not a success, and was cancelled after eight issues.[76]Weisinger's successor, Friend, gave the magazine a significantly more juvenile feel. He used the alias \"Sergeant Saturn\" and was generally condescending to the readers; this may not have been his fault as Margulies, who was still the editorial director, probably wanted him to attract a younger readership. Under Friend's direction, Earle K. Bergey transformed the look of Thrilling Wonder Stories by foregrounding human figures in space, focusing on the anatomy of women in implausibly revealing spacesuits and his trademark \"brass brassières\".[77]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"The Martian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Theodore Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"A. E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_188-190-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_TW-79"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_345-45"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_343-80"},{"link_name":"science fiction themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_TW-79"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_13-16-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_S-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T_13-16-81"}],"sub_title":"Merwin and Mines","text":"Merwin, who took over with the Winter 1945 issue, adopted a more mature approach than Friend's. He obtained fiction from writers who had previously been publishing mainly in John Campbell's Astounding. The Summer 1945 issue of Thrilling Wonder included Jack Vance's first published story, \"The World Thinker\". Merwin also published several stories by Ray Bradbury, some of which were later included in Bradbury's collection The Martian Chronicles. Other well-known writers that Merwin was able to attract included Theodore Sturgeon, A. E. van Vogt, and Robert A. Heinlein. Thrilling Wonder often published intelligent, thoughtful stories, some of which Campbell would have been unlikely to accept at Astounding: he did not like to publish stories that showed the negative consequences of scientific advances such as nuclear power. In the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, during the late 1940s Thrilling Wonder became a serious rival to Astounding's long domination of the field.[78] However, this is not a universal opinion, as the magazine is elsewhere described during Merwin's tenure as \"evidently secondary to Startling\".[79]Samuel Mines took over from Merwin at the end of 1951, both at Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder.[45][80] He argued against restrictions in science fiction themes, and in 1952 published Philip José Farmer's \"The Lovers\", a ground-breaking story about inter-species sex, in Startling. He followed this in 1953 with another taboo-breaking story from Farmer, \"Mother\", in Thrilling Wonder, in which a spaceman makes his home in an alien womb.[79][81][82] In the December 1952 Thrilling Wonder, Mines published Edmond Hamilton's \"What's It Like Out There?\", a downbeat story about the realities of space exploration that had been considered too bleak for publication when it had originally been written in the 1930s. Sherwood Springer's \"No Land of Nod\", in the same issue, dealt with incest between a father and his daughter in a world in which they are the only two survivors. These stories were all well received by the readership.[81]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davin_40-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clute_100-84"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_1346-46"},{"link_name":"Eric Temple Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Temple_Bell"},{"link_name":"Festus Pragnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festus_Pragnell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_586-589-22"},{"link_name":"Astounding Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"John Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Campbell,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Golden Age of science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_TW-79"}],"sub_title":"Influence on the field","text":"For a few years, Lasser was the dominant force in American science fiction.[83] Under him, Wonder Stories was the best of the science fiction magazines of the early 1930s,[84] and the most successful of all Gernsback's forays into the field.[46] Lasser shaped a new generation of writers, who in many cases had no prior writing experience of any kind; Wonder Stories was part of a \"forcing ground\", according to Isaac Asimov, where young writers learned their trade. The magazine was less constrained by pulp convention than its competitors, and published some novels such as Eric Temple Bell's The Time Stream and Festus Pragnell's The Green Man of Graypec, which were not in the mainstream of development of the science fiction genre.[22]As Thrilling Wonder the magazine was much less influential. Until the mid-1940s it was focused on younger readers, and by the time Merwin and Mines introduced a more adult approach, Astounding Science Fiction had taken over as the unquestioned leader of the field. Thrilling Wonder could not compete with John Campbell and the Golden Age of science fiction that he brought into being, but it did periodically publish good stories. In the end it was unable to escape its roots in the pulp industry, and died in the carnage that swept away every remaining pulp magazine in the 1950s.[79]","title":"Contents and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_Wonder_Quarterly_Fall_1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_543-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_581-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_589-87"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_100-38"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_543-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_581-86"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleiler_SWQ-23"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_589-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_589-87"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_595-596-24"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM_254-14"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_543-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_581-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_589-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuck_599-88"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_543-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_581-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGY_589-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuck_599-88"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE_TW-79"}],"text":"The first issue of Science Wonder Quarterly, Fall 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.The editorial duties at Wonder Stories and its related magazines were not always performed by the person who bore the title of \"editor\" in the magazine's masthead. From the beginning until the sale to Beacon Publications, Gernsback was listed as editor-in-chief; Lasser was variously listed as \"literary editor\" and \"managing editor\", while Hornig was always listed as \"managing editor\".[85][86][87] Similarly, under Beacon Publications, the nominal editor (initially Leo Margulies) was not always the one to work on the magazine.[38] The following list shows who actually performed the editorial duties. More details are given in the publishing history section, above, which focuses on when the editors involved actually obtained control of the magazine contents, instead of when their names appeared on the masthead.Air Wonder Stories\nDavid Lasser (July 1929 – May 1930)[85]Science Wonder Stories\nDavid Lasser (June 1929 – May 1930)[86]Science Wonder Quarterly\nDavid Lasser (Fall 1929 – Spring 1930)[23]Wonder Stories\nDavid Lasser (June 1930 – October 1933)[87]\nCharles Hornig (November 1933 – March–April 1936)[87]Wonder Stories Quarterly\nDavid Lasser (Summer 1930 – Winter 1933)[24]Thrilling Wonder Stories\nMort Weisinger (August 1936 – April 1941)[14]\nOscar Friend (August 1941 – Fall 1944)[14]\nSam Merwin (Winter 1945 – October 1951)[14]\nSamuel Mines (December 1951 – Summer 1954)[14]\nAlexander Samalman (Fall 1954 – Winter 1955)[14]The publisher only changed once through the lifetime of the magazine, when Gernsback sold Wonder Stories in 1936. However, Gernsback changed the name of his company from Stellar Publishing Corporation to Continental Publications, Incorporated, with effect from December 1933. Thrilling Wonder's publisher went by three names: Beacon Publications initially, then Better Publications from the August 1937 issue, and finally, starting with the Fall 1943 issue, Standard Magazines.[85][86][87][88]Gernsback experimented with the price and format, looking for a profitable combination. Both Air Wonder and Science Wonder were bedsheet-sized (8.5 × 11.75 in, or 216 × 298 mm) and priced at 25 cents, as were the first issues of Wonder Stories. With the November 1930 issue Wonder Stories changed to pulp format, 6.75 × 9.9 in (171 × 251 mm). It reverted to bedsheet after a year, and then in November 1933 became a pulp magazine for good. The pulp issues all had 144 pages; the bedsheet issues generally had 96 pages, though five issues from November 1932 to March 1933 had only 64 pages. Those five issues coincided with a price cut to 15 cents, which was reversed with the April 1933 issue. Gernsback cut the price to 15 cents again from June 1935 until the sale to Beacon Publications in 1936, though this time he did not reduce the page count. The short duration of these price cuts suggests Gernsback rapidly realized that the additional circulation they gained him cost too much in lost revenue.[85][86][87] Under Beacon Publications Thrilling Wonder remained pulp-sized throughout.[88]There were two British reprint editions of Thrilling Wonder. The earlier edition, from Atlas Publishing, produced three numbered issues from 1949 to 1950, and a further seven from 1952 to 1953. Another four issues appeared from Pemberton between 1953 and 1954; these were numbered from 101 to 104. There were Canadian editions in 1945–1946 and 1948–1951.[79]","title":"Publication details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86007-803-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-803-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85323-865-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-865-0"},{"link_name":"Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/transformationsv0000ashl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85323-779-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-779-4"},{"link_name":"Science-Fiction: The Gernsback 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Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9796718-0-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796718-0-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9796718-1-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796718-1-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-586-05380-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-09618-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-586-05380-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-911682-26-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911682-26-0"}],"text":"Asimov, Isaac (1978), Before the Golden Age: Volume One, London: Orbit, ISBN 0-86007-803-5\nAshley, Mike (2000), The Time Machines:The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines from the beginning to 1950, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-865-0\nAshley, Mike (2005), Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-779-4\nBleiler, Everett F. (1998), Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years: A complete coverage of the genre magazines Amazing, Astounding, Wonder, and others from 1926 through 1936, Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, ISBN 0-87338-604-3\nCarter, Paul A. (1977), The Creation of Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Magazine Science Fiction, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-04211-6\nClute, John (1981), \"Sex\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8\nClute, John (1993), \"Nat Schachner\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nClute, John; Edwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Oscar J. Friend\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nDavin, Erik Leif (1999), Pioneers of Wonder, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-57392-702-3\nEdwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Sam Merwin Jr.\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nEdwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Samuel Mines\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nEdwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Thrilling Wonder Stories\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nEdwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993), \"SF Magazines\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nEngle, Winston (2007), Thrilling Wonder Stories Summer 2007, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-0-7\nEngle, Winston (2009), Thrilling Wonder Stories Volume 2, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-1-4\nNicholls, Peter (1981), \"Golden Age of SF\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8\nNicholls, Peter; Stableford, Brian (1993), \"Wonder Stories\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nPerry, Tom \"An Amazing Story: Experiment in Bankruptcy\" in Amazing Science Fiction vol. 51, no 3 (May 1978)\nRoberts, Peter (1993), \"Science Fiction League\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6\nStableford, Brian (1981), \"Amazing Stories\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8\nTuck, Donald H. (1982), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 3, Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-911682-26-0","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The first issue of Science Wonder Stories, June 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Science_Wonder_Stories_1929_June.jpg/220px-Science_Wonder_Stories_1929_June.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first issue of Science Wonder Quarterly, Fall 1929. The cover is by Frank R. Paul.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Science_Wonder_Quarterly_Fall_1929.jpg/220px-Science_Wonder_Quarterly_Fall_1929.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"H. W. Hall, ed. (1983). The Science Fiction Magazine Checklist (PDF). Bryan, TX. p. 10. ISBN 0-935064-10-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923145421/https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"The Science Fiction Magazine Checklist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935064-10-9","url_text":"0-935064-10-9"},{"url":"https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ansible 239, June 2007, David Langford, retrieved November 29, 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ansible.co.uk/a239.html","url_text":"Ansible 239, June 2007"}]},{"reference":"Nahin, Paul (1999). Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 261. ISBN 0-387-98571-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39KQY1FnSfkC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22+thrilling+wonder+stories&pg=PA261","url_text":"Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98571-9","url_text":"0-387-98571-9"}]},{"reference":"Hamerlinck, P.C. (2001). Fawcett Campanion: The Best of FCA. Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 1-893905-10-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8z-CaR1OdcC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22&pg=PA3","url_text":"Fawcett Campanion: The Best of FCA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893905-10-1","url_text":"1-893905-10-1"}]},{"reference":"Binder, Jack (June 1937). \"IF Another Ice Age Grips the Earth!\". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 9 (3): 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Binder, Jack (April 1938). \"IF The Oceans Dried!\". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 11 (2): 104–105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Binder, Jack (October 1938). \"IF Science Reached the Earth's Core!\". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 12 (3): 98–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joyce, C. Allen (2009). Under the Covers and Between the Sheets: The Inside Story behind classic characters, authors, unforgettable phrases, and unexpected endings. New York: Penguin. pp. np. ISBN 978-1-60652-034-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSbb8QcrP9YC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22&pg=PT27","url_text":"Under the Covers and Between the Sheets: The Inside Story behind classic characters, authors, unforgettable phrases, and unexpected endings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60652-034-5","url_text":"978-1-60652-034-5"}]},{"reference":"Binder, Jack (April 1940). \"IF Earth's Axis Shifted!\". Thrilling Wonder Stories. 16 (1): 78–79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Catalog\". www.pulpartists.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pulpartists.com/Plaisted.html","url_text":"\"Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"Asimov, Isaac (1978), Before the Golden Age: Volume One, London: Orbit, ISBN 0-86007-803-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-803-5","url_text":"0-86007-803-5"}]},{"reference":"Ashley, Mike (2000), The Time Machines:The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines from the beginning to 1950, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-865-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-865-0","url_text":"0-85323-865-0"}]},{"reference":"Ashley, Mike (2005), Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-779-4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/transformationsv0000ashl","url_text":"Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-779-4","url_text":"0-85323-779-4"}]},{"reference":"Bleiler, Everett F. (1998), Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years: A complete coverage of the genre magazines Amazing, Astounding, Wonder, and others from 1926 through 1936, Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, ISBN 0-87338-604-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Gernsback_Years","url_text":"Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-604-3","url_text":"0-87338-604-3"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Paul A. (1977), The Creation of Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Magazine Science Fiction, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-04211-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/creationoftomorr0000cart_k2z1","url_text":"The Creation of Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Magazine Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04211-6","url_text":"0-231-04211-6"}]},{"reference":"Clute, John (1981), \"Sex\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8","url_text":"0-586-05380-8"}]},{"reference":"Clute, John (1993), \"Nat Schachner\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Clute, John; Edwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Oscar J. Friend\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Davin, Erik Leif (1999), Pioneers of Wonder, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-57392-702-3","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pioneersofwonder00davi","url_text":"Pioneers of Wonder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-702-3","url_text":"1-57392-702-3"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Sam Merwin Jr.\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Samuel Mines\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Malcolm (1993), \"Thrilling Wonder Stories\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Malcolm; Nicholls, Peter (1993), \"SF Magazines\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Engle, Winston (2007), Thrilling Wonder Stories Summer 2007, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-0-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796718-0-7","url_text":"978-0-9796718-0-7"}]},{"reference":"Engle, Winston (2009), Thrilling Wonder Stories Volume 2, Thrilling Wonder LLC, ISBN 978-0-9796718-1-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796718-1-4","url_text":"978-0-9796718-1-4"}]},{"reference":"Nicholls, Peter (1981), \"Golden Age of SF\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8","url_text":"0-586-05380-8"}]},{"reference":"Nicholls, Peter; Stableford, Brian (1993), \"Wonder Stories\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Peter (1993), \"Science Fiction League\", in Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-09618-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6","url_text":"0-312-09618-6"}]},{"reference":"Stableford, Brian (1981), \"Amazing Stories\", in Nicholls, Peter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, London: Granada, ISBN 0-586-05380-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05380-8","url_text":"0-586-05380-8"}]},{"reference":"Tuck, Donald H. (1982), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 3, Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-911682-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911682-26-0","url_text":"0-911682-26-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923145421/https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"The Science Fiction Magazine Checklist"},{"Link":"https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/157551/MAGCHECKLIST-TO%20CONVERT%20TO%20PDF.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.ansible.co.uk/a239.html","external_links_name":"Ansible 239, June 2007"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39KQY1FnSfkC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22+thrilling+wonder+stories&pg=PA261","external_links_name":"Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E8z-CaR1OdcC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"Fawcett Campanion: The Best of FCA"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSbb8QcrP9YC&q=%22Jack+Binder%22&pg=PT27","external_links_name":"Under the Covers and Between the Sheets: The Inside Story behind classic characters, authors, unforgettable phrases, and unexpected endings"},{"Link":"http://www.pulpartists.com/Plaisted.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/transformationsv0000ashl","external_links_name":"Transformations:The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/creationoftomorr0000cart_k2z1","external_links_name":"The Creation of Tomorrow: Fifty Years of Magazine Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pioneersofwonder00davi","external_links_name":"Pioneers of Wonder"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=Wonder%20Stories","external_links_name":"Archived Wonder Stories"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carioca_Aqueduct | Carioca Aqueduct | ["1 History","2 Tramway","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°54′45.34″S 43°10′47.46″W / 22.9125944°S 43.1798500°W / -22.9125944; -43.1798500Aqueduct in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carioca AqueductCoordinates22°54′45.34″S 43°10′47.46″W / 22.9125944°S 43.1798500°W / -22.9125944; -43.1798500CharacteristicsTotal length270 metres (890 ft)Height64 metres (210 ft)HistoryConstruction start1718Inaugurated1750LocationReferences
The Carioca Aqueduct (Portuguese: Aqueduto da Carioca), also known as Arcos da Lapa, is an aqueduct in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The aqueduct was built in the middle of the 18th century to bring fresh water from the Carioca River to the population of the city. It is a typical example of colonial architecture and engineering.
The Carioca Aqueduct is located in the centre of the city, in the Lapa neighbourhood. Since the end of the 19th century the aqueduct serves as a bridge for the Santa Teresa Tramway that connects the city centre with the Santa Teresa neighbourhood uphill.
History
In the early history of Rio de Janeiro, the nucleus of the city was surrounded by swamps with water of bad quality, and fresh water had to be carried manually from streams located relatively far from the city. Since at least 1602 there had been plans to build a system of canals to bring water from the source of the Carioca river, located on Santa Teresa hill, to Rio de Janeiro. Colonial authorities attempted to build canals, but the construction was always hampered by technical and financial difficulties. By the end of the 17th century there were only a few hundred metres of canalisation completed.
The Carioca Aqueduct by painter Leandro Joaquim (c. 1790). Santa Teresa hill and its convent are seen to the left. The lagoon in the foreground was landfilled to build the Passeio Público
After 1706, construction of the aqueduct was given a fresh impulse by authorities. During the rule of governor Aires de Saldanha (1719–1725) it was decided that the canals, which at the time reached the Campo da Ajuda (today's Cinelândia square), should reach the Santo Antônio square (today's Largo da Carioca), which was closer to the centre of the city. Construction of the first aqueduct was finished in 1723, and clean water flowed directly to a decorative Baroque fountain in Santo Antônio Square, to the relief of the people of Rio de Janeiro.
This first aqueduct was already in bad shape by 1744, when governor Gomes Freire de Andrade (1733–1763) ordered the building of a new, larger structure. The works were encharged to Portuguese military engineer José Fernandes Pinto Alpoim, who was inspired by similar structures in Portugal, like the Águas Livres Aqueduct in Lisbon. The aqueduct was inaugurated in 1750.
The most impressive feature of the aqueduct is the course that connects the hills of Santa Teresa and Santo Antônio, in today's Lapa neighbourhood. This segment of the aqueduct spans 270 metres and consists of two storeys of monumental arches - 42 in total - with a maximum height of 17.6 metres.
In colonial times, water from the Carioca Aqueduct reached several fountains scattered through Rio de Janeiro, including those in Santo Antônio Square, Ajuda Square (Cinelândia) and the Terreiro do Paço (today's Praça XV). At the end of the 18th century, as the waters of the Carioca river were insufficient to feed the aqueduct, water from other streams were also diverted to its canals.
Tramway
The aqueduct was deactivated at the end of the 19th century, as new alternatives to supply water to Rio were developed. The structure was adapted in 1896 to serve as a viaduct for a tram line – the Bonde de Santa Teresa (Santa Teresa Tramway) – that transports passengers between the centre of Rio and the hilly Santa Teresa neighbourhood. The picturesque ride is popular among locals and tourists alike. The Santa Teresa bonde (or bondinho, meaning "little tram") is the only tram still in operation in Rio de Janeiro, although the 2016-opened Rio de Janeiro Light Rail system is similar to a tramway on some sections.
In the 1960s, several houses which had been built near the aqueduct were demolished, improving the visual impact of the monument.
In August 2011, an accident occurred when brakes apparently failed and left five people dead. In response, all service was indefinitely suspended, but plans to rebuild the line and replace the old tramcars (with faux-vintage replicas) were subsequently approved. Limited service on a portion of the line – including across the former aqueduct – began operating again in July 2015.
Panoramic view
References
^ "Arcos da Lapa". IBGE (in Portuguese).
^ "Bonde accident Kills 5 in Rio". The Rio Times. August 28, 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
^ "Construction Continues As Santa Teresa Bonde Is Delayed". The Rio Times. May 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
^ "Bondes de Santa Teresa recebem 2 mil passageiros no sábado" . G1 (Rede Globo). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
José de Souza Reis. Os Arcos da Carioca. Revista do IPHAN n.12 p. 9 (1955) (in Portuguese)
Guia da Arquitetura Colonial, Neoclássica e Romântica no Rio de Janeiro. Editora Casa da Palavra. 2000. (in Portuguese)
External links
Media related to Carioca Aqueduct at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Carioca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carioca_River"},{"link_name":"Lapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_(Rio_de_Janeiro)"},{"link_name":"Santa Teresa Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tram"},{"link_name":"Santa Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Teresa_(Rio_de_Janeiro)"}],"text":"Aqueduct in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilThe Carioca Aqueduct (Portuguese: Aqueduto da Carioca), also known as Arcos da Lapa, is an aqueduct in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The aqueduct was built in the middle of the 18th century to bring fresh water from the Carioca River to the population of the city. It is a typical example of colonial architecture and engineering.The Carioca Aqueduct is located in the centre of the city, in the Lapa neighbourhood. Since the end of the 19th century the aqueduct serves as a bridge for the Santa Teresa Tramway that connects the city centre with the Santa Teresa neighbourhood uphill.","title":"Carioca Aqueduct"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"fresh water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Colonial authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeandroJoaquim-1790-Arcos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Passeio Público","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeio_P%C3%BAblico_(Rio_de_Janeiro)"},{"link_name":"Cinelândia square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinel%C3%A2ndia"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Águas Livres Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_Livres_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Cinelândia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinel%C3%A2ndia"},{"link_name":"Praça XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_XV_de_Novembro"}],"text":"In the early history of Rio de Janeiro, the nucleus of the city was surrounded by swamps with water of bad quality, and fresh water had to be carried manually from streams located relatively far from the city. Since at least 1602 there had been plans to build a system of canals to bring water from the source of the Carioca river, located on Santa Teresa hill, to Rio de Janeiro. Colonial authorities attempted to build canals, but the construction was always hampered by technical and financial difficulties. By the end of the 17th century there were only a few hundred metres of canalisation completed.The Carioca Aqueduct by painter Leandro Joaquim (c. 1790). Santa Teresa hill and its convent are seen to the left. The lagoon in the foreground was landfilled to build the Passeio PúblicoAfter 1706, construction of the aqueduct was given a fresh impulse by authorities. During the rule of governor Aires de Saldanha (1719–1725) it was decided that the canals, which at the time reached the Campo da Ajuda (today's Cinelândia square), should reach the Santo Antônio square (today's Largo da Carioca), which was closer to the centre of the city. Construction of the first aqueduct was finished in 1723, and clean water flowed directly to a decorative Baroque fountain in Santo Antônio Square, to the relief of the people of Rio de Janeiro.This first aqueduct was already in bad shape by 1744, when governor Gomes Freire de Andrade (1733–1763) ordered the building of a new, larger structure. The works were encharged to Portuguese military engineer José Fernandes Pinto Alpoim, who was inspired by similar structures in Portugal, like the Águas Livres Aqueduct in Lisbon. The aqueduct was inaugurated in 1750.The most impressive feature of the aqueduct is the course that connects the hills of Santa Teresa and Santo Antônio, in today's Lapa neighbourhood. This segment of the aqueduct spans 270 metres and consists of two storeys of monumental arches - 42 in total - with a maximum height of 17.6 metres.In colonial times, water from the Carioca Aqueduct reached several fountains scattered through Rio de Janeiro, including those in Santo Antônio Square, Ajuda Square (Cinelândia) and the Terreiro do Paço (today's Praça XV). At the end of the 18th century, as the waters of the Carioca river were insufficient to feed the aqueduct, water from other streams were also diverted to its canals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Santa Teresa Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tramway"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro Light Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-aug2015-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonde_Sta_Tereza01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonde_Sta_Tereza01.jpg"}],"text":"The aqueduct was deactivated at the end of the 19th century, as new alternatives to supply water to Rio were developed. The structure was adapted in 1896 to serve as a viaduct for a tram line – the Bonde de Santa Teresa (Santa Teresa Tramway) – that transports passengers between the centre of Rio and the hilly Santa Teresa neighbourhood. The picturesque ride is popular among locals and tourists alike. The Santa Teresa bonde (or bondinho, meaning \"little tram\") is the only tram still in operation in Rio de Janeiro, although the 2016-opened Rio de Janeiro Light Rail system is similar to a tramway on some sections.[citation needed]In the 1960s, several houses which had been built near the aqueduct were demolished, improving the visual impact of the monument.[citation needed]In August 2011, an accident occurred when brakes apparently failed and left five people dead.[2] In response, all service was indefinitely suspended, but plans to rebuild the line and replace the old tramcars (with faux-vintage replicas) were subsequently approved.[3] Limited service on a portion of the line – including across the former aqueduct – began operating again in July 2015.[4]Panoramic view","title":"Tramway"}] | [{"image_text":"The Carioca Aqueduct by painter Leandro Joaquim (c. 1790). Santa Teresa hill and its convent are seen to the left. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UCI_Road_World_Championships | 1979 UCI Road World Championships | ["1 Results","2 Medal table","3 External links"] | 1979 UCI Road World ChampionshipsVenueValkenburg, the NetherlandsDate(s) (1979-08-26)26 August 1979← Nürburg 1978Sallanches 1980 →
The 1979 UCI Road World Championships took place on 26 August 1979 in Valkenburg, the Netherlands.
Results
Race:
Gold:
Time
Silver:
Time
Bronze :
Time
Men
Men's road racedetails
Jan Raas Netherlands
7.03'09"
Dietrich Thurau West Germany
-
Jean-René Bernaudeau France
-
Amateurs' road race
Gianni Giacomini Italy
-
Jan Jankiewicz Poland
-
Bernd Drogan East Germany
-
Team time trial
East GermanyBernd Drogan Hans-Joachim Hartnick Andreas Petermann Falk Boden
-
PolandJan Jankiewicz Czesław Lang Stefan Ciekański Witold Plutecki
-
NorwayGeir Digerud Morten Sæther Jostein Wilmann Hans Petter Ødegård
-
Women
Women's road race
Petra De Bruin Netherlands
-
Jenny De Smet Belgium
-
Beate Habetz West Germany
-
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Netherlands (NED)20022 East Germany (DDR)10123 Italy (ITA)10014 Poland (POL)02025 West Germany (FRG)01126 Belgium (BEL)01017 France (FRA)0011 Norway (NOR)0011Totals (8 entries)44412
External links
Sports portal
Men's results
Women's results
(in Italian) Results at sportpro.it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzaraas | Tzaraath | ["1 Name","2 Affliction of the body","2.1 Skin patches","2.2 Boils and burns","2.3 Scalp or beard","2.4 Inspection and pronouncement","2.5 Impure status","2.6 Purification ritual","2.7 Stories involving tzaraat","3 Affliction of clothing","4 Affliction of housing","5 In Rabbinic Judaism","5.1 Laws of skin","5.2 Laws of clothing","5.3 Laws of houses","5.4 Interpretations","5.5 Current practice","6 Modern medical interpretations","6.1 Tzaraath of the skin","6.2 Similar conditions not considered tzaraath","6.3 In clothing fabrics","6.4 In houses","7 References","8 External links"] | Conditions of the skin, clothing and houses in the Torah
Part of Judaic series of articles onRitual purity in Judaism
Tumah and taharah
Mikveh
Purification methods
Netilat yadayim
Mikveh
Red heifer
Hefsek taharah
Hagalah
Tevilat Kelim
Hierarchy
Av HaTumah
Midras
Sources of Impurity
Keri
Niddah
Tzaraath
Zav
Zavah
Corpse uncleanness
Tumath eretz Ha'Amim
Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead
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Tzaraath (Hebrew: צָרַעַת ṣāraʿaṯ), variously transcribed into English and frequently translated as leprosy (though it is not Hansen's disease, the disease known as "leprosy" in modern times), is a term used in the Bible to describe various ritually impure disfigurative conditions of the human skin, clothing, and houses. Skin tzaraath generally involves patches that are white and contain unusually colored hair. Clothing and house tzaraath consists of a reddish or greenish discoloration.
The laws of tzaraath are given in depth in chapters 13–14 of Leviticus, and several Biblical stories describe individuals who have contracted tzaraath.
Name
Variant transcriptions of the name into English include saraath, zaraath, tzaraat, tsaraat, tzaraas, and tsaraas.
The Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע "to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous"), and the Greek lepros (λεπρός), refer to conditions other than Hansen's disease. The editors of the Septuagint translated the term tzaraath with Greek lepra (λέπρα), which in classical sources referred to psoriasis and similar skin conditions; at the time Hansen's disease was known in Greek by a different term (elephantiasis graecorum). The connection with the bacterial infection now known as Hansen's disease increased as the latter disease spread more widely, and was firmly established by Islamic works on medicine in the 9th century. The classical Greek term lepra stems from the noun lepis λεπίς (a scale (of a fish)), which in turn stems from the verb lepó λέπω (to peel), hence 'leprosy' (literally, morbid scaliness). Variants of the word leprosy conflating tzaraath with Hansen's disease were used from the earliest English translations of the Bible, including Wycliffe's, Tyndale's, and Coverdale's.
The linguistic root of tzaraath (צרע) may mean "smiting"; the Arabic cognate tzaraa (صرع) has a similar meaning. Alternatively, tzaraath may be derived from the Hebrew word tzirah (wasp), based on the idea that tzaraat affects the skin in a manner resembling a wasp's sting. Other theories suggest a connection to the roots שרע ("to spread") or זרע ("seed", i.e. a growth).
The manifestation of tzaraath is termed a negah (נגע) "affliction", nega'im (plural: נגעים).
Affliction of the body
There are three varieties of nega'im that relate to human flesh:
on the skin (Leviticus 13:1–17)
in a boil (Leviticus 13:18–23) or burn (Leviticus 13:24–28)
bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard (Leviticus 13:29–44), in which case the lesion is called a נתק (netek)
Skin patches
White patches of the skin are confirmed as tzaraath by the occurrence of one of three signs:
white hair (והיא הפכה שיער לבן) – if at least two hairs within the confines of the negah turn white
healthy flesh (ומחית בשר חי) – if skin of a normal appearance appears within the confines of the patch
spreading (ואם פשה תפשה המספחת בעור) – if the patch became enlarged since the time of the initial examination by the Kohen
Tzaraath skin patches can come in three varieties (Leviticus 13:2): se'et ("a rising" or "discoloration"), sapahat ("a scab"), and baheret ("a bright spot"). The meaning of these terms is obscure, but they may suggest that tzaraat consists of an abnormal skin texture as well as color. However, rabbinic interpretation almost universally concluded that these three terms refer to different shades of color (white like wool or like snow, etc.) rather than different textures. The rabbis even argued the phrase "its appearance is deeper than the skin of his flesh" (Leviticus 13:3) refers to color ("deeper" presumed by the rabbis to mean "of lighter color"). As se'et and baheret (both terms which may refer to color and not texture) are later discussed individually (13:10, 13:4), while sapahat (apparently referring to texture) is not, sapahat may be considered a possible feature of se'et or baheret rather than an individual condition; in which case, the rabbinic interpretation may also be the original meaning of the verses.
Paradoxically, if the tzaraat covers a person's entire body, it is considered pure, and no isolation or purification ritual is needed. However, according to a minority interpretation, it is not the entire body, but the entire lesion (including any "islands" of previously healthy skin within the lesion) which must be covered by tzaraat in order to have this pure status.
Boils and burns
Boils and burns, as occur naturally as a result of an abscess, blunt force trauma or thermal insult to the skin, are not tzaraath and do not carry impurity. During the healing phases of these wounds, however, if certain signs that mimic those of the aforementioned patches appear, tzaraath may occur.
Confirmation is by the occurrence of one of two signs:
white hair (ושערה הפך לבן and נהפך שער לבן בבהרת) – similar to that in patches
spreading (ואם פשה תפשה בעור and אם פשה תפשה בעור) – similar to that in patches
Scalp or beard
The initial symptom of this type of tzaraath is patches of hair loss. According to Maimonides, scalp and beard tzaraath is characterized by hair loss without any change to the skin of the bald spot. The Tosefta, however, maintains that the skin of the bald spot becomes altered.
There are two confirming signs:
thin yellow hair (ובו שער צהב דק) – if at least two-and-a-half hairs from within the bald patch turn yellow (Leviticus 13:30)
spreading (והנה פשה הנתק בעור) – if the balding spreads, according to Maimonides. According to Abraham ben David, who quotes the Tosefta, this spreading would refer to spreading of a skin change as well (Leviticus 13:36).
While baldness is not a form of tzaraath, patches that occur on a bald scalp may be tzaraath if they meet the criteria mentioned by the Torah. Such an eruption on a bald scalp must appear in a distinct fashion, but is regulated by rules similar to that of tzaraath on the skin; however, it can only occur on men. For a scalp eruption to be tzaraath, the lesion must be a white patch tinged with red (נגע לבן אדמדם). This can occur in one of two places: within what are referred to as a man's posterior baldness (קרחת) and anterior baldness (גבחת).
Inspection and pronouncement
To determine whether a skin condition is indeed tzaraath, the afflicted individual must visit a kohen (a priest, possessing direct male lineage to Aaron). The kohen, trained in examining lesions and diagnosing tzaraath, examines the lesion according to the previously mentioned criteria, and determine whether it meets the specifications of tzaraath. If during the initial examination the lesion meets the criteria for tzaraath, the kohen pronounces the individual ritually impure (tamei, טמא).
If the criteria are not met by the lesion during the initial examination, the individual is confined to his home for seven days, pending a follow-up examination. If the criteria for tzaraath are again not met and the lesion has not spread, there is a difference in protocol depending on the type of lesion.
For skin patches, another confinement period of seven days is imposed.
For boils or burns, the kohen declares it merely a צרבת (tzarevet, "scar") and there are no further examinations.
For bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard, another confinement period of seven days is imposed. However, prior to this second confinement period, the individual is shaved around the lesion, but not in the lesion itself; according to the rabbis, a rim of two hairs surrounding the bald spot is left, to make any spreading recognizable.
After the second confinement period of seven days, those with skin patches or bald patches are re-evaluated once more. If the criteria for tzaraath have still not been met, the individual is declared pure. He or she, must, however, wash both his or her body and garments; due to the confinement, he or she is considered impure in some sense.
If the lesion was declared ritually pure and later it spread, it must be shown once again to a kohen, who will then pronounce it tzaraath.
If, however, the criteria for tzaraath have been met, either during the initial inspection or at either of the two follow-ups (when applicable) or even after a previous pronouncement of purity, the individual is declared impure. The individual is declared impure even if the lesion did not worsen or spread but remained the same—the skin eruption must become dimmer in appearance for it to be declared pure at the second follow-up examination.
The biblical emphasis appears to be on the ritual impurity that results from a diagnosis of tzaraath, not on any possible medical danger. The commands repeatedly discuss the sufferer's "pure" or "impure" status, only rarely mentioning "healing", and no Biblical story of tzaraath appears to involve the danger of death to the afflicted person.
Impure status
The individual who is declared impure with tzaraath is referred to as either a tzarua (צרוע) or a metzora (מצורע). Such individuals must live alone outside the confines of their community, and call out impure, impure. They must tear their garments, keep their hair unkept or uncut (פרוע), and cover their upper lip; these practices are expressions of mourning. In a different interpretation, the mouth must be covered, to prevent contagion.
A few medical historians, such as Arturo Castiglioni, regard this as the first model of sanitary legislation. Nevertheless, some (though not all) Talmudic laws treat tzaraath as noncontagious: non-Jewish victims of tzaraath were not considered ritually impure; in special circumstances (during a holy day, or for a bridegroom after his wedding) the kohen's inspection could be delayed until after the celebrations; in cases where white hair is a sign of tzaraat, if the white hairs were plucked before the inspection then the person was not declared impure. Similarly, in the Biblical description of house-tzaraath, individuals are encouraged to remove their belongings from the house before the house and its contents are pronounced impure.
Purification ritual
Further information: Metzora (parashah)
Once the metzora's lesion vanishes, he is evaluated by a kohen, who leaves the community to examine him. When the priest had certified that tzaraath had been cured, the biblical text requires that the formerly infected person (metzora) undergo a number of ritual events, some occurring immediately, and some occurring a week later.
Initially, the person took two kosher birds (ציפורים), cedar-wood, scarlet, and ezov. "Living" water was placed in an earthenware vessel, over which one of the birds was slaughtered and into which the blood was allowed to run. The kohen then dipped the remaining bird and other items into the bloodied water, and sprinkled it on the metzora seven times. The live bird was freed into the open field. The metzora washed their garments from impurity and shaved off all their hair.
The metzora then waited for seven days to begin the final steps of his purification ceremony; in this period he must avoid his own home, but may mix with other people. On the seventh day, he again washed his garments from impurity and again shaves off all of his hair, and was then deemed pure. On the eighth day, he brought three animal sacrifices to the sanctuary: a sin-offering of a female lamb, and a guilt-offering and a burnt-offering, both male lambs. (One who could not afford this sacrifice would instead offer birds rather than lambs for the sin-offering and burnt-offering.) Blood from the slaughtered guilt-offering was placed on his right ear, right thumb and right big toe; then some of the oil for the sacrifice was poured into the priest's left palm, and applied with the priest's right forefinger onto the metzora's right ear lobe, right thumb, and right big toe. The rest of the oil from the priest's palm was poured on the metzora 's head. Finally, the sin-offering and burnt-offering were sacrificed.
Some scholars speculate that the initial ritual may have originally been connected to sympathetic magic, with the living bird representing the departure of ritual impurity. Hyssop might simply be a good implement to use for sprinkling, with cedar-wood perhaps having alleged medicinal properties. Alternatively, tzaraath is seen as akin to death (Numbers 12:12), and the use of "living" water dyed with blood (representing life: Deut 12:23) and scarlet dye, along with cedar and ezov which also appear in the ceremony of purification from corpse-impurity (Numbers 19), represent the symbolic return of the metzora to life.
Stories involving tzaraat
The Hebrew Bible also speaks of tzaraath in several stories:
In Exodus 4:1–7, when Moses stood before the burning bush, he doubted that the Israelites would believe that God had sent him. God provides him with two signs to prove his mission: turning his rod into a snake and then back into a rod, and turning his hand into being stricken with tzaraath and then back again. Moses performed these signs for the elders in Exodus 4:30.
In Numbers 12:10, Miriam was stricken with tzaraath for her involvement in slandering Moses. Aaron asks Moses to cure her. Moses prays for his sister and she is cured of the tzaraath but must remain in confinement for seven days. The Torah, however, does not indicate that she went through any purification process similar to what is normally required. Miriam's tzaraath is described as "like snow", perhaps less due to the white color than due to the production of skin flakes, which is common in various skin diseases.
Naaman, an Aramean general, suffered from tzaraath until being cured by Elisha. However, after Elisha's servant Gehazi defrauded Naaman, Gehazi and his descendants were punished with tzaraath.
In 2 Kings 7, four men with tzaraath were staying outside the besieged city of Samaria, and were the first to discover that the besieging Aramean army had fled.
King Uzziah was stricken with tzaraath after offering incense in the Temple, a task forbidden to all except the priests.
Affliction of clothing
Tzaraath can also afflict garments. Garment tzaraath is relevant to only three materials:
wool (Hebrew צמר)
linen (Hebrew פשתים)
leather: either unworked leather (עור) or finished leather (כל מלאכת עור, literally "all worked leather")
In a wool or linen garment, the tzaraath may appear uniformly throughout the fabric, or else be limited to the garment's woof or to its warp (או בשתי או בערב).
Tzaraath appears in clothing as an greenish (ירקרק – yerakrak) or reddish (אדמדם – adamdam) eruption. This has been interpreted as either a intense color ("the greenest of greens") or a mild one ("less than fully green").
Such clothing must be brought to the kohen for inspection. A garment cannot be declared impure upon initial examination; rather, it is confined for seven days, and if on the seventh day, the eruption has spread, the garment is declared impure with tzaraath. Subsequent to a declaration of tzaraath, the garment, whether wool, linen or leather, is completely burnt in fire; if the tzaraath was confined to the woof or warp, only that need be burnt.
Upon re-evaluation after the seven-day confinement, the kohen may instruct that the garment with the eruption be washed and confined once more for seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation after the second seven days of confinement, the kohen sees that the eruption did not dim and did not spread, the garment is declared impure and must be completely burnt.
If the second re-evaluation reveals a dimming of the eruption, the kohen tears the area with the eruption from the garment and burns the torn out portion completely. The torn out area is patched to allow for a reinspection of the area for return of the lesion. If, the eruption returns to the patch, there is no confinement period instituted and the entire garment is completely burnt; if a lesion reappears on the garment but not on the patch, the garment must be burned but the patch can be saved. To recapitulate, if the lesion remained as it was after the first week of confinement, it is washed and reconfined. If it remained as it was after the second week of confinement, it is burned.
If, however, upon the second re-evaluation, the lesion disappears, the garment must be immersed in a mikveh (ritual bath) and is then pure.
Fabrics and clothing affected by tzaraath were required by the text to be burnt entirely, unless it was the form of tzaraath that faded after washing but came back after being torn out, in which case it could be considered ritually pure as soon as the tzaraath had gone, and it had subsequently been washed.
Affliction of housing
The third and last type of tzaraath mentioned by the Torah affects buildings. If an individual notices an affliction on his house, he is to inform a kohen. The kohen will then command that they empty the house of all of its contents prior to his inspection; this is to prevent further financial loss, because should the house be confined, everything within it became impure as well.
When the kohen comes to perform the inspection, he looks for lesions on the wall that appear either intense green (ירקרקת) or intense red (אדמדמת) and that appear sunken below the plane of the wall's surface (שפל מן הקיר, literally "lower than the wall"). If this is what he sees, the kohen exits the house and confines it for seven days.
On the seventh day, upon re-evaluating the eruption, if the kohen sees that the eruption has spread beyond what it had been, the afflicted stones are removed, the area around the afflicted stones is scraped and both the removed stones and clay plaster are cast into a place of impurity.
The void is filled with new stones and clay plaster and the house is confined for another seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation, the negah has returned after new stones have been plastered in, the negah is deemed tzaraath and the entire house must be dismantled. If the negah does not return, the house is pronounced pure, and the same purification process mentioned in relation to tzaraath of human flesh is employed here.
Tzaraath infections in houses were to be treated similarly harshly according to the biblical regulations, and didn't have any exceptions; stones showing the symptoms had to be removed, and the house had to be scraped, with the removed stones and scraped-off clay being cast into a rubbish heap outside the city, and if the infection returned once replacement stones were laid and daubed with clay, then the whole house had to be dismantled, with the rubble again going to the tip outside the city. Additionally, people who had been in a house while it was infected with tzaraath was considered ritually impure until the evening came, and anyone who had eaten or slept there had to also wash their clothes.
A house that was "healed" from tzaraat received a purification ritual virtually identical to that of a healed person, involving cedar-wood, scarlet, ezov, and two birds. However, the second half of the person's purification ritual, involving Temple sacrifices, was not performed.
In Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic tradition includes an extensive elaboration of the tzaraath laws recorded in the Bible. The rabbinic laws of tzaraath appear in Mishnah tractate Nega'im.
Laws of skin
Rather than interpreting the biblical descriptions of tzaraath in the manner of modern doctors, classical rabbinical literature took an extremely literal view. This is shown in the following laws:
In the group of symptoms where the hair of the inflicted region has turned white, the Mishnah argues that plucking out the white hair was all that was required for the disease not to be considered tzaraath.
Since the biblical text mentions tzaraath occurring where boils had previously healed, but not where unhealed boils exist, the Mishnah maintains that the appearance of the other symptoms in an unhealed boil or burn do not indicate tzaraath, and that if the boil or burn subsequently heals, it still does not indicate tzaraath, unless the other symptoms occur in parts of the body not previously diseased.
Sores smaller than the size of a lentil, those on the extremities of the body (such as the fingers, toes, ears, nose, breasts, etc.), and those that occur in hairy parts of the body, do not indicate tzaraath.
Rabbinic literature describes additional laws regarding priest's inspection of tzaraath:
The kohen must be able to see the entirety of the lesion. Thus, if the skin eruption or bald spot wraps around either the body or body parts, or occurs at the tip of terminal body parts—any place that would preclude the observation of the entire lesion at one time (i.e. wrapping around the torso, scalp or arm, or occurring at the tip of a finger or toe) – there can be no declaration of tzaraath.
In a similar vein, a kohen who is blind in one eye or who cannot see well may not perform the inspections. An eligible kohen may inspect anyone, including his relatives, except himself. Even a non-kohen may perform the inspection if they are proficient in the laws of nega'im, but only a kohen may declare purity or impurity. A non-kohen examiner may inform an accompanying inexpert kohen of his determination that a negah is or is not tzaraath and the kohen declares "purity" or "impurity".
Nega'im do not render impurity on parts of the body that are naturally concealed by other parts of the body according to specific regulations. For skin eruptions on the legs, men are inspected standing as though they are hoeing and women standing as though they are rolling dough. For eruptions on the arms, men raise their arms as though they are picking olives and women raise their arms as though they are weaving or spinning.
Nega'im do not render gentiles impure.
A groom is exempt from visiting the kohen until the eighth day after his wedding for any nega'im on his flesh, garments or house. Similarly, there are no inspections carried out on the days of Passover, Shavuot or Sukkot.
Even on the days when inspections are performed, they are only allowed for two hours each day: during the fourth and eighth hour of the day (corresponding roughly to 9–10 AM and 2–3 PM).
If someone cuts off some skin or a part of his body to remove a tzaraat lesion, he becomes impure, even if he had no confirming signs. He may become pure only after another lesion forms. The exception is when a lesion appears on the tip of the foreskin and is cut off during circumcision, which is permitted, because a positive commandment overrides a negative commandment.
Additional laws relate to the sacrifice offered at the metzora's recovery:
The sprinkling was done onto the back of his hand, or else (according to another opinion) on his forehead.
The slaughtered bird was buried in the presence of the metzora.
When the recovered metzora is shaved, this shaving excludes places similar to those in which nega'im are not subject to impurity.
The dabbing of sacrificial blood on the recovered metzora caused some complication, because the metzora was not allowed into Temple grounds prior to his purification process, while the blood of the offering was not allowed out of the Temple grounds. To reconcile this dilemma, the metzora stuck these body parts through the gateway one at a time to receive the blood. The same was done with the oil from the flour offerings of the metzora. If the metzora lost any of these body parts after he was ready for purification, he could never obtain purification.
The remaining portion of the olive oil from the purification offering, called in Hebrew log shemen shel metzora, is retained by the kohen at the completion of his service. This portion is listed as one of the twenty-four kohanic gifts.
Laws of clothing
There are a number of limitations to tzaraath as it applies to clothing:
Clothing belonging to a gentile are insusceptible to tzaraath.
Only sheep's wool is susceptible to a negah of tzaraath, although an even mixture of sheep's wool and another type of wool (camel's wool, for example) can be afflicted. In a similar vein, a mixture of plant fibers containing linen is insusceptible unless it is at least half linen.
The leather referred to by the Torah does not include the hides of marine animals.
The fabric of wool or linen or leather article cannot be rendered impure by tzaraath if it is artificially dyed. If, however, the item is naturally colored (such as wool from a black sheep), it can be rendered impure.
Laws of houses
At least two afflicted stones are necessary for removal of any stones and at least two new stones must be used to fill the void. If the afflicted wall is shared by two houses owned by two neighbors, both neighbors must help to remove the afflicted stones, scrape and place the new stones, but only the owner of the house whose interior was afflicted performs the replastering. It is from this ruling that the proverb Oy l'rasha, oy l'scheino (אוי לרשע אוי לשכנו, "Woe to the wicked! Woe to his neighbor!") originates.
There are numerous limitations put on the tzaraath that afflicts houses:
The house of a gentile is insusceptible to tzaraath.
Only houses that possess four walls and four corners are susceptible. Similarly, only those houses that rest on the ground are susceptible, to the exclusion of those that are suspended above ground or are built on a boat.
Tzaraath only affects houses that are built entirely out of stones, wood and clay plaster. If any of the four walls are built or internally overlaid with marble, natural outcropping of rock, brick or earthen soil, that wall is insusceptible to tzaraath, and a house cannot be rendered impure unless all four walls are susceptible.
Two storey houses are treated as two distinct houses and the beams that serve as the floor of the upper storey and the roof of the lower storey are allowed to remain with whichever house remains.
Houses are the only buildings that are susceptible to tzaraath (not, for example, barns or cattle stalls) and only houses that exist within the region of land originally divided among the 12 tribes, because the verse refers to beis eretz achuzaschem (בית ארץ אחזתכם, "a house of the land of your inheritance"); this also excludes houses in Jerusalem, because it was not given as an inheritance to any one tribe, but rather held jointly by all of Israel.
Interpretations
The Talmud, and most historic Jewish literature (for example Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch), regards tzaraath as a punishment for sin, and argue that cure from tzaraath only comes about through repentance and forgiveness. The verse itself arguably suggests this, as it directs those who find themselves afflicted to seek out a Kohen (priest) and not a doctor, even though generally the Torah encourages seeking medical treatment from doctors.
The Talmud lists seven possible causes for tzaraath: lashon hara ("evil tongue", i.e. malicious gossip), murder, a vain oath, illicit sexual intercourse, pride, theft, or miserly behavior. Elsewhere, the connection with gossip is supported by the wordplay metzora (leper) - motzi ra (slanderer). One modern source asserts that as a "physical manifestation of a spiritual malaise," tzaraath is a "divine retribution for the offender's failure to feel the needs and share the hurt of others."
In particular, Midrash Rabbah sees the different types of tzaraath as increasing levels of punishment, which could be curtailed at any stage if repentance was made:
the first stage in the Rabbah's view was the infection of homes, and if repentance came here it only required removal of the affected stones for a cure.
in the second stage, the entire house must be torn down as the tzaraath would not go away, and the infection came upon one's clothes; if repentance came here it required only washing of the clothes for a cure.
in the third stage of Rabbah's scheme, the clothes must be burnt, and the infection enters the person's skin; if repentance occurs here then purification could occur.
in the fourth stage, which only occurs when the person has completely refused to repent, the person is forced to dwell alone.
Each Biblical victim of tzaraath is stated to have received the condition due to some violation of biblical laws, including Joab for the murder of Abner (whose blood was shed deceitfully in time of peace), Gehazi (for 1. rebelling against Elisha's decision to not take payment for a miracle God had worked 2. working deceitfully to take the payment 3. lying to Elisha, saying he hadn't done the thing); and Uzziah for burning incense in the Temple (a ritual whose performance was limited to priests).
Other classical rabbinical writers saw tzaraath of houses as having a practical benefit. According to one, as well as being a punishment for miserliness, it also demonstrated that the house owner was lying, if they had said they did not own certain objects neighbours had asked to borrow, since the biblical regulations require the house owner to take all their possessions outside prior to confinement. On the other hand, Rashi states that tzaraath of houses was a reward for the homeowner, arguing that the Israelite homes had previously been those of Canaanites, who had hidden their valuables in the walls; the tzaraath required the house owner to remove the bricks, and so find the treasures hidden there.
The items used in the purification ritual - birds, cedar wood, and worm - were specifically included to deliver a message to the metzora. The sin most associated with tzaraath is lashon hara; to speak derogatorily about others to one's friends is likened to birds, who chatter endlessly. Similarly, the one who speaks ill of others is haughty, holding himself or herself high above others, like the tall cedar. To be healed, the metzora must erase arrogance, making themselves lowly like a worm. This is a play on words—the word tola'as (תולעת) means both "red" and "worm" – as well as hyssop.
Current practice
The laws of tzaraath are not practiced by contemporary Jews. Several approaches have been suggested to explain why this is the case:
One could contract tzaraath nowadays, but this is practically irrelevant, because in the absence of a Temple it is impossible to perform the tzaraath purification ritual, and because since the exile there is no commandment to remove tzaraath sufferers from the camp.
One cannot formally acquire the status of tzaraath nowadays, since there are currently no priests with proven priestly lineage who can declare this status, or else because current priests do not have the necessary tradition or knowledge to determine the status, or because the Temple robes which must be worn while declaring the status are unavailable.
In times of exile tzaraath is not regarded as a direct Divine punishment with a ritual remedy, but rather as a normal physical disease whose treatment is purely medical.
Modern medical interpretations
Ukrainian-Jewish born Yehuda L. Katzenelson, (1846–1917) devoted a portion of his work on talmudic medicine to the analysis of the parallels between vitiligo and biblical tzaraath, he concluded that the chazalic consensus was that they are synonymous.
Tzaraath of the skin
Scholars suspect that the descriptions of tzaraath of the skin actually refer to a number of different skin diseases, which, owing to the undeveloped state of medical science at that period, were not distinguished. A wide range of diseases, infections, and skin conditions known to modern medicine have been suggested as differential diagnosis of tzaraath, including psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, favid, dermatophyte infections, nummular dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, crusted scabies, syphilis, impetigo, sycosis barbae, alopecia areata, boil, scabies, lichen simplex chronicus, scarlet fever, lupus erythematosus, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, folliculitis decalvans, morphea, sarcoidosis, and lichen planopilaris.
Of the particular situations that Leviticus describes as being tzaraath,
the whitening of the skin over the whole body with sores, is considered by scholars to be most indicative of psoriasis
the spreading of sores is regarded by scholars as most symptomatic of impetigo
the spreading of swellings or spots in a burn injury, according to scholars, is most probably a result of erysipelas
in regard to subcutaneous disease where the hair has turned white
the additional presence of swellings or spots in a burn injury are thought by scholars most likely to be tropical sores
the additional presence of bodily sores, and swellings or spots where there previously had been a boil, is one of the classical symptoms of leprosy
the additional presence of sores on the head or chin is thought by scholars to most probably indicate the presence of ringworm
a white spot in the head or beard hair, called a netek, may be favus.
Russian pathologist Gregory Minh discovered that leprosy is contagious; assuming that biblical tzaraat is non-contagious, he therefore concluded that tzaraath is in fact vitiligo. Similarly, Reuven Kalisher suggested that vitiligo is the most likely candidate for biblical tzaraath, as it is non-contagious, cause the hair located within the discolored area to turn white (also known as poliosis or leukotrichia), and can grow in size within a week to two-week period. Yehuda L. Katzenelson added that while vitiligo lacks the safachat characteristic of biblical tzaraat, the Mishna (Negaim, chapter 1) also does not mention this characteristic. However Katzenelson concluded his analysis by listing many unanswered difficulties with Minh's opinion.
One recent author suggests that tzaraath in fact corresponds to no naturally occurring disease: "By establishing rigid criteria, almost everyone who was examined was destined to fail to meet the criteria for diagnosis. Therefore this passage was designed to integrate persons with disfiguring skin diseases back into society, not to excommunicate them as was the practice in neighbouring societies."
Similar conditions not considered tzaraath
In addition to simple rashes, inflammations, and swellings, the biblical text mentions a number of other conditions that could be confused with tzaraath. Among other situations the text considers harmless are the appearance of dull white spots, white patches of skin without sores, and baldness without sores; the latter two of these are thought by scholars to most probably refer to vitiligo and alopecia, respectively, and the Bible remarks that the former – the dull white spots – are merely a form of freckles. The symptoms that the text considers to be indicative of disease include those of the spread of superficial swellings or spots (where there had previously been a boil), and those of reddish-white sores in areas of baldness; the former condition is identified by the Bible as plague, and scholars regard its symptoms as pointing to a diagnosis of smallpox, while the latter is unidentified in the biblical text, but considered by scholars to indicate favus.
In clothing fabrics
In addition to infecting the skin, tzaraath is described by Leviticus as being able to infect historically common clothing fabrics, specifically wool, linen, and leather. The biblical description of tzaraath in such fabrics is strikingly analogous to that of tzaraath in the skin, with, for example, spreading of the infection being tested for by isolating the fabric in question for first 7 days. The principal symptoms are described as being green or red spots, which spread within a week, or that do not change appearance at all after a fortnight, having been washed after the first week, or that return a week after having been torn out, if they also had faded with washing prior to being torn out. These descriptions are regarded by scholars as most probably indicative of certain moulds, and especially matching infections by Penicillium (the fungus that produces penicillin).
In houses
Mildew infecting a flat
Dry rot
The biblical text also describes tzaraath as infecting the walls of houses; the symptoms it describes are depressions in the wall, which are green or red, and spread over a period of seven days. The description is regarded by scholars as again being strikingly similar to the wording of the description of tzaraath infections in the skin, but still somewhat obscure; it would seem to fit some form of fungal growth, especially dry rot, which produces yellowish-green and reddish patches on walls.
References
^ a b c d D. L. Kaplan, "Biblical leprosy: an anachronism whose time has come", J Am Acad Dermatol 1993 Mar;28(3):507-10. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70071-z.
^ Leviticus 13:2–46
^ Leviticus 13:47–59
^ Leviticus 14:34–53
^ Leviticus 13:49, 14:37
^ Lendrum, F.C. (1954), "The Name 'Leprosy'", Etc: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 12, Institute of General Semantics, pp. 37–47, JSTOR 24234298.
^ a b c d Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (January 2016). "Leprosy in the Bible". Clinics in Dermatology. 34 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003. PMID 26773616.
^ Eichman, Phillip (1999), "The History, Biology, & Medical Aspects of Leprosy", The American Biology Teacher, vol. 61, University of California Press, National Association of Biology Teachers, pp. 490–495, doi:10.2307/4450750, JSTOR 4450750.
^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon article λέπρ-α, Ion. λέπρ-ρη , ἡ, (λεπίς) cites "A. leprosy, which makes the skin scaly, Herodotus Histories 1.138, Hippocrates Aphorisms 3.20 (plural), Prorrh.2.43 (pl.), Epid.5.9 (sg.), Morb.1.3 (sg.), Arist.Pr.887a34, Theophrastus Characters 19.2, Sud.14, LXX Leviticus 13.2.
^ a b c d e f g Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica, "Leprosy, Leper", p.2763-2768
^ Lanes Lexicon: صرع
^ John F. A. Sawyer, "A Note on the Etymology of ṣāra'at", Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 241-245
^ a b c Daat Mikra, Vayikra p.217-237
^ Leviticus 13:2, etc.
^ Leviticus 13:30
^ Mishnah Nega'im 3:3
^ a b Leviticus 13:10
^ Leviticus 13:7
^ a b Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus, 773-779
^ Leviticus 13:12
^ חידת הצרעת הטהורה | ד"ר נריה קליין
^ Mishnah Nega'im 3:4
^ Leviticus 13:20, 13:25
^ Leviticus 13:22, 13:27
^ Maimonides, Mishnah Torah, Taharah, Hilchot Tuma'at Tzaraath 8:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 3:5
^ Leviticus 13:42
^ Leviticus 13:3,20,25,30
^ Leviticus 13:4,21,26,31
^ Leviticus 13:5
^ Leviticus 13:23, 28
^ Leviticus 13:33
^ Rashi, Leviticus 13:33; this is especially necessary according to Maimonides, who asserts that these lesions manifest as pure hair loss without any concomitant skin eruption.
^ a b c Leviticus 13:6,34
^ Rashi, Leviticus 13:6
^ Leviticus 13:7–8,35–36
^ Leviticus 13:6 and commentary of Rashi
^ a b c Hulse, E. V. (1976). The Nature of Biblical “leprosy” and the use of Alternative Medical terms in Modern translations of the Bible. Medical History, 20(02), 203.
^ Leviticus 13:44 and 14:2, respectively
^ a b Leviticus 13:45–46
^ Rashi, Leviticus 13:45; see also Ezekiel 24:17 where lip-covering indicates mourning.
^ Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:45
^ Arturo Castiglioni, A history of medicine (p. 71)
^ Leviticus Rabbah 16:3 - one must distance oneself from a leper, and distance further when the wind is blowing
^ a b c d e f This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Leprosy". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
^ Mishnah Nega'im 3:1, 11:1
^ Nega'im 3:2
^ Mishnah Negaim 8:4
^ Leviticus 14:36
^ Leviticus 14:1–3
^ Leviticus 14:4–8
^ Leviticus 14:9–32
^ Leviticus 14:4
^ Leviticus 14:4–6
^ a b Leviticus 14:7
^ a b Leviticus 14:8
^ Leviticus 14:9
^ Leviticus 14:10
^ Leviticus 14:21–32
^ Leviticus 14:14
^ Leviticus 14:15–17
^ Leviticus 14:18
^ Leviticus 14:10
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Peake's commentary on the Bible
^ Yonatan Grossman, Adam mitabel al atzmo
^ Numbers 12:10
^ Numbers 12
^ 2 Kings 5
^ 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Chronicles 26:16–21
^ Leviticus 13:47–48
^ Leviticus 13:48
^ Leviticus 13:49
^ Rashi, Leviticus 13:49
^ Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:49
^ Leviticus 13:51
^ Leviticus 13:52
^ Leviticus 13:54
^ Leviticus 13:55
^ Leviticus 13:56, commentary of Rashi
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 11:5
^ Rashi, Leviticus 13:57
^ Mishnah Nega'im 11:6
^ Leviticus 13:58, commentary of Rashi
^ Leviticus 13:52; 13:55
^ Leviticus 13:58
^ Leviticus 14:34
^ a b c Leviticus 14:36
^ Leviticus 14:38
^ Leviticus 14:40-1
^ Leviticus 14:40–41
^ Leviticus 14:42–43
^ Leviticus 14:46–47
^ Leviticus 14:48–53
^ Nega'im, 8:4
^ Nega'im, 9:2
^ Nega'im 6:8, 8:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 6:7
^ Mishnah Nega'im 2:3
^ Mishnah Nega'im 2:5
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 3:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 2:4
^ Mishnah Nega'im 3:2
^ Mishnah Nega'im 2:2
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 7:5
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 14:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 2:4
^ Mishnah Nega'im 14:9
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 11:2
^ Mishnah Nega'im 11:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 11:3
^ a b Mishnah Nega'im 12:6
^ Mishnah Nega'im 12:1
^ Mishnah Nega'im 12:2
^ Mishnah Nega'im 13:3
^ Mishnah Nega'im 12:4, commentary of Pinchas Kehati
^ Exodus 21:19
^ a b c Babylonian Talmud, Arachin 16a
^ Vayikra Rabbah 16:2
^ Artscroll Tanakh, Leviticus 13, commentary. page 272.
^ Rashi, Leviticus 14:34, based on Leviticus Rabbah 17:6
^ a b c d Efraim Vaynman, Contemporary Tzaraat?
^ a b Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia
^ Dr. Harold Spinka, M.D.
^ Shai A, Vardy D, Zvulunov A (2002). "". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 141 (5): 479–82, 496. PMID 12073533.
^ HaTalmud V’Chochmat HaRefuah (Berlin 1928 p. 336-8) title at hebrewbooks.org, p. 339-341
^ Leviticus 13:4–6
^ Leviticus 13:23
^ a b Leviticus 13:28
^ Leviticus 13:38–39
^ Leviticus 13:12–13
^ Leviticus 13:39
^ Leviticus 13:21–22
^ Leviticus 13:42–44
^ Leviticus 13:47–48
^ a b Leviticus 13:50–51
^ Leviticus 13:49
^ Leviticus 13:53–54
^ Leviticus 13:56–57
^ Heller RM, Heller TW, Sasson JM (2003). "Mold: "tsara'at," Leviticus, and the history of a confusion". Perspect. Biol. Med. 46 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1353/pbm.2003.0085. hdl:1803/7482. PMID 14593226. S2CID 7955156.
^ Leviticus 14:34
^ Leviticus 14:37
^ Leviticus 14:38–39
External links
Tzara'as (from Reb Chaim HaQoton)
A Rough Guide to Tzaraat by Joshua Cohen
Impureté, contagion et alliance à travers la lèpre, Tsara'at | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"variously transcribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Name"},{"link_name":"Hansen's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan-1"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"ritually impure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazria"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzora_(parashah)"},{"link_name":"Leviticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus"}],"text":"Tzaraath (Hebrew: צָרַעַת ṣāraʿaṯ), variously transcribed into English and frequently translated as leprosy (though it is not Hansen's disease, the disease known as \"leprosy\" in modern times[1]), is a term used in the Bible to describe various ritually impure disfigurative conditions of the human skin,[2] clothing,[3] and houses.[4] Skin tzaraath generally involves patches that are white and contain unusually colored hair.[1] Clothing and house tzaraath consists of a reddish or greenish discoloration.[5]The laws of tzaraath are given in depth in chapters 13–14 of Leviticus, and several Biblical stories describe individuals who have contracted tzaraath.","title":"Tzaraath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andy-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hansen's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andy-7"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan-1"},{"link_name":"Hansen's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Islamic works on medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine"},{"link_name":"9th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_century"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andy-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"English translations of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible"},{"link_name":"Tyndale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_Bible"},{"link_name":"Coverdale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverdale_Bible"},{"link_name":"linguistic root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_word"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Variant transcriptions of the name into English include saraath, zaraath,[6] tzaraat,[7][8] tsaraat, tzaraas, and tsaraas.The Hebraic root tsara or tsaraath (צָרַע \"to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous\"), and the Greek lepros (λεπρός), refer to conditions other than Hansen's disease.[7] The editors of the Septuagint translated the term tzaraath with Greek lepra (λέπρα), which in classical sources referred to psoriasis and similar skin conditions; at the time Hansen's disease was known in Greek by a different term (elephantiasis graecorum).[1] The connection with the bacterial infection now known as Hansen's disease increased as the latter disease spread more widely, and was firmly established by Islamic works on medicine in the 9th century.[7] The classical Greek term lepra stems from the noun lepis λεπίς (a scale (of a fish)), which in turn stems from the verb lepó λέπω (to peel), hence 'leprosy' (literally, morbid scaliness).[9] Variants of the word leprosy conflating tzaraath with Hansen's disease were used from the earliest English translations of the Bible, including Wycliffe's, Tyndale's, and Coverdale's.The linguistic root of tzaraath (צרע) may mean \"smiting\";[10] the Arabic cognate tzaraa (صرع) has a similar meaning.[11] Alternatively, tzaraath may be derived from the Hebrew word tzirah (wasp), based on the idea that tzaraat affects the skin in a manner resembling a wasp's sting.[12] Other theories suggest a connection to the roots שרע (\"to spread\") or זרע (\"seed\", i.e. a growth).[13]The manifestation of tzaraath is termed a negah (נגע) \"affliction\", nega'im (plural: נגעים).[14]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:1–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:18–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#18"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:24–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#24"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:29–44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#29"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"There are three varieties of nega'im that relate to human flesh:on the skin (Leviticus 13:1–17)\nin a boil (Leviticus 13:18–23) or burn (Leviticus 13:24–28)\nbald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard (Leviticus 13:29–44), in which case the lesion is called a נתק (netek)[15]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev3-10-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev3-10-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milgrom-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dm-13"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dm-13"},{"link_name":"13:10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#10"},{"link_name":"13:4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milgrom-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Skin patches","text":"White patches of the skin are confirmed as tzaraath by the occurrence of one of three signs:[16]white hair (והיא הפכה שיער לבן) – if at least two hairs within the confines of the negah turn white[17]\nhealthy flesh (ומחית בשר חי) – if skin of a normal appearance appears within the confines of the patch[17]\nspreading (ואם פשה תפשה המספחת בעור) – if the patch became enlarged since the time of the initial examination by the Kohen[18]Tzaraath skin patches can come in three varieties (Leviticus 13:2): se'et (\"a rising\" or \"discoloration\"[19]), sapahat (\"a scab\"), and baheret (\"a bright spot\"). The meaning of these terms is obscure, but they may suggest that tzaraat consists of an abnormal skin texture as well as color. However, rabbinic interpretation almost universally concluded that these three terms refer to different shades of color (white like wool or like snow, etc.) rather than different textures.[13] The rabbis even argued the phrase \"its appearance is deeper than the skin of his flesh\" (Leviticus 13:3) refers to color (\"deeper\" presumed by the rabbis to mean \"of lighter color\").[13] As se'et and baheret (both terms which may refer to color and not texture) are later discussed individually (13:10, 13:4), while sapahat (apparently referring to texture) is not, sapahat may be considered a possible feature of se'et or baheret rather than an individual condition; in which case, the rabbinic interpretation may also be the original meaning of the verses.[19]Paradoxically, if the tzaraat covers a person's entire body, it is considered pure, and no isolation or purification ritual is needed.[20] However, according to a minority interpretation, it is not the entire body, but the entire lesion (including any \"islands\" of previously healthy skin within the lesion) which must be covered by tzaraat in order to have this pure status.[21]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Boils and burns","text":"Boils and burns, as occur naturally as a result of an abscess, blunt force trauma or thermal insult to the skin, are not tzaraath and do not carry impurity. During the healing phases of these wounds, however, if certain signs that mimic those of the aforementioned patches appear, tzaraath may occur.Confirmation is by the occurrence of one of two signs:[22]white hair (ושערה הפך לבן and נהפך שער לבן בבהרת) – similar to that in patches[23]\nspreading (ואם פשה תפשה בעור and אם פשה תפשה בעור) – similar to that in patches[24]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tosefta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#30"},{"link_name":"Abraham ben David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ben_David"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 13:36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#36"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Scalp or beard","text":"The initial symptom of this type of tzaraath is patches of hair loss. According to Maimonides, scalp and beard tzaraath is characterized by hair loss without any change to the skin of the bald spot.[25] The Tosefta, however, maintains that the skin of the bald spot becomes altered.There are two confirming signs:[26]thin yellow hair (ובו שער צהב דק) – if at least two-and-a-half hairs from within the bald patch turn yellow (Leviticus 13:30)\nspreading (והנה פשה הנתק בעור) – if the balding spreads, according to Maimonides. According to Abraham ben David, who quotes the Tosefta, this spreading would refer to spreading of a skin change as well (Leviticus 13:36).While baldness is not a form of tzaraath, patches that occur on a bald scalp may be tzaraath if they meet the criteria mentioned by the Torah. Such an eruption on a bald scalp must appear in a distinct fashion, but is regulated by rules similar to that of tzaraath on the skin; however, it can only occur on men. For a scalp eruption to be tzaraath, the lesion must be a white patch tinged with red (נגע לבן אדמדם).[27] This can occur in one of two places: within what are referred to as a man's posterior baldness (קרחת) and anterior baldness (גבחת).","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"ritually impure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_13:6_and_34-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_13:6_and_34-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_13:6_and_34-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hulse-38"}],"sub_title":"Inspection and pronouncement","text":"To determine whether a skin condition is indeed tzaraath, the afflicted individual must visit a kohen (a priest, possessing direct male lineage to Aaron). The kohen, trained in examining lesions and diagnosing tzaraath, examines the lesion according to the previously mentioned criteria, and determine whether it meets the specifications of tzaraath. If during the initial examination the lesion meets the criteria for tzaraath, the kohen pronounces the individual ritually impure (tamei, טמא).[28]If the criteria are not met by the lesion during the initial examination, the individual is confined to his home for seven days, pending a follow-up examination.[29] If the criteria for tzaraath are again not met and the lesion has not spread, there is a difference in protocol depending on the type of lesion.For skin patches, another confinement period of seven days is imposed.[30]\nFor boils or burns, the kohen declares it merely a צרבת (tzarevet, \"scar\") and there are no further examinations.[31]\nFor bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard, another confinement period of seven days is imposed. However, prior to this second confinement period, the individual is shaved around the lesion, but not in the lesion itself;[32] according to the rabbis, a rim of two hairs surrounding the bald spot is left, to make any spreading recognizable.[33]After the second confinement period of seven days, those with skin patches or bald patches are re-evaluated once more.[34] If the criteria for tzaraath have still not been met, the individual is declared pure.[34] He or she, must, however, wash both his or her body and garments;[34] due to the confinement, he or she is considered impure in some sense.[35]If the lesion was declared ritually pure and later it spread, it must be shown once again to a kohen, who will then pronounce it tzaraath.[36]If, however, the criteria for tzaraath have been met, either during the initial inspection or at either of the two follow-ups (when applicable) or even after a previous pronouncement of purity, the individual is declared impure. The individual is declared impure even if the lesion did not worsen or spread but remained the same—the skin eruption must become dimmer in appearance for it to be declared pure at the second follow-up examination.[37]The biblical emphasis appears to be on the ritual impurity that results from a diagnosis of tzaraath, not on any possible medical danger. The commands repeatedly discuss the sufferer's \"pure\" or \"impure\" status, only rarely mentioning \"healing\", and no Biblical story of tzaraath appears to involve the danger of death to the afflicted person.[38]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev134546-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev134546-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"medical historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history"},{"link_name":"Arturo Castiglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Castiglioni"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"holy day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday"},{"link_name":"bridegroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridegroom"},{"link_name":"wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_wedding"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Impure status","text":"The individual who is declared impure with tzaraath is referred to as either a tzarua (צרוע) or a metzora (מצורע).[39] Such individuals must live alone outside the confines of their community, and call out [ritually] impure, [ritually] impure.[40] They must tear their garments, keep their hair unkept or uncut (פרוע), and cover their upper lip;[40] these practices are expressions of mourning.[41] In a different interpretation, the mouth must be covered, to prevent contagion.[42]A few medical historians, such as Arturo Castiglioni, regard this as the first model of sanitary legislation.[43] Nevertheless, some (though not all[44]) Talmudic laws treat tzaraath as noncontagious:[45] non-Jewish victims of tzaraath were not considered ritually impure;[46] in special circumstances (during a holy day, or for a bridegroom after his wedding) the kohen's inspection could be delayed until after the celebrations;[47] in cases where white hair is a sign of tzaraat, if the white hairs were plucked before the inspection then the person was not declared impure.[48] Similarly, in the Biblical description of house-tzaraath, individuals are encouraged to remove their belongings from the house before the house and its contents are pronounced impure.[49]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metzora (parashah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzora_(parashah)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani"},{"link_name":"scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye)"},{"link_name":"ezov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezov"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"kohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev147-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev147-55"},{"link_name":"shaved off all their hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev148-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev148-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"guilt-offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_offering"},{"link_name":"burnt-offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"sympathetic magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_magic"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"Numbers 12:12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0412.htm#12"},{"link_name":"Deut 12:23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0512.htm#23"},{"link_name":"Numbers 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Purification ritual","text":"Further information: Metzora (parashah)Once the metzora's lesion vanishes, he is evaluated by a kohen, who leaves the community to examine him. When the priest had certified that tzaraath had been cured,[50] the biblical text requires that the formerly infected person (metzora) undergo a number of ritual events, some occurring immediately,[51] and some occurring a week later.[52]Initially, the person took two kosher birds (ציפורים), cedar-wood, scarlet, and ezov.[53] \"Living\" water was placed in an earthenware vessel, over which one of the birds was slaughtered and into which the blood was allowed to run.[54] The kohen then dipped the remaining bird and other items into the bloodied water, and sprinkled it on the metzora seven times.[55] The live bird was freed into the open field.[55] The metzora washed their garments from impurity and shaved off all their hair.[56]The metzora then waited for seven days to begin the final steps of his purification ceremony; in this period he must avoid his own home, but may mix with other people.[56] On the seventh day, he again washed his garments from impurity and again shaves off all of his hair, and was then deemed pure.[57] On the eighth day, he brought three animal sacrifices to the sanctuary: a sin-offering of a female lamb, and a guilt-offering and a burnt-offering, both male lambs.[58] (One who could not afford this sacrifice would instead offer birds rather than lambs for the sin-offering and burnt-offering.[59]) Blood from the slaughtered guilt-offering was placed on his right ear, right thumb and right big toe;[60] then some of the oil for the sacrifice was poured into the priest's left palm, and applied with the priest's right forefinger onto the metzora's right ear lobe, right thumb, and right big toe.[61] The rest of the oil from the priest's palm was poured on the metzora 's head.[62] Finally, the sin-offering and burnt-offering were sacrificed.[63]Some scholars speculate that the initial ritual may have originally been connected to sympathetic magic, with the living bird representing the departure of ritual impurity.[64] Hyssop might simply be a good implement to use for sprinkling, with cedar-wood perhaps having alleged medicinal properties.[64] Alternatively, tzaraath is seen as akin to death (Numbers 12:12), and the use of \"living\" water dyed with blood (representing life: Deut 12:23) and scarlet dye, along with cedar and ezov which also appear in the ceremony of purification from corpse-impurity (Numbers 19), represent the symbolic return of the metzora to life.[65]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exodus 4:1–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0204.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"burning bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_bush"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Exodus 4:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0204.htm#30"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hulse-38"},{"link_name":"Naaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaman"},{"link_name":"Elisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha"},{"link_name":"Gehazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehazi"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"2 Kings 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b07.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Uzziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Stories involving tzaraat","text":"The Hebrew Bible also speaks of tzaraath in several stories:In Exodus 4:1–7, when Moses stood before the burning bush, he doubted that the Israelites would believe that God had sent him. God provides him with two signs to prove his mission: turning his rod into a snake and then back into a rod, and turning his hand into being stricken with tzaraath and then back again. Moses performed these signs for the elders in Exodus 4:30.\nIn Numbers 12:10, Miriam was stricken with tzaraath for her involvement in slandering Moses. Aaron asks Moses to cure her.[66] Moses prays for his sister and she is cured of the tzaraath but must remain in confinement for seven days. The Torah, however, does not indicate that she went through any purification process similar to what is normally required.[67] Miriam's tzaraath is described as \"like snow\", perhaps less due to the white color than due to the production of skin flakes, which is common in various skin diseases.[38]\nNaaman, an Aramean general, suffered from tzaraath until being cured by Elisha. However, after Elisha's servant Gehazi defrauded Naaman, Gehazi and his descendants were punished with tzaraath.[68]\nIn 2 Kings 7, four men with tzaraath were staying outside the besieged city of Samaria, and were the first to discover that the besieging Aramean army had fled.\nKing Uzziah was stricken with tzaraath after offering incense in the Temple, a task forbidden to all except the priests.[69]","title":"Affliction of the body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"woof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(weaving)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"kohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_11:5-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_11:5-80"},{"link_name":"mikveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Tzaraath can also afflict garments.[70] Garment tzaraath is relevant to only three materials:wool (Hebrew צמר)\nlinen (Hebrew פשתים)\nleather: either unworked leather (עור) or finished leather (כל מלאכת עור, literally \"all worked leather\")In a wool or linen garment, the tzaraath may appear uniformly throughout the fabric, or else be limited to the garment's woof or to its warp (או בשתי או בערב).[71]Tzaraath appears in clothing as an greenish (ירקרק – yerakrak) or reddish (אדמדם – adamdam) eruption.[72] This has been interpreted as either a intense color (\"the greenest of greens\")[73] or a mild one (\"less than fully green\").[74]Such clothing must be brought to the kohen for inspection. A garment cannot be declared impure upon initial examination; rather, it is confined for seven days, and if on the seventh day, the eruption has spread, the garment is declared impure with tzaraath.[75] Subsequent to a declaration of tzaraath, the garment, whether wool, linen or leather, is completely burnt in fire; if the tzaraath was confined to the woof or warp, only that need be burnt.[76]Upon re-evaluation after the seven-day confinement, the kohen may instruct that the garment with the eruption be washed and confined once more for seven days.[77] If upon a second re-evaluation after the second seven days of confinement, the kohen sees that the eruption did not dim and did not spread, the garment is declared impure and must be completely burnt.[78]If the second re-evaluation reveals a dimming of the eruption, the kohen tears the area with the eruption from the garment and burns the torn out portion completely.[79] The torn out area is patched to allow for a reinspection of the area for return of the lesion.[80] If, the eruption returns to the patch, there is no confinement period instituted and the entire garment is completely burnt;[81] if a lesion reappears on the garment but not on the patch, the garment must be burned but the patch can be saved.[82] To recapitulate, if the lesion remained as it was after the first week of confinement, it is washed and reconfined. If it remained as it was after the second week of confinement, it is burned.[80]If, however, upon the second re-evaluation, the lesion disappears, the garment must be immersed in a mikveh (ritual bath) and is then pure.[83]Fabrics and clothing affected by tzaraath were required by the text to be burnt entirely,[84] unless it was the form of tzaraath that faded after washing but came back after being torn out, in which case it could be considered ritually pure as soon as the tzaraath had gone, and it had subsequently been washed.[85]","title":"Affliction of clothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"kohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_14:36-87"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_14:36-87"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"The third and last type of tzaraath mentioned by the Torah affects buildings.[86] If an individual notices an affliction on his house, he is to inform a kohen. The kohen will then command that they empty the house of all of its contents prior to his inspection; this is to prevent further financial loss, because should the house be confined, everything within it became impure as well.[87]When the kohen comes to perform the inspection, he looks for lesions on the wall that appear either intense green (ירקרקת) or intense red (אדמדמת) and that appear sunken below the plane of the wall's surface (שפל מן הקיר, literally \"lower than the wall\"). If this is what he sees, the kohen exits the house and confines it for seven days.[88]On the seventh day, upon re-evaluating the eruption, if the kohen sees that the eruption has spread beyond what it had been, the afflicted stones are removed, the area around the afflicted stones is scraped and both the removed stones and clay plaster are cast into a place of impurity.[89]The void is filled with new stones and clay plaster and the house is confined for another seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation, the negah has returned after new stones have been plastered in, the negah is deemed tzaraath and the entire house must be dismantled.[87] If the negah does not return, the house is pronounced pure, and the same purification process mentioned in relation to tzaraath of human flesh is employed here.Tzaraath infections in houses were to be treated similarly harshly according to the biblical regulations, and didn't have any exceptions; stones showing the symptoms had to be removed, and the house had to be scraped, with the removed stones and scraped-off clay being cast into a rubbish heap outside the city,[90] and if the infection returned once replacement stones were laid and daubed with clay, then the whole house had to be dismantled, with the rubble again going to the tip outside the city.[91] Additionally, people who had been in a house while it was infected with tzaraath was considered ritually impure until the evening came, and anyone who had eaten or slept there had to also wash their clothes.[92]A house that was \"healed\" from tzaraat received a purification ritual virtually identical to that of a healed person, involving cedar-wood, scarlet, ezov, and two birds.[93] However, the second half of the person's purification ritual, involving Temple sacrifices, was not performed.","title":"Affliction of housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Nega'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nega%27im"}],"text":"Rabbinic tradition includes an extensive elaboration of the tzaraath laws recorded in the Bible. The rabbinic laws of tzaraath appear in Mishnah tractate Nega'im.","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical rabbinical literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_rabbinical_literature"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"lentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negaim3p1-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"gentiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negaim3p1-100"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Shavuot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuot"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negaim7p5-104"},{"link_name":"foreskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negaim7p5-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mishna141-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mishna141-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"twenty-four kohanic gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-four_kohanic_gifts"}],"sub_title":"Laws of skin","text":"Rather than interpreting the biblical descriptions of tzaraath in the manner of modern doctors, classical rabbinical literature took an extremely literal view.[45] This is shown in the following laws:In the group of symptoms where the hair of the inflicted region has turned white, the Mishnah argues that plucking out the white hair was all that was required for the disease not to be considered tzaraath.[94]\nSince the biblical text mentions tzaraath occurring where boils had previously healed, but not where unhealed boils exist, the Mishnah maintains that the appearance of the other symptoms in an unhealed boil or burn do not indicate tzaraath, and that if the boil or burn subsequently heals, it still does not indicate tzaraath, unless the other symptoms occur in parts of the body not previously diseased.[95]\nSores smaller than the size of a lentil, those on the extremities of the body (such as the fingers, toes, ears, nose, breasts, etc.), and those that occur in hairy parts of the body, do not indicate tzaraath.[96]Rabbinic literature describes additional laws regarding priest's inspection of tzaraath:The kohen must be able to see the entirety of the lesion. Thus, if the skin eruption or bald spot wraps around either the body or body parts, or occurs at the tip of terminal body parts—any place that would preclude the observation of the entire lesion at one time (i.e. wrapping around the torso, scalp or arm, or occurring at the tip of a finger or toe) – there can be no declaration of tzaraath.[97]\nIn a similar vein, a kohen who is blind in one eye or who cannot see well may not perform the inspections.[98] An eligible kohen may inspect anyone, including his relatives, except himself.[99] Even a non-kohen may perform the inspection if they are proficient in the laws of nega'im, but only a kohen may declare purity or impurity. A non-kohen examiner may inform an accompanying inexpert kohen of his determination that a negah is or is not tzaraath and the kohen declares \"purity\" or \"impurity\".[100]\nNega'im do not render impurity on parts of the body that are naturally concealed by other parts of the body according to specific regulations. For skin eruptions on the legs, men are inspected standing as though they are hoeing and women standing as though they are rolling dough. For eruptions on the arms, men raise their arms as though they are picking olives and women raise their arms as though they are weaving or spinning.[101]\nNega'im do not render gentiles impure.[100]\nA groom is exempt from visiting the kohen until the eighth day after his wedding for any nega'im on his flesh, garments or house. Similarly, there are no inspections carried out on the days of Passover, Shavuot or Sukkot.[102]\nEven on the days when inspections are performed, they are only allowed for two hours each day: during the fourth and eighth hour of the day (corresponding roughly to 9–10 AM and 2–3 PM).[103]If someone cuts off some skin or a part of his body to remove a tzaraat lesion, he becomes impure, even if he had no confirming signs. He may become pure only after another lesion forms.[104] The exception is when a lesion appears on the tip of the foreskin and is cut off during circumcision, which is permitted, because a positive commandment overrides a negative commandment.[104]Additional laws relate to the sacrifice offered at the metzora's recovery:The sprinkling was done onto the back of his hand, or else (according to another opinion) on his forehead.[105]\nThe slaughtered bird was buried in the presence of the metzora.[105]\nWhen the recovered metzora is shaved, this shaving excludes places similar to those in which nega'im are not subject to impurity.[106]\nThe dabbing of sacrificial blood on the recovered metzora caused some complication, because the metzora was not allowed into Temple grounds prior to his purification process, while the blood of the offering was not allowed out of the Temple grounds. To reconcile this dilemma, the metzora stuck these body parts through the gateway one at a time to receive the blood. The same was done with the oil from the flour offerings of the metzora. If the metzora lost any of these body parts after he was ready for purification, he could never obtain purification.[107]\nThe remaining portion of the olive oil from the purification offering, called in Hebrew log shemen shel metzora, is retained by the kohen at the completion of his service. This portion is listed as one of the twenty-four kohanic gifts.","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_11:2-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_11:2-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Laws of clothing","text":"There are a number of limitations to tzaraath as it applies to clothing:Clothing belonging to a gentile are insusceptible to tzaraath.\nOnly sheep's wool is susceptible to a negah of tzaraath, although an even mixture of sheep's wool and another type of wool (camel's wool, for example) can be afflicted.[108] In a similar vein, a mixture of plant fibers containing linen is insusceptible unless it is at least half linen.[108]\nThe leather referred to by the Torah does not include the hides of marine animals.[109]\nThe fabric of wool or linen or leather article cannot be rendered impure by tzaraath if it is artificially dyed. If, however, the item is naturally colored (such as wool from a black sheep), it can be rendered impure.[110]","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_12:6-111"},{"link_name":"proverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishnah_Nega'im_12:6-111"},{"link_name":"gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Laws of houses","text":"At least two afflicted stones are necessary for removal of any stones and at least two new stones must be used to fill the void.[111] If the afflicted wall is shared by two houses owned by two neighbors, both neighbors must help to remove the afflicted stones, scrape and place the new stones, but only the owner of the house whose interior was afflicted performs the replastering. It is from this ruling that the proverb Oy l'rasha, oy l'scheino (אוי לרשע אוי לשכנו, \"Woe to the wicked! Woe to his neighbor!\") originates.[111]There are numerous limitations put on the tzaraath that afflicts houses:The house of a gentile is insusceptible to tzaraath.\nOnly houses that possess four walls and four corners are susceptible. Similarly, only those houses that rest on the ground are susceptible, to the exclusion of those that are suspended above ground or are built on a boat.[112]\nTzaraath only affects houses that are built entirely out of stones, wood and clay plaster. If any of the four walls are built or internally overlaid with marble, natural outcropping of rock, brick or earthen soil, that wall is insusceptible to tzaraath, and a house cannot be rendered impure unless all four walls are susceptible.[113]\nTwo storey houses are treated as two distinct houses and the beams that serve as the floor of the upper storey and the roof of the lower storey are allowed to remain with whichever house remains.[114]\nHouses are the only buildings that are susceptible to tzaraath (not, for example, barns or cattle stalls) and only houses that exist within the region of land originally divided among the 12 tribes, because the verse refers to beis eretz achuzaschem (בית ארץ אחזתכם, \"a house of the land of your inheritance\"); this also excludes houses in Jerusalem, because it was not given as an inheritance to any one tribe, but rather held jointly by all of Israel.[115]","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samson Raphael Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch"},{"link_name":"punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin"},{"link_name":"repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"lashon hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashon_hara"},{"link_name":"gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath"},{"link_name":"pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride"},{"link_name":"theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft"},{"link_name":"miserly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miser"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a16-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Midrash Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"Joab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joab"},{"link_name":"Abner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner"},{"link_name":"Gehazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehazi"},{"link_name":"Uzziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah"},{"link_name":"classical rabbinical writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_rabbinical_literature"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leviticus_14:36-87"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"Canaanites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanites"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani"},{"link_name":"lashon hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashon_hara"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a16-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a16-117"}],"sub_title":"Interpretations","text":"The Talmud, and most historic Jewish literature (for example Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch), regards tzaraath as a punishment for sin, and argue that cure from tzaraath only comes about through repentance and forgiveness. The verse itself arguably suggests this, as it directs those who find themselves afflicted to seek out a Kohen (priest) and not a doctor, even though generally the Torah encourages seeking medical treatment from doctors.[116]The Talmud lists seven possible causes for tzaraath: lashon hara (\"evil tongue\", i.e. malicious gossip), murder, a vain oath, illicit sexual intercourse, pride, theft, or miserly behavior.[117] Elsewhere, the connection with gossip is supported by the wordplay metzora (leper) - motzi [shem] ra (slanderer).[118] One modern source asserts that as a \"physical manifestation of a spiritual malaise,\" tzaraath is a \"divine retribution for the offender's failure to feel the needs and share the hurt of others.\"[119]In particular, Midrash Rabbah sees the different types of tzaraath as increasing levels of punishment, which could be curtailed at any stage if repentance was made:the first stage in the Rabbah's view was the infection of homes, and if repentance came here it only required removal of the affected stones for a cure.\nin the second stage, the entire house must be torn down as the tzaraath would not go away, and the infection came upon one's clothes; if repentance came here it required only washing of the clothes for a cure.\nin the third stage of Rabbah's scheme, the clothes must be burnt, and the infection enters the person's skin; if repentance occurs here then purification could occur.\nin the fourth stage, which only occurs when the person has completely refused to repent, the person is forced to dwell alone.Each Biblical victim of tzaraath is stated to have received the condition due to some violation of biblical laws,[45] including Joab for the murder of Abner (whose blood was shed deceitfully in time of peace), Gehazi (for 1. rebelling against Elisha's decision to not take payment for a miracle God had worked 2. working deceitfully to take the payment 3. lying to Elisha, saying he hadn't done the thing); and Uzziah for burning incense in the Temple (a ritual whose performance was limited to priests).Other classical rabbinical writers saw tzaraath of houses as having a practical benefit. According to one, as well as being a punishment for miserliness, it also demonstrated that the house owner was lying, if they had said they did not own certain objects neighbours had asked to borrow, since the biblical regulations require the house owner to take all their possessions outside prior to confinement.[87] On the other hand, Rashi states that tzaraath of houses was a reward for the homeowner, arguing that the Israelite homes had previously been those of Canaanites, who had hidden their valuables in the walls; the tzaraath required the house owner to remove the bricks, and so find the treasures hidden there.[120]The items used in the purification ritual - birds, cedar wood, and worm - were specifically included to deliver a message to the metzora. The sin most associated with tzaraath is lashon hara;[117] to speak derogatorily about others to one's friends is likened to birds, who chatter endlessly.[117] Similarly, the one who speaks ill of others is haughty, holding himself or herself high above others, like the tall cedar. To be healed, the metzora must erase arrogance, making themselves lowly like a worm. This is a play on words—the word tola'as (תולעת) means both \"red\" and \"worm\" – as well as hyssop.","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaynman-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaynman-121"},{"link_name":"Temple robes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_robes"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaynman-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaynman-121"}],"sub_title":"Current practice","text":"The laws of tzaraath are not practiced by contemporary Jews. Several approaches have been suggested to explain why this is the case:[121]One could contract tzaraath nowadays, but this is practically irrelevant, because in the absence of a Temple it is impossible to perform the tzaraath purification ritual, and because since the exile there is no commandment to remove tzaraath sufferers from the camp.[121]\nOne cannot formally acquire the status of tzaraath nowadays, since there are currently no priests with proven priestly lineage who can declare this status, or else because current priests do not have the necessary tradition or knowledge to determine the status, or because the Temple robes which must be worn while declaring the status are unavailable.[121]\nIn times of exile tzaraath is not regarded as a direct Divine punishment with a ritual remedy, but rather as a normal physical disease whose treatment is purely medical.[121]","title":"In Rabbinic Judaism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buki_ben_yogli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian-Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Jew"},{"link_name":"Yehuda L. Katzenelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_L._Katzenelson"},{"link_name":"vitiligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo"},{"link_name":"chazalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazal"}],"text":"Ukrainian-Jewish born Yehuda L. Katzenelson, (1846–1917) devoted a portion of his work on talmudic medicine to the analysis of the parallels between vitiligo and biblical tzaraath, he concluded that the chazalic consensus was that they are synonymous.","title":"Modern medical interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skin diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_diseases"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wycliffe-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"differential diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"seborrhoeic dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"favid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favid"},{"link_name":"dermatophyte infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatophyte_infections"},{"link_name":"nummular dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummular_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"atopic dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"pityriasis rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea"},{"link_name":"crusted scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusted_scabies"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"impetigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo"},{"link_name":"sycosis barbae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycosis_barbae"},{"link_name":"alopecia areata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia_areata"},{"link_name":"boil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil"},{"link_name":"scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies"},{"link_name":"lichen simplex chronicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus"},{"link_name":"scarlet fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever"},{"link_name":"lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus_et_atrophicus"},{"link_name":"folliculitis decalvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans"},{"link_name":"morphea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphea"},{"link_name":"sarcoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis"},{"link_name":"lichen planopilaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-andy-7"},{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"impetigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"erysipelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelas"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"tropical sores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"ringworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"favus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hulse-38"},{"link_name":"Gregory Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Minh"},{"link_name":"contagious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_disease"},{"link_name":"vitiligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo"},{"link_name":"Reuven Kalisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Kalisher"},{"link_name":"poliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliosis"},{"link_name":"leukotrichia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukotrichia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yehuda L. Katzenelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_L._Katzenelson"},{"link_name":"clarify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Mishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishna"},{"link_name":"Negaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaim"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan-1"}],"sub_title":"Tzaraath of the skin","text":"Scholars suspect that the descriptions of tzaraath of the skin actually refer to a number of different skin diseases,[64][122][123] which, owing to the undeveloped state of medical science at that period, were not distinguished.[45] A wide range of diseases, infections, and skin conditions known to modern medicine have been suggested as differential diagnosis of tzaraath, including psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, favid, dermatophyte infections, nummular dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, crusted scabies, syphilis, impetigo, sycosis barbae, alopecia areata, boil, scabies, lichen simplex chronicus, scarlet fever, lupus erythematosus, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, folliculitis decalvans, morphea, sarcoidosis, and lichen planopilaris.[7]Of the particular situations that Leviticus describes as being tzaraath,the whitening of the skin over the whole body with sores, is considered by scholars to be most indicative of psoriasis[10][64][124]\nthe spreading of sores is regarded by scholars as most symptomatic of impetigo[64]\nthe spreading of swellings or spots in a burn injury, according to scholars, is most probably a result of erysipelas[64]\nin regard to subcutaneous disease where the hair has turned white\nthe additional presence of swellings or spots in a burn injury are thought by scholars most likely to be tropical sores[64]\nthe additional presence of bodily sores, and swellings or spots where there previously had been a boil, is one of the classical symptoms of leprosy[64]\nthe additional presence of sores on the head or chin is thought by scholars to most probably indicate the presence of ringworm[10][64]\na white spot in the head or beard hair, called a netek, may be favus.[38]Russian pathologist Gregory Minh discovered that leprosy is contagious; assuming that biblical tzaraat is non-contagious, he therefore concluded that tzaraath is in fact vitiligo. Similarly, Reuven Kalisher suggested that vitiligo is the most likely candidate for biblical tzaraath, as it is non-contagious, cause the hair located within the discolored area to turn white (also known as poliosis or leukotrichia), and can grow in size within a week to two-week period. Yehuda L. Katzenelson added that while vitiligo lacks the safachat[clarify] characteristic of biblical tzaraat, the Mishna (Negaim, chapter 1) also does not mention this characteristic. However Katzenelson concluded his analysis by listing many unanswered difficulties with Minh's opinion.[125]One recent author suggests that tzaraath in fact corresponds to no naturally occurring disease: \"By establishing rigid criteria, almost everyone who was examined was destined to fail to meet the criteria for diagnosis. Therefore this passage was designed to integrate persons with disfiguring skin diseases back into society, not to excommunicate them as was the practice in neighbouring societies.\"[1]","title":"Modern medical interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"inflammations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"swellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bibleverse||Leviticus|13:28-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bibleverse||Leviticus|13:28-128"},{"link_name":"vitiligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo"},{"link_name":"alopecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"freckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freckles"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"favus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favus"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"}],"sub_title":"Similar conditions not considered tzaraath","text":"In addition to simple rashes,[126] inflammations,[127] and swellings,[128] the biblical text mentions a number of other conditions that could be confused with tzaraath. Among other situations the text considers harmless are the appearance of dull white spots,[129] white patches of skin without sores,[130] and baldness without sores;[128] the latter two of these are thought by scholars to most probably refer to vitiligo and alopecia, respectively,[64] and the Bible remarks that the former – the dull white spots – are merely a form of freckles.[131] The symptoms that the text considers to be indicative of disease include those of the spread of superficial swellings or spots (where there had previously been a boil),[132] and those of reddish-white sores in areas of baldness;[133] the former condition is identified by the Bible as plague, and scholars regard its symptoms as pointing to a diagnosis of smallpox,[64] while the latter is unidentified in the biblical text, but considered by scholars to indicate favus.[64]","title":"Modern medical interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev13p5051-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lev13p5051-135"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"moulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wycliffe-122"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Penicillium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"}],"sub_title":"In clothing fabrics","text":"In addition to infecting the skin, tzaraath is described by Leviticus as being able to infect historically common clothing fabrics, specifically wool, linen, and leather.[134] The biblical description of tzaraath in such fabrics is strikingly analogous to that of tzaraath in the skin,[45] with, for example, spreading of the infection being tested for by isolating the fabric in question for first 7 days.[135] The principal symptoms are described as being green or red spots,[136] which spread within a week,[135] or that do not change appearance at all after a fortnight, having been washed after the first week,[137] or that return a week after having been torn out, if they also had faded with washing prior to being torn out.[138] These descriptions are regarded by scholars as most probably indicative of certain moulds,[10][64][122][139] and especially matching infections by Penicillium (the fungus that produces penicillin).[10]","title":"Modern medical interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WestendMoldyLivingroom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hausschwamm.jpg"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-45"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakes-64"},{"link_name":"dry rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncBib-10"}],"sub_title":"In houses","text":"Mildew infecting a flatDry rotThe biblical text also describes tzaraath as infecting the walls of houses;[140] the symptoms it describes are depressions in the wall, which are green or red,[141] and spread over a period of seven days.[142] The description is regarded by scholars as again being strikingly similar to the wording of the description of tzaraath infections in the skin,[45] but still somewhat obscure;[10] it would seem to fit some form of fungal growth,[64] especially dry rot, which produces yellowish-green and reddish patches on walls.[10]","title":"Modern medical interpretations"}] | [{"image_text":"Ukrainian-Jewish born Yehuda L. Katzenelson, (1846–1917) devoted a portion of his work on talmudic medicine to the analysis of the parallels between vitiligo and biblical tzaraath, he concluded that the chazalic consensus was that they are synonymous.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Buki_ben_yogli.jpg/250px-Buki_ben_yogli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mildew infecting a flat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WestendMoldyLivingroom.jpg/150px-WestendMoldyLivingroom.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dry rot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hausschwamm.jpg/200px-Hausschwamm.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Lendrum, F.C. (1954), \"The Name 'Leprosy'\", Etc: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 12, Institute of General Semantics, pp. 37–47, JSTOR 24234298","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/24234298","url_text":"\"The Name 'Leprosy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24234298","url_text":"24234298"}]},{"reference":"Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (January 2016). \"Leprosy in the Bible\". Clinics in Dermatology. 34 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003. PMID 26773616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clindermatol.2015.10.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773616","url_text":"26773616"}]},{"reference":"Eichman, Phillip (1999), \"The History, Biology, & Medical Aspects of Leprosy\", The American Biology Teacher, vol. 61, University of California Press, National Association of Biology Teachers, pp. 490–495, doi:10.2307/4450750, JSTOR 4450750","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4450750","url_text":"10.2307/4450750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4450750","url_text":"4450750"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). \"Leprosy\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9774-leprosy","url_text":"\"Leprosy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Shai A, Vardy D, Zvulunov A (2002). \"[Psoriasis, biblical afflictions and patients' dignity]\". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 141 (5): 479–82, 496. PMID 12073533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12073533","url_text":"12073533"}]},{"reference":"Heller RM, Heller TW, Sasson JM (2003). \"Mold: \"tsara'at,\" Leviticus, and the history of a confusion\". Perspect. Biol. Med. 46 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1353/pbm.2003.0085. hdl:1803/7482. PMID 14593226. 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14:48–53"},{"Link":"https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.16a.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en","external_links_name":"16a"},{"Link":"https://www.sefaria.org.il/Vayikra_Rabbah.16.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en","external_links_name":"Vayikra Rabbah 16:2"},{"Link":"https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Vayikra/14.34#m7e3n7","external_links_name":"Rashi, Leviticus 14:34"},{"Link":"https://www.torahmusings.com/2022/04/contemporary-tzaraat-2/","external_links_name":"Contemporary Tzaraat?"},{"Link":"http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1959/JASA3-59Spinka.html","external_links_name":"Dr. Harold Spinka, M.D."},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12073533","external_links_name":"12073533"},{"Link":"http://hebrewbooks.org/20797","external_links_name":"title at hebrewbooks.org"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#4","external_links_name":"Leviticus 13:4–6"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#23","external_links_name":"Leviticus 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13:53–54"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0313.htm#56","external_links_name":"Leviticus 13:56–57"},{"Link":"http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/resolve_openurl.cgi?issn=0031-5982&volume=46&issue=4&spage=588&aulast=Heller","external_links_name":"\"Mold: \"tsara'at,\" Leviticus, and the history of a confusion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpbm.2003.0085","external_links_name":"10.1353/pbm.2003.0085"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1803%2F7482","external_links_name":"1803/7482"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14593226","external_links_name":"14593226"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7955156","external_links_name":"7955156"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0314.htm#34","external_links_name":"Leviticus 14:34"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0314.htm#37","external_links_name":"Leviticus 14:37"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0314.htm#38","external_links_name":"Leviticus 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bottom_Line_(radio_programme) | Evan Davis | ["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 BBC","3.1 Economics editor","3.2 Today programme","3.3 The Bottom Line programme","3.4 Newsnight","3.5 PM programme","4 Writing","5 Personal life","6 Honours and awards","7 Publications","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | British economist, journalist and presenter
For other people named Evan Davis, see Evan Davis (disambiguation).
Evan DavisDavis in 2007BornEvan Harold Davis (1962-04-08) 8 April 1962 (age 62)Malvern, Worcestershire, EnglandAlma mater
University of Oxford
Harvard University
Occupation(s)Journalist and TV presenterYears active1986–presentEmployerBBCNotable credits
Dragons' Den (2005—)
PM (2018– )
Today (2008–2014)
Newsnight (2014–2018)
TitleEconomics Editor of BBC News (2001–2008)PartnerGuillaume Baltz
Evan Davis' voice
recorded August 2013
Evan Harold Davis (born 8 April 1962) is a presenter for the BBC, and former economist. He has presented Dragons' Den since 2005, and PM since 2018.
In October 2001, Davis took over from Peter Jay as the BBC's economics editor. He left this post in April 2008 to become a presenter on BBC Radio 4's Today programme. In September 2014, he left Today to be the main presenter of Newsnight for four years. On 5 November 2018, Davis began presenting Radio 4's PM programme.
Early life and education
Davis was born in Malvern, Worcestershire, to South African parents, Quintin Visser Davis, an engineer, and Hazel Noreen Davis, who would train to become a psychotherapist. He has two older brothers, Beric and Roland. The family had emigrated from South Africa to Malvern in January 1962 (Hazel was then pregnant with Davis) in reaction to apartheid. Two years later the family moved to Ashtead, Surrey, where Davis grew up.
Davis attended Dorking County Grammar School, which in 1976 became The Ashcombe School, Dorking, where he was head boy. Davis then attended St John's College, Oxford between 1981 and 1984, gaining a First in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, before obtaining a Master of Public Administration at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. While at Oxford University, he edited Cherwell, the student newspaper.
Early career
Davis began work as an economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and while there he was briefly seconded to help officials work on early development of the Community Charge system of local government taxation (better known as the Poll Tax). In 1988 he moved to the London Business School, writing articles for their publication Business Strategy Review. He returned to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1992, writing a paper on "Britain, Europe and the Square Mile" for the European Policy Forum which argued that British financial prosperity depended on being seen as a bridgehead to the European Union.
In 1993, Davis joined the BBC as an economics correspondent. He worked as economics editor on BBC Two's Newsnight programme from 1997 to 2001. In the mid-1990s he was a member of the Social Market Foundation's Advisory Council; he is a member of the British-American Project for the Successor Generation.
BBC
Economics editor
As the BBC's economics editor, Davis was responsible for reporting and analysing economic developments on a range of programmes on BBC radio and television, particularly the Ten O'Clock News. He also had a role in shaping the extensive BBC coverage of economics across all the corporation's outputs, including online.
Davis also wrote a blog for the BBC website entitled Evanomics in which he "attempts to understand the real world, using the tool kit of economics". Subjects he discussed included road pricing, care for the elderly, Gordon Brown's budget and how to choose wine.
Davis has won several awards including the Work Foundation's Broadcast Journalist of the Year award in 1998, 2001 and 2003, and the Harold Wincott Business Broadcaster of the Year award in 2002. In 2008, Davis was ranked first in the Independent on Sunday's "pink list" of the hundred most influential gay and lesbian figures in British society.
On 23 May 2005, Davis crossed picket lines during a day of industrial action by BBC staff over announced job cuts. Other notable broadcasters who turned up for work during the strike included Terry Wogan, Shelagh Fogarty and Declan Curry. Davis was also noted for breaking a strike at the BBC which had been called by the National Union of Journalists: on 6 November 2010, he arrived to present the Today Programme at 3:30 am, along with fellow presenter Sarah Montague, although this was not technically crossing a picket line as they arrived before it was formed.
Today programme
In mid-2007, Davis was a guest presenter on the Today programme for two weeks. In April 2008, he stood down as BBC Economics Editor to join the Today programme as a full-time presenter, replacing Carolyn Quinn. In 2009, Davis said that one of the best things about presenting on the radio is that "you can look things up on Wikipedia while on air".
The Bottom Line programme
On top of his duties at Today, Davis also presents The Bottom Line. It is a weekly business discussion programme which generally includes three or four business leaders or entrepreneurs responding to several topical questions regarding business-related issues. First aired in 2006, the programme is a co-production between BBC News and The Open University. As of September 2013, The Bottom Line runs 26 weeks of the year in three series: at 8:30 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 4, with a repeat showing at 5:30 pm on Saturdays and a television recording at 9:30 pm on Saturdays and Sundays on the BBC News Channel. The programme is broadcast internationally on the BBC World Service and BBC World News.
Additionally, Davis presents Dragons' Den on BBC Two.
In 2012, Davis presented Built in Britain, which looked at the role of major infrastructure projects in the UK, including examining the impact of the M25 on the town of Ashtead in Surrey where he grew up.
In 2014, Davis presented a BBC Two series Mind the Gap: London vs the Rest in which he explored the economic forces in Britain and why the capital city is so dominant.
Newsnight
On 21 July 2014, it was announced that Davis would replace Jeremy Paxman as presenter of Newsnight starting in autumn 2014. His last appearance as a presenter on Today was 26 September 2014.
In 2017 Davis was found to have breached BBC rules on due impartiality in coverage of the 2017 French presidential election on Newsnight, giving the impression that he favoured Emmanuel Macron over Marine Le Pen. The BBC Executive Complaints Unit ruled that Davis' approaches in back-to-back interviews with representatives of the Macron and le Pen campaigns was so marked as to constitute bias.
After four years with Newsnight, it was announced that Davis would move on to become the presenter of the BBC Radio 4 PM programme. His final show was broadcast on 30 October 2018.
PM programme
Davis began presenting Radio 4's PM on 5 November 2018.
Writing
Davis' first book, Public Spending, was published in 1998. In it he argued for the privatisation of public services as a means of increasing efficiency. Davis' second book, Made in Britain: How the Nation Earns Its Living, was published in May 2011. His third book, Post-Truth: Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It was published in May 2017.
Personal life
Davis lives in London with his husband Guillaume Baltz, a French landscape architect. They married on 6 July 2022, the tenth anniversary of their civil partnership and the twentieth anniversary of their first meeting. Davis's father, who was 92 and seriously ill with bowel cancer and heart problems, killed himself on the day of Davis's wedding in 2022, with Davis being informed later that day.
Davis is the owner of a whippet named Mr. Whippy and is a keen motorcyclist, seen riding a Yamaha YZF-R6 motorcycle in BBC Two's 2009 The City Uncovered with Evan Davis.
Honours and awards
Davis holds honorary degrees from the Open University; City, University of London; Cardiff University, Coventry University and Aston University.
Publications
Public Spending. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1998. ISBN 0-14-026446-9.
Made in Britain. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2011. ISBN 978-140-8703-304.
Post-Truth: Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2017. ISBN 978-140-8703-311.
See also
BBC portal
Working Lunch, on BBC2
References
^ a b Gordon, Bryony (29 September 2014). "'Newsnight was not the plan. . . I'm so not Jeremy Paxman'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
^ a b "Evan Davis on succeeding Eddie Mair: 'There isn't a new vision to change PM'". Radio Times. 5 November 2018.
^ "Davis, Evan Harold (born 8 April 1962), Presenter, Newsnight, since 2014". Who's Who & Who Was Who. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U42655. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4.
^ Himself, Built in Britain, BBC Documentary, 2012.
^ a b c Aitkenhead, Decca (23 July 2023). "Evan Davis on the day he got married – and his father killed himself". The Times. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
^ a b "Evan Davis". BBC News. 6 June 2008.
^ "Asking for trouble: A profile of presenter Evan Davis". Belfast Telegraph. 2 August 2014. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Butler, David; Adonis, Andrew; Travers, Tony (1994). Failure in British Government: The Politics of the Poll Tax. Oxford University Press. p. 81.
^ Davis, Evan (18 February 1993). "Europe is key to Britain's world role". The Times. London.
^ "In the market for ideas, Tony?". The Independent. London. 25 July 1994.
^ Pilger, John (13 January 2007). "How the Anglo-American elite shares its 'values'". Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
^ "The IoS pink list 2008". The Independent. London on Sunday. 22 June 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
^ O'Carroll, Lisa; Deans, Jason; Day, Julia (23 May 2005). "TV stars: why we crossed BBC picket line". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ "BBC calls for talks amid strike". BBC News. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
^ "BBC's top stars in bitter split over strike".
^ Cooper, Robert. "BBC strike ends but more are on the way".
^ "Dragons' Davis joins Today team". BBC News. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ Dowell, Ben (21 November 2007). "Evan Davis joins Today". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ "Top radio presenters and DJs: in pictures". The Guardian. London. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
^ "A smart way to boost the image of business". The Independent. London. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^ "BBC Radio 4 – The Bottom Line". BBC. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^ "The Bottom Line 2021". OpenLearn. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^ "RADIO CRITICS' CHOICE". Financial Times. London. 4 March 2006.
^ "4's Bottom Line goes global". RadioToday. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^ "Mind The Gap: London Vs The Rest". BBC – Media Centre. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
^ "Evan Davis to replace Jeremy Paxman on Newsnight". BBC News. 21 July 2014.
^ "Evan Davis' final Today programme top tips". BBC News. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
^ "BBC – Complaints – Newsnight, BBC2, 21 April 2017: Finding by the Executive Complaints Unit".
^ Ruddick, Graham (16 November 2017). "Have I Got News for You where Jo Brand rebuked all-male panel tops complaints". The Guardian. London.
^ "Evan Davis to leave Newsnight and replace Eddie Mair as presenter of BBC Radio 4's PM". 20 September 2018.
^ "THREAD: It's Evan Davis's last night in the hot seat before he opts for the early nights and darker studios of Radio 4's PM. "Times right now are far from usual" – he said introducing his first Newsnight in September, 2014 What's changed eh? #newsnight | @EvanHDpic.twitter.com/WZKSzgjUp4". @bbcnewsnight. BBC. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
^ Sawyer, Miranda; @msmirandasawyer (7 May 2011). "Evan Davis: 'I'm a presenter who is gay rather than a gay presenter'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Cadwalladr, Carole (6 November 2005). "Think of me as a man of mystery". The Observer. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
^ Millard, Rosie (6 July 2008). "Evan Davis: poster boy for the Noughties". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
^ Riley-Smith, Ben (2 April 2012). "Evan Davis: Quiet man of the airwaves bites back – Profiles – People". The Independent.
^ "Evan Davis: 'The talent all comes to London. It's extraordinary how sucking London is'". The Standard. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
^ Davis, Evan (14 January 2009). "The rocket scientists of finance". BBC News. Evan Davis looks at how the desire of financial institutions to keep pushing profits higher have made them more vulnerable.
^ "Strategic Forum today at 10.30am". The Open University. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^ "Previous recipients". Cardiff University. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^ "Dragon Evan Davis to get honorary degree from Coventry University". Birmingham Post. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^ "Aston University celebrates graduates' success". Aston University. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
External links
Evan Davis at IMDb
BBC Newswatch profile
Evanomics – Davis's BBC blog (no longer updated)
"BBC Radio 4 Today programme presenter Evan Davis's blog". BBC. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
Observer Review article 6 November 2005
The Bottom Line Official Website
Video clips at the Open University Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evan Davis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Davis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Dragons' Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons%27_Den_(British_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"Peter Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jay_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiotimes.com-2"}],"text":"For other people named Evan Davis, see Evan Davis (disambiguation).Evan Harold Davis (born 8 April 1962) is a presenter for the BBC, and former economist. He has presented Dragons' Den since 2005, and PM since 2018.In October 2001, Davis took over from Peter Jay as the BBC's economics editor. He left this post in April 2008 to become a presenter on BBC Radio 4's Today programme. In September 2014, he left Today to be the main presenter of Newsnight for four years. On 5 November 2018, Davis began presenting Radio 4's PM programme.[2]","title":"Evan Davis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2014-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Ashtead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtead"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Ashcombe School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashcombe_School"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorking"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesJuly23-5"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Politics and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"Master of Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration"},{"link_name":"Harvard Kennedy School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc7421556-6"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_newspaper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Davis was born in Malvern, Worcestershire, to South African parents, Quintin Visser Davis, an engineer, and Hazel Noreen Davis, who would train to become a psychotherapist.[1][3] He has two older brothers, Beric and Roland. The family had emigrated from South Africa to Malvern in January 1962 (Hazel was then pregnant with Davis) in reaction to apartheid. Two years later the family moved to Ashtead, Surrey, where Davis grew up.[4]Davis attended Dorking County Grammar School, which in 1976 became The Ashcombe School, Dorking, where he was head boy.[5] Davis then attended St John's College, Oxford between 1981 and 1984, gaining a First in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, before obtaining a Master of Public Administration at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University.[6] While at Oxford University, he edited Cherwell, the student newspaper.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute for Fiscal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies"},{"link_name":"Community Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poll_tax-8"},{"link_name":"London Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_role-9"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"Social Market Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Market_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMF-10"},{"link_name":"British-American Project for the Successor Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British-American_Project_for_the_Successor_Generation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R000665-11"}],"text":"Davis began work as an economist at the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and while there he was briefly seconded to help officials work on early development of the Community Charge system of local government taxation (better known as the Poll Tax).[8] In 1988 he moved to the London Business School, writing articles for their publication Business Strategy Review. He returned to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1992, writing a paper on \"Britain, Europe and the Square Mile\" for the European Policy Forum which argued that British financial prosperity depended on being seen as a bridgehead to the European Union.[9]In 1993, Davis joined the BBC as an economics correspondent. He worked as economics editor on BBC Two's Newsnight programme from 1997 to 2001. In the mid-1990s he was a member of the Social Market Foundation's Advisory Council;[10] he is a member of the British-American Project for the Successor Generation.[11]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ten O'Clock News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Ten_O%27Clock_News"},{"link_name":"road pricing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_pricing"},{"link_name":"care for the elderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly_care"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"Independent on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"picket lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing_(protest)"},{"link_name":"Terry Wogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Wogan"},{"link_name":"Shelagh Fogarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelagh_Fogarty"},{"link_name":"Declan Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Curry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"National Union of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists"},{"link_name":"Sarah Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Montague"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Economics editor","text":"As the BBC's economics editor, Davis was responsible for reporting and analysing economic developments on a range of programmes on BBC radio and television, particularly the Ten O'Clock News. He also had a role in shaping the extensive BBC coverage of economics across all the corporation's outputs, including online.Davis also wrote a blog for the BBC website entitled Evanomics in which he \"attempts to understand the real world, using the tool kit of economics\". Subjects he discussed included road pricing, care for the elderly, Gordon Brown's budget and how to choose wine.Davis has won several awards including the Work Foundation's Broadcast Journalist of the Year award in 1998, 2001 and 2003, and the Harold Wincott Business Broadcaster of the Year award in 2002. In 2008, Davis was ranked first in the Independent on Sunday's \"pink list\" of the hundred most influential gay and lesbian figures in British society.[12]On 23 May 2005, Davis crossed picket lines during a day of industrial action by BBC staff over announced job cuts. Other notable broadcasters who turned up for work during the strike included Terry Wogan, Shelagh Fogarty and Declan Curry.[13][14] Davis was also noted for breaking a strike at the BBC which had been called by the National Union of Journalists: on 6 November 2010, he arrived to present the Today Programme at 3:30 am, along with fellow presenter Sarah Montague, although this was not technically crossing a picket line as they arrived before it was formed.[15][16]","title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolyn Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2-19"}],"sub_title":"Today programme","text":"In mid-2007, Davis was a guest presenter on the Today programme for two weeks. In April 2008, he stood down as BBC Economics Editor to join the Today programme as a full-time presenter, replacing Carolyn Quinn.[17][18] In 2009, Davis said that one of the best things about presenting on the radio is that \"you can look things up on Wikipedia while on air\".[19]","title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"The Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"BBC News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_(channel)"},{"link_name":"BBC World Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"BBC World News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_News"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Dragons' Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons%27_Den"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc7421556-6"},{"link_name":"Ashtead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtead"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Mind the Gap: London vs the Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_the_Gap:_London_vs_the_Rest"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"The Bottom Line programme","text":"On top of his duties at Today, Davis also presents The Bottom Line. It is a weekly business discussion programme which generally includes three or four business leaders or entrepreneurs responding to several topical questions regarding business-related issues.[20] First aired in 2006, the programme is a co-production between BBC News and The Open University.[21][22][23] As of September 2013, The Bottom Line runs 26 weeks of the year in three series: at 8:30 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 4, with a repeat showing at 5:30 pm on Saturdays and a television recording at 9:30 pm on Saturdays and Sundays on the BBC News Channel. The programme is broadcast internationally on the BBC World Service and BBC World News.[24]Additionally, Davis presents Dragons' Den on BBC Two.[6]In 2012, Davis presented Built in Britain, which looked at the role of major infrastructure projects in the UK, including examining the impact of the M25 on the town of Ashtead in Surrey where he grew up.In 2014, Davis presented a BBC Two series Mind the Gap: London vs the Rest in which he explored the economic forces in Britain and why the capital city is so dominant.[25]","title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremy Paxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2017 French presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"Marine Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Newsnight","text":"On 21 July 2014, it was announced that Davis would replace Jeremy Paxman as presenter of Newsnight starting in autumn 2014.[26] His last appearance as a presenter on Today was 26 September 2014.[27]In 2017 Davis was found to have breached BBC rules on due impartiality in coverage of the 2017 French presidential election on Newsnight, giving the impression that he favoured Emmanuel Macron over Marine Le Pen. The BBC Executive Complaints Unit ruled that Davis' approaches in back-to-back interviews with representatives of the Macron and le Pen campaigns was so marked as to constitute bias.[28][29]After four years with Newsnight, it was announced that Davis would move on to become the presenter of the BBC Radio 4 PM programme.[30] His final show was broadcast on 30 October 2018.[31]","title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_(BBC_Radio_4)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiotimes.com-2"}],"sub_title":"PM programme","text":"Davis began presenting Radio 4's PM on 5 November 2018.[2]","title":"BBC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"public services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services"}],"text":"Davis' first book, Public Spending, was published in 1998. In it he argued for the privatisation of public services as a means of increasing efficiency. Davis' second book, Made in Britain: How the Nation Earns Its Living, was published in May 2011. His third book, Post-Truth: Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It was published in May 2017.","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landscape architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer1-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesJuly23-5"},{"link_name":"bowel cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_cancer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesJuly23-5"},{"link_name":"whippet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippet"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Yamaha YZF-R6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6"},{"link_name":"The City Uncovered with Evan Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_Uncovered_with_Evan_Davis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC20090114-37"}],"text":"Davis lives in London with his husband Guillaume Baltz, a French landscape architect.[32][33][34][35] They married on 6 July 2022, the tenth anniversary of their civil partnership and the twentieth anniversary of their first meeting.[5] Davis's father, who was 92 and seriously ill with bowel cancer and heart problems, killed himself on the day of Davis's wedding in 2022, with Davis being informed later that day.[5]Davis is the owner of a whippet named Mr. Whippy[36] and is a keen motorcyclist, seen riding a Yamaha YZF-R6 motorcycle in BBC Two's 2009 The City Uncovered with Evan Davis.[37]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"City, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Cardiff University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Coventry University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_University"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Aston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_University"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Davis holds honorary degrees from the Open University;[38] City, University of London; Cardiff University,[39] Coventry University[40] and Aston University.[41]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-026446-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026446-9"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-140-8703-304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140-8703-304"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-140-8703-311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140-8703-311"}],"text":"Public Spending. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1998. ISBN 0-14-026446-9.\nMade in Britain. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2011. ISBN 978-140-8703-304.\nPost-Truth: Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2017. ISBN 978-140-8703-311.","title":"Publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"BBC portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:BBC"},{"title":"Working Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Lunch"}] | [{"reference":"Public Spending. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1998. ISBN 0-14-026446-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026446-9","url_text":"0-14-026446-9"}]},{"reference":"Made in Britain. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2011. ISBN 978-140-8703-304.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140-8703-304","url_text":"978-140-8703-304"}]},{"reference":"Post-Truth: Why We Have Reached Peak Bullshit and What We Can Do About It. London: Little, Brown and Company. 2017. ISBN 978-140-8703-311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140-8703-311","url_text":"978-140-8703-311"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Bryony (29 September 2014). \"'Newsnight was not the plan. . . I'm so not Jeremy Paxman'\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11126781/Newsnight-was-not-the-plan...-Im-so-not-Jeremy-Paxman.html","url_text":"\"'Newsnight was not the plan. . . I'm so not Jeremy Paxman'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evan Davis on succeeding Eddie Mair: 'There isn't a new vision to change PM'\". Radio Times. 5 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/radio/2018-11-05/evan-davis-building-on-eddie-mair-pm-legacy/","url_text":"\"Evan Davis on succeeding Eddie Mair: 'There isn't a new vision to change PM'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davis, Evan Harold (born 8 April 1962), Presenter, Newsnight, since 2014\". Who's Who & Who Was Who. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U42655. 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Oxford University Press. p. 81.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Butler_(academic)","url_text":"Butler, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Adonis,_Baron_Adonis","url_text":"Adonis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Travers","url_text":"Travers, Tony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Evan (18 February 1993). \"Europe is key to Britain's world role\". The Times. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"In the market for ideas, Tony?\". The Independent. London. 25 July 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Pilger, John (13 January 2007). \"How the Anglo-American elite shares its 'values'\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. 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London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/nov/16/have-i-got-news-for-you-where-jo-brand-rebuked-all-male-panel-tops-complaints","url_text":"\"Have I Got News for You where Jo Brand rebuked all-male panel tops complaints\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evan Davis to leave Newsnight and replace Eddie Mair as presenter of BBC Radio 4's PM\". 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/evan-davis-to-leave-newsnight-and-replace-eddie-mair-as-presenter-of-bbc-radio-4s-pm/","url_text":"\"Evan Davis to leave Newsnight and replace Eddie Mair as presenter of BBC Radio 4's PM\""}]},{"reference":"\"THREAD: It's Evan Davis's last night in the hot seat before he opts for the early nights and darker studios of Radio 4's PM. \"Times right now are far from usual\" – he said introducing his first Newsnight in September, 2014 What's changed eh? #newsnight | @EvanHDpic.twitter.com/WZKSzgjUp4\". @bbcnewsnight. BBC. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/bbcnewsnight/status/1057314658611290112?lang=en","url_text":"\"THREAD: It's Evan Davis's last night in the hot seat before he opts for the early nights and darker studios of Radio 4's PM. \"Times right now are far from usual\" – he said introducing his first Newsnight in September, 2014 What's changed eh? #newsnight | @EvanHDpic.twitter.com/WZKSzgjUp4\""}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Miranda; @msmirandasawyer (7 May 2011). \"Evan Davis: 'I'm a presenter who is gay rather than a gay presenter'\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2011/may/08/evan-davis-today-business-nightmares","url_text":"\"Evan Davis: 'I'm a presenter who is gay rather than a gay presenter'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Cadwalladr, Carole (6 November 2005). \"Think of me as a man of mystery\". The Observer. London. Retrieved 10 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/06/broadcasting.observerreview","url_text":"\"Think of me as a man of mystery\""}]},{"reference":"Millard, Rosie (6 July 2008). \"Evan Davis: poster boy for the Noughties\". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 5 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Millard","url_text":"Millard, Rosie"},{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4275041.ece","url_text":"\"Evan Davis: poster boy for the Noughties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"Riley-Smith, Ben (2 April 2012). \"Evan Davis: Quiet man of the airwaves bites back – Profiles – People\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/evan-davis-quiet-man-of-the-airwaves-bites-back-7606798.html","url_text":"\"Evan Davis: Quiet man of the airwaves bites back – Profiles – People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evan Davis: 'The talent all comes to London. It's extraordinary how sucking London is'\". The Standard. 28 February 2014. 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Retrieved 28 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150821081446/http://www.aston.ac.uk/about/news/releases/2015/july-2015/graduation-ceremonies-to-celebrate-student-success/","url_text":"\"Aston University celebrates graduates' success\""},{"url":"http://www.aston.ac.uk/about/news/releases/2015/july-2015/graduation-ceremonies-to-celebrate-student-success/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 Today programme presenter Evan Davis's blog\". BBC. Retrieved 30 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/today/evandavis/","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 Today programme presenter Evan Davis's blog\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/11126781/Newsnight-was-not-the-plan...-Im-so-not-Jeremy-Paxman.html","external_links_name":"\"'Newsnight was not the plan. . . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_the_Man | Gandhi the Man | ["1 Topics covered","2 Reviews and influence","3 Curriculum","4 Editions","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"] | Biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Gandhi the Man AuthorEknath EaswaranLanguageEnglish (original); Chinese, Czech, Dutch, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, PersianGenrePoliticians - India - BiographyPublisherNilgiri Press; othersPublication date1973; 1978; 1991; 2011; othersPages200 (2011); 179 (1997); 186 (1978); 157 (1973).ISBN978-1-58638-055-7
Gandhi the Man is a biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi written by Eknath Easwaran. The book was originally published in the United States in 1973. Several subsequent expanded editions have been published. Non-English editions have also been published in several languages.
Topics covered
All US editions of Gandhi the Man contain four major parts entitled 1) The Transformation, 2) The Way of Love, 3) Mother and Child, and 4) Gandhi the Man. All US editions also contain numerous photographs. More recent editions contain a foreword by Michael Nagler and an Appendix by Timothy Flinders entitled "How Satyagraha Works." The 4th edition (2011) contains several pages of maps and chronology (timelines), and additional background notes.
Reviews and influence
Reviews have appeared in the New York Post, the San Francisco Chronicle, The History Teacher, and elsewhere.
In the New York Post, Bill McKibben wrote that Gandhi the Man "seems at first glance like pure hagiography, most notable for the wonderful photographs it contains. But it isn't a picture book - in fact,
in very few words, it comes closer to giving some sense of how Gandhi saw his life than any other account I have read. From the outside, his life looked like a political drama... But from the inside, Easwaran argues quite persuasively, it looked quite different. Gandhi mastered his own life - took charge of his mind and his body. As a result he knew no fear, only great and undifferentiated love for the rest of creation. And so he was able to powerfully affect that creation.": 4
A series on the life and works ofEknath Easwaran
Biography (book), Works
Translations
Dhammapada
Bhagavad Gita,
Upanishads
Spiritual Biographies
Gandhi the Man
Nonviolent Soldier of Islam
Commentaries: Indian
Essence of the Upanishads
Essence of the Dhammapada
Essence of the Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living
Commentaries: Christian
Original Goodness
Love Never Faileth
Seeing with the Eyes of Love
Books on Meditation
Passage Meditation
Mantram Handbook
Conquest of Mind
Strength in the Storm,
others
Daily Readers + Reference
God Makes the Rivers to Flow
Timeless Wisdom
Words to Live By
Other works, Other influence
In The History Teacher Donald Cody wrote that "the book's uniqueness lies in the effective interspersing of some six dozen pictures throughout the relatively short text itself is biographical only in a very general way; the author's major goal is to reveal the spiritual dimensions of Gandhi's life.... Teachers and college students, in particular, will find the two or three hours spent with this book a rare inspirational experience. Even high school students who appreciate works with a spiritual focus will be affected by its profound message.": 269
Cody also wrote that "while the author describes political struggle in considerable detail, he is more interested in showing that Gandhi did not see achieving India's freedom as his primary goal. In fact, had he not believed that British rule was particularly injurious to the Indian lower classes, he might not have involved himself in the independence movement at all.": 269
In the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Tonya Emeigh suggested that Gandhi the Man could be used for teaching humane attitudes towards farm animals.
The publisher quoted influential religion scholar Huston Smith as stating that "This book belongs in every public library in the English-speaking world."
Curriculum
Gandhi the Man serves as the basis of a 7-week curriculum and course offered through a US-based church denomination.
Editions
The original edition was published by in 1973 by Glide Publications (San Francisco). Several later US editions were published Nilgiri Press. Other editions have been published in Chinese (PRC), Czech, Dutch, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, and Persian.
English-language editions have been published in Canada, India, and the US. The US editions are:
Easwaran, Eknath (2011). Gandhi the Man: How one man changed himself to change the world (4th ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 978-1-58638-055-7. ISBN 1-58638-055-9 (200 pages) ebook: ISBN 978-1-58638-067-0
Easwaran, Eknath (1997). Gandhi the Man (3rd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 0-915132-96-6.(179 pages, hardcover); ISBN 978-0-915132-96-6 (179 pages, paperback)
Easwaran, Eknath (1983). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-71497-0.(192 pages); ISBN 978-0-394-71497-4 (192 pages)
Easwaran, Eknath (1978). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 0-915132-13-3.(hardcover); ISBN 0-915132-14-1 (paperback)
Easwaran, Eknath (1973), Gandhi the Man (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Glide Publications. Compiled from the perspective of Eknath Easwaran by Jo Anne Black, Nick Harvey, and Laurel Robertson. ISBN 0-912078-17-0, LC 77176240 (157 pages, paper)
Canadian edition:
Easwaran, Eknath (1983) (1983). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). Winnipeg, Canada: Turnstone Press. ISBN 0-85500-194-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)(192 pages); ISBN 978-0-85500-194-0 (192 pages)
Indian edition:
Eknath Easwaran (1997). Gandhi the Man. Mumbai, India: Jaico. ISBN 81-7224-517-3, ISBN 978-81-7224-517-7 (192 pages).
See also
Nonviolent Soldier of Islam (by same author, a biography of Gandhi's Muslim associate, Abdul Ghaffar Khan)
The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Gandhi's autobiography)
List of artistic depictions of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Notes
^
References
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1998). 圣雄·甘地: 非暴力之父 (The Father of Nonviolence: Mahatma Gandhi) ISBN 7-80128-125-X, ISBN 978-7-80128-125-8, (306 pages)
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1999). Gándhí člověk: příběh jeho transformace (Gandhi the Man: The Story of his Transformation) (Bohumila Kučerová, trans.). Czech Republic: Volvox Globator. ISBN 80-7207-270-6, ISBN 978-80-7207-270-5 (140 pages)
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1983). Gandhi (Hilde Lichtendahl, trans.). Netherlands: Sirius en Siderius. ISBN 906441047X, ISBN 978-90-6441-047-5
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1997). Gandhi Een biografie Netherlands: Ankh-Hermes. ISBN 90-202-8124-0 ISBN 9789020281248 (paper)
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1983). Der Mensch Gandhi. Germany:Grumann. ISBN 3-924092-13-3, ISBN 978-3-924092-13-9 (184 pages).
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (1997). Der Mensch Gandhi. Sein Leben ist eine Botschaft (Gandhi the Man: His Life is a Message). Freiburg, Germany:Herder. ISBN 978-3-451-04564-6
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (2013). Gandhi the Man - Seorang pria yang mengubah dirinya demi mengubah dunia. Indonesia: Bentang Pustaka (Mizan Group). ISBN 6027888903, ISBN 978-602-7888-90-6 (288 pages).
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (2013). 人間ガンディー 世界を変えた自己変革 / (Gandhi the Man: How One Man Changed Himself to Change the World) (スタイナー 紀美子= Kimiko Steiner, trans.). Osaka, Japan: 大阪東方出版 / Eastern Osaka Publishing. ISBN 978-4862492135, ISBN 4862492134, OCLC 840102432, ASIN 4862492134 (214 pages)
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (2005). 비폭력이 가장 위대한 사랑이다 (Nonviolence is the Greatest Love) (박유진, trans.). Korea: 꿈꾸는돌. ISBN 89-91159-07-9, ISBN 978-89-91159-07-5
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (2010). Rebāzī-i ʻashq : chīrokī wacharkhānī roḥī-y Māhātmā Gāndī (Hāwār Aḥmad Halanjayi , trans. from Persian). Hawler , Iraq: Chāpkhāna-y Minārih. OCLC 801735679 (175 pages)
^ a b c Eknath Easwaran (2001). Rāh-i ʻishq: dāsitān taḥūl rūḥī mahātmā Gāndī (The Way of Love: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual transformation) (Shahram Tabrizi, trans.). Iran: ققنوس، (Phoenix). ISBN 964-311-411-2, ISBN 978-964-311-411-4, OCLC 178500148 (190 pages).
^ a b Lynn Garrett (1998, Jan. 12). Gandhi in China. Publishers Weekly, v245 n2, p30. "Nilgiri Press... was surprised to receive an e-mail in September from the Sichuan Copyright Agency in the People's Republic of China, expressing interest in publishing a Chinese edition of its Gandhi the Man (especially since relations between China and India have not always been the best).... the book will be released in China on January 30" (p. 30).
^ Foreign editions of Nilgiri Press Books, "Foreign Editions of Nilgiri Press Books". Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2010-05-30., accessed 3 April 2010.
^ See 4th edition, pp. 173-185. ISBN 978-1-58638-055-7 (back cover text states these are new)
^ a b Bill McKibben (1989, May 21). New York Post, pp. 4-5. Review of Gandhi the Man, A Man to Match His Mountains, Meditation, The Mantram Handbook, and Conquest of Mind.
^ Patricia Holt (24 December 1997). "Images of Gandhi's progress toward greatness". San Francisco Chronicle. pp. C6. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
^ a b c Donald K. Cody (1981). "". The History Teacher. 14 (2): 269. doi:10.2307/493276. JSTOR 493276.
^ Tonya Huber Emeigh (1988). "Humane education: Science, technology, and society in the English classroom". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 8: 47–63. doi:10.1177/027046768800800111. S2CID 143509391.
^ Emeigh suggests using the book with lessons about "World Farm Animals Day", designated as falling on October 2, Gandhi's birthday (see website World Farm Animals Day)
^ Back cover of 2011 edition of Gandhi the Man, ISBN 978-1-58638-055-7
^ The Wisdom of Gandhi, Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine "A seven-week study series that highlights Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual practice to make nonviolence a force in everyday life" written in 1999 by ministers of Unity of the Valley of Eugene Oregon. The series "became the most popular seven-week program ever offered at Unity of the Valley." (accessed 26 Jan 2013)
^ Eknath Easwaran (1997). Gandhi the Man Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine. Mumbai, India:Jaico. ISBN 81-7224-517-3, ISBN 978-81-7224-517-7
vteMahatma GandhiLife eventsand movements
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Unto This Last
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Influenced
14th Dalai Lama
Aung San Suu Kyi
Abhay Bang
Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Brajkishore Prasad
C. Rajagopalachari
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Draupadi Murmu
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Satyagraha House | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Eknath Easwaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Gandhi the Man is a biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi written by Eknath Easwaran. The book was originally published in the United States in 1973. Several subsequent expanded editions have been published. Non-English editions have also been published in several languages.[a]","title":"Gandhi the Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Nagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nagler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"All US editions of Gandhi the Man contain four major parts entitled 1) The Transformation, 2) The Way of Love, 3) Mother and Child, and 4) Gandhi the Man. 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But it isn't a picture book - in fact,in very few words, it comes closer to giving some sense of how Gandhi saw his life than any other account I have read. From the outside, his life looked like a political drama... But from the inside, Easwaran argues quite persuasively, it looked quite different. Gandhi mastered his own life - took charge of his mind and his body. As a result he knew no fear, only great and undifferentiated love for the rest of creation. And so he was able to powerfully affect that creation.\"[15]: 4In The History Teacher Donald Cody wrote that \"the book's uniqueness lies in the effective interspersing of some six dozen pictures throughout the relatively short text [...which] itself is biographical only in a very general way; the author's major goal is to reveal the spiritual dimensions of Gandhi's life.... Teachers and college students, in particular, will find the two or three hours spent with this book a rare inspirational experience. 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In fact, had he not believed that British rule was particularly injurious to the Indian lower classes, he might not have involved himself in the independence movement at all.\"[17]: 269In the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Tonya Emeigh suggested that Gandhi the Man could be used for teaching humane attitudes towards farm animals.[18][19]The publisher quoted influential religion scholar Huston Smith as stating that \"This book belongs in every public library in the English-speaking world.\"[20]","title":"Reviews and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coursebasis-22"}],"text":"Gandhi the Man serves as the basis of a 7-week curriculum and course offered through a US-based church denomination.[21]","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nilgiri 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Several later US editions were published Nilgiri Press. Other editions have been published in Chinese (PRC),[1][12] Czech,[2] Dutch,[3][4] German,[5][6] Indonesian,[7] Japanese,[8] Korean,[9] Kurdish,[10] and Persian.[11]English-language editions have been published in Canada, India, and the US. The US editions are:Easwaran, Eknath (2011). Gandhi the Man: How one man changed himself to change the world (4th ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 978-1-58638-055-7. ISBN 1-58638-055-9 (200 pages) ebook: ISBN 978-1-58638-067-0\nEaswaran, Eknath (1997). Gandhi the Man (3rd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 0-915132-96-6.(179 pages, hardcover); ISBN 978-0-915132-96-6 (179 pages, paperback)\nEaswaran, Eknath (1983). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-71497-0.(192 pages); ISBN 978-0-394-71497-4 (192 pages)\nEaswaran, Eknath (1978). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 0-915132-13-3.(hardcover); ISBN 0-915132-14-1 (paperback)\nEaswaran, Eknath (1973), Gandhi the Man (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Glide Publications. Compiled from the perspective of Eknath Easwaran by Jo Anne Black, Nick Harvey, and Laurel Robertson. ISBN 0-912078-17-0, LC 77176240 (157 pages, paper)Canadian edition:Easwaran, Eknath (1983) (1983). Gandhi the Man (2nd ed.). Winnipeg, Canada: Turnstone Press. ISBN 0-85500-194-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)(192 pages); ISBN 978-0-85500-194-0 (192 pages)Indian edition:Eknath Easwaran (1997).[22] Gandhi the Man. Mumbai, India: Jaico. ISBN 81-7224-517-3, ISBN 978-81-7224-517-7 (192 pages).","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmchinese-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmczech-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmdutch83-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmdutch97-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmgerman83-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmgerman97-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmindonesian13-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmjapanese13-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmkorean-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmkurdish10-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtmpersian-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pwgtmchina-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npforeign-13"}],"text":"^ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nonviolent Soldier of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_Soldier_of_Islam"},{"title":"Abdul Ghaffar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan"},{"title":"The Story of My Experiments with Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth"},{"title":"List of artistic depictions of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi"}] | [{"reference":"Easwaran, Eknath (2011). 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JSTOR 493276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F493276","url_text":"10.2307/493276"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/493276","url_text":"493276"}]},{"reference":"Tonya Huber Emeigh (1988). \"Humane education: Science, technology, and society in the English classroom\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 8: 47–63. doi:10.1177/027046768800800111. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station | Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station | ["1 Location","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 8°32′34″N 76°51′32″E / 8.54278°N 76.85889°E / 8.54278; 76.85889Indian spaceport
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching StationLaunch of RH-300 Mk2 from TERLSLocationThumba, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaCoordinates8°32′34″N 76°51′32″E / 8.54278°N 76.85889°E / 8.54278; 76.85889Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)Short nameTERLSEstablished21 November 1963; 60 years ago (1963-11-21)OperatorISRO
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) is an Indian rocket launching site established on 21 November 1963. Operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), it is located in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, which is near the southwestern tip of mainland India, very close to Earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used by ISRO for launching sounding rockets.
The first rockets were assembled in the former St Louis High School, which now houses a space museum. The local Bishop of Trivandrum, Rev. Peter Bernard Periera, along with Vincent Victor Dereere (a Belgian) and district collector Madhavan Nair were instrumental in acquiring a large parcel of land measuring 600 acres from coastal community. Periera had given away the prayer hall and bishop's room in the local church. Minister of State for External Affairs, Lakshmi N. Menon helped to smooth bureaucratic hurdles facing the project in Delhi. H. G. S. Murthy was appointed as the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.
Rockets launched from the site include RH-300, M-100, Nike Apache, Arcas, Boosted Arcas, Skua 1, Centaure, Centaure 2A, Centaure 2B, Nike Tomahawk, Dragon 1, Judi-Dart, Boosted Arcas 2, Petrel 1, RH-75, Skua 2, Sandhawk Tomahawk, Menaka II, RH-125, M-100B, M-100A, RH-200 and RH-300 Mk II.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
The site has five launchpads:
Pad 1 at 8°32′00″N 76°52′02″E / 8.533440511878172°N 76.86728897138364°E / 8.533440511878172; 76.86728897138364 (Pad 1), sounding rockets
Pad 2 at 8°31′58″N 76°52′05″E / 8.53268929608746°N 76.86794175657239°E / 8.53268929608746; 76.86794175657239 (Pad 2), sounding rockets
Pad 3 at 8°31′49″N 76°52′11″E / 8.530164446832044°N 76.86979707233245°E / 8.530164446832044; 76.86979707233245 (Pad 3), sounding rockets
Pad 4 at 8°31′46″N 76°52′15″E / 8.529557306065989°N 76.87081759512913°E / 8.529557306065989; 76.87081759512913 (Pad 4), sounding rockets
Pad 5 at 8°31′53″N 76°52′08″E / 8.531419615302084°N 76.86902030573928°E / 8.531419615302084; 76.86902030573928 (Pad 5), RH-300 launch complex, active after 1993
Location
Thumba's location at 8°32'34" N and 76°51'32" E is ideal for low-altitude, upper atmosphere and ionosphere studies. Thumba is a small fishing village situated close to the Thiruvananthapuram airport in Kerala.
References
^ a b "Sounding Rockets - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ a b Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ Pal, Sanchari (8 November 2016). "Transported on a Bicycle, Launched from a Church: The Amazing Story of India's First Rocket Launch". The Better India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
^ Joseph, Verghese (23 July 2019). "When ISRO Aimed For the Heavens, a Tiny Church in Kerala Said Amen!". Indian Catholic Matters. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ "Remembering the guiding light". Deccan Chronicle. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ Pawar, Ashwini (29 July 2015). "I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis". Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba Pad 1". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba Pad 2". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba Pad 3". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba Pad 4". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ Wade, Mark (2019). "Thumba Pad 5". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ Ley, Willy (June 1964). "Anyone Else for Space?". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 110–128.
^ Iype, George (20 November 2003). "Forty years in Space". www.rediff.com. India Abroad. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Ram, Arun (19 February 2015). "Rocket science of south". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.
Official website of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
8°32′34″N 76°51′32″E / 8.54278°N 76.85889°E / 8.54278; 76.85889
vteIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) facilitiesResearch andconstruction facilities
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AssociatedorganisationsInstitutions
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vte Indian space programme
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under development
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Indian Space Research Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO"},{"link_name":"Thumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumba"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"magnetic equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dip"},{"link_name":"sounding rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounding_rocket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi N. Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_N._Menon"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"H. G. S. Murthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._S._Murthy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RH-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"M-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-100_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Nike Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike-Apache"},{"link_name":"Arcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcas_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Boosted Arcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_Arcas"},{"link_name":"Skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skua_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Centaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaure_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Nike Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(rocket_stage)"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Judi-Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi-Dart"},{"link_name":"Petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Sandhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhawk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station"},{"link_name":"8°32′00″N 76°52′02″E / 8.533440511878172°N 76.86728897138364°E / 8.533440511878172; 76.86728897138364 (Pad 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.5334405118782_N_76.867288971384_E_&title=Pad+1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"8°31′58″N 76°52′05″E / 8.53268929608746°N 76.86794175657239°E / 8.53268929608746; 76.86794175657239 (Pad 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.5326892960875_N_76.867941756572_E_&title=Pad+2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"8°31′49″N 76°52′11″E / 8.530164446832044°N 76.86979707233245°E / 8.530164446832044; 76.86979707233245 (Pad 3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.530164446832_N_76.869797072332_E_&title=Pad+3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"8°31′46″N 76°52′15″E / 8.529557306065989°N 76.87081759512913°E / 8.529557306065989; 76.87081759512913 (Pad 4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.529557306066_N_76.870817595129_E_&title=Pad+4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"8°31′53″N 76°52′08″E / 8.531419615302084°N 76.86902030573928°E / 8.531419615302084; 76.86902030573928 (Pad 5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.5314196153021_N_76.869020305739_E_&title=Pad+5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Indian spaceportThumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) is an Indian rocket launching site established on 21 November 1963.[1][2] Operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), it is located in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, which is near the southwestern tip of mainland India, very close to Earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used by ISRO for launching sounding rockets.[1]The first rockets were assembled in the former St Louis High School, which now houses a space museum.[3] The local Bishop of Trivandrum, Rev. Peter Bernard Periera, along with Vincent Victor Dereere (a Belgian) and district collector Madhavan Nair were instrumental in acquiring a large parcel of land measuring 600 acres from coastal community.[4] Periera had given away the prayer hall and bishop's room in the local church. Minister of State for External Affairs, Lakshmi N. Menon helped to smooth bureaucratic hurdles facing the project in Delhi.[5] H. G. S. Murthy was appointed as the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.[6]Rockets launched from the site include RH-300, M-100, Nike Apache, Arcas, Boosted Arcas, Skua 1, Centaure, Centaure 2A, Centaure 2B, Nike Tomahawk, Dragon 1, Judi-Dart, Boosted Arcas 2, Petrel 1, RH-75, Skua 2, Sandhawk Tomahawk, Menaka II, RH-125, M-100B, M-100A, RH-200 and RH-300 Mk II.[2]Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The site has five launchpads:Pad 1 at 8°32′00″N 76°52′02″E / 8.533440511878172°N 76.86728897138364°E / 8.533440511878172; 76.86728897138364 (Pad 1), sounding rockets[7]\nPad 2 at 8°31′58″N 76°52′05″E / 8.53268929608746°N 76.86794175657239°E / 8.53268929608746; 76.86794175657239 (Pad 2), sounding rockets[8]\nPad 3 at 8°31′49″N 76°52′11″E / 8.530164446832044°N 76.86979707233245°E / 8.530164446832044; 76.86979707233245 (Pad 3), sounding rockets[9]\nPad 4 at 8°31′46″N 76°52′15″E / 8.529557306065989°N 76.87081759512913°E / 8.529557306065989; 76.87081759512913 (Pad 4), sounding rockets[10]\nPad 5 at 8°31′53″N 76°52′08″E / 8.531419615302084°N 76.86902030573928°E / 8.531419615302084; 76.86902030573928 (Pad 5), RH-300 launch complex, active after 1993[11]","title":"Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumba"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ley196406-12"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Thumba's[12] location at 8°32'34\" N and 76°51'32\" E is ideal for low-altitude, upper atmosphere and ionosphere studies. Thumba is a small fishing village situated close to the Thiruvananthapuram airport in Kerala.[13] [14]","title":"Location"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sounding Rockets - ISRO\". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets","url_text":"\"Sounding Rockets - ISRO\""},{"url":"https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba\". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumba.html","url_text":"\"Thumba\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521163843/http://astronautix.com/t/thumba.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pal, Sanchari (8 November 2016). \"Transported on a Bicycle, Launched from a Church: The Amazing Story of India's First Rocket Launch\". The Better India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebetterindia.com/74283/first-rocket-india-thumba-vikram-sarabhai-abdul-kalam/","url_text":"\"Transported on a Bicycle, Launched from a Church: The Amazing Story of India's First Rocket Launch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214459/https://www.thebetterindia.com/74283/first-rocket-india-thumba-vikram-sarabhai-abdul-kalam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Verghese (23 July 2019). \"When ISRO Aimed For the Heavens, a Tiny Church in Kerala Said Amen!\". Indian Catholic Matters. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancatholicmatters.org/when-india-aimed-for-the-heavens-a-tiny-church-in-kerala-said-amen/","url_text":"\"When ISRO Aimed For the Heavens, a Tiny Church in Kerala Said Amen!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028222043/https://indiancatholicmatters.org/when-india-aimed-for-the-heavens-a-tiny-church-in-kerala-said-amen/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering the guiding light\". Deccan Chronicle. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/301119/remembering-the-guiding-light.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the guiding light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle","url_text":"Deccan Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212145/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/301119/remembering-the-guiding-light.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pawar, Ashwini (29 July 2015). \"I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis\". Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096","url_text":"\"I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba Pad 1\". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad1.html","url_text":"\"Thumba Pad 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231112155308/http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba Pad 2\". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad2.html","url_text":"\"Thumba Pad 2\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba Pad 3\". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad3.html","url_text":"\"Thumba Pad 3\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba Pad 4\". astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad4.html","url_text":"\"Thumba Pad 4\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark (2019). \"Thumba Pad 5\". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad5.html","url_text":"\"Thumba Pad 5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220117155119/http://www.astronautix.com/t/thumbapad5.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ley, Willy (June 1964). \"Anyone Else for Space?\". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 110–128.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n05_1964-06_modified#page/n69/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Anyone Else for Space?\""}]},{"reference":"Iype, George (20 November 2003). \"Forty years in Space\". www.rediff.com. India Abroad. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/20spec.htm","url_text":"\"Forty years in Space\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417222418/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/20spec.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ram, Arun (19 February 2015). \"Rocket science of south\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rocket-science-of-south/articleshow/46294497.cms","url_text":"\"Rocket science of south\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112221531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rocket-science-of-south/articleshow/46294497.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8_32_34_N_76_51_32_E_region:IN_type:isle","external_links_name":"8°32′34″N 76°51′32″E / 8.54278°N 76.85889°E / 8.54278; 76.85889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8_32_34_N_76_51_32_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"8°32′34″N 76°51′32″E / 8.54278°N 76.85889°E / 8.54278; 76.85889"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station¶ms=8.5334405118782_N_76.867288971384_E_&title=Pad+1","external_links_name":"8°32′00″N 76°52′02″E / 8.533440511878172°N 76.86728897138364°E / 8.533440511878172; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterland_(The_Okee_Dokee_Brothers_album) | The Okee Dokee Brothers | ["1 History","2 Discography","3 Video productions","4 Picture books","5 Band members","5.1 Additional and touring band members","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | American music duo
The Okee Dokee BrothersThe Okee Dokee Brothersat the 2016 Minnesota State FairBackground informationBornDenver, Colorado, U.S.OriginMinneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.GenresChildren's, independent, bluegrass, folkInstrument(s)Singing, acoustic guitar, banjoLabelsOkee Dokee Music (ASCAP)Websiteokeedokee.orgMusical artist
The Okee Dokee Brothers are an independent American bluegrass and American roots children's music duo, Joe Mailander and Justin Lansing, from Minneapolis. Their 2012 CD/DVD release Can You Canoe?, with music and videos created during a 2011 paddle down the Mississippi River, won a Grammy for Best Children's Album in the 55th Grammy Awards. They released their second CD/DVD called Through the Woods in May 2014, with music and videos created during a 2013 trek up the Appalachian Trail. The album garnered a Grammy nomination in 2014. They traveled through the Southwest for another album and DVD, Saddle Up, which was also nominated for a Grammy in the best children's album category. Joe and Justin also published two picture books under Sterling Publishing (Sterling Children's) titled Can You Canoe? And Other Adventure Songs and Thousand Star Hotel. Their primary branding artist, Brandon Reese, illustrated the books.
In October 2018, The Okee Dokee Brothers released Winterland, an exuberant yet introspective collection of 16 original songs exploring the wonders and beauty of winter. A voyage from autumn to spring, Winterland presents secular winter music the entire family can enjoy while cozying up around the fire. This album also received a Grammy nomination in November 2019.
In May 2020, they released, Songs for Singin, a 2-disc 27-song album full of inclusive songs so fans can join in and belt out. In the spirit of American folk legends, Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, Songs for Singin presents timeless messages of hope and unity. The album includes an illustrated 32-page book with the lyrics and chords to every song to inspire living room sing-alongs.
Their most recent album, released in March 2023, is called Brambletown. The album is a 17-song collection that celebrates a fantastical place where “critters can talk, trees can walk and nothing’s as it seems.” Listeners are introduced to the forest’s wild residents: Junkyard Raccoon, Doctor Mole, Fox and Hare, Possum, and Old Badger who lead a journey full of mysterious dreams, rowdy celebrations, tempting distractions, and ancient wisdom. The inviting and mystical setting encourages listeners to take a look around to see how we are truly all
connected. Brambletown provides an honest look at life’s challenges through lightheartedness and optimism.
History
Justin Lansing playing banjo in 2019
Bandmates and childhood best friends, Joe Mailander and Justin Lansing, grew up in Denver and toured the midwest with their bluegrass band before settling in Minneapolis and starting their family music band, The Okee Dokee Brothers.
In 2011, Joe and Justin began a canoe trip at the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and ended at the St. Louis Gateway Arch. During their month-long journey on the Mississippi, they camped, canoed, filmed and composed the songs that make up their album Can You Canoe? This CD-DVD is the first release in their Adventure Album Series. Produced by Dean Jones in his Rosendale, NY, straw-bale studio, the record highlights guest appearances from Garth Hudson of The Band, Elizabeth Mitchell of You Are My Flower as well as Morgan Taylor and Rachel Loshak of Gustafer Yellowgold. The album received praise from NPR, won a Parents' Choice Award, and USA Today called it their "...favorite album of 2012". Can You Canoe? also won the Grammy Award for Best Children's Album of the Year in early 2013.
In 2013, The Okee Dokee Brothers embarked on their second adventure, a month-long trek on the Appalachian Trail. They hiked, camped, met mountain musicians, and wrote the songs that make up their second CD/DVD in their Adventure Album Series, entitled Through the Woods. Also produced by Dean Jones, this album emulates the instruments and styles heard in traditional old-time Appalachian music. The record features Hubby Jenkins of the Carolina Chocolate Drops, 4-time Grammy winner David Holt, and 2-time Grammy winners Cathy Fink and Marcy Marxer. Through the Woods was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album of the Year in early 2015.
Joe Mailander in 2019
In June 2015, The Okee Dokee Brothers went out West for a month-long horsepacking trip along the Continental Divide. They rode horses, camped out, told stories, and wrote songs. Saddle Up covers tales of western wildlife, Navajo stories, Southwest-style Spanglish, the issue of guns in western lore, friendship, and more. In 2016, "Saddle Up" was nominated for a Grammy in the best children's album category.
They celebrate the spirit of the winter season on their full-length studio album, Winterland (October 2018). It's an exuberant yet introspective collection of 16 original songs exploring the wonders and beauty of winter. A voyage from autumn to spring, Winterland presents secular winter music the entire family can enjoy while cozying up around the fire. The Okee Dokee Brothers released five winter music videos to accompany the music.
Songs for Singin - 2020: Stepping away from their outdoor adventure-themed albums (Can You Canoe?, Through the Woods, Saddle Up, and Winterland), The Okee Dokee Brothers engage their fans through meaningful social conversations in the form of call and response tunes, sea shanties, church hymns, campfire songs, all-ages social songs, and protest songs. Songs for Singin' invites family members to strengthen their bonds by experiencing music together. To capture the free-spirit and imperfections of sing-alongs, the recordings feature an array of tunes tracked live with choruses sung by kids and parents alike.
Brambletown - 2023: Through their welcoming and joyous music, The Okee Dokee Brothers hope the approachable collection will encourage families to have meaningful conversations about
the important topics and universal messages raised in their songs. Themes include environmental concerns, interconnection, plant and animal wisdom, and how taking care of ourselves and our relationships is part of taking care of the world. The Brothers aim to inspire a sense of gratefulness, humility, wonder, and respect for the life forces that connect all things.
The band tours nationally, performing at such venues as Austin City Limits, Lincoln Center, The Getty Museum, National Geographic Live, Orchestra Hall with the Minnesota Orchestra, Winnipeg Folk Festival, and Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, among many other performing art centers and theaters.
On August 20, 2013, Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton proclaimed "Okee Dokee Brothers Day" in the State of Minnesota.
Discography
List of albums, with selected chart positions, sales and certifications
Title
Album details
Peak positions
USFolk
USKids
USHeat.
USInd.
Kids With Beards
Released: September 2008
Format: CD, Out of Print
—
—
—
—
Take It Outside
Released: August 2010
Format: CD, Out of Print
—
—
—
—
¡Excelente Fabuloso!
Released: October 2010
Format: CD, Out of Print
—
—
—
—
Can You Canoe?
Released: May 2012
Format: CD+DVD
—
—
—
—
Through The Woods
Released: May 2014
Format: CD+DVD
—
25
—
—
Saddle Up
Released: May 2016
Format: CD+DVD
17
5
18
—
Winterland
Released: October 2018
Format: CD
—
4
15
46
Songs for Singin'
Released: May 2020
Format: CD/Songbook
—
-
-
-
Brambletown
Released: March 2023
Format: CD/Vinyl
Video productions
Each Okee Dokee Brother Adventure Album has an accompanying film that documents Joe and Justin's songwriting trip. These movies tell the story of The Okee Dokee Brothers' travels while including educational segments, camping shenanigans, music videos, interviews with locals, pristine nature scenes, and comprehensive tomfoolery. All the horseback riding, hiking, canoeing, camping, and songwriting footage is filmed on location in the setting of each adventure's theme (The Mississippi River, The Appalachian Trail, and the Great American West). The footage is filmed by Alex Johnson, and Jed Anderson (percussionist for the band) directs and edits the films (JedEditedIt Productions and InTents Studios). The films can be purchased on iTunes and Amazon, seen on the DVDs that come with their CDs, and can be found on YouTube.
The Okee Dokee Brothers released five winter music videos to accompany their album, Winterland, and continue to release music videos for songs on each of their following albums.
Picture books
Joe and Justin are working with Sterling Publishing (Sterling Children's) to publish two picture books that come with CDs of their songs.
In March 2017, they released a new picture book, Thousand Star Hotel, with Sterling Publishing. Inspired by the folktale "The Fisherman and His Wife," The Okee Dokee Brothers have "created a fanciful story about the things we wish for... and the things we really need." The accompanying CD features 11 nighttime songs and a fully dramatized audiobook of the story, read by The Okee Dokee Brothers.
Their first book, titled Can You Canoe? And Other Adventure Songs, was illustrated by Brandon Reese. The book "invites you to journey cross-country with The Okee Dokee Brothers through twelve of their irresistible, boot-stompin' tunes. You'll encounter hungry black bears and tall-tale spinners; quiet canoes and cozy camping tents; a jumpin' jamboree and a bullfrog opera. As you listen to the songs and follow along with the illustrated lyrics in this collection, you might even be inspired to head out on some outdoor adventures of your own!"
Band members
Justin Lansing – banjo and lead vocals
Joe Mailander – acoustic guitar and lead vocals
Additional and touring band members
Jed Anderson – percussion and backup vocals
Liz Draper – stand-up bass
Jillian Rae – fiddle and backup vocals
Andy Lambert – clogger
Carlos Medina – accordion
Notes
^ Can You Canoe? did not enter the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, but peaked at number 4 on the West North Central Heatseekers chart.
References
^ a b Kim, Wook (February 11, 2013). "Grammys 2013: The Complete List of Winners | TIME.com". Entertainment.time.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Awards Nominations & Winners | GRAMMY.com".
^ "Prince, KING, Okee Dokee Brothers Are MN Grammy Nominees". WCCO. CBS Local Media. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
^ "The Okee Dokee Brothers Head West | No Depression". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
^ Author Interviews (June 7, 2012). "Music Review: 'Can You Canoe'". NPR. Retrieved January 16, 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Can You Canoe?". Parents-choice.org. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ Korina Lopez, USA TODAY 2:07 p.m. EST January 8, 2013 (January 8, 2013). "If you just can't hear it again, try these kids' albums". Usatoday.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Prince, KING, Okee Dokee Brothers Are MN Grammy Nominees". WCCO. CBS Local Media. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
^ "Grammy Award-Winning Okee Dokee Brothers Honored by Governor Dayton". Mn.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2013
^ "Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Americana/Folk Albums". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
^ "Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Kid Albums". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
^ "Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
^ "Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Independent Albums". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
^ "Chart Search | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
External links
Official website
Youtube.com
NPR Music Review: 'Can You Canoe'
Grammy-Nominated Okee Dokee Brothers: Bluegrass Band Makes Music For Kids And Adults
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sterling Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing"}],"text":"American music duoMusical artistThe Okee Dokee Brothers are an independent American bluegrass and American roots children's music duo, Joe Mailander and Justin Lansing, from Minneapolis. Their 2012 CD/DVD release Can You Canoe?, with music and videos created during a 2011 paddle down the Mississippi River, won a Grammy for Best Children's Album in the 55th Grammy Awards.[1] They released their second CD/DVD called Through the Woods in May 2014, with music and videos created during a 2013 trek up the Appalachian Trail. The album garnered a Grammy nomination in 2014.[2] They traveled through the Southwest for another album and DVD, Saddle Up, which was also nominated for a Grammy in the best children's album category.[3][4] Joe and Justin also published two picture books under Sterling Publishing (Sterling Children's) titled Can You Canoe? And Other Adventure Songs and Thousand Star Hotel. Their primary branding artist, Brandon Reese, illustrated the books.In October 2018, The Okee Dokee Brothers released Winterland, an exuberant yet introspective collection of 16 original songs exploring the wonders and beauty of winter. A voyage from autumn to spring, Winterland presents secular winter music the entire family can enjoy while cozying up around the fire. This album also received a Grammy nomination in November 2019.In May 2020, they released, Songs for Singin, a 2-disc 27-song album full of inclusive songs so fans can join in and belt out. In the spirit of American folk legends, Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, Songs for Singin presents timeless messages of hope and unity. The album includes an illustrated 32-page book with the lyrics and chords to every song to inspire living room sing-alongs.Their most recent album, released in March 2023, is called Brambletown. The album is a 17-song collection that celebrates a fantastical place where “critters can talk, trees can walk and nothing’s as it seems.” Listeners are introduced to the forest’s wild residents: Junkyard Raccoon, Doctor Mole, Fox and Hare, Possum, and Old Badger who lead a journey full of mysterious dreams, rowdy celebrations, tempting distractions, and ancient wisdom. The inviting and mystical setting encourages listeners to take a look around to see how we are truly all\nconnected. Brambletown provides an honest look at life’s challenges through lightheartedness and optimism.","title":"The Okee Dokee Brothers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019JustinLansing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Garth Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Hudson"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mitchell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"You Are My Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Flower"},{"link_name":"Morgan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Gustafer Yellowgold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustafer_Yellowgold"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Parents' Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents%27_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Hubby Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubby_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Carolina Chocolate Drops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Chocolate_Drops"},{"link_name":"David Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holt_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cathy Fink and Marcy Marxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Fink_%26_Marcy_Marxer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019JoeMailander.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Austin City Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_City_Limits"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"The Getty Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Getty_Museum"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Folk Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Folk_Festival"},{"link_name":"Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Governor"},{"link_name":"Mark Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dayton"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Justin Lansing playing banjo in 2019Bandmates and childhood best friends, Joe Mailander and Justin Lansing, grew up in Denver and toured the midwest with their bluegrass band before settling in Minneapolis and starting their family music band, The Okee Dokee Brothers.In 2011, Joe and Justin began a canoe trip at the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and ended at the St. Louis Gateway Arch. During their month-long journey on the Mississippi, they camped, canoed, filmed and composed the songs that make up their album Can You Canoe? This CD-DVD is the first release in their Adventure Album Series. Produced by Dean Jones in his Rosendale, NY, straw-bale studio, the record highlights guest appearances from Garth Hudson of The Band, Elizabeth Mitchell of You Are My Flower as well as Morgan Taylor and Rachel Loshak of Gustafer Yellowgold. The album received praise from NPR,[5] won a Parents' Choice Award,[6] and USA Today called it their \"...favorite album of 2012\".[7] Can You Canoe? also won the Grammy Award for Best Children's Album of the Year in early 2013.[1]In 2013, The Okee Dokee Brothers embarked on their second adventure, a month-long trek on the Appalachian Trail. They hiked, camped, met mountain musicians, and wrote the songs that make up their second CD/DVD in their Adventure Album Series, entitled Through the Woods. Also produced by Dean Jones, this album emulates the instruments and styles heard in traditional old-time Appalachian music. The record features Hubby Jenkins of the Carolina Chocolate Drops, 4-time Grammy winner David Holt, and 2-time Grammy winners Cathy Fink and Marcy Marxer. Through the Woods was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album of the Year in early 2015.Joe Mailander in 2019In June 2015, The Okee Dokee Brothers went out West for a month-long horsepacking trip along the Continental Divide. They rode horses, camped out, told stories, and wrote songs. Saddle Up covers tales of western wildlife, Navajo stories, Southwest-style Spanglish, the issue of guns in western lore, friendship, and more. In 2016, \"Saddle Up\" was nominated for a Grammy in the best children's album category.[8]They celebrate the spirit of the winter season on their full-length studio album, Winterland (October 2018). It's an exuberant yet introspective collection of 16 original songs exploring the wonders and beauty of winter. A voyage from autumn to spring, Winterland presents secular winter music the entire family can enjoy while cozying up around the fire. The Okee Dokee Brothers released five winter music videos to accompany the music.Songs for Singin - 2020: Stepping away from their outdoor adventure-themed albums (Can You Canoe?, Through the Woods, Saddle Up, and Winterland), The Okee Dokee Brothers engage their fans through meaningful social conversations in the form of call and response tunes, sea shanties, church hymns, campfire songs, all-ages social songs, and protest songs. Songs for Singin' invites family members to strengthen their bonds by experiencing music together. To capture the free-spirit and imperfections of sing-alongs, the recordings feature an array of tunes tracked live with choruses sung by kids and parents alike.Brambletown - 2023: Through their welcoming and joyous music, The Okee Dokee Brothers hope the approachable collection will encourage families to have meaningful conversations about\nthe important topics and universal messages raised in their songs. Themes include environmental concerns, interconnection, plant and animal wisdom, and how taking care of ourselves and our relationships is part of taking care of the world. The Brothers aim to inspire a sense of gratefulness, humility, wonder, and respect for the life forces that connect all things.The band tours nationally, performing at such venues as Austin City Limits, Lincoln Center, The Getty Museum, National Geographic Live, Orchestra Hall with the Minnesota Orchestra, Winnipeg Folk Festival, and Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, among many other performing art centers and theaters.On August 20, 2013, Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton proclaimed \"Okee Dokee Brothers Day\" in the State of Minnesota.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each Okee Dokee Brother Adventure Album has an accompanying film that documents Joe and Justin's songwriting trip. These movies tell the story of The Okee Dokee Brothers' travels while including educational segments, camping shenanigans, music videos, interviews with locals, pristine nature scenes, and comprehensive tomfoolery. All the horseback riding, hiking, canoeing, camping, and songwriting footage is filmed on location in the setting of each adventure's theme (The Mississippi River, The Appalachian Trail, and the Great American West). The footage is filmed by Alex Johnson, and Jed Anderson (percussionist for the band) directs and edits the films (JedEditedIt Productions and InTents Studios). The films can be purchased on iTunes and Amazon, seen on the DVDs that come with their CDs, and can be found on YouTube.The Okee Dokee Brothers released five winter music videos to accompany their album, Winterland, and continue to release music videos for songs on each of their following albums.","title":"Video productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sterling Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing"}],"text":"Joe and Justin are working with Sterling Publishing (Sterling Children's) to publish two picture books that come with CDs of their songs.In March 2017, they released a new picture book, Thousand Star Hotel, with Sterling Publishing. Inspired by the folktale \"The Fisherman and His Wife,\" The Okee Dokee Brothers have \"created a fanciful story about the things we wish for... and the things we really need.\" The accompanying CD features 11 nighttime songs and a fully dramatized audiobook of the story, read by The Okee Dokee Brothers.Their first book, titled Can You Canoe? And Other Adventure Songs, was illustrated by Brandon Reese. The book \"invites you to journey cross-country with The Okee Dokee Brothers through twelve of their irresistible, boot-stompin' tunes. You'll encounter hungry black bears and tall-tale spinners; quiet canoes and cozy camping tents; a jumpin' jamboree and a bullfrog opera. As you listen to the songs and follow along with the illustrated lyrics in this collection, you might even be inspired to head out on some outdoor adventures of your own!\"","title":"Picture books"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Justin Lansing – banjo and lead vocals\nJoe Mailander – acoustic guitar and lead vocals","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional and touring band members","text":"Jed Anderson – percussion and backup vocals\nLiz Draper – stand-up bass\nJillian Rae – fiddle and backup vocals\nAndy Lambert – clogger\nCarlos Medina – accordion","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"^ Can You Canoe? did not enter the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, but peaked at number 4 on the West North Central Heatseekers chart.[14]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Justin Lansing playing banjo in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/2019JustinLansing.jpg/220px-2019JustinLansing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joe Mailander in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/2019JoeMailander.jpg/220px-2019JoeMailander.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kim, Wook (February 11, 2013). \"Grammys 2013: The Complete List of Winners | TIME.com\". 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Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/tln/","url_text":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Heatseekers Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Independent Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/ind/","url_text":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Independent Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3AThe%20Okee%20Dokee%20Brothers&f%5b1%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%2ACan%20You%20Canoe%3F%2A&f%5b2%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A-&f%5b3%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=1&artist=The%20Okee%20Dokee%20Brothers&title=Can%20You%20Canoe%3F","url_text":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://okeedokee.org/","external_links_name":"okeedokee.org"},{"Link":"http://entertainment.time.com/2013/02/11/grammys-2013-the-complete-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Grammys 2013: The Complete List of Winners | TIME.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=4","external_links_name":"\"Awards Nominations & Winners | GRAMMY.com\""},{"Link":"http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/12/06/prince-king-okee-dokee-brothers-are-mn-grammy-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"Prince, KING, Okee Dokee Brothers Are MN Grammy Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095731/http://nodepression.com/article/okee-dokee-brother-head-west","external_links_name":"\"The Okee Dokee Brothers Head West | No Depression\""},{"Link":"http://nodepression.com/article/okee-dokee-brother-head-west","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2012/06/07/154534866/music-review-can-you-canoe","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: 'Can You Canoe'\""},{"Link":"http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=30847&StepNum=1&award=aw","external_links_name":"\"Can You Canoe?\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/01/04/best-new-kids-music/1801325/","external_links_name":"\"If you just can't hear it again, try these kids' albums\""},{"Link":"http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/12/06/prince-king-okee-dokee-brothers-are-mn-grammy-nominees/","external_links_name":"\"Prince, KING, Okee Dokee Brothers Are MN Grammy Nominees\""},{"Link":"http://mn.gov/governor/newsroom/pressreleasedetail.jsp?id=102-74500","external_links_name":"\"Grammy Award-Winning Okee Dokee Brothers Honored by Governor Dayton\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/flk/","external_links_name":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Americana/Folk Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/kid/","external_links_name":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Kid Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/tln/","external_links_name":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Heatseekers Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-okee-dokee-brothers/chart-history/ind/","external_links_name":"\"Okee Dokee Brothers Chart History: Independent Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3AThe%20Okee%20Dokee%20Brothers&f%5b1%5d=ss_chart_search_title%3A%2ACan%20You%20Canoe%3F%2A&f%5b2%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A-&f%5b3%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=1&artist=The%20Okee%20Dokee%20Brothers&title=Can%20You%20Canoe%3F","external_links_name":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""},{"Link":"http://www.okeedokee.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/OkeeDokeeBros","external_links_name":"Youtube.com"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2012/06/07/154534866/music-review-can-you-canoe","external_links_name":"NPR Music Review: 'Can You Canoe'"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/08/grammy-nominated-okee-dokee-brothers_n_2263120.html","external_links_name":"Grammy-Nominated Okee Dokee Brothers: Bluegrass Band Makes Music For Kids And Adults"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133928096","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009077941","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9a402566-c57a-4ec5-85dd-2c52b588e6d8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_He | Prince He | ["1 Members of the Prince He peerage","2 Family tree","3 See also","4 References"] | Prince He of the First RankTraditional Chinese和碩和親王Simplified Chinese和硕和亲王TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinhéshuò hé qīnwángWade–Gilesho-shuo ho ch'in-wang
Prince He of the First Rank (Manchu: ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ; hošoi hūwaliyaka cin wang), or simply Prince He, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince He peerage was not awarded "iron-cap" status, this meant that each successive bearer of the title would normally start off with a title downgraded by one rank vis-à-vis that held by his predecessor. However, the title would generally not be downgraded to any lower than a feng'en fuguo gong except under special circumstances.
The first bearer of the title was Hongzhou (1712–1770), the fifth son of the Yongzheng Emperor. In 1733, he was awarded the status of a qinwang (prince of the first rank) by his father under the title "Prince He of the First Rank". The title was passed down over seven generations and was held by eight persons.
Members of the Prince He peerage
Hongzhou (1712–1770), the first Prince He
Hongzhou (1712–1770), the Yongzheng Emperor's fifth son, held the title Prince He of the First Rank from 1733 to 1770, posthumously honoured as Prince Hegong of the First Rank (和恭親王)
Yongbi (永璧; 1733–1772), Hongzhou's second son, held the title of a buru bafen fuguo gong from 1757 to 1770, held the title Prince He of the First Rank from 1770 to 1772, posthumously honoured as Prince Heqin of the First Rank (和勤親王)
Mianlun (綿倫; 1752–1775), Yongbi's eldest son, held the title Prince He of the Second Rank from 1772 to 1774, posthumously honoured as Prince Hejin of the Second Rank (和謹郡王), had no male heir
Mianxun (綿循; 1758–1817), Yongbi's fourth son, held the title Prince He of the Second Rank from 1775 to 1817, posthumously honoured as Prince Heke of the Second Rank (和恪郡王)
Yiheng (奕亨; 1783–1832), Mianxun's third son, held the title of a beile from 1817 to 1832
Zairong (載容; 1824–1881), Yiheng's fourth son, held the title of a beizi from 1832 to 1881, awarded the status but not the title of a beile in 1872, posthumously honoured as Minke Beizi (敏恪貝子)
Pulian (溥廉; 1854–1898), Zairong's eldest son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1881, held the title of a feng'en zhenguo gong from 1881 to 1898
Yuzhang (毓璋; 1889–1937), Pulian's second son, held the title of a feng'en zhenguo gong from 1898 to 1937
Hengde (恆德; b. 1908), Yuzhang's son
Qitai (啟泰; b. 1925), Hengde's son
Puyi (溥益), Zairong's second son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1907
Yushu (毓書), Puyi's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1907 to 1945
Hengjun (恆鋆), Yushu's eldest son
Pushou (溥綬), Zairong's third son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1906
Yicong (奕聰), Mianxun's fourth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1805 to 1836
Zaijia (載嘉), Yicong's eldest son, held the title of a third class fuguo jiangjun from 1836 to 1884
Yijin (奕謹), Mianxun's sixth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1808 to 1826, had no male heir
Yirui (奕蕋), Mianxun's ninth son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1821 to 1839, had no male heir
Yongbin (永璸; 1735–1799), Hongzhou's fourth son, held the title of a second class zhenguo jiangjun from 1754 to 1798
Mianming (綿命), Yongbin's second son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1798 to 1832
Yijun (奕俊), Mianming's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1832 to 1843, had no male heir
Yimeng (奕猛), Mianming's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1836 to 1859, stripped of his title in 1859, had no male heir
Yonghuan (永瑍; 1740–1783), Hongzhou's sixth son, held the title of a second class zhenguo jiangjun from 1779 to 1783
Mianseng (綿僧), Yonghuan's eldest son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1783 to 1807
Yijiao (奕交), Mianseng's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1807 to 1859
Yilie (奕烈), Mianseng's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1815 to 1851
Zaitou (載透), Yilie's third son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1852 to 1870, stripped of his title in 1870
Yongkun (永琨; 1743–1803), Hongzhou's seventh son, held the title of a buru bafen fuguo gong from 1768 to 1803
Mianling (綿令), Yongkun's eldest son, held the title of a third class fuguo jiangjun from 1784 to 1797
Yihuang (奕煌), Mianling's eldest son, held the title of a second class fengguo jiangjun from 1797 to 1798
Mianzhong (綿仲), Yongkun's second son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1803 to 1814
Yishun (奕順), Mianzhong's eldest son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1814 to 1841
Zaichou (載疇), Yishun's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1842 to 1862, stripped of his title in 1862
Mianzhuo (綿倬), Yongkun's fifth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1784 to 1787, had no male heir
Yiheng (奕亨), Mianxun's third son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1802 to 1817, became a beile in 1817
Zaichong (載崇), Yiheng's fifth son, held the title of a first class fuguo jiangjun from 1826 to 1876
Pushan (溥善), Zaichong's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1876
Yuhou (毓厚; b. 1938), Pushan's son
Hengyin (恆蔭), Yuhou's eldest son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun
Puliang (溥良; 1854–1922), Zaichong's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1886 to 1922
Yulong (毓隆; 1872–1923), Puliang's son
Hengtong (恆同), Yulong's son
Qigong (1912–2005), Hengtong's son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1922 to 1945
Puxing (溥興; died 1907), Zaichong's third son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1880 to 1907
Yusong (毓崧; b. 1909), Puxing's eldest son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1907 to 1945
Family tree
Hongzhou弘晝(1712–1770)Prince Hegong和恭親王(1733–1770)
Yongbi永璧(1733–1772)Prince Heqin和勤親王(1770–1772)
Mianlun綿倫(1752–1774)Prince Hejin (of the Second Rank)和謹郡王(1772–1775)Mianxun綿循(1758–1817)Prince Heke (of the Second Rank)和恪郡王(1775–1817)
Yiheng奕亨(1783–1817)Beile貝勒(1817–1832)
Zairong載容(1824–1881)Minke Beizi敏恪貝子(1832–1881)
Pulian溥廉(1854–1898)Feng'en Zhenguo Gong奉恩鎮國公(1881–1898)
Yuzhang毓璋(1889–1937)Feng'en Zhenguo Gong奉恩鎮國公(1898–1937)
Hengde恆德(born 1908)
Qitai啟泰(born 1925)
See also
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
References
Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao). Vol. 220. China.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
vteQing dynasty qinwangs (first-rank princes)Absorbed into the Crown
Prince Yong
Prince Bao
Prince Jia
Prince Zhi
Non-downgrading peerages("iron-cap" princes)
Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang
Prince Rui
Prince Yu
Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)
Prince Su (Prince Xian)
Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)
Prince Shuncheng
Prince Yi
Prince Gong
Prince Chun
Prince Qing
Demoted but non-downgrading peerages
Prince Cheng
Downgrading peerages
Prince Jingjin
Prince Ying (穎)
Prince Ying (英)
Prince Duanzhong
Prince An
Prince Xiang
Prince Yu
Prince Gong
Prince Chun (純)
Prince Li
Prince Heng
Prince Chun (淳)
Prince Lian
Prince Lü
Prince Guo
Prince Xian
Prince He
Prince Ding
Prince Rong
Prince Zhi
Prince Yi
Prince Cheng
Prince Dun
Prince Rui
Prince Hui
Posthumous titles
Prince Rong
Prince Duan
Prince Huai
Prince Zhe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language"},{"link_name":"princely peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"\"iron-cap\" status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisin_Gioro#Iron-cap_princes_and_their_descendants"},{"link_name":"feng'en fuguo gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"Hongzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"qinwang (prince of the first rank)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"}],"text":"Prince He of the First Rank (Manchu: ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ; hošoi hūwaliyaka cin wang), or simply Prince He, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince He peerage was not awarded \"iron-cap\" status, this meant that each successive bearer of the title would normally start off with a title downgraded by one rank vis-à-vis that held by his predecessor. However, the title would generally not be downgraded to any lower than a feng'en fuguo gong except under special circumstances.The first bearer of the title was Hongzhou (1712–1770), the fifth son of the Yongzheng Emperor. In 1733, he was awarded the status of a qinwang (prince of the first rank) by his father under the title \"Prince He of the First Rank\". The title was passed down over seven generations and was held by eight persons.","title":"Prince He"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hongzhou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hongzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Hongzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"},{"link_name":"buru bafen fuguo gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"beile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"beizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"second class fuguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"feng'en zhenguo 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jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"feng'en jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"buru bafen fuguo gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"third class fuguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"second class fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"third class zhenguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fuguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"third class zhenguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fuguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"first class fuguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"feng'en jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"Qigong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qigong_(artist)"},{"link_name":"feng'en jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"fengguo jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"},{"link_name":"feng'en jiangjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members"}],"text":"Hongzhou (1712–1770), the first Prince HeHongzhou (1712–1770), the Yongzheng Emperor's fifth son, held the title Prince He of the First Rank from 1733 to 1770, posthumously honoured as Prince Hegong of the First Rank (和恭親王)\nYongbi (永璧; 1733–1772), Hongzhou's second son, held the title of a buru bafen fuguo gong from 1757 to 1770, held the title Prince He of the First Rank from 1770 to 1772, posthumously honoured as Prince Heqin of the First Rank (和勤親王)\nMianlun (綿倫; 1752–1775), Yongbi's eldest son, held the title Prince He of the Second Rank from 1772 to 1774, posthumously honoured as Prince Hejin of the Second Rank (和謹郡王), had no male heir\nMianxun (綿循; 1758–1817), Yongbi's fourth son, held the title Prince He of the Second Rank from 1775 to 1817, posthumously honoured as Prince Heke of the Second Rank (和恪郡王)\nYiheng (奕亨; 1783–1832), Mianxun's third son, held the title of a beile from 1817 to 1832\nZairong (載容; 1824–1881), Yiheng's fourth son, held the title of a beizi from 1832 to 1881, awarded the status but not the title of a beile in 1872, posthumously honoured as Minke Beizi (敏恪貝子)\nPulian (溥廉; 1854–1898), Zairong's eldest son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1881, held the title of a feng'en zhenguo gong from 1881 to 1898\nYuzhang (毓璋; 1889–1937), Pulian's second son, held the title of a feng'en zhenguo gong from 1898 to 1937\nHengde (恆德; b. 1908), Yuzhang's son\nQitai (啟泰; b. 1925), Hengde's son\nPuyi (溥益), Zairong's second son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1907\nYushu (毓書), Puyi's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1907 to 1945\nHengjun (恆鋆), Yushu's eldest son\nPushou (溥綬), Zairong's third son, held the title of a second class fuguo jiangjun from 1877 to 1906\nYicong (奕聰), Mianxun's fourth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1805 to 1836\nZaijia (載嘉), Yicong's eldest son, held the title of a third class fuguo jiangjun from 1836 to 1884\nYijin (奕謹), Mianxun's sixth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1808 to 1826, had no male heir\nYirui (奕蕋), Mianxun's ninth son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1821 to 1839, had no male heir\nYongbin (永璸; 1735–1799), Hongzhou's fourth son, held the title of a second class zhenguo jiangjun from 1754 to 1798\nMianming (綿命), Yongbin's second son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1798 to 1832\nYijun (奕俊), Mianming's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1832 to 1843, had no male heir\nYimeng (奕猛), Mianming's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1836 to 1859, stripped of his title in 1859, had no male heir\nYonghuan (永瑍; 1740–1783), Hongzhou's sixth son, held the title of a second class zhenguo jiangjun from 1779 to 1783\nMianseng (綿僧), Yonghuan's eldest son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1783 to 1807\nYijiao (奕交), Mianseng's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1807 to 1859\nYilie (奕烈), Mianseng's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1815 to 1851\nZaitou (載透), Yilie's third son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1852 to 1870, stripped of his title in 1870\nYongkun (永琨; 1743–1803), Hongzhou's seventh son, held the title of a buru bafen fuguo gong from 1768 to 1803\nMianling (綿令), Yongkun's eldest son, held the title of a third class fuguo jiangjun from 1784 to 1797\nYihuang (奕煌), Mianling's eldest son, held the title of a second class fengguo jiangjun from 1797 to 1798\nMianzhong (綿仲), Yongkun's second son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1803 to 1814\nYishun (奕順), Mianzhong's eldest son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1814 to 1841\nZaichou (載疇), Yishun's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1842 to 1862, stripped of his title in 1862\nMianzhuo (綿倬), Yongkun's fifth son, held the title of a third class zhenguo jiangjun from 1784 to 1787, had no male heir\nYiheng (奕亨), Mianxun's third son, held the title of a fuguo jiangjun from 1802 to 1817, became a beile in 1817\nZaichong (載崇), Yiheng's fifth son, held the title of a first class fuguo jiangjun from 1826 to 1876\nPushan (溥善), Zaichong's eldest son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1876\nYuhou (毓厚; b. 1938), Pushan's son\nHengyin (恆蔭), Yuhou's eldest son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun\nPuliang (溥良; 1854–1922), Zaichong's second son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1886 to 1922\nYulong (毓隆; 1872–1923), Puliang's son\nHengtong (恆同), Yulong's son\nQigong (1912–2005), Hengtong's son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1922 to 1945\nPuxing (溥興; died 1907), Zaichong's third son, held the title of a fengguo jiangjun from 1880 to 1907\nYusong (毓崧; b. 1909), Puxing's eldest son, held the title of a feng'en jiangjun from 1907 to 1945","title":"Members of the Prince He peerage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"}] | [{"image_text":"Hongzhou (1712–1770), the first Prince He","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hongzhou.jpg/200px-Hongzhou.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty"}] | [{"reference":"Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao). Vol. 220. China.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Erxun","url_text":"Zhao, Erxun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing","url_text":"Draft History of Qing"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Linen | Living Linen | [] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Living Linen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Living Linen Project was set up in 1995 as an oral archive of the knowledge of the Irish linen industry still available within a nucleus of people who were formerly working in the industry in Ulster.
For over three hundred years linen manufacture has been an important industry, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Northern Ireland practically every town and village had a mill or a factory.
By 1921 there were almost one million spindles and 37,000 looms, with over 70,000 directly employed, representing 40% of the registered working population, with closer to 100,000 people dependent on the linen industry. At end of the 20th century only 10 significant companies, at most, remained employing 4,000 people.
This then was the motivation for the Living Linen Project, which aimed to collect recollections of this great industry while it was still possible.
Phase One
Phase I of the Project a team of volunteers conducted almost ninety interviews. These oral recordings, and transcriptions being placed in the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, County Down.
The interviews were with the former managers of the industry and members of the families whose firms made up the industry in the twentieth century. After four years, it became clear to the Living Linen Management Committee that the interviews should be carried on with a much wider range of people.
Phase Two
Phase II, in 1999 the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded Living Linen a grant for the employment of an oral history researcher to conduct interviews, with all levels of employees. This covered managers, foremen, charge-hands, engineers; spinning, weaving, marketing, bleaching and dyeing firms' employees; machine operatives, cloth inspectors, clerical, bookkeepers, chemical and dye suppliers, mill furnishers, accountants, stores and shops that sold linen, and finally couturiers and fashion designers who used linen.
Living Linen Index
An index, is available from the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, which lists the linen companies with the associated names of people who were interviewed. The recordings may be listened to at the Library, Administration Building, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland, Cultra, County Down, Northern Ireland. A telephone call to the museum would be advisable at 00 44 (0) 28 9042 8428 before accessing the collection.
References
^ a b Rankin, Kathleen (2007). The Linen Houses of the Bann Valley: The Story of Their Families. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. Xii–Xiii. ISBN 978-1-903688-70-0.
External links
Irish Linen - The Fabric of Ireland
Living Linen Archive Ulster Folk & Transport Museum
History of Irish linen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_linen"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankin2007-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"}],"text":"The Living Linen Project was set up in 1995 as an oral archive of the knowledge of the Irish linen industry still available within a nucleus of people who were formerly working in the industry in Ulster.[1]For over three hundred years linen manufacture has been an important industry, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Northern Ireland practically every town and village had a mill or a factory.By 1921 there were almost one million spindles and 37,000 looms, with over 70,000 directly employed, representing 40% of the registered working population, with closer to 100,000 people dependent on the linen industry. At end of the 20th century only 10 significant companies, at most, remained employing 4,000 people.This then was the motivation for the Living Linen Project, which aimed to collect recollections of this great industry while it was still possible.","title":"Living Linen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulster Folk and Transport Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Folk_and_Transport_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultra"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankin2007-1"}],"text":"Phase I of the Project a team of volunteers conducted almost ninety interviews. These oral recordings, and transcriptions being placed in the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, County Down.[1]The interviews were with the former managers of the industry and members of the families whose firms made up the industry in the twentieth century. After four years, it became clear to the Living Linen Management Committee that the interviews should be carried on with a much wider range of people.","title":"Phase One"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Phase II, in 1999 the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded Living Linen a grant for the employment of an oral history researcher to conduct interviews, with all levels of employees. This covered managers, foremen, charge-hands, engineers; spinning, weaving, marketing, bleaching and dyeing firms' employees; machine operatives, cloth inspectors, clerical, bookkeepers, chemical and dye suppliers, mill furnishers, accountants, stores and shops that sold linen, and finally couturiers and fashion designers who used linen.","title":"Phase Two"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An index, is available from the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, which lists the linen companies with the associated names of people who were interviewed. The recordings may be listened to at the Library, Administration Building, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland, Cultra, County Down, Northern Ireland. A telephone call to the museum would be advisable at 00 44 (0) 28 9042 8428 before accessing the collection.","title":"Living Linen Index"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rankin, Kathleen (2007). The Linen Houses of the Bann Valley: The Story of Their Families. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. Xii–Xiii. ISBN 978-1-903688-70-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903688-70-0","url_text":"978-1-903688-70-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Living+Linen%22","external_links_name":"\"Living Linen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Living+Linen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Living+Linen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Living+Linen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Living+Linen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Living+Linen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190321065820/http://www.irishlinenmills.com/","external_links_name":"Irish Linen"},{"Link":"http://www.nmni.com/uftm/Collections/Archives/Living-linen-archive","external_links_name":"Living Linen Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070703043940/http://www.fergusonsirishlinen.com/aboutLinen/?ID=2","external_links_name":"History of Irish linen"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Norte_State_College | Camarines Norte State College | ["1 History","2 Campuses","3 The CNSC Presidents","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 14°06′33″N 122°57′26″E / 14.109268°N 122.957283°E / 14.109268; 122.957283Public university in Camarines Norte, Philippines
University of Camarines NortePamantasan ng Camarines Norte (Filipino)Former namesCamarines Norte High School (1920-1973)Camarines Norte National High School (1973-1992)Camarines Norte State College (1992-2019)TypeState UniversityEstablished1992; 32 years ago (1992)Religious affiliationNonsectarianAcademic affiliationsSCUAA, PASUCChairmanDr. Aldrin A. Darilag, CHRP, RMT, RNPresidentDr. Marlo M. Dela CruzVice-presidentRosalie A. Almadrones, Ph.D. (VP for Academic Affairs)Lilibeth A. Roxas, Ph.D. (VP for Administration & Finance)Josefina Socorro F. Tondo, Ph.D (VP for Research & Extension)LocationF. Pimentel Avenue, Daet, Camarines Norte, Philippines14°06′33″N 122°57′26″E / 14.109268°N 122.957283°E / 14.109268; 122.957283CampusMain: Daet, Camarines NorteSatellite:Labo, Camarines NorteJose Panganiban, Camarines NorteMercedes, Camarines NorteSta. Elena, Camarines NorteAlma Mater songCNSC HymnColorsWhite RedWebsitewww.cnsc.edu.phLocation in Camarines NorteShow map of Camarines NorteLocation in LuzonShow map of LuzonLocation in the PhilippinesShow map of Philippines
The University of Camarines Norte or UCN, formerly known as Camarines Norte State College, is a state university in the province of Camarines Norte, Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher technological and professional instruction and training in the fields of economics, agriculture, health, engineering, education, management, finance, accounting, forest research and conservation, business and public administration as well as short-term technical and vocational courses. It is also mandated to provide and promote research and extension services, advanced studies and progressive leadership in all areas of discipline and responsibilities. Its main campus is in Daet, Camarines Norte.
History
The Camarines Norte State College originated from the Camarines Norte High School which was established in 1920. On June 23, 1973, Parliamentary Bill No. 2378 was approved and signed into law converting Camarines Norte High School to Camarines Norte National High School (CNNHS). On July 23, 1991, then Congressman Renato M. Unico introduced House Bill No. 31647 in the House of Representatives during its fifth Regular Session. After it was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives, the bill was signed into law by then President Corazon C. Aquino on April 2, 1992, as Republic Act No. 7352 also known as "An Act Converting the present Camarines Norte National High School in Municipality of Daet into a State College to be known as the Camarines Norte State College integrating for the purpose the Abaño Pilot Elementary School in Daet, Mercedes School of Fisheries in Mercedes, Camarines Norte National Agricultural School in Labo, and the Camarines Norte School of Arts and Trades in Jose Panganiban all in the province of Camarines Norte and appropriating funds thereof."
By virtue of Republic Act 7352, the governing body of the Camarines Norte State College was vested in the Board of Regents chaired by Hon. Armand V. Fabella, the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports. The chair was represented by DECS regional Director for NCR Dr. Nilo S. Rosas, who presided over all meetings of the Board from 1992 to 1994. The first two years of existence as a State College were the most memorable and tumultuous experience on the part of the faculty and staff who were affected by the transformation of a secondary school into a higher educational institution. It was in 1994 when the new DECS Secretary, Hon. Ricardo Gloria assumed the post as chair of the Board of Regents. He was instrumental in making the CNSC grow from infancy, stand by itself and move towards the realization of its constituents' dreams and aspirations.
In order to achieve a more coordinated and integrated system of higher education; to render them more effective in the formulation and implementation of policies on higher education; to provide for more relevant direction in their governance and ensure the enjoyment of academic freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution, the composition of the governing board was modified. This change in the CNSC governance was in consonance with Republic Act No. 8292, otherwise known as "The Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997" signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos. The Act is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1721 and House Bill No. 4525, passed by the Senate and House of Representatives on June 3, 1997, and May 29, 1997, respectively. It is aimed to provide "for the uniform composition and powers of the Governing Boards, the manner of appointment and term of office of the president of chartered State Universities and Colleges and for other purposes". By virtue of this Act, the governing Board was renamed to Board of Trustees from Board of Regents.
Dr. Angel C. Alcala, Chair of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), was named first chair of the Board of Trustees until his retirement. He was replaced by the incumbent chair of the CHED, Dr. Esther Albano-Garcia. As chair and presiding Officer of the Board of Trustees, she was represented by one of the CHED commissioners, Dr. Mona Dumlao-Valisno. When Dr. Mona Valisno retired in September 2001, Dr. Cristina Damasco-Padolina took over the Chairmanship of the Board.
The administration of the Camarines Norte State College was first vested in its officer-in-charge, Dr. Emma Canuto-Avellana, until the appointment of its first president, Dr. Lourdes Apuya-Cortez on July 11, 1994.
The appointment of its second president, Dr. Floria Palacio-Tagarino in mid-July 2000, marked a new milestone in the history of Camarines Norte State College.
The 3rd president of CNSC was vested to Dr. Wenifredo T. Oñate, when he was elected by the BOT on August 5, 2004, and was sworn into office on August 16, 2004.
Campuses
CNSC Main Campus
The Camarines Norte National High School, now Main Campus, has an area of 8.4213 hectares, including the Eco Athletic Field. It houses the administration, College of Education, College of Administration, Graduate School, College of Arts and Sciences, Information Technology Center, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Extension and the Main Library.
The Abaño Pilot Elementary School, now Abaño Campus, has an area of 0.8684 hectares. It was established in 1953 and was designated the pilot school of the Division of Camarines Norte in 1959 and later became a regional pilot school by virtue of its good performance in the field of elementary education. Philanthropist Dr. Jose Abaño donated the lot. It houses the Secondary and Elementary Laboratory Schools of the College of Education and the CNSC Training Center.
The Camarines Norte National Agricultural School (CNNAS), located at Talobatib, Labo, Camarines Norte, was created under Republic Act No. 1946, on June 22, 1957. It is now the site of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Talobatib Campus. It has a land area of 44.43 hectares with a 1,000-hectare forest reserve in Malabtog, Labo, Camarines Norte.
The former Camarines Norte School of Arts and Trade, now the College of Engineering and Industrial Technology located in the town proper of Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte was organized during the early 1970s to develop manpower skills and to produce highly trained professionals in the fields of arts and trades. It has a land area of 8.8960 hectares.
The Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mercedes Campus, is located in Barangay San Roque of the Municipality of Mercedes. The sprawling 11.0-hectare area showcases the aquaculture project, which would enhance the income generating potential of the State College. The campus was formerly known as the Mercedes School of Fisheries which was established during the Martial Law period by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1050 series of 1977.
The CNSC Presidents
Dr. Marlo M. De La Cruz (incumbent)
Dr. Rusty Abanto - 5th CNSC President
Dr. Monsito Ilarde - 4th CNSC President
Dr. Wenifredo T. Oñate - 3rd CNSC President
Dr. Floria Palacio-Tagarino - 2nd CNSC President
Dr. Lourdes Apuya-Cortez - 1st CNSC President
References
^ "Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress House Bill No. 8800". Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress. June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
^ Philippine Republic Act No. 7352 Section 2
External links
Official website
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TRAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Camarines Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Norte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daet, Camarines Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daet,_Camarines_Norte"}],"text":"Public university in Camarines Norte, PhilippinesThe University of Camarines Norte or UCN,[1] formerly known as Camarines Norte State College, is a state university in the province of Camarines Norte, Philippines. It is mandated to provide higher technological and professional instruction and training in the fields of economics, agriculture, health, engineering, education, management, finance, accounting, forest research and conservation, business and public administration as well as short-term technical and vocational courses. It is also mandated to provide and promote research and extension services, advanced studies and progressive leadership in all areas of discipline and responsibilities.[2] Its main campus is in Daet, Camarines Norte.","title":"Camarines Norte State College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fidel V. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos"}],"text":"The Camarines Norte State College originated from the Camarines Norte High School which was established in 1920. On June 23, 1973, Parliamentary Bill No. 2378 was approved and signed into law converting Camarines Norte High School to Camarines Norte National High School (CNNHS). On July 23, 1991, then Congressman Renato M. Unico introduced House Bill No. 31647 in the House of Representatives during its fifth Regular Session. After it was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives, the bill was signed into law by then President Corazon C. Aquino on April 2, 1992, as Republic Act No. 7352 also known as \"An Act Converting the present Camarines Norte National High School in Municipality of Daet into a State College to be known as the Camarines Norte State College integrating for the purpose the Abaño Pilot Elementary School in Daet, Mercedes School of Fisheries in Mercedes, Camarines Norte National Agricultural School in Labo, and the Camarines Norte School of Arts and Trades in Jose Panganiban all in the province of Camarines Norte and appropriating funds thereof.\"By virtue of Republic Act 7352, the governing body of the Camarines Norte State College was vested in the Board of Regents chaired by Hon. Armand V. Fabella, the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports. The chair was represented by DECS regional Director for NCR Dr. Nilo S. Rosas, who presided over all meetings of the Board from 1992 to 1994. The first two years of existence as a State College were the most memorable and tumultuous experience on the part of the faculty and staff who were affected by the transformation of a secondary school into a higher educational institution. It was in 1994 when the new DECS Secretary, Hon. Ricardo Gloria assumed the post as chair of the Board of Regents. He was instrumental in making the CNSC grow from infancy, stand by itself and move towards the realization of its constituents' dreams and aspirations.In order to achieve a more coordinated and integrated system of higher education; to render them more effective in the formulation and implementation of policies on higher education; to provide for more relevant direction in their governance and ensure the enjoyment of academic freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution, the composition of the governing board was modified. This change in the CNSC governance was in consonance with Republic Act No. 8292, otherwise known as \"The Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997\" signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos. The Act is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1721 and House Bill No. 4525, passed by the Senate and House of Representatives on June 3, 1997, and May 29, 1997, respectively. It is aimed to provide \"for the uniform composition and powers of the Governing Boards, the manner of appointment and term of office of the president of chartered State Universities and Colleges and for other purposes\". By virtue of this Act, the governing Board was renamed to Board of Trustees from Board of Regents.Dr. Angel C. Alcala, Chair of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), was named first chair of the Board of Trustees until his retirement. He was replaced by the incumbent chair of the CHED, Dr. Esther Albano-Garcia. As chair and presiding Officer of the Board of Trustees, she was represented by one of the CHED commissioners, Dr. Mona Dumlao-Valisno. When Dr. Mona Valisno retired in September 2001, Dr. Cristina Damasco-Padolina took over the Chairmanship of the Board.The administration of the Camarines Norte State College was first vested in its officer-in-charge, Dr. Emma Canuto-Avellana, until the appointment of its first president, Dr. Lourdes Apuya-Cortez on July 11, 1994.The appointment of its second president, Dr. Floria Palacio-Tagarino in mid-July 2000, marked a new milestone in the history of Camarines Norte State College.The 3rd president of CNSC was vested to Dr. Wenifredo T. Oñate, when he was elected by the BOT on August 5, 2004, and was sworn into office on August 16, 2004.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camarines_Norte_State_College,_Daet,_May_2024.jpg"}],"text":"CNSC Main CampusThe Camarines Norte National High School, now Main Campus, has an area of 8.4213 hectares, including the Eco Athletic Field. It houses the administration, College of Education, College of Administration, Graduate School, College of Arts and Sciences, Information Technology Center, College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Extension and the Main Library.The Abaño Pilot Elementary School, now Abaño Campus, has an area of 0.8684 hectares. It was established in 1953 and was designated the pilot school of the Division of Camarines Norte in 1959 and later became a regional pilot school by virtue of its good performance in the field of elementary education. Philanthropist Dr. Jose Abaño donated the lot. It houses the Secondary and Elementary Laboratory Schools of the College of Education and the CNSC Training Center.The Camarines Norte National Agricultural School (CNNAS), located at Talobatib, Labo, Camarines Norte, was created under Republic Act No. 1946, on June 22, 1957. It is now the site of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Talobatib Campus. It has a land area of 44.43 hectares with a 1,000-hectare forest reserve in Malabtog, Labo, Camarines Norte.The former Camarines Norte School of Arts and Trade, now the College of Engineering and Industrial Technology located in the town proper of Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte was organized during the early 1970s to develop manpower skills and to produce highly trained professionals in the fields of arts and trades. It has a land area of 8.8960 hectares.The Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mercedes Campus, is located in Barangay San Roque of the Municipality of Mercedes. The sprawling 11.0-hectare area showcases the aquaculture project, which would enhance the income generating potential of the State College. The campus was formerly known as the Mercedes School of Fisheries which was established during the Martial Law period by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1050 series of 1977.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dr. Marlo M. De La Cruz (incumbent)\nDr. Rusty Abanto - 5th CNSC President\nDr. Monsito Ilarde - 4th CNSC President\nDr. Wenifredo T. Oñate - 3rd CNSC President\nDr. Floria Palacio-Tagarino - 2nd CNSC President\nDr. Lourdes Apuya-Cortez - 1st CNSC President","title":"The CNSC Presidents"}] | [{"image_text":"CNSC Main Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Camarines_Norte_State_College%2C_Daet%2C_May_2024.jpg/220px-Camarines_Norte_State_College%2C_Daet%2C_May_2024.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress House Bill No. 8800\". Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress. June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=HBN-8800","url_text":"\"Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress House Bill No. 8800\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camarines_Norte_State_College¶ms=14.109268_N_122.957283_E_dim:30_region:PH_type:edu","external_links_name":"14°06′33″N 122°57′26″E / 14.109268°N 122.957283°E / 14.109268; 122.957283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camarines_Norte_State_College¶ms=14.109268_N_122.957283_E_dim:30_region:PH_type:edu","external_links_name":"14°06′33″N 122°57′26″E / 14.109268°N 122.957283°E / 14.109268; 122.957283"},{"Link":"http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/","external_links_name":"www.cnsc.edu.ph"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=HBN-8800","external_links_name":"\"Senate of the Philippines 17th Congress House Bill No. 8800\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnsc.edu.ph/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE-4 | BE-4 | ["1 History","2 Applications","2.1 Vulcan","2.2 New Glenn","2.3 XS-1","3 Availability and use","4 Technical specifications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Large staged combustion rocket engine by Blue Origin
For other uses, see BE-4 (disambiguation).
Blue Engine 4BE-4 on build standCountry of originUnited StatesFirst flight2024ManufacturerBlue OriginApplicationAerospacePredecessorBE-3StatusActiveLiquid-fuel enginePropellantLOX / CH4PerformanceThrust, sea-level2.45 MN (250 tf; 550,000 lbf)Throttle range40–100%Chamber pressure134 bar (1,940 psi; 13.4 MPa)Gimbal range±5°Used inVulcan CentaurNew Glenn
The Blue Engine 4 (BE-4) is an oxygen-rich liquefied-methane-fueled staged-combustion rocket engine produced by Blue Origin. The BE-4 was developed with private and public funding. The engine has been designed to produce 2.4 meganewtons (550,000 lbf) of thrust at sea level.
It was initially planned for the engine to be used exclusively on a Blue Origin proprietary launch vehicle New Glenn, the company's first orbital rocket. However, it was announced in 2014 that the engine would also be used on the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle, the successor to the Atlas V launch vehicle. Final engine selection by ULA happened in September 2018.
Although previously planned to fly as early as 2019, the first flight test of the new engine was launched on 8 January 2024 on the Vulcan rocket.
History
Following Aerojet's acquisition of Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne in 2012, Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson saw an opportunity to fill a gap in the defense industrial base. Blue Origin publicly entered the liquid rocket engine business by partnering with ULA on the development of the BE-4, and working with other companies. Meyerson announced the selection of Huntsville, AL as the location of Blue Origin's rocket production factory in June 2017.
Blue Origin began work on the BE-4 in 2011, although no public announcement was made until September 2014. This was their first engine to combust liquid oxygen and liquified natural gas propellants. In September 2014—in a choice labeled "a stunner" by SpaceNews—the large launch vehicle manufacturer and launch service provider United Launch Alliance selected the BE-4 as the main engine for a new primary launch vehicle. Blue Origin said that the "BE-4 would be 'ready for flight' by 2017".
By April 2015, two parallel development programs were under way. One program was testing full-scale versions of the BE-4 powerpack, which are the set of valves and turbopumps that provide the proper fuel/oxidizer mix to the injectors and combustion chamber. The second program was testing subscale versions of the engine's injectors. The company planned to begin full-scale engine testing in late 2016 and expected to complete development of the engine in 2017.
By September 2015, Blue Origin had completed more than 100 development tests of several elements of the BE-4, including the preburner and a "regeneratively cooled thrust chamber using multiple full-scale injector elements". The tests were used to confirm the theoretical model predictions of "injector performance, heat transfer, and combustion stability", and data collected was being used to refine the engine design. There was an explosion on the test stand during 2015 during powerpack testing. Blue Origin built two larger and redundant test stands to follow, capable of testing the full thrust of the BE-4.
In January 2016, Blue Origin announced that they intended to begin testing full engines of the BE-4 on ground test stands prior to the end of 2016. Following a factory tour in March 2016, journalist Eric Berger noted that a large part of "Blue Origin's factory has been given over to development of the Blue Engine-4".
Initially, both first-stage and second-stage versions of the engine were planned. The second stage of the initial New Glenn design was to have shared the same stage diameter as the first stage and use a single vacuum-optimized BE-4, the BE-4U. In the event, they backed away from this plan.
The first engine was fully assembled in March 2017. Also in March, United Launch Alliance indicated that the economic risk of the Blue Origin engine selection option had been retired, but that the technical risk on the project would remain until a series of engine firing tests were completed later in 2017. A test anomaly occurred on 13 May 2017, and Blue Origin reported that they lost a set of powerpack hardware.
In June 2017, Blue Origin announced that they would build a new facility in Huntsville, Alabama, to manufacture the large BE-4 cryogenic rocket engine.
The BE-4 was first test-fired, at 50% thrust for 3 seconds, in October 2017. By March 2018, the BE-4 engine had been tested at 65% of design thrust for 114 seconds with a goal expressed in May to achieve 70% of design thrust in the next several months. By September 2018, multiple hundreds of seconds of engine testing had been completed, including one test of over 200 seconds duration.
Blue Origin BE-4 rocket engine powerhead and combustion chamber, April 2018—liquified natural gas inlet side view. This was the first BE-4 engine to be hotfire tested; the test occurred on 18 October 2017.
In October 2018, Blue Origin President Bob Smith announced that the first launch of the New Glenn had been moved back to 2021, and in 2021 an additional slip to late 2022 was announced. This caused the first flight test of the BE-4 to be scheduled for the initial Vulcan Centaur launch rather than on New Glenn.
By February 2019, the BE-4 had acquired a total of 1800 seconds of hot fire testing on ground test stands, but had yet to be tested above 1.8 meganewtons (400,000 lbf) pounds of thrust, about 73% of the engine's rated thrust of 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf).
By August 2019, BE-4 was undergoing full-power engine tests.
In July 2020, the first pathfinder BE-4 was delivered to United Launch Alliance for integration testing with Vulcan Centaur.
In August 2020, ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated that the second test BE-4 would be delivered soon, followed quickly by the first flight-qualified ones. He noted an ongoing issue with the BE-4's turbopumps. At the time, Blue Origin was still troubleshooting the 75,000-horsepower pumps that bring fuel to the BE-4's main combustion chamber, Bruno said, adding that he was confident the issues would be resolved soon. In October, Bruno stated that the issue was resolved and that the engine was moved into production. In the event, it was not, and would not be until 2022.
On October 31, 2022, a Twitter post by the official Blue Origin account announced that the first two BE-4 engines had been delivered to ULA and were in the process of being integrated on a Vulcan rocket. In a later tweet, ULA CEO Tory Bruno said that one of the engines had already been installed on the booster, and that the other would be joining it momentarily.
On May 11, 2023, ULA CEO Tory Bruno on his official account stated in response to a question that BE-4 qualification testing had been completed "several weeks ago", indicating it was finished no later than the end of April 2023.
On June 30, 2023, a BE-4 engine exploded 10 seconds into testing, resulting in damage to the test stand. The engine was intended for flight on the second Vulcan flight. Blue Origin has claimed to know the cause, however, as of 18 October 2023, they have not released this information.
On January 8, 2024, ULA successfully launched its Vulcan-Centaur rocket using the BE-4 engine. This marked the first time the engine had been used for a successful flight.
As of 2024, there are two production lines for the BE-4, one to supply ULA and one for New Glenn.
Applications
By 2017, the BE-4 was being considered for use on two launch vehicles then under development. Prior to this, a modified derivative of the BE-4 was also being considered for the experimental XS-1 spaceplane for a US military project, but was not selected. By 2018, it was the selected engine for both the Blue Origin New Glenn and the ULA Vulcan launch vehicles.
Vulcan
Further information: Vulcan Centaur
In late 2014, Blue Origin signed an agreement with United Launch Alliance to co-develop the BE-4 engine and to commit to use the new engine on the Vulcan launch vehicle, a successor to the Atlas V, which would replace the Russian-made RD-180 engine. Vulcan will use two of the 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf) BE-4 engines on each first stage. The engine development program began in 2011.
The ULA partnership announcement came after months of uncertainty about the future of the Russian RD-180 engine that has been used in the ULA Atlas V rocket for over a decade. Geopolitical concerns had come about that created serious concerns about the reliability and consistency of the supply chain for the procurement of the Russian engine. Initially, ULA expected the first flight of the new launch vehicle no earlier than 2019 but by 2018, that target had moved out to 2021.
Since early 2015, the BE-4 had been in competition with the AR1 engine for the Atlas V RD-180 replacement program. While the BE-4 is a liquified natural gas engine, the AR1, like the RD-180, is kerosene-fueled. In February 2016, the US Air Force issued a contract that provides partial development funding of up to US$202 million to ULA in order to support use of the Blue Origin BE-4 engine on the ULA Vulcan launch vehicle.
Initially, only US$40.8 million was to be disbursed by the government with US$40.8 million additional to be spent by a ULA subsidiary on Vulcan BE-4 development. Although US$536 million was the original USAF contract amount to Aerojet Rocketdyne (AR) to advance development of the AR1 engine as an alternative for powering the Vulcan rocket, by June 2018, the USAF had renegotiated the agreement with AR and decreased the Air Force contribution—5/6ths of the total cost—to US$294 million. ARR put no additional private funds into the engine development effort after early 2018.
Bezos noted in 2016 that the Vulcan launch vehicle is being designed around the BE-4 engine; ULA switching to the AR1 would require significant delays and money on the part of ULA. This point had also been made by ULA executives, who clarified that the BE-4 is likely to cost 40% less than the AR1, as well as benefit from Bezos capacity to "make split-second investment decisions on behalf of BE-4, and has already demonstrated his determination to see it through. AR1, in contrast, depends mainly on U.S. government backing, meaning Aerojet Rocketdyne has many phone numbers to dial to win support".
Vulcan was finally launched on 8 January 2024, where the engines performed flawlessly allowing rocket to propel Peregrine Mission One to Trans-lunar injection. Vulcan is the first methane fueled rocket to reach orbit on its first attempt, and the first to reach orbit from the US.
New Glenn
Main article: New Glenn
The engine is to be used on the Blue Origin large orbital launch vehicle New Glenn, a 7.0-meter (23 ft)-diameter two-stage orbital launch vehicle with an optional third stage and a reusable first stage. The first flight and orbital test is planned for no earlier than late 2022, although the company had earlier expected the BE-4 might be tested on a rocket flight as early as 2020.
The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines and will be reusable, landing vertically. The second stage of New Glenn will share the same diameter and use two BE-3 vacuum-optimized LH2/LOX engines. The second stage will be expendable.
XS-1
Further information: XS-1 (spacecraft)
Boeing secured a contract to design and build the DARPA XS-1 reusable spaceplane in 2014. The XS-1 was to accelerate to hypersonic speed at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere to enable its payload to reach orbit. In 2015, it was believed a modified derivative of the BE-4 engine was to power the craft. In 2017, the contract award selected the RS-25-derived Aerojet Rocketdyne AR-22 engine instead. The XS-1 was cancelled in 2020.
Availability and use
Blue Origin has indicated that they intend to make the engine commercially available, once development is complete, to companies beyond ULA, and also plans to utilize the engine in Blue Origin's own new orbital launch vehicle. As of March 2016, Orbital ATK was also evaluating Blue Origin engines for its launch vehicles.
The BE-4 uses liquified natural gas rather than more commonly used rocket fuels such as kerosene. This approach allows for autogenous pressurization, which is the use of gasified propellant to pressurize liquid propellant. This is beneficial because it eliminates the need for pressurization systems that require the storage of a pressurizing gas, such as helium.
Although all early BE-4 components and full engines to support the test program were built at Blue's headquarters location in Kent, Washington, production of the BE-4 will be in Huntsville, Alabama. Testing and support of the reusable BE-4s will occur at the company's orbital launch facility at Exploration Park in Florida, where Blue Origin is investing more than US$200 million in facilities and improvements.
Technical specifications
The BE-4 is a staged-combustion engine, with a single oxygen-rich preburner, and a single turbine driving both the fuel and oxygen pumps. The cycle is similar to the kerosene-fueled RD-180 currently used on the Atlas V, although it uses only a single combustion chamber and nozzle.
The BE-4 is designed for long life and high reliability, partially by aiming the engine to be a "medium-performing version of a high-performance architecture". Hydrostatic bearings are used in the turbopumps rather than the more typical ball and roller bearings specifically to increase reliability and service life.
Thrust (sea level): 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf) at full power
Chamber pressure: 13.4 MPa (1,950 psi), substantially lower than the 26 MPa (3,700 psi) of the RD-180 engine that ULA wants to replace
Designed for reusability — up to 100 flights and landings
Relightable in-flight via head-pressure start of the turbine during coast
Deep throttling capability to 40% power or lower
See also
BE-3 – hydrogen-fueled engine currently in operation by Blue Origin
Raptor – methane-fueled engine developed by SpaceX
Merlin – kerosene-fueled operational engine by SpaceX
RD-180 – modern Russian kerosene-fueled engine of comparable size
Comparison of orbital rocket engines
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^ David Axe (2015-08-03). "Pentagon Preps for Orbital War With New Spaceplane". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
^ Jason Rhian (2017-05-07). "DARPA selects rocket engine for XS-1 experimental spaceplane". SpaceFlightInsider. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
^ "Boeing drops out of DARPA Experimental Spaceplane program". SpaceNews.com. 2020-01-22. Archived from the original on 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
^ Emre Kelly (2017-06-26). "Blue Origin selects Alabama for rocket engine production, ending Florida's hopes". Florida Today. Archived from the original on 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
^ "BE-4 Engine". Blue Origin. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ a b c Boyle, Alan (2017-03-20). "Jeff Bezos does a deep dive into bearings in Blue Origin's BE-4 rocket engine update". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-04-23. performance can involve a lot of wear and tear, particularly if you're using traditional ball and roller bearings. To maximize the engine's reusability, Blue Origin's team is taking a different approach. To keep the BE-4 running smoothly, Bezos says the turbine at the heart of the engine's turbopump will use a thin film of the fluid propellants as its bearings.
^ @CHenry_QA (June 25, 2018). "Correction from Ariane: New Glenn first stage can do 25 missions, BE-4 engines designed for 100 flights each" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2019-05-27 – via Twitter.
^ Sheetz, Michael (2018-04-18). "Blue Origin's new rocket engine will be able to launch '100 full missions', CEO says". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
^ "BE-4 Engine test: 65% power level and 114 seconds – YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
External links
ULA February 2016 statement following US Air Force partial-funding of BE-4 development
Bezos, Jeff (March 6, 2017). "BE-4 in Transport Cradle" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Klotz, Irene (Oct 27, 2017). "Blue Origin Fires Up BE-4 Methane-Fuel Rocket Engine". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Blue Origin marks successful first hotfire of BE-4 rocket engine.
Blue Origin (February 14, 2020). "BE-4 update video" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
vteRocket engines and solid motors for orbital launch vehicles
Comparison of orbital rocket engines
Liquid fuelCryogenicHydrolox (LH2 / LOX)
China
YF-73
YF-75
YF-75D
YF-77
YF-79
YF-90
Europe
HM7B
Vinci
Vulcain
India
CE-7.5
CE-20
Japan
LE-5
LE-7
LE-9
Russia
KVD-1 (RD-56)
RD-0120
RD-0146
USA
BE-3U
BE-7
J-2
RL10
RS-25
RS-68
Methalox (CH4 / LOX)
China
BF-20
Lingyun
Longyun
TQ-11
TQ-12
TQ-15A
YF-209
YF-215
USA
BE-4
Raptor
Archimedes
Aeon 1
Aeon R
Russia
RD-0169
Europe
Prometheus
M-10
Semi-cryogenicKerolox (RP-1 / LOX)
China
TH-11
TH-12
YF-100
YF-102
YF-115
YF-130
Welkin
India
SCE-200
Russia
NK-15
NK-33, 44
RD-58
RD-0105, 0109
RD-0107, 0108, 0110
RD-0110R
RD-0124
RD-107, 108, 117, 118
RD-120
RD-170, 171
RD-180
RD-191, 151, 181
RD-193
S1.5400
Spain
TEPREL
Ukraine
RD-8
RD-801
RD-810
USA
F-1
H-1
Kestrel
LR-79
LR-89
LR-105
LR70-NA , S-3D
Merlin
RS-27
RS-27A
RS-56
S-3D
Rutherford
XLR50
StorableHypergolic (Aerozine, UH 25, MMH, or UDMH / N2O4, MON, or HNO3)
China
YF-1, 2, 3
YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
YF-23
YF-40
YF-50D
Europe
Aestus
Astris
Vexin
Viking
India
PS4
Vikas
Israel
LK-4
North Korea
Paektusan LRE along other LREs
Russia
17D61
RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
RD-0207, 0214
RD-0216, 0217, 0235
RD-0233, 0234
RD-0236
RD-0237
RD-0243 to 0245
RD-0255 to 0257
RD-215 to 219
RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
RD-253, 275
RD-263, 268, 273
RD-270
S5.92
S5.98M
Ukraine
RD-843
RD-854, 861
RD-855
RD-856
RD-864, 869
USA
AJ10
LR-87
LR-91
TR-201
XLR81*
Other
Russia
RD-109, 119
RD-211 to 214
UK
Gamma
USA
Curie
XLR81*
Solid fuel
China
FG-02
FG-36
FG-46
FG-47
SpaB-65
SpaB-140C
Europe
Mage 1
P-4
P-6
PAP
P80
P120
P230
Topaze
Waxwing
Zefiro 9
Zefiro 23
Zefiro 40
India
S7
S9
S12
S139
S200
Iran
Salman
Rafe
Israel
LK-1
RSA-3
Japan
KM-V1
KM-V2b
M-14
M-24
M-34
M-34c
SRB-A
USA
AJ-60A
Algol
Castor 30
GEM
Orbus-6
Orbus-21
Orion
Space Shuttle SRB
Star 37
Star 48
UA120
SRMU
X-248
X-254
* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
Engines in italics are under development
vteBlue OriginVehicles
Charon†
Goddard†
PM2‡
New Shepard
Propulsion modules
Tail 1 ‡
Tail 2 †
Tail 3 ‡
Tail 4
Capsules
Jules Verne †
H.G. Wells
First Step
New Glenn *
Blue Moon *
Blue Ring *
LPV†
Rocket engines
BE-1 †
BE-2 †
BE-3
BE-4
BE-7 *
Notable spaceflights
NS-15
NS-16
NS-17
NS-18
NS-19
NS-20
NS-21
NS-22
NS-23X
NS-24
NS-25
Facilities
Headquarters
Kent, Washington
Corn Ranch
Launch Complex 36
Cape Canaveral
Key people
Jeff Bezos (founder)
Robert Smith (CEO)
Jeffrey Ashby (chief of mission assurance)
Nicholas Patrick (human integration architect)
Related
Commercial astronaut
Billionaire space race
Blue Origin v. United States & Space Exploration Technologies Corp.
* – denotes unflown vehicles or engines
† – denotes retired vehicles, engines, products
‡ – denotes destroyed vehicles
X – denotes failed flight | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BE-4 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE-4_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBCNews-2014-09-17-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"staged-combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle"},{"link_name":"rocket engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine"},{"link_name":"Blue Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20210805-4"},{"link_name":"meganewtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Blue Origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin"},{"link_name":"New Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Glenn"},{"link_name":"United Launch Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur"},{"link_name":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"flight test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_test"},{"link_name":"8 January 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One"}],"text":"For other uses, see BE-4 (disambiguation).The Blue Engine 4[2] (BE-4) is an oxygen-rich[3] liquefied-methane-fueled staged-combustion rocket engine produced by Blue Origin. The BE-4 was developed with private and public funding.[4] The engine has been designed to produce 2.4 meganewtons (550,000 lbf) of thrust at sea level.[5]It was initially planned for the engine to be used exclusively on a Blue Origin proprietary launch vehicle New Glenn, the company's first orbital rocket. However, it was announced in 2014 that the engine would also be used on the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle, the successor to the Atlas V launch vehicle.[6] Final engine selection by ULA happened in September 2018.[7]Although previously planned to fly as early as 2019, the first flight test of the new engine was launched on 8 January 2024 on the Vulcan rocket.","title":"BE-4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Meyerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Meyerson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20170628-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150930-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20140917-11"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"},{"link_name":"liquified natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"propellants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"SpaceNews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceNews"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150424-12"},{"link_name":"United Launch Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150424-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20210805-4"},{"link_name":"powerpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhead_(rocket_engine)"},{"link_name":"injectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injector"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150407-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150407-13"},{"link_name":"preburner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preburner"},{"link_name":"regeneratively cooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_cooling_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"thrust chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_chamber"},{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"combustion stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_stability"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue20150930-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160316-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160123b-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsf20160912-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20180925-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Origin_BE-4_rocket_engine,_sn_103,_April_2018_--_LCH4_inlet_side_view,_minus_nozzle.jpg"},{"link_name":"powerhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhead_(rocket_engine)"},{"link_name":"liquified natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacenewsFe2021-27"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bi20190223-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_article_(aerospace)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tory Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_Bruno"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20210805-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Tory Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_Bruno"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BE-4&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Following Aerojet's acquisition of Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne in 2012, Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson saw an opportunity to fill a gap in the defense industrial base.[8] Blue Origin publicly entered the liquid rocket engine business by partnering with ULA on the development of the BE-4, and working with other companies. Meyerson announced the selection of Huntsville, AL as the location of Blue Origin's rocket production factory in June 2017.[9]Blue Origin began work on the BE-4 in 2011,[10] although no public announcement was made until September 2014.[11] This was their first engine to combust liquid oxygen and liquified natural gas propellants. In September 2014—in a choice labeled \"a stunner\" by SpaceNews[12]—the large launch vehicle manufacturer and launch service provider United Launch Alliance selected the BE-4 as the main engine for a new primary launch vehicle.[12] Blue Origin said that the \"BE-4 would be 'ready for flight' by 2017\".[4]By April 2015, two parallel development programs were under way. One program was testing full-scale versions of the BE-4 powerpack, which are the set of valves and turbopumps that provide the proper fuel/oxidizer mix to the injectors and combustion chamber. The second program was testing subscale versions of the engine's injectors.[13] The company planned to begin full-scale engine testing in late 2016 and expected to complete development of the engine in 2017.[13]By September 2015, Blue Origin had completed more than 100 development tests of several elements of the BE-4, including the preburner and a \"regeneratively cooled thrust chamber using multiple full-scale injector elements\". The tests were used to confirm the theoretical model predictions of \"injector performance, heat transfer, and combustion stability\", and data collected was being used to refine the engine design.[14] There was an explosion on the test stand during 2015 during powerpack testing. Blue Origin built two larger and redundant test stands to follow, capable of testing the full thrust of the BE-4.[15]In January 2016, Blue Origin announced that they intended to begin testing full engines of the BE-4 on ground test stands prior to the end of 2016.[16] Following a factory tour in March 2016, journalist Eric Berger noted that a large part of \"Blue Origin's factory has been given over to development of the Blue Engine-4\".[6]Initially, both first-stage and second-stage versions of the engine were planned. The second stage of the initial New Glenn design was to have shared the same stage diameter as the first stage and use a single vacuum-optimized BE-4, the BE-4U.[17] In the event, they backed away from this plan.The first engine was fully assembled in March 2017.[18][non-primary source needed] Also in March, United Launch Alliance indicated that the economic risk of the Blue Origin engine selection option had been retired, but that the technical risk on the project would remain until a series of engine firing tests were completed later in 2017.[19] A test anomaly occurred on 13 May 2017, and Blue Origin reported that they lost a set of powerpack hardware.[20]In June 2017, Blue Origin announced that they would build a new facility in Huntsville, Alabama, to manufacture the large BE-4 cryogenic rocket engine.[21][needs update]The BE-4 was first test-fired, at 50% thrust for 3 seconds, in October 2017.[22] By March 2018, the BE-4 engine had been tested at 65% of design thrust for 114 seconds[23] with a goal expressed in May to achieve 70% of design thrust in the next several months.[24][non-primary source needed] By September 2018, multiple hundreds of seconds of engine testing had been completed, including one test of over 200 seconds duration.[25]Blue Origin BE-4 rocket engine powerhead and combustion chamber, April 2018—liquified natural gas inlet side view. This was the first BE-4 engine to be hotfire tested; the test occurred on 18 October 2017.In October 2018, Blue Origin President Bob Smith announced that the first launch of the New Glenn had been moved back to 2021,[26] and in 2021 an additional slip to late 2022 was announced.[27] This caused the first flight test of the BE-4 to be scheduled for the initial Vulcan Centaur launch rather than on New Glenn.By February 2019, the BE-4 had acquired a total of 1800 seconds of hot fire testing on ground test stands, but had yet to be tested above 1.8 meganewtons (400,000 lbf) pounds of thrust, about 73% of the engine's rated thrust of 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf).[28]By August 2019, BE-4 was undergoing full-power engine tests.[29]In July 2020, the first pathfinder BE-4 was delivered to United Launch Alliance for integration testing with Vulcan Centaur.[30][31]In August 2020, ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated that the second test BE-4 would be delivered soon, followed quickly by the first flight-qualified ones.[32] He noted an ongoing issue with the BE-4's turbopumps. At the time, Blue Origin was still troubleshooting the 75,000-horsepower pumps that bring fuel to the BE-4's main combustion chamber, Bruno said, adding that he was confident the issues would be resolved soon.[33] In October, Bruno stated that the issue was resolved and that the engine was moved into production.[34] In the event, it was not, and would not be until 2022.[4]On October 31, 2022, a Twitter post by the official Blue Origin account announced that the first two BE-4 engines had been delivered to ULA and were in the process of being integrated on a Vulcan rocket. In a later tweet, ULA CEO Tory Bruno said that one of the engines had already been installed on the booster, and that the other would be joining it momentarily.[35]On May 11, 2023, ULA CEO Tory Bruno on his official account stated in response to a question that BE-4 qualification testing had been completed \"several weeks ago\", indicating it was finished no later than the end of April 2023.[36]On June 30, 2023, a BE-4 engine exploded 10 seconds into testing, resulting in damage to the test stand. The engine was intended for flight on the second Vulcan flight. Blue Origin has claimed to know the cause, however, as of 18 October 2023[update], they have not released this information.[37]On January 8, 2024, ULA successfully launched its Vulcan-Centaur[38] rocket using the BE-4 engine. This marked the first time the engine had been used for a successful flight.As of 2024, there are two production lines for the BE-4, one to supply ULA and one for New Glenn.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"launch vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"XS-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XS-1_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"spaceplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"US military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_military"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"By 2017, the BE-4 was being considered for use on two launch vehicles then under development. Prior to this, a modified derivative of the BE-4 was also being considered for the experimental XS-1 spaceplane for a US military project,[40] but was not selected. By 2018, it was the selected engine for both the Blue Origin New Glenn and the ULA Vulcan launch vehicles.[41]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vulcan Centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur"},{"link_name":"United Launch Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V_successor"},{"link_name":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"},{"link_name":"RD-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-180"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150424-12"},{"link_name":"first stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_stage_(rocketry)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp201409-1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfn150408-42"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20140917-11"},{"link_name":"RD-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-180"},{"link_name":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"},{"link_name":"supply chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsr20140922-43"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20140917-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20150424-12"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20181025-44"},{"link_name":"AR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR1_(rocket_engine)"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_rocket"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160229-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdod20160229-48"},{"link_name":"Aerojet Rocketdyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160229-46"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20180925-25"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft20160312-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160317-50"},{"link_name":"Peregrine Mission One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One"},{"link_name":"Trans-lunar injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Vulcan","text":"Further information: Vulcan CentaurIn late 2014, Blue Origin signed an agreement with United Launch Alliance to co-develop the BE-4 engine and to commit to use the new engine on the Vulcan launch vehicle, a successor to the Atlas V, which would replace the Russian-made RD-180 engine.[12] Vulcan will use two of the 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf) BE-4 engines on each first stage. The engine development program began in 2011.[1][42][11]The ULA partnership announcement came after months of uncertainty about the future of the Russian RD-180 engine that has been used in the ULA Atlas V rocket for over a decade. Geopolitical concerns had come about that created serious concerns about the reliability and consistency of the supply chain for the procurement of the Russian engine.[43] Initially, ULA expected the first flight of the new launch vehicle no earlier than 2019[11][12] but by 2018, that target had moved out to 2021.[44]Since early 2015, the BE-4 had been in competition with the AR1 engine for the Atlas V RD-180 replacement program. While the BE-4 is a liquified natural gas engine, the AR1, like the RD-180, is kerosene-fueled.[45] In February 2016, the US Air Force issued a contract that provides partial development funding of up to US$202 million to ULA in order to support use of the Blue Origin BE-4 engine on the ULA Vulcan launch vehicle.[46][47]Initially, only US$40.8 million was to be disbursed by the government with US$40.8 million additional to be spent by a ULA subsidiary on Vulcan BE-4 development.[48] Although US$536 million was the original USAF contract amount to Aerojet Rocketdyne (AR) to advance development of the AR1 engine as an alternative for powering the Vulcan rocket,[46] by June 2018, the USAF had renegotiated the agreement with AR and decreased the Air Force contribution—5/6ths of the total cost—to US$294 million. ARR put no additional private funds into the engine development effort after early 2018.[25]Bezos noted in 2016 that the Vulcan launch vehicle is being designed around the BE-4 engine; ULA switching to the AR1 would require significant delays and money on the part of ULA.[49] This point had also been made by ULA executives, who clarified that the BE-4 is likely to cost 40% less than the AR1, as well as benefit from Bezos capacity to \"make split-second investment decisions on behalf of BE-4, and has already demonstrated his determination to see it through. [whereas the] AR1, in contrast, depends mainly on U.S. government backing, meaning Aerojet Rocketdyne has many phone numbers to dial to win support\".[50]Vulcan was finally launched on 8 January 2024, where the engines performed flawlessly allowing rocket to propel Peregrine Mission One to Trans-lunar injection. Vulcan is the first methane fueled rocket to reach orbit on its first attempt, and the first to reach orbit from the US.[51]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"New Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Glenn"},{"link_name":"two-stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket"},{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"reusable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_launch_system"},{"link_name":"first flight and orbital test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_testing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacenewsFe2021-27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsf20160912-17"},{"link_name":"reusable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"vertically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTVL"},{"link_name":"BE-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE-3"},{"link_name":"LH2/LOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LH2/LOX"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"expendable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsf20160912-17"}],"sub_title":"New Glenn","text":"The engine is to be used on the Blue Origin large orbital launch vehicle New Glenn, a 7.0-meter (23 ft)-diameter two-stage orbital launch vehicle with an optional third stage and a reusable first stage. The first flight and orbital test is planned for no earlier than late 2022,[27] although the company had earlier expected the BE-4 might be tested on a rocket flight as early as 2020.[17]The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines and will be reusable, landing vertically. The second stage of New Glenn will share the same diameter and use two BE-3 vacuum-optimized LH2/LOX engines.[52] The second stage will be expendable.[17]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XS-1 (spacecraft)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XS-1_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"XS-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XS-1_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"spaceplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane"},{"link_name":"hypersonic speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"RS-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-25"},{"link_name":"Aerojet Rocketdyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"XS-1","text":"Further information: XS-1 (spacecraft)Boeing secured a contract to design and build the DARPA XS-1 reusable spaceplane in 2014. The XS-1 was to accelerate to hypersonic speed at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere to enable its payload to reach orbit.[53] In 2015, it was believed a modified derivative of the BE-4 engine was to power the craft.[54] In 2017, the contract award selected the RS-25-derived Aerojet Rocketdyne AR-22 engine instead. The XS-1 was cancelled in 2020.[55][56]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsr20140922-43"},{"link_name":"Orbital ATK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_ATK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"liquified natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP-1"},{"link_name":"autogenous pressurization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogenous_pressurization"},{"link_name":"Kent, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Exploration Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_Park"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft20160312-49"}],"text":"Blue Origin has indicated that they intend to make the engine commercially available, once development is complete, to companies beyond ULA, and also plans to utilize the engine in Blue Origin's own new orbital launch vehicle.[43] As of March 2016, Orbital ATK was also evaluating Blue Origin engines for its launch vehicles.[6][needs update]The BE-4 uses liquified natural gas rather than more commonly used rocket fuels such as kerosene. This approach allows for autogenous pressurization, which is the use of gasified propellant to pressurize liquid propellant. This is beneficial because it eliminates the need for pressurization systems that require the storage of a pressurizing gas, such as helium.Although all early BE-4 components and full engines to support the test program were built at Blue's headquarters location in Kent, Washington, production of the BE-4 will be in Huntsville, Alabama.[57] Testing and support of the reusable BE-4s will occur at the company's orbital launch facility at Exploration Park in Florida, where Blue Origin is investing more than US$200 million in facilities and improvements.[49]","title":"Availability and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staged-combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle"},{"link_name":"preburner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preburner"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-58"},{"link_name":"RD-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-180"},{"link_name":"Atlas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_V"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"Hydrostatic bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_bearing"},{"link_name":"turbopumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopump"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing"},{"link_name":"roller bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_bearing"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yf20170320-59"},{"link_name":"MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yf20170320-59"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20140917-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ars20160309-6"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yf20170320-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn20160316-15"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"The BE-4 is a staged-combustion engine, with a single oxygen-rich preburner, and a single turbine driving both the fuel and oxygen pumps.[58] The cycle is similar to the kerosene-fueled RD-180 currently used on the Atlas V, although it uses only a single combustion chamber and nozzle.The BE-4 is designed for long life and high reliability, partially by aiming the engine to be a \"medium-performing version of a high-performance architecture\".[6] Hydrostatic bearings are used in the turbopumps rather than the more typical ball and roller bearings specifically to increase reliability and service life.[59]Thrust (sea level): 2.4 MN (550,000 lbf) at full power[59][11]\nChamber pressure: 13.4 MPa (1,950 psi), substantially lower than the 26 MPa (3,700 psi) of the RD-180 engine that ULA wants to replace[6]\nDesigned for reusability — up to 100 flights and landings[6][59][60][non-primary source needed][61]\nRelightable in-flight via head-pressure start of the turbine during coast[15]\nDeep throttling capability to 40% power or lower[62]","title":"Technical specifications"}] | [{"image_text":"Blue Origin BE-4 rocket engine powerhead and combustion chamber, April 2018—liquified natural gas inlet side view. This was the first BE-4 engine to be hotfire tested; the test occurred on 18 October 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Origin_BE-4_rocket_engine%2C_sn_103%2C_April_2018_--_LCH4_inlet_side_view%2C_minus_nozzle.jpg/220px-Blue_Origin_BE-4_rocket_engine%2C_sn_103%2C_April_2018_--_LCH4_inlet_side_view%2C_minus_nozzle.jpg"}] | [{"title":"BE-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE-3"},{"title":"Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor"},{"title":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)"},{"title":"RD-180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-180"},{"title":"Comparison of orbital rocket engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_rocket_engines"}] | [{"reference":"Achenbach, Joel (2014-09-17). \"Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin to supply engines for national security space launches\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. 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[Bezos] opened up his checkbook, ... need to rebuild test stand, move up to 500 k powerpack for the Vulcan BE-4 engine; not one but two test stands ... agility to ... write with own checkbook is just refreshing","urls":[{"url":"http://spacenews.com/ula-intends-to-lower-its-costs-and-raise-its-cool-to-compete-with-spacex/","url_text":"\"ULA intends to lower its costs, and raise its cool, to compete with SpaceX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceNews_(publication)","url_text":"SpaceNews"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20160317125310/http://spacenews.com/ula-intends-to-lower-its-costs-and-raise-its-cool-to-compete-with-spacex/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Brian (2016-01-23). \"Launch. Land. Repeat: Blue Origin posts video of New Shepard's Friday flight\". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-01-24. 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Retrieved 13 November 2018. the two-stage New Glenn is 270 feet tall, and its second stage is powered by a single vacuum-optimized BE-4 engine (the BE-4U)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/blue-origin-new-glenn-orbital-lv/","url_text":"\"Blue Origin introduce the New Glenn orbital LV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com","url_text":"NASASpaceFlight.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913152524/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/blue-origin-new-glenn-orbital-lv/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@JeffBezos (March 6, 2017). \"1st BE-4 engine fully assembled. 2nd and 3rd following close behind. #GradatimFerociter\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. 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BE qual was complete several weeks ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Sheetz, Michael (2023-07-11). \"Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket engine explodes during testing\". CNBC. Retrieved 2023-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/11/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-be-4-rocket-engine-explodes-during-testing.html","url_text":"\"Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rocket engine explodes during testing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vulcan Centaur\", Wikipedia, 2024-01-08, retrieved 2024-01-08","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulcan_Centaur&oldid=1194310124","url_text":"\"Vulcan Centaur\""}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Ian (2024-06-04). \"Blue Origin works towards New Glenn debut, ramps BE-4 deliveries\". NASASpaceFlight.com. 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This other transaction agreement requires shared cost investment with United Launch Services for the development of prototypes of the Vulcan BE-4 rocket propulsion system, which is a booster stage engine, and .... The Vulcan BE-4 award is for $45,820,515, or 98.3 percent of the total awarded amount. ... intended for use on United Launch Alliance's Vulcan launch vehicle. ... The work is expected to be completed no later than Dec. 31, 2019. Air Force fiscal 2015 research, development, test and evaluation funds in the amount of $26,344,603 are being obligated at the time of award. United Launch Services is contributing $40,828,213 at the time of award. The total potential government investment, including all options, is $201,655,584. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB%C5%A1aru | Mīšaru | ["1 Name and character","2 Associations with other deities","3 Worship","4 Ugaritic Mêšaru","4.1 Further possible cognates","5 References","5.1 Bibliography"] | Mesopotamian god personifying justice
MīšaruDivine personification of justiceMajor cult centerDūr-RīmušSymbolpossibly scalesPersonal informationParentsAdad and ShalaSiblingsUṣur-amāssu, Šubanuna, Menunesi, NamašmašSpouseIšartuEquivalentsUgaritic equivalentMêšaruPhoenician equivalentMisor
Mīšaru (Misharu), possibly also known as Ili-mīšar, was a Mesopotamian god regarded as the personification of justice, sometimes portrayed as a divine judge. He was regarded as a son of the weather god Adad and his wife Shala. He was often associated with other similar deities, such as Išartu or Kittu. He is first attested in sources from the Ur III period. In the Old Babylonian period, he was regarded as the tutelary deity of Dūr-Rīmuš, a city in the kingdom of Eshnunna. He was also worshiped in other parts of Mesopotamia, for example in Mari, Assur, Babylon, Sippar and in the land of Suhum. In the Seleucid period he was introduced to the pantheon of Uruk.
A deity with a cognate name, Mêšaru, also belonged to the Ugaritic pantheon. It is assumed that like his Mesopotamian counterpart, he was regarded as a divine judge. Further possibly analogous deity, Misor, is also attested in the writings of Philo of Byblos.
Name and character
Mīšaru's name means "justice," and he functioned as the divine hypostasis of this concept. The theonym was derived from Akkadian ešēru, "to straighten up." As a common noun, the term mīšaru can be explained as the notion of "the performance of royal justice and correcting iniquitous situations." It also referred to a type of edicts issued by rulers in the Old Babylonian period.
It has been proposed that the deity Ili-mīšar, attested in the god list An = Anum (tablet V, line 29) as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Imzuanna (dNi-zu-an-na) might be a variant of Mīšaru. Daniel Schwemer notes that the addition to the same prefix to various theonyms is well attested, and cites Ilumēr and Ilulāya as two other examples.
It has been proposed that on cylinder seals Mīšaru was depicted as a figure holding scales, though this theory has yet to be proved.
Associations with other deities
Mīšaru was regarded as a son of the weather god Adad, and in the god list An = Anum appears in the same section as his other children: Uṣur-amāssu, Šubanuna, Menunesi and Namašmaš. Their mother was Shala. Manfred Krebernik suggests that the association between Mīšaru and Adad might have been the result of the development of a folk etymology connecting the name of the former with the word šarum, "wind." Daniel Schwemer assumes that it instead reflected Adad's connection with law. In Šurpu and in Lipšur litanies Mišaru is grouped with Adad, Uṣur-amāssu and the pair Shullat and Hanish. In the so-called Extispicy Ritual I, a manual for diviners, he is mentioned alongside Adad, Shamash, Aya and Kittu among deities who could receive offerings while an oracle was performed. He also appears as a member of the circle of deities associated with his father both in the Weidner god list and in An = Anum. While the connection is also affirmed by inscriptions from many cities, Mīšaru is nonetheless also attested in contexts where no relation to the weather god is indicated in texts from Sippar and
The goddess Išartu formed a pair with Mīšaru, and together they represented the idea of law and order. Julia Krul notes she seemed to be his feminine counterpart. An = Anum refers to her as his spouse.
Worship
The oldest evidence of the worship of Mīšaru comes from the Ur III period. He received offerings in Bad-tibira during the reign of king Shu-Sin. He is also attested in Akkadian theophoric names, such as Puzur-Mīšar.
Old Babylonian sources mention a single temple of Mīšaru, located close to the city of Dūr-Rīmuš in the Diyala area. It is assumed that he was the tutelary deity of this settlement. One of the inhabitants of Dūr-Rīmuš apparently dedicated a seal to him for the health of the Eshnunnean king Ipiq-Adad II after it was incorporated into his kingdom. He is also attested in an offering list from Mari (ARM 24 263), in which he appears alongside the deity Išar, presumed to correspond to Išartu.
In a copy of an Old Assyrian inscription of Erishum I found in Kültepe, Mīšaru (dMe-ša-ru-um) appears as a member of a group of seven divine judges alongside deities such as Ishmekarab. He is also attested in the same role in another, later list of similar deities worshiped in Assyria. In the version of the Tākultu ritual from the reign of Ashurbanipal, he is listed alongside Ea and Kittu. In the Ešara temple complex in Assur he was worshiped alongside Latarak in the lobby of the structure.
In Babylon, Mīšaru was worshiped alongside his father Adad in the Esagil temple complex. A temple dedicated to him is also mentioned in documents from Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ, though no ceremonial name is given.
Attestations of veneration of Mīšaru are known from Suhum as well. An akitu temple dedicated to him and Adad existed in Udada. It was rebuilt by Ninurta-kudurri-usur, a local ruler from the eighth century BCE.
On one of the cylinders of Nabonidus, in an inscription pertaining to the Ebabbar temple in Sippar, Mīšaru is mentioned alongside Kittu and Dayyānu as the deities "seated in front of Shamash."
While Mīšaru was not yet worshiped in Uruk in the Neo-Babylonian period, he is attested in religious text from this city dated to the reign of the Seleucids. He was worshiped in Eḫenunna, "house of abundance," a temple of Adad. The text TU 39 mentions that on the fifth day of the month Araḫsamna, Mīšaru had to leave the temple to partake in rites taking place elsewhere. It has been pointed out that in addition to him and Shala spouses, children or courtiers of many other deities were also introduced to Uruk at the same time.
Ugaritic Mêšaru
A deity whose name is a cognate of Mīšaru's is attested in Ugarit as well. The theonym was rendered as mšr in the local alphabetic script, and can be vocalized as Mêšaru ("rectitude," "uprightness"). It is presumed that he was regarded as a divine judge. He was paired with Ṣidqu ("righteousness"). They appear together in a single religious text (RS 24.271, line 14), which is presently the only certain attestation of Mêšaru. A possible theophoric name, written as mšrn in the alphabetic script and as Me-ša-ra-nu or Me-ši-ra-nu in standard syllabic cuneiform, has also been identified. Elsewhere in the Ugaritic texts the word mšr is attested as a common noun.
Further possible cognates
Wilfred G. E. Watson proposes that the Ugaritic Mêšaru and Ṣidqu correspond to Misor and Suduk, who according to Philo of Byblos were Phoenician gods of justice. He also credits them with discovering the use of salt, and presents the god Taautos, derived from Egyptian Thoth, as the son of Misor. It also has been suggested that passages in the Hebrew Bible using the term mîšôr("equity"), such as Psalm 9:9, Psalm 45:7 and Isaiah 45:19 are echoes of the worship of a further deity with a cognate name, who was originally regarded as a subordinate of Yahweh but later came to be demythologized, but this is less certain and no passage directly supports this view.
References
^ a b Wiggermann 1987, p. 9.
^ a b Schwemer 2007, p. 146.
^ a b Krul 2018, p. 67.
^ a b c d Watson 1999, p. 577.
^ Pongratz-Leisten 2015, p. 211.
^ Pongratz-Leisten 2015, p. 58.
^ Litke 1998, p. 171.
^ Schwemer 2001, pp. 32–33.
^ Schwemer 2008, p. 567.
^ a b c Krebernik 2008, p. 356.
^ Schwemer 2001, pp. 67–68.
^ a b c d e f g Schwemer 2001, p. 67.
^ Anor & Cohen 2021, p. 62.
^ Schwemer 2001, p. 13.
^ Schwemer 2001, p. 24.
^ Krul 2018, p. 68.
^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 68.
^ Sallaberger 2021, p. 363.
^ Frayne 1990, p. 548.
^ Frayne 1990, pp. 548–549.
^ Sasson 2015, p. 237.
^ Krebernik 2008, p. 358.
^ Krebernik 2008, pp. 358–359.
^ Pongratz-Leisten 2015, p. 397.
^ George 1993, p. 156.
^ Gabbay & Boivin 2018, p. 37.
^ Frame 1995, p. 290.
^ Schwemer 2001, p. 626.
^ Frame 1995, p. 299.
^ Frame 1995, p. 275.
^ Krebernik 2008, p. 354.
^ Krul 2018, p. 72.
^ George 1993, p. 98.
^ Krul 2018, p. 141.
^ Krul 2018, p. 75.
^ a b c Pardee 2002, p. 281.
^ Pardee 2002, p. 284.
^ Watson 1999, pp. 577–578.
^ Watson 1999, p. 578.
Bibliography
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Frame, Grant (1995). "Sūḫu". Rulers of Babylonia.From the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157-612 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442657052. ISBN 978-1-4426-5705-2.
Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.). University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442678033. ISBN 978-1-4426-7803-3.
Gabbay, Uri; Boivin, Odette (2018). "A Hymn of Ayadaragalama, King of the First Sealand Dynasty, to the Gods of Nippur: The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 108 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 22–42. doi:10.1515/za-2018-0003. ISSN 0084-5299. S2CID 165744935.
George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.
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Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. ISBN 9789004364936.
Litke, Richard L. (1998). A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli (PDF). New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2. OCLC 470337605.
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Sallaberger, Walther (2021). "Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba". In van Ess, Margarete (ed.). Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-447-11368-7. OCLC 1255365039.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987). "The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II". Ex Oriente Lux. 29. Brill. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesopotamian god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_god"},{"link_name":"justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice"},{"link_name":"Adad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad"},{"link_name":"Shala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shala"},{"link_name":"Išartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1artu"},{"link_name":"Kittu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittu_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Assur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Sippar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippar"},{"link_name":"Suhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhum"},{"link_name":"Seleucid period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Uruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_pantheon"},{"link_name":"Philo of Byblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos"}],"text":"Mīšaru (Misharu), possibly also known as Ili-mīšar, was a Mesopotamian god regarded as the personification of justice, sometimes portrayed as a divine judge. He was regarded as a son of the weather god Adad and his wife Shala. He was often associated with other similar deities, such as Išartu or Kittu. He is first attested in sources from the Ur III period. In the Old Babylonian period, he was regarded as the tutelary deity of Dūr-Rīmuš, a city in the kingdom of Eshnunna. He was also worshiped in other parts of Mesopotamia, for example in Mari, Assur, Babylon, Sippar and in the land of Suhum. In the Seleucid period he was introduced to the pantheon of Uruk.A deity with a cognate name, Mêšaru, also belonged to the Ugaritic pantheon. It is assumed that like his Mesopotamian counterpart, he was regarded as a divine judge. Further possibly analogous deity, Misor, is also attested in the writings of Philo of Byblos.","title":"Mīšaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-2"},{"link_name":"hypostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201867-3"},{"link_name":"theonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theonym"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999577-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten2015211-5"},{"link_name":"edicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict"},{"link_name":"Old Babylonian 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Anum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%3D_Anum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200124-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200167-12"},{"link_name":"Išartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1artu"},{"link_name":"law and order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201868-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200168-17"}],"text":"Mīšaru was regarded as a son of the weather god Adad, and in the god list An = Anum appears in the same section as his other children: Uṣur-amāssu, Šubanuna, Menunesi and Namašmaš.[2] Their mother was Shala.[9] Manfred Krebernik suggests that the association between Mīšaru and Adad might have been the result of the development of a folk etymology connecting the name of the former with the word šarum, \"wind.\"[10] Daniel Schwemer assumes that it instead reflected Adad's connection with law.[11] In Šurpu and in Lipšur litanies Mišaru is grouped with Adad, Uṣur-amāssu and the pair Shullat and Hanish.[12] In the so-called Extispicy Ritual I, a manual for diviners, he is mentioned alongside Adad, Shamash, Aya and Kittu among deities who could receive offerings while an oracle was performed.[13] He also appears as a member of the circle of deities associated with his father both in the Weidner god list [14] and in An = Anum.[15] While the connection is also affirmed by inscriptions from many cities, Mīšaru is nonetheless also attested in contexts where no relation to the weather god is indicated in texts from Sippar and [Assur, where he was seemingly treated as a divine judge associated with Kittu.[12]The goddess Išartu formed a pair with Mīšaru, and together they represented the idea of law and order.[10] Julia Krul notes she seemed to be his feminine counterpart.[16] An = Anum refers to her as his spouse.[17]","title":"Associations with other deities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ur III period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_III_period"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200167-12"},{"link_name":"Bad-tibira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad-tibira"},{"link_name":"Shu-Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu-Sin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2021363-18"},{"link_name":"theophoric names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophoric_name"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200167-12"},{"link_name":"Old 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I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erishum_I"},{"link_name":"Kültepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe"},{"link_name":"Ishmekarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmekarab"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358-22"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358%E2%80%93359-23"},{"link_name":"Tākultu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kultu"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Ea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)"},{"link_name":"Kittu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittu_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten2015397-24"},{"link_name":"Assur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur"},{"link_name":"Latarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latarak"},{"link_name":"lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_(room)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993156-25"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Esagil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esagila"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356-10"},{"link_name":"Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Ab%C4%AB-e%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbayBoivin201837-26"},{"link_name":"Suhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhum"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame1995290-27"},{"link_name":"akitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitu"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001626-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame1995299-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrame1995275-30"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus"},{"link_name":"Sippar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008354-31"},{"link_name":"Uruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Seleucids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucids"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201872-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199398-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201867-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul2018141-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201875-35"}],"text":"The oldest evidence of the worship of Mīšaru comes from the Ur III period.[12] He received offerings in Bad-tibira during the reign of king Shu-Sin.[18] He is also attested in Akkadian theophoric names, such as Puzur-Mīšar.[12]Old Babylonian sources mention a single temple of Mīšaru, located close to the city of Dūr-Rīmuš in the Diyala area.[12] It is assumed that he was the tutelary deity of this settlement.[19] One of the inhabitants of Dūr-Rīmuš apparently dedicated a seal to him for the health of the Eshnunnean king Ipiq-Adad II after it was incorporated into his kingdom.[20] He is also attested in an offering list from Mari (ARM 24 263), in which he appears alongside the deity Išar,[21] presumed to correspond to Išartu.[17]In a copy of an Old Assyrian inscription of Erishum I found in Kültepe, Mīšaru (dMe-ša-ru-um) appears as a member of a group of seven divine judges alongside deities such as Ishmekarab.[22] He is also attested in the same role in another, later list of similar deities worshiped in Assyria.[23] In the version of the Tākultu ritual from the reign of Ashurbanipal, he is listed alongside Ea and Kittu.[24] In the Ešara temple complex in Assur he was worshiped alongside Latarak in the lobby of the structure.[25]In Babylon, Mīšaru was worshiped alongside his father Adad in the Esagil temple complex.[10] A temple dedicated to him is also mentioned in documents from Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ, though no ceremonial name is given.[26]Attestations of veneration of Mīšaru are known from Suhum as well.[27] An akitu temple dedicated to him and Adad existed in Udada.[28] It was rebuilt by Ninurta-kudurri-usur,[29] a local ruler from the eighth century BCE.[30]On one of the cylinders of Nabonidus, in an inscription pertaining to the Ebabbar temple in Sippar, Mīšaru is mentioned alongside Kittu and Dayyānu as the deities \"seated in front of Shamash.\"[31]While Mīšaru was not yet worshiped in Uruk in the Neo-Babylonian period, he is attested in religious text from this city dated to the reign of the Seleucids.[32] He was worshiped in Eḫenunna, \"house of abundance,\" a temple of Adad.[33][3] The text TU 39 mentions that on the fifth day of the month Araḫsamna, Mīšaru had to leave the temple to partake in rites taking place elsewhere.[34] It has been pointed out that in addition to him and Shala spouses, children or courtiers of many other deities were also introduced to Uruk at the same time.[35]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Ugarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999577-4"},{"link_name":"alphabetic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200167-12"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002281-36"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200167-12"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002284-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002281-36"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999577-4"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_texts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002281-36"}],"text":"A deity whose name is a cognate of Mīšaru's is attested in Ugarit as well.[4] The theonym was rendered as mšr in the local alphabetic script,[12] and can be vocalized as Mêšaru (\"rectitude,\" \"uprightness\").[36] It is presumed that he was regarded as a divine judge.[12] He was paired with Ṣidqu (\"righteousness\").[37] They appear together in a single religious text (RS 24.271, line 14), which is presently the only certain attestation of Mêšaru.[36] A possible theophoric name, written as mšrn in the alphabetic script and as Me-ša-ra-nu or Me-ši-ra-nu in standard syllabic cuneiform, has also been identified.[4] Elsewhere in the Ugaritic texts the word mšr is attested as a common noun.[36]","title":"Ugaritic Mêšaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydyk"},{"link_name":"Philo of Byblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999577-4"},{"link_name":"Taautos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taautos"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999577%E2%80%93578-38"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Psalm 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_9"},{"link_name":"Psalm 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_45"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_45"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1999578-39"}],"sub_title":"Further possible cognates","text":"Wilfred G. E. Watson proposes that the Ugaritic Mêšaru and Ṣidqu correspond to Misor and Suduk, who according to Philo of Byblos were Phoenician gods of justice.[4] He also credits them with discovering the use of salt, and presents the god Taautos, derived from Egyptian Thoth, as the son of Misor.[38] It also has been suggested that passages in the Hebrew Bible using the term mîšôr(\"equity\"), such as Psalm 9:9, Psalm 45:7 and Isaiah 45:19 are echoes of the worship of a further deity with a cognate name, who was originally regarded as a subordinate of Yahweh but later came to be demythologized, but this is less certain and no passage directly supports this view.[39]","title":"Ugaritic Mêšaru"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Anor, Netanel; Cohen, Yoram (2021). \"Bird in the Sky – Babylonian Bird Omen Collections, Astral Observations and the manzāzu\". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 115 (1). CAIRN: 51–80. doi:10.3917/assy.115.0051. ISSN 0373-6032.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2021-1-page-51.htm","url_text":"\"Bird in the Sky – Babylonian Bird Omen Collections, Astral Observations and the manzāzu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fassy.115.0051","url_text":"10.3917/assy.115.0051"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6032","url_text":"0373-6032"}]},{"reference":"Frame, Grant (1995). \"Sūḫu\". Rulers of Babylonia.From the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157-612 BC). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442657052. ISBN 978-1-4426-5705-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442657052","url_text":"10.3138/9781442657052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-5705-2","url_text":"978-1-4426-5705-2"}]},{"reference":"Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.). University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442678033. ISBN 978-1-4426-7803-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442678033","url_text":"10.3138/9781442678033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7803-3","url_text":"978-1-4426-7803-3"}]},{"reference":"Gabbay, Uri; Boivin, Odette (2018). \"A Hymn of Ayadaragalama, King of the First Sealand Dynasty, to the Gods of Nippur: The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty\". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 108 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 22–42. doi:10.1515/za-2018-0003. ISSN 0084-5299. S2CID 165744935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2018-0003","url_text":"10.1515/za-2018-0003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5299","url_text":"0084-5299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165744935","url_text":"165744935"}]},{"reference":"George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-80-3","url_text":"0-931464-80-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27813103","url_text":"27813103"}]},{"reference":"Krebernik, Manfred (2008), \"Richtergott(heiten)\", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-25","urls":[{"url":"http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10032","url_text":"\"Richtergott(heiten)\""}]},{"reference":"Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. ISBN 9789004364936.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36775866","url_text":"The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004364943_004","url_text":"10.1163/9789004364943_004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004364936","url_text":"9789004364936"}]},{"reference":"Litke, Richard L. (1998). A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli (PDF). New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. ISBN 978-0-9667495-0-2. OCLC 470337605.","urls":[{"url":"https://babylonian-collection.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Litke%2C%20Richard%20L_%20-%20A%20Reconstruction%20of%20the%20Assyro-Babylonian%20God-Lists_%20TBC%203%2C%201998.pdf","url_text":"A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9667495-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9667495-0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470337605","url_text":"470337605"}]},{"reference":"Pardee, Dennis (2002). Ritual and cult at Ugarit. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-90-04-12657-2. OCLC 558437302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12657-2","url_text":"978-90-04-12657-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/558437302","url_text":"558437302"}]},{"reference":"Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). Religion and Ideology in Assyria. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-426-8. Retrieved 2022-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LJqnCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Religion and Ideology in Assyria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-426-8","url_text":"978-1-61451-426-8"}]},{"reference":"Sallaberger, Walther (2021). \"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba\". In van Ess, Margarete (ed.). Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-447-11368-7. OCLC 1255365039.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/86512592","url_text":"\"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11368-7","url_text":"978-3-447-11368-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255365039","url_text":"1255365039"}]},{"reference":"Sasson, Jack M. (2015). From the Mari archives: an anthology of old Babylonian letters. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-830-5. OCLC 907931488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-830-5","url_text":"978-1-57506-830-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907931488","url_text":"907931488"}]},{"reference":"Schwemer, Daniel (2001). Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-04456-1. OCLC 48145544.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16999070","url_text":"Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04456-1","url_text":"978-3-447-04456-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48145544","url_text":"48145544"}]},{"reference":"Schwemer, Daniel (2007). \"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I\" (PDF). Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 7 (2). Brill: 121–168. doi:10.1163/156921207783876404. ISSN 1569-2116.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7075/1/JANER7%3A2offprint.pdf","url_text":"\"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921207783876404","url_text":"10.1163/156921207783876404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116","url_text":"1569-2116"}]},{"reference":"Schwemer, Daniel (2008), \"Šāla A. Philologisch\", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-25","urls":[{"url":"http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10238","url_text":"\"Šāla A. Philologisch\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Wilfred G. E. (1999), \"Misharu\", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2, retrieved 2022-10-25","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA577","url_text":"Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2491-2","url_text":"978-0-8028-2491-2"}]},{"reference":"Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987). \"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II\". Ex Oriente Lux. 29. Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/252789","url_text":"\"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2021-1-page-51.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bird in the Sky – Babylonian Bird Omen Collections, Astral Observations and the manzāzu\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fassy.115.0051","external_links_name":"10.3917/assy.115.0051"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6032","external_links_name":"0373-6032"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442657052","external_links_name":"10.3138/9781442657052"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442678033","external_links_name":"10.3138/9781442678033"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2018-0003","external_links_name":"10.1515/za-2018-0003"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5299","external_links_name":"0084-5299"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165744935","external_links_name":"165744935"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27813103","external_links_name":"27813103"},{"Link":"http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10032","external_links_name":"\"Richtergott(heiten)\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/36775866","external_links_name":"The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004364943_004","external_links_name":"10.1163/9789004364943_004"},{"Link":"https://babylonian-collection.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Litke%2C%20Richard%20L_%20-%20A%20Reconstruction%20of%20the%20Assyro-Babylonian%20God-Lists_%20TBC%203%2C%201998.pdf","external_links_name":"A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470337605","external_links_name":"470337605"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/558437302","external_links_name":"558437302"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LJqnCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Religion and Ideology in Assyria"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/86512592","external_links_name":"\"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255365039","external_links_name":"1255365039"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907931488","external_links_name":"907931488"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/16999070","external_links_name":"Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48145544","external_links_name":"48145544"},{"Link":"https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7075/1/JANER7%3A2offprint.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921207783876404","external_links_name":"10.1163/156921207783876404"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116","external_links_name":"1569-2116"},{"Link":"http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10238","external_links_name":"\"Šāla A. Philologisch\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA577","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/252789","external_links_name":"\"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeda | Popeda | ["1 Members","1.1 Current","1.2 Past","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Compilations","2.3 DVDs","2.4 Singles","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Finnish rock band
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PopedaPopeda performing at Provinssirock 2013Background informationOriginTampere, FinlandGenresRock, hard rock, manserock, pub rockYears active1977 (1977)–presentLabelsPoko RekordsMembers
Olli Herman
Costello Hautamäki
Pate Kivinen
Lacu Lahtinen
Alex Hautamäki
Past members
Pate Mustajärvi
Ilari "Ilpo" Ainiala
Tapani "Arwo" Mikkonen
Ari Puukka
Kai Holm
Risto "Eebo" Lehtinen
Jyrki Melartin
Kari Holm
Eero Pekkonen
Jukka "Jukkis" Järvinen
Timo Tapaninen
Markku Petander
Arto Rautajoki
Jani Kemppinen
Websitepopeda.fi
Popeda is a Finnish rock band hailing from Tampere and one of the staples of Manserock. It was founded in November 1977 by Pauli "Pate" Mustajärvi and Ilari "Ilpo" Ainiala, who were joined by Arwo Mikkonen, Matti Palmunen and Ari Puukka. Mustajärvi, the last original member, left the band in 2023. Following Mustajärvi's departure, the band consists of Costello Hautamäki, Alex Hautamäki, Lacu Lahtinen and Pate Kivinen.
Epe Helenius, who signed the band for Poko Rekords in 1977, called the band "Finnish Rolling Stones". Mustajärvi has cited The Who, Black Sabbath and Neil Young as the band's musical inspirations. Musically their style is a combination of rock 'n' roll, with humorous lyrics by their vocalist Pate Mustajärvi, often concerning girls, cars and drinking.
The name of the band was the idea of Ainiala. Initially called "Punk Rock Pobeda" (from the Russian Pobeda, meaning victory), the name was quickly shortened and stylized to Popeda.
In 2014, the band received the Suomi-palkinto cultural award of the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture.
Members
Current
Costello Hautamäki – guitar, vocals (1982–present)
Pate Kivinen – keyboards (2008–present)
Lacu Lahtinen – drums, vocals (2008–present)
Alex Hautamäki - bass, vocals (2021–present)
Olli Herman - vocals (2024–present)
Past
Pate Mustajärvi – vocals (1977–2023)
Ilari "Ilpo" Ainiala – bass guitar (1977–1979)
Tapani "Arwo" Mikkonen – guitar (1977–1986)
Ari Puukka – guitar (1977–1981)
Kai Holm – drums (1977–1983)
Risto "Eebo" Lehtinen – bass guitar (1979–1981)
Jyrki K. Melartin – bass guitar, vocals (1980–1990, 1995–2021)
Kari Holm – drums (1983–2000)
Eero Pekkonen – keyboards (1983–1985)
Jukka "Jukkis" Järvinen – keyboards (1986–2000)
Timo Tapaninen – guitar (1986–1990)
Markku Petander – bass guitar, vocals (1990–1995)
Arto Rautajoki – drums (2001–2007)
Jani Kemppinen – keyboards (2001–2007)
Discography
Albums
Popeda (1978)
Raswaa koneeseen (1980) (Grease to the Machine)
Hullut koirat (1981) (Mad Dogs)
Raakaa voimaa (1981) (Live) (Raw Power)
Mustat enkelit (1982) (Black Angels)
Kaasua... (1983) (Gas...)
Harasoo (1984)
Pohjantähden alla (1985) (Under the North Star)
Huilut suorina (1986) (Live) (Flutes Straight)
Ei oo valoo (1987) (There's No Light)
Hallelujaa (1988) (Hallelujah)
Kans'an Popeda (1990) (Nation's Popeda)
Svoboda (1992) (Freedom)
H.Ö.N.Ö. (1994) (F.O.O.L.)
Live at the BBC (1995)
500 cc (1997)
Vieraissa (1999) (Sleeping around)
Just! (2001) (Right!)
Häkää! (2005) (Carbon Monoxide!)
Täydelliset miehet (2008) (Perfect Men)
Pitkä Kuuma Kesä 2010 – Live (2010) (Long Hot Summer 2010 – Live)
Voitto (2011) (Victory)
Museorekisterissä / Museorekisterissä – Karvanopat ja Wunderbaum (2013) (Registered Historic Vehicle – Fuzzy dices and Wunderbaum)
Haista...Popeda (2017) (Smell...Popeda)
Compilations
15 GT Golden Turpo (1986)
Poko-klassikko: Popeda (1987) (Poko-Classics: Popeda)
Peethelemin Pesäveikot (nopein saa) (1993) (Nest brothers of Betlehem (Fastest Gets))
Hittejä, kersantti Karoliina! (1997) (Hits, Sergeant Karoliina!)
Pelkkää juhlaa – 25v. Juhlakokoelma (Nothing but Celebration – 25th Anniversary Celebration Collection)
30-vuotinen sota 1977–2007 (2007) (30 Year War 1977–2007)
DVDs
Hyvää iltaa, Tampere (2002) (Good Evening, Tampere)
Pitkä Kuuma Kesä 2010 – Live (2010) (Long Hot Summer 2010 – Live)
Singles
Hei mies / Mönkiäislaulu PIS 006, 1978
Erkki ja Leena / Sammakkalaulu PIS 008, 1978
Suuret setelit / Lauri Lutavuori PIS 022, 1979
Huummetta / Kouluun PIS 033, 1979
Mörrimöykky / Bebobbahobbin PIS 057, 1980
Minä elän / Silimiklasikyy (live) PIS 084, 1981
Minä elän / Silimiklasikyy (live) / Luvattu maa (live) PIS 12-084, 1981
Kalteriblues / Onnellinen mies PIS 103, 1982
Yö / Maailma palaa PIS 109, 1982
Delilah / Yks kysta kimma PIS 115, 1983
Kaasua, komisaario Peppone / Viimeinen mohikaani AUTOM 5, 1983
Kaasua, komisaario Peppone PEPPONE 1, 1983
Matkalla Alabamaan / Nyrkki-Kyllikki PIS 129, 1984
Matkalla Alabamaan (remix) / Sielun Veljet: Aina nälkä PROMO 12-1, 1984
Sukset (vaikeata tämä hiihtäminen) / Raz, Dva, Tri PIS 140, 1984
Palle and the Boys / Hjulapata PIS 152, 1985
Palle and the Boys / Hjulapata / Sukset (vaikeata tämä hiihtäminen) (4x10 km:n viestihiihtomixaus) PIS 152-12, 1985
Kuuma kesä / Tuomas parka PIS 158, 1985
Tää on se yö / Mikä vika mussa on PIS 176, 1986
Eläinten vallankumous / Omia ollaan PIS 191, 1986
Kellot lyö / Potkurilakkirock PIS 195, 1986
Maailmankaikkeuden suvijenkka / Ranttalitytön tärinät PIS 214, 1987
Bandiittipolkka / Luumäkirock PIS 219, 1987
EppuPopedaNormaali: 20 vuotta sikana / Hyvä kankkunen PIS 224, 1987
Raaka-Arska & Räp-Popeda: Muumi Muumi / Hei mies -räp PIS 229, 1987
Optinen O / Valkoisessa huoneessa PIS 231, 1988
Sä lähdit taas / Kovan pojan blues PIS 253, 1988
Sä lähdit taas / 4711 AUTOM 19, 1989
Paulin taikakaulin / Heavy lutaa PIS 262, 1989
Lilli Kupponen / Nysse tulee / Kuuma kokardi PROMOCD 2, 1990
Enkeliblues / Nysse tulee AUTOM 21, 1990
Punaista ja makeaa / Kotiin PIS 290, 1991
Kirje / Irmeli PIS 303, 1991
Kersantti Karoliina / Mää ja Tapparan mies PROMOCD 5, 1992
Kersantti Karoliina / Mää ja Tapparan mies PIS 308, 1992
Repe ja Lissu / Sen kunniaksi PIS 314, 1992
Hjulapata / Omia ollaan / Kovan pojan blues PSCD 30, 1993
Siankorvaa ja raanavettä PROMOCD 8, 1994
Oodi makkaralle PROMOCD 9, 1994
Siankorvaa ja raanavettä AUTOM 24, 1994
Tahdotko mut tosiaan / Pelkosenniemen poika PSCD 47, 1994
Mustameri ja mies / Mannaa mammonaa PROMOCD 26, 1997
Paperitähdet / Mayday Mayday PSCD 127, 1999
Mustaa / No niin tottakai PSCD 133, 1999
Beibin kanssa Irlantiin / Entisestä pois PSCD 173, 2001
Tohtori Mustajärvi PSCD 177, 2001
Hilipatipippaa / Onko vielä aikaa PSCD 184, 2001
Kakskytä centtiä / Pakko saada BMW PSCD 200, 2002
Ei lasten käsiin PSCD 237, 2004
Ikurin mimmi PSCD 259, 2005
Katsastuslaulu (Popeda) / Tango Pelargonia (Trio Mukavat) PSCD 268, 2006
Reino PSCD 288, 2007
Kuutamohullu PSCD 295, 2008
Onhan päivä vielä huomennakin PSCD 301, 2008
Elän itselleni PSCD 304, 2008
Hääkellot soi PSCD 307, 2011
Bermudan kolmio, 2012
Onko saunan takana tilaa?, 2016
Lihaa ja perunaa, 2017
Sha-la-la / Ikävä keikalle (feat. Klamydia, 2021)
See also
List of best-selling music artists in Finland
References
^ a b Mansikka, Heli (4 December 2014). "Popedalle valtion Suomi-palkinto: Yksinkertaista ja tarttuvaa "äijärokkia"". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
^ a b Nelskylä, Lena (17 November 2007). "Legendan nimi on Popeda". MTV Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
^ a b c Valavaara, Sara (2 September 2023). "Tällainen oli Popedan huikea Tarina - Voittoa, kuolemaa ja rock'n'rollia". Iltalehti (in Finnish).
^ a b Lippu, Anna-Maija (4 September 2023). "IS: Popeda jatkaa ilman Pate Mustajärveä, nimestä kiistaa". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish).
^ Kiuru, Arto (30 September 2002). "Popeda on jo nähnyt kaiken". Kaleva (in Finnish).
^ Lindfors, Jukka; Lehtola, Petri (4 September 2023). "Popedan keikkaklassikoita ja haastatteluhelmiä". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
^ Koste, Henna (30 November 2021). "Popedan basisti jätti yllättäen bändin - viime viikonloppuna keikkasotkua". Iltalehti (in Finnish).
Further reading
Kontiainen, Vesa; Starck, Kjell (2009). Popeda. Ilikeesti kiitää (in Finnish) (3rd, expanded ed.). Like. ISBN 978-952-01-0328-6.
Kontiainen, Vesa (2017). Popeda. Nelkytä vuotta (in Finnish). Bazar. ISBN 978-952-279-396-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popeda.
The Official Site
Popeda site by Jyrki Hietanen
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Finland
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pobeda (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobeda_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Manserock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manserock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yle-2014-1"},{"link_name":"Pauli \"Pate\" Mustajärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pate_Mustaj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-il-2023-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-2023-4"},{"link_name":"Costello Hautamäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello_Hautam%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Lacu Lahtinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacu_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-il-2023-3"},{"link_name":"Poko Rekords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poko_Rekords"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-2007-2"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-il-2023-3"},{"link_name":"Suomi-palkinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suomi-palkinto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomi-palkinto"},{"link_name":"Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yle-2014-1"}],"text":"Finnish rock bandNot to be confused with Pobeda (disambiguation).Popeda is a Finnish rock band hailing from Tampere and one of the staples of Manserock.[1] It was founded in November 1977 by Pauli \"Pate\" Mustajärvi and Ilari \"Ilpo\" Ainiala,[2] who were joined by Arwo Mikkonen, Matti Palmunen and Ari Puukka.[3] Mustajärvi, the last original member, left the band in 2023.[4] Following Mustajärvi's departure, the band consists of Costello Hautamäki, Alex Hautamäki, Lacu Lahtinen and Pate Kivinen.[3]Epe Helenius, who signed the band for Poko Rekords in 1977, called the band \"Finnish Rolling Stones\".[2] Mustajärvi has cited The Who, Black Sabbath and Neil Young as the band's musical inspirations.[5] Musically their style is a combination of rock 'n' roll, with humorous lyrics by their vocalist Pate Mustajärvi, often concerning girls, cars and drinking.The name of the band was the idea of Ainiala.[6] Initially called \"Punk Rock Pobeda\" (from the Russian Pobeda, meaning victory), the name was quickly shortened and stylized to Popeda.[3]In 2014, the band received the Suomi-palkinto [fi] cultural award of the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture.[1]","title":"Popeda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Costello Hautamäki – guitar, vocals (1982–present)\nPate Kivinen – keyboards (2008–present)\nLacu Lahtinen – drums, vocals (2008–present)\nAlex Hautamäki - bass, vocals (2021–present)\nOlli Herman - vocals (2024–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs-2023-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Past","text":"Pate Mustajärvi – vocals (1977–2023)[4]\nIlari \"Ilpo\" Ainiala – bass guitar (1977–1979)\nTapani \"Arwo\" Mikkonen – guitar (1977–1986)\nAri Puukka – guitar (1977–1981)\nKai Holm – drums (1977–1983)\nRisto \"Eebo\" Lehtinen – bass guitar (1979–1981)\nJyrki K. Melartin – bass guitar, vocals (1980–1990, 1995–2021)[7]\nKari Holm – drums (1983–2000)\nEero Pekkonen – keyboards (1983–1985)\nJukka \"Jukkis\" Järvinen – keyboards (1986–2000)\nTimo Tapaninen – guitar (1986–1990)\nMarkku Petander – bass guitar, vocals (1990–1995)\nArto Rautajoki – drums (2001–2007)\nJani Kemppinen – keyboards (2001–2007)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Popeda (1978)\nRaswaa koneeseen (1980) (Grease to the Machine)\nHullut koirat (1981) (Mad Dogs)\nRaakaa voimaa (1981) (Live) (Raw Power)\nMustat enkelit (1982) (Black Angels)\nKaasua... (1983) (Gas...)\nHarasoo (1984)\nPohjantähden alla (1985) (Under the North Star)\nHuilut suorina (1986) (Live) (Flutes Straight)\nEi oo valoo (1987) (There's No Light)\nHallelujaa (1988) (Hallelujah)\nKans'an Popeda (1990) (Nation's Popeda)\nSvoboda (1992) (Freedom)\nH.Ö.N.Ö. (1994) (F.O.O.L.)\nLive at the BBC (1995)\n500 cc (1997)\nVieraissa (1999) (Sleeping around)\nJust! (2001) (Right!)\nHäkää! (2005) (Carbon Monoxide!)\nTäydelliset miehet (2008) (Perfect Men)\nPitkä Kuuma Kesä 2010 – Live (2010) (Long Hot Summer 2010 – Live)\nVoitto (2011) (Victory)\nMuseorekisterissä / Museorekisterissä – Karvanopat ja Wunderbaum (2013) (Registered Historic Vehicle – Fuzzy dices and Wunderbaum)\nHaista...Popeda (2017) (Smell...Popeda)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"15 GT Golden Turpo (1986)\nPoko-klassikko: Popeda (1987) (Poko-Classics: Popeda)\nPeethelemin Pesäveikot (nopein saa) (1993) (Nest brothers of Betlehem (Fastest Gets))\nHittejä, kersantti Karoliina! (1997) (Hits, Sergeant Karoliina!)\nPelkkää juhlaa – 25v. Juhlakokoelma (Nothing but Celebration – 25th Anniversary Celebration Collection)\n30-vuotinen sota 1977–2007 (2007) (30 Year War 1977–2007)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DVDs","text":"Hyvää iltaa, Tampere (2002) (Good Evening, Tampere)\nPitkä Kuuma Kesä 2010 – Live (2010) (Long Hot Summer 2010 – Live)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sielun Veljet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielun_Veljet"},{"link_name":"Paperitähdet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Mustaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_It_Black"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Hei mies / Mönkiäislaulu PIS 006, 1978\nErkki ja Leena / Sammakkalaulu PIS 008, 1978\nSuuret setelit / Lauri Lutavuori PIS 022, 1979\nHuummetta / Kouluun PIS 033, 1979\nMörrimöykky / Bebobbahobbin PIS 057, 1980\nMinä elän / Silimiklasikyy (live) PIS 084, 1981\nMinä elän / Silimiklasikyy (live) / Luvattu maa (live) PIS 12-084, 1981\nKalteriblues / Onnellinen mies PIS 103, 1982\nYö / Maailma palaa PIS 109, 1982\nDelilah / Yks kysta kimma PIS 115, 1983\nKaasua, komisaario Peppone / Viimeinen mohikaani AUTOM 5, 1983\nKaasua, komisaario Peppone PEPPONE 1, 1983\nMatkalla Alabamaan / Nyrkki-Kyllikki PIS 129, 1984\nMatkalla Alabamaan (remix) / Sielun Veljet: Aina nälkä PROMO 12-1, 1984\nSukset (vaikeata tämä hiihtäminen) / Raz, Dva, Tri PIS 140, 1984\nPalle and the Boys / Hjulapata PIS 152, 1985\nPalle and the Boys / Hjulapata / Sukset (vaikeata tämä hiihtäminen) (4x10 km:n viestihiihtomixaus) PIS 152-12, 1985\nKuuma kesä / Tuomas parka PIS 158, 1985\nTää on se yö / Mikä vika mussa on PIS 176, 1986\nEläinten vallankumous / Omia ollaan PIS 191, 1986\nKellot lyö / Potkurilakkirock PIS 195, 1986\nMaailmankaikkeuden suvijenkka / Ranttalitytön tärinät PIS 214, 1987\nBandiittipolkka / Luumäkirock PIS 219, 1987\nEppuPopedaNormaali: 20 vuotta sikana / Hyvä kankkunen PIS 224, 1987\nRaaka-Arska & Räp-Popeda: Muumi Muumi / Hei mies -räp PIS 229, 1987\nOptinen O / Valkoisessa huoneessa PIS 231, 1988\nSä lähdit taas / Kovan pojan blues PIS 253, 1988\nSä lähdit taas / 4711 AUTOM 19, 1989\nPaulin taikakaulin / Heavy lutaa PIS 262, 1989\nLilli Kupponen / Nysse tulee / Kuuma kokardi PROMOCD 2, 1990\nEnkeliblues / Nysse tulee AUTOM 21, 1990\nPunaista ja makeaa / Kotiin PIS 290, 1991\nKirje / Irmeli PIS 303, 1991\nKersantti Karoliina / Mää ja Tapparan mies PROMOCD 5, 1992\nKersantti Karoliina / Mää ja Tapparan mies PIS 308, 1992\nRepe ja Lissu / Sen kunniaksi PIS 314, 1992\nHjulapata / Omia ollaan / Kovan pojan blues PSCD 30, 1993\nSiankorvaa ja raanavettä PROMOCD 8, 1994\nOodi makkaralle PROMOCD 9, 1994\nSiankorvaa ja raanavettä AUTOM 24, 1994\nTahdotko mut tosiaan / Pelkosenniemen poika PSCD 47, 1994\nMustameri ja mies / Mannaa mammonaa PROMOCD 26, 1997\nPaperitähdet / Mayday Mayday PSCD 127, 1999\nMustaa / No niin tottakai PSCD 133, 1999\nBeibin kanssa Irlantiin / Entisestä pois PSCD 173, 2001\nTohtori Mustajärvi PSCD 177, 2001\nHilipatipippaa / Onko vielä aikaa PSCD 184, 2001\nKakskytä centtiä / Pakko saada BMW PSCD 200, 2002\nEi lasten käsiin PSCD 237, 2004\nIkurin mimmi PSCD 259, 2005\nKatsastuslaulu (Popeda) / Tango Pelargonia (Trio Mukavat) PSCD 268, 2006\nReino PSCD 288, 2007\nKuutamohullu PSCD 295, 2008\nOnhan päivä vielä huomennakin PSCD 301, 2008\nElän itselleni PSCD 304, 2008\nHääkellot soi PSCD 307, 2011\nBermudan kolmio, 2012\nOnko saunan takana tilaa?, 2016\nLihaa ja perunaa, 2017\nSha-la-la / Ikävä keikalle (feat. Klamydia, 2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-01-0328-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-01-0328-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-279-396-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-279-396-6"}],"text":"Kontiainen, Vesa; Starck, Kjell (2009). Popeda. Ilikeesti kiitää (in Finnish) (3rd, expanded ed.). Like. ISBN 978-952-01-0328-6.\nKontiainen, Vesa (2017). Popeda. Nelkytä vuotta (in Finnish). Bazar. ISBN 978-952-279-396-6.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of best-selling music artists in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland"}] | [{"reference":"Mansikka, Heli (4 December 2014). \"Popedalle valtion Suomi-palkinto: Yksinkertaista ja tarttuvaa \"äijärokkia\"\". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/a/3-7667131","url_text":"\"Popedalle valtion Suomi-palkinto: Yksinkertaista ja tarttuvaa \"äijärokkia\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle_Uutiset","url_text":"Yle Uutiset"}]},{"reference":"Nelskylä, Lena (17 November 2007). \"Legendan nimi on Popeda\". MTV Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/legendan-nimi-on-popeda/2877230","url_text":"\"Legendan nimi on Popeda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Uutiset","url_text":"MTV Uutiset"}]},{"reference":"Valavaara, Sara (2 September 2023). \"Tällainen oli Popedan huikea Tarina - Voittoa, kuolemaa ja rock'n'rollia\". Iltalehti (in Finnish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/42b83edb-3fda-4a55-8fec-29d9d0929cbb","url_text":"\"Tällainen oli Popedan huikea Tarina - Voittoa, kuolemaa ja rock'n'rollia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iltalehti","url_text":"Iltalehti"}]},{"reference":"Lippu, Anna-Maija (4 September 2023). \"IS: Popeda jatkaa ilman Pate Mustajärveä, nimestä kiistaa\". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000009830858.html","url_text":"\"IS: Popeda jatkaa ilman Pate Mustajärveä, nimestä kiistaa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat","url_text":"Helsingin Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Kiuru, Arto (30 September 2002). \"Popeda on jo nähnyt kaiken\". Kaleva (in Finnish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kaleva.fi/popeda-on-jo-nahnyt-kaiken/2214068","url_text":"\"Popeda on jo nähnyt kaiken\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleva_(newspaper)","url_text":"Kaleva"}]},{"reference":"Lindfors, Jukka; Lehtola, Petri (4 September 2023). \"Popedan keikkaklassikoita ja haastatteluhelmiä\". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2007/10/11/popedan-keikkaklassikoita","url_text":"\"Popedan keikkaklassikoita ja haastatteluhelmiä\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle","url_text":"Yle"}]},{"reference":"Koste, Henna (30 November 2021). \"Popedan basisti jätti yllättäen bändin - viime viikonloppuna keikkasotkua\". Iltalehti (in Finnish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/9c235e5b-7647-474a-b959-28ec16bb0a96","url_text":"\"Popedan basisti jätti yllättäen bändin - viime viikonloppuna keikkasotkua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iltalehti","url_text":"Iltalehti"}]},{"reference":"Kontiainen, Vesa; Starck, Kjell (2009). Popeda. Ilikeesti kiitää (in Finnish) (3rd, expanded ed.). Like. ISBN 978-952-01-0328-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-01-0328-6","url_text":"978-952-01-0328-6"}]},{"reference":"Kontiainen, Vesa (2017). Popeda. Nelkytä vuotta (in Finnish). Bazar. ISBN 978-952-279-396-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-279-396-6","url_text":"978-952-279-396-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Popeda%22","external_links_name":"\"Popeda\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Popeda%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Popeda%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Popeda%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Popeda%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Popeda%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://popeda.fi/","external_links_name":"popeda.fi"},{"Link":"https://yle.fi/a/3-7667131","external_links_name":"\"Popedalle valtion Suomi-palkinto: Yksinkertaista ja tarttuvaa \"äijärokkia\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/legendan-nimi-on-popeda/2877230","external_links_name":"\"Legendan nimi on Popeda\""},{"Link":"https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/42b83edb-3fda-4a55-8fec-29d9d0929cbb","external_links_name":"\"Tällainen oli Popedan huikea Tarina - Voittoa, kuolemaa ja rock'n'rollia\""},{"Link":"https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000009830858.html","external_links_name":"\"IS: Popeda jatkaa ilman Pate Mustajärveä, nimestä kiistaa\""},{"Link":"https://www.kaleva.fi/popeda-on-jo-nahnyt-kaiken/2214068","external_links_name":"\"Popeda on jo nähnyt kaiken\""},{"Link":"https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2007/10/11/popedan-keikkaklassikoita","external_links_name":"\"Popedan keikkaklassikoita ja haastatteluhelmiä\""},{"Link":"https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihdeuutiset/a/9c235e5b-7647-474a-b959-28ec16bb0a96","external_links_name":"\"Popedan basisti jätti yllättäen bändin - viime viikonloppuna keikkasotkua\""},{"Link":"https://popeda.fi/","external_links_name":"The Official Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051215130430/http://www.sunpoint.net/~jyrhi/popeda.htm","external_links_name":"Popeda site by Jyrki Hietanen"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000470144755","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000164376","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c03b2a7e-1938-4a8a-83af-206c2f22df4c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyun_Bin | Hyun Bin | ["1 Career","1.1 2003–2007: Career beginnings and rise to stardom","1.2 2008–2011: New career challenges and Secret Garden","1.3 2011–2012: Military enlistment and discharge","1.4 2013–2016: Comeback to entertainment industry","1.5 2017–present: Career resurgence","2 Philanthropy","3 Personal life","3.1 Relationship and marriage","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television series","4.3 Television show","4.4 Music video appearances","5 Discography","6 Ambassadorship","7 Awards and nominations","7.1 State honors","7.2 Listicles","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | South Korean actor (born 1982)
In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
Hyun BinHyun Bin in May 2019BornKim Tae-pyung (1982-09-25) September 25, 1982 (age 41)Songpa District, Seoul, South KoreaEducationChung-Ang University (M.A. in Theater and Film)OccupationActorYears active2003–presentAgentVAST EntertainmentHeight185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Spouse
Son Ye-jin (m. 2022)Children1Korean nameHangul김태평Hanja金泰坪Revised RomanizationGim Tae-pyeongMcCune–ReischauerKim T'aep'yŏngStage nameHangul현빈Hanja玄彬Revised RomanizationHyeon-binMcCune–ReischauerHyŏnbin
Websitevastenm.com
Kim Tae-pyung (Korean: 김태평; born September 25, 1982), better known by his stage name Hyun Bin (현빈), is a South Korean actor. He gained widespread recognition for his role in the 2005 romantic comedy television series My Name is Kim Sam-soon. Since then, he has appeared in leading roles in other successful television shows, including the romantic fantasy drama Secret Garden (2010–2011), fantasy drama Memories of the Alhambra (2018–2019), and romantic drama Crash Landing on You (2019–2020). Hyun Bin's popularity was further widened by starring in a series of box office hits: the period action The Fatal Encounter (2014), the action thriller Confidential Assignment (2017) and its 2022 sequel, as well as the crime thriller The Swindlers (2017). He was Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year in 2011. The success of Hyun Bin's works internationally established him as a top Hallyu star.
Hyun drew praise from critics for his performance in melodrama film Late Autumn, which was screened at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival. Throughout his television and film career, he has been nominated for several iconic awards, including five at the Baeksang Arts Awards, and won various accolades for his acting recognition, including the Grand Prize for Television at the 47th Baeksang Arts Awards.
Career
2003–2007: Career beginnings and rise to stardom
Hyun Bin's first film was Shower in 2002. However, filming was stopped and was not released due to lack of proper funding. Hyun eventually made his debut as an actor in the 2003 television series Bodyguard. He then starred in the sitcom Nonstop 4 and quirky romance drama Ireland, and made his film debut the same year in the youth sports film Spin Kick.
Hyun shot to stardom with the 2005 romantic comedy TV series My Lovely Sam Soon with Kim Sun-a, for which Hyun won the Top Excellence Award at the MBC Drama Awards. My Lovely Sam Soon was a massive hit with average viewership ratings of over 37% and recorded 50.5% for the finale, making it one of the highest-rated Korean drama of all time. The high level popularity of the drama and his portrayal as Sam-sik established Hyun Bin as a top star in South Korea and a Hallyu star as his popularity expanded beyond South Korea to Japan and other countries in Asia.
Following the success of My Lovely Sam Soon, Hyun starred in lead role in his first film A Millionaire's First Love (written by internet novelist Guiyeoni). The film was a hit with the young audience. Hyun's next television project, The Snow Queen, although the series underperformed, earned him his first Best Actor nomination at Baeksang Arts Awards.
2008–2011: New career challenges and Secret Garden
To expand his acting profile, Hyun started to choose more eclectic projects. In 2008, he acted in director Yoon Jong-chan's film I Am Happy, playing Man-soo, a man who suffers from mental illnesses. The film was selected to screen at the 13th Busan International Film Festival in 2008, but it was not released in theatres until late 2009. After The Snow Queen, Hyun returned to television with Worlds Within, which was well-received for Noh Hee-kyung's writing. He was praised for his nuanced acting in the drama series. In 2009, Hyun drew critical acclaim with his portrayal as a sociopath in the gangster saga Friend, Our Legend. To prepare for his role, he reportedly watched Kwak Kyung-taek's original film 20 to 30 times.
In 2010, Hyun starred in Secret Garden, a romantic fantasy drama written by Kim Eun-sook. The drama recorded its highest viewership ratings of 35%, and gained enormous popularity both domestically and internationally for its fashion, catchphrases and music. His portrayal as Kim Joo-won created a "Hyun Bin Syndrome" as his name and face were plastered everywhere, from newspapers to television and the internet. Hyun was recognized at the 2010 SBS Drama Awards and the 47th Baeksang Arts Awards for his stellar performance. He also contributed to the soundtrack of the drama with "That Man", which peaked at number one in eight Korean music portals.
Hyun Bin in February 2011
In 2011, Hyun appeared in two films that were released back to back; Come Rain, Come Shine, a minimalist breakup indie directed by Lee Yoon-ki, and Late Autumn directed by Kim Tae-yong. Shot in Seattle, Late Autumn is an English-language remake of the 1966 Lee Man-hee classic, in which Hyun played a man on the run who falls in love with a woman who is on special leave from prison (Chinese actress Tang Wei). It became the highest grossing Korean film released in China to date, taking in more than US$9.5 million over two weeks, which was unprecedented for a melodrama. He received a good review from The Hollywood Reporter which stated, "It is Hyun who impresses more for not underplaying the dandy, narcissistic side of his personality." Hyun walked the red carpet at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival, where the two films were both selected to be screened. He described the honor as his "most happiest achievement".
2011–2012: Military enlistment and discharge
On March 7, 2011, Hyun began his 21-month mandatory military service as a soldier in the Marine Corps. He volunteered to serve in the Marine Corps, said to be the toughest branch of the Korean military, as he had a good impression of the Marines. Competition rate to enter the Marines at that time was high at 4:1 with Hyun placing in the top 5% of applicants. Hyun applied to be a combat soldier. The decision to join the Marines while at the peak of his career generated much interest in Korea and overseas. Seven broadcasting companies, including Japan's NHK, requested access to the training camp. Hyun was named a top marksman during training, one of 16 out of about 720 rookie Marines. Hyun hit the target 19 times out of 20 in day shooting training, and all of his 10 shots hit the target during night training. To qualify as a top marksman, rookies must hit the target more than 18 times out of 20 in day training and nine out of 10 at night.
The Corps originally planned to put Hyun on public relations duty; however due to public criticism and Hyun's reported desire to serve on the front line, Hyun was assigned on active duty to Baengnyeong Island, close to the Northern Limit Line and Yeonpyeong, site of a November 2010 artillery engagement between the North and South Korean forces.
After joining the Marines and completing his six months in the service, Hyun participated in the "Seoul Reclamation Anniversary Marine Marathon Competition". He ran a 6.25 km long course with 400 exemplary senior marines. This event was held in remembrance of the historically significant event when the Marines won back the capital Seoul that had been taken during the 6.25 Korean War.
He was discharged on December 6, 2012, and was awarded the Secretary of Defense Award and the Marine Corps Commandant Commendation for being an exemplary soldier. After the merger of their former agency AM Entertainment with SM Entertainment, Hyun's reps announced in November 2012 that the actor and Shin Min-ah had decided to go independent and set up their own management agency O& Entertainment.
2013–2016: Comeback to entertainment industry
Hyun spent most of 2013 shooting ad commercials as an in-demand product endorser, and holding fan meetings all over Asia. For his acting comeback after military service, Hyun chose The Fatal Encounter, his first ever period film, in which he played the leading role of King Jeongjo who faced fierce party strife and assassination attempts during his reign. It was released in April 2014 and drew more than 3 million admissions. However, Hyun was criticized for his flat tonation and lack of emotions in the film, which received mostly negative reviews.
Hyun Bin during 2014 Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival
In 2015, Hyun made a comeback in the Korean drama scene after 4 years with romantic comedy series Hyde Jekyll, Me. In the drama inspired by the literary character, he plays a man with split personality disorder whose two personas both fall for the same woman.
In January 2016, Hyun set up his own agency, VAST Entertainment, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Kakao M three years later.
2017–present: Career resurgence
Hyun returned to big screen with the action-thriller film titled Confidential Assignment (2017), where he plays the role of a North Korean detective that is secretly sent to South Korea to apprehend a crime ring that is made up of North Korean traitors. The film was a success, and Hyun received positive reviews from critics for his action scenes and comedic performance. He then starred in crime action film The Swindlers, along with Yoo Ji-tae, about a prosecutor who plans to catch a con man who has swindled a large sum of money. The Swindlers was another box office hit for Hyun.
In 2018, Hyun starred in crime thriller The Negotiation, playing a villain role for the first time, alongside Son Ye-jin; and zombie blockbuster Rampant (which was co-produced by VAST Entertainment).
The same year, he returned to the small screen with fantasy suspense drama Memories of the Alhambra alongside Park Shin-hye. The series is one of highest rated Korean drama in cable television history, and Hyun was praised for his seemingly indifferent but humorous depiction of his character.
In 2019, Hyun reunited with The Negotiation co-star Son Ye-jin in the hit romance drama Crash Landing on You as a North Korean army captain. The drama was a huge success and is the fourth-highest-rated Korean drama in cable television history, and Hyun was praised for his versatile range of emotions and acting skills.
For his portrayal as Captain Ri Jeong Hyuk as a North Korean elite army officer, Hyun won Grand Prize at APAN Star Awards.
In 2020, Hyun is set to star as a NIS agent in the action thriller film The Point Men, directed by Yim Soon-rye.
Philanthropy
On October 29, 2013, Hyun received the President's award at the 50th Savings Day held by the Financial Services Committee, for saving 35 billion won (approximately US$33 million) within 17 years. In February 2016, Hyun was involved in an awareness campaign against animal cruelty. As part of the project, Hyun's agency VAST Entertainment released pictures of him posing with a retired search and rescue dog named "Vision".
In March 2020, it was revealed that Hyun made a secret donation of 200 million won to the non-profit organization, Community Chest of Korea, to help fight against the COVID-19 outbreak on February 21, 2020. Hyun is also included as a member in the "Honor Society", a group of major private donors, for his many donations to different causes. He has continually supported projects by organizations such as Save the Children, Community Chest of Korea and international relief NGOs.
On March 8, 2022, Hyun made a donation ₩200 million to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association, together with Son Ye-jin to help those who have been damaged by the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and has continued to spread Samcheok, Gangwon.
Personal life
Hyun was born and raised in Seoul and has one elder brother. He graduated from Youngdong High School and studied at Chung-Ang University, where he majored in Theater Studies in 2004. In 2009, he enrolled at the same university and obtained a Master's degree.
Relationship and marriage
Hyun Bin with Son Ye-jin
On January 1, 2021, Hyun's agency confirmed that he had been in a relationship with actress Son Ye-jin, his co-star in The Negotiation (2018) and Crash Landing on You (2019–2020), since the year prior, after Crash Landing on You concluded. On February 10, 2022, Hyun and Son announced their engagement in letters posted on their social media accounts. They married in a private ceremony on March 31, attended by their parents and friends of both families. On June 27, Son announced that she was pregnant with the couple's first child, and she gave birth to a son, Alkong, on November 27, 2022.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
English
Korean
2002
Shower
샤워
Hong-kyu
Unreleased
2004
Spin Kick
돌려차기
Lee Min-gyu
2005
Daddy Long Legs
키다리 아저씨
Hyung-joon
Special appearance
2006
A Millionaire's First Love
백만장자의 첫사랑
Kang Jae-kyung
2009
I Am Happy
나는 행복합니다
Jo Man-soo
2011
Late Autumn
만추
Hoon
Come Rain, Come Shine
사랑한다, 사랑하지 않는다
Hwang Ji-seok
Tears of Africa
아프리카의 눈물
Narrator
Documentary
2014
The Fatal Encounter
역린
King Jeongjo
2017
Confidential Assignment
공조
Im Cheol-ryung
The Swindlers
꾼
Hwang Ji-sung
2018
The Negotiation
협상
Min Tae-gu
Rampant
창궐
Lee Chung
2022
Confidential Assignment 2: International
공조2:인터네셔날
Im Cheol-ryung
2023
The Point Men
교섭
Park Dae-sik
TBA
Harbin
하얼빈
Ahn Jung-geun
Television series
Year
Title
Role
Ref.
English
Korean
2003
Bodyguard
보디가드
Stalker
2004
Nonstop 4
논스톱 4
Himself
Ireland
아일랜드
Kang Gook
2005
My Lovely Sam Soon
내 이름은 김삼순
Hyun Jin-heon
Nonstop 5
논스톱 5
Himself (cameo)
2006–2007
The Snow Queen
눈의 여왕
Han Tae-woong / Han Deuk-gu
2008
Worlds Within
그들이 사는 세상
Jung Ji-oh
2009
Friend, Our Legend
친구, 우리들의 전설
Han Dong-soo
2010–2011
Secret Garden
시크릿 가든
Kim Joo-won
2015
Hyde Jekyll, Me
하이드 지킬, 나
Gu Seo-jin / Robin
2018–2019
Memories of the Alhambra
알함브라 궁전의 추억
Yoo Jin-woo
2019–2020
Crash Landing on You
사랑의 불시착
Ri Jeong-hyeok
Television show
Year
Title
Role
Ref.
2010–2011
Tears of Africa
Narrator
2012
Tears of the Earth - from the North Pole to the South Pole
Music video appearances
Year
Song Title
Artist
Ref.
2003
"내탓이죠"
Herb
2005
"Memory"
Kim Bum-soo
"Hey U"
Lemon Tree
2018
"Reply"
Kim Dong-ryool
Discography
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Sales
Album
KOR
"That Man" (그남자)
2011
1
KOR: 2,129,278
Secret Garden OST
"Can't Have You" (가질 수 없는 너)
6
KOR: 923,888
Non-album single
Ambassadorship
Year
Event
Ref.
2009
Pink Ribbon Love Marathon ambassador
2011
PR ambassador of Hyundai Motors' "Hyundai Grandeur"
2013
PR ambassador of Kia Motors' "The New K5"
2014
Promotional ambassador of Incheon Asian Games
2016
Promotional ambassador of Gwangju Biennale
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2004
MBC Entertainment Awards
Special Award, TV Actor category
Nonstop 4
Won
MBC Drama Awards
Best New Actor
Ireland
Won
2005
41st Baeksang Arts Awards
Best New Actor (TV)
Nominated
MBC Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actor
My Name Is Kim Sam-soon
Won
Popularity Award
Won
Best Couple Award with Kim Sun-a
Won
2006
42nd Baeksang Arts Awards
Most Popular Actor (Film)
A Millionaire's First Love
Won
KBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actor
The Snow Queen
Nominated
Popularity Award
Won
Netizen Award
Won
Best Couple Award with Sung Yu-ri
Won
2007
43rd Baeksang Arts Awards
Best Actor (TV)
Nominated
2008
KBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries
Worlds Within
Nominated
2009
MBC Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actor
Friend, Our Legend
Nominated
2010
SBS Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama Special
Secret Garden
Won
Top 10 Stars
Won
Netizen Popularity Award
Won
Best Couple Award with Ha Ji-won
Won
2011
47th Baeksang Arts Awards
Grand Prize (Daesang) for TV
Won
Best Actor (TV)
Nominated
2014
18th Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival
Producer's Choice Award
—
Won
2015
SBS Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama Special
Hyde Jekyll, Me
Nominated
2017
6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards
Top Star Award
Confidential Assignment, The Swindlers
Won
2019
55th Baeksang Arts Awards
Best Actor (TV)
Memories of the Alhambra
Nominated
2020
56th Baeksang Arts Awards
Crash Landing on You
Nominated
Most Popular Actor
Won
7th APAN Star Awards
Grand Prize (Daesang)
Won
Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards
Most Popular Korean Artist
—
Won
State honors
Name of country, year given, and name of honor
Country
Year
Honor
Ref.
South Korea
2020
Presidential Commendation
Listicles
Name of publisher, year listed, name of listicle, and placement
Publisher
Year
Listicle
Placement
Ref.
Forbes
2011
Korea Power Celebrity
32nd
2015
19th
2020
29th
2021
21st
The Screen
2019
2009–2019 Top Box Office Powerhouse Actors in Korean Movies
37th
Notes
^ Honors are given at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards, arranged by the Korea Creative Content Agency and hosted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. They are awarded to those who have contributed to the arts and South Korea's pop culture.
References
^ "VAST엔터테인먼트". Vast Entertainment (in Korean). Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ "5 reasons to love Hyun Bin, Crash Landing's dreamy leading man". South China Morning Post. September 24, 2020. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
^ " From rom-com heartthrob to action hero". The Korea Times. November 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
^ Koh, Hyeon-yeon (December 21, 2011). "현빈, 올해를 빛낸 탤런트 1위"<갤럽> . Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ a b Yoo, Eun-jin (September 20, 2018). "언제 적 백마 탄 왕자님? 로맨스를 벗어난 현빈의 얼굴들". Cine21 (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ "Shower (2002 Movie)". Daum. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ a b "Hyun Bin's dark (embarrassing) history? He shot a TV series only wearing a swimsuit in 2003". Star News. February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014.
^ 10LINE: Actor Hyun Bin Archived August 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. 10Asia. December 2, 2009.
^ a b ""Don't Underestimate Third-Rate": Overturning Life with a "Spin Kick"". The Dong-a Ilbo. July 21, 2004. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ "Actor Hyun Bin Becomes Top Hallyu Star in Japan". KBS Global. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
^ Samsoon last episode hangs on hope. Korea JoongAng Daily. July 22, 2005.
^ Kim, Ga-hee (March 1, 2006). "현빈, 일본인들이 주목하는 한류스타로 부상". Yonhap News (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ Choi, Jae-wook (April 14, 2006). "'삼식이 인기' 국내를 넘어 아시아로 현빈". Lady Kyunghyang (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ a b "TV Heartthrob Hyun Bin Makes Move to the Big Screen". The Chosun Ilbo. February 16, 2006. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
^ "Kim Tae-gyun's Movies Have Teen Appeal". The Dong-a Ilbo. February 9, 2006. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ a b Chun, Su-jin (November 28, 2006). "New drama's concept has passed its time". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
^ "Korean Idol Actor Hyun Bin to Visit Japan". KBS World. December 4, 2007. Archived from the original on November 25, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^ a b "Hyun Bin's Happy is unhappy". 10Asia. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
^ "Hyun Bin: 'There is No Right Answer for Happiness'". KBS Global. November 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
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^ Park, Ji-hyun; Kim, Min-soo; Shin, Yoon-ae (April 23, 2021). 2021 포브스코리아 선정 파워 셀럽 40 . JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021 – via Joins.
^ "한국영화 배우 흥행 파워 TOP 배우 하정우 그러나 TOP 10위 안에 여성 배우는 실종...여성 주연 영화 부재가 원인" . RNX (in Korean). January 2, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyun Bin.
Hyun Bin at the Korean Movie Database
Hyun Bin at IMDb
Hyun Bin at HanCinema
vteAPAN Star Awards for Grand Prize2010s
Son Hyun-joo (2012)
Song Hye-kyo (2013)
Zo In-sung (2014)
Kim Soo-hyun (2015)
Song Joong-ki (2016)
Lee Byung-hun (2018)
2020s
Hyun Bin (2020)
Song Joong-ki (2022)
Lee Jun-ho (2023)
Baeksang Arts Award Grand Prize – Television1970s
- (1974)*
- (1975)*
- (1976)*
- (1977)*
- (1978)*
Kim Hye-ja, Jung Hye-sun and Kim Young-ok (I Sell Happiness) (1979)
1980s
Kim Min-ja (A Lonely Affair) (1980)
Ulhwa (1981)
A Life-sized Buddha (1982)
Winds of Change (1983)
The Five Indian Kingdoms (1984)
Korea's Butterflies (1985)
Shin Bong-seung (500 Years of Joseon Dynasty) (1986)
The Boil (1987)
Love and Ambition (1988)
Kim Hye-ja (Winter Mist and Sand Castle) (1989)
1990s
Peace, the Arduous Way to Go and Tree Blooming with Love (1990)
The Second Republic (1991)
Eyes of Dawn (1992)
Go Doo-shim (My Husband's Woman) and Kim Hee-ae (Sons and Daughters) (1993)
Park Chul (My Mother's Sea) (1994)
Sandglass (1995)
Korea's Reptiles (1996)
The Most Beautiful Goodbye (1997)
Lee Jang-soo (Offspring) (1998)
Jang Soo-bong (When Time Flows) (1999)
2000s
Kuk-hee (2000)
Kim Soo-hyun (The Aspen Tree) (2001)
Taejo Wang Geon (2002)
All In (2003)
Kim Hee-ae (Perfect Love) (2004)
Lovers in Paris (2005)
My Lovely Sam Soon (2006)
Jumong (2007)
Kang Ho-dong (2 Days & 1 Night) (2008)
Kim Hye-ja (Mom's Dead Upset) (2009)
2010s
Go Hyun-jung (Queen Seondeok) (2010)
Hyun Bin (Secret Garden) (2011)
Deep Rooted Tree (2012)
Yoo Jae-suk (Infinite Challenge, Running Man and Happy Together) (2013)
Jun Ji-hyun (My Love from the Star) (2014)
Na Yeong-seok (Grandpas Over Flowers and Three Meals a Day) (2015)
Descendants of the Sun (2016)
Kim Eun-sook (Guardian: The Lonely and Great God) (2017)
Stranger (2018)
Kim Hye-ja (The Light in Your Eyes) (2019)
2020s
When the Camellia Blooms (2020)
Yoo Jae-suk (Hangout with Yoo, Sixth Sense) (2021)
Squid Game (2022)
Park Eun-bin (Extraordinary Attorney Woo) (2023)
* awarded to theatrical play or film
vteBaeksang Arts Award for Most Popular ActorFilm
Son Chang-min (1990)
Dokgo Young-jae (1995)
Park Shin-yang (1998)
Lee Jung-jae (1999)
Lee Sung-jae (2000)
Song Kang-ho (2001)
Yu Oh-seong (2002)
Im Chang-jung (2003)
Gang Dong-won and Kwon Sang-woo (2004)
Gang Dong-won, Kim Rae-won and Lee Dong-gun (2005)
Hyun Bin (2006)
Lee Joon-gi (2007)
Kwon Sang-woo (2008)
Ju Ji-hoon (2009)
Jang Keun-suk (2010)
Choi Seung-hyun (2011)
Jang Keun-suk (2012)
Kim Dong-wan (2013)
Kim Soo-hyun (2014)
Lee Min-ho (2015)
Do Kyung-soo (2016)
Do Kyung-soo (2017)
Television
Jeong Jin, Byun Hee-bong and Lee Deok-hwa (1985)
Yu In-chon (1986)
Kil Yong-woo and Lee Deok-hwa (1987)
Jung Han-yong and Nam Sung-hoon (1988)
Im Hyun-sik and Park Geun-hyung (1989)
Kim Soon-cheol and Yu In-chon (1990)
Jung Han-yong and Joo Hyun (1991)
Park Sang-won and Choi Min-soo (1992)
Bae Yong-joon and Jang Dong-gun (1997)
Cha In-pyo and Song Seung-heon (1998)
Ryu Si-won (1999)
Yoo Dong-geun and Jun Kwang-ryul (2000)
Kang Seok-woo (2001)
Yoon Tae-young and Bae Yong-joon (2002)
Ahn Jae-mo and Yoon Tae-young (2003)
Rain and So Ji-sub (2004)
Zo In-sung and Eric Mun (2005)
Jo Hyun-jae (2006)
Lee Beom-soo (2007)
Kang Ji-hwan (2008)
Kim Hyun-joong (2009)
Lee Seung-gi (2010)
Park Yoo-chun (2011)
Park Yoo-chun (2012)
Park Yoo-chun (2013)
Kim Soo-hyun (2014)
Lee Jong-suk (2015)
Song Joong-ki (2016)
Park Bo-gum (2017)
Combined
Jung Hae-in (2018)
Doh Kyung-soo (2019)
Hyun Bin (2020)
Kim Seon-ho (2021)
Lee Jun-ho (2022)
Park Jin-young (2023)
Kim Soo-hyun (2024)
vteKBS Drama Awards for Popularity Award, Actor1986–1999
Kil Yong-woo (1986)
Kim Kyu-chul (1995)
Ahn Jae-mo (1998)
2000–2019
Kim Sang-kyung, Song Seung-heon (2000)
Lee Chang-hoon, Ryu Jin (2001)
Choi Soo-jong, Bae Yong-joon (2002)
Cha Seung-won, Kim Seung-woo (2003)
Rain, So Ji-sub (2004)
Namkoong Min, Song Il-kook (2005)
Hyun Bin, Oh Man-seok (2006)
Jeong Bo-seok (2007)
Jang Keun-suk (2008)
Yoon Sang-hyun (2009)
Song Joong-ki (2010)
Kim Soo-hyun, Park Si-hoo (2011)
Joo Won (2012)
Ji Sung (2013)
Ji Chang-wook, Joo Won (2014)
Nam Joo-hyuk, Park Bo-gum (2015)
2020–present
Jung Jin-young, Rowoon (2021)
Do Kyung-soo, Kang Ha-neul (2022)
Ahn Jae-hyun, Ji Seung-hyun, Lee Sang-hyeob, Rowoon (2023)
Related article
Korean Broadcasting System
KBS Drama Awards
vteMBC Drama Awards for Best New Actor1970s
Yu In-chon (1974)
Hyun-Seok (1975)
Han In-soo (1976)
Kim Ho-sung and Kim Dong-hyun (1977)
Lee Won-yong (1978)
Lim Jeong-ha (1979)
1980s
Kil Yong-woo (1980)
Yoon Soo-hong (1982)
Lim Young-Kyu (1983)
Choi Sang-hoon (1984)
Jung Seong-mo (1985)
Kim Joo-seung (1986)
Park Chan-hwan (1987)
Park Sang-won (1988)
Moon young-min (1989)
1990s
Pyo Hong-hak (1990)
Jung Myung-hwan (1991)
Kim Chan-woo (1992)
Han Suk-kyu (1993)
Cha In-pyo (1994)
Ahn Jae-wook (1995)
Jung Joon-ho (1996)
Yoo Tae-woong (1997)
Park Yong-ha and Yu Oh-seong (1998)
Kim Sang-kyung, Cha Tae-hyun and Yoon Tae-young (1999)
2000s
Go Soo and Kim Myung-min (2000)
Ji Sung and Lee Seo-jin (2001)
Kim Jaewon and Kim Sung-min (2002)
Gang Dong-won and Kim Min-jun (2003)
Eric Mun and Hyun Bin (2004)
Daniel Henney, Kang Ji-hwan and Lee Min-ki (2005)
Ju Ji-hoon and Won Ki-joon (2006)
Han Sang-jin and Kim Min-sung (2007)
Park Hae-jin and Jang Keun-suk (2008)
Lee Seung-hyo and Yoo Seung-ho (2009)
2010s
Lee Sang-yoon and Lee Tae-sung (2010)
Lee Gi-kwang, Park Yoo-chun and Park Yoon-jae (2011)
Kim Jae-joong and Lee Jang-woo (2012)
Lee Sang-yeob and Oh Chang-seok (2013)
Choi Tae-joon and Im Si-wan (2014)
Kang Eun-tak, Yoon Hyun-min and Lee Soo-hyuk (2015)
Nam Joo-hyuk and Ryu Jun-yeol (2016)
Kim Jung-hyun and Kim Seon-ho (2017)
Kim Kyung-nam and Lee Jun-young (2018)
Lee Jae-wook and Rowoon (2019)
2020s
Ahn Bo-hyun (2020)
Kang Hoon (2021)
Lee Jong-won (2022)
Kim Mu-jun, Kim Yoon-woo (2023)
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"My Name is Kim Sam-soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lovely_Sam_Soon"},{"link_name":"Secret Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Garden_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Memories of the Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_the_Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Crash Landing on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Landing_on_You"},{"link_name":"The Fatal Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Encounter"},{"link_name":"Confidential Assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_Assignment"},{"link_name":"2022 sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_Assignment_2:_International"},{"link_name":"The Swindlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swindlers_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Korea%27s_Actor_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hallyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallyu"},{"link_name":"Late Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Autumn_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"61st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grand Prize for Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards_for_Grand_Prize_(TV)"},{"link_name":"47th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Tae-pyung (Korean: 김태평; born September 25, 1982),[2] better known by his stage name Hyun Bin (현빈), is a South Korean actor. He gained widespread recognition for his role in the 2005 romantic comedy television series My Name is Kim Sam-soon. Since then, he has appeared in leading roles in other successful television shows, including the romantic fantasy drama Secret Garden (2010–2011), fantasy drama Memories of the Alhambra (2018–2019), and romantic drama Crash Landing on You (2019–2020). Hyun Bin's popularity was further widened by starring in a series of box office hits: the period action The Fatal Encounter (2014), the action thriller Confidential Assignment (2017) and its 2022 sequel, as well as the crime thriller The Swindlers (2017).[3] He was Gallup Korea's Television Actor of the Year in 2011.[4] The success of Hyun Bin's works internationally established him as a top Hallyu star.Hyun drew praise from critics for his performance in melodrama film Late Autumn, which was screened at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival. Throughout his television and film career, he has been nominated for several iconic awards, including five at the Baeksang Arts Awards, and won various accolades for his acting recognition, including the Grand Prize for Television at the 47th Baeksang Arts Awards.","title":"Hyun Bin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shower-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-showerweb-6"},{"link_name":"Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodyguard-7"},{"link_name":"Nonstop 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstop_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10line-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-9"},{"link_name":"My Lovely Sam Soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lovely_Sam_Soon"},{"link_name":"Kim Sun-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-a"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"MBC Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"highest-rated Korean drama of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama#List_of_highest-rated_series_on_terrestrial_television"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hallyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Wave"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"A Millionaire's First Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Millionaire%27s_First_Love"},{"link_name":"Guiyeoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyeoni"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-million-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Snow Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards_for_Best_Actor_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2003–2007: Career beginnings and rise to stardom","text":"Hyun Bin's first film was Shower in 2002. However, filming was stopped and was not released due to lack of proper funding.[5][6] Hyun eventually made his debut as an actor in the 2003 television series Bodyguard.[7] He then starred in the sitcom Nonstop 4 and quirky romance drama Ireland,[8] and made his film debut the same year in the youth sports film Spin Kick.[9]Hyun shot to stardom with the 2005 romantic comedy TV series My Lovely Sam Soon with Kim Sun-a,[10] for which Hyun won the Top Excellence Award at the MBC Drama Awards. My Lovely Sam Soon was a massive hit with average viewership ratings of over 37% and recorded 50.5% for the finale, making it one of the highest-rated Korean drama of all time.[11] The high level popularity of the drama and his portrayal as Sam-sik established Hyun Bin as a top star in South Korea and a Hallyu star as his popularity expanded beyond South Korea to Japan and other countries in Asia.[12][13]Following the success of My Lovely Sam Soon, Hyun starred in lead role in his first film A Millionaire's First Love (written by internet novelist Guiyeoni).[14] The film was a hit with the young audience.[15] Hyun's next television project, The Snow Queen, although the series underperformed, earned him his first Best Actor nomination at Baeksang Arts Awards.[16][17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoon Jong-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jong-chan"},{"link_name":"I Am Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Happy"},{"link_name":"Busan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-happy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Worlds Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_Within"},{"link_name":"Noh Hee-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worlds-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"sociopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy#Sociopathy"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkangpae"},{"link_name":"Friend, Our Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend,_Our_Legend"},{"link_name":"Kwak Kyung-taek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwak_Kyung-taek"},{"link_name":"original film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friends-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friends1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friends2-28"},{"link_name":"Secret Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Garden_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kim Eun-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Eun-sook"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secret1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2010 SBS Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_SBS_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"47th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Paeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paeksang-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thatman-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyun_Bin_in_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Come Rain, Come Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Rain,_Come_Shine"},{"link_name":"Lee Yoon-ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Yoon-ki"},{"link_name":"Late Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Autumn_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Kim Tae-yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tae-yong"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"English-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"Lee Man-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Man-hee_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Tang Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Wei"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autumn-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"61st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romeo-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2008–2011: New career challenges and Secret Garden","text":"To expand his acting profile, Hyun started to choose more eclectic projects. In 2008, he acted in director Yoon Jong-chan's film I Am Happy, playing Man-soo, a man who suffers from mental illnesses. The film was selected to screen at the 13th Busan International Film Festival in 2008, but it was not released in theatres until late 2009.[18][19] After The Snow Queen, Hyun returned to television with Worlds Within, which was well-received for Noh Hee-kyung's writing.[20] He was praised for his nuanced acting in the drama series.[21] In 2009, Hyun drew critical acclaim with his portrayal as a sociopath in the gangster saga Friend, Our Legend. To prepare for his role, he reportedly watched Kwak Kyung-taek's original film 20 to 30 times.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]In 2010, Hyun starred in Secret Garden, a romantic fantasy drama written by Kim Eun-sook.[29][30] The drama recorded its highest viewership ratings of 35%, and gained enormous popularity both domestically and internationally for its fashion, catchphrases and music.[31] His portrayal as Kim Joo-won created a \"Hyun Bin Syndrome\" as his name and face were plastered everywhere, from newspapers to television and the internet.[32] Hyun was recognized at the 2010 SBS Drama Awards and the 47th Baeksang Arts Awards for his stellar performance.[33][34] He also contributed to the soundtrack of the drama with \"That Man\", which peaked at number one in eight Korean music portals.[35][36][37]Hyun Bin in February 2011In 2011, Hyun appeared in two films that were released back to back; Come Rain, Come Shine, a minimalist breakup indie directed by Lee Yoon-ki, and Late Autumn directed by Kim Tae-yong. Shot in Seattle, Late Autumn is an English-language remake of the 1966 Lee Man-hee classic, in which Hyun played a man on the run who falls in love with a woman who is on special leave from prison (Chinese actress Tang Wei).[38][39][40][41] It became the highest grossing Korean film released in China to date, taking in more than US$9.5 million over two weeks, which was unprecedented for a melodrama.[42] He received a good review from The Hollywood Reporter which stated, \"It is Hyun who impresses more for not underplaying the dandy, narcissistic side of his personality.\"[43] Hyun walked the red carpet at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival, where the two films were both selected to be screened.[44][45][46] He described the honor as his \"most happiest achievement\".[47][48]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandatory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-57"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-51"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-51"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Baengnyeong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baengnyeong_Island"},{"link_name":"Northern Limit Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Limit_Line"},{"link_name":"Yeonpyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeonpyeongdo"},{"link_name":"November 2010 artillery engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"SM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Shin Min-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Min-ah"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"2011–2012: Military enlistment and discharge","text":"On March 7, 2011, Hyun began his 21-month mandatory military service as a soldier in the Marine Corps.[49] He volunteered to serve in the Marine Corps, said to be the toughest branch of the Korean military,[50][51] as he had a good impression of the Marines.[52][53][54][55] Competition rate to enter the Marines at that time was high at 4:1[56] with Hyun placing in the top 5% of applicants.[57][58][59][60] Hyun applied to be a combat soldier.[60][57] The decision to join the Marines while at the peak of his career generated much interest in Korea and overseas.[51][61] Seven broadcasting companies, including Japan's NHK, requested access to the training camp.[51] Hyun was named a top marksman during training, one of 16 out of about 720 rookie Marines.[62] Hyun hit the target 19 times out of 20 in day shooting training, and all of his 10 shots hit the target during night training. To qualify as a top marksman, rookies must hit the target more than 18 times out of 20 in day training and nine out of 10 at night.[62][63]The Corps originally planned to put Hyun on public relations duty; however due to public criticism and Hyun's reported desire to serve on the front line, Hyun was assigned on active duty to Baengnyeong Island, close to the Northern Limit Line and Yeonpyeong, site of a November 2010 artillery engagement between the North and South Korean forces.[64][65]After joining the Marines and completing his six months in the service, Hyun participated in the \"Seoul Reclamation Anniversary Marine Marathon Competition\". He ran a 6.25 km long course with 400 exemplary senior marines. This event was held in remembrance of the historically significant event when the Marines won back the capital Seoul that had been taken during the 6.25 Korean War.[66]He was discharged on December 6, 2012, and was awarded the Secretary of Defense Award and the Marine Corps Commandant Commendation for being an exemplary soldier.[67][68][69][70][71] After the merger of their former agency AM Entertainment with SM Entertainment,[72] Hyun's reps announced in November 2012 that the actor and Shin Min-ah had decided to go independent and set up their own management agency O& Entertainment.[73]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"The Fatal Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Encounter"},{"link_name":"period film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_film"},{"link_name":"King Jeongjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fatal-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actor_Hyun_Bin_arrives_at_the_red_carpet_event_of_the_Pifan_in_Bucheon_on_July_17,_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucheon_International_Fantastic_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Korean drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"Hyde Jekyll, Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Jekyll,_Me"},{"link_name":"literary character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde"},{"link_name":"split personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hyde-86"},{"link_name":"Kakao M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_M"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"2013–2016: Comeback to entertainment industry","text":"Hyun spent most of 2013 shooting ad commercials as an in-demand product endorser,[74][75][76][77] and holding fan meetings all over Asia.[78] For his acting comeback after military service, Hyun chose The Fatal Encounter, his first ever period film, in which he played the leading role of King Jeongjo who faced fierce party strife and assassination attempts during his reign.[79][80][81][82] It was released in April 2014 and drew more than 3 million admissions.[83] However, Hyun was criticized for his flat tonation and lack of emotions in the film, which received mostly negative reviews.[84][85]Hyun Bin during 2014 Bucheon International Fantastic Film FestivalIn 2015, Hyun made a comeback in the Korean drama scene after 4 years with romantic comedy series Hyde Jekyll, Me. In the drama inspired by the literary character, he plays a man with split personality disorder whose two personas both fall for the same woman.[86]In January 2016, Hyun set up his own agency, VAST Entertainment, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Kakao M three years later.[87][88]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confidential Assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_Assignment"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"The Swindlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swindlers_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Yoo Ji-tae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Ji-tae"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swindlers-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"The Negotiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negotiation_(film)"},{"link_name":"Son Ye-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ye-jin"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negotiation-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Rampant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampant_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rampant-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Memories of the Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_the_Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Park Shin-hye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Shin-hye"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memories-100"},{"link_name":"highest rated Korean drama in cable television history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama#List_of_highest-rated_series_on_cable_television"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"The Negotiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negotiation_(film)"},{"link_name":"Son Ye-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ye-jin"},{"link_name":"Crash Landing on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Landing_on_You"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elove-103"},{"link_name":"fourth-highest-rated Korean drama in cable television history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama#List_of_highest-rated_series_on_cable_television"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"APAN Star Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APAN_Star_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Point Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Point_Men_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Yim Soon-rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yim_Soon-rye"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bargaining-106"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: Career resurgence","text":"Hyun returned to big screen with the action-thriller film titled Confidential Assignment (2017), where he plays the role of a North Korean detective that is secretly sent to South Korea to apprehend a crime ring that is made up of North Korean traitors.[89] The film was a success, and Hyun received positive reviews from critics for his action scenes and comedic performance.[90] He then starred in crime action film The Swindlers, along with Yoo Ji-tae, about a prosecutor who plans to catch a con man who has swindled a large sum of money.[91][92][93] The Swindlers was another box office hit for Hyun.[94]In 2018, Hyun starred in crime thriller The Negotiation, playing a villain role for the first time, alongside Son Ye-jin;[95][96] and zombie blockbuster Rampant (which was co-produced by VAST Entertainment).[97][98]\nThe same year, he returned to the small screen with fantasy suspense drama Memories of the Alhambra alongside Park Shin-hye.[99][100] The series is one of highest rated Korean drama in cable television history, and Hyun was praised for his seemingly indifferent but humorous depiction of his character.[101]In 2019, Hyun reunited with The Negotiation co-star Son Ye-jin in the hit romance drama Crash Landing on You as a North Korean army captain.[102][103] The drama was a huge success and is the fourth-highest-rated Korean drama in cable television history,[104] and Hyun was praised for his versatile range of emotions and acting skills.[105]\nFor his portrayal as Captain Ri Jeong Hyuk as a North Korean elite army officer, Hyun won Grand Prize at APAN Star Awards.\nIn 2020, Hyun is set to star as a NIS agent in the action thriller film The Point Men, directed by Yim Soon-rye.[106]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Community Chest of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Chest_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Save the Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"₩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_won"},{"link_name":"Son Ye-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ye-jin"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"On October 29, 2013, Hyun received the President's award at the 50th Savings Day held by the Financial Services Committee, for saving 35 billion won (approximately US$33 million) within 17 years.[107] In February 2016, Hyun was involved in an awareness campaign against animal cruelty. As part of the project, Hyun's agency VAST Entertainment released pictures of him posing with a retired search and rescue dog named \"Vision\".[108]In March 2020, it was revealed that Hyun made a secret donation of 200 million won to the non-profit organization, Community Chest of Korea, to help fight against the COVID-19 outbreak on February 21, 2020.[109] Hyun is also included as a member in the \"Honor Society\", a group of major private donors, for his many donations to different causes. He has continually supported projects by organizations such as Save the Children, Community Chest of Korea and international relief NGOs.[110]On March 8, 2022, Hyun made a donation ₩200 million to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association, together with Son Ye-jin to help those who have been damaged by the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and has continued to spread Samcheok, Gangwon.[111]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naver-112"},{"link_name":"Chung-Ang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Ang_University"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Hyun was born and raised in Seoul and has one elder brother. He graduated from Youngdong High School[112] and studied at Chung-Ang University, where he majored in Theater Studies in 2004. In 2009, he enrolled at the same university and obtained a Master's degree.[113]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:140717_Son_Ye-jin_and_Hyun_Bin_at_18th_Puchon_International_Fantastic_Film_Festival_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Son Ye-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ye-jin"},{"link_name":"The Negotiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negotiation_(film)"},{"link_name":"Crash Landing on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Landing_on_You"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Relationship and marriage","text":"Hyun Bin with Son Ye-jinOn January 1, 2021, Hyun's agency confirmed that he had been in a relationship with actress Son Ye-jin, his co-star in The Negotiation (2018) and Crash Landing on You (2019–2020), since the year prior, after Crash Landing on You concluded.[114] On February 10, 2022, Hyun and Son announced their engagement in letters posted on their social media accounts.[115] They married in a private ceremony on March 31, attended by their parents and friends of both families.[116] On June 27, Son announced that she was pregnant with the couple's first child,[117] and she gave birth to a son, Alkong, on November 27, 2022.[118][119][120]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ambassadorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State honors","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Listicles","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-161"},{"link_name":"Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Popular_Culture_and_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Korea Creative Content Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Creative_Content_Agency"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"text":"^ Honors are given at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards, arranged by the Korea Creative Content Agency and hosted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.[158][159] They are awarded to those who have contributed to the arts and South Korea's pop culture.[160]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Hyun Bin in February 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hyun_Bin_in_2011.jpg/230px-Hyun_Bin_in_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hyun Bin during 2014 Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Actor_Hyun_Bin_arrives_at_the_red_carpet_event_of_the_Pifan_in_Bucheon_on_July_17%2C_2014.jpg/180px-Actor_Hyun_Bin_arrives_at_the_red_carpet_event_of_the_Pifan_in_Bucheon_on_July_17%2C_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hyun Bin with Son Ye-jin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/140717_Son_Ye-jin_and_Hyun_Bin_at_18th_Puchon_International_Fantastic_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-140717_Son_Ye-jin_and_Hyun_Bin_at_18th_Puchon_International_Fantastic_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"VAST엔터테인먼트\". Vast Entertainment (in Korean). Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://vastenm.com/theme/vaste/02/artists01_view_en.php?type=top&no=2","url_text":"\"VAST엔터테인먼트\""}]},{"reference":"\"5 reasons to love Hyun Bin, Crash Landing's dreamy leading man\". South China Morning Post. September 24, 2020. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3102725/hyun-bins-best-moments-netflix-series-crash-landing-you","url_text":"\"5 reasons to love Hyun Bin, Crash Landing's dreamy leading man\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022225238/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3102725/hyun-bins-best-moments-netflix-series-crash-landing-you","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[INTERVIEW] From rom-com heartthrob to action hero\". The Korea Times. November 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2018/11/135_257974.html","url_text":"\"[INTERVIEW] From rom-com heartthrob to action hero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173434/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2018/11/135_257974.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koh, Hyeon-yeon (December 21, 2011). \"현빈, 올해를 빛낸 탤런트 1위\"<갤럽> [\"Hyun Bin, No. 1 in this year's talent\" <Gallup>]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Hyong-sop | Yang Hyong-sop | ["1 Life and career","2 Career accomplishments","3 References","4 External links"] | North Korean politician (1925–2022)
In this Korean name, the family name is Yang.
Yang Hyong-sop양형섭Vice President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's AssemblyIn office5 September 1998 – 11 April 2019Serving with Kim Yong-daePresidentKim Yong-namChairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's AssemblyIn office7 April 1983 – 5 September 1998Preceded byHwang Jang-yopSucceeded byKim Yong-namChairman of the Supreme People's AssemblyIn office7 April 1983 – 5 September 1998Preceded byHwang Jang-yopSucceeded byChoe Thae-bok
Personal detailsBorn(1925-10-01)1 October 1925Hamhung, Kankyōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of JapanDied13 May 2022(2022-05-13) (aged 96)Pyongyang, North KoreaPolitical partyWorkers' Party of KoreaKorean nameHangul양형섭Hanja楊亨燮Revised RomanizationYang Hyeong-seopMcCune–ReischauerYang Hyŏng-sŏp
Yang Hyong-sop (Korean: 양형섭; 1 October 1925 – 13 May 2022) was a North Korean politician who served as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly from 1983 to 1998 (from 1994 it was formally the highest position in the state). He subsequently served as Vice President of the Presidium of the SPA from 1998 to 2019.
Life and career
Yang was born on 1 October 1925, in Hamhung, Kankyōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il Sung University, and was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il Sung. According to the official biography released by the Korean Central News Agency, he joined the Korean People's Army in June 1950 (approximately when the Korean War started); after graduating from Kim Il Sung University, he served as section chief and then secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, Director of the Central Party School, Minister of Higher Education, and President of the Academy of Social Sciences . He was elected Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, after having been a vice-chairman since 1962; in this capacity, he assumed the functions of de facto head of state after Kim Il Sung's death in 1994, as the post of President of the Republic was never reassigned; however, actual power was held by Kim Jong Il. In 1998 a new Constitution passed the President's powers to the President of the Presidium; in the same year, Yang was replaced by Kim Yong-nam in that capacity, but continued to serve as vice-president again. He was also a member of the Politburo of the Workers' Party. On 6 January 2007, at a mass rally in Pyongyang, he gave a speech praising the North Korean government for building nuclear weapons. Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.
Career accomplishments
October 1961: Appointed President of the Central Committee Party School (DPRK Workers' Party)
October 1962: Elected Supreme People's Assembly Vice-chairman for 2nd–12th Assemblies of SPA.
November 1979: Appointed Chairman of the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland
June 1980: Appointed Chairman of the Academy of Social Sciences
References
North Korea portal
^ a b c d e 양형섭 (楊亨燮) (in Korean). Information Center on North Korea, South Korean Unification Ministry. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Kihl, Young Whan (January 1984). "North Korea in 1983: Transforming "The Hermit Kingdom"?". Asian Survey. 24 (1): 100–111. doi:10.2307/2644170. JSTOR 2644170.
^ Martin, Bradley (2006). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-32221-6.
^ "Usher in a great heyday of Songun Korea full of confidence in victory". The Pyongyang Times. 6 January 2007. p. 1.
^ "Yang Hyong Sop passes away". KCNA Watch. 15 May 2022.
External links
"Yang Hyong-sop". Private Institute for Korean Studies in Japan. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
Political offices
Preceded byHwang Jang-yop
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly 1983–1998
Succeeded by Kim Yong-nam as President of the SPA Presidium
Preceded byKim Il Sungas President of North Korea
Head of State ofNorth Koreade facto as Chairman of the SPA Standing Committee 1994–1998
Succeeded byKim Yong-namas President of the SPA Presidium
vteHeads of state of North KoreaChairmen of the Standing Committee
Kim Tu-bong (1948–57)
Choe Yong-gon (1957–72)
President of the Republic
Kim Il Sung (1972–94)
President of the Presidium
Kim Yong-nam (1998–2019)
Choe Ryong-hae (2019–)
Chairman of National Defence
Kim Jong Il (2009–11)
Kim Jong Un (2012–16)
President of State Affairs
Kim Jong Un (2016–)
vte Supreme People's AssemblyLeadersStanding Committee Chairman
Kim Tu-bong (1948–57)
Choe Yong-gon (1957–72)
Hwang Jang-yop (1972–83)
Yang Hyong-sop (1983–98)
Kim Yong-nam (1998–19)
Choe Ryong-hae (2019–onwards)
Assembly Chairman
Ho Hon (1948–51)
Yi Yong (1951–57)
Choe Won-taek (1957–67)
Paek Nam-un (1967–72)
Hwang Jang-yop (1972–83)
Yang Hyong-sop (1983–98)
Choe Thae-bok (1998–19)
Pak Thae-song (2019–23)
Pak In-chol (2023–onwards)
Assembly Vice Chairman
Presidium Honorary Vice President
Standing Committee Secretary-General
Standing Committee Vice Chairman
CommitteesBudget
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Credentials
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Foreign Affairs
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th none (1972–77)
6th none (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Legislation
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
TermsLeadership
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–09)
12th (2009–14)
13th NDC (2014–16) SAC (2016–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Standing Committee
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Assembly
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Deputies
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Elected bodiesCabinet
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Central Court
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Central People's
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
National Defence
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–09)
11th (2009–14)
13th (2014–16)
Procurator's Office
1st (1948–57)
2nd (1957–62)
3rd (1962–67)
4th (1967–72)
5th (1972–77)
6th (1977–82)
7th (1982–86)
8th (1986–90)
9th (1990–98)
10th (1998–03)
11th (2003–2009)
12th (2009–14)
13th (2014–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
State Affairs
13th (2016–19)
14th (2019–onwards)
Posts
Cabinet: Premier of North Korea
Vice Premier of North Korea
Ministers
Judiciary: Director of the Supreme Procurator's Office
President of the Central Court
State: President of the State Affairs Commission
Abolished organs
President of North Korea
National Defence Commission
Predecessors
Standing Committee of the People's Assembly of North Korea
People's Assembly of North Korea
Related
Constitution of North Korea
National Assembly of South Korea
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NK_in_1983-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Yang.Yang Hyong-sop (Korean: 양형섭; 1 October 1925 – 13 May 2022) was a North Korean politician who served as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly from 1983[2] to 1998 (from 1994 it was formally the highest position in the state[citation needed]). He subsequently served as Vice President of the Presidium of the SPA from 1998 to 2019.","title":"Yang Hyong-sop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamhung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamhung"},{"link_name":"Kankyōnan-dō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanky%C5%8Dnan-d%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Korea, Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unibook-1"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"Kim Il Sung University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University"},{"link_name":"Kim Il Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loving_care-3"},{"link_name":"Korean Central News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"Korean People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Workers' Party of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Academy of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Social_Sciences_(North_Korea)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Kim Il Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_leaders_of_North_Korea#Presidency_of_North_Korea_before_1994"},{"link_name":"Kim Jong Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il"},{"link_name":"President of the Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Kim Yong-nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yong-nam"},{"link_name":"Politburo of the Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6_Jan_2007_newspaper-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Yang was born on 1 October 1925, in Hamhung, Kankyōnan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan.[1] He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il Sung University, and was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il Sung.[3] According to the official biography released by the Korean Central News Agency, he joined the Korean People's Army in June 1950 (approximately when the Korean War started); after graduating from Kim Il Sung University, he served as section chief and then secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, Director of the Central Party School, Minister of Higher Education, and President of the Academy of Social Sciences [ko]. He was elected Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, after having been a vice-chairman since 1962; in this capacity, he assumed the functions of de facto head of state after Kim Il Sung's death in 1994, as the post of President of the Republic was never reassigned; however, actual power was held by Kim Jong Il. In 1998 a new Constitution passed the President's powers to the President of the Presidium; in the same year, Yang was replaced by Kim Yong-nam in that capacity, but continued to serve as vice-president again. He was also a member of the Politburo of the Workers' Party. On 6 January 2007, at a mass rally in Pyongyang, he gave a speech praising the North Korean government for building nuclear weapons.[4] Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unibook-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme People's Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Reunification_of_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unibook-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Social_Sciences_(North_Korea)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9B%90"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unibook-1"}],"text":"October 1961: Appointed President of the Central Committee Party School (DPRK Workers' Party)[1]\nOctober 1962: Elected Supreme People's Assembly Vice-chairman for 2nd–12th Assemblies of SPA.\nNovember 1979: Appointed Chairman of the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland[1]\nJune 1980: Appointed Chairman of the Academy of Social Sciences [ko][1]","title":"Career accomplishments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"양형섭 (楊亨燮) (in Korean). Information Center on North Korea, South Korean Unification Ministry. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/theme/viewPeople.do?nkpmno=1064","url_text":"양형섭 (楊亨燮)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Center_on_North_Korea","url_text":"Information Center on North Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_Ministry","url_text":"Unification Ministry"}]},{"reference":"Kihl, Young Whan (January 1984). \"North Korea in 1983: Transforming \"The Hermit Kingdom\"?\". Asian Survey. 24 (1): 100–111. doi:10.2307/2644170. JSTOR 2644170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Survey","url_text":"Asian Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644170","url_text":"10.2307/2644170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644170","url_text":"2644170"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Bradley (2006). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-32221-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32221-6","url_text":"0-312-32221-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Usher in a great heyday of Songun Korea full of confidence in victory\". The Pyongyang Times. 6 January 2007. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pyongyang_Times","url_text":"The Pyongyang Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Yang Hyong Sop passes away\". KCNA Watch. 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1652567682-537865418/yang-hyong-sop-passes-away","url_text":"\"Yang Hyong Sop passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNA_Watch","url_text":"KCNA Watch"}]},{"reference":"\"Yang Hyong-sop\". Private Institute for Korean Studies in Japan. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003551/http://www.piks.or.tv/person/person/yanghyongsop.htm","url_text":"\"Yang Hyong-sop\""},{"url":"http://www.piks.or.tv/person/person/yanghyongsop.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/theme/viewPeople.do?nkpmno=1064","external_links_name":"양형섭 (楊亨燮)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644170","external_links_name":"10.2307/2644170"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644170","external_links_name":"2644170"},{"Link":"https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1652567682-537865418/yang-hyong-sop-passes-away","external_links_name":"\"Yang Hyong Sop passes away\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003551/http://www.piks.or.tv/person/person/yanghyongsop.htm","external_links_name":"\"Yang Hyong-sop\""},{"Link":"http://www.piks.or.tv/person/person/yanghyongsop.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkieletor | Unity Tower | ["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°04′05″N 19°57′28″E / 50.06806°N 19.95778°E / 50.06806; 19.95778High-rise tower in Kraków, Poland
For Unity Tower in Missouri, see Unity Village, Missouri.
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Unity TowerUnity Tower (2020)Unity TowerLocation of Unity Tower in PolandGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeHeadquarters of the Main Technical OrganizationAddress2 Lubomirskiego streetTown or cityKrakówCountryPolandCoordinates50°04′05″N 19°57′28″E / 50.06806°N 19.95778°E / 50.06806; 19.95778Construction started1975–1979 (original)30 March 2016CompletedJune 2019OwnerTreiMorfaHeightRoof102.5 m (336 ft)Technical detailsFloor count27Design and constructionArchitect(s)Zdzisław Arct, Ewa Dworzak, Ludwik Konior and Krzysztof Leśnodorski (original)Architecture firmDDJM Biuro Architektoniczne (rebuild)Main contractorMostostal (original)Strabag (rebuild)Websitewww.unitycentre.pl
Unity Tower (commonly nicknamed the Skeletor (Polish: Szkieletor ) prior to completion) is a 102.5 metre high-rise building located in Kraków, Poland. Unity Tower is located near the Mogilskie Roundabout (Rondo Mogilskie) and Kraków University of Economics. It is the second-tallest building in Kraków after K1. The construction work of Unity Centre was completed on 30 September 2020.
History
Originally, it was intended to become the regional office of the Main Technical Organization (Naczelna Organizacja Techniczna, NOT) and be named the NOT Tower. The construction of the building was started in 1975, but stopped permanently in 1979 because of economic constraints and political unrest which later culminated in the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981.
Due to the skeletal appearance of the unfinished building, it was dubbed the Skeletor (Polish: Szkieletor).
Investors expressed interest in renovating the building throughout the years. In the 1980s, the building was proposed to house apartments for employees at the Nowa Huta steelworks, and after the fall of communism, a large hotel chain became interested in the facility and wanted to complete the unfinished building, but all these efforts were discouraged by the complicated legal status of the land on which it stood and the high cost of its demolition or adaptation. In 2007, a new plan for the building was put forward, which postulated to increase its height from 92 to as high as 130 meters. German architect Hans Kollhoff was invited to take part in the reconstruction of the building, which was supposed to be completed by the time of UEFA Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine. However, the project was rejected by the Provincial Conservation Council on the grounds that the new building was located within a historical urban landscape.
The building was partially owned by TreiMorfa Project. The long debate about its possible future use based on brand new plans was cut short by the courts in December 2011 because of legal improprieties by its new design team.
Austrian engineering company Strabag was given the commission to rebuild. The building's floors were removed and replaced, but the steel frame retained and reused. The exterior architecture was inspired by the Art Deco architecture of the 1920s and 30s. The use of grey stone and the architecture was partially inspired by the Maccabees Building.
In 2018, before the full reconstruction of the building was completed, the ArchDaily architecture website named Szkieletor as one of "History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings" alongside the Palace of the Soviets, Siena Cathedral and Ryugyong Hotel.
Gallery
Szkieletor repurposed as a billboard display in 2009
Szkieletor in 2014, with the billboards removed
Under construction in January 2017
Unity Tower in 2020
Unity Tower upon completion, 2020
View from the Mogilskie Roundabout
See also
List of tallest buildings in Poland
List of tallest buildings in Warsaw
List of tallest buildings in Katowice
References
^ Ogórek, Piotr (30 March 2016). "Przebudowa "Szkieletora". To już oficjalnie plac budowy". Gazetakrakowska.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Ogórek, Piotr (1 December 2017). "Kraków. Unity Centre ma być gotowe szybciej ". Gazetakrakowska.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ "Tak wypiękniał "Szkieletor". Wieżowiec jest już prawie gotowy!" (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ a b Dawid Hajok (12 December 2011). "Szkieletor: Decyzja o warunkach zabudowy uchylona!" . Gazeta.pl, Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-03-25.
^ "Historia krakowskiego "Szkieletora", czyli impotencja po polsku" (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ Dawid Hajok (21 November 2008). "Szkieletor jednak nie urośnie" (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ "History".
^ "History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings". Retrieved 27 August 2020.
External links
Media related to Unity Tower at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Skeletor in Kraków at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unity Village, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Village,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[ʂkʲɛˈlɛtɔr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"high-rise building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kraków University of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_University_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"K1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K1_(building)"}],"text":"High-rise tower in Kraków, PolandFor Unity Tower in Missouri, see Unity Village, Missouri.Unity Tower (commonly nicknamed the Skeletor (Polish: Szkieletor [ʂkʲɛˈlɛtɔr]) prior to completion) is a 102.5 metre high-rise building located in Kraków, Poland. Unity Tower is located near the Mogilskie Roundabout (Rondo Mogilskie) and Kraków University of Economics. It is the second-tallest building in Kraków after K1. The construction work of Unity Centre was completed on 30 September 2020.","title":"Unity Tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naczelna Organizacja Techniczna, NOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Federation_of_Engineering_Associations"},{"link_name":"martial law in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hajok2-4"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nowa Huta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Huta"},{"link_name":"steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Sendzimir_Steelworks"},{"link_name":"Hans Kollhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kollhoff"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hajok1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hajok2-4"},{"link_name":"Strabag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabag"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Maccabees Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees_Building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ArchDaily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchDaily"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Siena Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ryugyong Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Originally, it was intended to become the regional office of the Main Technical Organization (Naczelna Organizacja Techniczna, NOT) and be named the NOT Tower. The construction of the building was started in 1975, but stopped permanently in 1979 because of economic constraints and political unrest which later culminated in the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981.[3][4]Due to the skeletal appearance of the unfinished building, it was dubbed the Skeletor (Polish: Szkieletor).[5]Investors expressed interest in renovating the building throughout the years. In the 1980s, the building was proposed to house apartments for employees at the Nowa Huta steelworks, and after the fall of communism, a large hotel chain became interested in the facility and wanted to complete the unfinished building, but all these efforts were discouraged by the complicated legal status of the land on which it stood and the high cost of its demolition or adaptation. In 2007, a new plan for the building was put forward, which postulated to increase its height from 92 to as high as 130 meters. German architect Hans Kollhoff was invited to take part in the reconstruction of the building, which was supposed to be completed by the time of UEFA Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine. However, the project was rejected by the Provincial Conservation Council on the grounds that the new building was located within a historical urban landscape.[6]The building was partially owned by TreiMorfa Project. The long debate about its possible future use based on brand new plans was cut short by the courts in December 2011 because of legal improprieties by its new design team.[4]Austrian engineering company Strabag was given the commission to rebuild. The building's floors were removed and replaced, but the steel frame retained and reused. The exterior architecture was inspired by the Art Deco architecture of the 1920s and 30s. The use of grey stone and the architecture was partially inspired by the Maccabees Building.[7]In 2018, before the full reconstruction of the building was completed, the ArchDaily architecture website named Szkieletor as one of \"History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings\" alongside the Palace of the Soviets, Siena Cathedral and Ryugyong Hotel.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szkieletor,_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletor_building_in_Krakow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unity_Tower,_31_stycznia_2017.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unity_Tower._2_Lubomirskiego_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20200516_Unity_Tower_w_Krakowie_0929_9982.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unity_Tower,,_2_Lubomirskiego_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"}],"text":"Szkieletor repurposed as a billboard display in 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSzkieletor in 2014, with the billboards removed\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnder construction in January 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnity Tower in 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnity Tower upon completion, 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from the Mogilskie Roundabout","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Poland"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Warsaw"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Katowice"}] | [{"reference":"Ogórek, Piotr (30 March 2016). \"Przebudowa \"Szkieletora\". To już oficjalnie plac budowy\". Gazetakrakowska.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/wiadomosci/krakow/a/przebudowa-szkieletora-to-juz-oficjalnie-plac-budowy,9806325/","url_text":"\"Przebudowa \"Szkieletora\". To już oficjalnie plac budowy\""}]},{"reference":"Ogórek, Piotr (1 December 2017). \"Kraków. Unity Centre ma być gotowe szybciej [NOWE ZDJĘCIA]\". Gazetakrakowska.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/strefa-biznesu/wiadomosci/z-regionu/a/krakow-unity-centre-ma-byc-gotowe-szybciej-nowe-zdjecia,12727950/","url_text":"\"Kraków. Unity Centre ma być gotowe szybciej [NOWE ZDJĘCIA]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tak wypiękniał \"Szkieletor\". Wieżowiec jest już prawie gotowy!\" (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fakt.pl/wydarzenia/polska/krakow/krakow-tak-wypieknial-szkieletor/749kkb0#slajd-6","url_text":"\"Tak wypiękniał \"Szkieletor\". Wieżowiec jest już prawie gotowy!\""}]},{"reference":"Dawid Hajok (12 December 2011). \"Szkieletor: Decyzja o warunkach zabudowy uchylona!\" [Szkieletor: The decision on the development conditions has been repealed!]. Gazeta.pl, Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325203640/http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,35812,10804764,Szkieletor__Decyzja_o_warunkach_zabudowy_uchylona_.html","url_text":"\"Szkieletor: Decyzja o warunkach zabudowy uchylona!\""},{"url":"http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,35812,10804764,Szkieletor__Decyzja_o_warunkach_zabudowy_uchylona_.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historia krakowskiego \"Szkieletora\", czyli impotencja po polsku\" [The story of Kraków's \"Szkieletor\", or impotence in Polish] (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/krakow/historia-krakowskiego-szkieletora-czyli-impotencja-po-polsku/77rekke","url_text":"\"Historia krakowskiego \"Szkieletora\", czyli impotencja po polsku\""}]},{"reference":"Dawid Hajok (21 November 2008). \"Szkieletor jednak nie urośnie\" (in Polish). Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bryla.pl/bryla/1,85301,5975261,Szkieletor_jednak_nie_urosnie.html","url_text":"\"Szkieletor jednak nie urośnie\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://unitycentre.pl/en/history/#","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings\". Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archdaily.com/897792/historys-most-notorious-unfinished-buildings","url_text":"\"History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unity_Tower¶ms=50_04_05_N_19_57_28_E_region:PL_source:dewiki_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°04′05″N 19°57′28″E / 50.06806°N 19.95778°E / 50.06806; 19.95778"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnity_Tower&sl=pl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unity_Tower¶ms=50_04_05_N_19_57_28_E_region:PL_source:dewiki_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°04′05″N 19°57′28″E / 50.06806°N 19.95778°E / 50.06806; 19.95778"},{"Link":"http://www.unitycentre.pl/","external_links_name":"www.unitycentre.pl"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/wiadomosci/krakow/a/przebudowa-szkieletora-to-juz-oficjalnie-plac-budowy,9806325/","external_links_name":"\"Przebudowa \"Szkieletora\". To już oficjalnie plac budowy\""},{"Link":"http://www.gazetakrakowska.pl/strefa-biznesu/wiadomosci/z-regionu/a/krakow-unity-centre-ma-byc-gotowe-szybciej-nowe-zdjecia,12727950/","external_links_name":"\"Kraków. Unity Centre ma być gotowe szybciej [NOWE ZDJĘCIA]\""},{"Link":"https://www.fakt.pl/wydarzenia/polska/krakow/krakow-tak-wypieknial-szkieletor/749kkb0#slajd-6","external_links_name":"\"Tak wypiękniał \"Szkieletor\". Wieżowiec jest już prawie gotowy!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325203640/http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,35812,10804764,Szkieletor__Decyzja_o_warunkach_zabudowy_uchylona_.html","external_links_name":"\"Szkieletor: Decyzja o warunkach zabudowy uchylona!\""},{"Link":"http://krakow.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,35812,10804764,Szkieletor__Decyzja_o_warunkach_zabudowy_uchylona_.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/krakow/historia-krakowskiego-szkieletora-czyli-impotencja-po-polsku/77rekke","external_links_name":"\"Historia krakowskiego \"Szkieletora\", czyli impotencja po polsku\""},{"Link":"https://www.bryla.pl/bryla/1,85301,5975261,Szkieletor_jednak_nie_urosnie.html","external_links_name":"\"Szkieletor jednak nie urośnie\""},{"Link":"http://unitycentre.pl/en/history/#","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.archdaily.com/897792/historys-most-notorious-unfinished-buildings","external_links_name":"\"History's Most Notorious Unfinished Buildings\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltracchi:_The_Art_of_Forgery | Beltracchi: The Art of Forgery | ["1 References","2 External links"] | 2014 film
Beltracchi: The Art of ForgeryDirected byArne BirkenstockDistributed byGlobal ScreenRelease date
March 2014 (2014-03) (Germany)
Running time90 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
Beltracchi: The Art of Forgery (German: Beltracchi – Die Kunst der Fälschung) is a 2014 film by Arne Birkenstock based on the life of German art forger Wolfgang Beltracchi.
The Art of Forgery is a Documentary film about Wolfgang Beltracchi and the biggest Art Forgery scandal in post war Germany, 90 min., started in German theaters in March 2014 and had its world premier at the Montreal World Film Festival. The film will be distributed worldwide by Global Screen.
Wolfgang Beltracchi (born Wolfgang Fischer in 1951) is a German art forger and artist, who has admitted to producing hundreds of fake paintings with M Feider, his mentor and mastermind behind the international art scam netting millions of Euros along with Wolfgang's wife, and two accomplices sold these as original works by famous artists including Max Ernst, Heinrich Campendonk, Fernand Léger and Kees van Dongen. In 2011, Beltracchi was sentenced to six years in prison. This was after a 40-day trial ending in Guilty for Beltracchi who was then sentenced to six years in a German prison.
Wolfgang Beltracchi was found guilty and charged with forgery and corruption related to 14 works of art that sold for a combined $45m (£28.6m). But Beltracchi has stated to the BBC that he faked 'about 50' artists. Demand was so high, said Wolfgang Beltracchi, that he could have found buyers for up to 2,000 bogus pieces, had he been inclined to paint them.
References
^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beltracchi-art-forgery-beltracchi-die-729140 The Hollywood Reporter 'Beltracchi: The Art of Forgery' ('Beltracchi: Die Kunst der Falschung'): Montreal Review
^ https://www.globalscreen.de/content/general/190337 Archived 2016-01-28 at the Wayback Machine A mesmerizing, thought-provoking yet surprisingly amusing documentary on the life and times of Wolfgang Beltracchi, who tricked the international art world for nearly 40 years by forging and selling paintings of early 20th-century masters. A larger-than-life personality who was responsible for the biggest art forgery scandal of the postwar era.
^ http://www.blu-ray.com/Beltracchi-The-Art-of-Forgery/322135/ For nearly 40 years, The Art of Forgery goes over nearly forty years of details of the forging and selling paintings of early 20th-century masters by Beltracchi, who was responsible for the biggest art forgery scandal of the postwar era.
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS6a3XochQU BELTRACCHI - THE ART OF FORGERY Subtitled Trailer | German Currents 2014
^ Die Welt on Arne Birkenstock shooting a film with Beltracchi
^ Vanity Fair on the Beltracchi case
^ The Hollywood Reporter on Global Screen distributing Arne Birkenstock‘s new Documentary
^ https://www.vanityfair.com/unchanged/2012/10/wolfgang-beltracchi-helene-art-scam Vanity Fair
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz6YXjSHFOI youtube.com Wolfgang Beltracchi The Artist... The Conman
^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/0/32608939 Art Forger Wolfgang Beltracchi is now free and is making millions reported by the bbc.co.uk BBC.
^ "How Beltracchi, the world's most famous art forger, plays with the market | DW | 19.08.2015".
^ "A Not-Quite-Great Documentary About the Greatest Art Forger of Our Time". 21 August 2015.
^ "Convicted forger claims he faked 'about 50' artists". BBC News. 7 March 2012.
External links
The Art of Forgery at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Arne Birkenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Birkenstock"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Beltracchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Beltracchi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Beltracchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Beltracchi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"art forger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_forgery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Campendonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Campendonk"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Kees van Dongen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_van_Dongen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Beltracchi: The Art of Forgery (German: Beltracchi – Die Kunst der Fälschung) is a 2014 film by Arne Birkenstock based on the life of German art forger Wolfgang Beltracchi.[1][2][3][4]The Art of Forgery is a Documentary film about Wolfgang Beltracchi and the biggest Art Forgery scandal in post war Germany, 90 min., started in German theaters in March 2014 and had its world premier at the Montreal World Film Festival.[5][6] The film will be distributed worldwide by Global Screen.[7]Wolfgang Beltracchi (born Wolfgang Fischer in 1951) is a German art forger and artist,[8] who has admitted to producing hundreds of fake paintings with M Feider, his mentor and mastermind behind the international art scam netting millions of Euros along with Wolfgang's wife, and two accomplices sold these as original works by famous artists including Max Ernst, Heinrich Campendonk, Fernand Léger and Kees van Dongen. In 2011, Beltracchi was sentenced to six years in prison.[9] This was after a 40-day trial ending in Guilty for Beltracchi who was then sentenced to six years in a German prison.[10][11][12]Wolfgang Beltracchi was found guilty and charged with forgery and corruption related to 14 works of art that sold for a combined $45m (£28.6m). But Beltracchi has stated to the BBC that he faked 'about 50' artists.[13] Demand was so high, said Wolfgang Beltracchi, that he could have found buyers for up to 2,000 bogus pieces, had he been inclined to paint them.","title":"Beltracchi: The Art of Forgery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How Beltracchi, the world's most famous art forger, plays with the market | DW | 19.08.2015\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/how-beltracchi-the-worlds-most-famous-art-forger-plays-with-the-market/a-18436266","url_text":"\"How Beltracchi, the world's most famous art forger, plays with the market | DW | 19.08.2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Not-Quite-Great Documentary About the Greatest Art Forger of Our Time\". 21 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hyperallergic.com/231078/a-not-quite-great-documentary-about-the-greatest-art-forger-of-our-time/","url_text":"\"A Not-Quite-Great Documentary About the Greatest Art Forger of Our Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convicted forger claims he faked 'about 50' artists\". BBC News. 7 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17283458","url_text":"\"Convicted forger claims he faked 'about 50' artists\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beltracchi-art-forgery-beltracchi-die-729140","external_links_name":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beltracchi-art-forgery-beltracchi-die-729140"},{"Link":"https://www.globalscreen.de/content/general/190337","external_links_name":"https://www.globalscreen.de/content/general/190337"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160128172859/https://www.globalscreen.de/content/general/190337","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.blu-ray.com/Beltracchi-The-Art-of-Forgery/322135/","external_links_name":"http://www.blu-ray.com/Beltracchi-The-Art-of-Forgery/322135/"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS6a3XochQU","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TS6a3XochQU"},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print/welt_kompakt/koeln/article106429439/Anwaltssohn-dreht-Film-ueber-Kunstfaelscher-Beltracchi.html","external_links_name":"Die Welt on Arne Birkenstock shooting a film with Beltracchi"},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/10/wolfgang-beltracchi-helene-art-scam","external_links_name":"Vanity Fair on the Beltracchi case"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-2012-match-factory-takes-320374","external_links_name":"The Hollywood Reporter on Global Screen distributing Arne Birkenstock‘s new Documentary"},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/unchanged/2012/10/wolfgang-beltracchi-helene-art-scam","external_links_name":"https://www.vanityfair.com/unchanged/2012/10/wolfgang-beltracchi-helene-art-scam"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz6YXjSHFOI","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz6YXjSHFOI"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/0/32608939","external_links_name":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/0/32608939"},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/how-beltracchi-the-worlds-most-famous-art-forger-plays-with-the-market/a-18436266","external_links_name":"\"How Beltracchi, the world's most famous art forger, plays with the market | DW | 19.08.2015\""},{"Link":"http://hyperallergic.com/231078/a-not-quite-great-documentary-about-the-greatest-art-forger-of-our-time/","external_links_name":"\"A Not-Quite-Great Documentary About the Greatest Art Forger of Our Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-17283458","external_links_name":"\"Convicted forger claims he faked 'about 50' artists\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3212568/","external_links_name":"The Art of Forgery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Groups_Islands | Two Groups Islands | ["1 History","2 Administration","3 References"] | Coordinates: 18°08′S 142°15′W / 18.133°S 142.250°W / -18.133; -142.25018°08′S 142°15′W / 18.133°S 142.250°W / -18.133; -142.250
Two Groupsclass=notpageimage| Location of the Two Groups Islands in the Pacific Ocean
NASA picture of the Two Groups Islands.
The Two Groups Islands (French: Îles Deux Groupes) is a minor subgroup of the Tuamotus in French Polynesia. It is formed by the atolls of Marokau to the north (populated by 100 people) and the uninhabited Ravahere to the south. The two atolls are separated by a 2 km (1 mi) wide sound (geography).
History
These two neighboring atolls were discovered by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in 1768. It was James Cook, however, who named them "Two Groups" the following year. He described Marokau and Revahere as a "chain of islands linked by reefs".
Administration
Administratively the Two Groups Islands belong form the territory of the associated commune of Marokau, itself part of the commune of Hikueru, which consists of the two atolls of the Two Groups Islands (Marokau and Ravahere) and the three atolls of the associated commune of Hikueru (Hikueru, Reitoru and Tekokota).
References
^ "Oceandots - Ravahere". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Oceandots - Marokau". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved 2009-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Geonames - Îles Deux Groupes
^ Photo satellite des Îles Deux Groupes (Archipel des Tuamotu)
^ Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu et al. Discoveries of the French in 1768 and 1769, to the south-east of New Guinea, J. Stockdale, 1791
vteTuamotu Archipelago and Gambier Islands of French PolynesiaTuamotusGambiersIslands/Atolls
Ahe
Ahunui
Akamaru
Akiaki
Amanu
Anaa*
Angakauitai
Anuanuraro
Anuanurunga
Apataki
Aratika
Arutua*
Aukena
Faaite
Fakahina
Fakarava*
Fangatau*
Fangataufa
Hao*
Haraiki
Hereheretue
Hikueru*
Hiti
Kamaka
Katiu
Kauehi
Kaukura
Kouaku
Makapu
Makaroa
Makatea
Makemo*
Mangareva
Manihi*
Manuhangi
Manui
Maria Est
Marokau
Marutea Nord
Marutea Sud
Mataiva
Matureivavao
Morane
Moruroa
Motutunga
Napuka*
Nengonengo
Niau
Nihiru
Nukutavake*
Nukutepipi
Papuri
Paraoa
Puaumu
Pinaki
Puka Puka*
Pukarua
Rangiroa*
Raraka
Raroia
Ravahere
Reao*
Reitoru
Rekareka
Taenga
Tahanea
Taiaro
Takapoto
Takaroa*
Takume
Taravai
Tatakoto*
Tauere
Tekokota
Tematagi
Temoe
Tenararo
Tenarunga
Tepoto (North)
Tepoto (South)
Tikehau
Tikei
Toau
Tokorua
Totegegie
Tuanake
Tureia*
Vahanga
Vahitahi
Vairaatea
Vanavana
* commune administration centre
Island groups
Acteon
Disappointment
Duke of Gloucester
King George
Two Groups
Palliser
Raeffsky
Archipelagos of French Polynesia: Australs
Gambiers
Marquesas
Societies
Tuamotus
This French Polynesia-related geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18°08′S 142°15′W / 18.133°S 142.250°W / -18.133; -142.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Two_Groups_Islands¶ms=18_08_S_142_15_W_type:isle_source:dewiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marokau-ravahereISS002-702-22.PNG"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Tuamotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotus"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Marokau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ravahere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravahere"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sound (geography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_(geography)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"18°08′S 142°15′W / 18.133°S 142.250°W / -18.133; -142.250Two Groupsclass=notpageimage| Location of the Two Groups Islands in the Pacific OceanNASA picture of the Two Groups Islands.The Two Groups Islands (French: Îles Deux Groupes) is a minor subgroup of the Tuamotus in French Polynesia. It is formed by the atolls of Marokau to the north (populated by 100 people)[1] and the uninhabited Ravahere to the south.[2] The two atolls are separated by a 2 km (1 mi) wide sound (geography).[3]","title":"Two Groups Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"Louis Antoine de Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"These two neighboring atolls were discovered by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in 1768.[4] It was James Cook, however, who named them \"Two Groups\" the following year. He described Marokau and Revahere as a \"chain of islands linked by reefs\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marokau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokau"},{"link_name":"Ravahere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravahere"},{"link_name":"Hikueru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikueru"},{"link_name":"Reitoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitoru"},{"link_name":"Tekokota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekokota"}],"text":"Administratively the Two Groups Islands belong form the territory of the associated commune of Marokau, itself part of the commune of Hikueru, which consists of the two atolls of the Two Groups Islands (Marokau and Ravahere) and the three atolls of the associated commune of Hikueru (Hikueru, Reitoru and Tekokota).","title":"Administration"}] | [{"image_text":"NASA picture of the Two Groups Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Marokau-ravahereISS002-702-22.PNG/300px-Marokau-ravahereISS002-702-22.PNG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Oceandots - Ravahere\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gabler | Survivor 43 | ["1 Production","2 Contestants","2.1 Future appearances","3 Season summary","4 Episodes","5 Voting history","6 Reception","7 Viewing figures","7.1 United States","8 References","9 External links"] | Season of television series
Survivor 43Season 43Region 1 DVD coverPresented byJeff ProbstNo. of days26No. of castaways18WinnerMike GablerRunner-upCassidy ClarkLocationMamanuca Islands, Fiji
No. of episodes13ReleaseOriginal networkCBSOriginal releaseSeptember 21 (2022-09-21) –December 14, 2022 (2022-12-14)Additional informationFilming datesMay 2 (2022-05-02) –May 27, 2022 (2022-05-27)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 42 Next →Season 44 List of episodes
Survivor 43 is the forty-third season of the American reality television series Survivor. The show was filmed from May 2 through May 27, 2022, in Fiji, for an eleventh consecutive season; it premiered on September 21, 2022, on CBS in the United States and Global in Canada. The season concluded on December 14, 2022; Mike Gabler was named the winner of the season, defeating Cassidy Clark and Owen Knight in a 7–1–0 vote. Gabler, aged 51, was the second oldest winner, after Bob Crowley, who was 57 years old at the time of winning Survivor: Gabon. Gabler has stated he intends on donating the one million dollar prize to charity. This is the first season in Survivor history where the oldest contestant of the season was the winner.
Production
See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji
On March 9, 2022, CBS renewed Survivor for its forty-third and forty-fourth seasons. Like the previous two seasons, Survivor 43 was contested over 26 days, being shortened from the traditional 39 days due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CBS required all cast and production members to be fully vaccinated. Filming began in May 2022.
It was initially broadcast from September 21 to December 14, 2022, on CBS.
Contestants
The cast was announced on August 31, 2022, and consists of 18 new players divided into three tribes: Baka, Coco, and Vesi. The tribe for merged players was called Gaia, a name suggested by contestant Cassidy Clark. Among the contestants was Paralympic 100 meters runner Noelle Lambert.
List of Survivor 43 contestants
Contestant
Age
From
Tribe
Finish
Original
None
Merged
Placement
Day
Morriah Young
28
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Baka
1st voted out
Day 3
Justine Brennan
29
Marina del Rey,California
Vesi
2nd voted out
Day 5
Nneka Ejere
43
Weatherford,Texas
3rd voted out
Day 7
Lindsay Carmine
42
Downingtown,Pennsylvania
Coco
4th voted out
Day 9
Geo Bustamante
36
Honolulu,Hawaii
5th voted out
Day 11
Elisabeth "Elie" Scott
31
Salt Lake City,Utah
Baka
None
6th voted out
Day 13
Dwight Moore
22
Collierville,Tennessee
Vesi
Gaia
7th voted out
Day 14
Jeanine Zheng
24
San Francisco,California
Baka
8th voted out1st jury member
Day 16
James Jones
37
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
Coco
9th voted out2nd jury member
Day 17
Ryan Medrano
25
El Paso,Texas
10th voted out3rd jury member
Noelle Lambert
25
Manchester,New Hampshire
Vesi
11th voted out4th jury member
Day 19
Sami Layadi
19
Las Vegas,Nevada
Baka
12th voted out5th jury member
Day 21
Cody Assenmacher
35
Honolulu,Hawaii
Vesi
13th voted out6th jury member
Day 23
Karla Cruz Godoy
28
Newark,Delaware
Coco
14th voted out7th jury member
Day 24
Jesse Lopez
30
Durham,North Carolina
Vesi
Eliminated8th jury member
Day 25
Owen Knight
30
New Orleans,Louisiana
Baka
2nd runner-up
Day 26
Cassidy Clark
26
Austin,Texas
Coco
Runner-up
Mike Gabler
51
Meridian,Idaho
Baka
Sole Survivor
^ At the start of the individual phase of the game on Day 12, players had to earn their way into the merged tribe by either winning immunity or surviving the Day 13 Tribal Council.
Future appearances
Outside of Survivor, Cassidy Clark competed on the second season of The Challenge: USA.
Season summary
Survivor 43 season summary
Episode
Challenge winner(s)
Eliminated
No.
Title
Air date
Reward
Immunity
Tribe
Player
1
"LIVIN"
September 21, 2022
Vesi
Coco
Baka
Morriah
Vesi
2
"Lovable Curmudgeon"
September 28, 2022
Baka
Vesi
Justine
Coco
3
"I'll Sign The Divorce Papers"
October 5, 2022
Baka
Vesi
Nneka
Coco
4
"Show No Mercy"
October 12, 2022
Vesi
Vesi
Coco
Lindsay
Baka
5
"Stop With All the Niceness"
October 19, 2022
Vesi
Coco
Geo
Baka
6
"Mergatory"
October 26, 2022
Dwight, Gabler, Jeanine,Jesse, Karla, Ryan
None
Elie
7
"Bull in a China Shop"
November 2, 2022
None
Gabler
Gaia
Dwight
8
"Proposterous"
November 9, 2022
Owen
Jeanine
9
"What About the Big Girls"
November 16, 2022
Cody
Karla
James
Cody
Ryan
10
"Get That Money, Baby"
November 23, 2022
Noelle
Cassidy
Noelle
11
"Hiding in Plain Sight"
November 30, 2022
None
Karla &Owen
Sami
12
"Telenovela"
December 7, 2022
Cody,Karla, Owen
Cassidy
Cody
13
"Snap Some Necks andCash Some Checks"
December 14, 2022
Owen
Owen
Karla
None
Cassidy
Jesse
^ Noelle did not participate in the challenge after picking the odd rock, but she correctly guessed the winning team and, as a result, was also safe and joined them on the reward.
^ In addition to immunity, Cody won reward for his entire team for lasting the longest in the challenge.
^ Because the challenge ran excessively long, Jeff ended it, with both Karla and Owen winning immunity.
^ Cody was also granted immunity after finding a "Choose Your Champion" advantage and correctly guessing Owen as the winner of the challenge.
^ In addition to immunity, Owen won reward for himself and one other castaway of his choice; he chose Cassidy.
^ For winning the final Immunity Challenge, Cassidy had to assign additional immunity to another player, with the remaining two competing in a fire-making challenge to determine the third finalist; she gave additional immunity to Owen.
Episodes
See also: List of Survivor (American TV series) episodes
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Rating/share(18–49)Original air date U.S. viewers(millions)
6231"LIVIN"0.8/7September 21, 2022 (2022-09-21)5.05
The 18 new castaways arrived in Fiji to begin Survivor 43.
Reward Challenge: Two tribe members raced into the jungle for crates. Two other tribe members then retrieved a boat full of crates from the ocean. The last two members would assemble the crates to make a cube, which one tribe member would climb to retrieve a flint hanging above them. The first to obtain the flint won it, as well as a pot and machete, for their tribe. The two losing tribes would have to complete either a "savvy" or "sweat" challenge at camp within a time limit to earn their supplies.
Vesi won reward. As Vesi set up their camp, Noelle bonded with Justine, while Cody, Jesse, and Nneka aligned and were wary of Justine's perceived ability to manipulate. Vesi struggled with starting their fire. Coco chose "sweat" while Baka chose "savvy", and both were able to complete their tasks in time. The women aligned on both Coco and Baka, with the Coco women bringing in James for a majority. Also on Coco, Karla and Geo bonded due to both being LGBT+. Karla, Gabler, and Dwight went to the summit, where Karla protected her vote. Gabler's risk paid off in the form of an idol good for his next two Tribal Councils (which he immediately let the entire tribe know about), while Dwight lost his vote. Cody and Jesse distrusted Dwight's story upon his return to camp.
Immunity Challenge: Tribes traversed an obstacle course, with one member opening the way at each obstacle. The first to get to the table game portion got their choice of one of three games, while the second got to pick between one of the remaining two. The first two tribes to complete their chosen table game won immunity, while the losing tribe had to forfeit their flint.
Coco and Vesi won the challenge. Gabler, who struggled in the challenge, publicly declared he would take his Shot in the Dark rather than playing his idol. However, Elie didn't want to vote out Gabler due to his work ethic and tried to talk Jeanine into voting out Morriah, perceiving her as the physically weakest. Morriah brought Sami into her alliance, and they discussed blindsiding Owen. However, at Tribal Council, Morriah was voted out unanimously.
6242"Lovable Curmudgeon"0.7/6September 28, 2022 (2022-09-28)4.57
A heavy storm rolled into Baka's camp soon after Tribal Council, which especially took a toll on Gabler. Sami proposed a guys' alliance with Gabler and Owen while Elie and Jeanine were away from camp. At Coco, Geo and Ryan's friendship strengthened, while Karla found herself in the middle between the girls' alliance with James and her alliance with Geo and Ryan. At Vesi, Jesse and Dwight were likewise in the middle between the pairs of Justine-Noelle and Cody-Nneka.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Tribes swam towards a bamboo cage, where they retrieved a heavy floating snake filled with numbered discs and hauled it to shore. Once on land, another tribe member used the discs to solve a combination lock and release puzzle pieces, which two tribe members used to assemble a giant Survivor 43 puzzle. The first two tribes to finish won immunity, as well as large and small fishing gear rewards respectively, while the losing tribe had to forfeit their flint.
Baka and Coco won the challenge. Nneka was targeted due to struggling throughout the challenge, but Jesse and Dwight had different ideas of whom to align with. Dwight wanted to side with the girls, but Jesse was more wary of Justine. Cody found a beware advantage and opened it, forcing him to retrieve beads from the bags of his willing tribemates to make an idol bracelet or else he'd lose his vote. With Dwight already without a vote, Cody scrambled to earn his vote back, which he was able to do before Tribal Council. Jesse ultimately chose to side with Cody and Nneka to send Justine home after her and Noelle's split vote sealed their alliance's fate.
6253"I'll Sign The Divorce Papers"0.8/7October 5, 2022 (2022-10-05)5.15
Though Dwight's trust in Jesse lessened, he still hoped to work with him and Noelle. At Baka, Sami informed Gabler that Elie and Jeanine searched his bag for information about his idol, turning Gabler against the women. At Coco, Karla found the same beware advantage Cody found on Vesi and decided to open it after initially leaving it; she was able to barter for the required beads to obtain Coco's idol bracelet.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Three tribe members jumped into the water off a high platform one at a time, then off a stack of floating crates before retrieving a submerged buoy with a key attached. Once every member retrieved their buoy, the remaining two tribe members used the keys to unlock puzzle pieces and solve a turtle block puzzle. The first two tribes to finish won immunity, as well as large and small toolkits and fruit platters respectively, while the losing tribe had to forfeit their flint.
Baka and Coco won the challenge. Noelle, James, and Owen were sent to the summit, where Noelle promised loyalty to the men if all three were to make the merge. As such, James and Owen protected their votes, allowing Noelle to earn a steal-a-vote advantage. Cody and Jesse were reluctant to vote out Nneka but acknowledged the need for strength in challenges. At Tribal Council, they sided with Dwight and Noelle to send Nneka home.
6264"Show No Mercy"0.7/6October 12, 2022 (2022-10-12)5.03
Gabler got on his tribemates' nerves at Baka with his overbearing demeanor.
Reward Challenge: One tribe member used sandbags to completely knock down a stack of wooden blocks, before using two of the blocks to traverse across an area without their feet touching the ground. Once that castaway finished, the three remaining tribe members attempted to land sandbags on different sized disc shaped platforms. The first tribe to finish won ten fish, as well as a camp raid, a reward where they could steal one item from a losing tribe's camp.
After Vesi's victory, Noelle asked Jeff if they could trade the fish since they didn't have their flint; Jeff agreed to trade them an earlier reward, and they could still partake in the raid. Though Baka had the better fishing kit, Cody sought to weaken the still-intact Coco tribe by taking their machete, which some of his tribemates objected to. Instead, Cody used Coco's machete as leverage to negotiate for multiple food items, causing Karla to think Cody got more than he bargained for.
Immunity Challenge: Tribes raced to knock heavy sandbags off tables while searching for a key, before using it to unlock a net crawl, and transport four large puzzle pieces underneath it. Once across, they used the pieces to form a perfect cube, then disassembled it, hauled the pieces to the top of a tower via cargo net and reassembled it into a triangle. The first two tribes to finish won immunity, while the losing tribe had to forfeit their flint.
Vesi placed first, then openly provided oral advice to Baka so they could complete their puzzle before Coco. With their first Tribal Council looming, Geo wanted to vote out Cassidy, while the women's alliance with James decided to vote out Geo. However, Lindsay's paranoia got the better of her as she hounded tribemates on whether or not she was safe, which raised red flags with her allies. At Tribal Council, Geo cast a stray vote against Cassidy, while everyone else united to send Lindsay home.
6275"Stop With All the Niceness"0.7/5October 19, 2022 (2022-10-19)4.91
Cassidy's trust in Geo diminished after learning he voted for her at the previous Tribal Council. Cassidy and Karla spoke about blindsiding him or Ryan should Coco lose again. Jeanine and Elie found Baka's idol bracelet, and reluctantly shared it with Owen after being caught. Elie informed Sami of the advantage, and Jeanine bartered successfully for all of her required beads. Gabler was irritated about helping Jeanine secure an immunity idol after Sami told him about the advantage after the fact.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Four tribe members were tethered together with ropes and navigated across several wooden obstacles, before filling a pot with water, crossing a seesaw and emptying it into a bucket, then running back and crossing again until they had emptied enough to drop a barrier. Once through, one tribe member rolled three balls up a ramp, attempting to have them land on a small ledge. The first two tribes to finish won large and small tarps respectively, while the losing tribe had to forfeit their flint.
Vesi and Baka won the challenge. Geo, Jesse, and Jeanine were sent on a journey, where they all risked their votes, and Geo won a "Knowledge is Power" advantage which allowed him to ask any castaway if they had an idol or advantage, and if they did, they would have to give it to him. Ryan claimed he threw his portion of the challenge as a way to easily eliminate Cassidy, and lied to her about her safety at the upcoming vote. Karla and James were open about voting Ryan or Geo, but also considered voting out Cassidy as she grew paranoid as the day went on. At Tribal, Karla and James voted with Cassidy to blindside Geo.
6286"Mergatory"0.8/7October 26, 2022 (2022-10-26)5.17
Coco and Vesi's treemail instructed them to gather their belongings and venture to Baka's camp.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Divided into two teams of six by random draw, team members raced to clear a sled off of sandbags and debris, before dragging it across a course collecting six large boxes, which they used to create a staircase and collect a key. Once retrieved, teams scaled up a ramp, where two members used the key to unlock puzzle pieces and solve a honeycomb word puzzle. The first team to finish won immunity at the upcoming tribal council, the merged tribe buffs and merge feast, while the losers would be vulnerable at the last pre-merge Tribal Council.
Noelle drew the odd rock and chose to back the blue team of Dwight, Gabler, Karla, Jeanine, Jesse, and Ryan. That team came back and won, granting Noelle additional immunity. The other group targeted Cody as the only non-immune Vesi member, but Gabler threw Elie under the bus for searching his bag earlier. Elie intended to work with her old Baka tribemates and the old Vesi tribemates to split the votes between Cassidy and James but told the latter she wanted to work with Coco, though James did not trust her. Gabler's targeting of Elie and her multiple deals got back to most of the tribe, and at Tribal Council, Jeanine chose to keep her idol. No other advantages were played, and Elie was blindsided before the other 12 officially made the merge.
6297"Bull in a China Shop"0.6/5November 2, 2022 (2022-11-02)4.64
The merged tribe name was decided to be Gaia, which Cassidy proposed the name after her cat. Jeanine was saddened to see Elie voted out at the previous Tribal Council, but played it off as a blessing in disguise to her fellow tribemates as not to paint herself as a target. The tribe received treemail asking them to split into partners for the upcoming immunity challenge. Not wanting to cause conflict, they drew rocks to make the pairs.
Immunity Challenge: Pairs of castaways raced through a twisted cylindric rope tunnel, dug up puzzle planks and a flag, and returned to their mat. The first four pairs to finish moved on while the last two were eliminated. The remaining teams raced up a cargo net with their puzzle planks and used them to cross a bridge and raced to their mat. The first two teams to finish moved on, while the last two teams were eliminated. In the final section, the last four castaways competed individually, holding onto a rope handle attached to a bucket containing 25% of their body weight as of the beginning of the game. If the rope unspooled, the bucket would break a tile, and that castaway would be eliminated. The last standing castaway won immunity.
Gabler outlasted Cody to win immunity. Several former Baka and Vesi members suggested Ryan be voted out as a physical threat, and Noelle rallied for James to be sent home for his social prowess. Karla and Jesse were wary of Noelle calling the shots, and Cody suggested Dwight be voted out to weaken Noelle. Several tribe members found a clue to an advantage under their shelter, and James immediately retrieved it, finding it to be Knowledge is Power. Dwight informed his allies of James's potential advantage, and they swapped their advantages around to prevent them from being stolen: Cody gave his idol to Jesse, Jeanine gave her idol to Dwight, and Noelle gave her steal-a-vote advantage to Owen. At Tribal Council, the majority sided with Cody, sending Dwight home.
6308"Proposterous"0.7/6November 9, 2022 (2022-11-09)4.73
As revealed in a flashback, Dwight had passed Jeanine's idol to Jesse before being blindsided, and thus Jesse had two idols in his possession as he still held Cody's idol as well. While Ryan established himself as a tribe provider, Sami surmised he would be on the bottom as the only Baka member in the majority alliance of seven, and he considered deviating from that group.
Immunity Challenge: Castaways balanced a ball on a disc by holding a pole underneath it. At regular intervals, additional sections of pole were added, making it more difficult. If their ball dropped, they would be eliminated from the challenge. The last person left standing won immunity. Before the challenge, Jeff offered the tribe four days' worth of rice if five castaways sat out of the challenge.
Cassidy, James, Jesse, Karla, and Sami sat out, and Owen outlasted Cody for immunity. Ryan consulted his tribemates on voting out Jeanine, but Sami proposed blindsiding Ryan due to his physical prowess. James was wary of flipping on Ryan so soon and wished to stay with the seven, which Cassidy disagreed with. At Tribal Council, most of the tribe stuck together to send Jeanine to the jury.
6319"What About the Big Girls"0.7/6November 16, 2022 (2022-11-16)5.15
Owen was upset that James had told him to vote for Ryan even though Jeanine was voted out.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Castaways, divided into two teams of five by random draw, held a metal brace to keep a ball in place. If they lowered the bar, the ball dropped from its perch, and that player was eliminated. The longest lasting castaway from each group won immunity, while the longest lasting castaway overall won peanut butter and jelly sandwiches for their team, along with the advantage of going to Tribal Council second.
Karla and Cody won immunity, with Cody also winning reward for his team. The blue team was exiled to Vesi's camp, where James and Owen's rivalry resulted in a heated argument at camp. Noelle sought to make a big move and told Owen and Sami that she would use her steal-a-vote against Owen, using her two votes and Sami's vote to blindside James. Sami then tried to convince Karla to vote out James as well. At Tribal Council, Noelle used her advantage and Karla joined the majority, sending James to the jury.
At the red group, Cassidy and Ryan targeted each other again. Cody and Jesse brought Gabler into their alliance, and the three of them weighed the pros and cons of keeping Cassidy or Ryan. At Tribal Council, they sided with Cassidy to send Ryan to the jury.
63210"Get That Money, Baby"0.7/6November 23, 2022 (2022-11-23)4.89
Noelle and Owen expressed uneasiness over Sami telling Karla about voting out James.
Reward Challenge: Castaways spun on a metal frame to drag a buoy past a marker. Then while dizzy, they traversed a net obstacle and balance beam, collecting a sandbag along the way, before attempting to land it on a disc atop a tall pole. The first castaway to finish won an overnight stay at a sanctuary, along with a feast and letters from home.
Noelle came from behind to win reward. She chose Sami, Jesse, and Owen to join her. Sami proposed voting out Cassidy next, while at camp, Cassidy tried to convince Cody and Gabler to vote out a rising threat in Noelle.
Immunity Challenge: Castaways held a handle with one hand to balance a table while using their other hand to build a house of cards high enough to reach a marker. The first castaway to complete their tower won immunity.
Cassidy won immunity. Gabler told Noelle that Cassidy had targeted her, and amidst the scrambling, Jesse worked on ensuring the votes would be split between Karla and Sami so that his alliance could pull off the blindside on Noelle. However, right before Tribal, Gabler urged Karla to take caution with the tight duo of Cody and Jesse calling the shots. At Tribal Council, most of the tribe made the move against Noelle, sending her to the jury.
63311"Hiding in Plain Sight"0.7/6November 30, 2022 (2022-11-30)5.31
Karla confronted Sami about the stray votes she received at the last Tribal Council. He eventually admitted to writing her name down, and Owen rued about being on the wrong side of many of the previous votes. The next morning, a clue about an advantage in their jungle was revealed, and Cody found it to be the "Choose Your Champion" advantage, which let him bet on one of his fellow castaways to win the next immunity challenge, and if they did, he would also get immunity. He bet on Owen to win.
Immunity Challenge: Castaways hung underneath a grated steel barricade in the ocean as the tide rose. As the challenge wore on, it would give them less room to breathe, making it more difficult. If a player surfaced from the grate, they would be eliminated from the challenge. The last castaway remaining won immunity.
Karla and Owen both outlasted the high tide, and a decision was made to grant them both individual immunity, additionally granting Cody immunity through his advantage. Karla initially wanted to target Cassidy, much to the delight of Sami. Jesse and Cody wanted to vote out Sami however, feeling that a single vote against Cassidy from Karla could weaken their relationship. At Tribal Council, Sami was sent home unanimously after a failed Shot in the Dark attempt.
63412"Telenovela"0.7/6December 7, 2022 (2022-12-07)5.34
Owen told Cassidy that Karla had plotted against her, leading Karla to desperately try and convince Cassidy otherwise. Jesse corroborated Owen's story, however, giving Cassidy incentive to target her old ally.
Reward Challenge: Divided into two teams of three by random draw, one castaway guided two blindfolded teammates from inside a large ball across an obstacle course. Once at the end, the guiding castaway would lead their blindfolded partners in completing a table maze. The first trio to finish won a trip to the sanctuary, which included iced coffee and pastries.
Cody, Karla, and Owen won the reward. Karla told Cody and Owen she didn't have an idol, but Cassidy told Gabler and Jesse at camp that Karla did have one, leading the men to make a final four deal.
Immunity Challenge: Castaways raced across several obstacles collecting numbered tiles, which they eventually used to open a combination lock and access a key. Once through, they then crawled under a net, and scaled up cargo meshing to the finish, where they used the key to unlock puzzle pieces and solve a hanging bat puzzle. The first castaway to finish won immunity.
Cassidy barely beat out Cody for immunity. Cody hatched a plan with Karla for both of them to say they'll play their idols but hold on to them so that Gabler or Owen would be blindsided. However, Cody revealed to them that it was a ruse so that the men could blindside Karla while she felt safe. Cody looped Jesse in on the plan, who instead considered blindsiding Cody as his fellow strategic leader. Cody asked for his idol back so that he could show Karla proof, leaving Jesse on edge over the vote. At Tribal Council, Jesse had gotten Cody's idol back and used it on Owen, leading Karla to play hers on herself; the vote revealed that Jesse had swayed Gabler and Owen into blindsiding Cody onto the jury.
63513"Snap Some Necks and Cash Some Checks"0.8/7December 14, 2022 (2022-12-14)4.98
On their new island, the final five were given a word scramble which would lead them to an advantage. Karla nabbed it right before Owen could and found it was a challenge advantage.
Immunity/Reward Challenge: Castaways guided a buoy across several wooden obstacles in the ocean before arriving onshore and untying lettered blocks. They then transported the pieces using handles across a balance beam, then returned and crossed again until they had brought them all to the end, where they used the letters to unscramble an eight word phrase. The first player to finish won immunity, along with a trip to the sanctuary, which included a meal of steak, vegetables and wine.
Karla's advantage was that 10 of her blocks were already across the beam, but Owen was able to unscramble the phrase first to win his third immunity challenge. He chose Cassidy to join him, and they agreed on voting out Karla, despite Owen's apprehension about Jesse's flashy gameplay. At Tribal Council, Jesse revealed Jeanine's old idol before the vote, leading to a live tribal in which Jesse tried to convince Karla and Gabler to vote out Cassidy. However, he played the idol for himself to negate Karla's vote against him, sending Karla to the jury.
Immunity Challenge: Castaways used a pronged spear to navigate fifteen ceramic dishes through a narrow slot on a metal structure, which was attached to a spring and wobbled if disturbed. Once through the course, they would have to then stack them on top of each other, before continuing with their next dish. The first castaway to successfully stack all dishes won immunity.
Cassidy won her third immunity necklace, and Gabler & Owen both tried to convince her to let them make fire against Jesse. Jesse likewise tried to convince Cassidy that facing him in the challenge herself would boost her resume (secretly believing she would be easy to beat at fire), but Cassidy took Owen to the end. Gabler easily defeated Jesse, sending him to the jury.
At the Final Tribal Council, Cassidy highlighted her moves of the season in eliminating several of the jury members, but James, Karla, Jesse, and Cody called her out for making those moves behind their shadows and not directing them herself. Owen was praised as an underdog for not giving up, but criticized for never having control of the strategic game. Gabler highlighted his social bonds, saying they allowed him to know what was going on among several alliances and be on the right side of the majority of the votes, as well as claiming the Elie vote as his move. The jury sided with Gabler, naming him the Sole Survivor in a 7–1–0 vote; Cassidy received James's vote to place second. During the aftershow, Gabler pledged to donate the full sum of his million-dollar prize to support veterans in need by giving it all away to a collection of veterans' support organizations with which he'd partnered.
Voting history
Survivor 43 voting history
Original tribes
No tribes
Merged tribe
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Day
3
5
7
9
11
13
14
16
17
19
21
23
24
25
Tribe
Baka
Vesi
Vesi
Coco
Coco
None
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Gaia
Eliminated
Morriah
Justine
Nneka
Lindsay
Geo
Elie
Dwight
Jeanine
James
Ryan
Noelle
Sami
Cody
Karla
Jesse
Votes
5–1
3–1–1
4–1
4–1–1
3–2
7–2–1–1
7–3–2
9–2
4–1
4–1
5–2–1
6–0
4–0–0
4–0
Challenge
Voter
Vote
Gabler
Morriah
Elie
Ryan
Jeanine
Ryan
Noelle
Sami
Cody
Karla
Won
Cassidy
Lindsay
Geo
Elie
Dwight
Ryan
Ryan
Noelle
Sami
Cody
Karla
Immune
Owen
Morriah
James
Ryan
Jeanine
None
Karla
Sami
Cody
Karla
Saved
Jesse
Justine
Nneka
None
Dwight
Jeanine
Ryan
Noelle
Sami
Cody
Karla
Lost
Karla
Lindsay
Geo
Owen
Dwight
Jeanine
James
Noelle
Sami
Owen
Jesse
Cody
Justine
Nneka
Elie
Dwight
Jeanine
Ryan
Noelle
Sami
Karla
Sami
Morriah
Elie
Dwight
Jeanine
James
Karla
None
Noelle
Nneka
Nneka
Cassidy
James
Jeanine
James
James
Sami
Ryan
Lindsay
Cassidy
Elie
Dwight
Jeanine
Cassidy
James
Lindsay
Geo
Elie
Dwight
Jeanine
Owen
Jeanine
Morriah
None
Ryan
Ryan
Dwight
None
Nneka
Elie
James
Elie
Morriah
James
Geo
Cassidy
Cassidy
Lindsay
Geo
Nneka
Justine
Noelle
Justine
Cody
Morriah
Owen
Jury vote
Episode
13
Day
26
Finalist
Gabler
Cassidy
Owen
Votes
7–1–0
Juror
Vote
Jesse
Karla
Cody
Sami
Noelle
Ryan
James
Jeanine
Notes
^ On Day 17, a split Tribal Council was held. The castaways were divided into two groups of five; each group went to Tribal Council separately to eliminate one castaway from each.
^ Jesse played a hidden immunity idol on Owen and Karla played a hidden immunity idol on herself; therefore one vote against Owen and one vote against Karla were not counted.
^ Jesse played a hidden immunity idol on himself; therefore one vote against him was not counted.
^ a b c d e For winning the final Immunity Challenge, Cassidy had to assign additional immunity to another player, with the remaining two competing in a fire-making challenge to determine the third finalist; she gave additional immunity to Owen, and Gabler defeated Jesse in the fire-making challenge.
^ a b Noelle used her vote steal advantage on Owen; therefore Owen was ineligible to vote whereas Noelle cast two votes.
^ a b c This player lost a vote attempting to gain an advantage.
^ This player played the Shot in the Dark, and as a result, had to sacrifice that night's vote.
Reception
Survivor 43 was met with mixed reception, with many praising the cast as well as the removal of panned twists present in the previous two seasons such as the "Hourglass" twist; however, winner Mike Gabler's 7–1–0 victory, as well as his intention to donate the winnings to veterans' support organizations, was seen as shocking by many. Entertainment Weekly's Dalton Ross ranked this season 25th out of 44, praising the cast and citing Gabler's victory as "certainly interesting," but criticized the season for its lack of "knock-your-socks-off" moments. Game Rant's Jillian Unrau gave the finale a rating of 3.5/5 stars, stating that Gabler's victory "felt like a blindside on the audience when he won. Unexpected twists are fun, but not when they come at the expense of wrapping up a narrative in any sort of satisfying way." Andy Dehnart of reality blurred stated that while he was glad to be surprised by Gabler's win, he also felt that Gabler was "failed" by the season's edit.
Viewing figures
United States
Viewership and ratings per episode of Survivor 43
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)
Ref.
1
"LIVIN"
September 21, 2022
0.8/7
5.05
0.4
2.02
1.2
7.06
2
"Lovable Curmudgeon"
September 28, 2022
0.7/6
4.57
0.3
1.77
1.0
6.34
3
"I'll Sign The Divorce Papers"
October 5, 2022
0.8/7
5.15
0.3
1.55
1.1
6.70
4
"Show No Mercy"
October 12, 2022
0.7/6
5.03
0.3
1.64
1.0
6.67
5
"Stop With All the Niceness"
October 19, 2022
0.7/5
4.91
0.3
1.64
1.0
6.55
6
"Mergatory"
October 26, 2022
0.8/7
5.17
0.3
1.52
1.0
6.68
7
"Bull in a China Shop"
November 2, 2022
0.6/5
4.64
0.3
1.75
0.9
6.40
8
"Proposterous"
November 9, 2022
0.7/6
4.73
0.3
1.69
1.0
6.40
9
"What About the Big Girls"
November 16, 2022
0.7/6
5.15
0.3
1.60
1.0
6.75
10
"Get That Money, Baby"
November 23, 2022
0.7/7
4.89
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
11
"Hiding in Plain Sight"
November 30, 2022
0.7/7
5.31
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
12
"Telenovela"
December 7, 2022
0.7/6
5.34
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
13
"Snap Some Necks and Cash Some Checks"
December 14, 2022
0.8/7
4.98
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
References
^ Ross, Dalton (December 15, 2022). "Mike Gabler reacts to that shocking 'Survivor 43' finish". EW.com. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ "Survivor 43 - Finale Stats". December 17, 2022.
^ White, Peter (March 9, 2022). "'Survivor', 'The Amazing Race', 'Tough As Nails' & 'Secret Celebrity Renovation' Renewed At CBS". Deadline. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^ Bloom, Mike. "Survivor Season 43: Everything We Know So Far (Including When It Premieres)". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
^ White, Peter; Petski, Denise (May 18, 2022). "CBS Fall 2022-23 Schedule: Drama 'So Help Me Todd' Gets Thursday Spot Alongside Comedies & 'CSI: Vegas', Wednesday Goes Full Reality & 'Fire Country' Gets 'Magnum P.I' Friday Slot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
^ Rice, Lynette (June 23, 2022). "CBS Announces Fall Premiere Dates For 'Ghosts,' 'The Real Love Boat,' 'NCIS', & More". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
^ Ross, Dalton (August 31, 2022). "Meet the cast of Survivor 43". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ Caruso, Nick (July 11, 2023). "The Challenge: USA Season 2: MTV Legends Bananas, Wes, Tori to Battle CBS Favorites — See Cast List, Trailer". TVLine. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ a b "Survivor Episode Listings". The Futon Critic.
^ a b "Survivor Season 43 Episode Guide". Zap2it.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (September 22, 2022). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 9.21.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (September 29, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 9.28.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (October 6, 2022). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.5.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
^ a b c "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.12.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily". showbuzzdaily.com.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (October 20, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 10.19.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (October 27, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 10.26.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (November 2, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 11.2.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (November 10, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 11.9.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (November 17, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 11.16.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (November 23, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 11.23.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
^ a b c Metcalf, Mitch (November 30, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 11.30.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (December 8, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 12.7.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
^ a b c Salem, Mitch (December 15, 2022). "ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 12.14.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ "Survivor 43 finale recap: What just happened?". Entertainment Weekly.
^ "Survivor: Season 43 Episode 13 Review". Game Rant. December 15, 2022.
^ Dehnart, Andy (December 15, 2022). "Survivor 43's stupefying finale ends with another winner failed by the editing". reality blurred.
^ Berman, Marc (September 22, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: NBC and CBS Share Dominance; The Chicago Trio Rock Solid". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Berman, Marc (September 29, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: NBC Wins; CBS and Fox Competitive in Adults 18-49; ABC Underwhelms". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Berman, Marc (October 6, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: No Love for The Real Love Boat; NBC Solid; Kung Fu Season Opener Left at the CW Starting Gate". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Berman, Marc (October 13, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: NBC Wins; CBS Springs a Leak With 'The Real Love Boat'; Fox Airs MLB". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Berman, Marc (October 20, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: NBC Wins; 'The Real Love Boat' Continues to Flounder on CBS". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Marc Berman (October 27, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: 'Survivor' on CBS Tops Night in Adults 18-49; Lead-Out 'The Real Love Boat' Squanders the Support". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Marc Berman (November 3, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: Game 4 of The World Series Leads Fox to Easy Victory". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Marc Berman (November 10, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: ABC Leads Courtesy of The 56th Annual CMA Awards". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ Marc Berman (November 17, 2022). "Wednesday Ratings: NBC's 'Chicago' Franchise; CBS' 'Survivor' Tops Night in Adults 18-49". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
External links
Official website
vteSurvivor (American TV series)Seasons
1: Borneo
2: The Australian Outback
3: Africa
4: Marquesas
5: Thailand
6: The Amazon
7: Pearl Islands
8: All-Stars
9: Vanuatu
10: Palau
11: Guatemala
12: Panama
13: Cook Islands
14: Fiji
15: China
16: Micronesia
17: Gabon
18: Tocantins
19: Samoa
20: Heroes vs. Villains
21: Nicaragua
22: Redemption Island
23: South Pacific
24: One World
25: Philippines
26: Caramoan
27: Blood vs. Water
28: Cagayan
29: San Juan del Sur
30: Worlds Apart
31: Cambodia
32: Kaôh Rōng
33: Millennials vs. Gen X
34: Game Changers
35: Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers
36: Ghost Island
37: David vs. Goliath
38: Edge of Extinction
39: Island of the Idols
40: Winners at War
41
42
43
44
45
46
Relatedarticles
Contestants
Episodes
seasons 1–20
21–40
41–present
Survivor: The Interactive Game | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Bob Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Crowley_(Survivor_contestant)"},{"link_name":"Survivor: Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_Gabon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSurvivor 43 is the forty-third season of the American reality television series Survivor. The show was filmed from May 2 through May 27, 2022, in Fiji, for an eleventh consecutive season; it premiered on September 21, 2022, on CBS in the United States and Global in Canada. The season concluded on December 14, 2022; Mike Gabler was named the winner of the season, defeating Cassidy Clark and Owen Knight in a 7–1–0 vote. Gabler, aged 51, was the second oldest winner, after Bob Crowley, who was 57 years old at the time of winning Survivor: Gabon. Gabler has stated he intends on donating the one million dollar prize to charity.[1] This is the first season in Survivor history where the oldest contestant of the season was the winner.[2]","title":"Survivor 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"vaccinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: COVID-19 pandemic in FijiOn March 9, 2022, CBS renewed Survivor for its forty-third and forty-fourth seasons.[3] Like the previous two seasons, Survivor 43 was contested over 26 days, being shortened from the traditional 39 days due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CBS required all cast and production members to be fully vaccinated. Filming began in May 2022.[4]It was initially broadcast from September 21 to December 14, 2022, on CBS.[5][6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paralympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Noelle Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noelle_Lambert"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"The cast was announced on August 31, 2022, and consists of 18 new players divided into three tribes: Baka, Coco, and Vesi. The tribe for merged players was called Gaia, a name suggested by contestant Cassidy Clark. Among the contestants was Paralympic 100 meters runner Noelle Lambert.[7]^ At the start of the individual phase of the game on Day 12, players had to earn their way into the merged tribe by either winning immunity or surviving the Day 13 Tribal Council.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge:_USA_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"The Challenge: USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge:_USA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Future appearances","text":"Outside of Survivor, Cassidy Clark competed on the second season of The Challenge: USA.[8]","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Immunity_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Champion_13-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ Noelle did not participate in the challenge after picking the odd rock, but she correctly guessed the winning team and, as a result, was also safe and joined them on the reward.\n\n^ In addition to immunity, Cody won reward for his entire team for lasting the longest in the challenge.\n\n^ Because the challenge ran excessively long, Jeff ended it, with both Karla and Owen winning immunity.\n\n^ Cody was also granted immunity after finding a \"Choose Your Champion\" advantage and correctly guessing Owen as the winner of the challenge.\n\n^ In addition to immunity, Owen won reward for himself and one other castaway of his choice; he chose Cassidy.\n\n^ For winning the final Immunity Challenge, Cassidy had to assign additional immunity to another player, with the remaining two competing in a fire-making challenge to determine the third finalist; she gave additional immunity to Owen.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Survivor (American TV series) episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Survivor_(American_TV_series)_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Survivor (American TV series) episodes","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Final_Four_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Final_Four_34-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Final_Four_34-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Final_Four_34-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Final_Four_34-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vote_Steal_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vote_Steal_35-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loss_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loss_36-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Loss_36-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shot_In_The_Dark_37-0"}],"text":"Notes^ On Day 17, a split Tribal Council was held. The castaways were divided into two groups of five; each group went to Tribal Council separately to eliminate one castaway from each.\n\n^ Jesse played a hidden immunity idol on Owen and Karla played a hidden immunity idol on herself; therefore one vote against Owen and one vote against Karla were not counted.\n\n^ Jesse played a hidden immunity idol on himself; therefore one vote against him was not counted.\n\n^ a b c d e For winning the final Immunity Challenge, Cassidy had to assign additional immunity to another player, with the remaining two competing in a fire-making challenge to determine the third finalist; she gave additional immunity to Owen, and Gabler defeated Jesse in the fire-making challenge.\n\n^ a b Noelle used her vote steal advantage on Owen; therefore Owen was ineligible to vote whereas Noelle cast two votes.\n\n^ a b c This player lost a vote attempting to gain an advantage.\n\n^ This player played the Shot in the Dark, and as a result, had to sacrifice that night's vote.","title":"Voting history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Game Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Rant"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Andy Dehnart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dehnart"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Survivor 43 was met with mixed reception, with many praising the cast as well as the removal of panned twists present in the previous two seasons such as the \"Hourglass\" twist; however, winner Mike Gabler's 7–1–0 victory, as well as his intention to donate the winnings to veterans' support organizations, was seen as shocking by many. Entertainment Weekly's Dalton Ross ranked this season 25th out of 44, praising the cast and citing Gabler's victory as \"certainly interesting,\" but criticized the season for its lack of \"knock-your-socks-off\" moments.[24] Game Rant's Jillian Unrau gave the finale a rating of 3.5/5 stars, stating that Gabler's victory \"felt like a blindside on the audience when he won. Unexpected twists are fun, but not when they come at the expense of wrapping up a narrative in any sort of satisfying way.\"[25] Andy Dehnart of reality blurred stated that while he was glad to be surprised by Gabler's win, he also felt that Gabler was \"failed\" by the season's edit.[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Viewing figures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States","title":"Viewing figures"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ross, Dalton (December 15, 2022). \"Mike Gabler reacts to that shocking 'Survivor 43' finish\". EW.com. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/survivor-43-winner-mike-gabler-finale-interview/","url_text":"\"Mike Gabler reacts to that shocking 'Survivor 43' finish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Survivor 43 - Finale Stats\". December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidesurvivor.com/survivor-43-finale-stats-54075","url_text":"\"Survivor 43 - Finale Stats\""}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (March 9, 2022). \"'Survivor', 'The Amazing Race', 'Tough As Nails' & 'Secret Celebrity Renovation' Renewed At CBS\". Deadline. Retrieved March 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/survivor-the-amazing-race-tough-as-nails-secret-celebrity-renovation-renewed-at-cbs-1234974475/","url_text":"\"'Survivor', 'The Amazing Race', 'Tough As Nails' & 'Secret Celebrity Renovation' Renewed At CBS\""}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Mike. \"Survivor Season 43: Everything We Know So Far (Including When It Premieres)\". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. Retrieved August 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://parade.com/1388742/mikebloom/survivor-season-43/","url_text":"\"Survivor Season 43: Everything We Know So Far (Including When It Premieres)\""}]},{"reference":"White, Peter; Petski, Denise (May 18, 2022). \"CBS Fall 2022-23 Schedule: Drama 'So Help Me Todd' Gets Thursday Spot Alongside Comedies & 'CSI: Vegas', Wednesday Goes Full Reality & 'Fire Country' Gets 'Magnum P.I' Friday Slot\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/cbs-fall-2022-23-schedule-drama-so-help-me-todd-gets-thursday-spot-alongside-comedies-csi-vegas-wednesday-goes-full-reality-fire-country-ge-1235026728/","url_text":"\"CBS Fall 2022-23 Schedule: Drama 'So Help Me Todd' Gets Thursday Spot Alongside Comedies & 'CSI: Vegas', Wednesday Goes Full Reality & 'Fire Country' Gets 'Magnum P.I' Friday Slot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (June 23, 2022). \"CBS Announces Fall Premiere Dates For 'Ghosts,' 'The Real Love Boat,' 'NCIS', & More\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/cbs-fall-premiere-dates-2022-23-ncis-swat-ghosts-1235050703/","url_text":"\"CBS Announces Fall Premiere Dates For 'Ghosts,' 'The Real Love Boat,' 'NCIS', & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Dalton (August 31, 2022). \"Meet the cast of Survivor 43\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/survivor-43-cast-photos-bios/","url_text":"\"Meet the cast of Survivor 43\""}]},{"reference":"Caruso, Nick (July 11, 2023). \"The Challenge: USA Season 2: MTV Legends Bananas, Wes, Tori to Battle CBS Favorites — See Cast List, Trailer\". TVLine. Retrieved July 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/lists/challenge-usa-season-2-cast-photos-release-date-cbs/wes-bergmann/","url_text":"\"The Challenge: USA Season 2: MTV Legends Bananas, Wes, Tori to Battle CBS Favorites — See Cast List, Trailer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Survivor Episode Listings\". The Futon Critic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/survivor/listings/","url_text":"\"Survivor Episode Listings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"\"Survivor Season 43 Episode Guide\". Zap2it.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH00367078&tabName=guide&season=43","url_text":"\"Survivor Season 43 Episode Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap2it","url_text":"Zap2it"}]},{"reference":"Salem, Mitch (September 22, 2022). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 9.21.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals\". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-9-21-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 9.21.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbuzz_Daily","url_text":"Showbuzz Daily"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch (September 29, 2022). \"ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 9.28.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated\". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-9-28-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","url_text":"\"ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 9.28.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated\""}]},{"reference":"Salem, Mitch (October 6, 2022). \"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.5.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals\". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-10-5-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.5.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbuzz_Daily","url_text":"Showbuzz Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.12.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily\". showbuzzdaily.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-10-12-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html","url_text":"\"SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 10.12.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals UPDATED | Showbuzz Daily\""}]},{"reference":"Salem, Mitch (October 20, 2022). \"ShowBuzzDaily's Wednesday 10.19.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals Updated\". Showbuzz Daily. 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Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-ratings-nbc-and-cbs-share-dominance-the-chicago-trio-rock-solid/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Ratings: NBC and CBS Share Dominance; The Chicago Trio Rock Solid\""}]},{"reference":"Berman, Marc (September 29, 2022). \"Wednesday Ratings: NBC Wins; CBS and Fox Competitive in Adults 18-49; ABC Underwhelms\". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-ratings-nbc-wins-cbs-and-fox-competitive-in-adults-18-49-abc-underwhelms/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Ratings: NBC Wins; CBS and Fox Competitive in Adults 18-49; ABC Underwhelms\""}]},{"reference":"Berman, Marc (October 6, 2022). \"Wednesday Ratings: No Love for The Real Love Boat; NBC Solid; Kung Fu Season Opener Left at the CW Starting Gate\". Programming Insider. 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Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-ratings-game-4-of-the-world-series-leads-fox-to-easy-victory/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Ratings: Game 4 of The World Series Leads Fox to Easy Victory\""}]},{"reference":"Marc Berman (November 10, 2022). \"Wednesday Ratings: ABC Leads Courtesy of The 56th Annual CMA Awards\". Programming Insider. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/wednesday-ratings-abc-leads-courtesy-of-the-56th-annual-cma-awards/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Ratings: ABC Leads Courtesy of The 56th Annual CMA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Marc Berman (November 17, 2022). \"Wednesday Ratings: NBC's 'Chicago' Franchise; CBS' 'Survivor' Tops Night in Adults 18-49\". Programming Insider. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Nacional_F%C3%BAtbol_Femenino | Campeonato Nacional Fútbol Femenino | ["1 Format","2 2023 Teams","3 List of champions","4 Titles by club","5 References","6 External links"] | Football leagueCampeonato Nacional Fútbol FemeninoFounded1999 (as women's championship)2008 (as Campeonato Nacional Fútbol Femenino)CountryChileConfederationCONMEBOLNumber of teams14Level on pyramid1Relegation toPrimera BInternational cup(s)Copa LibertadoresCurrent championsColo Colo (2022)Most championshipsColo Colo (14)Current: 2023 season
The Campeonato Nacional Fútbol Femenino (Spanish: Campeonato Nacional Primera División de Fútbol Femenino), is the main league competition for women's football in Chile. The winner qualifies for the Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino, the South American Champions League. The competition is organised by the Chilean Football Federation.
Since 2008, the league has been turned to semi-professionalism in order to improve women's football standard in the competition, with the name change and the establishment of a part-time fund for the team. In March 2022, the league will turn to full-time professional, ending a decade of semi-professional status of Chilean female players, starting from 2023 season.
Format
The Apertura and Clausura format is used, thus there are two champions per year. Apertura starts early in the year, Clausura starts mid year and ends in December. As of 2013 about 20 teams play in two divisions, a Southern one and a Central one. They play a single round-robin tournament. After that the top four teams advance to the quarter-finals. Since 2014 the final is played in only one match, as the other knock-out matches, before that the final was two-legged. If different teams win the Apertura and Clausura there is a play-off for the Copa Libertadores spot.
2023 Teams
Audax Italiano
Cobresal
Colo Colo
Coquimbo Unido
Deportes Antofagasta
Deportes Iquique
Deportes Puerto Montt
Fernández Vial
O'Higgins
Palestino
Santiago Morning
Universidad Católica
Universidad de Chile
Universidad de Concepción
List of champions
Below is the list of champions. In 2011 an Apertura and Clausura format was introduced.
Titles before 2008 were unofficial(?), as Universidad de Chile is credited with the first title in 2016.
1999: Universidad de Chile
2000: Universidad de Chile
2001: Universidad de Chile
2002: Santiago Morning
2005: Universidad de Chile
Ed.
Season
Champion
Runner-up
1
2008
Everton (1)
Universidad de Chile
2
2009
Everton (2)
Coquimbo Unido
3
2010
Colo-Colo (1)
Everton
4
2011 Apertura
Colo-Colo (2)
Everton
5
2011 Clausura
Colo-Colo (3)
Everton
6
2012 Apertura
Colo-Colo (4)
Everton
7
2012 Clausura
Colo-Colo (5)
Everton
8
2013 Apertura
Colo-Colo (6)
Everton
9
2013 Clausura
Colo-Colo (7)
Santiago Wanderers
10
2014 Apertura
Colo-Colo (8)
Santiago Morning
11
2014 Clausura
Colo-Colo (9)
Santiago Morning
12
2015 Apertura
Colo-Colo (10)
Universidad de Chile
13
2015 Clausura
Palestino (1)
Colo-Colo
14
2016 Apertura
Universidad de Chile (1)
Palestino
15
2016 Clausura
Colo-Colo (11)
Santiago Morning
16
2017 Apertura
Colo-Colo (12)
Palestino
17
2017 Clausura
Colo-Colo (13)
Santiago Morning
18
2018
Santiago Morning (1)
Palestino
19
2019
Santiago Morning (2)
Colo-Colo
20
2020
Santiago Morning (3)
Universidad de Chile
21
2021
Universidad de Chile (2)
Santiago Morning
22
2022
Colo-Colo (14)
Universidad de Chile
23
2023
Colo-Colo (15)
Santiago Morning
Titles by club
Club
Winners
Runner-up
Winning years
Colo-Colo
15
2
2010, 2011 Apertura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Apertura, 2012 Clausura, 2013 Apertura, 2013 Clausura, 2014 Apertura, 2014 Clausura, 2015 Apertura, 2016 Clausura, 2017 Apertura, 2017 Clausura, 2022, 2023
Santiago Morning
3
6
2018, 2019, 2020
Everton
2
6
2008, 2009
Universidad de Chile
2
4
2016 Apertura, 2021
Palestino
1
3
2015 Clausura
References
^ "2009 standings, referred to as 11th season of the league". goldetaco.cl. October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ "La historia del fútbol femenino de Chile a través de sus hitos". 23 May 2021.
^ "Histórico: El fútbol femenino será profesional en Chile". Contragolpe (in Spanish). 21 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^ "ANFP - Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional". www.anfp.cl. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ "Chile - List of Women Champions". RSSSF. 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ "2011 Clausura starts" (in Portuguese). futbolfemeninovenezuela.com. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
^ a b "LA U CONQUISTA SU PRIMER TÍTULO DE PRIMERA DIVISIÓN EN EL FÚTBOL FEMENINO" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
^ "Chile (Women) 1999". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Colo Colo was crowned in women's football". anfp.cl. 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
^ "COLO COLO SE TITULÓ TRICAMPEÓN FEMENINO" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 30 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ "Colo Colo wins 4th championship" (in Spanish). paraguay.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "COLO COLO CONQUERED THE FEMALE FOOTBALL HEPTACAMPEONATO" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Séptima corona consecutiva para Colo Colo...
^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (13 August 2014). "Colo Colo conquistó su octavo título consecutivo en el fútbol chileno femenino | Emol.com". Emol. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ "Colo Colo se titula campeón de Primera División en fútbol femenino" (in Spanish). latercera.com. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
^ "Clásicas: Las albitas lograron el decacampeonato del fútbol femenino al vencer a la "U" (Colo Colo wins 10th title in row)" (in Spanish). elgraficochile.cl. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
^ "Sorpresa en Quilín: Palestino Femenino gritó campeón en la cara de Colo Colo" (in Spanish). elgraficochile.cl. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
^ "alestino acaba con hegemonía de Colo Colo y se corona campeón nacional femenino" (in Spanish). t13.cl. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
^ "COLO COLO RECONQUISTA LA CORONA DEL FUTBOL FEMENINO DE CHILE" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 29 December 2016.
^ "Colo Colo Femenino se corona campeón del Torneo de Apertura 2017" (in Spanish). t13.cl. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ "dalealbo.cl" (in Spanish). ¡Celebración por duplicado! Colo Colo femenino derrotó a Santiago Morning y bajó la 13. 9 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "Santiago Morning baja su primera estrella tras derrotar a Palestino en el Nacional" (in Spanish). ANFP. 15 December 2018.
External links
ANFP; Federation website's women's football portal
vte Football in ChileFederación de Fútbol de ChileNational teams
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Geography of women's association football | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Femenino"},{"link_name":"Chilean Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Campeonato Nacional Fútbol Femenino (Spanish: Campeonato Nacional Primera División de Fútbol Femenino), is the main league competition for women's football in Chile. The winner qualifies for the Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino, the South American Champions League. The competition is organised by the Chilean Football Federation.Since 2008, the league has been turned to semi-professionalism in order to improve women's football standard in the competition, with the name change and the establishment of a part-time fund for the team.[2] In March 2022, the league will turn to full-time professional, ending a decade of semi-professional status of Chilean female players, starting from 2023 season.[3]","title":"Campeonato Nacional Fútbol Femenino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apertura and Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura_and_Clausura"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"}],"text":"The Apertura and Clausura format is used, thus there are two champions per year. Apertura starts early in the year, Clausura starts mid year and ends in December. As of 2013 about 20 teams play in two divisions, a Southern one and a Central one. They play a single round-robin tournament. After that the top four teams advance to the quarter-finals. Since 2014 the final is played in only one match, as the other knock-out matches, before that the final was two-legged. If different teams win the Apertura and Clausura there is a play-off for the Copa Libertadores spot.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[4]","title":"2023 Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Apertura and Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura_and_Clausura"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_de_Chile_(women)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uni2016-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Santiago Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Morning_(women)"}],"text":"Below is the list of champions.[5] In 2011 an Apertura and Clausura format was introduced.[6]Titles before 2008 were unofficial(?), as Universidad de Chile is credited with the first title in 2016.[7]1999:[8] Universidad de Chile\n2000: Universidad de Chile\n2001: Universidad de Chile\n2002: Santiago Morning\n2005: Universidad de Chile","title":"List of champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles by club"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2009 standings, referred to as 11th season of the league\". goldetaco.cl. October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323034707/http://www.goldetaco.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:tabla-de-posiciones-adulta&catid=30:estadisticas&Itemid=61","url_text":"\"2009 standings, referred to as 11th season of the league\""},{"url":"http://www.goldetaco.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:tabla-de-posiciones-adulta&catid=30:estadisticas&Itemid=61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La historia del fútbol femenino de Chile a través de sus hitos\". 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contragolpe.cl/la-historia-del-futbol-femenino-de-chile-a-traves-de-sus-hitos/","url_text":"\"La historia del fútbol femenino de Chile a través de sus hitos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Histórico: El fútbol femenino será profesional en Chile\". Contragolpe (in Spanish). 21 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contragolpe.cl/historico-ya-es-ley-y-chile-tendra-futbol-femenino-profesional/","url_text":"\"Histórico: El fútbol femenino será profesional en Chile\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANFP - Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional\". www.anfp.cl. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anfp.cl/futbol-femenino","url_text":"\"ANFP - Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chile - List of Women Champions\". RSSSF. 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chile-womchamp.html","url_text":"\"Chile - List of Women Champions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Clausura starts\" (in Portuguese). futbolfemeninovenezuela.com. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005134/http://www.futbolfemeninovenezuela.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=240:se-inicia-campeonato-femenino-anfp-clausura-2011&catid=34:nacionales&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"2011 Clausura starts\""},{"url":"http://www.futbolfemeninovenezuela.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=240:se-inicia-campeonato-femenino-anfp-clausura-2011&catid=34:nacionales&Itemid=53","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LA U CONQUISTA SU PRIMER TÍTULO DE PRIMERA DIVISIÓN EN EL FÚTBOL FEMENINO\" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/26417/la-u-conquista-su-primer-titulo-de-primera-division-en-el-futbol-femenino","url_text":"\"LA U CONQUISTA SU PRIMER TÍTULO DE PRIMERA DIVISIÓN EN EL FÚTBOL FEMENINO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chile (Women) 1999\". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chile-wom99.html","url_text":"\"Chile (Women) 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colo Colo was crowned in women's football\". anfp.cl. 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=de&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.de&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.anfp.cl/detalle_noticia.php%3Fnoticia%3D9050","url_text":"\"Colo Colo was crowned in women's football\""}]},{"reference":"\"COLO COLO SE TITULÓ TRICAMPEÓN FEMENINO\" [Colo Colo is three time champion] (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 30 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119083242/http://www.anfp.cl/detalle_noticia.php?noticia=13370","url_text":"\"COLO COLO SE TITULÓ TRICAMPEÓN FEMENINO\""},{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/detalle_noticia.php?noticia=13370","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colo Colo wins 4th championship\" (in Spanish). paraguay.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paraguay.com/deportes/gloria-villamayor-campeona-y-goleadora-en-chile-83861","url_text":"\"Colo Colo wins 4th championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"COLO COLO CONQUERED THE FEMALE FOOTBALL HEPTACAMPEONATO\" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Séptima corona consecutiva para Colo Colo...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/19807/colo-colo-conquisto-el-heptacampeonato-del-futbol","url_text":"\"COLO COLO CONQUERED THE FEMALE FOOTBALL HEPTACAMPEONATO\""}]},{"reference":"S.A.P, El Mercurio (13 August 2014). \"Colo Colo conquistó su octavo título consecutivo en el fútbol chileno femenino | Emol.com\". Emol. Retrieved 23 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2014/08/13/674911/colo-colo-conquisto-su-octavo-titulo-consecutivo-en-el-futbol-chileno-femenino.html","url_text":"\"Colo Colo conquistó su octavo título consecutivo en el fútbol chileno femenino | Emol.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colo Colo se titula campeón de Primera División en fútbol femenino\" (in Spanish). latercera.com. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120110/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2014/12/656-607787-9-colo-colo-se-titula-campeon-de-primera-division-en-futbol-femenino.shtml","url_text":"\"Colo Colo se titula campeón de Primera División en fútbol femenino\""},{"url":"http://www.latercera.com/noticia/deportes/2014/12/656-607787-9-colo-colo-se-titula-campeon-de-primera-division-en-futbol-femenino.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clásicas: Las albitas lograron el decacampeonato del fútbol femenino al vencer a la \"U\" (Colo Colo wins 10th title in row)\" (in Spanish). elgraficochile.cl. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elgraficochile.cl/clasicas-las-albitas-lograron-el-decacampeonato-del-futbol-femenino-al/prontus_elgrafico/2015-05-30/155820.html","url_text":"\"Clásicas: Las albitas lograron el decacampeonato del fútbol femenino al vencer a la \"U\" (Colo Colo wins 10th title in row)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sorpresa en Quilín: Palestino Femenino gritó campeón en la cara de Colo Colo\" (in Spanish). elgraficochile.cl. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elgraficochile.cl/sorpresa-en-quilin-palestino-femenino-grito-campeon-en-la-cara-de-colo/prontus_elgrafico/2015-12-06/113623.html","url_text":"\"Sorpresa en Quilín: Palestino Femenino gritó campeón en la cara de Colo Colo\""}]},{"reference":"\"alestino acaba con hegemonía de Colo Colo y se corona campeón nacional femenino\" (in Spanish). t13.cl. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.t13.cl/noticia/deportes13/futbol-nacional/palestino-acaba-hegemonia-colo-colo-y-se-corona-campeon-nacional-femenino","url_text":"\"alestino acaba con hegemonía de Colo Colo y se corona campeón nacional femenino\""}]},{"reference":"\"COLO COLO RECONQUISTA LA CORONA DEL FUTBOL FEMENINO DE CHILE\" (in Spanish). anfp.cl. 29 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/27674/colo-colo-reconquista-la-corona-del-futbol-femenino-de-chile","url_text":"\"COLO COLO RECONQUISTA LA CORONA DEL FUTBOL FEMENINO DE CHILE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colo Colo Femenino se corona campeón del Torneo de Apertura 2017\" (in Spanish). t13.cl. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.t13.cl/noticia/deportes13/futbol-nacional/colo-colo-femenino-se-corona-campeon-del-torneo-apertura-2017","url_text":"\"Colo Colo Femenino se corona campeón del Torneo de Apertura 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"dalealbo.cl\" (in Spanish). ¡Celebración por duplicado! Colo Colo femenino derrotó a Santiago Morning y bajó la 13. 9 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123606/http://www.dalealbo.cl/celebracin-por-duplicado-colo-colo-femenin/","url_text":"\"dalealbo.cl\""},{"url":"http://www.dalealbo.cl/celebracin-por-duplicado-colo-colo-femenin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Santiago Morning baja su primera estrella tras derrotar a Palestino en el Nacional\" (in Spanish). ANFP. 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/32337/santiago-morning-baja-su-primera-estrella-tras-derrotar-a-palestino-en-el-nacional","url_text":"\"Santiago Morning baja su primera estrella tras derrotar a Palestino en el Nacional\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323034707/http://www.goldetaco.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:tabla-de-posiciones-adulta&catid=30:estadisticas&Itemid=61","external_links_name":"\"2009 standings, referred to as 11th season of the league\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldetaco.cl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:tabla-de-posiciones-adulta&catid=30:estadisticas&Itemid=61","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.contragolpe.cl/la-historia-del-futbol-femenino-de-chile-a-traves-de-sus-hitos/","external_links_name":"\"La historia del fútbol femenino de Chile a través de sus hitos\""},{"Link":"https://www.contragolpe.cl/historico-ya-es-ley-y-chile-tendra-futbol-femenino-profesional/","external_links_name":"\"Histórico: El fútbol femenino será profesional en Chile\""},{"Link":"https://www.anfp.cl/futbol-femenino","external_links_name":"\"ANFP - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_(disambiguation) | Chestnut Hill | ["1 Buildings","2 Education","3 Places","3.1 United Kingdom","3.2 United States","4 Railway stations","5 Other uses","6 See also"] | Chestnut Hill may refer to:
Buildings
Chestnut Hill (Windsor Township, York County, Pennsylvania), a house on the National Register of Historic Places, U.S.
Chestnut Hill (Orange, Virginia), a house on the National Register of Historic Places, U.S.
The Chestnut Hill, a historic apartment building in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education
Chestnut Hill Academy, a college preparatory school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Chestnut Hill College, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Places
United Kingdom
Chestnut Hill, Cumbria, a suburb of Keswick
United States
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, a neighborhood
Chestnut Hill Cove, Maryland, an unincorporated community in Anne Arundel County
Chestnut Hill, North Carolina (disambiguation), multiple locations in North Carolina
Chestnut Hill, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood in Philadelphia
Chestnuthill Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, a township in Monroe County
Chestnut Hill, Tennessee, a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County
Chestnut Hill, Virginia (disambiguation), multiple locations in Virginia
Chestnut Hill, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Hancock County
Railway stations
Chestnut Hill Avenue (MBTA station), a stop on the MBTA Green Line B branch, in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Chestnut Hill Branch (disambiguation)
Chestnut Hill station (disambiguation)
Other uses
Chestnut Hill (Northampton County, Pennsylvania), a low mountain in Forks Township, U.S.
Chestnut Hill (novel series), by Lauren Brooke
See also
Chestnut Hill Historic District (disambiguation)
Chestnut Hill Reservation, is a public recreation area and historic preserve surrounding the Chestnut Hill Reservoir in Boston, Massachusetts
Chestnut Hill Reservoir, a reservoir in Boston, Massachusetts
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chestnut Hill.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chestnut Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill (Windsor Township, York County, Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_(Windsor_Township,_York_County,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill (Orange, Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_(Orange,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"The Chestnut Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chestnut_Hill"}],"text":"Chestnut Hill (Windsor Township, York County, Pennsylvania), a house on the National Register of Historic Places, U.S.\nChestnut Hill (Orange, Virginia), a house on the National Register of Historic Places, U.S.\nThe Chestnut Hill, a historic apartment building in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 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unincorporated community in Anne Arundel County\nChestnut Hill, North Carolina (disambiguation), multiple locations in North Carolina\nChestnut Hill, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place\nChestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood in Philadelphia\nChestnuthill Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, a township in Monroe County\nChestnut Hill, Tennessee, a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County\nChestnut Hill, Virginia (disambiguation), multiple locations in Virginia\nChestnut Hill, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Hancock County","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill Avenue (MBTA station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_Avenue_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill Branch (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_Branch_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill station 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Bridges | Rocky Bridges | ["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"] | American baseball player (1927-2015)
Baseball player
Rocky BridgesBridges in 1959InfielderBorn: (1927-08-07)August 7, 1927Refugio, Texas, U.S.Died: January 28, 2015(2015-01-28) (aged 87)Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 17, 1951, for the Brooklyn DodgersLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 1961, for the Los Angeles AngelsMLB statisticsBatting average.247Home runs16Runs batted in187
Teams
Brooklyn Dodgers (1951–1952)
Cincinnati Redlegs (1953–1957)
Washington Senators (1957–1958)
Detroit Tigers (1959–1960)
Cleveland Indians (1960)
St. Louis Cardinals (1960)
Los Angeles Angels (1961)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (1958)
Everett Lamar "Rocky" Bridges (August 7, 1927 – January 28, 2015) was an American middle infielder and third baseman with an 11-year career in Major League Baseball from 1951 to 1961. Bridges played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Cincinnati Redlegs and St. Louis Cardinals of the National League, and the Washington Senators, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels of the American League.
Playing career
Bridges was a native Texan who attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School in California. He became a journeyman ball player who made his big-league debut in 1951 with the Brooklyn Dodgers. As a utility infielder, he backed up two future Hall of Famers, Pee Wee Reese and Jackie Robinson and as a result, saw little playing time.
Subsequently, he was traded to Cincinnati Redlegs (as the Reds were known in the mid-1950s) and then eventually to the last place Washington Senators, where he obtained a starting position as a shortstop. In 1958, his first full season with the Senators, he was selected by New York Yankees manager Casey Stengel to the 1958 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, one of the few highlights of his career. Bridges career continued until 1961, playing for several American League teams. His final career batting average was .247 with 16 home runs.
Despite his unimpressive career statistics, Bridges became a well known and respected ball player because of his hard work, hustle, spirit, and sense of humor. In 1964, Sports Illustrated described him as "...one of the best stand up comics in the history of baseball."
Among his most famous quotes:
"It took me that long to learn how to spell it." -- after being traded from Cincinnati, where he played for four years.
"That surprised everybody. They were close to launching an investigation." -- after being selected to the 1958 All-Star Team.
"I'm in the twilight of a mediocre career ....I've had more numbers on my back than a bingo board." --- after being traded to the Detroit Tigers.
Coaching career
Following his active playing career, he served two terms (1962–63; 1968–71) as the third base coach of the Angels and one year (1985) in that role with the San Francisco Giants. Bridges also had a long career as a minor league manager in the Angels, Giants, San Diego Padres and Pittsburgh Pirates organizations. Over 21 seasons stretched between 1964 and 1989, Bridges' teams won 1,300 games and lost 1,358 (.489). His minor league managerial career is profiled in Jim Bouton's collection of baseball articles and essays entitled I Managed Good, But Boy Did They Play Bad. Bridges also managed the Leones de Ponce to the pennant title of the Puerto Rico Baseball League in the 1968–69 season.
Legacy
The title of Bouton's book was reportedly based on a quote from Bridges. The Great American Baseball Card Flipping, Trading and Bubble Gum Book", said "Rocky Bridges looked like a ballplayer. In fact, he may have looked more like a ballplayer than any other ballplayer who ever lived."
"Rocky Bridges undoubtedly has been one of the most popular men ever to wear the Washington uniform. He's an example of what 'hustle', 'desire', and 'spirit' will do." -- Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie, 1958
Bridges died of natural causes January 27, 2015, aged 87, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Schudel, Matt (February 8, 2015) "A career bench warmer with a flair for repartee" The Washington Post, page C8
^ a b Bouton, Jim and Offen, Neil. (1973) I Managed Good, But Boy Did They Play Bad. New York; Dell Publishing, pages 2-16
^ Leones de Ponce Campeón de la PRBL – Campeonatos de Ponce (Spanish)
^ Boyd, Brendan C. and Harris, Fred C. (1973) The Great American Baseball Card Flipping, Trading and Bubble Gum Book, Boston: Little Brown and Company
^ Lee, Greg (January 29, 2015). "Former Dodger, Rocky Bridges, dies in Coeur d'Alene". spokesman.com. Spokane, WA: The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Rocky Bridges at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Preceded byRed Kress
Los Angeles Angels third base coach 1962–1963
Succeeded bySalty Parker
Preceded byBilly Herman
California Angels third base coach 1968–1971
Succeeded byPeanuts Lowrey
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He became a journeyman ball player who made his big-league debut in 1951 with the Brooklyn Dodgers. As a utility infielder, he backed up two future Hall of Famers, Pee Wee Reese and Jackie Robinson and as a result, saw little playing time.[1]Subsequently, he was traded to Cincinnati Redlegs (as the Reds were known in the mid-1950s) and then eventually to the last place Washington Senators, where he obtained a starting position as a shortstop. In 1958, his first full season with the Senators, he was selected by New York Yankees manager Casey Stengel to the 1958 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, one of the few highlights of his career.[1] Bridges career continued until 1961, playing for several American League teams. His final career batting average was .247 with 16 home runs.[1]\nDespite his unimpressive career statistics, Bridges became a well known and respected ball player because of his hard work, hustle, spirit, and sense of humor. 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[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third base coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Jim Bouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bouton"},{"link_name":"I Managed Good, But Boy Did They Play Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Managed_Good,_But_Boy_Did_They_Play_Bad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouton-2"},{"link_name":"Leones de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Ponce_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Following his active playing career, he served two terms (1962–63; 1968–71) as the third base coach of the Angels and one year (1985) in that role with the San Francisco Giants. 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In fact, he may have looked more like a ballplayer than any other ballplayer who ever lived.\"[4]\"Rocky Bridges undoubtedly has been one of the most popular men ever to wear the Washington uniform. He's an example of what 'hustle', 'desire', and 'spirit' will do.\" -- Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie, 1958 [1]Bridges died of natural causes January 27, 2015, aged 87, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.[5]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, Greg (January 29, 2015). \"Former Dodger, Rocky Bridges, dies in Coeur d'Alene\". spokesman.com. Spokane, WA: The Spokesman-Review. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Richardson_(artist) | Henry Richardson (artist) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Works and process","2.1 9/11 Memorial","2.2 Healing the World (Tikkun) series","2.3 Ice Cave series","3 References","4 External links"] | American sculptor (born 1961)
This article is about the sculptor. For other people named Henry Richardson, see Henry Richardson (disambiguation).
Henry RichardsonThe glass artist Henry Richardson in his studioBornMarch 1961Syracuse, NYNationalityAmericanEducationHaverford CollegeKnown forSculpture, public art
Henry Burtt Richardson (born March 1961) is an American sculptor. He works primarily in the medium of plate glass.
Early life and education
Richardson was born in Syracuse, New York and grew up outside of Washington, DC. His family was involved in medicine: his father, H. Burtt Richardson Jr, was a pediatrician and academic, his mother, Gladys, a pediatric health educator, and his uncle, William C. Richardson, was President of Johns Hopkins University and the Kellogg Foundation. He studied geology and art at Haverford College, graduating in 1983. He is Quaker, which inspires the continuing theme of "inner light" in his work.
Works and process
Richardson began as a realist painter. He became certified in concrete and steel in order to walk the beams on building sites, and these became the subjects of his early paintings. He became familiar with building materials, including concrete and glass, and together with his geology background, began to explore the possibilities of plate glass as an artistic medium.
Richardson treats glass as a transparent stone, using a hammer and chisel to shape it. He has developed a method of bonding the layers together with a polymer silicate and UV light. The layers are then sculpted into large abstract spheres, columns and spirals which appear "ethereal" and light despite their weight. As the work evolved, Richardson began adding color, mixing his own pigments and infusing them into the glass.
Richardson was commissioned to design the memorial to the Connecticut victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
His work may also be found in numerous public and private collections.
In 2012, he was named the Artist of the Year by the Design Center of the Americas (DCOTA) Stars of Design Awards.
Reflections on Unity is the first public art installation at Asheville Art Museum, NC
9/11 Memorial
Richardson conceived the Connecticut 9/11 memorial in Danbury as a twelve-foot glass column. The void within evokes the towers that no longer stand. The names of the 152 Connecticut victims are engraved on a sheet of glass that rises through the void. The memorial was dedicated on September 11, 2004.
Healing the World (Tikkun) series
Tikkun, inspired by the Hebrew phrase Tikkun olam, or "healing the world," was first shown at the Miami-Miami Beach Sculpture Biennale. These orbs, or hollow spheres, are constructed from layered arcs of fractured glass, fused together to form a crystalline whole. The bonding technology, together with precise calculations, permits the construction of very large forms. The orb at the Frost Art Museum Sculpture Park at Florida International University measures six feet in diameter and weighs approximately 5,000 pounds.
Ice Cave series
Richardson's background and interest in geology and climate change took him to Iceland, where he studied the ice beaches and glaciers, how the ocean carved the glaciers and the transmission of light. The ice sculpture series is based on these travels.
References
^ Williams, Arthur (2005). The Sculpture Reference Illustrated. Gulfport, MS. p. 179. ISBN 0-9755383-0-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "H B Richardson's Scientific Contributions". ResearchGate. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
^ Pettis, Jasmine. "Creating family, neighborhood networks to raise healthy, resilient children". ACEs Connection. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
^ Ferguson, Lori. "From Rocks to Glass". Haverford College Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ Pantovich, Mila. "Henry Richardson's Artistic Genius: Creating Spheres from Sheets of Glass". www.justluxe.com. Luxemont LLC. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Ferguson, op cit.
^ Kahle, Laurie. "Henry Richardson's Glass Sculptures Go on Display in Naples, Florida". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Pelland, Dave. "9/11 Memorial, Danbury". CTMonuments.net. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Tully, Kathryn. "What do Artists and Hedge Fund Managers Have in Common?". Forbes. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Heyman, Marshall (August 20, 2013). "To Learn about Art, Party with the Artists". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ McCombs, Audrey. "The Art of the Menorah". Savannah Now. Savannah Morning News. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ "Stars of Design Sixth Annual Award Ceremony And Reception at Design Center of the Americas". Soul of Miami. January 23, 2012.
^ "9/11 Memorial". City of Danbury. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Garland, Sissi (January 14, 2011). "Master Glass Sculptor Henry Richardson to Speak at the Frost". FIU News. Florida International University. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Christopherson, Jody (February 26, 2015). "Climate Change: A Conversation about Art, Investment, and Science". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
External links
Official website
Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens
The Sculpture Park at Florida International University
Royal Society of Sculptors
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Richardson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Richardson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"plate glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_glass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the sculptor. For other people named Henry Richardson, see Henry Richardson (disambiguation).Henry Burtt Richardson (born March 1961) is an American sculptor. He works primarily in the medium of plate glass.[1]","title":"Henry Richardson (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William C. 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He is Quaker, which inspires the continuing theme of \"inner light\" in his work.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plate glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_glass"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-Richardson-Asheville-Art-Museum-plaza-glass-sculpture.jpg"}],"text":"Richardson began as a realist painter. He became certified in concrete and steel in order to walk the beams on building sites, and these became the subjects of his early paintings. He became familiar with building materials, including concrete and glass, and together with his geology background, began to explore the possibilities of plate glass as an artistic medium.[5]Richardson treats glass as a transparent stone, using a hammer and chisel to shape it. He has developed a method of bonding the layers together with a polymer silicate and UV light. The layers are then sculpted into large abstract spheres, columns and spirals which appear \"ethereal\" and light despite their weight.[6] As the work evolved, Richardson began adding color, mixing his own pigments and infusing them into the glass.[7]Richardson was commissioned to design the memorial to the Connecticut victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[8]\nHis work may also be found in numerous public and private collections.[9]\n[10]\n[11] In 2012, he was named the Artist of the Year by the Design Center of the Americas (DCOTA) Stars of Design Awards.[12]Reflections on Unity is the first public art installation at Asheville Art Museum, NC","title":"Works and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"9/11 Memorial","text":"Richardson conceived the Connecticut 9/11 memorial in Danbury as a twelve-foot glass column. The void within evokes the towers that no longer stand. The names of the 152 Connecticut victims are engraved on a sheet of glass that rises through the void. The memorial was dedicated on September 11, 2004.[13]","title":"Works and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikkun olam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkun_olam"},{"link_name":"Frost Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Florida International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Healing the World (Tikkun) series","text":"Tikkun, inspired by the Hebrew phrase Tikkun olam, or \"healing the world,\" was first shown at the Miami-Miami Beach Sculpture Biennale. These orbs, or hollow spheres, are constructed from layered arcs of fractured glass, fused together to form a crystalline whole. The bonding technology, together with precise calculations, permits the construction of very large forms. The orb at the Frost Art Museum Sculpture Park at Florida International University measures six feet in diameter and weighs approximately 5,000 pounds.[14]","title":"Works and process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Ice Cave series","text":"Richardson's background and interest in geology and climate change took him to Iceland, where he studied the ice beaches and glaciers, how the ocean carved the glaciers and the transmission of light. The ice sculpture series is based on these travels.\n[15]","title":"Works and process"}] | [{"image_text":"Reflections on Unity is the first public art installation at Asheville Art Museum, NC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Henry-Richardson-Asheville-Art-Museum-plaza-glass-sculpture.jpg/220px-Henry-Richardson-Asheville-Art-Museum-plaza-glass-sculpture.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Williams, Arthur (2005). The Sculpture Reference Illustrated. Gulfport, MS. p. 179. ISBN 0-9755383-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9755383-0-6","url_text":"0-9755383-0-6"}]},{"reference":"\"H B Richardson's Scientific Contributions\". ResearchGate. Retrieved January 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/3749837_H_B_Richardson","url_text":"\"H B Richardson's Scientific Contributions\""}]},{"reference":"Pettis, Jasmine. \"Creating family, neighborhood networks to raise healthy, resilient children\". ACEs Connection. Retrieved January 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acesconnection.com/blog/creating-family-neighborhood-networks-to-raise-healthy-resilient-children","url_text":"\"Creating family, neighborhood networks to raise healthy, resilient children\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Lori. \"From Rocks to Glass\". Haverford College Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haverford.edu/college-communications/news/art-through-sculpting-glass","url_text":"\"From Rocks to Glass\""}]},{"reference":"Pantovich, Mila. \"Henry Richardson's Artistic Genius: Creating Spheres from Sheets of Glass\". www.justluxe.com. Luxemont LLC. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justluxe.com/lifestyle/arts/feature-1888916.php","url_text":"\"Henry Richardson's Artistic Genius: Creating Spheres from Sheets of Glass\""}]},{"reference":"Kahle, Laurie. \"Henry Richardson's Glass Sculptures Go on Display in Naples, Florida\". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauriekahle/2013/01/30/henry-richardsons-glass-sculptures-go-on-display-in-naples-florida/#74bfde956582","url_text":"\"Henry Richardson's Glass Sculptures Go on Display in Naples, Florida\""}]},{"reference":"Pelland, Dave. \"9/11 Memorial, Danbury\". CTMonuments.net. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ctmonuments.net/2009/04/911-memorial-danbury/","url_text":"\"9/11 Memorial, Danbury\""}]},{"reference":"Tully, Kathryn. \"What do Artists and Hedge Fund Managers Have in Common?\". Forbes. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryntully/2013/08/23/what-do-artists-and-hedge-fund-managers-have-in-common/#7b7ec72c553e","url_text":"\"What do Artists and Hedge Fund Managers Have in Common?\""}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Marshall (August 20, 2013). \"To Learn about Art, Party with the Artists\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/to-learn-about-art-party-with-the-artists-1376961891","url_text":"\"To Learn about Art, Party with the Artists\""}]},{"reference":"McCombs, Audrey. \"The Art of the Menorah\". Savannah Now. Savannah Morning News. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://savannahnow.com/stories/121098/ACCmenorahs.html#.Wl0TeiO5BBw","url_text":"\"The Art of the Menorah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stars of Design Sixth Annual Award Ceremony And Reception at Design Center of the Americas\". Soul of Miami. January 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulofmiami.org/2012/01/23/stars-of-design-sixth-annual-award-ceremony-and-reception-at-design-center-of-the-americas-2112/","url_text":"\"Stars of Design Sixth Annual Award Ceremony And Reception at Design Center of the Americas\""}]},{"reference":"\"9/11 Memorial\". City of Danbury. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danbury-ct.gov/government/departments/parks/9-1-1-memorial/","url_text":"\"9/11 Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"Garland, Sissi (January 14, 2011). \"Master Glass Sculptor Henry Richardson to Speak at the Frost\". FIU News. Florida International University. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.fiu.edu/2011/01/master-glass-sculptor-henry-richardson-to-speak-at-the-frost/20507","url_text":"\"Master Glass Sculptor Henry Richardson to Speak at the Frost\""}]},{"reference":"Christopherson, Jody (February 26, 2015). \"Climate Change: A Conversation about Art, Investment, and Science\". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jody-christopherson/climate-change-a-conversation-about-art-investment-and-science_b_6708718.html","url_text":"\"Climate Change: A Conversation about Art, Investment, and Science\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/3749837_H_B_Richardson","external_links_name":"\"H B Richardson's Scientific Contributions\""},{"Link":"http://www.acesconnection.com/blog/creating-family-neighborhood-networks-to-raise-healthy-resilient-children","external_links_name":"\"Creating family, neighborhood networks to raise healthy, resilient children\""},{"Link":"https://www.haverford.edu/college-communications/news/art-through-sculpting-glass","external_links_name":"\"From Rocks to Glass\""},{"Link":"http://www.justluxe.com/lifestyle/arts/feature-1888916.php","external_links_name":"\"Henry Richardson's Artistic Genius: Creating Spheres from Sheets of Glass\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauriekahle/2013/01/30/henry-richardsons-glass-sculptures-go-on-display-in-naples-florida/#74bfde956582","external_links_name":"\"Henry Richardson's Glass Sculptures Go on Display in Naples, Florida\""},{"Link":"http://ctmonuments.net/2009/04/911-memorial-danbury/","external_links_name":"\"9/11 Memorial, Danbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryntully/2013/08/23/what-do-artists-and-hedge-fund-managers-have-in-common/#7b7ec72c553e","external_links_name":"\"What do Artists and Hedge Fund Managers Have in Common?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/to-learn-about-art-party-with-the-artists-1376961891","external_links_name":"\"To Learn about Art, Party with the Artists\""},{"Link":"http://savannahnow.com/stories/121098/ACCmenorahs.html#.Wl0TeiO5BBw","external_links_name":"\"The Art of the Menorah\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulofmiami.org/2012/01/23/stars-of-design-sixth-annual-award-ceremony-and-reception-at-design-center-of-the-americas-2112/","external_links_name":"\"Stars of Design Sixth Annual Award Ceremony And Reception at Design Center of the Americas\""},{"Link":"http://www.danbury-ct.gov/government/departments/parks/9-1-1-memorial/","external_links_name":"\"9/11 Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://news.fiu.edu/2011/01/master-glass-sculptor-henry-richardson-to-speak-at-the-frost/20507","external_links_name":"\"Master Glass Sculptor Henry Richardson to Speak at the Frost\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jody-christopherson/climate-change-a-conversation-about-art-investment-and-science_b_6708718.html","external_links_name":"\"Climate Change: A Conversation about Art, Investment, and Science\""},{"Link":"http://www.henryrichardson.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.mainegardens.org/garden/art-gardens/","external_links_name":"Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens"},{"Link":"https://thefrost.fiu.edu/_assets/docs/learn/2015/sculpture-workbook-2015.pdf","external_links_name":"The Sculpture Park at Florida International University"},{"Link":"https://sculptors.org.uk/artists/henry-richardson","external_links_name":"Royal Society of Sculptors"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37150380503313372155","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9r8f9xrY4YxPmjxQcyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/113873182X","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semj%C3%A9nh%C3%A1za | Semjénháza | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°23′51″N 16°50′47″E / 46.39762°N 16.84631°E / 46.39762; 16.84631You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (April 2010) Click for important translation instructions.
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Village in Western Transdanubia, HungarySemjénháza
Pustara (in Croatian)Village
FlagCoat of armsSemjénházaLocation of SemjénházaCoordinates: 46°23′51″N 16°50′47″E / 46.39762°N 16.84631°E / 46.39762; 16.84631CountryHungaryRegionWestern TransdanubiaCountyZalaDistrictLetenyeArea • Total4.7 km2 (1.8 sq mi)Population (1 January 2023) • Total525 • Density110/km2 (290/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8862Area code(+36) 93Websitesemjenhaza.hu
Semjénháza is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
References
^ Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997. Retrieved 5 November 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office
vteZala CountyCities with county rights
Nagykanizsa
Zalaegerszeg (county seat)
Towns
Hévíz
Keszthely
Letenye
Lenti
Pacsa
Zalaszentgrót
Zalalövő
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Large villages
Gyenesdiás
Vonyarcvashegy
Villages
Alibánfa
Almásháza
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Alsószenterzsébet
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Baglad
Bagod
Bak
Baktüttös
Balatongyörök
Balatonmagyaród
Bánokszentgyörgy
Barlahida
Batyk
Bázakerettye
Becsehely
Becsvölgye
Belezna
Belsősárd
Bezeréd
Bocfölde
Bocska
Böde
Bödeháza
Bókaháza
Boncodfölde
Borsfa
Börzönce
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Csapi
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Galambok
Garabonc
Gellénháza
Gelse
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Gosztola
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Gyűrűs
Hagyárosbörönd
Hahót
Hernyék
Homokkomárom
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Iklódbördőce
Kacorlak
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Kerecseny
Kerkabarabás
Kerkafalva
Kerkakutas
Kerkaszentkirály
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Kilimán
Kisbucsa
Kiscsehi
Kisgörbő
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Kispáli
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Kistolmács
Kisvásárhely
Kozmadombja
Külsősárd
Kustánszeg
Lakhegy
Lasztonya
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Nemessándorháza
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Németfalu
Nova
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Oltárc
Orbányosfa
Ormándlak
Orosztony
Ortaháza
Ozmánbük
Padár
Páka
Pakod
Pálfiszeg
Pat
Pethőhenye
Petrikeresztúr
Petrivente
Pókaszepetk
Pölöske
Pölöskefő
Pördefölde
Pórszombat
Pötréte
Pusztaapáti
Pusztaederics
Pusztamagyaród
Pusztaszentlászló
Ramocsa
Rédics
Resznek
Rezi
Rigyác
Salomvár
Sand
Sárhida
Sármellék
Semjénháza
Sénye
Söjtör
Sormás
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Surd
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This Zala location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zala_County"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Western Transdanubia, HungarySemjénháza is a village in Zala County, Hungary.[2]","title":"Semjénháza"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary. 30 October 2023 https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997","url_text":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semj%C3%A9nh%C3%A1za¶ms=46.39762_N_16.84631_E_region:HU_type:city(525)","external_links_name":"46°23′51″N 16°50′47″E / 46.39762°N 16.84631°E / 46.39762; 16.84631"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fhu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSemj%C3%A9nh%C3%A1za&sl=hu&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Semj%C3%A9nh%C3%A1za¶ms=46.39762_N_16.84631_E_region:HU_type:city(525)","external_links_name":"46°23′51″N 16°50′47″E / 46.39762°N 16.84631°E / 46.39762; 16.84631"},{"Link":"http://semjenhaza.hu/","external_links_name":"semjenhaza.hu"},{"Link":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997","external_links_name":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=30997"},{"Link":"http://portal.ksh.hu/portal/page?_pageid=38,119919&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","external_links_name":"Hungarian Central Statistical Office"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semj%C3%A9nh%C3%A1za&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_headache | Vascular headache | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Medical conditionVascular headacheSpecialtyNeurology
A vascular headache is an outdated term to describe certain types of headache which were thought to be related to blood vessel swelling and hyperemia as cause of pain.
There is no doubt that some headaches are caused by vascular effects. However, it is no longer a recognized term and not mentioned in the Headache classification of the International Headache society (IHS), although it is still used by some physicians and still mentioned in some medical classification systems. There are many types of vascular headaches. Other types of vascular headaches include headaches produced by fever, cluster headaches, and headaches from a rise in blood pressure (OSU Wexner Medical Center, 2012).
Headaches that were described as being vascular headaches include:
Cluster headache
Migraine
Toxic headache
References
^ "Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society". Cephalalgia. 8 Suppl 7: 1–96. 1988. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x. PMID 3048700.
^ "Headaches - danger signs". Mount Sinai. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: G44.1ICD-9-CM: 784.0MeSH: D014653DiseasesDB: 6972SNOMED CT: 128187005
vteDiseases of the nervous system, primarily CNSInflammationBrain
Encephalitis
Viral encephalitis
Herpesviral encephalitis
Limbic encephalitis
Encephalitis lethargica
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Brain abscess
Amoebic
Brain and spinal cord
Encephalomyelitis
Acute disseminated
Meningitis
Meningoencephalitis
Brain/encephalopathyDegenerativeExtrapyramidal andmovement disorders
Basal ganglia disease
Parkinsonism
PD
Postencephalitic
NMS
NBIA
PKAN
Tauopathy
PSP
Striatonigral degeneration
Hemiballismus
HD
OA
Dyskinesia
Dystonia
Status dystonicus
Spasmodic torticollis
Meige's
Blepharospasm
Athetosis
Chorea
Choreoathetosis
Myoclonus
Myoclonic epilepsy
Akathisia
Tremor
Essential tremor
Intention tremor
Restless legs
Stiff-person
Dementia
Tauopathy
Alzheimer's
Early-onset
Primary progressive aphasia
Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Pick's
Lewy bodies dementia
Posterior cortical atrophy
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Vascular dementia
Mitochondrial disease
Leigh syndrome
Demyelinating
Autoimmune
Inflammatory
Multiple sclerosis
For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
Episodic/paroxysmalSeizures and epilepsy
Focal
Generalised
Status epilepticus
For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy
Headache
Migraine
Cluster
Tension
For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache
Cerebrovascular
TIA
Stroke
For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
Other
Sleep disorders
For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep
CSF
Intracranial hypertension
Hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Choroid plexus papilloma
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Cerebral edema
Intracranial hypotension
Other
Brain herniation
Reye syndrome
Hepatic encephalopathy
Toxic encephalopathy
Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Static encephalopathy
Both/eitherDegenerativeSA
Friedreich's ataxia
Ataxia–telangiectasia
MND
UMN only:
Primary lateral sclerosis
Pseudobulbar palsy
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
LMN only:
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
Spinal muscular atrophies
SMA
SMAX1
SMAX2
DSMA1
Congenital DSMA
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
SMALED1
SMALED2A
SMALED2B
SMA-PCH
SMA-PME
Progressive muscular atrophy
Progressive bulbar palsy
Fazio–Londe
Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
both:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
vteHeadachePrimaryICHD 1
Migraine
Familial hemiplegic
Retinal migraine
ICHD 2
Tension
Mixed tension migraine
ICHD 3
Cluster
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
SUNCT
ICHD 4
Hemicrania continua
Thunderclap headache
Sexual headache
New daily persistent headache
Hypnic headache
SecondaryICHD 5
Migralepsy
ICHD 7
Ictal headache
Post-dural-puncture headache
ICHD 8
Hangover
Medication overuse headache
ICHD 13
Trigeminal neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia
External compression headache
Cold-stimulus headache
Optic neuritis
Postherpetic neuralgia
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
Other
Eye strain
Orthostatic
Vascular
This article about a disease, disorder, or medical condition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"blood vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"hyperemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemia"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid3048700-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cluster headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_headache"},{"link_name":"Migraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Toxic headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_headache"}],"text":"A vascular headache is an outdated term to describe certain types of headache which were thought to be related to blood vessel swelling and hyperemia as cause of pain. [citation needed]There is no doubt that some headaches are caused by vascular effects. However, it is no longer a recognized term and not mentioned in the Headache classification of the International Headache society (IHS),[1] although it is still used by some physicians and still mentioned in some medical classification systems. There are many types of vascular headaches. Other types of vascular headaches include headaches produced by fever, cluster headaches, and headaches from a rise in blood pressure (OSU Wexner Medical Center, 2012).\nHeadaches that were described as being vascular headaches include:[citation needed]Cluster headache\nMigraine[2]\nToxic headache","title":"Vascular headache"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society\". Cephalalgia. 8 Suppl 7: 1–96. 1988. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x. PMID 3048700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3048700","url_text":"3048700"}]},{"reference":"\"Headaches - danger signs\". Mount Sinai. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/headaches-danger-signs","url_text":"\"Headaches - danger signs\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-2982.1991.tb00018.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3048700","external_links_name":"3048700"},{"Link":"https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/headaches-danger-signs","external_links_name":"\"Headaches - danger signs\""},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G44.1","external_links_name":"G44.1"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=784.0","external_links_name":"784.0"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014653","external_links_name":"D014653"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6972.htm","external_links_name":"6972"},{"Link":"http://snomed.info/id/128187005","external_links_name":"128187005"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vascular_headache&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R | Leica R bayonet | ["1 R Mount camera bodies","1.1 Leicaflex","1.2 Leica R","2 R mount lenses","2.1 Use with other cameras","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Leica R-mountA Leicaflex SL and R mount 50 mm lensTypeBayonetTabs3Flange47 mmConnectorsElectrical contacts for lens properties on later modelsThe Leica R bayonet mount is a camera lens mount system introduced by Leitz in 1964. The R mount is the standard method of connecting a lens to the Leica R series of 35 mm single-lens reflex cameras. The mount is descended from those used for the Leicaflex, Leicaflex SL and Leicaflex SL2 SLR cameras, but differs in the cams used to communicate lens aperture information to the camera. 3 cam lenses are compatible with all of the Leica SLR cameras, while R-only lenses have a slightly different mount shape that will not fit on the earlier cameras.
The flange focal distance between mount and film is 47 mm.
On 5 March 2009, Leica announced plans to cease production of its R-Series manual focus SLR and lenses.
R Mount camera bodies
Leicaflex
Image
Name
Year
Exposure
Notes
Leicaflex
1964–1968
Manual
• The first R mount SLR camera
Leicaflex SL
1968–1974
ManualThrough-the-lens metering (TTL)
• "SL" standing for selective light
Leicaflex SL2
1974–1976
ManualTTL
• More sensitive exposure meter and changes to the mirror hinging for wide angle lenses
Leica R
Image
Name
Year
Exposure
Notes
Leica R3
1976–1979
ManualAperture priority
• Developed in cooperation with Minolta.
• Based on the Minolta XE.
Leica R4
1980–1986
ManualAperture priority semi automaticShutter priority semi automaticProgram automatic
• Based on the Minolta Minolta XD-7.
Leica R5
1986–1991
ManualAperture priority semi automaticShutter priority semi automaticProgram automatic
• Automatic TTL flash exposure measurement
Leica R6
1987–1996
Manual
• Mechanical shutter, relied on battery power only for the built-in light meter.
Leica R7
1991–1996
ManualAperture priority semi automaticShutter priority semi automaticProgram automatic
• Complete flash automation.
Leica R8
1996–2002
ManualAperture priority semi automaticShutter priority semi automaticProgram fully automaticFlash pre exposure measurement
• Intended as a clean break from the previous generation of Leica R cameras and designed in house.
Leica R9
2002–2009
ManualAperture priority semi automaticShutter priority semi automaticProgram fully automaticFlash pre exposure measurement
• Electronic changes included the ability to tune the sensitivity of matrix metering.
R mount lenses
1 cam
The original Leicaflex 1 cam lenses have a single sloped cam that communicates aperture setting to the camera. They can be used on later SL / SL2 and R-series cameras in stop-down metering mode only. Leica do not recommend that 1 cam lenses be used on R8 or R9 cameras because of possible damage to the cameras' ROM contacts. 1 cam lenses may be fitted with later 2 cams, 3 cams, or R cam + ROM contacts (replacing the sloped cams).
2 cam
2 cam lenses have two sloped cams for the Leicaflex SL and SL2 with TTL metering and are fully compatible with the original Leicaflex. They can be used on R series cameras with the same limitation and warning as 1 cam lenses and may also be fitted with later cams.
3 cam
3 cam lenses were introduced with R series cameras and have the earlier sloped cams and a third stepped "R-Cam" that communicates aperture information. They will work with all Leica SLR models since they have all three mechanical connections.
R only
These lenses only have the stepped R-cam and only work on R-series cameras. The mount is deliberately slightly incompatible with Leicaflex models and will not fit. They may be converted to ROM by a technician.
ROM
These only have the stepped R-cam plus electrical contacts communicating focal length to the camera. This is only supported on the R8/R9 although the lenses are fully compatible with all R-series cameras. The additional information is used in flash metering and communicated to the flash unit where it can be used to set power and flash zoom correctly and also to the optional Digital Module allowing lens focal length to be recorded with other image data.
Earlier 1, 2, or 3 cam lenses may be upgraded to ROM but this entails removal of both sloped cams, meaning that the lens will no longer be compatible with Leicaflex series cameras.
Table
Leicaflex
SL/SL2
R3-R7
R8-R9
1 Cam
!
2 Cam
!
3 Cam
R Only
ROM
+
+
full aperture metering + ROM data
full aperture metering
stop-down metering
!
stop-down metering, possible damage to camera contacts
will not fit
Use with other cameras
The flange focal distance of 47 mm is fairly large, meaning that few other systems' lenses can be adapted to fit on a Leica R and retain infinity focus, but R lenses can be converted to other systems. The distance is only 0.5 mm larger than the Nikon F-mount, which is not sufficient to make a workable adapter, however, at least one Nikon camera has been modified with a Leica R bayonet mount to take R lenses, and at least two manufacturers make replacement mounts, allowing many Leica R lenses to be used directly on various camera systems, such as Nikon F mount cameras.
For this purpose, the cams need to be removed, which is not always possible (e.g. early Elmarit-R f/2.8 35mm). The mounting flange may then need to be machined to allow free movement of the remaining cam.
Sometimes, it is wise to refit the inner black anti-reflection ring, to avoid reflections within the focus mechanism (e.g. Elmarit-R f/2.8 90mm or Elmarit-R f/2.8 135mm). A further point of consideration is whether the protrusion on the rear lens block will engage with the mirror of the target SLR. For some Nikon cameras, this may be an issue.
Chips can also be attached to provide focal length and maximum aperture recognition in the camera body, which provides Exif in digital cameras.
A number of manufacturers have produced adapters to allow Canon EOS cameras to take R lenses, these operate only in stop-down metering mode but function well when rapid operation is not required.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leica R.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leica R lenses.
Leica R4-R7
Leica R8-R9
Leica M-mount
Leica Camera
Single-lens reflex camera
References
^ "Leica R-System Mount". apotelyt.com. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ Chapman, Gerry Yemen, S. Venkataraman and Bill (4 April 2014). "Why Leica Camera decided to leave its beloved R series behind". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Leica R-Mount - One / Two / Three-Cam / ROM". www.apotelyt.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ "Leica R10 - The R-system flagship that did not materialize". www.apotelyt.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ "End of the Line for the Leica R System?". The Online Photographer. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ a b c d e "Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams - Spotlight". www.keh.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
External links
Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams
The Leicaflex: a review
vteLeica Camera
Leica Geosystems
Leica Microsystems
RangefinderThread-mount
Leica Standard
Leica II
Leica III
Leica 250 Reporter
M mount (film)
M3
M2
M1
M4
M5
CL
M6 / M6 TTL
M7
MP
M-A
M mount (digital)
M8
M9 / M9-P
M (Typ 240) / M-P (Typ 240)
M-E (Typ 220)
M (Typ 262)
M-E (Typ 240)
M Monochrom
M Monochrom (Typ 246)
M-D
M10 / M10-P / M10-R
M10-D
M10 Monochrom
M11
Four Thirds mount
Digilux 3
Single-lens reflexR mount
Leicaflex / SL / SL2
Leica R3
Leica R4 / R5 / R6 / R7
Leica R8 / R9
S mount
Leica S1
Leica S2
Leica S (Typ 006)
Leica S (Typ 007)
Leica S3
MirrorlessL mount
Leica T (Typ 701)
Leica TL
Leica TL2
Leica CL (Typ 7323)
Leica SL (Typ 601)
Leica SL2
Leica SL2-S
Digital compact
Leica X1
Leica X2
Leica X Vario
Leica X (Typ 113)
Leica X-U
Leica Q / Leica Q-P
Leica Q2
Leica Q3
Digilux 1
Digilux 2
Camera lens
Noctilux
Summilux
Summicron
Summarit
Elmarit
Elmar / Super Elmar
Summaron
Hektor
People
Oskar Barnack
Walther Benser
Wild Heerbrugg
Ernst Leitz II
Walter Mandler
Heinrich Wild
Other
List of Leica cameras
Ernst Leitz GmbH
Leica Freedom Train
Leica Historical Society of America
Lumix
Category
Commons
vteLeica R mount bodies
Model
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Leicaflex
Leicaflex
SL
SL2
Leica R
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
Collaboration with Minolta | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camera lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens"},{"link_name":"mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_mount"},{"link_name":"Leitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera"},{"link_name":"35 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"link_name":"single-lens reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex"},{"link_name":"cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex SL2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leica_R-System_Mount_at_apotelyt.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flange focal distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange_focal_distance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Leica R bayonet mount is a camera lens mount system introduced by Leitz in 1964. The R mount is the standard method of connecting a lens to the Leica R series of 35 mm single-lens reflex cameras. The mount is descended from those used for the Leicaflex, Leicaflex SL and Leicaflex SL2 SLR cameras, but differs in the cams used to communicate lens aperture information to the camera. 3 cam lenses are compatible with all of the Leica SLR cameras, while R-only lenses have a slightly different mount shape that will not fit on the earlier cameras.[1][2]The flange focal distance between mount and film is 47 mm.[3]On 5 March 2009, Leica announced plans to cease production of its R-Series manual focus SLR and lenses.[4][5]","title":"Leica R bayonet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"R Mount camera bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leicaflex","title":"R Mount camera bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leica R","title":"R Mount camera bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicaflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL"},{"link_name":"SL2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL2"},{"link_name":"R-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R4-R7"},{"link_name":"stop-down metering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-down_metering"},{"link_name":"R8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R8"},{"link_name":"R9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keh-6"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL"},{"link_name":"SL2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_SL2"},{"link_name":"TTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-the-lens_metering"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex"},{"link_name":"R series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R4-R7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keh-6"},{"link_name":"R series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R4-R7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keh-6"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex_/_SL_/_SL2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keh-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keh-6"},{"link_name":"Leicaflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicaflex"}],"text":"1 camThe original Leicaflex 1 cam lenses have a single sloped cam that communicates aperture setting to the camera. They can be used on later SL / SL2 and R-series cameras in stop-down metering mode only. Leica do not recommend that 1 cam lenses be used on R8 or R9 cameras because of possible damage to the cameras' ROM contacts. 1 cam lenses may be fitted with later 2 cams, 3 cams, or R cam + ROM contacts (replacing the sloped cams).[6]2 cam2 cam lenses have two sloped cams for the Leicaflex SL and SL2 with TTL metering and are fully compatible with the original Leicaflex. They can be used on R series cameras with the same limitation and warning as 1 cam lenses and may also be fitted with later cams.[6]3 cam3 cam lenses were introduced with R series cameras and have the earlier sloped cams and a third stepped \"R-Cam\" that communicates aperture information. They will work with all Leica SLR models since they have all three mechanical connections.[6]R onlyThese lenses only have the stepped R-cam and only work on R-series cameras. The mount is deliberately slightly incompatible with Leicaflex models and will not fit. They may be converted to ROM by a technician.[6]ROMThese only have the stepped R-cam plus electrical contacts communicating focal length to the camera. This is only supported on the R8/R9 although the lenses are fully compatible with all R-series cameras. The additional information is used in flash metering and communicated to the flash unit where it can be used to set power and flash zoom correctly and also to the optional Digital Module allowing lens focal length to be recorded with other image data.[6]Earlier 1, 2, or 3 cam lenses may be upgraded to ROM but this entails removal of both sloped cams, meaning that the lens will no longer be compatible with Leicaflex series cameras.Table","title":"R mount lenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikon F-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F-mount"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS"}],"sub_title":"Use with other cameras","text":"The flange focal distance of 47 mm is fairly large, meaning that few other systems' lenses can be adapted to fit on a Leica R and retain infinity focus, but R lenses can be converted to other systems. The distance is only 0.5 mm larger than the Nikon F-mount, which is not sufficient to make a workable adapter, however, at least one Nikon camera has been modified with a Leica R bayonet mount to take R lenses[citation needed], and at least two manufacturers make replacement mounts, allowing many Leica R lenses to be used directly on various camera systems, such as Nikon F mount cameras.\nFor this purpose, the cams need to be removed, which is not always possible (e.g. early Elmarit-R f/2.8 35mm). The mounting flange may then need to be machined to allow free movement of the remaining cam.\nSometimes, it is wise to refit the inner black anti-reflection ring, to avoid reflections within the focus mechanism (e.g. Elmarit-R f/2.8 90mm or Elmarit-R f/2.8 135mm). A further point of consideration is whether the protrusion on the rear lens block will engage with the mirror of the target SLR. 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Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r-mount","url_text":"\"Leica R-System Mount\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Gerry Yemen, S. Venkataraman and Bill (4 April 2014). \"Why Leica Camera decided to leave its beloved R series behind\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/why-leica-camera-decided-to-leave-its-beloved-r-series-behind/2014/04/04/4eacaa6a-b9ce-11e3-96ae-f2c36d2b1245_story.html","url_text":"\"Why Leica Camera decided to leave its beloved R series behind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leica R-Mount - One / Two / Three-Cam / ROM\". www.apotelyt.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r-mount","url_text":"\"Leica R-Mount - One / Two / Three-Cam / ROM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leica R10 - The R-system flagship that did not materialize\". www.apotelyt.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r10","url_text":"\"Leica R10 - The R-system flagship that did not materialize\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of the Line for the Leica R System?\". The Online Photographer. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theonlinephotographer.typepad.com/the_online_photographer/2009/03/end-of-the-line-for-the-leica-r-system.html","url_text":"\"End of the Line for the Leica R System?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams - Spotlight\". www.keh.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keh.com/blog/leica-r-lenses-understanding-cams/","url_text":"\"Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams - Spotlight\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r-mount","external_links_name":"\"Leica R-System Mount\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/why-leica-camera-decided-to-leave-its-beloved-r-series-behind/2014/04/04/4eacaa6a-b9ce-11e3-96ae-f2c36d2b1245_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Leica Camera decided to leave its beloved R series behind\""},{"Link":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r-mount","external_links_name":"\"Leica R-Mount - One / Two / Three-Cam / ROM\""},{"Link":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-r10","external_links_name":"\"Leica R10 - The R-system flagship that did not materialize\""},{"Link":"https://theonlinephotographer.typepad.com/the_online_photographer/2009/03/end-of-the-line-for-the-leica-r-system.html","external_links_name":"\"End of the Line for the Leica R System?\""},{"Link":"https://www.keh.com/blog/leica-r-lenses-understanding-cams/","external_links_name":"\"Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams - Spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://www.keh.com/blog/leica-r-lenses-understanding-cams/","external_links_name":"Leica R Lenses: Understanding Cams"},{"Link":"https://www.apotelyt.com/photo-camera/leica-leicaflex","external_links_name":"The Leicaflex: a review"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e | Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's team épée | ["1 Competition format","2 Schedule","3 Draw","3.1 Finals","3.2 Classification 5–8","4 Final classification","5 References"] | Women's team épéeat the Games of the XXX OlympiadVenueExCeL Exhibition CentreDate4 August 2012Competitors31 from 8 nationsMedalists
Li NaLuo XiaojuanSun YujieXu Anqi
China
Shin A-LamJung Hyo-JungChoi In-JeongChoi Eun-Sook
South Korea
Maya LawrenceCourtney HurleyKelley HurleySusie Scanlan
United States← 20042016 →
Fencing at the2012 Summer OlympicsÉpéemenwomenTeam épéewomenFoilmenwomenTeam foilmenwomenSabremenwomenTeam sabremenvte
The women's team épée competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 4 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.
Competition format
This team events featured eight national teams. Great Britain, as hosts were allowed to enter a team in any event they chose, however they chose not to enter this event. First-round losers continued fencing bouts to determine ranking for fifth through eighth spots, while the quarter-final winners met in the semi-finals. The winners of the semi-final bouts competed for the gold medal, while the losing teams competed for the bronze.
Team events competed to a maximum of 45 touches. In the event of a tie, a one-minute playoff occurred. Should any team make a touch they would be declared the winner, however if both teams touch in the same play then there would not be any addition to the total score.
Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Date
Time
Round
Saturday, 4 August 2012
10:30
Quarter-finals
Saturday, 4 August 2012
12:00
Placement 5-8
Saturday, 4 August 2012
13:30
Semi-finals
Saturday, 4 August 2012
15:00
Placement 5-6
Saturday, 4 August 2012
15:00
Placement 7-8
Saturday, 4 August 2012
18:00
Bronze medal match
Saturday, 4 August 2012
19:15
Final
Draw
Finals
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Finals
1
Romania
38
8
South Korea
45
8
South Korea
45
5
United States
36
5
United States
45
4
Italy
35
8
South Korea
25
3
China
39
3
China
45
6
Germany
42
3
China
20 OT
Third place
2
Russia
19
7
Ukraine
34
5
United States
31 OT
2
Russia
45
2
Russia
30
Classification 5–8
Placement 5-8
Placement 5-6
1
Romania
45
4
Italy
38
1
Romania
36
6
Germany
45
6
Germany
45
7
Ukraine
36
Placement 7-8
4
Italy
45
7
Ukraine
40
Final classification
Rank
Team
Athlete
China
Li NaLuo XiaojuanSun YujieXu Anqi
South Korea
Choi In-JeongJung Hyo-JungShin A-LamChoi Eun-Sook
United States
Courtney HurleyMaya LawrenceSusie ScanlanKelley Hurley
4
Russia
Violetta KolobovaLyubov ShutovaAnna SivkovaTatiana Logounova
5
Germany
Imke DuplitzerBritta HeidemannMonika Sozanska
6
Romania
Ana Maria BrânzăSimona GhermanAnca MăroiuLoredana Dinu
7
Italy
Bianca Del CarrettoRossella FiamingoMara NavarriaNathalie Moellhausen
8
Ukraine
Olena KryvytskaKseniya PantelyeyevaYana ShemyakinaAnfisa Pochkalova
References
Results Archived 2013-01-03 at archive.today
vteOlympic Fencing Champions in Women's Team Épée
1996: Flessel, Moressée-Pichot, Barlois (FRA)
2000: Aznavourian, Logunova, Mazina, Yermakova (RUS)
2004: Aznavourian, Logunova, Sivkova, Yermakova (RUS)
2012: Li, Luo, Sun, Xu (CHN)
2016: Dinu, Gherman, Pop, Popescu (ROU)
2020: Beljajeva, Embrich, Kirpu, Lehis (EST) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"ExCeL Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExCeL_London"}],"text":"The women's team épée competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 4 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.","title":"Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's team épée"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This team events featured eight national teams. Great Britain, as hosts were allowed to enter a team in any event they chose, however they chose not to enter this event.[citation needed] First-round losers continued fencing bouts to determine ranking for fifth through eighth spots, while the quarter-final winners met in the semi-finals. The winners of the semi-final bouts competed for the gold medal, while the losing teams competed for the bronze.Team events competed to a maximum of 45 touches. In the event of a tie, a one-minute playoff occurred. Should any team make a touch they would be declared the winner, however if both teams touch in the same play then there would not be any addition to the total score.","title":"Competition format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Summer Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"}],"text":"All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Classification 5–8","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final classification"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.london2012.com/fencing/event/women-epee-team/summary.html","external_links_name":"Results"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130103155249/www.london2012.com/fencing/event/women-epee-team/summary.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Quadrant | HMAS Quadrant | ["1 Design and construction","2 Royal Navy service","3 Transfer to RAN","3.1 Frigate conversion","4 RAN service","5 Decommissioning and fate","6 Citations","7 References"] | HMS Quadrant in 1945
History
United Kingdom
NamesakeThe navigational instrument
BuilderR. and W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company Limited
Laid down24 September 1940
Launched28 February 1942
Commissioned26 November 1942
DecommissionedLate 1945
Honours andawards
Battle honours:
Arctic 1942–3
Okinawa 1945
FateTransferred to RAN
Australia
AcquiredOctober 1945
Commissioned18 October 1945
Decommissioned20 June 1947
Recommissioned16 July 1953
Decommissioned16 August 1957
ReclassifiedAnti-submarine frigate (1953)
Motto"Seek and Smite"
FateSold for scrap
Badge
General characteristics (as launched)
Class and typeQ-class destroyer
Displacement
1,750 tons standard load
2,388 tons full load
Length
358 ft 3 in (109.19 m) length overall
339 ft 6 in (103.48 m) between perpendiculars
Beam35 ft 8 in (10.87 m)
Propulsion2 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers, Parsons geared turbines, 40,000 SHP, two propellers
Speed31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph)
Complement220
Armament
4 × single 4.7-inch QF Mark XI** guns
1 × quadruple 2-pounder "pom-pom"
6 × single 20 mm Oerlikon guns
2 × quadruple torpedo tube sets for 21 inch (533 mm) torpedoes
4 × Depth charge throwers, up to 70 depth charges
General characteristics (post conversion)
TypeModified Type 15 frigate
Draught15.5 ft (4.7 m)
Range4,040 nautical miles (7,480 km; 4,650 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Armament
2 × 4-inch guns
2 × 40 mm Bofors cannons
2 × Squid anti-submarine mortars
HMAS Quadrant (G11/D11/F01), named for the navigational instrument, was a Q-class destroyer operated by the Royal Navy as HMS Quadrant (G67/D17) during World War II, and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1945 to 1957. The ship was built during the early 1940s as one of the War Emergency Programme destroyers, and entered service in 1942.
During World War II, Quadrant served as a convoy escort in the Arctic, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and operated with the British Eastern and British Pacific Fleets. At the war's end, the ship was decommissioned and transferred to the RAN, which operated her for two years before placing her in reserve. In 1950, the ship was docked for conversion into an anti-submarine frigate. Quadrant was recommissioned in 1953, and operated with the RAN until 1957, when she was paid off. The ship was sold for breaking in 1963.
Design and construction
Main article: Q and R-class destroyer
Quadrant was built to the wartime Q-class design; the third flotilla of War Emergency Programme destroyers. These ships had a displacement of 1,750 tons at standard load, and 2,388 tons at full load. The destroyer was 358 feet 3 inches (109.2 m) in length overall, 339 feet 6 inches (103.5 m) long between perpendiculars, and had a beam of 35 feet 8 inches (10.9 m). Propulsion was provided by two Admiralty 3-drum boilers connected to Parsons geared turbines; these provided 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) to the destroyer's two propellers. Quadrant could reach speeds of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). The ship's company consisted of 220 officers and sailors.
Quadrant's armament (at the end of World War II) consisted of four single 4.7-inch QF Mark XI** guns, a quadruple 2-pounder "pom-pom", six single 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns, and two quadruple torpedo tube sets for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes. The ship was also fitted with four depth charge throwers, with up to 70 depth charges carried.
Quadrant in 1944, while operating with the British Pacific Fleet
The destroyer was laid down by R. and W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company Limited at Hebburn-on-Tyne, England on 24 September 1940. She was launched on 28 February 1942 by the wife of one of the shipyard's directors. Quadrant was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 26 November 1942.
Royal Navy service
During World War II, Quadrant served with the British Eastern and British Pacific Fleets.
Quadrant was engaged in convoy escort duties in the Arctic, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. She took part in the North African landings, aircraft carrier strikes against Surabaya and bombardment of the Nicobar Islands. She served with the British Pacific Fleet in 1945 where she took part in operations against Formosa (Taiwan), Okinawa, and the Japanese home islands.
Transfer to RAN
Quadrant was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in exchange for the return of one of the N-class destroyers. Quadrant commissioned into the RAN on 18 October 1945, and was used to transport soldiers from New Guinea home to Australia. On 16 August 1947, the destroyer was paid off into reserve.
Frigate conversion
On 15 February 1950, the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia departed Sydney for Melbourne with Quadrant in tow. The vessels arrived at Melbourne on 18 February. Conversion of Quadrant to a fast anti-submarine frigate began at the Williamstown Naval Dockyard in Melbourne during April 1950.
HMAS Quadrant in 1953, after conversion into a frigate
During the conversion; all of Quadrant's previous armament was stripped off, and replaced with two 4-inch guns, two 40 mm Bofors cannon, and two Squids (ahead throwing anti-submarine weapons). The conversion was completed in mid 1953, and the ship recommissioned into the RAN on 16 July.
RAN service
After recommissioning, Quadrant's service was mainly in Australian waters. Quadrant escorted the Royal Yacht Gothic during the visit to Australia of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in February 1954. Quadrant visited New Guinea, Manus, and New Britain in October 1954, New Zealand in March 1955, and spent a period on exercises in Far East waters in June 1955. In March 1956, she took part in exercises in Malayan waters. During June 1956 she served for a period as a surveillance vessel with the Japanese pearling fleet in the Arafura Sea. In October 1956, Quadrant again proceeded to the Far East for further exercises, visiting Hong Kong, Singapore, and Manila. By 1957 the frigate was already worn out and the decision to decommission the vessel was made before sister ship HMAS Quiberon's frigate conversion was complete and after the premature decommissioning HMAS Quality due to hull failure.
Decommissioning and fate
Quadrant paid off at Sydney on 16 August 1957 and was sold for scrap to the Japanese firm of Kinoshita and Company Limited on 15 February 1963.
Citations
^ Festberg, Alfred N. (1981). Heraldry in the Royal Australian Navy. Melbourne, VIC: Silverleaf Publishing. pp. 56–7. ISBN 9780949746009.
^ a b c d e f g h i Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 87
^ a b c d Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 88
^ a b c d e f g h i "HMAS Quadrant". Sea Power Centre Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
^ a b Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 89
References
Cassells, Vic (2000). The Destroyers: Their Battles and Their Badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0893-2. OCLC 46829686.
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
English, John (2001). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8.
Friedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-86176-137-6.
Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4.
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.
vteQ- and R-class destroyersQ class Royal Navy
Quilliam
Quadrant
Quail
Quality
Queenborough
Quentin
Quiberon
Quickmatch
Royal Australian Navy
Quadrant
Quality
Queenborough
Quiberon
Quickmatch
R class Royal Navy
Rotherham
Racehorse
Raider
Rapid
Redoubt
Relentless
Rocket
Roebuck
Other operators Indian Navy
Rajput (ex-Rotherham)
Rana (ex-Raider)
Ranjit (ex-Redoubt)
Royal Netherlands Navy
Banckert (ex-Quilliam)
Preceded by: P class
Followed by: S class
List of destroyers of the Royal Navy
List of destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy
vteType 15 frigates Royal Navy
Grenville
Rapid
Relentless
Rocket
Roebuck
Troubridge
Ulster
Ulysses
Undaunted
Undine
Urania
Urchin
Ursa
Venus
Verulam
Vigilant
Virago
Volage
Wakeful
Whirlwind
Wizard
Wrangler
Zest
Royal Australian Navy
Quadrant
Queenborough
Quiberon
Quickmatch
Royal Canadian Navy
Algonquin
Crescent
Crusader
South African Navy
Jan van Riebeeck (ex-Wessex)
Simon van der Stel (ex-Whelp)
Vrystaat (ex-Wrangler)
Preceded by: Bay class
Followed by: Type 16 frigates
List of frigates of the Royal Navy
List of frigates of the Royal Australian Navy
List of frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"navigational instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"link_name":"Q-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_and_R-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"War Emergency Programme destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Emergency_Programme_destroyers"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Eastern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"British Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"HMAS Quadrant (G11/D11/F01), named for the navigational instrument,[2] was a Q-class destroyer operated by the Royal Navy as HMS Quadrant (G67/D17) during World War II, and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1945 to 1957. The ship was built during the early 1940s as one of the War Emergency Programme destroyers, and entered service in 1942.During World War II, Quadrant served as a convoy escort in the Arctic, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and operated with the British Eastern and British Pacific Fleets. At the war's end, the ship was decommissioned and transferred to the RAN, which operated her for two years before placing her in reserve. In 1950, the ship was docked for conversion into an anti-submarine frigate. Quadrant was recommissioned in 1953, and operated with the RAN until 1957, when she was paid off. The ship was sold for breaking in 1963.","title":"HMAS Quadrant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_and_R-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"War Emergency Programme destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Emergency_Programme_destroyers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"link_name":"length overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"link_name":"Admiralty 3-drum boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_3-drum_boilers"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells88-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"link_name":"ship's company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells88-3"},{"link_name":"4.7-inch QF Mark XI**","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.7_inch_QF_Mark_XII"},{"link_name":"2-pounder \"pom-pom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_2-pounder_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"20 mm Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"21-inch (533 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_21_inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"link_name":"depth charge throwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge_thrower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells87-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Pacific_Fleet_1944-1945_ABS1209.jpg"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"R. and W. 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These ships had a displacement of 1,750 tons at standard load, and 2,388 tons at full load.[2] The destroyer was 358 feet 3 inches (109.2 m) in length overall, 339 feet 6 inches (103.5 m) long between perpendiculars, and had a beam of 35 feet 8 inches (10.9 m).[2] Propulsion was provided by two Admiralty 3-drum boilers connected to Parsons geared turbines; these provided 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) to the destroyer's two propellers.[3] Quadrant could reach speeds of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph).[2] The ship's company consisted of 220 officers and sailors.[3]Quadrant's armament (at the end of World War II) consisted of four single 4.7-inch QF Mark XI** guns, a quadruple 2-pounder \"pom-pom\", six single 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns, and two quadruple torpedo tube sets for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes.[2] The ship was also fitted with four depth charge throwers, with up to 70 depth charges carried.[2]Quadrant in 1944, while operating with the British Pacific FleetThe destroyer was laid down by R. and W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company Limited at Hebburn-on-Tyne, England on 24 September 1940.[2] She was launched on 28 February 1942 by the wife of one of the shipyard's directors.[2] Quadrant was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 26 November 1942.[2]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Eastern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"British Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"}],"text":"During World War II, Quadrant served with the British Eastern and British Pacific Fleets.[4]Quadrant was engaged in convoy escort duties in the Arctic, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. She took part in the North African landings, aircraft carrier strikes against Surabaya and bombardment of the Nicobar Islands. She served with the British Pacific Fleet in 1945 where she took part in operations against Formosa (Taiwan), Okinawa, and the Japanese home islands.[4]","title":"Royal Navy service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"N-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-,_K-_and_N-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells88-3"},{"link_name":"paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells89-5"}],"text":"Quadrant was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in exchange for the return of one of the N-class destroyers. Quadrant commissioned into the RAN on 18 October 1945, and was used to transport soldiers from New Guinea home to Australia.[3] On 16 August 1947, the destroyer was paid off into reserve.[5]","title":"Transfer to RAN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMAS Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"Williamstown Naval Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown_Naval_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells88-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Quadrant_(AWM_301196).jpg"},{"link_name":"Squids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells89-5"}],"sub_title":"Frigate conversion","text":"On 15 February 1950, the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia departed Sydney for Melbourne with Quadrant in tow.[4] The vessels arrived at Melbourne on 18 February.[4] Conversion of Quadrant to a fast anti-submarine frigate began at the Williamstown Naval Dockyard in Melbourne during April 1950.[3]HMAS Quadrant in 1953, after conversion into a frigateDuring the conversion; all of Quadrant's previous armament was stripped off, and replaced with two 4-inch guns, two 40 mm Bofors cannon, and two Squids (ahead throwing anti-submarine weapons).[4] The conversion was completed in mid 1953, and the ship recommissioned into the RAN on 16 July.[5]","title":"Transfer to RAN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yacht"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Gothic_(1947)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"Manus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Island"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"Arafura Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"HMAS Quiberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Quiberon_(G81)"},{"link_name":"HMAS Quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Quality_(G62)"}],"text":"After recommissioning, Quadrant's service was mainly in Australian waters. Quadrant escorted the Royal Yacht Gothic during the visit to Australia of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in February 1954.[4] Quadrant visited New Guinea, Manus, and New Britain in October 1954, New Zealand in March 1955, and spent a period on exercises in Far East waters in June 1955. In March 1956, she took part in exercises in Malayan waters.[4] During June 1956 she served for a period as a surveillance vessel with the Japanese pearling fleet in the Arafura Sea. In October 1956, Quadrant again proceeded to the Far East for further exercises, visiting Hong Kong, Singapore, and Manila.[4] By 1957 the frigate was already worn out and the decision to decommission the vessel was made before sister ship HMAS Quiberon's frigate conversion was complete and after the premature decommissioning HMAS Quality due to hull failure.","title":"RAN service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sold for scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOV-4"}],"text":"Quadrant paid off at Sydney on 16 August 1957 and was sold for scrap to the Japanese firm of Kinoshita and Company Limited on 15 February 1963.[4]","title":"Decommissioning and fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Festberg_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780949746009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780949746009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells87_2-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells88_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells88_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells88_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells88_3-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GOV_4-8"},{"link_name":"\"HMAS Quadrant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/hmas-quadrant"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells89_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cassells89_5-1"}],"text":"^ Festberg, Alfred N. (1981). Heraldry in the Royal Australian Navy. Melbourne, VIC: Silverleaf Publishing. pp. 56–7. ISBN 9780949746009.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 87\n\n^ a b c d Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 88\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i \"HMAS Quadrant\". Sea Power Centre Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.\n\n^ a b Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 89","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Quadrant in 1944, while operating with the British Pacific Fleet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_British_Pacific_Fleet_1944-1945_ABS1209.jpg/170px-The_British_Pacific_Fleet_1944-1945_ABS1209.jpg"},{"image_text":"HMAS Quadrant in 1953, after conversion into a frigate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/HMAS_Quadrant_%28AWM_301196%29.jpg/220px-HMAS_Quadrant_%28AWM_301196%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Festberg, Alfred N. (1981). Heraldry in the Royal Australian Navy. Melbourne, VIC: Silverleaf Publishing. pp. 56–7. ISBN 9780949746009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780949746009","url_text":"9780949746009"}]},{"reference":"\"HMAS Quadrant\". Sea Power Centre Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-quadrant","url_text":"\"HMAS Quadrant\""}]},{"reference":"Cassells, Vic (2000). The Destroyers: Their Battles and Their Badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0893-2. OCLC 46829686.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7318-0893-2","url_text":"0-7318-0893-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46829686","url_text":"46829686"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"English, John (2001). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560769-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9560769-0-8"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-86176-137-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-137-6","url_text":"1-86176-137-6"}]},{"reference":"Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Trevor_Lenton","url_text":"Lenton, H. T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-048-7","url_text":"1-55750-048-7"}]},{"reference":"Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85680-010-4","url_text":"0-85680-010-4"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Whitley","url_text":"Whitley, M. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-quadrant","external_links_name":"\"HMAS Quadrant\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46829686","external_links_name":"46829686"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Volador_(SS-490) | USS Volador (SS-490) | ["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Operational history","2.1 West Coast","2.2 Korean War","2.3 Special operations","2.4 Western Pacific","2.5 West Coast","2.6 Conversion","2.7 Vietnam era","2.8 USS Pueblo incident","2.9 Mediterranean Sea","3 Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502)","4 References","5 External links"] | Submarine of the United States
For other ships with the same name, see USS Volador and Italian submarine Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia.
USS Volador (the three distinctive shark-fin domes are the PUFFS sonar).
History
United States
NameUSS Volador (SS-490)
BuilderPortsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine
Laid down15 June 1945
Launched21 May 1948
Commissioned1 October 1948
Decommissioned18 August 1972
Stricken5 December 1977
FateTransferred to Italy, 18 August 1972; sold to Italy 5 December 1977
History
Italy
NameGianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502)
Acquired18 August 1972
Stricken1981
General characteristics (Completed as GUPPY II)
Class and typeTench-class diesel-electric submarine
Displacement
1,870 tons (1,900 t) surfaced
2,440 tons (2,480 t) submerged
Length307 ft (94 m)
Beam27 ft 4 in (8.33 m)
Draft17 ft (5.2 m)
Propulsion
4 × Fairbanks-Morse Model 38D8-⅛ 10-cylinder opposed piston diesel engines, equipped with a snorkel, driving electrical generators
1 × 184 cell, 1 × 68 cell, and 2 × 126 cell GUPPY-type batteries (total 504 cells)
2 × low-speed direct-drive Elliott electric motors
two propellers
Speed
Surfaced:
18.0 knots (33.3 km/h) maximum
13.5 knots (25.0 km/h) cruising
Submerged:
16.0 knots (29.6 km/h) for ½ hour
9.0 knots (16.7 km/h) snorkeling
3.5 knots (6.5 km/h) cruising
Range15,000 nm (28,000 km) surfaced at 11 knots (20 km/h)
Endurance48 hours at 4 knots (7 km/h) submerged
Test depth400 ft (120 m)
Complement
9–10 officers
5 Chief Petty Officers
70 enlisted men
Sensors and processing systems
WFA active sonar
JT passive sonar
Mk 106 torpedo fire control system
Armament
10 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
(six forward, four aft)
General characteristics (Guppy III)
Displacement
1,975 tons (2,007 t) surfaced
2,450 tons (2,489 t) submerged
Length321 ft (97.8 m)
Beam27 ft 4 in (7.4 m)
Draft17 ft (5.2 m)
Speed
Surfaced:
17.2 knots (31.9 km/h) maximum
12.2 knots (22.6 km/h) cruising
Submerged:
14.5 knots (26.9 km/h) for ½ hour
6.2 knots (11.5 km/h) snorkeling
3.7 knots (6.9 km/h) cruising
Range15,900 nm (29,400 km) surfaced at 8.5 knots (16 km/h)
Endurance36 hours at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
Complement
8–10 officers
5 petty officers
70–80 enlisted men
Sensors and processing systems
BQS-4 active search sonar
BQR-2B passive search sonar
BQG-4 passive attack sonar
USS Volador (SS-490), a Tench-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the volador.
Construction and commissioning
The contract to build her was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, and her keel was laid down on 15 June 1945, but work on her construction was discontinued in January 1946. Her unfinished hulk remained on the ways until August 1947, when construction resumed, now including GUPPY II enhancements to the basic Tench-class design. Volador was launched on 21 May 1948, sponsored by Mrs. Harriet Rose Morton (née Nelson), widow of Commander Dudley W. Morton, and commissioned on 1 October 1948, with Lieutenant Commander Howard A. Thompson in command.
Operational history
West Coast
Volador completed her builder's trials on 20 January 1949, left Portsmouth three days later, and stopped at Newport, Rhode Island, and New London, Connecticut, before sailing for the Gulf of Mexico on 5 February. Volador arrived at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 11 February and proceeded to the West Coast, via Galveston, Texas, and the Panama Canal, and arrived at San Diego, California, on 11 March. The submarine conducted local operations along the California coast between San Diego, California, and San Francisco, California, until she departed San Diego on 13 October, bound for Hawaii. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 November but returned to San Diego on 18 November and spent the remainder of 1949 as well as most of the following year on the West Coast, conducting various training exercises. During that period, she also visited Portland, Oregon, Vancouver, Washington, and Pearl Harbor. In June 1950, Volador embarked reserves at Treasure Island, San Francisco, and proceeded on a two-week reserve cruise to Hawaii. En route, the Korean War broke out, and the submarine spent two months training in Hawaiian waters before returning to San Diego for operations on the West Coast that lasted into the summer of 1951.
Korean War
The submarine departed San Diego, California, on 21 July, bound, via Pearl Harbor, for Japan and arrived at Yokosuka on 15 August 1951. On 18 August, Volador got underway from Yokosuka for a period of special operations. Her orders directed the submarine to conduct an undetected reconnaissance patrol in the area of Hokkaidō, Japan, for a four-week period, in order to keep Commander, Naval Forces Far East, informed of any Soviet or People's Republic of China's seaborne and airborne activity in that area. Throughout her patrol, the submarine identified and photographed numerous radar contacts and made rendezvous with submarines Ronquil and Tiru to exchange patrol reports and other valuable information. On 16 September, Volador held ceremonies commemorating her 1000th dive. After a 24-hour engineering run in Tsugaru Strait, she ended her patrol and arrived in Yokosuka on 22 September. From 11 to 15 November, Volador conducted ASW operations with destroyers Hanson, George K. MacKenzie, and Taussig in the Atami area. From 16 November to 9 December, Volador participated in hunter/killer operations en route to Okinawa from Japan in company with Task Group (TG) 96.7. The submarine visited Buckner Bay, Okinawa, before heading home via Pearl Harbor.
Volador returned to San Diego, California, in January 1952 and conducted local operations until early summer. She then spent three months in the Juan de Fuca Strait and the Puget Sound area before entering the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in October. During the five-month overhaul which followed, a new battery and an Askania automatic depth control system were installed. Upon her return to San Diego, Volador provided services to ASW surface units, aircraft, and the Fleet Sonar School and participated in type training, Exercise "Pacphibex", and hunter/killer exercises. She departed San Diego on 7 August 1953 and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 15 August, received briefings by members of the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, and the Commander, Submarines, Pacific staffs on 17 and 18 August and tested experimental sonar equipment at sea on 20 August.
Special operations
On 22 August 1953, Volador began a period of special operations, departing Pearl Harbor for an Alaskan training cruise which kept her in northern waters until October 1953. Her patrol station was northeast of the St. Lawrence Bay, and, on 1 September, she made rendezvous with submarine Blackfin off the southwest cape, St. Lawrence Island; the following day, she snorkeled to an area off Brook Bank, then proceeded to the Bering Strait area. Volador conducted a shipping reconnaissance patrol until the night of 27 September 1953 when she made rendezvous with and was relieved by submarine Caiman. Volador arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 October 1953. During her second patrol, she contacted a total of 63 ships and identified and photographed the majority of them.
Western Pacific
Returning to San Diego, California, Volador rendered services and conducted type training there until May 1954, when she entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for overhaul. The yard work was completed in October 1954 and Volador returned to San Diego for local operations. Departing San Diego on 3 January 1955 for her second tour of duty in the Western Pacific (WestPac), Volador proceeded to Yokosuka, Japan, via Pearl Harbor. Upon arrival at Yokosuka on 26 January 1955, she conducted type training and furnished ASW services to a destroyer division and elements of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force until 1 March 1955. She then completed two weeks of routine upkeep on 13 March, prior to departure for another period of special operations on 14 March.
Volador transited Tsugaru Strait and, on 19 March commenced a submerged patrol on the lane between Vladivostok and La Perouse Strait which lasted until 8 April. She then commenced a transit of Tsugaru Strait and set a course back to Yokosuka where she moored on 11 April 1955. After the completion of this patrol, Volador was commended for excellent photography, correct identification of contacts, and accurate reporting of identifying characteristics regarding the 33 ships contacted.
West Coast
Visiting Subic Bay, Hong Kong, and Pearl Harbor while en route, Volador returned to San Diego, California, on 1 July. The submarine operated along the West Coast for the next two years. In August 1957, Volador commenced another Far East deployment. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 3 August and departed three days later for a 30-day patrol off Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. Her mission was to gather intelligence information. Due to motor casualties nine days after arrival on station, she departed the Petropavlovsk area on 25 August and arrived at Yokosuka five days later. During this patrol Volador contacted 13 merchant ships and eight warships.
On 8 November 1957, the submarine arrived at Subic Bay for a scheduled upkeep and departed on 17 November for Yokosuka. Volador arrived at Yokosuka on 26 November; and, from 11 December through 4 January 1958, she conducted a special reconnaissance patrol in the Sea of Okhotsk. During this 17-day undetected special patrol, she completed her photographic mission in spite of severe ice and blizzard conditions. Returning to Japan, Volador departed Yokosuka on 9 January for Pearl Harbor. She arrived at Hawaii on 19 January and departed two days later for San Diego, arriving on 28 January 1958.
Volador remained at San Diego until 3 October, when she departed for Vancouver, Washington. Twenty guests of the Vancouver Navy League were embarked at Longview, Washington, for a ship's visit and disembarked upon arrival at Vancouver. Volador was welcomed by a gathering of about 500 citizens, plus the local high school band, and was presented a plaque in a simple ceremony on board. She departed Vancouver on 5 October and visited Seattle, Washington, and Port Angeles, Washington, through the month of October. Volador visited Victoria, British Columbia, from 31 October through 3 November. Canadian frigate HMCS Antigonish was the host ship, and wardroom officers were entertained on board and in the homes of the host's officers.
The submarine patrolled the areas of Esquimalt, Washington, Port Angeles, Washington, Tacoma, Washington, and Seattle, Washington until 22 November when she began her return trip to San Diego, California, arriving on 26 November. Volador operated in the San Diego-San Francisco area until 5 May 1959 when she entered the San Francisco Naval Shipyard at Hunters Point for overhaul.
Completing overhaul in October 1959, the submarine returned to San Diego, California, for local operations until leaving for WestPac in late December. While thus deployed, Volador participated in many operations including amphibious Exercise "Blue Star" and SEATO Exercise "Sea Lion." Upon returning to San Diego, she participated in various local operations during the next 20 months.
In August 1960, "Volador" was assigned as a target submarine for the USS Kingfor the testing the new ASROC MK-44 torpedo system. While at periscope depth andbeing tracked by USS King's SQS-23B sonar, King fired an ASROC. The MK-44 torpedo separated from the rocket motor hit the Volador's sail after entering the water, leaving a hole in its sail.
Conversion
Volador spent the early months of 1962 in local operations in the San Diego area until she conducted a reserve cruise from 4 to 11 April. Upon her return, she was placed in commission, in reserve, while undergoing FRAM Mk 1 conversion to a GUPPY III configuration at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. The submarine was saved from possible total destruction due to a spectacular pier fire at the shipyard on 9 and 10 November 1962 by the duty section led by the duty officer and the executive officer. In September 1962, Volador was returned to active service. The conversion was completed in February 1963. A 15-foot (5 m) hull section was installed in addition to a large amount of new electronic, fire control, and sonar equipment, making Volador one of the most modern diesel-electric submarines in the Fleet. After trials in Puget Sound, she returned to San Diego in April 1963 to take part in local operations.
Vietnam era
The submarine departed San Diego in September 1963 for another WestPac deployment. Near the conclusion of her tour, Volador conducted a special assignment which resulted in her receiving a commendation from the Commander, Submarine Force, United States Pacific Fleet, for "a mission of great value to the government of the United States." After returning to San Diego, she was assigned to local and Pacific coast operations.
In late 1964, Volador again distinguished herself by sending the submarine hulk ex-USS Sea Devil to the bottom after firing one homing torpedo in a weapons system evaluation test, making her the only submarine in the Navy to claim two peace-time "kills". Commander, Submarine Force, United States Pacific Fleet, awarded the "E" for overall performance "and for being adjudged the outstanding submarine in Submarine Squadron 5 in fleet intra-type competition for fiscal year 1965."
Volador resumed operations on 3 January 1966 after a short period of holiday routine in San Diego alongside the submarine tender Nereus. The greater part of January was spent conducting weapons system accuracy trials at the Dabob Bay and Carr Inlet facilities in the Puget Sound area. Volador returned to San Diego on 3 February and conducted a week of refresher training commencing on 10 February. Following this, she began a three-week upkeep period during which she successfully underwent an administrative inspection and a nuclear weapons acceptance inspection. On 7 March 1966, Volador left port for a week of type training in the local operating areas during which time sound trials were conducted to investigate the problem of noisy propellers. She got underway on 4 April for a four-day restricted availability at the San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard where new propellers were installed. The remainder of April and the period until 11 May were spent in the San Diego area conducting various tests and preparing for deployment to WestPac.
The submarine departed San Diego on 12 May and, after a four-day stopover in Pearl Harbor, reported to Commander, Seventh Fleet, for operational control on 3 June and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 6 June 1966.
Following an eight-day upkeep period for voyage repairs, Volador departed Yokosuka on 14 June to provide ASW services to ships and aircraft of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. Throughout the summer, she continued to conduct exercises and provide services which were made more meaningful by the mutual exchange of officers. The submarine operated in the areas of Yokosuka and Iwakuni, Japan, and Buckner Bay, Okinawa.
Volador was in upkeep status at Yokosuka from 15 to 23 September. She got underway for Hong Kong on 26 September, after which she stopped at Kaohsiung and Midway Island and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 6 November. She departed two days later for San Diego. Volador arrived at her home port on 19 November and spent the remainder of 1966 in holiday leave and upkeep status. She was nominated for the Captain Edward F. Ney Memorial Award for the most outstanding general mess for 1966. On 1 July 1966, Volador was awarded the Squadron 5 award for fire control and weapons excellence.
Operations resumed on 15 January 1967 after a period of holiday routine alongside the Submarine Facility, Ballast Point, San Diego. The first half of 1967 was spent participating in various exercises, undergoing upkeep and repairs, and qualifying for a nuclear weapons technical proficiency inspection, a material inspection, and an operational readiness inspection.
Volador then departed San Diego on 24 July en route to Auckland, New Zealand. She made a two-day stop at Pago Pago, American Samoa, and arrived at Auckland on 15 August. The submarine participated in LONGEX 67, then departed for Subic Bay and arrived there on 10 September for five days of upkeep and voyage repairs. She participated in Exercise "Gillnet", visited Buckner Bay, Okinawa, and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 26 September. The remainder of the year was spent conducting various operations out of Yokosuka.
USS Pueblo incident
On 1 January 1968, Volador was en route to Hong Kong for a port visit. She arrived back at Yokosuka, Japan, on 24 January to learn that her deployment was being indefinitely extended because of mobilization response to the capture of "environmental research ship" Pueblo by the North Koreans. Volador departed for sea on 31 January and returned 31 days later. The submarine left Japan and made a two-day stopover at Pearl Harbor before arriving in San Diego on 29 March. The period until 26 June was spent in post-deployment upkeep and local operations. On 27 June, Volador departed for a regular shipyard overhaul in the Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California at which time a Mk 48 fire control system was installed. Post-overhaul trials were conducted in the San Francisco, California, operating area on 20 and 22 December, and the submarine finished the year at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard, Hunters Point.
Throughout January and February 1969, Volador held sound and weapons trials in the Puget Sound area. The next two months were spent in upkeep and training before heading to the Pacific northwest for a quality assurance system test of the Mk 48 Astor torpedo. After the firings, while en route to home waters, a stop was made at Monterey, California, on 20 May and 21 May to provide familiarization cruises for students of the Naval Postgraduate School, local members of the Navy League, and city leaders. The trip was an outstanding success and received wide dissemination through the local press media.
The submarine returned to San Diego, California, and commenced an upkeep period and a final workup for deployment. Volador departed San Diego on 28 July 1969 for Yokosuka, Japan, via Pearl Harbor. During the Christmas holidays, Volador visited Bangkok, Thailand, enjoying the exotic sights and the Thai people and providing a week of services to the Royal Thai Navy. Leaving Bangkok on 26 December, the ship headed for Hong Kong and was en route as the year ended.
Volador left Hong Kong for two weeks of operations and liberty in Yokosuka, Japan, before returning to San Diego, California, on 12 February 1970. The next month was a period of upkeep and rest for the crew. On 17 January 1970 she was involved in a collision with the Japanese freighter MIYAHIME MARU at the entrance to Tokyo bay, with both suffering minor damage. The following three months were filled with numerous exercises and drills to retrain the crew and to prepare for interfleet transfer to the East Coast. Volador departed San Diego on 7 August for transit to the East Coast via the Panama Canal. She arrived at her new home port of Charleston, South Carolina, and spent the remainder of 1970 there.
Mediterranean Sea
During the first few months of 1971, Volador conducted exercises and drills and underwent upkeep in preparation for deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. On 19 April, she arrived at Rota, Spain, and commenced participation in Exercise "Dawn Patrol 71" with several NATO units on 23 April. Upon completion of this exercise on 12 May, Volador visited Piraeus, Greece; Augusta Bay, Sicily; Palma, Majorca; Villefranche, France; Gibraltar; Naples, Italy; and Málaga, Spain; and returned to Rota on 19 July for turnover. Volador departed for Charleston, South Carolina, on 21 July after spending three months in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 August, she was diverted from her homeward transit to render assistance to the tanker M/T Lacon, a Liberian vessel which was on fire. Volador arrived at Charleston on 5 August and began a period of leave and upkeep until 20 September when she entered the Charleston Naval Shipyard, commencing a regular overhaul and battery renewal.
Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502)
On 18 August 1972, Volador was transferred to Italy. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 December 1977.
Volador and Pickerel were transferred and commissioned into the Italian Navy at the same time. Some civilian sources disagree as which of them became Primo Longobardo and which became Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502). The United States Department of the Navy's Naval Historical Center maintains that Pickerel became Primo Longobordo and Volador became Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia. Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia was stricken in 1981.
References
^ a b c d e f Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
^ a b c d e Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 280–282. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o U.S. Submarines Since 1945 pp. 242
^ a b c d e f g h Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 11–43. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.
^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 261.
^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
^ Registers of the Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy
and Marine Corps 1949
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entries can be found here and here.
External links
Sommergibili Marina Militare website
Portals: United States Italy Engineering
vteTench-class submarines United States NavyCompleted
Tench
Thornback
Tigrone
Tirante
Tomtate / Trutta
Toro
Torsk
Trembler / Quillback
Corsair
Argonaut
Runner
Conger
Cutlass
Diablo
Medregal
Requin
Irex
Sea Leopard
Odax
Sirago
Pomodon
Remora
Sarda
Spinax
Volador
Amberjack
Grampus
Pickerel
Grenadier
Canceled
Unicorn
Walrus
Pompano
Grayling
Needlefish
Sculpin
SS-495 – SS-515 (Unnamed)
Wahoo (SS-516)
SS-517 (Unnamed)
Wahoo (SS-518)
SS-519 – SS-521 (Unnamed)
Dorado
Comber
Sea Panther
Tiburon
SS-537 – SS-562 (Unnamed, SS-551 – SS-562 possible future class)
Other operators Brazilian Navy
Bahia (ex-Sea Leopard)
Ceará (ex-Amberjack)
Rio de Janeiro (ex-Odax)
Rio Grande do Sul (ex-Grampus)
Royal Canadian Navy
Rainbow (ex-Argonaut)
Republic of China Navypart of Hai Shih class
Hai Shih (ex-Cutlass)
Hellenic Navy
Katsonis (ex-Remora)
Marina Militare
Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (ex-Volador)
Primo Longobardo (ex-Pickerel)
Pakistan Navy
Ghazi (ex-Diablo)
Turkish Navy
Cerbe (ex-Trutta)
Uluçalireis (ex-Thornback)
Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
Picua (ex-Grenadier)
Preceded by: Balao class
Followed by: Barracuda class
List of submarines of the United States Navy
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Volador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Volador"},{"link_name":"Italian submarine Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Gianfranco_Gazzana_Priaroggia"},{"link_name":"Tench-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tench-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"volador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_flying_fish"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Volador and Italian submarine Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia.USS Volador (SS-490), a Tench-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the volador.","title":"USS Volador (SS-490)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Kittery, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittery,_Maine"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel-laying"},{"link_name":"hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(ship)"},{"link_name":"GUPPY II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUPPY_II"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dudley W. Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_W._Morton"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The contract to build her was awarded to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, and her keel was laid down on 15 June 1945, but work on her construction was discontinued in January 1946. Her unfinished hulk remained on the ways until August 1947, when construction resumed, now including GUPPY II enhancements to the basic Tench-class design. Volador was launched on 21 May 1948, sponsored by Mrs. Harriet Rose Morton (née Nelson), widow of Commander Dudley W. Morton, and commissioned on 1 October 1948, with Lieutenant Commander[7] Howard A. Thompson in command.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"sub_title":"West Coast","text":"Volador completed her builder's trials on 20 January 1949, left Portsmouth three days later, and stopped at Newport, Rhode Island, and New London, Connecticut, before sailing for the Gulf of Mexico on 5 February. Volador arrived at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 11 February and proceeded to the West Coast, via Galveston, Texas, and the Panama Canal, and arrived at San Diego, California, on 11 March. The submarine conducted local operations along the California coast between San Diego, California, and San Francisco, California, until she departed San Diego on 13 October, bound for Hawaii. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 November but returned to San Diego on 18 November and spent the remainder of 1949 as well as most of the following year on the West Coast, conducting various training exercises. During that period, she also visited Portland, Oregon, Vancouver, Washington, and Pearl Harbor. In June 1950, Volador embarked reserves at Treasure Island, San Francisco, and proceeded on a two-week reserve cruise to Hawaii. En route, the Korean War broke out, and the submarine spent two months training in Hawaiian waters before returning to San Diego for operations on the West Coast that lasted into the summer of 1951.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Ronquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ronquil"},{"link_name":"Tiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tiru"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Strait"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hanson"},{"link_name":"George K. MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_George_K._MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Taussig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Taussig"},{"link_name":"Atami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atami"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay, Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Juan de Fuca Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Strait"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"}],"sub_title":"Korean War","text":"The submarine departed San Diego, California, on 21 July, bound, via Pearl Harbor, for Japan and arrived at Yokosuka on 15 August 1951. On 18 August, Volador got underway from Yokosuka for a period of special operations. Her orders directed the submarine to conduct an undetected reconnaissance patrol in the area of Hokkaidō, Japan, for a four-week period, in order to keep Commander, Naval Forces Far East, informed of any Soviet or People's Republic of China's seaborne and airborne activity in that area. Throughout her patrol, the submarine identified and photographed numerous radar contacts and made rendezvous with submarines Ronquil and Tiru to exchange patrol reports and other valuable information. On 16 September, Volador held ceremonies commemorating her 1000th dive. After a 24-hour engineering run in Tsugaru Strait, she ended her patrol and arrived in Yokosuka on 22 September. From 11 to 15 November, Volador conducted ASW operations with destroyers Hanson, George K. MacKenzie, and Taussig in the Atami area. From 16 November to 9 December, Volador participated in hunter/killer operations en route to Okinawa from Japan in company with Task Group (TG) 96.7. The submarine visited Buckner Bay, Okinawa, before heading home via Pearl Harbor.Volador returned to San Diego, California, in January 1952 and conducted local operations until early summer. She then spent three months in the Juan de Fuca Strait and the Puget Sound area before entering the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in October. During the five-month overhaul which followed, a new battery and an Askania automatic depth control system were installed. Upon her return to San Diego, Volador provided services to ASW surface units, aircraft, and the Fleet Sonar School and participated in type training, Exercise \"Pacphibex\", and hunter/killer exercises. She departed San Diego on 7 August 1953 and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 15 August, received briefings by members of the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, and the Commander, Submarines, Pacific staffs on 17 and 18 August and tested experimental sonar equipment at sea on 20 August.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Bay"},{"link_name":"Blackfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blackfin"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island"},{"link_name":"Brook Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brook_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bering Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait"},{"link_name":"Caiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Caiman"}],"sub_title":"Special operations","text":"On 22 August 1953, Volador began a period of special operations, departing Pearl Harbor for an Alaskan training cruise which kept her in northern waters until October 1953. Her patrol station was northeast of the St. Lawrence Bay, and, on 1 September, she made rendezvous with submarine Blackfin off the southwest cape, St. Lawrence Island; the following day, she snorkeled to an area off Brook Bank, then proceeded to the Bering Strait area. Volador conducted a shipping reconnaissance patrol until the night of 27 September 1953 when she made rendezvous with and was relieved by submarine Caiman. Volador arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 October 1953. During her second patrol, she contacted a total of 63 ships and identified and photographed the majority of them.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"La Perouse Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Perouse_Strait"}],"sub_title":"Western Pacific","text":"Returning to San Diego, California, Volador rendered services and conducted type training there until May 1954, when she entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for overhaul. The yard work was completed in October 1954 and Volador returned to San Diego for local operations. Departing San Diego on 3 January 1955 for her second tour of duty in the Western Pacific (WestPac), Volador proceeded to Yokosuka, Japan, via Pearl Harbor. Upon arrival at Yokosuka on 26 January 1955, she conducted type training and furnished ASW services to a destroyer division and elements of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force until 1 March 1955. She then completed two weeks of routine upkeep on 13 March, prior to departure for another period of special operations on 14 March.Volador transited Tsugaru Strait and, on 19 March commenced a submerged patrol on the lane between Vladivostok and La Perouse Strait which lasted until 8 April. She then commenced a transit of Tsugaru Strait and set a course back to Yokosuka where she moored on 11 April 1955. After the completion of this patrol, Volador was commended for excellent photography, correct identification of contacts, and accurate reporting of identifying characteristics regarding the 33 ships contacted.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Petropavlovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sea of Okhotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk"},{"link_name":"Longview, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Port Angeles, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"HMCS Antigonish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Antigonish"},{"link_name":"Esquimalt, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esquimalt,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Hunters Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Point,_San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"SEATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEATO"},{"link_name":"USS Kingfor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_King"}],"sub_title":"West Coast","text":"Visiting Subic Bay, Hong Kong, and Pearl Harbor while en route, Volador returned to San Diego, California, on 1 July. The submarine operated along the West Coast for the next two years. In August 1957, Volador commenced another Far East deployment. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 3 August and departed three days later for a 30-day patrol off Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. Her mission was to gather intelligence information. Due to motor casualties nine days after arrival on station, she departed the Petropavlovsk area on 25 August and arrived at Yokosuka five days later. During this patrol Volador contacted 13 merchant ships and eight warships.On 8 November 1957, the submarine arrived at Subic Bay for a scheduled upkeep and departed on 17 November for Yokosuka. Volador arrived at Yokosuka on 26 November; and, from 11 December through 4 January 1958, she conducted a special reconnaissance patrol in the Sea of Okhotsk. During this 17-day undetected special patrol, she completed her photographic mission in spite of severe ice and blizzard conditions. Returning to Japan, Volador departed Yokosuka on 9 January for Pearl Harbor. She arrived at Hawaii on 19 January and departed two days later for San Diego, arriving on 28 January 1958.Volador remained at San Diego until 3 October, when she departed for Vancouver, Washington. Twenty guests of the Vancouver Navy League were embarked at Longview, Washington, for a ship's visit and disembarked upon arrival at Vancouver. Volador was welcomed by a gathering of about 500 citizens, plus the local high school band, and was presented a plaque in a simple ceremony on board. She departed Vancouver on 5 October and visited Seattle, Washington, and Port Angeles, Washington, through the month of October. Volador visited Victoria, British Columbia, from 31 October through 3 November. Canadian frigate HMCS Antigonish was the host ship, and wardroom officers were entertained on board and in the homes of the host's officers.The submarine patrolled the areas of Esquimalt, Washington, Port Angeles, Washington, Tacoma, Washington, and Seattle, Washington until 22 November when she began her return trip to San Diego, California, arriving on 26 November. Volador operated in the San Diego-San Francisco area until 5 May 1959 when she entered the San Francisco Naval Shipyard at Hunters Point for overhaul.Completing overhaul in October 1959, the submarine returned to San Diego, California, for local operations until leaving for WestPac in late December. While thus deployed, Volador participated in many operations including amphibious Exercise \"Blue Star\" and SEATO Exercise \"Sea Lion.\" Upon returning to San Diego, she participated in various local operations during the next 20 months.In August 1960, \"Volador\" was assigned as a target submarine for the USS Kingfor the testing the new ASROC MK-44 torpedo system. While at periscope depth andbeing tracked by USS King's SQS-23B sonar, King fired an ASROC. The MK-44 torpedo separated from the rocket motor hit the Volador's sail after entering the water, leaving a hole in its sail.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Rehabilitation_and_Modernization"},{"link_name":"GUPPY III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUPPY_III"},{"link_name":"fire control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"}],"sub_title":"Conversion","text":"Volador spent the early months of 1962 in local operations in the San Diego area until she conducted a reserve cruise from 4 to 11 April. Upon her return, she was placed in commission, in reserve, while undergoing FRAM Mk 1 conversion to a GUPPY III configuration at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. The submarine was saved from possible total destruction due to a spectacular pier fire at the shipyard on 9 and 10 November 1962 by the duty section led by the duty officer and the executive officer. In September 1962, Volador was returned to active service. The conversion was completed in February 1963. A 15-foot (5 m) hull section was installed in addition to a large amount of new electronic, fire control, and sonar equipment, making Volador one of the most modern diesel-electric submarines in the Fleet. After trials in Puget Sound, she returned to San Diego in April 1963 to take part in local operations.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Sea Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sea_Devil_(SS-400)"},{"link_name":"Nereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nereus_(AS-17)"},{"link_name":"Dabob Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabob_Bay"},{"link_name":"Carr Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Inlet"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Iwakuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwakuni"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Midway Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Island"},{"link_name":"Ballast Point, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballast_Point,_San_Diego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam era","text":"The submarine departed San Diego in September 1963 for another WestPac deployment. Near the conclusion of her tour, Volador conducted a special assignment which resulted in her receiving a commendation from the Commander, Submarine Force, United States Pacific Fleet, for \"a mission of great value to the government of the United States.\" After returning to San Diego, she was assigned to local and Pacific coast operations.In late 1964, Volador again distinguished herself by sending the submarine hulk ex-USS Sea Devil to the bottom after firing one homing torpedo in a weapons system evaluation test, making her the only submarine in the Navy to claim two peace-time \"kills\". Commander, Submarine Force, United States Pacific Fleet, awarded the \"E\" for overall performance \"and for being adjudged the outstanding submarine in Submarine Squadron 5 in fleet intra-type competition for fiscal year 1965.\"Volador resumed operations on 3 January 1966 after a short period of holiday routine in San Diego alongside the submarine tender Nereus. The greater part of January was spent conducting weapons system accuracy trials at the Dabob Bay and Carr Inlet facilities in the Puget Sound area. Volador returned to San Diego on 3 February and conducted a week of refresher training commencing on 10 February. Following this, she began a three-week upkeep period during which she successfully underwent an administrative inspection and a nuclear weapons acceptance inspection. On 7 March 1966, Volador left port for a week of type training in the local operating areas during which time sound trials were conducted to investigate the problem of noisy propellers. She got underway on 4 April for a four-day restricted availability at the San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard where new propellers were installed. The remainder of April and the period until 11 May were spent in the San Diego area conducting various tests and preparing for deployment to WestPac.The submarine departed San Diego on 12 May and, after a four-day stopover in Pearl Harbor, reported to Commander, Seventh Fleet, for operational control on 3 June and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 6 June 1966.Following an eight-day upkeep period for voyage repairs, Volador departed Yokosuka on 14 June to provide ASW services to ships and aircraft of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. Throughout the summer, she continued to conduct exercises and provide services which were made more meaningful by the mutual exchange of officers. The submarine operated in the areas of Yokosuka and Iwakuni, Japan, and Buckner Bay, Okinawa.Volador was in upkeep status at Yokosuka from 15 to 23 September. She got underway for Hong Kong on 26 September, after which she stopped at Kaohsiung and Midway Island and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 6 November. She departed two days later for San Diego. Volador arrived at her home port on 19 November and spent the remainder of 1966 in holiday leave and upkeep status. She was nominated for the Captain Edward F. Ney Memorial Award for the most outstanding general mess for 1966. On 1 July 1966, Volador was awarded the Squadron 5 award for fire control and weapons excellence.Operations resumed on 15 January 1967 after a period of holiday routine alongside the Submarine Facility, Ballast Point, San Diego. The first half of 1967 was spent participating in various exercises, undergoing upkeep and repairs, and qualifying for a nuclear weapons technical proficiency inspection, a material inspection, and an operational readiness inspection.Volador then departed San Diego on 24 July en route to Auckland, New Zealand. She made a two-day stop at Pago Pago, American Samoa, and arrived at Auckland on 15 August. The submarine participated in LONGEX 67, then departed for Subic Bay and arrived there on 10 September for five days of upkeep and voyage repairs. She participated in Exercise \"Gillnet\", visited Buckner Bay, Okinawa, and arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 26 September. The remainder of the year was spent conducting various operations out of Yokosuka.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)"},{"link_name":"North Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Vallejo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California"},{"link_name":"Hunters Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Point,_San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"USS Pueblo incident","text":"On 1 January 1968, Volador was en route to Hong Kong for a port visit. She arrived back at Yokosuka, Japan, on 24 January to learn that her deployment was being indefinitely extended because of mobilization response to the capture of \"environmental research ship\" Pueblo by the North Koreans. Volador departed for sea on 31 January and returned 31 days later. The submarine left Japan and made a two-day stopover at Pearl Harbor before arriving in San Diego on 29 March. The period until 26 June was spent in post-deployment upkeep and local operations. On 27 June, Volador departed for a regular shipyard overhaul in the Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California at which time a Mk 48 fire control system was installed. Post-overhaul trials were conducted in the San Francisco, California, operating area on 20 and 22 December, and the submarine finished the year at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard, Hunters Point.Throughout January and February 1969, Volador held sound and weapons trials in the Puget Sound area. The next two months were spent in upkeep and training before heading to the Pacific northwest for a quality assurance system test of the Mk 48 Astor torpedo. After the firings, while en route to home waters, a stop was made at Monterey, California, on 20 May and 21 May to provide familiarization cruises for students of the Naval Postgraduate School, local members of the Navy League, and city leaders. The trip was an outstanding success and received wide dissemination through the local press media.The submarine returned to San Diego, California, and commenced an upkeep period and a final workup for deployment. Volador departed San Diego on 28 July 1969 for Yokosuka, Japan, via Pearl Harbor. During the Christmas holidays, Volador visited Bangkok, Thailand, enjoying the exotic sights and the Thai people and providing a week of services to the Royal Thai Navy. Leaving Bangkok on 26 December, the ship headed for Hong Kong and was en route as the year ended.Volador left Hong Kong for two weeks of operations and liberty in Yokosuka, Japan, before returning to San Diego, California, on 12 February 1970. The next month was a period of upkeep and rest for the crew. On 17 January 1970 she was involved in a collision with the Japanese freighter MIYAHIME MARU at the entrance to Tokyo bay, with both suffering minor damage. The following three months were filled with numerous exercises and drills to retrain the crew and to prepare for interfleet transfer to the East Coast. Volador departed San Diego on 7 August for transit to the East Coast via the Panama Canal. She arrived at her new home port of Charleston, South Carolina, and spent the remainder of 1970 there.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Rota, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota,_Spain"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Augusta Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Bay,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma,_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Villefranche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Liberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Charleston Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Naval_Shipyard"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean Sea","text":"During the first few months of 1971, Volador conducted exercises and drills and underwent upkeep in preparation for deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. On 19 April, she arrived at Rota, Spain, and commenced participation in Exercise \"Dawn Patrol 71\" with several NATO units on 23 April. Upon completion of this exercise on 12 May, Volador visited Piraeus, Greece; Augusta Bay, Sicily; Palma, Majorca; Villefranche, France; Gibraltar; Naples, Italy; and Málaga, Spain; and returned to Rota on 19 July for turnover. Volador departed for Charleston, South Carolina, on 21 July after spending three months in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 August, she was diverted from her homeward transit to render assistance to the tanker M/T Lacon, a Liberian vessel which was on fire. Volador arrived at Charleston on 5 August and began a period of leave and upkeep until 20 September when she entered the Charleston Naval Shipyard, commencing a regular overhaul and battery renewal.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Pickerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pickerel_(SS-524)"},{"link_name":"Italian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Militare"},{"link_name":"Primo Longobardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pickerel_(SS-524)"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"}],"text":"On 18 August 1972, Volador was transferred to Italy. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 December 1977.Volador and Pickerel were transferred and commissioned into the Italian Navy at the same time. Some civilian sources disagree as which of them became Primo Longobardo and which became Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502). The United States Department of the Navy's Naval Historical Center maintains that Pickerel became Primo Longobordo and Volador became Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia. Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia was stricken in 1981.","title":"Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia (S 502)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland","url_text":"Annapolis, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-263-3","url_text":"1-55750-263-3"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 280–282. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26202-0","url_text":"0-313-26202-0"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 11–43. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland","url_text":"Annapolis, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"United States Naval Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-260-9","url_text":"1-55750-260-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/v/volador-ii.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://hazegray.org/danfs/submar/ss490.txt","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/sommergibili.aspx","external_links_name":"Sommergibili"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(song) | The Great Divide (song) | ["1 Charts","2 References"] | This article is about the Scott Stapp song. For other uses, see Great Divide § Music.
2005 single by Scott Stapp"The Great Divide"Single by Scott Stappfrom the album The Great Divide ReleasedSeptember 26, 2005Recorded2004–2005GenrePost-grungeChristian rockhard rockalternative rockLength4:02LabelWind-upSongwriter(s)Scott StappProducer(s)John KurzwegScott StappRon Saint GermainScott Stapp singles chronology
"Relearn Love" (2004)
"The Great Divide" (2005)
"Justify" (2006)
"The Great Divide" is the second single by American singer Scott Stapp, released on September 26, 2005. The song was later included on Stapp's debut solo album of the same name, released on November 22, 2005. It and Stapp's song "You Will Soar" served as WWE's fourth annual Tribute to the Troops theme songs on December 11, 2006.
Charts
Chart performance for "The Great Divide"
Chart (2005)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
91
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
10
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
24
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)
20
US Pop 100 (Billboard)
84
References
^ Tribute to the Troops official theme song - "The Great Divide"
^ TRIBUTE TO THE TROOPS: CHRISTMAS IN BAGHDAD
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 165.
^ "Scott Stapp Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Scott Stapp Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Scott Stapp Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Billboard Pop 100 - November 26, 2005" (PDF). Billboard. Billboard. November 26, 2005. p. 72. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
vteScott StappStudio albums
The Great Divide (2005)
Proof of Life (2013)
The Space Between the Shadows (2019)
Singles
"The Great Divide"
"Slow Suicide"
This 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Divide § Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Divide_(disambiguation)#Music"},{"link_name":"Scott Stapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Stapp"},{"link_name":"debut solo album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(Scott_Stapp_album)"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Scott Stapp song. For other uses, see Great Divide § Music.2005 single by Scott Stapp\"The Great Divide\" is the second single by American singer Scott Stapp, released on September 26, 2005. The song was later included on Stapp's debut solo album of the same name, released on November 22, 2005. It and Stapp's song \"You Will Soar\" served as WWE's fourth annual Tribute to the Troops theme songs on December 11, 2006.[1][2]","title":"The Great Divide (song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 165.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Pop 100 - November 26, 2005\" (PDF). Billboard. Billboard. November 26, 2005. p. 72. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/2005/2005-11-26-Billboard-Page-0072.pdf#search=%22the%20great%20divide%20scott%20stapp%22","url_text":"\"Billboard Pop 100 - November 26, 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/content/media/video/specialty_clips/music/121106iraqthegreatdivide?zone=raw_tribute","external_links_name":"Tribute to the Troops official theme song - \"The Great Divide\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/tribute/","external_links_name":"TRIBUTE TO THE TROOPS: CHRISTMAS IN BAGHDAD"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Scott-Stapp/chart-history/HBU","external_links_name":"\"Scott Stapp Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Scott-Stapp/chart-history/ATF","external_links_name":"\"Scott Stapp Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Scott-Stapp/chart-history/RTT","external_links_name":"\"Scott Stapp Chart History (Mainstream Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/2005/2005-11-26-Billboard-Page-0072.pdf#search=%22the%20great%20divide%20scott%20stapp%22","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Pop 100 - November 26, 2005\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Divide_(song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastaldate | Gastald | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Prince Sico of Benevento, here pictured on one of his solidi, was the gastald of Acerenza before becoming prince
A gastald (Latin gastaldus or castaldus; Italian gastaldo or guastaldo) was a Lombard official in charge of some portion of the royal demesne (a gastaldate, gastaldia or castaldia) with civil, martial, and judicial powers.
By the Edictum Rothari of 643, the gastalds were given the civil authority in the cities and the reeves the like authority in the countryside. Under the Lombard dominion, territories were delimited by giudicati or "judgments" among the several gastalds. From the immediate region of Parma and of Piacenza, numerous such giudicati survive, which cover the range of Lombard rule. The documents follow the same formalized structure, of which one between the gastald Daghiberto and the gastald Immo was adjudged by Adaloald, at Ticino, November 615.
As paid officials with direct allegiance to the roving Lombard kings, whose seat was nominally at Pavia, the gastalds were often in conflict with the dukes, the great Lombard territorial magnates who pursued policies of autonomy. By the 9th century, the powers of the gastalds had devolved to largely administrative ones. The title gradually disappeared over the final century of Lombard power, surviving only in a few instances, especially in the Mezzogiorno, where ducal Lombard power continued for another two hundred years, for example at Capua, which was included in the Lombard Duchy of Benevento and where the count's title remained gastald as late as the 9th century, when Landulf began strenuously to establish his independence. When Benevento was divided in 851, following a decade of civil war, it was done by divying up the gastaldates, sixteen to the new Principality of Salerno, sixteen to remain with Benevento and one (Acerenza) to be divided between them.
About 1200, in his Magna derivationes, Uguccione of Pisa included gastradeus given the meaning "rector loci", the "administrator of a place".
In Milan, the institution of gastaldi endured within the cathedral chapter until the close of the Middle Ages. In the Arsenal of Venice, the gastaldi endured to the arrival of Napoleon, in the form of confraternities of craftsmen in the shipyards; the sign of the carpenters' guild, painted under the direction of Misier Zacharia d'Antonio in 1517 and renewed in 1753, under the gastaldia of Francesco Zanotto gastaldo and company, is in the Museum of Venetian History, Venice.
In Old High German, gastaldus came to denote a steward. Castaldy appears in Middle English with an abstract meaning of "stewardship"; the specific function, however, remained foreign to Anglo-Saxon or Norman institutions.
Notes
^ Taranto, Latinianus (perhaps Stigliano), Cassano, Cosenza, Laino, Salerno, Conza, Montella, Rota, Sarno, Cimitile, Capua, Teano, Sora, Furcule (perhaps San Felice a Cancello).
^ Brindisi, Bari, Canosa, Lucera, Siponto, Ascoli, Bovino, Sant'Agata, Avellino, Telese, Alife, Isernia, Bojano, Larino, Biferno, Campobasso.
^ Jules Gay, L'Italie méridionale et l'Empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071) (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1904), pp. 62–63.
^ H. D. Austin, "Germanic Words in Uguiccione's Lexicon" Speculum 23.2 (April 1948:273-283) p. 276.
^ Illustrated in Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce, 19 82, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism p 314.
References
Paolo Ostinelli: Gastaldus in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Authority control databases
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"royal demesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_demesne"},{"link_name":"Edictum Rothari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictum_Rothari"},{"link_name":"reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Adaloald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaloald"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"Mezzogiorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzogiorno"},{"link_name":"Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Princes_of_Capua"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"Landulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landulf_I_of_Capua"},{"link_name":"Principality of Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Acerenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerenza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Uguccione of Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguccio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Arsenal of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"}],"text":"A gastald (Latin gastaldus or castaldus; Italian gastaldo or guastaldo) was a Lombard official in charge of some portion of the royal demesne (a gastaldate, gastaldia or castaldia) with civil, martial, and judicial powers.By the Edictum Rothari of 643, the gastalds were given the civil authority in the cities and the reeves the like authority in the countryside. Under the Lombard dominion, territories were delimited by giudicati or \"judgments\" among the several gastalds. From the immediate region of Parma and of Piacenza, numerous such giudicati survive, which cover the range of Lombard rule. The documents follow the same formalized structure, of which one between the gastald Daghiberto and the gastald Immo was adjudged by Adaloald, at Ticino, November 615.As paid officials with direct allegiance to the roving Lombard kings, whose seat was nominally at Pavia, the gastalds were often in conflict with the dukes, the great Lombard territorial magnates who pursued policies of autonomy. By the 9th century, the powers of the gastalds had devolved to largely administrative ones. The title gradually disappeared over the final century of Lombard power, surviving only in a few instances, especially in the Mezzogiorno, where ducal Lombard power continued for another two hundred years, for example at Capua, which was included in the Lombard Duchy of Benevento and where the count's title remained gastald as late as the 9th century, when Landulf began strenuously to establish his independence. When Benevento was divided in 851, following a decade of civil war, it was done by divying up the gastaldates, sixteen to the new Principality of Salerno,[1] sixteen to remain with Benevento[2] and one (Acerenza) to be divided between them.[3]About 1200, in his Magna derivationes, Uguccione of Pisa included gastradeus [sic., a copyist's slip for gastaldeus] given the meaning \"rector loci\", the \"administrator of a place\".[4]In Milan, the institution of gastaldi endured within the cathedral chapter until the close of the Middle Ages. In the Arsenal of Venice, the gastaldi endured to the arrival of Napoleon, in the form of confraternities of craftsmen in the shipyards; the sign of the carpenters' guild, painted under the direction of Misier Zacharia d'Antonio in 1517 and renewed in 1753, under the gastaldia of Francesco Zanotto gastaldo and company, is in the Museum of Venetian History, Venice.[5]In Old High German, gastaldus came to denote a steward. Castaldy appears in Middle English with an abstract meaning of \"stewardship\"; the specific function, however, remained foreign to Anglo-Saxon or Norman institutions.","title":"Gastald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"Stigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigliano"},{"link_name":"Cassano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassano_Irpino"},{"link_name":"Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosenza"},{"link_name":"Laino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laino_Castello"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Conza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conza"},{"link_name":"Sarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarno"},{"link_name":"Cimitile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitile"},{"link_name":"Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capua"},{"link_name":"Teano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teano"},{"link_name":"Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"San Felice a Cancello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felice_a_Cancello"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Canosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia"},{"link_name":"Lucera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucera"},{"link_name":"Siponto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siponto"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Satriano"},{"link_name":"Bovino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovino"},{"link_name":"Sant'Agata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agata_de%27_Goti"},{"link_name":"Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avellino"},{"link_name":"Telese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telese"},{"link_name":"Alife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alife,_Campania"},{"link_name":"Isernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isernia"},{"link_name":"Bojano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojano"},{"link_name":"Larino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larino"},{"link_name":"Biferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biferno"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobasso"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"L'Italie méridionale et l'Empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/litaliemridion00gayj"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Taranto, Latinianus (perhaps Stigliano), Cassano, Cosenza, Laino, Salerno, Conza, Montella, Rota, Sarno, Cimitile, Capua, Teano, Sora, Furcule (perhaps San Felice a Cancello).\n\n^ Brindisi, Bari, Canosa, Lucera, Siponto, Ascoli, Bovino, Sant'Agata, Avellino, Telese, Alife, Isernia, Bojano, Larino, Biferno, Campobasso.\n\n^ Jules Gay, L'Italie méridionale et l'Empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071) (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1904), pp. 62–63.\n\n^ H. D. Austin, \"Germanic Words in Uguiccione's Lexicon\" Speculum 23.2 (April 1948:273-283) p. 276.\n\n^ Illustrated in Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce, 19 82, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism p 314.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Prince Sico of Benevento, here pictured on one of his solidi, was the gastald of Acerenza before becoming prince","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sico_solidus_1.svg/300px-Sico_solidus_1.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/litaliemridion00gayj","external_links_name":"L'Italie méridionale et l'Empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071)"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D46308.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F46308.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I46308.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/046308","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Armenia | Air Armenia | ["1 History","2 Destinations","3 References","4 External links"] | Former Armenian airline
Air Armenia
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
QN
ARR
AIR ARMENIA
Founded2003Ceased operations2014; 10 years ago (2014)HubsZvartnots International AirportFleet size0Destinations10HeadquartersYerevan, Armenia
Air Armenia CJSC (Armenian: Էյր Արմենիա) was a passenger and cargo airline with its head office in Yerevan, Armenia, and base at Zvartnots International Airport.
History
Air Armenia Boeing 737-500
The airline was established in 2003 and started operations on 18 March 2003. Since all passenger rights were granted on an exclusive basis to Armavia in 2003, Air Armenia could only operate cargo aircraft. The owners of Air Armenia were Versand Hakobyan and Gagik Tsarukyan.
After the liquidation of Armavia in 2013, Air Armenia announced its plans to launch passenger services as well, and became the largest air carrier of Armenia. In July 2013, General Department of Civil Aviation of Armenia granted Air Armenia designations to operate passenger flights.
On 29 October 2014, the airline suspended all operations until at least 20 December due to financial problems.
A Ukrainian investment fund announced the purchase of a 49 percent stake in Armenia's leading airline in December 2014, pledging to help restart soon its commercial flights. Vladimir Bobylev, the chief executive of the East Prospect Fund, pledged to invest at least $30 million in the troubled Air Armenia carrier. Armenian news agencies quoted him as saying that it plans to replace and expand the company's small fleet of aircraft in the coming months. However, as of 2024, these plans have not come to fruition.
Destinations
Air Armenia served the following destinations : (all flights suspended)
City
Country
IATA
ICAO
Airport
Notes
Athens
Greece
ATH
LGAV
Athens International Airport
Frankfurt
Germany
FRA
EDDF
Frankfurt Airport
Krasnodar
Russia
KRR
URKK
Pashkovsky Airport
Moscow
Russia
VKO
UUWW
Vnukovo International Airport
Nizhny Novgorod
Russia
GOJ
UWGG
Nizhny Novgorod International Airport
Paris
France
CDG
LFPG
Charles de Gaulle Airport
Saint Petersburg
Russia
LED
ULLI
Pulkovo Airport
Samara
Russia
KUF
UWWW
Kurumoch International Airport
Sochi
Russia
AER
URSS
Sochi International Airport
Yekaterinburg
Russia
SVX
USSS
Koltsovo Airport
Tehran
Iran
IKA
OIIE
Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport
Yerevan
Armenia
EVN
UDYZ
Zvartnots International Airport
Hub
References
^ "Contacts Archived 2014-07-20 at the Wayback Machine." Air Armenia. Retrieved on September 3, 2014. "Air Armenia Head Office: 21 Gevorg Kochar Str. Yerevan 0009, Armenia" - Address in Armenian Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine: "21 Գևորգ Քոաչար փ. Երևան 0009, Հայաստան" - Address in Russian Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine: "Геворг Кочар 21, г.Ереван 0009, РА"
^ Babayan, Nelly (September 25, 2015). "Did open sky close the air of Air Armenia?". Aravot. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
^ air.am - History Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Air Armenia: First Armenian airline-operated flight in months comes amid decision to liberalize aviation industry - Economy - ArmeniaNow.com". armenianow.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ "Message from "Air Armenia" - News - Air.am". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
^ "Geldprobleme: Air Armenia stellt Betrieb ein - aeroTELEGRAPH". 3 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ "Ukrainian Fund Invests in Failing Armenian Airline - Asbarez.com". asbarez.com. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ "air.am - Message from "Air Armenia"". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
^ air.am - Schedule
External links
Air Armenia official website
Air Armenia official Facebook page
Air Armenia official VK page Archived 2019-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
Portals: Companies Aviation
vteAirlines of ArmeniaPassenger
Air Dilijans
Armenia Airways
Armenian Airlines
Fly Arna
FlyOne Armenia
Hayways
Novair
Shirak Avia
Sky Net Airline
Cargo
Air Highnesses
Ark Airways
Defunct
Air Armenia
Air Van Airlines
Ararat International Airlines
Armavia
Armenian Airlines (1991)
Armenian International Airways
Atlantis Armenian Airlines
Blue Sky Airlines
Jupiter-Avia
Taron Avia
Vertir Airlines
Veteran Avia
Yerevan-Avia
This article relating to a European airline is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about transport in Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CJSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJSC"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zvartnots International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvartnots_International_Airport"}],"text":"Air Armenia CJSC (Armenian: Էյր Արմենիա) was a passenger and cargo airline with its head office in Yerevan, Armenia,[1] and base at Zvartnots International Airport.","title":"Air Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_737-505,_Air_Armenia_JP7704488.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armavia"},{"link_name":"Versand Hakobyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versand_Hakobyan"},{"link_name":"Gagik Tsarukyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagik_Tsarukyan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"General Department of Civil Aviation of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Department_of_Civil_Aviation_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Air Armenia Boeing 737-500The airline was established in 2003 and started operations on 18 March 2003. Since all passenger rights were granted on an exclusive basis to Armavia in 2003, Air Armenia could only operate cargo aircraft. The owners of Air Armenia were Versand Hakobyan and Gagik Tsarukyan.[2]After the liquidation of Armavia in 2013, Air Armenia announced its plans to launch passenger services as well, and became the largest air carrier of Armenia.[3][4] In July 2013, General Department of Civil Aviation of Armenia granted Air Armenia designations to operate passenger flights.On 29 October 2014, the airline suspended all operations until at least 20 December due to financial problems.[5][6]A Ukrainian investment fund announced the purchase of a 49 percent stake in Armenia's leading airline in December 2014, pledging to help restart soon its commercial flights. Vladimir Bobylev, the chief executive of the East Prospect Fund, pledged to invest at least $30 million in the troubled Air Armenia carrier. Armenian news agencies quoted him as saying that it plans to replace and expand the company's small fleet of aircraft in the coming months. However, as of 2024, these plans have not come to fruition.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Air Armenia served the following destinations :[8][9] (all flights suspended)","title":"Destinations"}] | [{"image_text":"Air Armenia Boeing 737-500","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Boeing_737-505%2C_Air_Armenia_JP7704488.jpg/220px-Boeing_737-505%2C_Air_Armenia_JP7704488.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Babayan, Nelly (September 25, 2015). \"Did open sky close the air of Air Armenia?\". Aravot. Retrieved July 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aravot-en.am/2015/09/25/172160/","url_text":"\"Did open sky close the air of Air Armenia?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravot","url_text":"Aravot"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Armenia: First Armenian airline-operated flight in months comes amid decision to liberalize aviation industry - Economy - ArmeniaNow.com\". armenianow.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141105131235/http://armenianow.com/economy/49458/armenia_aviation_open_skies_policies_air_armenia","url_text":"\"Air Armenia: First Armenian airline-operated flight in months comes amid decision to liberalize aviation industry - Economy - ArmeniaNow.com\""},{"url":"http://armenianow.com/economy/49458/armenia_aviation_open_skies_policies_air_armenia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Message from \"Air Armenia\" - News - Air.am\". 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Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salamone | Antonio Salamone | ["1 Mafia heritage","2 Running Pizza parlours in New York","3 Disappeared?","4 Second Mafia war","5 Back in Italy","6 Arrest in Brazil","7 References"] | Member of the Sicilian Mafia
Arrest of Antonio Salamone in São Paulo in 1993
Antonio Salamone (December 12, 1918 in San Giuseppe Jato – May 31, 1998 in São Paulo) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia and a member of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission. His nickname was “il furbo” – the shrewd one.
Mafia heritage
Salamone was born San Giuseppe Jato in the Province of Palermo. After his first wife died, Salamone married Girolama Greco, a sister of Salvatore Greco "l'ingegnere", a cousin of Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu", the boss of the Ciaculli Mafia family and the first secretary of the Sicilian Mafia Commission. His connection with the powerful Greco Mafia clan raised his standing in the Mafia.
After the Ciaculli massacre in 1963 he moved to São Paulo in Brazil, where he acquired citizenship in 1970. The illegal lottery operator (bicheiro) Castor de Andrade allegedly helped Salamone to settle in Brazil. Castor de Andrade gave him a cover job at Bangu Textiles, which he owned. Salamone became a naturalized Brazilian because of de Andrade’s influence.
Running Pizza parlours in New York
In 1965, Salamone moved to New York and got involved in running pizza parlours with a member of his San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family, Giuseppe Ganci, who had moved to the United States.
He returned to Italy at the end of the 1960s. At the Trial of the 114 in 1968, Salamone was acquitted. In 1970, the Court of Palermo ordered a five-year internal exile in Sacile in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-east Italy. He was arrested again in 1971 for the second Trial of the 114, where he was acquitted in 1974.
Disappeared?
After his acquittal in 1974, Salamone had to return to Sacile but disappeared without leaving a trace. He was considered to be a victim of a lupara bianca – a mafia-style murder in which the victim's body is deliberately hidden. In fact Salamone had moved to São Paulo again where he became a building contractor.
He kept ruling the San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family. His substitute was Bernardo Brusca (the father of Giovanni Brusca) who also represented Salamone in the Sicilian Mafia Commission. Salamone counted on the powerful support of Stefano Bontade to curb his lieutenant Brusca’s desire for power.
Second Mafia war
Salamone and Bontade wanted to kill Corleonesi-boss Totò Riina at a meeting of the Sicilian Mafia Commission during the escalating conflict with the established Mafia-bosses in Palermo. However, the Corleonesi acted first and killed Bontade in April 1981, an event that set off the Second Mafia War.
In 1982 Salamone suddenly re-appeared again in public. He returned to Sacile, the town where he still had to serve the remainder of his internal exile. Salamone returned because he tried to avoid attempts by the Corleonesi of Totò Riina to use him to go after Tommaso Buscetta, considered to be one of the Corleonesi’s main enemies during the Second Mafia War. Salamone was a close friend of Buscetta and decided to give himself up to the police instead.
Back in Italy
For many years law enforcement had believed Salamone to be dead, but his name reappeared in 1982 during police investigations into heroin trafficking and money laundering with Michele Zaza and the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan. Salamone was part of the Sicilian supply ring for the so-called Pizza Connection. One of the main organisers in the United States was Giuseppe Ganci, a member of Salamone’ s Mafia family.
In the following years Salamone received arrest warrants for heroin trafficking and Mafia association. Sentenced to 22 years at the Maxi Trial in 1987, Salamone was sent home by the Supreme Court on the grounds of his “advanced age” and “grave state of health”, whereupon he promptly left the country to return to Brazil in 1989.
Arrest in Brazil
On April 16, 1993, Salamone was arrested in São Paulo. However, because of his Brazilian nationality and his advanced age, he was not extradited to Italy. In June 1996, Antimafia prosecutor Gian Carlo Caselli, travelled from Palermo to Brazil to interrogate Salamone on the links of former Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti with the Mafia. Salamone refused to answer any of the questions.
Salamone died of cancer on May 31, 1998, in São Paulo. Despite his involvement in 119 murders, Salamone was described as a frail, peaceable-looking old man during the Maxi Trial – he was “a mafioso with a human face” according to prosecutor Giuseppe Ayala.
References
^ (in Portuguese) Conexão Parque Laje Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Carta Capital, Nr. 441, April 25, 2007 (For an English translation, see Rio-Sampa: “The Italian-Colombian Connection”)
^ Sterling, Octopus, p. 137-38
^ Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia, p. 64
^ Shawcross & Young, Men Of Honour, p. 139-44
^ Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians, p. 112-14
^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 117
^ The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba, Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997
^ Sterling, Octopus, p. 271-72
^ Shawcross & Young, Men Of Honour, p. 223
^ Sterling, Octopus, p. 291-92
^ Stille, Excellent Cadavers, p. 251
^ (in Portuguese) Extradição. Bibliografia e Jurisprudência Archived December 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Supremo Tribunal Federal, March 2006
^ (in Portuguese) Acusado de chefiar máfia será interrogado, O Estado de S. Paulo, May 7, 1998
^ Sterling, Octopus, p. 269
Blumenthal, Ralph (1988). Last Days of the Sicilians, New York: Times Books ISBN 0-8129-1594-1
Gambetta, Diego (1993). The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-80742-1
Padovani, Marcelle & Giovanni Falcone (1992). Men of Honour: The Truth About the Mafia, HarperCollins, ISBN 1-85702-024-3
Shawcross, Tim & Martin Young (1987). Men Of Honour: The Confessions Of Tommaso Buscetta, Glasgow: Collins ISBN 0-00-217589-4
Sterling, Claire (1990). Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-73402-4
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9
vteSicilian MafiaChain of command
Commission (Cupola)
Interprovincial Commission
Capo dei capi
Family (Cosca)
Boss (Capomandamento)
Underboss (Sottocapo)
Consigliere
Capodecina (Caporegime)
Soldato (Soldier)
Codes and terms
Made man
Mandamento
Omertà
Faida
Pizzo
Pizzino
Clans
Corleonesi
Galatolo
Greco
Minore
Motisi
Inzerillo
Cuntrera-Caruana
Graviano
MandamentiAgrigento Province
Agrigento
Santa Elisabetta
Porto Empedocle
Canicattì
Cianciana
Ribera
Sambuca di Sicilia
Casteltermini
Palma di Montechiaro
Campobello di Licata
Caltanissetta Province
Gela
Vallelunga Pratameno
Riesi
Mussomeli
Palermo
Porta Nuova
Brancaccio
Pagliarelli
Palermo Province
Camporeale
Corleone
Cinisi
Bagheria
Trabia
Belmonte Mezzagno
San Mauro Castelverde
Trapani Province
Castelvetrano
Trapani
Mazara del Vallo
Alcamo
Other
Mistretta
Sud Siracusa
Members
List of Sicilian Mafia members
List of Sicilian Mafia members by city
Meetings
Grand Hotel et des Palmes Mafia meeting
Wars
First Mafia War (1962–1963)
Second Mafia War (1981–1984)
Massacresand bombings
Portella della Ginestra massacre (1947)
Ciaculli bombing (1963)
Viale Lazio massacre (1969)
Circonvallazione massacre (1982)
Via Carini massacre (1982)
Via Federico Pipitone massacre (1983)
Train 904 bombing (1984)
Pizzolungo bombing (1985)
Capaci bombing (1992)
Via D'Amelio bombing (1992)
Via dei Georgofili bombing (1993)
Via Palestro massacre (1993)
Antimafia
Sangiorgi report (1898-1900)
Italian Antimafia Commission (members)
Direzione Investigativa Antimafia
State-Mafia Pact
Addiopizzo
Pentito
List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia
Trials
1960s Sicilian Mafia trials
Maxi Trial (1986–1992)
Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1986)
Related
American Cosa Nostra
Anonima sarda
Article 41-bis prison regime
Banda della Comasina
Banda della Magliana
Basilischi
Beati Paoli
Camorra
Corsican mafia
Unione Corse
Garduña
Italian brigandage (19th century)
Sicilian brigandage and rebels (20th century)
Mala del Brenta
'Ndrangheta
Sacra Corona Unita
Stidda
Stuppagghiari
Vendicatori
American Cosa Nostra
Organized crime in Italy
Mafia bibliography | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Salamone.jpg"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"San Giuseppe Jato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giuseppe_Jato"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission"}],"text":"Arrest of Antonio Salamone in São Paulo in 1993Antonio Salamone (December 12, 1918 in San Giuseppe Jato – May 31, 1998 in São Paulo) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia and a member of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission. His nickname was “il furbo” – the shrewd one.","title":"Antonio Salamone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Giuseppe Jato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giuseppe_Jato"},{"link_name":"Province of Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Greco_%22The_Engineer%22"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Greco \"Ciaschiteddu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Greco_%22Ciaschiteddu%22"},{"link_name":"Ciaculli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaculli"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission"},{"link_name":"Greco Mafia clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco_Mafia_clan"},{"link_name":"Ciaculli massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaculli_massacre"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"bicheiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo_do_Bicho"},{"link_name":"Castor de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carta-1"}],"text":"Salamone was born San Giuseppe Jato in the Province of Palermo. After his first wife died, Salamone married Girolama Greco, a sister of Salvatore Greco \"l'ingegnere\", a cousin of Salvatore Greco \"Ciaschiteddu\", the boss of the Ciaculli Mafia family and the first secretary of the Sicilian Mafia Commission. His connection with the powerful Greco Mafia clan raised his standing in the Mafia.After the Ciaculli massacre in 1963 he moved to São Paulo in Brazil, where he acquired citizenship in 1970. The illegal lottery operator (bicheiro) Castor de Andrade allegedly helped Salamone to settle in Brazil. Castor de Andrade gave him a cover job at Bangu Textiles, which he owned. Salamone became a naturalized Brazilian because of de Andrade’s influence.[1]","title":"Mafia heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Ganci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Ganci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trial of the 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_114"},{"link_name":"Sacile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacile"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Trial of the 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_114"}],"text":"In 1965, Salamone moved to New York and got involved in running pizza parlours with a member of his San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family, Giuseppe Ganci, who had moved to the United States.He returned to Italy at the end of the 1960s. At the Trial of the 114 in 1968, Salamone was acquitted. In 1970, the Court of Palermo ordered a five-year internal exile in Sacile in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-east Italy. He was arrested again in 1971 for the second Trial of the 114, where he was acquitted in 1974.","title":"Running Pizza parlours in New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lupara bianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling137-2"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Brusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Brusca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Brusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brusca"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission"},{"link_name":"Stefano Bontade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Bontade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gambetta64-3"}],"text":"After his acquittal in 1974, Salamone had to return to Sacile but disappeared without leaving a trace. He was considered to be a victim of a lupara bianca – a mafia-style murder in which the victim's body is deliberately hidden. In fact Salamone had moved to São Paulo again where he became a building contractor.[2]He kept ruling the San Giuseppe Jato Mafia family. His substitute was Bernardo Brusca (the father of Giovanni Brusca) who also represented Salamone in the Sicilian Mafia Commission. Salamone counted on the powerful support of Stefano Bontade to curb his lieutenant Brusca’s desire for power.[3]","title":"Disappeared?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corleonesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corleonesi"},{"link_name":"Totò Riina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_Riina"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia_Commission"},{"link_name":"Second Mafia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mafia_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shawcross139-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blu112-5"},{"link_name":"Totò Riina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_Riina"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Buscetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta"},{"link_name":"Second Mafia War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mafia_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille117-6"}],"text":"Salamone and Bontade wanted to kill Corleonesi-boss Totò Riina at a meeting of the Sicilian Mafia Commission during the escalating conflict with the established Mafia-bosses in Palermo. However, the Corleonesi acted first and killed Bontade in April 1981, an event that set off the Second Mafia War.[4][5]In 1982 Salamone suddenly re-appeared again in public. He returned to Sacile, the town where he still had to serve the remainder of his internal exile. Salamone returned because he tried to avoid attempts by the Corleonesi of Totò Riina to use him to go after Tommaso Buscetta, considered to be one of the Corleonesi’s main enemies during the Second Mafia War. Salamone was a close friend of Buscetta and decided to give himself up to the police instead.[6]","title":"Second Mafia war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michele Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Zaza"},{"link_name":"Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuntrera-Caruana_Mafia_clan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roth-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling271-8"},{"link_name":"Pizza Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Ganci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Ganci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shawcross223-9"},{"link_name":"Maxi Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Trial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling291-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille251-11"}],"text":"For many years law enforcement had believed Salamone to be dead, but his name reappeared in 1982 during police investigations into heroin trafficking and money laundering with Michele Zaza and the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan.[7][8] Salamone was part of the Sicilian supply ring for the so-called Pizza Connection. One of the main organisers in the United States was Giuseppe Ganci, a member of Salamone’ s Mafia family.[9]In the following years Salamone received arrest warrants for heroin trafficking and Mafia association. Sentenced to 22 years at the Maxi Trial in 1987, Salamone was sent home by the Supreme Court on the grounds of his “advanced age” and “grave state of health”, whereupon he promptly left the country to return to Brazil in 1989.[10][11]","title":"Back in Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stj-12"},{"link_name":"Gian Carlo Caselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gian_Carlo_Caselli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giulio Andreotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-est070598-13"},{"link_name":"Maxi Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Trial"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ayala"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sterling269-14"}],"text":"On April 16, 1993, Salamone was arrested in São Paulo. However, because of his Brazilian nationality and his advanced age, he was not extradited to Italy.[12] In June 1996, Antimafia prosecutor Gian Carlo Caselli, travelled from Palermo to Brazil to interrogate Salamone on the links of former Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti with the Mafia. Salamone refused to answer any of the questions.[13]Salamone died of cancer on May 31, 1998, in São Paulo. Despite his involvement in 119 murders, Salamone was described as a frail, peaceable-looking old man during the Maxi Trial – he was “a mafioso with a human face” according to prosecutor Giuseppe Ayala.[14]","title":"Arrest in Brazil"}] | [{"image_text":"Arrest of Antonio Salamone in São Paulo in 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/70/Antonio_Salamone.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.cartacapital.com.br/edicoes/2007/abril/441/conexao-parque-laje","external_links_name":"Conexão Parque Laje"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070509230944/http://www.cartacapital.com.br/edicoes/2007/abril/441/conexao-parque-laje","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cbrayton.wordpress.com/2007/05/09/cartacapital-the-italian-colombian-connection/","external_links_name":"Rio-Sampa: “The Italian-Colombian Connection”"},{"Link":"http://www.tni.org/archives/tblick/aruba.htm","external_links_name":"The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba"},{"Link":"http://www1.stf.gov.br/institucional/biblioteca/extradicao.pdf","external_links_name":"Extradição. Bibliografia e Jurisprudência"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061229213632/http://www1.stf.gov.br/institucional/biblioteca/extradicao.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro_district | Aveiro District | ["1 Municipalities","2 Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°38′28″N 8°39′14″W / 40.64111°N 8.65389°W / 40.64111; -8.65389District of Portugal
District in Centro and Norte, PortugalDistrict of AveiroDistrict
FlagCoat of armsCountryPortugalRegionCentro and NorteHistorical provinceBeira Litoral and Douro LitoralNo. of municipalities19No. of parishes147CapitalAveiroArea • Total2,808 km2 (1,084 sq mi)Population • Total713,578 • Density250/km2 (600/sq mi)ISO 3166 codePT-01No. of parliamentary representatives16
Aveiro District (Portuguese: Distrito de Aveiro, pronounced ⓘ) is located in the central coastal region of Portugal. The capital of the district is the city of Aveiro, which also serves as the seat of Aveiro Municipality.
Aveiro District is bordered by the Porto District to the north, the Viseu District to the east, the Coimbra District to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
The 19 municipalities of Aveiro District are split between Norte Region (Metropolitan Area of Porto subregion) and Centro Region (Região de Aveiro subregion).
Municipalities
The district is composed of 19 municipalities:
CoA
Name
Area (km2)
Pop.
Pop/Area (1/km2)
No P.
No C./No T.
Subregion
Águeda
335.3
47,729
148
20
1/?
Baixo Vouga
Albergaria-a-Velha
155.4
25,497
164
8
0/?
Baixo Vouga
Anadia
216.6
31,671
146
15
1/?
Baixo Vouga
Arouca
329.1
24,019
73
20
0/?
Metropolitan Area of Porto
Aveiro
199.9
73,626
368
14
1/?
Baixo Vouga
Castelo de Paiva
115.0
17,089
149
9
0/2
Tâmega
Espinho
21.1
31,703
1,503
5
1/1
Metropolitan Area of Porto
Estarreja
108.4
28,279
261
7
1/3
Baixo Vouga
Ílhavo
73.5
39,247
534
4
2/?
Baixo Vouga
Mealhada
110.7
20,496
194
8
1/?
Baixo Vouga
Murtosa
73.3
9,657
132
4
0/1
Baixo Vouga
Oliveira de Azeméis
163.5
71,243
436
19
1/9
Metropolitan Area of Porto
Oliveira do Bairro
87.3
22,365
256
6
1/?
Baixo Vouga
Ovar
147.4
56,715
385
8
2/3
Baixo Vouga
Santa Maria da Feira
215.1
142,295
662
31
3/13
Metropolitan Area of Porto
São João da Madeira
7.9
21,538
2,726
1
1/0
Metropolitan Area of Porto
Sever do Vouga
129.6
12,940
100
9
0/?
Baixo Vouga
Vagos
169.9
23,205
137
11
0/2
Baixo Vouga
Vale de Cambra
146.5
22,864
169
9
1/?
Metropolitan Area of Porto
All 19 municipalities is divided into 147 freguesias or parishes.
Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
Main article: Aveiro constituency
Summary of election results from Aveiro district, 1976-2022
Parties
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
1976
1979
1980
1983
1985
1987
1991
1995
1999
2002
2005
2009
2011
2015
2019
2022
PS
30.8
5
28.4
5
27.1
4
36.6
6
23.0
4
22.9
4
27.8
4
40.2
6
40.2
7
33.5
5
41.1
8
33.8
6
25.9
5
27.9
5
34.3
7
39.5
8
PSD
35.2
6
In AD
34.8
6
38.4
6
60.2
11
58.6
9
41.2
6
38.3
6
46.4
8
35.7
6
34.6
7
44.5
8
In PàF
33.6
6
35.7
7
CDS-PP
22.5
4
16.4
2
13.5
2
5.3
6.1
1
12.6
2
13.6
2
12.9
2
9.8
1
13.0
2
12.9
2
5.7
1
2.5
PCP/APU/CDU
3.7
7.9
1
6.8
1
7.0
1
6.5
1
4.2
2.8
2.7
3.5
2.6
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.4
3.1
1.8
AD
56.7
9
58.8
10
PRD
13.3
2
2.7
0.3
BE
1.3
1.8
5.1
9.0
1
5.0
1
9.6
1
10.0
2
4.6
PàF
48.1
10
CHEGA
0.7
5.6
1
Total seats
15
14
15
16
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
External links
Photos from Aveiro (district)
vteMunicipalities of Aveiro District
Águeda
Albergaria-a-Velha
Anadia
Arouca
Aveiro
Castelo de Paiva
Espinho
Estarreja
Ílhavo
Mealhada
Murtosa
Oliveira de Azeméis
Oliveira do Bairro
Ovar
Santa Maria da Feira
São João da Madeira
Sever do Vouga
Vagos
Vale de Cambra
vteDistricts and Autonomous Regions of PortugalDistricts
Aveiro
Beja
Braga
Bragança
Castelo Branco
Coimbra
Évora
Faro
Guarda
Leiria
Lisboa
Portalegre
Porto
Santarém
Setúbal
Viana do Castelo
Vila Real
Viseu
Autonomous Regions
Azores
Madeira
40°38′28″N 8°39′14″W / 40.64111°N 8.65389°W / 40.64111; -8.65389
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[aˈvɐjɾu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Pt-pt_Aveiro_FF.ogg/Pt-pt_Aveiro_FF.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pt-pt_Aveiro_FF.ogg"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Aveiro Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Porto District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_District"},{"link_name":"Viseu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu_District"},{"link_name":"Coimbra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_District"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Norte Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Region,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Porto"},{"link_name":"Centro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Region"},{"link_name":"Região de Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_de_Aveiro"}],"text":"District of PortugalDistrict in Centro and Norte, PortugalAveiro District (Portuguese: Distrito de Aveiro, pronounced [aˈvɐjɾu] ⓘ) is located in the central coastal region of Portugal. The capital of the district is the city of Aveiro, which also serves as the seat of Aveiro Municipality.Aveiro District is bordered by the Porto District to the north, the Viseu District to the east, the Coimbra District to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.The 19 municipalities of Aveiro District are split between Norte Region (Metropolitan Area of Porto subregion) and Centro Region (Região de Aveiro subregion).","title":"Aveiro District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Portugal"}],"text":"The district is composed of 19 municipalities:All 19 municipalities is divided into 147 freguesias or parishes.","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aveiro_District¶ms=40_38_28_N_8_39_14_W_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"40°38′28″N 8°39′14″W / 40.64111°N 8.65389°W / 40.64111; -8.65389"},{"Link":"https://www.cne.pt/content/eleicoes-referendos","external_links_name":"Comissão Nacional de Eleições"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/vitor107/collections/72157594587045014/","external_links_name":"Photos from Aveiro (district)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aveiro_District¶ms=40_38_28_N_8_39_14_W_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"40°38′28″N 8°39′14″W / 40.64111°N 8.65389°W / 40.64111; -8.65389"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141908085","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123856861","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123856861","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4238582-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564571905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81133592","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/d7f443f8-baab-45ea-b2eb-750b21e96164","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
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