url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_James_Rogers | Leonard James Rogers | ["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Honours","4 Death","5 Publications","6 References"] | British mathematician
Leonard James Rogers
Leonard James Rogers FRS (30 March 1862 – 12 September 1933) was a British mathematician who was the first to discover the Rogers–Ramanujan identity and Hölder's inequality, and who introduced Rogers polynomials. The Rogers–Szegő polynomials are named after him.
Early life and education
Rogers was born in Oxford, the second son of James Edwin Thorold Rogers and his second wife Anne Reynolds, and brother of Annie Rogers. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating BA and BMus in 1884 and MA in 1887.
Academic career
Rogers became lecturer in mathematics at Wadham College, Oxford in 1885.
In 1888 Rogers was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Yorkshire College, by then a constituent college of the Victoria University. The Yorkshire College became the University of Leeds in 1904. In 1919 he retired because of poor health.
Rogers worked initially on reciprocants in the theory of differential invariants, and then moved into the area of special functions, where he anticipated results of Ramanujan. In the late 1920s, he published in the Mathematical Gazette four notes on geometrical problems, including on Malfatti's Problem.
Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1924.
Death
Rogers died in Oxford on 12 September 1933, aged 71.
Publications
Rogers, L. J. (February 1888), "An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities", Messenger of Mathematics, New Series, XVII (10): 145–150, JFM 20.0254.02, archived from the original on 21 August 2007. The first paper containing Hölder's inequality.
Rogers, L. J. (12 April 1894), "Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s1, 25 (1): 318–343, doi:10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318, JFM 25.0432.01 Alt URL. The first paper containing the Rogers–Ramanujan identities.
References
^ D., A. L. (1934). "Leonard James Rogers. 1862-1933". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1934.0013. JSTOR 768830.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leonard James Rogers", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ a b c d McConnell, Anita. "Rogers, Leonard James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35815. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Rogers, Leonard James" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
Academics
MathSciNet
zbMATH | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_James_Rogers.jpg"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Rogers–Ramanujan identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Ramanujan_identity"},{"link_name":"Hölder's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"Rogers polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_polynomials"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rogers–Szegő polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Szeg%C5%91_polynomials"}],"text":"Leonard James RogersLeonard James Rogers FRS[1] (30 March 1862 – 12 September 1933) was a British mathematician who was the first to discover the Rogers–Ramanujan identity and Hölder's inequality, and who introduced Rogers polynomials.[2] The Rogers–Szegő polynomials are named after him.","title":"Leonard James Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"James Edwin Thorold Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwin_Thorold_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Annie Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"BMus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)"}],"text":"Rogers was born in Oxford, the second son of James Edwin Thorold Rogers and his second wife Anne Reynolds, and brother of Annie Rogers.[3] He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating BA and BMus in 1884 and MA in 1887.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_College"},{"link_name":"Victoria University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"differential invariants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_invariant"},{"link_name":"special functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_function"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Malfatti's Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfatti_circles"}],"text":"Rogers became lecturer in mathematics at Wadham College, Oxford in 1885.[4]In 1888 Rogers was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Yorkshire College, by then a constituent college of the Victoria University. The Yorkshire College became the University of Leeds in 1904. In 1919 he retired because of poor health.[3]Rogers worked initially on reciprocants in the theory of differential invariants, and then moved into the area of special functions, where he anticipated results of Ramanujan. In the late 1920s, he published in the Mathematical Gazette four notes on geometrical problems, including on Malfatti's Problem.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"}],"text":"He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1924.[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"}],"text":"Rogers died in Oxford on 12 September 1933, aged 71.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/messengermathem01unkngoog#page/n183/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Messenger of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"JFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20.0254.02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:20.0254.02"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/messengermathem01unkngoog"},{"link_name":"Hölder's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"\"Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//plms.oxfordjournals.org/content/s1-25/1/318.short"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs1-25.1.318"},{"link_name":"JFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25.0432.01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:25.0432.01"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Alt URL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/proceedingslond17socigoog#page/n332/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Rogers–Ramanujan identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Ramanujan_identities"}],"text":"Rogers, L. J. (February 1888), \"An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities\", Messenger of Mathematics, New Series, XVII (10): 145–150, JFM 20.0254.02, archived from the original on 21 August 2007. The first paper containing Hölder's inequality.\nRogers, L. J. (12 April 1894), \"Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products\", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s1, 25 (1): 318–343, doi:10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318, JFM 25.0432.01[dead link] Alt URL. The first paper containing the Rogers–Ramanujan identities.","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Leonard James Rogers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leonard_James_Rogers.jpg/220px-Leonard_James_Rogers.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rogers, L. J. (February 1888), \"An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities\", Messenger of Mathematics, New Series, XVII (10): 145–150, JFM 20.0254.02, archived from the original on 21 August 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/messengermathem01unkngoog#page/n183/mode/1up","url_text":"\"An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Messenger of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:20.0254.02","url_text":"20.0254.02"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/messengermathem01unkngoog","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, L. J. (12 April 1894), \"Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products\", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, s1, 25 (1): 318–343, doi:10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318, JFM 25.0432.01","urls":[{"url":"http://plms.oxfordjournals.org/content/s1-25/1/318.short","url_text":"\"Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs1-25.1.318","url_text":"10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:25.0432.01","url_text":"25.0432.01"}]},{"reference":"D., A. L. (1934). \"Leonard James Rogers. 1862-1933\". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1934.0013. JSTOR 768830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1934.0013","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1934.0013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/768830","url_text":"768830"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Leonard James Rogers\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rogers_James.html","url_text":"\"Leonard James Rogers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"McConnell, Anita. \"Rogers, Leonard James\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35815","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/35815"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Rogers, Leonard James\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Rogers,_Leonard_James","url_text":"\"Rogers, Leonard James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/messengermathem01unkngoog#page/n183/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"An extension of a certain theorem in inequalities\""},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:20.0254.02","external_links_name":"20.0254.02"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/messengermathem01unkngoog","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://plms.oxfordjournals.org/content/s1-25/1/318.short","external_links_name":"\"Second Memoir on the Expansion of certain Infinite Products\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs1-25.1.318","external_links_name":"10.1112/plms/s1-25.1.318"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:25.0432.01","external_links_name":"25.0432.01"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/proceedingslond17socigoog#page/n332/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Alt URL"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1934.0013","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsbm.1934.0013"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/768830","external_links_name":"768830"},{"Link":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rogers_James.html","external_links_name":"\"Leonard James Rogers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F35815","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/35815"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Rogers,_Leonard_James","external_links_name":"\"Rogers, Leonard James\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9587155953613642630007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0236594&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1138438","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:rogers.leonard-james","external_links_name":"zbMATH"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Profile_of_517_Detainees_through_Analysis_of_Department_of_Defense_Data | Seton Hall reports | ["1 Studies","2 Detainees' profile","3 References","4 External links"] | Seton Hall report, also known as the Denbeaux study, is any of several studies, published by the Center for Policy and Research at Seton Hall University Law School in the United States beginning in 2006, about the detainees and United States government policy related to operations at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp. At a time when the government revealed little about these operations, the reports were based on analysis of data maintained and released by the Department of Defense. The director of the Law School's Center, Mark P. Denbeaux, supervised law student teams in their analysis and writing the studies. The first study was Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data (February 8, 2006).
By late 2009, Professor Denbeaux had supervised fifteen studies on Guantanamo for the Center for Policy and Research. The studies have been cited in both houses of Congress, for instance, by the Senate Armed Services Committee, and by national and international press.
Denbeaux and his son, Joshua Denbeaux, were listed as the lead names on the first and several succeeding studies. They have a law firm together and are the legal representatives for the Guantanamo detainees Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami and Mohammed Abdul Rahman, both from Tunisia.
Studies
Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data (February 8, 2006)
Based on the Summary of Evidence memos prepared for 517 Guantanamo captives' Combatant Status Review Tribunals, first published in the Winter and Spring of 2005.
Asserted that about 5% of the detainees had been captured by United States soldiers on a battlefield; 86% were captured by Afghan and Pakistanis or Pakistani border guards. They turned over prisoners to US forces, when the US was widely paying bounties of $5,000 per prisoner.
Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy (20 March 2006)
Based on the CSRT Summary of Evidence memos prepared for 517 Guantanamo captives, published in 2005.
Asserted that the continued detention of many captives was based only on allegations of associations with certain organizations, but these were not included among the USA's public lists of those suspected of ties to terrorism.
Concluded either that the public lists, such as the "no-fly lists", were permitting individuals to enter the USA who had other meaningful ties to terrorism, or that the organizations cited to justify detention at Guantanamo did not have significant ties to terrorism.
The Guantanamo Detainees During Detention: Data from Department of Defense Records (July 10, 2006)
Summarizes the Department of Defense reports of "hanging incidents" and "self-harm" incidents by detainees, and how many times captives were cited for infractions of the camp rules.
June 10th Suicides at Guantanamo (August 21, 2006)
Described discrepancies in the public record related to the first three suicides reported in Guantanamo.
No-Hearing Hearings (November 17, 2006)
Analyzed compliance of the Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRT) with their own rules and the rule of law.
Was the first study to document that new Tribunals were routinely convened to reverse the determinations of Tribunals that had ruled that captives had not been "enemy combatants" .
Described incidents when Tribunals broke their own rules.
The 14 Myths of Guantánamo: Senate Armed Services Committee Statement of Mark P. Denbeaux. Denbeaux testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee on April 26, 2007
Based on the studies done by the Center for Policy and Research, revealed 14 myths which the Bush administration had been saying about Guantanamo detainees and operations.
The Empty Battlefield and the Thirteenth Criterion (November 8, 2007)
Students at the West Point Military Academy published an analysis of the documents the Department of Defense published about the captives. The Seton Hall study is a commentary on the West Point report.
The Meaning of "Battlefield": An Analysis of the Government's Representations of 'Battlefield Capture' and 'Recidivism' of the Guantánamo Detainees (12/10/07), Professor Denbeaux's Testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on C-SPAN
Captured on Tape: Interrogation and Videotaping of Detainees in Guantánamo (February 7, 2008)
Asserts that, contrary to statements by Bush administration spokesmen, the published record shows that all of the 24,000 interrogations conducted at Guantanamo were videotaped, and that analysts prepared extensive notes.
Justice Scalia, the Department of Defense, and The Perpetuation of an Urban Legend: The Truth about Recidivism of Released Guantánamo Detainees (June 16, 2008)
Examines the dissenting arguments of United States Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia in the ruling in Boumediene v. Bush (2008).
Argues that Scalia was repeating "urban legends" when he claimed that more than 30 former Guantanamo captives had "returned to the battlefield" following their release.
Profile of Released Guantánamo Detainees: The Government's Story Then and Now (August 4, 2008)
This report concludes that the release of captives has depended more on their nationality, than an assessment as to whether they represented a security risk.
Released Guantánamo Detainees and the Department of Defense: Propaganda by the Numbers? (January 15, 2009)
This report challenges the assertions of Department of Defense spokesmen that an increasing number of former Guantanamo captives have "returned to supporting terrorism".
Torture: Who Knew -- An Analysis of the FBI and Department of Defense Reactions to Harsh Interrogation Methods at Guantánamo (April 1, 2009)
Citing FBI accounts, this report concludes that the various generals assigned to investigate reports of torture at Guantanamo failed to read observations filed by FBI agents about interrogations.
Death in Camp Delta (November 2000)
This report analyzes the heavily redacted NCIS report published in August 2008 about the investigation of deaths of three detainees on June 10, 2006, which DOD had said were suicides.
Detainees' profile
The Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data February 8, 2006, also known as the Denbeaux study (2006), was the first study on Guantanamo prepared under the supervision of Professor Mark Denbeaux of Seton Hall University, the director of its Center for Policy and Research.
Denbeaux and his son Joshua Denbeaux, an attorney for two Guantánamo detainees, oversaw a statistical analysis by law students of the unclassified information available from the Department of Defense about the Guantánamo Bay detainees. The study was published by Seton Hall University's Center for Policy and Research.
The students analyzed:
Where the documents said the detainees were captured.
Who the documents said captured the detainees.
The relationship the documents alleged existed between the detainee and al Qaeda.
The relationship the documents alleged existed between the detainee and the Taliban.
Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice opined:
Already, however, we now know much more about how "dangerous" they really are because of a stunning, heavily documented investigation by the Seton Hall (New Jersey) School of Law. Titled "Report on Guantánamo Detainees," it profiles 517 of the prisoners at Gitmo entirely based on "analysis of Department of Defense data.
An editorial by the BBC's John Simpson summarized the study:
92% of the Guantanamo detainees had not been al-Qaeda fighters.
only 5% of the Guantanamo detainees were captured by American forces.
440 of 517 detainees (86%) appeared to have been captured by bounty hunters, in return for a $5,000 reward from the US for each prisoner.
Flyer reads: "You can receive millions of dollars for helping the Anti-Taliban Force catch Al-Qaeda and Taliban murderers."
The study reveals that the 92% of the detainees who were not alleged to be al-Qaeda fighters were alleged to be either al-Qaeda or Taliban members, or members of affiliated hostile groups. Of these "other affiliated groups," a second Center report notes that some of the groups are not included in the government's published lists of terrorist organizations.
The cited primary sources in the study did not include data on actual bounties. One example of a bounty was given in the references: that of Salim Hamdan, who was known to have worked directly for Osama bin Laden. The reference comes from an article in the New York Times Magazine.
The study says:
In a handful of cases the detainee's possession of a Casio watch or the wearing olive-drab clothing is cited as evidence that the detainee is an enemy combatant. No basis is given to explain why such evidence makes the detainee an enemy combatant.
Several international news sources noticed this use of the possession of a model of watch as evidence against detainees at Guantanamo Bay with detainees "shocked" that wearing a cheap popular watch sold worldwide could be used against them when "millions and millions of people have these types of Casio watches". Abdulla Kamel al Kandari told his tribunal he had no idea that the watch was associated with terrorism, that the four Muslim chaplains at Guantanamo all wore this model of watch
and described the features of his watch that signal the call to prayers to a devout Muslim. Salih Uyar told his tribunal: "If it's a crime to carry this watch? Your own military personnel also carry this watch, too. Does that mean that they're just terrorists as well?"
Other detainees described how its compass was used to face Mecca, and being waterproof it endured ritual wash up before prayer.
The lead authors are the legal representatives of two Guantánamo Bay detainees: Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami and Mohammed Abdul Rahman
Major Michael Shavers, a Pentagon spokesman, called the 2006 study about the detainees "flawed because its authors didn't have access to classified evidence."
References
^ "Center for Policy & Research: Guantánamo Reports". Seton Hall University. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ a b "TD Blog Interview with Joshua Denbeaux". The Talking Dog. April 5, 2006. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ a b Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). "Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ a b c
Mark Denbeaux; et al. (March 20, 2006). "Second Report on the Guantanamo Detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (July 10, 2006). "The Guantanamo Detainees During Detention Data from Department of Defense Records" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (August 21, 2006). "June 10th Suicides at Guantanamo" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ a b c Mark Denbeaux; et al. (November 17, 2006). "No-Hearing Hearings" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^
Mark Denbeaux; et al. (April 26, 2007). "The 14 Myths of Guantánamo: Senate Armed Services Committee Statement of Mark P. Denbeaux. Professor Mark P. Denbeaux testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2008.
^
Mark Denbeaux; et al. (November 17, 2006). "The Empty Battlefield and the Thirteenth Criterion" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2008.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (December 10, 2007). "The Meaning of "Battlefield": An Analysis of the Government's Representations of 'Battlefield Capture' and 'Recidivism' of the Guantánamo Detainees" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^
Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 7, 2008). "Captured on Tape: Interrogation and Videotaping of Detainees in Guantánamo" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (June 16, 2008). "Justice Scalia, the Department of Defense, and The Perpetuation of an Urban Legend: The Truth about Recidivism of Released Guantánamo Detainees" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Mark Denbeaux (August 4, 2008). "Profile of Released Guantánamo Detaines: The Government's Story Then and Now -- Cover Statement" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (August 4, 2008). "Profile of Released Guantánamo Detainees: The Government's Story Then and Now" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (January 15, 2009). "Released Guantánamo Detainees and the Department of Defense: Propaganda by the Numbers?" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ "Seton Hall Law Students Reveal that Generals Knew Guantanamo Detainees Were Tortured". Seton Hall University. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (April 1, 2009). "Torture: Who Knew -- An Analysis of the FBI and Department of Defense Reactions to Harsh Interrogation Methods at Guantánamo" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). "Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
^ Hentoff, Nat, " The Worst of the Worst? A report, based entirely on Defense Department documents, exposes the truth about Guantánamo" Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Village Voice, March 3, 2006
^ "No surprises in the war on terror" Archived 2006-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, February 13, 2006
^ Mark Denbeaux, Joshua Denbeaux (March 20, 2006). "Second report on the Guantanamo detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy" (PDF). Seton Hall University School of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Jonathan Mahler (January 8, 2006). "The Bush Administration vs. Salim Hamdan". New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
^ REPORT ON GUANTANAMO DETAINEES A Profile of 517 Detainees
February 8, 2006
Mark Denbeaux, Joshua Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). "Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 detainees" (PDF). Seton Hall University School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Incoherencies, Eponymies: Proofs of Accusations Often Skimpy, Le Monde, 13 March 2006
^ a b Fox, Ben (March 9, 2006). "Common Casio watch becomes evidence at Guantanamo". kgw.com. Washington. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007.
^ Sketches of Guantanamo detainees-Part II, Boston Globe, 15 March 2006
^ Voices Baffled, Brash and Irate in Guantánamo, New York Times, 6 March 2006
^ Guantanamo detainee accused of having digital watch Archived 2012-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn (newspaper), 8 March 2006
^ Details of some Guantanamo hearings Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine, Center for International Policy, March 5, 2006
^ Detainees' cases show another side of Gitmo Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, 3 November 2004
^ Details from the Guantanamo Transcripts Archived 2017-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, NPR
^ US releases more Guantanamo files Archived 2016-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 4 April 2006
^ "The Shame of Guantanamo" Archived November 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post Writers Group, February 21, 2006
External links
Denbeaux & Denbeaux | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee"},{"link_name":"Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Bin_Bashir_Bin_Jalud_Al_Hami"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTalkingDog2006-04-05-2"}],"text":"By late 2009, Professor Denbeaux had supervised fifteen studies on Guantanamo for the Center for Policy and Research. The studies have been cited in both houses of Congress, for instance, by the Senate Armed Services Committee, and by national and international press.Denbeaux and his son, Joshua Denbeaux, were listed as the lead names on the first and several succeeding studies. They have a law firm together and are the legal representatives for the Guantanamo detainees Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami and Mohammed Abdul Rahman, both from Tunisia.[2]","title":"Seton Hall reports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Denbeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux"},{"link_name":"Center for Policy and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Policy_and_Research"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denbeaux1-20"},{"link_name":"Guantánamo Bay detainees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detainees"},{"link_name":"al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Nat Hentoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Hentoff"},{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"BBC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"John Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simpson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simpson-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taliban_bounty_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denbeaux2-23"},{"link_name":"Salim Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTMag08yemen-24"},{"link_name":"Casio watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio_F91W"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP060309-27"},{"link_name":"Abdulla Kamel al Kandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulla_Kamel_al_Kandari"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobe-28"},{"link_name":"chaplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Salih Uyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_Uyar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cip-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP060309-27"},{"link_name":"Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Bin_Bashir_Bin_Jalud_Al_Hami"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTalkingDog2006-04-05-2"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WapoWG-35"}],"text":"The Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data February 8, 2006, also known as the Denbeaux study (2006), was the first study on Guantanamo prepared under the supervision of Professor Mark Denbeaux of Seton Hall University, the director of its Center for Policy and Research.[20]\nDenbeaux and his son Joshua Denbeaux, an attorney for two Guantánamo detainees, oversaw a statistical analysis by law students of the unclassified information available from the Department of Defense about the Guantánamo Bay detainees. The study was published by Seton Hall University's Center for Policy and Research.The students analyzed:Where the documents said the detainees were captured.\nWho the documents said captured the detainees.\nThe relationship the documents alleged existed between the detainee and al Qaeda.\nThe relationship the documents alleged existed between the detainee and the Taliban.Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice opined:[21]Already, however, we now know much more about how \"dangerous\" they really are because of a stunning, heavily documented investigation by the Seton Hall (New Jersey) School of Law. Titled \"Report on Guantánamo Detainees,\" it profiles 517 of the prisoners at Gitmo entirely based on \"analysis of Department of Defense data.An editorial by the BBC's John Simpson summarized the study:[22]92% of the Guantanamo detainees had not been al-Qaeda fighters.\nonly 5% of the Guantanamo detainees were captured by American forces.\n440 of 517 detainees (86%) appeared to have been captured by bounty hunters, in return for a $5,000 reward from the US for each prisoner.Flyer reads: \"You can receive millions of dollars for helping the Anti-Taliban Force catch Al-Qaeda and Taliban murderers.\"The study reveals that the 92% of the detainees who were not alleged to be al-Qaeda fighters were alleged to be either al-Qaeda or Taliban members, or members of affiliated hostile groups. Of these \"other affiliated groups,\" a second Center report notes that some of the groups are not included in the government's published lists of terrorist organizations.[23]The cited primary sources in the study did not include data on actual bounties. One example of a bounty was given in the references: that of Salim Hamdan, who was known to have worked directly for Osama bin Laden. The reference comes from an article in the New York Times Magazine.[24]The study says:In a handful of cases the detainee's possession of a Casio watch or the wearing olive-drab clothing is cited as evidence that the detainee is an enemy combatant. No basis is given to explain why such evidence makes the detainee an enemy combatant.[25]Several international news sources noticed this use of the possession of a model of watch as evidence against detainees at Guantanamo Bay[26] with detainees \"shocked\" that wearing a cheap popular watch sold worldwide could be used against them when \"millions and millions of people have these types of Casio watches\".[27] Abdulla Kamel al Kandari told his tribunal he had no idea that the watch was associated with terrorism,[28] that the four Muslim chaplains at Guantanamo all wore this model of watch\n[29] and described the features of his watch that signal the call to prayers to a devout Muslim.[30] Salih Uyar told his tribunal: \"If it's a crime to carry this watch? Your own military personnel also carry this watch, too. Does that mean that they're just terrorists as well?\"[31] \n[32][33] Other detainees described how its compass was used to face Mecca,[34] and being waterproof it endured ritual wash up before prayer.[27]The lead authors are the legal representatives of two Guantánamo Bay detainees: Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami and Mohammed Abdul Rahman[2]Major Michael Shavers, a Pentagon spokesman, called the 2006 study about the detainees \"flawed because its authors didn't have access to classified evidence.\"[35]","title":"Detainees' profile"}] | [{"image_text":"Flyer reads: \"You can receive millions of dollars for helping the Anti-Taliban Force catch Al-Qaeda and Taliban murderers.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Taliban_bounty_3.jpg/350px-Taliban_bounty_3.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Center for Policy & Research: Guantánamo Reports\". Seton Hall University. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/Guantanamo_Reports.htm","url_text":"\"Center for Policy & Research: Guantánamo Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083139/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/Guantanamo_Reports.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TD Blog Interview with Joshua Denbeaux\". The Talking Dog. April 5, 2006. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://thetalkingdog.com/archives2/000525.html","url_text":"\"TD Blog Interview with Joshua Denbeaux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talking_Dog","url_text":"The Talking Dog"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080614222212/http://thetalkingdog.com/archives2/000525.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). \"Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (March 20, 2006). \"Second Report on the Guantanamo Detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181400/http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Second Report on the Guantanamo Detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (July 10, 2006). \"The Guantanamo Detainees During Detention Data from Department of Defense Records\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015439/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_third_report_7_11_06.pdf","url_text":"\"The Guantanamo Detainees During Detention Data from Department of Defense Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_third_report_7_11_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (August 21, 2006). \"June 10th Suicides at Guantanamo\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190142/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_june_suicides_8_21_06.pdf#7","url_text":"\"June 10th Suicides at Guantanamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_june_suicides_8_21_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (November 17, 2006). \"No-Hearing Hearings\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090907190444/http://law.shu.edu/publications/guantanamoReports/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf","url_text":"\"No-Hearing Hearings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (April 26, 2007). \"The 14 Myths of Guantánamo: Senate Armed Services Committee Statement of Mark P. Denbeaux. Professor Mark P. Denbeaux testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181018/http://law.shu.edu/media/fourteen_myths_of_gtmo_final.pdf","url_text":"\"The 14 Myths of Guantánamo: Senate Armed Services Committee Statement of Mark P. Denbeaux. Professor Mark P. Denbeaux testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/media/fourteen_myths_of_gtmo_final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (November 17, 2006). \"The Empty Battlefield and the Thirteenth Criterion\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132954/http://law.shu.edu/news/empty_battlefield_final.pdf","url_text":"\"The Empty Battlefield and the Thirteenth Criterion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/empty_battlefield_final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (December 10, 2007). \"The Meaning of \"Battlefield\": An Analysis of the Government's Representations of 'Battlefield Capture' and 'Recidivism' of the Guantánamo Detainees\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821130613/http://law.shu.edu/news/meaning_of_battlefield_final_121007.pdf","url_text":"\"The Meaning of \"Battlefield\": An Analysis of the Government's Representations of 'Battlefield Capture' and 'Recidivism' of the Guantánamo Detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/meaning_of_battlefield_final_121007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 7, 2008). \"Captured on Tape: Interrogation and Videotaping of Detainees in Guantánamo\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/captured_tape_2708_with_appendix.pdf","url_text":"\"Captured on Tape: Interrogation and Videotaping of Detainees in Guantánamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015412/http://law.shu.edu/news/captured_tape_2708_with_appendix.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (June 16, 2008). \"Justice Scalia, the Department of Defense, and The Perpetuation of an Urban Legend: The Truth about Recidivism of Released Guantánamo Detainees\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190234/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/urban_legend_final_63008.pdf","url_text":"\"Justice Scalia, the Department of Defense, and The Perpetuation of an Urban Legend: The Truth about Recidivism of Released Guantánamo Detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/urban_legend_final_63008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux (August 4, 2008). \"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detaines: The Government's Story Then and Now -- Cover Statement\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final_cover_statement.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detaines: The Government's Story Then and Now -- Cover Statement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190229/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final_cover_statement.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (August 4, 2008). \"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detainees: The Government's Story Then and Now\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detainees: The Government's Story Then and Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190216/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (January 15, 2009). \"Released Guantánamo Detainees and the Department of Defense: Propaganda by the Numbers?\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/propaganda_numbers_11509.pdf","url_text":"\"Released Guantánamo Detainees and the Department of Defense: Propaganda by the Numbers?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204124925/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/propaganda_numbers_11509.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall Law Students Reveal that Generals Knew Guantanamo Detainees Were Tortured\". Seton Hall University. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/shl_students_reveal_generals_4109.htm","url_text":"\"Seton Hall Law Students Reveal that Generals Knew Guantanamo Detainees Were Tortured\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408013841/http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/shl_students_reveal_generals_4109.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (April 1, 2009). \"Torture: Who Knew -- An Analysis of the FBI and Department of Defense Reactions to Harsh Interrogation Methods at Guantánamo\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/torture_who_knew_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Torture: Who Knew -- An Analysis of the FBI and Department of Defense Reactions to Harsh Interrogation Methods at Guantánamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411072706/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/torture_who_knew_final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015855/http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122184338/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/final.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). \"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees\" (PDF). Seton Hall University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University","url_text":"Seton Hall University"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux, Joshua Denbeaux (March 20, 2006). \"Second report on the Guantanamo detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\" (PDF). Seton Hall University School of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Second report on the Guantanamo detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law","url_text":"Seton Hall University School of Law"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181400/http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Mahler (January 8, 2006). \"The Bush Administration vs. Salim Hamdan\". New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08yemen.html","url_text":"\"The Bush Administration vs. Salim Hamdan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine","url_text":"New York Times Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413022828/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08yemen.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Denbeaux, Joshua Denbeaux; et al. (February 8, 2006). \"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 detainees\" (PDF). Seton Hall University School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Denbeaux","url_text":"Mark Denbeaux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law","url_text":"Seton Hall University School of Law"},{"url":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Ben (March 9, 2006). \"Common Casio watch becomes evidence at Guantanamo\". kgw.com. Washington. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101122/http://www.kgw.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G8ASF85.html","url_text":"\"Common Casio watch becomes evidence at Guantanamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.kgw.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G8ASF85.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/Guantanamo_Reports.htm","external_links_name":"\"Center for Policy & Research: Guantánamo Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083139/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/Guantanamo_Reports.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thetalkingdog.com/archives2/000525.html","external_links_name":"\"TD Blog Interview with Joshua Denbeaux\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080614222212/http://thetalkingdog.com/archives2/000525.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on Guantanamo Detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181400/http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Second Report on the Guantanamo Detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015439/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_third_report_7_11_06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Guantanamo Detainees During Detention Data from Department of Defense Records\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_third_report_7_11_06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190142/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_june_suicides_8_21_06.pdf#7","external_links_name":"\"June 10th Suicides at Guantanamo\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_june_suicides_8_21_06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090907190444/http://law.shu.edu/publications/guantanamoReports/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"No-Hearing Hearings\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181018/http://law.shu.edu/media/fourteen_myths_of_gtmo_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The 14 Myths of Guantánamo: Senate Armed Services Committee Statement of Mark P. Denbeaux. Professor Mark P. Denbeaux testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/media/fourteen_myths_of_gtmo_final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132954/http://law.shu.edu/news/empty_battlefield_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Empty Battlefield and the Thirteenth Criterion\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/empty_battlefield_final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821130613/http://law.shu.edu/news/meaning_of_battlefield_final_121007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Meaning of \"Battlefield\": An Analysis of the Government's Representations of 'Battlefield Capture' and 'Recidivism' of the Guantánamo Detainees\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/meaning_of_battlefield_final_121007.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/captured_tape_2708_with_appendix.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Captured on Tape: Interrogation and Videotaping of Detainees in Guantánamo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015412/http://law.shu.edu/news/captured_tape_2708_with_appendix.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190234/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/urban_legend_final_63008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Justice Scalia, the Department of Defense, and The Perpetuation of an Urban Legend: The Truth about Recidivism of Released Guantánamo Detainees\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/urban_legend_final_63008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final_cover_statement.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detaines: The Government's Story Then and Now -- Cover Statement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190229/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final_cover_statement.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Released Guantánamo Detainees: The Government's Story Then and Now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081109190216/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/detainees_then_and_now_final.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/propaganda_numbers_11509.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Released Guantánamo Detainees and the Department of Defense: Propaganda by the Numbers?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204124925/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/propaganda_numbers_11509.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/shl_students_reveal_generals_4109.htm","external_links_name":"\"Seton Hall Law Students Reveal that Generals Knew Guantanamo Detainees Were Tortured\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408013841/http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/shl_students_reveal_generals_4109.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/torture_who_knew_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Torture: Who Knew -- An Analysis of the FBI and Department of Defense Reactions to Harsh Interrogation Methods at Guantánamo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411072706/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/torture_who_knew_final.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015855/http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/administration/public_relations/press_releases/2009/htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122184338/http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/center_policyresearch/reports/final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 Detainees\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0610,hentoff,72399,6.html","external_links_name":"\" The Worst of the Worst? A report, based entirely on Defense Department documents, exposes the truth about Guantánamo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081010165126/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0610,hentoff,72399,6.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4708946.stm","external_links_name":"\"No surprises in the war on terror\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616174015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4708946.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Second report on the Guantanamo detainees: Inter- and Intra-Departmental Disagreements About Who Is Our Enemy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181400/http://law.shu.edu/news/second_report_guantanamo_detainees_3_20_final.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08yemen.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bush Administration vs. Salim Hamdan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413022828/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/magazine/08yemen.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070303154813/http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on Guantanamo detainees: A Profile of 517 detainees\""},{"Link":"http://law.shu.edu/news/guantanamo_report_final_2_08_06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.truthout.org/article/guantanamo-incoherencies-eponymies-proofs-accusations-often-skimpy","external_links_name":"Incoherencies, Eponymies: Proofs of Accusations Often Skimpy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101122/http://www.kgw.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G8ASF85.html","external_links_name":"\"Common Casio watch becomes evidence at Guantanamo\""},{"Link":"http://www.kgw.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G8ASF85.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204185451/http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2006/03/15/sketches_of_guantanamo_detainees_part_ii/","external_links_name":"Sketches of Guantanamo detainees-Part II"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/06/international/americas/06gitmo.html?ex=1144296000&en=c2fbbb1e2908815d&ei=5070","external_links_name":"Voices Baffled, Brash and Irate in Guantánamo"},{"Link":"http://archives.dawn.com/2006/03/08/int5.htm","external_links_name":"Guantanamo detainee accused of having digital watch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120328121647/http://archives.dawn.com/2006/03/08/int5.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ciponline.org/cuba/guantanamo/030506DetailsOfSome.htm","external_links_name":"Details of some Guantanamo hearings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324183148/http://www.ciponline.org/cuba/guantanamo/030506detailsofsome.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-11-03-gitmo-detainees_x.htm","external_links_name":"Detainees' cases show another side of Gitmo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112912/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-11-03-gitmo-detainees_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5248091","external_links_name":"Details from the Guantanamo Transcripts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010505/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5248091","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4875184.stm","external_links_name":"US releases more Guantanamo files"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807071523/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4875184.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.postwritersgroup.com/archives/cocc0221.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Shame of Guantanamo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118070735/http://www.postwritersgroup.com/archives/cocc0221.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.denbeauxlaw.com/","external_links_name":"Denbeaux & Denbeaux"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METT-TC | Glossary of military abbreviations | [] | Not every name development after hyphen requires capitalization. Remove capital letters in case they are not needed.
List of abbreviations, acronyms and initials related to military subjects such as modern armour, artillery, infantry, and weapons, along with their definitions.
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A
A&TWF - Acquisition and Technology Work Force
a – Army
AA - Assembly Area
AA – anti-aircraft
AA – AEGIS Ashore
AAA - anti-aircraft artillery
AAA – anti-aircraft artillery "Triple A"
AAAV – Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle
AAC - Army Acquisition Corps
AAD – Armored Amphibious Dozer
AAE - Army Acquisition Executive
AADC – Area Air Defense Commander
AAG – Anti-Aircraft Gun
AAK – Appliqué armor kit (US)
AAL - Additional Authorization List
AAN – Army after next
AAP – Advance Authority to Procure
AAPC – advanced armoured personnel carrier (Turkiye)
AARADCOM – Army Armament Research and Development Command
AAR – After Action Review
AASLT - Air Assault
AAV – Amphibious assault vehicle
AAV – Assault Amphibious Vehicle
AAW – Anti-Aircraft Warfare
AAWC – Anti-Aircraft Warfare Coordinator
AB – Air burst
ABC – Atomic, biological, chemical (replaced by chemical, biological, radiological (CBR), and Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC))
ABC – Automatic brightness control
ABCS - Automated Battlefield Control System
AB(C) – Aviation battalion (combat)
ABIT – Advanced Built-In Test
ABM – Air Bursting Munition
ABM – Anti-Ballistic Missile
ABMD – AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense
ABMS – Air Bursting Ammunition System
ABN - Airborne
ABNSOTD - Airborne and Special Operations Test Directorate
ABRO – Army Base Repair Organization
ABS – Aww-Busting System
ABS – Anti-skid Braking System
ABSP – AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Signal Processor
ABSV – Armoured Battlegroup Support Vehicle
ABU — Airman Battle Uniform
A/C – Aircraft Commander
AC – Alternating Current
ACA - ATEC Contracting Activity
ACA – Ammunition Container Assembly
ACADA' – Automatic Chemical Agent Detector and Alarm
ACAVP – Advanced Composite Armoured Vehicle Platform (UK)
ACB – Advanced Capability Build
ACB/TI – Advanced Capability Baseline/Technical Insertion
ACC - Army Contracting Command
ACC – AEGIS Computer Center
ACCE – Abrams/Crusader Common Engine
ACCV – Armored Cavalry Cannon Vehicle (US)
ACD – Automated Common Diagrams
ACE – Armored Combat Earthmover (US)
ACEGIO – Advanced Conversion Equipment Group Input Output
ACF - Acquisition Career Field
ACF:T - Acquisition Career Field: Test & Evaluation
ACH – Advanced Combat Helmet (MICH TC-2000 Combat Helmet)
ACIE - Army Clothing and Individual Equipment
ACLOS – Automatic Command to Line of Sight
ACM – Acoustic Countermeasures
ACOG – Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight
ACOMMS – Acoustic Communications
ACP – Automatic Colt Pistol
ACP – Alignment control Panel
ACPU – Aft Central Processing Unit
ACR – Advanced Combat Rifle
ACR – Armored cavalry regiment
ACRV – Armored Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle
ACS – Artillery Communications System
ACS – AEGIS Combat System
ACS – Air Control Supervisor
ACS - Anti-Collision System
ACSC' – AEGIS Combat Systems Center
ACTD - Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration
ACTEDS - Acquisition Career Training and Education Development System
ACTS – AEGIS Combat Training System
ACU – Army Combat Uniform
ACU – Antenna Coupler Unit
ACV – Aardvark Clearing Vehicle
ACV – Armored Combat Vehicle
ACVT – Armored Combat Vehicle Technology Program (US)
A/D – Analog to Digital
AD - Air Defense
ADA – Air Defense Artillery
ADACS - Automated Data Collection System
ADAM – Area Denial Artillery Munition
ADAMS – Air Defense Advanced Mobile System (US)
ADAP – Advanced Digital Antenna Production
ADAP - Army Designated Acquisition Programs
ADATD - Air Defense Artillery Test Directorate
ADATS – Air Defense Anti-Tank System
ADATS - Army Development and Acquisition of Threat Simulators
ADC-A – Assistant Division Commander – Fire and Maneuver
ADC-B – Assistant Division Commander – Combat Support
ADEA – Army Development and Employment Agency
ADF – Australian Defense Force
ADG' – Acoustic Display Generator
ADI – Australian Defense Industries
ADM – Advanced Development Model
ADM – Acquisition Decision Memorandum
ADMAS - Advanced Distributed Modular Acquisition System
ADNS – Automated Digital Network System
ADP - Automated Data Processing
ADPE - Automated Data Processing Equipment
ADS – Advanced Display System
ADSS - ATEC Decision Support System
ADTD - Air Defense Test Directorate
AE – Action Express
AEC - Army Evaluation Center
AECU – Antenna Environmental Control Unit
AEF – Allied expeditionary force
AEP – Action Entry Panel
AER – Alteration Equivalent to Repair
AESA – Active electronically scanned array
AEWC – Airborne Early Warning and Control
AEV – Armored engineer vehicle
AF – Air Force
AF – And Following (as "in DDG-113 AF ships will receive the AMDR Radar")
AFB - Air Force Base
AFA/ARA – Aerial field artillery/aerial rocket artillery (US, Vietnam war era attack helicopter batteries employing 2.75 in. FFAR)
AFARV – Armored, Forward Area, Re-arm Vehicle (US)
AFAS – Advanced Field Artillery System
AFATDS – Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System
AFC – Australian Flying Corps
AFC - Army Futures Command
AFCS – Automatic Fire-Control Systems
AFD – Automatic Feeding Device
AFDL – Advanced Flight Deck Lighting
AFF - Active Fire-and-Forget
AFFLQ - Active Fire-and-Forget with Laser Cueing
AFFF – Aqueous Fire Fighting Foam (smothers fire cutting off oxygen)
AFOTEC - Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center
AFSC – Air Force Specialty Code
AFSS - Advanced Fire Support System
AFSV – Armored Fire Support Vehicle
AFTADS - Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System
AFV – Armored Family of Vehicles (US)
AFV – Armored Fighting Vehicle
AG - Assistant Gunner
AGC – Automatic Gain Control
AGF – Army Ground Forces
AGL – Above Ground Level
AGL – Automatic Grenade Launcher
AGLS – Automatic Gun Laying System
AGS – Armored Gun System (US)
AGS – Advanced Gun System
AGV – Assault Gun Vehicle
AGVT – Advanced Ground Vehicle Technology
Ah – Ampere hour
AHA - Ammunition Handling Area
AHC – Attack Helicopter Company (USA)
AHE – Aircraft Handling Equipment
AHS - Ammunition Handling System
AHU - Air Handling Unit
AI – Action Item
Ai - Area of interest
AIC – Air Intercept Controller (US Navy)
AICS – Accuracy International Chassis System
AICW – Advanced Individual Combat Weapon
AIF – Australian Imperial Force (Australia, WWI or WWII)
AIFS – Advanced Indirect Fire System
AIFV – Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle
AIPS – Advanced Integrated Propulsion System (US)
AIS – Automatic Identification System (US NAVY)
AIS - Automated Information System
AIT – Alteration Installation Team
AIT – Advanced Information Technology
AIT - Advanced Individual Training
AITAS - ATRRS Internet Training Application System
AK – Acknowledgement
AKO - Army Knowledge Online
AL&T - Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology
ALAAVS – Advanced Light Armored/Amphibious Vehicle System (US)
ALC – Advanced Land Combat (US)
ALDT - Administrative and Logistics Down Time
ALICE – All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment
ALMC - U.S. Army Logistics Management College
ALO – AEGIS Light Off
ALS – Advanced Laying System
ALS – Advanced Lighting System (flight deck)
ALSV – Armored logistics support vehicle
ALT – Armored launching turret
ALWT – Advanced Lightweight Torpedo
AM – Acquisition Manager
AMBL - Air Maneuver Battle Lab
AMC – United States Army Materiel Command
AMCAC - United States Army Materiel Command Acquisition Center
AMC – Advanced Mortar Carrier (Turkey)
AMCCOM – Armament Munitions and Chemical Command
AMCOM - Aviation and Missile Command
AMDBD - Army Medical Department Board
AMEDD - Army Medical Department
AMEDDC&S - Army Medical Department Center & School
AMDR – Air and Missile Defense Radar
AMDS – Anti-Missile Discarding Sabot
AMF – Amphibische Mehrzweck-Fahrzeuge (multipurpose amphibious vehicle)
AML – Automitrailleuse Légère (light armored car)
AMLCD – Active-Matrix Liquid Crystal Display
AMN – Afghanistan Mission Network
AMOS – Advanced Mortar System
AMPS – Afloat Master Planning System (US NAVY)
AMPV - Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle
AMR – Anti-materiel rifle
AMR – Automitrailleuse de Reconnaissance
AMRAAM - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AMRDEC - Air and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
AMRWS – Advanced Multi-Role Weapon Station
AMS – Armored Mortar System
AMSAA - Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity
AMSEC - Army Modeling and Simulation Executive Council
AMS-H – Advanced Missile System – Heavy
AMSO - Army Modeling and Simulation Office
AMX – Atelier de Construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux
ANAD – Anniston Army Depot
ANR - Active Noise Reduction
ANZAC – Australia and New Zealand Army Corps
ANZUS – Australia New Zealand United States Treaty
AO – Area of Operations
AoA - Add-on Armor
AOA - Avenue Of Approach
AOI – Arab Organization for Industrialization
AOP – Air observation post
AOS – Add-on stabilization
AOTR - Abbreviated Operational Test Report
AP – Anti-Personnel
AP – Armor-Piercing
APA - Army Procurement Appropriation
APAM – Anti-Personnel, Anti-Matériel
APBC – Armor-Piercing Ballistic Cap
APC – Army Personnel Centre
APC – Armored Personnel Carrier
APC – Armor-Piercing Capped
APCBC – Armor-Piercing Capped Ballistic Cap
APC-T – Armor-Piercing Capped – Tracer
APCT-BF – Armor-Piercing Capped Tracer – Base Fuse
APCNR – Armor-Piercing Composite Non-Rigid
APCR – Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid
APCRBC – Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid Ballistic Cap
APDS – Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot
APDS-T – Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot – Tracer
APE – Amphibisches Pionier-Erkundungsfahrzeug (amphibious front-line reconnaissance vehicle)
APEP – Armor-Piercing Enhancement Program
APERS – Anti-Personnel
APERS-T – Anti-Personnel Tracer
APFIDS – Armor-Piercing Fragmentation Incendiary Discarding Sabot
APFSDS – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot
APFSDS-T – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot – Tracer
APFSDS(P) – Armor-Piercing Fin-stabilized Discarding Sabot (Practice)
APFSDSDU – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilised Discarding Sabot, Depleted Uranium
APG – Aberdeen Proving Grounds
APGM – Autonomous Precision-Guided Munition
APHC – Armor-Piercing Hard Core
APHE – Armor-Piercing High-Explosive
API – Armor-Piercing Incendiary
API-T – Armor-Piercing Incendiary - Tracer
APM – Anti-Personnel Mine
APMI - Accelerated Precision Mortar Initiative
APOD - Aerial Port Of Debarkation
APS – Advanced Propulsion System
APS – Artillery Pointing System
APSE – Armor-Piercing Secondary Effect
APSE-T – Armor-Piercing Secondary Effect – Tracer
AP-T – Armor-Piercing - Tracer
APTE – Abrams Power Train Evolution (US)
APU – Auxiliary Power Unit
APV – Armored Patrol Vehicle
AR – ArmaLite rifle
AR – Assault Rifle
AR - Army Regulation
AR/AAV – Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle (US)
ARD – Anti-Reflective Device
ARDEC – Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center
ARDNOT – Automatic Day/Night Optical Tracker
ARE – Atelier de Construction Roanne
ARETS – Armor Remote Target System
ARFORGEN – Army Force Generation
ARL - Army Research Laboratory (US)
ARM – Anti-Radiation Missile
ARMAD – Armored and Mechanized Unit Air Defense
ARMD - Armored
ARMSCOR – Armament Manufacturing Corporation (South Africa)
ARMVAL – Anti-armor Vehicle Evaluation (US)
ARNG - Army National Guard
AROC - Army Requirements Oversight Council
ARP – Anti-Radiation Projectile
ARP – Armored Repair Plates
ARRADCOM – Armament Research and Development Command
ARRV – Armored Repair and Recovery Vehicle
ARSV – Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle (US)
ART – Armored Recon Transport
ARV – Armored Recovery Vehicle or Armed Robotic Vehicle (XM1219)
ARTY - Artillery
ASA – Advanced security agency
ASAP – As soon as possible
ASARC – Army Systems Acquisition Review Council
ASCOD – Austrian Spanish Co-operative Development
ASE - Aircraft Survivability Equipment
ASI - Additional Skill Identifier
ASIP - Advanced System Improvement Program
ASM – Air-to-Surface Missile
ASP – Automatic, Self-Powered
ASP - Automation Support Plan
AST - ATEC System Team
ASTROS – Artillery Saturation Rocket System (Brazil)
ASV – Armored Security Vehicle (US)
ASV – Ammunition Supply Vehicle
ASV - Army Supply Vehicle
AYMWAR - Asymmetric Warfare
AT – Anti-Tank
AT – Ape Tape
AT&L - Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
ATACMS - Army Tactical Missile System
ATACS – Advanced Tank Cannon System (US)
ATAS – Automatic Target Acquisition System
ATC - Aberdeen Test Center
ATCAS – Advanced Towed Cannon System
ATCCS - Army Tactical Command and Control System
ATD – Advanced Technology Demonstration
ATD – Advanced Technology Demonstrator (US)
ATD – Automatic Target Detection
ATDT – Automatic Target Detection and Tracking
ATDU – Armored Trials and Development Unit (UK)
ATE – Advanced Technology Engine
ATE - Automatic Test Equipment
ATEC - Army Test and Evaluation Command
ATFCS – Automated Targeting and Fire Control System
ATG – Anti-Tank Gun
ATGL – Anti-Tank Grenade Launcher
ATGM – Anti-Tank Guided Missile
ATGW – Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
ATIRS - Army Test Incident Reporting System
ATK – Alliant Techsystems
ATLAS – Advanced Technology Light Artillery System
ATLV – Artillery Target Location Vehicle
ATM – Anti-Tank Mine
ATO - Authorization To Operate
ATR EDS - Automotive Test Rig – Electric Drive System
ATS – Atelier de Construction de Tarbes
ATSA - ATEC Threat Support Activity
ATTC – All Terrain Tracked Carrier
ATTS – Air Transportable Towed System
ATTS - Automatic Target Tracking System
ATV – All-Terrain Vehicle
ATV – Armored TOW Vehicle (Turkey)
AUG – Armee Universal Gewehr
AVGP – Armored Vehicle General Purpose (Canada)
AVH – Armored Vehicle Heavy
AVL – Armored Vehicle Light
AVLB – Armored vehicle-launched bridge
AVM – Armored Vehicle Medium
AVR – Armored Vehicle Reconnaissance
AVRE – Armored Vehicle Royal Engineers (UK)
AVT – Advanced Vehicle Technologies (US)
AUDS - Anti-UAV Defense System
AUSA - Association of the U.S. Army
AUTL - Army Universal Task List
AV - Audio-Visual
AVN - Aviation
AVTD - Aviation Test Directorate
AWE – Advanced Warfighting Experiment
AWOL – Absent Without Official Leave
AWS - Alternative Work Schedule
AZ - Azimuth
B
BAe – British Aerospace
BAI – Battlefield Air interdiction
BAMCIS – Begin the Planning, Arrange Recon, Make Recon, Complete Planning, Issue Order, Supervise
BAR – M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
BARCAP – Barrier Combat Air Patrol
BARF - Base And Range Facilities
BARV – Beach Armored Recovery Vehicle
BAS - Battlefield Automated System
BAS - Basic Allowance for Substance
BASE – British Aerospace Systems and Equipment
BASOPS - Base Operations
BATES – Battlefield Artillery Target Engagement System
BAT – Biometrics Automated Toolset
BAWS - Biological Agent Warning System
BB – Base Bleed
BB – Battleship
BBSP – Blowback Shifted Pulse
BC – Battery Commander or Battalion Commander
BC – Battlecruiser
BCC – Battery Control Centre
BCIS - Battlefield Combat Identification System
BCP – Battery Command Post
BCS - Bridge Crossing Simulator
BCT – Brigade Combat Team (US)
BCT – Basic Combat Training
BCV – Battle Command Vehicle
BD – Base Detonating
BDA – Browning Double Action or Bomb Damage Assessment
BDAR - Battle Damage Assessment And Repair
BDE - Brigade
BDM – Bunker Defeat Munition
BDU – Battle Dress Uniform
BE – Base Ejection
BFA – Blank-Airing Adaptor or Blank-Firing Attachment
BFV – Bradley Fighting Vehicle
BFVS - Bradley Fighting Vehicle System
BG – Border Guard or Brigadier General
BG - Bombardment Group
BH - Black Hot
BHOT - Black Hot (image in a thermal sight)
bhp – Brake Horsepower
BIFF – Battlefield Identification Friend or Foe
BII - Basic Issued Item
BILL – Bofors, infantry, light and lethal, referring to RBS 56 BILL or RBS 56B BILL 2
BIT - Built-In Test
BIT/ST - Built-In Test/Self-Test
BITE – Built-in test equipment
BL – Blank
BL-T – Black tracer
BLITS – Beta lighted infantry telescope system
BLOS - Beyond Line-Of-Sight
BL-T - Blank - Tracer
BLT – Battalion Landing Team
BLR – Blindado Ligero de Ruedas
BLRIP - Beyond Low-Rate Initial Production
BLWE - Battle Lab Warfighting Experiement
BM – Brigade Major
BMC4I - Battle Management Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence
BMD - Ballisitic Missile Defense
BMF – Belgian Mechanical Fabrication
BML – Battle management language
BMNT – Begin Morning Nautical Twilight
BMP – Pronounced "bimp". Former Warsaw Pact IFVs including BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3, etc.
BMR – Blindado Medio de Ruedas
BMS – Battalion Mortar System
BMS – Battlefield Management System
BNCC (USAF) – Base network control center
BN - Battalion
BNS – BILL Night Sight
BO - Blackout
BOCV – Battery Operations Center vehicle
BOG-Dwell – Boots on the Ground – Dwell (down time)
BOI - Basis Of Issue
BOL – Bearing-only launch
BOLTS – Bolt-On Loading Tray System
BOIP - Basis Of Issue Plan
BOSS – Ballistic Optimizing Shooting System
BOSS - Better Opportunity for Single Soldiers
BPI - Bolt Position Indicator
BPS – Battery Power Source
BPT - Be Prepared To
BPS - Battery Power Source
BR – Battle Rifle
BRAC - Base Realignment And Closure
BRDEC - Belvoir Research and Development Engineering Center
BRKR - Breaker
BRS - Brake Release Switch
BRSGHT - Boresight
BRT - Bright or Brightness
BSA - Base Support Agreement
BSB – Brigade Support Battalion
BSD - Boresight Device
BSP – Bright Source Protection
BSSG – Brigade Service Support Group
BST – Basic Skills Trainer
BT – Boat Tail
BT – Bullet Trap
BTA – Best Technical Approach
BTA - Battle Training Area
BTRY – Battery
BTU – Bullet Trap Universal
BTU - British Thermal Unit
BTY - Battery
BUA – BILL Under Armor or Built-Up Area
BUB - Battlefield Update Briefing
BW – Biological Warfare
BW - Black/White
BX – Bionix AFV
C
C/G - Contractor or Government
C/J - Communications/Jam
C&L - Capabilities and Limitations
C2 – Command and Control
C2E - Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation
C2I - Command, Control, and Intelligence
C2V - Command and Control Vehicle
C3 - Command, Control, and Communications
C3I – Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence
C4 – Composition C-4
C4I - Command Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence
C4IEWS - Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors
C4ISR - Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
C4ISTAR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target acquisition, And Reconnaissance
C5I – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Collaboration and Intelligence
C6ISR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber-defense, Combat systems and intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
CA - Certification Authority
CAA - Center for Army Analysis
CAB – Combat Aviation Battalion
CAB – Combat Action Badge
CAC - Common Access Card
CACDA - Combined Arms Combat Development (US Army)
CAD – Computer-Assisted Design
CAD - Chemical Agent Detector
CAE - Component Acquisition Executive
CAG – Commander Air Group
CAGEC - Commercial And Government Entity Code
CAIV - Cost As an Independent Variable
CAL – Canadian Arsenals Limited
CAL - Caliber
CALIB - Calibration
CAN - Control Area Network
CAP - Crisis Action Planning
CAP – Civil Air Patrol (USAF civilian auxiliary)
CAP – Combat Air Patrol
CAP – Combustible Augmented Plasma
CAP – Covering Agent Program
CAR - Corrective Action Report
CAR - Combined Arms Rehearsal
CARRV – Challenger Armored Repair and Recovery Vehicle
CART - Corrective Action Review Team
CAS – Close Air Support
CASEVAC – Casualty Evacuation
CASTFOREM - Combined Arms Task Force Evaluation Model
CAT/FCS – Command Adjusted Trajectory/Fire-Control System (US)
CAT/LCV – Combined Arms Team/Lightweight Combat Vehicle (US)
CATK - Counter Attack
CATT – Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (UK)
CATT-B – Component Advanced Technology TestBed (US)
CAV - Cavalry
CAV – Composite Armored Vehicle (US)
CAWS – Cannon Artillery Weapons Systems (US)
CAX – Combined Arms Exercise
CB – Heavy Cruiser
CBIT - Continuous Built-In Test (BIT)
CBMS - Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer
CPDP - Chemical, Biological Defense Program
CBR – Chemical, Biological, Radiological
CBRNE – Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive
CBS - Corps Battle Simulator
CBT - Computer Based Training
CBTDEV - Combat Developer
CBW - Chemical and Biological Warfare
CC - Close Combat
CCAWS - Close Combat Anti-Armor Weapons Systems
CCB - Configuration Control Board
CCC – Combustible Cartridge Case
CCD – Charge-Coupled Device
CCMA - Crew-Correctable Maintenance Action
CCMD - Crew-Correctable Maintenance Action
CCIP – Constantly Computed Impact Point
CCO – Close Combat Optic
CCP – Casualty Collection Point
CCP – Computer Control Panel
CCR – Crown Copyright Reserved
CCTV – Closed-Circuit Television
CCU – Central Control Unit
CCU - Climate Control Unit
CCV – Close Combat Vehicle
CCV – Command and Control Vehicle (US)
CCV-L – Close Combat Vehicle – Light
cd – Candela
CDA – Combat Defensive Action
CDD - Capability Development Document
CDM – Coastal Defense Missile
CDR - Commander
CDR - Critical Design Review
CDRL - Contract Data Requirements List
CDRT - Capabilities Development for Rapid Transition
CDS - Configuration Data Set
CDU – Command Display Unit
CDU – Computer Display Unit
CE – Chemical Energy
CE - Continuous Evaluation
C/E – Crew/Enlisted (enlisted aircrew member)
CEAC - Cost and Economic Analysis Center
CECOM - Communications and Electronics Command
CECOM – Communications-Electronics Command
CED - Contingency Exercise Deployment
CEFO – Combat Equipment Fighting Order (webbing contents)
CENTCOM – Central Command
CENTO – Central Treaty Organization or Baghdad Pact
CEOI – Communications electronics operating instruction
CEP – Circular error probable
CEPSARC - Concept Experimentation Program Schedule and Review Committee
CERDEC - Communication and Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Center
CERTEX - Certification Exercise
CES – Engineer Services Regiment (Sri Lanka)
CEPP – Controlled effect police projectile
CET – Combat engineer tractor
CEU – Computer electronics unit
CEV – Combat engineer vehicle
CF – Canadian Forces
CF - Controlled Fragmentation
CF – Controlled fragmentation
CFE – Conventional forces Europe
CFLCC - Coalition Forces Land Component Command
CFT - Cross Functional Teams
CFV – Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (US)
CG – Commanding General
CGS – Crew Gunnery Simulator
CGS - Command and General Staff
CHA – Cast Homogeneous Armor
CHARM – Challenger Chieftain Armament
CHEM - Chemical
CHIP – Challenger Improvement Program
CHS - Commander's Hand Station
CI - Counter-Intelligence
CI - Commander's Interface
CIC – Combat Information Centre
CIE - Clothing and Individual Equipment
CIFV – Composite Infantry Fighting Vehicle
CIG - Cannon Interface Gear
CILAS – Compagnie Industrielle des Lasers
CINC – Commander In-Chief
CINCAFCOM - Commander-In-Chief, African Command
CINCCENTCOM - Commander-In-Chief, Central Command
CINCAD - Commander-In-Chief, Aerospace Defense Command
CINCAL - Commander-In-Chief, Alaska
CINCCFC - Commander-In-Chief, Combined Forces Command
CINCEUR - Commander-In-Chief, Europe
CINCHAN - Commander-In-Chief, Channel (NATO)
CINCLANT - Commander-In-Chief, Atlantic
CINCLANTFLT - Commander-In-Chief, Atlantic Fleet
CINCMAC - Commander-In-Chief, Military Airlift Command
CINCNET - Commander-In-Chief, Network
CINCNORAD - Commander-In-Chief, North American Aerospace Defense Command
CINCNORTH - Commander-In-Chief, Pacific
CINCRED - Commander-In-Chief, Readiness Command
CINCSOUTH - Commander-In-Chief, Southern Command
CINCSTRIKE - Commander-In-Chief, Strike Command
CINCUNC - Commander-In-Chief, United Nations Command
CINCUNK - Commander-In-Chief, United Nations Force, Korea
CINCUSAFE - Commander-In-Chief, U.S. Air Forces, Europe
CINCUSAREUR - Commander-In-Chief, Army, Europe
CINCUSNAVEUR - Commander-In-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe
CIO - Chief Information Officer
CIP – Combat Identification Panel
CIPR - Concept In-Process Review
CIS – Chartered Industries of Singapore
CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States
CITV – Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer (US)
CIU - Commanders Interface Unit
CIWS – Close-In Weapons System
CIV - Civilian
CJCS - Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
CJCSI - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction
CJCSM - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual
CJTF - Commander, Joint Task Force
CKPT - Cockpit
CL – Light Cruiser
CLAMS – Clear Lane Marking System (US)
CLASS – Computerized Laser Sight System
CLAWS – Close Combat Light Armor Weapon System (US)
CLAWS - Container Launched Attack Weapon System
CLM-E - Continuous Learning Modules - Engineering
CLGP – Cannon-Launched Guided Projectile (US)
CLOE - Common Logistics Operating Environment
CLOS – Command to Line Of Sight
CLS - Combat Life Support
CLS - Contract Logistics Support
CLU – Command Launch Unit (as used in FGM-148 Javelin)
CM - Counter Measures
CMD - Command
CM – Color-Marking or "continue mission"
CMP - Configuration Management Plan
CMV - Combat Mobility Vehicle
CMS – Common Missile System
CMS – Compact Modular Sight
CMT – Cadmium–Mercury Telluride
CMV – Combat Mobility Vehicle (US)
CNCE - Communications Network Control Element
CNP - Candidate Nomination Proposals
CNVD – Clip-on Night Vision Device
COA – Course Of Action
COB – Close of Business
CO – Commanding officer
Co - Company
COA - Course of Action
COB - Close of Business
COC - Chain of Command
COCOM - Combatant Commander
COE - Chief of Engineers
COG – Course Over Ground
COI - Critical Operational Issue
COIC - Critical Operational Issues and Criteria
COIN – Counterinsurgency
COM/INT - Communications/Intercept
COMARLANT - Commander, U.S. Army Forces, Atlantic
COMDCAEUR - Commander, Defense Communications Agency, Europe
COMINT - Communications Jamming
COMJTF - Commander, Joint Task Force
COMOPTEVFOR - Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force
COMSAT - Communications Satellite
COMSEC- Communications Security
COMVAT – Combat Vehicles Armament Technology (US)
COMZ – Communications Zone
CONOPS - Concept of Operations
CONUS - Continental United States
COP – Combat Outpost
COS – Chief of Section
CoS - Chief of Staff
COSCOM – Corps Support Command (US Army)
CofS – Chief of Staff
COTAC – Conduite de Tir Automatique pour Char (tank automatic fire)
COTS – Commercial-Off-The-Shelf
COV – Counter Obstacle Vehicle (US)
CP – Command Post
CP – Concrete-Piercing
CPD - Capability Production Document
CPDU - Computer Power Distribution Unit
CPL - Corporal
CPO - Civilian Personnel Office
CPOC - Civilian Personnel Operations Center
CPR – Common Practice Round
CPS – Cardinal Points Specification (UK)
CPV – Command Post Vehicle
CPV - Commander's Panoramic Viewer
CPVEU - Commander's Panoramic Viewer Electronics Unit
CPVSA - Commander's Panoramic Viewer Sensor Assembly
CPX - Command Post Exercise
CQB – Close Quarters Battle
CQBR – Close-Quarters Battle Receiver
CR – Capability Requirement
CR – Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment
CRB - Configuration Review Board
CRB - Capstone Requirements Document
C-RDAP - Civilian - Rotational Developmental Assignment Program
CRISAT – Collaborative Research into Small Arms Technology
CRM – Composite Risk Management (US)
CRMP - Computer Resource Management Plan
CROWS – Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station
CRR – Carro de Reconhecimento Sobre Rodas (reconnaissance tracking scout car)
CRT – Cathode Ray Tube
CRTC - Cold Regions Test Center
CRWG - Computer Resources Working Group
CRU – Cable Reel Unit
CS – Communications Subsystem
CS – Confined Space
CS – Communications Squadron (USAF)
CSA - Chief of Staff (Army)
CSAD - Commander's Situational Awareness Display
CSC - Computer Software Concept
CSCI - Computer Software Configuration Item
CSB – Combat Support Boat
CSE - Chargeable to Support Equipment
CSF – Combined Service Forces
CSI – computer-Synthesized Image
CSM - Command Sergeant Major
CSS - Combat Service Support
CSSBL - Combat Service Support Battle Lab
CSS – Computer Sighting System
CSSD – Combat Service Support Detachment
CT - Customer Test
CTA – Case Telescoped Ammunition
CTD – Concept Technology Demonstrator
CTC - Combat Training Center
CTEA - Cost and Training Effectiveness Analysis
CTEIP - Central Test and Evaluation Improvement Program
CTG - Cartridge
CTI – Central Tire Inflation
CTIS – Central Tire Inflation System
CTO – Central Treaty Organization or Baghdad Pact
CTP - Critical Technical Parameter
CTSF - Central Technical Support Facility
CTR – Close Target Recce
CTR - Contractor
CTRA – Carro de Transporte Sobre Rodas Anfibo (amphibious tracking scout car)
CTT – Challenger Training Tank
CUOPS – Current Operations
CUP - Control Unit Panel
CV - Commander's Vehicle
CV – Aircraft Carrier
CV90 – Combat Vehicle 90
CVAST – Combat Vehicle Armament System Technology (US)
CVC - Combat Vehicle Crewman's
CVR(T) – Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) (UK)
CVR(W) – Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Wheeled) (UK)
CVRDE – Combat Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (India)
CVT – Controlled Variable Time
CVTTS – Combat Vehicle Targeting System
CW – Chemical Warfare
CWA - Chemical Warfare Agent
CWBS - Contract Work Breakdown Structure
CWG - Communications Working Group
CWO - Chief Warrant Officer
CWR – Continuous Wave radar
CWS – Cupola Weapon Station
CY - Calender Year
D
D&O - Doctrinal and Organizational
DA - Department of the Army
DA – Double Action
DAA - Designated Approving Authority
DAB - Defense Acquisition Board
DAC - DEFCOM Analysis Cover
DAE - Defense Acquisition Executive
DAES - Defense Acquisition Evaluations System
DAG - Data Authentication Group
DAGR - Defense Advanced GPS Receiver
DAHA – Dual-Axis Head Assembly
DAIG - Department of the Army Inspector General
DA IPR - DA In-Process Review
DAO – Double Action Only
DAP - Designated Acquisition Program
DAP - Distant Aiming Point
DAPS - Dismounted Assured P(osition, Navigation, Timing,) System
DARCOM – US Army Matériel Development and Readiness Command
DAREOD – Damaged Airfield Reconnaissance Explosive Ordnance Disposal
DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US)
DARPANET - DARPA Network
DAS – Deep Air Support
DAS Director of the Army Staff
DAS – Defensive Aids System/suite
DASP – Demountable Artillery Surveillance Pod
DATO - Denial Authority To Operate
DAU - Defense Acquisition University
DAWIA - Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act
DB - Database
DB – Delayed-Blowback
DBBL - Dismounted Battle Battle Lab
DC - Data Collector
DC – Direct Current
DCA - Digital Control Assembly
DCA – Défense Contre Avions (anti-aircraft)
DCAS - Defense Contract Administration Services
DCB - Driver's Control Box
DCCT – Dismounted Close Combat Trainer
DCD - Directorate of Combat Developments
DCG - Deputy Commanding General
DCMA - Defense Contract Management Agency
DCR - DOTMLPF Change Recommendation
DCS - Diagnostic Control Software
DD - Drivers Display
DD – Detroit Diesel
DD – Destroyer
DDA – Detroit Diesel Allison
DDS – Department of Defense Support
DDU – Digital Display Unit
DE - Data Element
DEAD – Destruction of Enemy Air Defense
DECA – Digital Electronic Control Assembly
DEFA – direction des études et fabrications d'armement
DEFCON – Defense Readiness Condition
DEM/VAL - Demonstration and Validation (phase)
DEP - Deputy
DEPSECDEF - Deputy Secretary of Defense
DERA – Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (UK)
DESO – Defense Export Sales Organization (UK)
DET - Detachment
DEV - Developer
DFAC – Dining Facility (US)
DFCS – Digital Fire-Control System
DFSV – Direct Fire Support Vehicle
DFV – Desert Fighting Vehicle
DDG – Guided Missile Destroyer
DG – Door Gunner (Helicopter)
DHA - Display Head Assembly
DHSS – Data Handling Subsystem
DIA – Defense Intelligence Agency (US)
DIACAP - Department of Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process
DIAG - Diagnostic
DICON – Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria
DID - Data Item Description
DIMM - Dimmer
DIP – Driver Instrument Panel
DIPR - Detailed Test Plan in-Process Review
DIR - Director
DIS - Distributed Interactive Simulation
DISA – Defense Information Systems Agency
DISCOM – Division Support Command
DISNET - Defense Integrated Secure Network
DISUM - Daily Intelligence Summary
DIVARTY – Division Artillery
DLA - Defense Logistics Agency
DMC – Digital Magnetic Compass
DMR – Designated marksman rifle
DMR - Detect, Mitigate, Recover
DMSO - Defense Modeling and Simulation Office
DMU – Distance Measurement Unit
DN - Data Net
DNRS – day/night range sight
DoD – Department of Defense (US)
DODD - Department of Defense Directive
DODI - Department of Defense Instruction
DODIG - Department of Defense Inspector General
DOD-STD - Department of Defense Standard
DOE - Design of Experiments
DOIM – Directorate of Information Management (US Army)
DOP – Department of Productivity
DOS - Date of Separation
DOT&E - Director, Operational Test and Evaluation
DOTMLPF - Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel and Facilities
DOTSP - Doctrinal and Organizational Test Support Package
DP - Data Processing
DP – demonstration purpose
DP – dual purpose
DPA – Defence Procurement Agency (UK)
DPE - Data Processing Equipment (or Element)4
DPEO - Deputy Program Executive Officer
DPG - Defense Planning Guidance
DPM - Deputy Program Manager
DPM - Deputy Project Manager
DPM - Deputy Product Manager
DPICM – Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (US)
DPTR – diopter
DPW - Directorate of Public Works
DQT - Development Qualification Testing
DR - Data Requirement
DR - Decision Review
DRA – Defence Research Agency (UK)
DRB - Design Review Board
DRI - Detection, Recognition, & Identification
DRM - Director of Resource Management
DROPS – demountable rack offloading and pick-up system
DROS – Date of Return Overseas (US)
DRP - Data Reduction Plan
DRT - Design Review Team
DS - Direct Support
DS/GS - Direct Support/General Support
DS/T – practice discarding sabot/tracer
DSA - Defense Supply Agency
DSACS – direct support armored cannon system (US)
DSAD - Driver's Situational Awareness Display
DSAU - Diagnostic Signal Acquisition Unit
DSETS – direct support electrical test system
DSM - Data Source Matrix
DSMC - Defense Systems Management College
DSN - Defense Switched Network
DSNET - Defense Secure Network
DSO – Defence Sales Organisation
DSRV – Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (US)
DSS - Direct Support System
DSSW - Defense Services Support - Washington
DST - Direct Support Team
DSWS – Division Support Weapon System
DT - Developmental Test
DT&E - Developmental Test and Evaluation
DTAT – Direction Technique des Armements Terrestres
DTC - Developmental Test Command
DTG - Date Time Group
DTIC - Defense Technical information Center
DTIP - Developmental Test Instrumentation Program
DTP - Detailed Test Plan
DTRR - Developmental Test Readiness Review
DTT - Doctrinal and Tactical Training
DTT – driver training tank
DTV - Driver's Thermal Viewer
DU - Display Unit / Detector Unit
DU – depleted uranium
DUA TST - Directory User Agent Tactical Support Team
DUSA - Deputy Under Secretary of the Army
DUSA-TE - Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Test Evaluation
DUSD - Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
DUSD(ATL) - Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
DV – demining vehicle
DVC - Day Video Camera
DVE – driver's vision enhancer
DVO - Direct Vision Optics
DVO - Driver, Vehicle, and Operator (drop zone)
DWFK – deep water fording kit
DZ – drop zone
E
EAAK – Enhanced Appliqué Armor Kit (US)
EAC – Enhanced Attitude Control (warthog A10)
EAS – End of Active Service
EAOS – Enhanced Artillery Observation System
EBG – Engin Blindé Génie (armoured combat vehicle)
EBR – Engin Blindé de Reconnaissance (armoured reconnaissance vehicle)
EBRC – Engine Blindé à roues de Contact
EC – Enhanced Carbine
ECB – Engineering and Construction Bulletins
ECM – Electronic countermeasures
ECOS – Enhanced Combat Optical Sight
ECS – Environmental Control Subsystem
ECV – Enhanced Capacity Vehicle
EDD – Explosive Detonation Disruption
EDS – Electric Drive System
EFAB – Etablissement d'Etudes et de Fabrications d'Armement de Bourges
EFC – equivalent full charge
EFCR – equivalent full charge rounds
EFM – Explosives Factory Maribyrnong
EFP – Expanded Feasibility Phase
EFP – Explosively Formed Penetrator
EFV – Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (New name for AAAV)
EFVS – Electronic Fighting Vehicle System (US)
EG – External Gun
EGLM – Enhanced Grenade Launcher Module
EI – Engineering and Installation
EIS – Engineering and Installation Squadron
EI SIT – Engineering and Installation Site Implementation Team
ELB – Extended Life Barrel
ELEC – Electrical, Electric
ELEK – Electronic
ELEX – Electronics
ELKE – Elevated Kinetic Energy Weapon (US)
ELSAP – Elektronische Schiessanlage für Panzer (electronic fire system for tanks)
EM – electromagnetic
EMALS – Electromagnetic Aircraft Launcher System
EMC – Executive Management Committee
EMD – Engineering and Manufacturing Development
EMDG – Euromissile Dynamics Group
EMEW – Electromagnet Explosive Warhead
EMG – externally mounted gun
EMP – electromagnetic pulse
EMPG – Electromagnetic Pulse Grenade
ENGESA – Engesa Engenheiros Especializados (Brazil)
EOC – Essential Operational Capability
EOD – Explosive Ordnance Disposal
EOR – Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance
EOTS – Electro-Optical Targeting System
EOW – End of Watch
EPC – Electronic plane conversion
EPC – Engin Principal de Combat (future main battle tank)
EPG – Enhanced Performance Grenade
EPG – European Production Group
EPG – European Programme Group
EPS – Electrical Power Subsystem
EPU – Electronics Processing Unit
ER – enhanced radiation
ER – extended range
ERA – explosive reactive armour
ERA – extended range ammunition
ERC – Engin de Reconnaissance Canon
ERFB – extended range full-bore
ERFB-BB – extended range full-bore – base bleed
ERGFCDS – Extended Range Gunnery Fire-Control Demonstration System
ERGP – extended range guided projectile
ERMIS – Extended Range Modification Integration System
ERP – Extended Range Projectile
ERSC – extended range subcalibre
ERV – emergency rescue vehicle
ERV – Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle
ES – Extreme Spread
ESAF – Electronic Safety and Arm Function
ESD – Electronique Serge Dassault
ESLDE – Eyesafe Laser Daylight Elbow
ESPAWS – Enhanced Self-Propelled Artillery Weapon System (US)
ESRS – electro-slag refined steel
ETA – Estimated Time of Arrival
ETC – ElectroThermal Cannon
ETD – Estimated Time of Departure
ETE – Estimated Time of Endurance
ETM – Electronic Technical Manuals
ETS – Elevated TOW System
ETS – Engineer Tank System
ETS – End of Term of Service (discharge date) (US)
EW – electronic warfare
EWK – Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern Gцppner
EWS – external weapon station
F
FAAD – Forward Area Air Defense
FAAR – AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar
FAARP – Forward Area Arming & Refueling Point
FAASV – Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (US)
FAC – Forward Air Control(er)
FAC-A – Forward Air Control(er)-Airborne
FACE – Field Artillery Computer Equipment
FAL – Fusil Automatique Légère
FAPDS – Frangible Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot
FARP – Forward Area Refueling Point
FARS – field artillery rocket system
FARV-A – Future Armored Resupply Vehicle – Artillery (US)
FAST – Forward Area Support Team or Future Assault Shell Technology
FAV – Fast Attack Vehicle (US)
FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBM – Fleet Ballistic Missile
FBRV – Future Beach Recovery Vehicle (UK)
FCC – Fire Command Centre
FCC – Fire-Control Computer
FCCVS – Future Close-Combat Vehicle System (US)
FCE – fire-control equipment
FCLV – Future Command and Liaison Vehicle (UK)
FCS – fire-control system/subsystem
FCS – Future Combat System
FCU – Fire Control Unit
FDC – fire direction centre
FDCV – fire direction centre vehicle
FDSWS – Future Direct Support Weapon System
FEBA – Forward Edge of the Battle Area
FEP – Firepower Enhancement Programme
FET – Future Engineer Tank
FFAR – Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket
FFE – Fire for Effect
FFR – Fitted For Radio
FFSS – Future Fighting Soldier System
FFW – Fitted For Wireless
FG – field gun
FH – field howitzer
FIBUA – Fighting In Built-Up Areas
FID – Foreign Internal Defense
FIFV – Future Infantry Fighting Vehicle (US)
FIRM – Floating Integrated Rail Mount
FIS – Fuze Interface System
FISH – Fighting In Someone's House (UK) (Colloquial. Slang term for FIBUA)
FIST – Future Integrated Soldier Technology (UK), Fire Support Team (US)
FISTV – Fire Support Team Vehicle (US)
FITOW – Further Improved TOW (US)
FLEA – Frangible Low-Energy Ammunition (i.e. a fragmentation grenade or a low-yield IED)
FLIR – forward-looking infra-red
FLOT – forward line of own troops
FLSW – Future Light Support Weapon
FM – U.S. Army Field Manuals
FM – Titanium tetrachloride (code designation)
FMBS – Family of Muzzle Brake/Suppressors
FMC – Food Machinery Corporation
FMF – Fleet Marine Force
FMJ – Full Metal Jacket
FMJBT – Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail
FMJLF – Full Metal Jacket Lead Free
FMN – Federated Mission Networking
FMPDS – Frangible Missile Piercing Discarding Sabot
FMS – Foreign Military Sales
FMTV – Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
FN – Fabrique Nationale (Manufacturer)
FNG – Fucking New Guy
FO – Forward Observer
FOB – Forward Operating Base
FOC – Full Operational Capability
FOD – Foreign Object Damage (i.e., damage not caused by enemy fire. Includes bugs, dirt, etc.) (Aviation)
FOG – Fibre Optic Gyro
FOM – Fibre Optic Missile
FOO – forward observation officer
FORTIS – Forward Observation and Reconnaissance Thermal Imaging System
FOTT – Follow on to TOW
FOV – field of view
FPA – Focal Plane Array
FPL – Final Protective Fire
FRAG – fragmentation
FRAGO – FRAGmentary Order. (see OPORD)
FRED – Field ration eating device (Australia)
FRES – Future Rapid Effect System
FROG – free rocket over ground
FSCL – fire support coordination line
FSCM – fire support coordination measure
FSCV – fire support combat vehicle
FS – fire support element
FSED – full-scale engineering development (US)
FSSG – Force Service Support Group
FST – Future Soviet Tank/Follow-on Soviet Tank
FSV – fire support vehicle
FSV – Future Scout Vehicle (US)
FTA – Frangible Training Ammunition
FTMA – Future Tank Main Armament
FTS – Future Tank Study
FTT – Field Tactical Trainer
FUBAR – Fouled/Fucked Up Beyond All Reason/Recognition/Repair
FUE – First Unit Equipped
FUG – Felderitц Usу Gépkosci
FV – fighting vehicle
FV/GCE – fighting vehicle gun control equipment
FVDD – Fighting Vehicle Development Division
FVRDE – Fighting Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (UK)
FVS – Fighting Vehicle System (US)
FVSC – Fighting Vehicle Systems Carrier (US)
FY – fiscal year
G
g – gramme(s)
G – gendarmerie
GAMA – Gun Automatic Multiple Ammunition
GAO – General Accounting Office
GAP – Gun Aiming Post
GBAD – Ground Based Air Defence
GCE – gun control equipment
GCT – Grande Cadence de Tir (high rate of fire)
GCU – Gun Control Unit
GCW – Gross Combined Weight (not "Gross Combat Weight"). Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) plus Gross Trailer Weight (GTW).
GD – General Dynamics
GDLS – General Dynamics Land Systems
GDU – Gun Display Unit
GFE – Government Furnished Equipment
GH – gun-howitzer
GIGN- Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale ("National Gendarmerie Intervention Group")
GIAT – Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres
GL – Grenade Launcher
GLATGM – Gun Launched Anti-Tank Guided Missile
GLC – gun lay computer
GLDNSM – Grenade Launcher Day-Night Sight Mount
GLH-H – Ground-Launched Hellfire-Heavy (US)
GLLD – Ground Laser Locator Designator (US)
GLS – Gesellschaft für Logistischen Service
GM, MVO – General Motors, Military Vehicle Operations
GMC – General Motors Corporation
GMG – Grenade Machine Gun
GMLRS – Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System
GMS – Gun Management System
GND – Ground (electrical)
GOCO – government-owned, contractor-operated (US)
GOP – General Out Post
GP – General Purpose
GP – guided projectile
GPMG – General Purpose Machine Gun
GPO – gun position officer
GPS – Global Positioning System
GPS – gunner's primary sight
GPSS – Gunner's Primary Sight Subsystem
GR – Gajaba Regiment (Sri Lanka)
GREM – Grenade Rifle Entry Munition
GRIT – Group, Range, Indication, Type of fire
GRU – Glavnoe Razvedyvatel'noe Upravlenie, meaning Main Intelligence Directorate
GSR – General Staff Requirement (US)
GSRS – General Support Rocket System
GSG9- Grenzschutzgruppe 9 der Bundespolizei (Border Protection Group 9 of the Federal Police)
GSOF – Georgian Special Operations Forces
GST – General Staff Target
GST – Gesellschaft fьr System-Technik
GTCS – Gun Test and Control System
GTG – Good To Go
GTI – German Tank Improvement
GTW – Gross Trailer Weight
GVW – Gross Vehicle Weight. Curb weight plus max payload weight.
GW – Gemunu Watch (Sri Lanka)
GW – guided weapon
H
h – hour(s)
H&K – Heckler and Koch
HAB – Heavy Assault Bridge (US)
HAB – Heavy Artillery Brigade (UK)
HAG – Heavy Artillery Gun
HAHO – High Altitude High Opening
HALO – High Altitude Low Opening, High Activity/Low Observable
HAMS – Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron – Marine Aircraft Group (USMC)
HAWK – Homing-All-the-Way-Killer (US)
HB – heavy barrel
HBAR – Heavy Barrel Assault Rifle
HC – Hexachloroethane/zinc
HC – high-capacity
HC – Hollow Charge
HCER – high-capacity extended range
HCHE – high-capacity high-explosive
HCT – HOT Compact Turret
HDS – HOLOgraphic Diffraction Sight
HE – high-explosive
HE-APERS – high-explosive anti-personnel
HE-FRAG – high-explosive fragmentation
HE-FRAG-FS – high-explosive fragmentation – fin-stabilised
HE-FS – high-explosive – fin-stabilised
HE-S – high-explosive spotting
HE-T – high-explosive tracer
HE/PR – high-explosive practice
HEAA – High-Explosive Anti-Armour
HEAB – High-Explosive Air Burst
HEAP – High-Explosive Armor-Piercing
HEAP-T – high-explosive anti-personnel – tracer
HEAT – high-explosive anti-tank
HEAT-FS – high-explosive anti-tank fin-stabilised
HEAT-MP – high-explosive anti-tank multipurpose
HEAT-MP(P) – high-explosive anti-tank multipurpose (practice)
HEAT-T – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer
HEAT-T-HVY – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer – heavy
HEAT-T-MP – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer – multipurpose
HEAT-TP-T – high-explosive anti-tank – target practice – tracer
HED-D – Hybrid Electric Drive – Demonstrator
HEDP – high-explosive dual-purpose
HEER – High-Explosive Extended Range (US)
HEF – high-explosive fragmentation
HEFT – High-Explosive Follow Through
HEI – high-explosive incendiary
HEIAP – High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition
HEIT – high-explosive incendiary tracer
HEL – High-Energy Laser (US)
HEL – Human Engineering Laboratory (US)
HELP – Howitzer Extended Life Program (US)
HEMAT – Heavy Expanded Mobility Ammunition Trailer (US)
HEMP – High-Explosive Multi-Purpose
HEMTT – Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (US)
HEP – high-explosive plastic
HEP-T – high-explosive practice – tracer
HEPD – high-explosive point detonating
HERA – high-explosive rocket-assisted
HESH – high-explosive squash head
HESH-T – high-explosive squash head – tracer
HET-PF – high-explosive tracer – percussion fuze
HETF – High Explosive Time Fuzed
HETS – Heavy Equipment Transport System
HFCC – Howitzer Fire-Control Computer (US)
HFHTB – Human Factors Howitzer TestBed (US)
HFM – Heavy Force Modernisation (US)
HIFV – Heavy Infantry Fighting Vehicle
HIMAG – High-Mobility Agility Test Vehicle (US)
HIMARS – High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System (US)
HIP – Howitzer Improvement Program (US)
HIRE – Hughes Infrared Equipment
HITP – High-Ignition Temperature Propellant
HIU – Heading Indicator Unit
HMC – Howitzer Motor Carriage
HMD – Helmet-Mounted Display
HMG – Heavy Machine Gun
HMH – Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron
HMLC – High-Mobility Load Carrier
HML/A – Marine Light/Attack Helicopter Squadron
HMM – Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron
HMMWV – High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle
HMX – Marine Special Mission Helicopter Squadron
HOE – Holographic Optical Element
HOT – Haute subsonique Optiquement Téléguidé
How – Howitzer
HP – High Power; Hollow Point
hp – Horsepower
HPFP – High-Performance Fragmentation Projectile
HPS – Helmet Pointing System (or Sight)
HPT – high-pressure test
HRST – Helicopter Rope Suspension Technique
HRU – Heading Reference Unit
HS – Headquarters Squadron – Marine Wing Support Group (USMC)
HSS – Hunter Sensor Suite
HSTV(L) – High-Survivability Test Vehicle (Lightweight) (US)
HTTB – High-Technology TestBed (US)
HUD – Head-up display
HVAP – high-velocity armour-piercing
HVAP-T – high-velocity armour-piercing tracer
HVAPDS – high-velocity armour-piercing discarding sabot
HVAPDS-T – high-velocity armour-piercing discarding sabot – tracer
HVAPFSDS – high-velocity armour-piercing fin-stabilised discarding sabot
HVCC – High Velocity Canister Cartridge
HVM – Hypervelocity Missile
HVSS – horizontal volute spring suspension
HVSW – Hypervelocity Support Weapon
HVTP-T – high-velocity target practice – tracer
HWSTD – High Water Speed Technology Demonstrator
HYPAK – Hydraulic Power Assist Kit
I
I – Incendiary
IAF – Indian Air Force
IAFV – infantry armoured fighting vehicle
IAI – Israel Aircraft Industries
IAL – Infrared Aiming Light
IASD – Instant Ammunition Selection Device
IBAS – Improved Bradley Acquisition System
ICBM – Intercontinental ballistic missile
ICC – information co-ordination centre
ICM – Improved Conventional Munition
ICM – BB improved conventional munition base bleed
ICV – Infantry Combat Vehicle
IDF – Israel Defense Forces
IDF – Indirect fire
IDW – Individual Defence Weapon
IED – Improvised Explosive Device
IEPG – Independent European Program Group
IFCS – Improved/Integrated Fire-Control System
IFF – Identification Friend or Foe
IFV – infantry fighting vehicle
IFVwCM – Infantry Fighting Vehicle with Integrated Countermeasures (US)
IGLS – Individual Grenade Launcher System
II – image intensification/intensifier
IIR – Imaging Infra-Red
ILL – illuminating
ILMS – Improved Launcher Mechanical System
ILS – Integrated Logistic Support
IM – Insensitive Munition(s)
IMMLC – Improved Medium Mobility Load Carrier
IMSC – International Maritime Security Construct
IMU – Inertial Measurement Unit
INSAS – Indian Small Arms System
InSb – Indium-antimonide
INS -Indian Naval ship
IOC – initial operational capability
IOF – Indian Ordnance Factory
IPB – Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
IPF – Initial Production Facility
IPO – International Programme Office
IPPD – Integrated Product Process Development
IR – Infra-Red
IRBM – Intermediate-range ballistic missile
IRU – Inertial Reference Unit
IS – internal security
ISD – In Service Date
ISGU – Integrated Sight and Guidance Unit
ISR – Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance
ISU – Integrated Sight Unit
ISV – Internal Security Vehicle
ITAS – Improved Target Acquisition System
ITOW – Improved TOW
ITPIAL – Infra-red Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Laser
ITT – Invitation To Tender
ITV – Improved TOW Vehicle (US)
IVPDL – Inter-Vehicle Positioning and Data Link (US)
IWAT Insurgency Weapons And Tactics
IW – Individual Weapon
IWS – Improved Weapon System
J
JASDF – Japan Air Self-Defense Force
JBMoU – Joint Ballistic Memorandum of Understanding
JDAM – Joint Direct Attack Munition
JERRV – Joint Engineer Rapid Response Vehicle
JGSDF – Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
JHP – Jacketed hollow point
JMAC – Joint Medium-calibre Automatic Cannon
JMSDF – Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
JOIR – Joint Operations Information Range
JPO – Joint Project Office
JSC – Joint Steering Committee
JSCS – Joint Service Combat Shotgun
JSDF – Japan Self-Defense Force
JSOC – Joint Special Operations Command
JSP – Jacketed Soft Point
JSSAMP – Joint Services Small Arms Master Plan
JSSAP – Joint Service Small Arms Program
JTIDS – Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
K
KAAV – Korean Armoured Amphibious Vehicle
KAC – Knight's Armament Company
KE – Kinetic energy
KEC – Kaman Electromagnetics Corporation
KEM – Kinetic Energy Missile (US)
kg – kilogramme(s)
KHA – Killed Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)
KIA – Killed in Action
KIFV – Korean Infantry Fighting Vehicle
KNHA – Killed Non-Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)
KPA – Korean People's Army
L
LAAG – light anti-aircraft gun
LAAM – Light Anti-Aircraft Missile
LCAC – Landing Craft Air Cushion
LAD – light aid detachment
LADS – light air defense system (US)
LAG – Light Artillery Gun
LALO – Low Altitude Low Opening
LAM – Laser Aiming Module
LAPES – Low-Altitude Parachute Extraction System
LAR – Light Automatic Rifle
LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASIP – Light Artillery System Improvement Plan
LATS – Light Armoured Turret System
LAU – Light Armoured Unit
LAV – Light Armored Vehicle (US)
LAV – Light Assault Vehicle (US)
LAV-AD – Light Armored Vehicle – Air Defense
LAW – Light Anti-tank Weapon
LB – Long Barrel
LC – Laser Collimator
LCD – Liquid crystal display
LCS – Loader Control System
LCU – Landing Craft Utility
LCV – Light Contingency Vehicle (LCV) (US)
LD – Low drag, Line of Departure
LE – Law Enforcement
LED – light emitting diode
LEP – Life Extension Programme
LEU – Launcher Erector Unit
LF – ATGW Light Forces' Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
LF – Linked Feed
LFA – Low Flying Area
LFHG – Lightweight Fragmentation Hand Grenade
LFL – Light Fighter Lethality
LIA – Linear Induction Accelerator
LIC – Low Intensity Conflict
LIMAWS – Lightweight Mobile Artillery Weapon System
LION – Lightweight Infra-red Observation Night sight
LIW – Lyttleton Engineering Works
LKP – Loader Keyboard Panel
LLAD – low-level air defence
LLLTV – low light level television
LLM – Launcher Loader Module
LMAW – Light Multi-purpose Assault Weapon
LMG – Light Machine Gun
LNS – Land Navigation System
LNS – Laying and Navigation System
L/O – Liaison Officer
LOAL – Lock-On After Launch
LOBL – Lock-On Before Launch
LOC – Line Of Communication
LOLEX – Low-altitude parachute-extraction system
LOS – Line Of Sight
LOSAT – Line Of Sight Anti-Tank
LOSBR – Line Of Sight Beam Riding
LP – Liquid Propellant
LP – Listening Post
LPC – Launch Pod Container
LPC – Launcher Pod Carrier
LPG – Liquid Propellant Gun
LPO – Leading Petty Officer
LPT – Low-Profile Turret
LPTS – Lightweight Protected Turret System
LR – Long Rifle
LR – Long-Range
LRAR – Long Range Artillery Rocket
LRASS – Long-Range Advanced Scout System
LRAT – long-range anti-tank
LRBB – long-range base bleed
LRD – Long Range Deflagrator
LRF – laser rangefinder
LRF – Low Recoil Force
LRHB – long-range hollow base
LRIP – Low-Rate Initial Production
LRM – Laser Rangefinder Module
LRN – Lead Round Nose
LRN – Low Recoil NORICUM
LRRP – Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol
LRSA – Long Range Sniper Ammunition
LRSU – Long Range Surveillance Unit
LRU – Launcher Replenishment Unit
LRU – Line Replacement Unit
LRU – Line-Replaceable Unit
LSAT- Lightweight Small Arms Technologies
LSB – Landing Support Battalion
LSO – Landing signal officer
LSS – Lightweight Shotgun System
LSVW – Light Support Vehicle, Wheeled (Canada)
LSW – Light Support Weapon
LTA – Launch Tube Assembly
LTD – Laser Target Designator
LTFCS – Laser Tank Fire-Control System
LTP – Laser Target Pointer, Luminesant Training Projectile
LUTE – Lightweight Uncooled Thermal Imager Equipment
LVA – landing vehicle assault (US)
LVS – Lightweight Video Sight
LVT – Landing Vehicle Tracked (US)
LVTC – Landing Vehicle Tracked Command (US)
LVTE – Landing Vehicle Tracked Engineer (US)
LVTH – Landing Vehicle Tracked Howitzer (US)
LVTP – Landing Vehicle Tracked Personnel (US)
LVTR – Landing Vehicle Tracked Recovery (US)
LWC – Lead Wad Cutter
LWIR – Long Wave Infrared
LWL – LightWeight Launcher
LWML – LightWeight Multiple Launcher
LWMMG – LightWeight Medium Machine Gun
LWMS – LightWeight Modular Sight
LWS – laser warning system
LWT – light weapon turret
LZ – landing zone
LRW – Light Repair Works (Indian Army)
M
m – metre(s)
m/s – metres per second
MAB – Marine Amphibious Brigade
MABS – Marine Air Base Squadron
MAC – Medium Armored Car (US)
MAC – Military Airlift Command
MACS – Modular Artillery Charge System
MACS – Marine Air Control Squadron
MADLS – Mobile Air Defence Launching System
MAF – Marine Amphibious Force
MAG – Marine Aircraft Group
MAGTEC – Marine Air/Ground Training & Education Command
MAGTF – Marine Air/Ground Task Force
MAHEM – Magnetohydrodynamic Explosive Munition
MALOS – Miniature Laser Optical Sight
MALS – Marine Air Logistics Squadron
MAMBA – Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Radar
MANPADS – Man Portable Air Defense System
MAOV – Mobile Artillery Observation Vehicle
MAP – Military Aid Programme
MAPS – Modular Azimuth Position System
MAR – Micro Assault Rifle
MARDI – Mobile Advanced Robotics Defence Initiative (UK)
MARDIV – Marine Division (US)
MARS – Military Amateur Radio Station
MARS – Mini Assault Rifle System
MARS – Multi-purpose Aiming Reflex Sight
MARS – Multiple Artillery Rocket System
MASS – Marine Air Support Squadron
MATCS – Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron
MATSG – Marine Air Training Support Group
MAU(SOC) – Marine Amphibious Unit (Special Operations Capable)
MAV – maintenance assist vehicle
MAVD – MLRS Aim Verification Device
MAW – Marine Air Wing (US)
MBA – main battle area
MBB – Messerschmitt-Bцlkow-Blohm
MBC – Mortar Ballistic Computer
MBF – Multiple-barrel firearm
MBT – main battle tank
MCISRE – Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise
MCLOS – Manual Command to Line Of Sight
MCRV – Mechanised Combat Repair Vehicle
MCS – Microclimate Conditioning System
MCS – modular charge system
MCSK – Mine Clearance System Kit (US)
MCT – Medium Combat Tractor (US)
MCT – Mercury Cadmium Telluride
MCV – Mechanised Combat Vehicle
MCWL – Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
MCWS – Minor Caliber Weapons Station (US)
MDB – Multi Domain Battle
MDMP – Military Decision Making Process
MDU – Map Display Unit
MEB – Marine Expeditionary Brigade
MEDEVAC – Medical Evacuation
MEF – Marine Expeditionary Force
MENS – Mission Element Need Statement (US)
MEP – Modular Explosive Penetrator
MEPS – Military Entrance Processing Station
METO – Middle East Treaty Organisation; CENTO or Baghdad Pact
METL – Mission Essential Task List
METT-TC – Mission, Enemy, Terrain and weather, Troops and support available—Time available, Civilians
METT-TSL – Mission, Enemy, Terrain and weather, Troops and fire support available – Time available, Space, Logistics
MEU – Marine Expeditionary Unit
MEU(SOC) – Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)
MEV – medical evacuation vehicle (US)
MEWS – Mobile Electronic Warfare System
MEWSS – Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System
MF – multifunction
MFC – Mortar Fire Control(ler)
MFCS – Multi-Fire Control System/Mortar Fore Control System
MFCV – Missile Fire-Control Vehicle
MFF – munition filling factory
MG – machine gun
MGB – Medium Girder Bridge
MGL – Multiple Grenade Launcher
MGS – Mobile Gun System
MGTS – MultiGun Turret System
MGU – Mid-course Guidance Unit
MI – Military Intelligence
MIA – Missing In Action
MICOM – Missile Command (US)
MICV – Mechanised Infantry Combat Vehicle
MILAN – Missile d'Infantrie Léger Antichar (light infantry anti-tank missile)
MILDEC – Military deception
MILES – Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (US)
MILSPEC – Military Specification
MILSTD – MILitary STANdard
MILSTAR – MILitary Strategic and Tactical Relay (US)
MIPS – Medium Integrated Propulsion System (US)
MIR – Mechanized Infantry Regiment (Sri Lanka)
MIRV – Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle
MLA – Manufacturing Licence Agreement
MLC – Military Load Class
MLC – Modular Load Carrier
MLF – Marine Logistics Force
MLR – Marine Littoral Regiment
MLI – Mid-Life Improvement
MLO – Muzzle Loaded Ordnance
MLRS – Multiple Launch Rocket System (US)
mm – millimetre(s)
MMBF – mean miles between failures
MMG – Medium Machine Gun
MMS – mast-mounted sight
MMS – Modular Mounting System
MNVD – Monocular Night Vision Device
MoA – Memorandum of Agreement
MOA – Minute Of Angle
MoD – Ministry of defence
MODA – Ministry of Defence and Aviation
MOLF – Modular Laser Fire Control (Germany)
MOLLE – MOdular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment
MOPP – Mission Oriented Protective Posture (US)
MOS – Military Occupational Specialty (US)
MoU – Memorandum of Understanding
MOUT – Military Operations in Urban Terrain (urban warfare) (US)
MP – Machine Pistol
MP – Military police
MPBAV – MultiPurpose Base Armoured Vehicle
MPC – MultiPurpose Carrier (Netherlands)
MPDS – Missile Piercing Discarding Sabot
MPGS – Mobile Protected Gun System (US)
MPI – Mean Point of Impact
MPIM – MultiPurpose Individual Munition
MPM – MultiPurpose Munition
MPS – Maritime Prepositioning Ships (US)
MPV – Multi-Purpose Vehicle
MPWS – Mobile Protected Weapon System (US)
MR – Medium Range
MRAP – Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (Vehicle)
MRAR – MultiRole Assault Round
MRAV – MultiRole Armoured Vehicle
MRBF – mean rounds before failure
MRBS – mean rounds between stoppages
MRE – Meal Ready to Eat
MRS – multiple rocket system
MRS – muzzle reference system
MRSI – Multiple Round Simultaneous Impact
MRV(R) – Mechanised Recovery Vehicle (Repair)
MRVR – Mechanised Repair and Recovery Vehicle (US)
MSSG – MAU/MEU Service Support Group (USMC)
MSL – Missile
MSR – Missile Simulation Round
MSR – Main Supply Route
MSTAR – Man-portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
MSV – Modular Support Vehicle
MT – mechanical time
MTB – Mobility TestBed
MTBF – Mean Time Between Failure
MTI – moving target indication
MTL – Materials Technology Laboratory (US)
MTR – Mobile Test Rig (US)
MTSQ – mechanical time and super-quick
MTSQ – Mechanical Time Semi-Quick
MTU – Motoren- und Turbinen-Union
MTVL – mobile tactical vehicle light
MUGS – Multipurpose Universal Gunner Sight
MULE – Modular Universal Laser Equipment (US)
MUSS – Multifunctional Selfprotection System
MV – muzzle velocity
MVEE – Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (UK)
MVRS – Muzzle Velocity Radar System
MWCS – Marine Wing Communications Squadron
MWHS – Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron
MWS – Manned Weapon Station (US)
MWS – Modular Weapon System
MWSG – Marine Wing Support Group
MWSS – Marine Wing Support Squadron
N
NAS – Naval Air Station
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAVSEA – Naval Sea Systems Command
NBC – Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
NBMR – NATO Basic Military Requirement
NCIS – Naval Criminal Investigative Service (US)
NCO – Non-Commissioned Officer (US, E-4 – E-9)
NCOIC – Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge
NDI – Non-developmental item
NDU – Navigation Display Unit
NFOV – Narrow Field Of View
NG – New/Next Generation
Ni/Cd – Nickel Cadmium
NLAW – Next Light (weight) Anti-armour Weapon
NLOS-C – Non-Line Of Sight-Cannon
NLOS-M – Non-Line Of Sight-Mortar
NOD(s) – Night Observation Device(s)
NOE – Nap-of-the-earth
NOTAM – Notice to Airmen
NRF – NATO Response Force
NS – Network Services
NTC – National Training Center (USA)
NUGP – nominal unit ground pressure
NV – Night Vision
NVD – Night Vision Device
NVE – Night Vision Equipment
NVESD – Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
NVG – Night Vision Goggle
NVS – Night Vision System
NZDF – New Zealand Defence Force
NZEF – New Zealand Expeditionary Force (in WWI & WWII)
NZSAS – New Zealand Special Air Service
O
OBR – Optical Beam-Riding
OCC – Obus à Charge Creusé (shaped-charge shell)
OCOKA – Observation and fields of fire, Cover and concealment, Obstacles, Key terrain, and Avenues of Approach.
OCSW – Objective Crew-Served Weapon
OCU – Operational Centre Unit
ODE – Ordnance Development and Engineering (Singapore)
OEG – Occluded Eye Gunsight (a type of Collimator sight)
OEO – optical and electro-optical
OFSA – Objective Family of Small Arms
OFSA – One Size Fits All
OFW – Objective Force Warrior
OHWS – Offensive Hand Weapon System
OIC – Officer In Charge
OICW – Objective Individual Combat Weapon
OLF – Operational Low Flying
OOTW – Operations Other Than War
OP – Observation post
OP – Operators Panel
OPCON – OPerational CONtrol
OPDW – Objective Personal Defense Weapon
OPFOR – OPposing FORces
OPORD – OPerations Order
OPSEC – OPerational SECurity
OPV – Observation Post Vehicle
OSW – Objective Sniper Weapon
OSC – Operation Strategy Command
OSS (USAF) – Operational Support Squadron
OSW (USAF) – Operational Support, Weather
OT – operational test
OTA – overflight top attack
OTEA – Operational Test and Evaluation Agency (US)
P
P – How pack howitzer
P-38 — P-38 can opener (US)
P3I – Pre-Planned Product Improvements
PAR – pulse acquisition radar
PARA – Parachute Regiment
PARAMIL – Paramilitary
PAT – power-assisted traverse
PAWPERSO – Protection, Ammunition, Weapon, Personal Equipment, Radio, Specialist Equipment, Orders
PC – Personal Computer
PCB – printed circuit board
PCC – Police Compact Carbine
PCI – Pre-combat inspection
PD – Point Defense
PD – point detonating
PD – Point of Departure
PDNA – Positioning Determining/Navigation Unit
PDRR – Program Definition and Risk Reduction
PDW – Personal Defence Weapon
PE – MoD Procurement Executive (UK)
PE – Peace Enforcement (US DoD)
PEC – Printed Electronic Circuits
PENAID – Penetration aid
PFD – proximity fuze disconnector
PFHE – prefragmented high-explosive
PLF – protective line of fire
PFPX – prefragmented proximity fuzed
PGMM – Precision Guided Mortar Munition
PH – Probability of Hit
Pi – Probability of incapacitation
PIAT – Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank
PIBD – Point Initiating Base Detonated
PID – Positive Identification
PIE – pyrotechnically initiated explosive
PIP – Product Improvement Programme
PL – Phase Line
PLA – People's Liberation Army
PLAAF – People's Liberation Army Air Force
PLAGF – People's Liberation Army Ground Force
PLAN – People's Liberation Army Navy
PLANAF – People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
PLANMC – People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps
PLARF – People's Liberation Army Rocket Force
PLARS – Position Location And Reporting System (US)
PLASSF – People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
PLC – Programmable Logic Control
PLOS – Predicted Line Of Sight
PLS – Palletized Load System (US)
PM – porte mortier (mortar carrier)
PM – Product Manager
PMCS – Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services
PMEE – Prime Mission Electronic Equipment (USAF)
PMO – Program Management Office (US)
PMO – Provost Marshall's Office
PMOD – Platform Modifications
PMS – Pedestal-Mounted Stinger
PNU – Position Navigation Unit
PM WIN-T – Project Manager Warfighter Information Network-Tactical
POA&M – Plan Of Action & Milestones
POF – Pakistan Ordnance Factory
POG – Person other than Grunt
POS – Postes Optiques de Surveillance
POW – Prisoner of War
PPG – PT Parade Games (Bangladesh Cadet Colleges)
PPI – plan position indicator
PPS – Precise Positioning Service
PPV – Protected Patrol Vehicle
PRAC – practice
PRAC-T – practice tracer
PRESAR – Preparation, React to enemy fire, Establish enemy position, Suppress the enemy, Assault, Reorg
PRI – projector reticle image
PRP – Personnel Reliability Program (screening and monitoring of individuals with access to "special" weapons)
PSBC – Platoon Sergeant's Battle Course
PSD – Propulsion System Demonstrator
PSO – Peace Support Operations
PSS – Primary Sight System
PTI – Physical Training Instructor
PTO – power take-off
PVP – Petit Véhicule Protégé
PW – Prisoner of War
PWI-SR(GR) – Panser Wagen Infanterie-Standaard (Groep)
PWP – Plasticised White Phosphorus
PWR – Power
Q
QCB – Quick Change Barrel
QE – Quadrant Elevation
QRF – Quick Reaction Force
QTOL – Quiet Take Off And Landing
R
RA – Royal Artillery
RAA – Royal Australian Artillery
RAAM – Rifle-launched Anti-Armour Munition
RAAMS – Remote Anti-Armor Mine System (US)
PABD – Pay Entry Base Date
RAC – Royal Armoured Corps
RADIRS – Rapid Deployment Multiple Rocket System (US)
RAAF – Royal Australian Air Force
RAE – Royal Aircraft Establishment, Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough)
RAE – Royal Australian Engineers, Australian Combat Engineers
RAF – Royal Air Force
RAM-D – reliability, availability, maintainability and durability
RAN – Royal Australian Navy
RAO – Rear Area Operations
RAP – Regimental Aid Post
RAP – rocket-assisted projectile
RAPI – Reactive Armour Protection
RARDE – Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (UK)
RATAC – Radar de Tir pour L'Artillerie de Campagne (radar for field artillery fire)
RATELO – Radio Telephone Operator
RAW – Rifleman's Assault Weapon
RBL – Range and Bearing Launch
RBOC – Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff
RC/MAS – Reserve Component/Modified Armament System
RCAAS – Remote-Controlled Anti-Armor System (US)
RCAF – Royal Canadian Air Force
RCC – ROLAND Coordination Center (US)
RCWS – Remote-Controlled Weapon Station
RCL – Recoilless rifle
RCN – Royal Canadian Navy
RCS – Radar Cross Section
RCT – Regimental Combat Team
RCT – Royal Corps of Transport
RCV – Robotic Command Vehicle
RDF – Rapid Deployment Forces
RDF/LT – Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank (US)
RDJTF – Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (US)
RDT&E – Research Development Test and Evaluation
REME – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
REMF – Rear Echelon Mother Fucker
RF – Rimfire
RFA – Royal Field Artillery or Royal Fleet Auxiliary
RFAS – Russian Federation and Associated States
RFC – Royal Flying Corps
RFI – request for information
RFP – request for proposals
RFPI – Rapid Force Projection Initiative
RFQ – Request For Quotations
RGGS – Rifle Grenade General Service
RHA – rolled homogeneous armour
RHA – Royal Horse Artillery
RIN – the former Royal Indian Navy
RIO – Radar Intercept Officer
RIS – Rail Interface System
RISE – Reliability Improved Selected Equipment
RLC – Royal Logistic Corps
RLEM – Rifle-Launched Entry Munition
RLG – Ring Laser Gyro
RLT – Regimental Landing Team
RMG – ranging machine gun
RN – Royal Navy
RNZAF – Royal New Zealand Air Force
RNZN – Royal New Zealand Navy
RO – Royal Ordnance
ROBAT – Robotic Counter-Obstacle Vehicle (US)
RoC – Republic of China
ROC – required operational characteristics
ROE – Rules Of Engagement
ROF – Royal Ordnance Factory (UK)
ROF – Rate of fire
RoK – Republic of Korea
RoKMC – Republic of Korea Marine Corps
RoKIT – Republic of Korea Indigenous Tank
ROR – range only radar
ROTA – Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition
RP – Red phosphorus
RP – rocket-propelled
RP – Regimental police
RPC – Rocket Pod Container
RPG – Rocket-propelled grenade
RPG – Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot
RPV – Remotely piloted vehicle
RR – Recoilless rifle
RRPR – Reduced Range Practice Rocket
RRT – Radio Recon Team
RRTR – Reduced Range Training Round
RSAF – Royal Small Arms Factory (UK) (now closed)
RSN – Role Specialist Nation (US & NATO)
RSS – Rosette Scanning Seeker
RTE – Rifle Team Equipment
RTO – Radio/Telephone Operator
RTOL – Reduced Take Off and Landing
RTT – Roues Transporteur de Troupes
RUC – Royal Ulster Constabulary
RV – Rendezvous/Rendezvous point
RWS – Remote weapon system (or station)
RWR – Radar Warning Receiver
S
s – second(s)
S&W – Smith & Wesson
SA – Situation Awareness
SABCA – Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques
SABR – Selectable Assault Battle Rifle
SABS – Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight
SAC – Small Arms Collimator
SACLOS – Semi-Automatic Command to Line Of Sight
SADA – Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly
SADARM – Sense And Destroy Armor (US)
SADF – South African Defence Force
SADM – Special Atomic Demolition Munition
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
SAF – Small Arms Fire
SAFCS – Small Arms Fire Control System
SAFIRE – Surface-to-Air Fire
SAL – semi-active laser
SAL – search and locate
SAM – surface-to-air missile
SAMM – Société d'Applications des Machines Motrices
SANDF – South African National Defence Force
SANG – Saudi Arabian National Guard
SAP – Semi-Armour-Piercing
SAPHEI – Semi-Armour-Piercing High Explosive Incendiary
SAPI – semi-armour-piercing incendiary or Small Arms Protective Insert
SAR – Search and Rescue
SAS – Special Air Service
SASR – Special Air Service Regiment
SAS-EAS – Sealed Authenticator System – Emergency Action Procedures (Nuclear Weapons Release Control)
SASR – Special Application Sniper Rifle
SAT – Small Arms Trainer
SATCP – Système Anti-aérien à Très Courte Portée (very short-range anti-aircraft system)
SAVA – Standard Army Vectronics Architecture
SAW – Squad Automatic Weapon
SAWS – Squad Automatic Weapon System
SB – Short Barrel
SCORE – Stratified Charge Omnivorous Rotary Engine
SCC - Sea Cadet corps
SD – self-destruct(ion)
SEAD – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
SEAL – Sea/Air/Land
SEALOCK – Search, Locate, and Communicate or Kill
SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation
SECFOR – Security forces
SECGUARD – Security guard
SEME – School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
SEN – shell extended range NORICUM
SEP – Soldier Enhancement Programme
SF – Special Forces (US/UK)
SFCS – Simplified Fire-Control System
SFIM – Société de Fabrication d'Instrument de Mesure
SFIRR – solid fuel integral rocket/ramjet
SFM – Sensor Fuzed Munitions
SFMG – Sustained Fire Machine Gun
SFSW – Special Forces Support Weapon
SFW – Special Forces Weapon
SGTS – Second-Generation Tank Sight
SHAPE – Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
SH/PRAC – squash head practice
SHORAD – Short-Range Air Defence System
shp – shaft horsepower
SIC – Second in Command
SICPS – Standard Integrated Command Post Systems
SINCGARS – Single Channel Ground/Air Radio System
SIP – System Improvement Plan/Programme
SIPS – Small Integrated Propulsion System
SITREP – Situation Report
SJFN – Semi-Jacketed Flat Nose
SJHP – Semi-Jacketed Hollow Point
SKOT – Sredni Kolowy Opancerzny Transporter (armoured personnel carrier)
SLA – Sri Lanka Army
SLAC – Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
SLAF – Sri Lanka Air Force
SLAGSE – Sri Lanka Army General Service Corps
SLAOC – Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps
SLAP – saboted light armor penetrator
SLAPC – Sri Lanka Army Pioneer Corps
SLASC – Sri Lanka Army Service Corps
SLAW – Shoulder-Launched Assault Weapon
SLAWC – Sri Lanka Army Women's Corps
SLCG – Sri Lanka Coast Guard
SLCMP – Sri Lanka Corps of Military Police
SLE – Sri Lanka Engineers
SLEME – Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
SLEP – Service Life Extension Program (US)
SLLI – Sri Lanka Light Infantry
SLMC – Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps
SLNG – Sri Lanka National Guard
SLN – Sri Lanka Navy
SLR – Self-Loading Rifle
SLRC – Sri Lanka Rifle Corps
SLSR – Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
SLWAGL – Super Light Weight Automatic Grenade Launcher
SM – smoke
SMAW – Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon
SMG – sub-machine gun
SMK – Smoke
SMP – Surface Mine Plough
SMU – Special Mission Unit
SNAFU – Situation Normal, All Fouled Up
SNCO – Staff Non-Commissioned Officer (USMC, E-6 – E-9)
SNCOIC – Staff Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge (USMC)
SOCOM – Special Operations Command
SOF – Special Operations Forces
SOG – Speed Over Ground
SOP – Standing/Standard Operating Procedure(s)
SOS – Struck Off Strength
SP – Shore Patrol
SP – self-propelled
SP – Soft Point
SPAAG – self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
SPAAM – self-propelled anti-aircraft missile
SPAG – self-propelled assault gun
SPARK – solid propellant advanced ramjet kinetic energy missile
SPAS – Special Purpose Automatic Shotgun, like SPAS-12 or SPAS-15
SPATG – self-propelled anti-tank gun
SPAW – self-propelled artillery weapon
SPEAR – Small Precision Enhanced Aiming Rangefinder
SPG – self-propelled gun
SPH – self-propelled howitzer
SPIE – Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction
SPL – self-propelled launcher
SPLL – Self-propelled Loader Launcher
SPLY – Supply
SPM – self-propelled mortar
SPP – Special Purpose Pistol
SPR – Special Purpose Rifle
SPS – Standard Positioning Service
SPSM – Sensorgezundete Panzerabwehr SubMunition
SPW – Special Purpose Weapon
SR – Short Rifle
SR – Sniper Rifle
SR – Staff Requirement
SR – Special Reconnaissance
SRR – Special Reconnaissance Regiment
SRAW – Short Range Assault Weapon
SRC – Space Research Corporation
SRG – shell replenishment gear
SRI – Short Range Insert
SRTS – Short Range Thermal Sight
SRU – Shop Replaceable Unit
SRU – Slip Ring Unit
SRV – Surrogate Research Vehicle (US)
SS – Submarine
SSA – Special Spaced Armour
SSE – Sensitive Site Exploitation
SSG – Single Shot Gun
SSK – Single Shot Kill
SSR – Sniper Support Rifle
SSR – Special Support and Reconnaissance Company (DNK)
SSW – Squad Support Weapon
ST6 – Seal Team Six
ST – Staff Target
STA – shell transfer arm
STAB – Steered Agile Beams
STAFF – Small Target Activated Fire-and-Forget (US)
STANAG – STANdardisation Agreement
STARTLE – Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar for Tank Location and Engagement (US)
STE/ICE – Simplified Test Equipment/Internal Combustion Engine (US)
STF – Special Task Force
STORM – Small Tactical Optical Rifle-Mounted
STOVL – Short Take Off and Vertical Landing
STUP – spinning tubular projectile
SUB – SUBstitute
SUC – Square Ultra Compact
SUIT – Sight Unit Infantry Trilux
SUSAT – Sight Unit Small Arms Trilux
SWARM – Stabilised Weapon and Reconnaissance Mount
SWAT – Special Weapons And Tactics
SWC – Semi WadCutter
SWS – Sniper Weapon System
T
T – Tracer
TAAR – Tactical Air to Air Refueling
TACBE – Tactical beacon
TACMS – Army Tactical Missile System (US)
TACOM – Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (US)
TACP – Tactical Air Control Party
TAD – Temporary Additional Duty (Naval Services term) Temporary Duty
TADDS – Target Alert Display Data Set (US)
TADS – Target Acquisition and Designation System (US)
TAM – Tanque Argentino Mediano
TAS – Target Acquisition Subsystem
TAS – tracking adjunct system
TAS – Turret Attitude Sensor
TBAT – TOW/Bushmaster Armored Turret (US)
TC – Tank Commander, also Truck Commander (US Army)
TCO – Tactical Combat Operations
TCTO – Time-Compliance Technical Order
TCU – tactical control unit
TD – Tank Destroyer
TDCS – Tank Driver Command System
TDD – Target Detection Device
TDR – Target Data Receiver
TDY – Temporary Duty
TE – Tangent Elevation
TEL – Transporter-Erector-Launcher
TELAR – Transporter-Erector-Launcher And Radar
TES – Tactical Environment Simulation
TES – target engagement system
TESS – Telescopic Sighting System
TGMTS – Tank Gunnery Missile Tracking System
TGP – Terminally Guided Projectile
TGP – Targeting pod
TGS – Tank Gun Sight
TGSM – terminally guided submunition
TGTS – tank gunnery training simulator
TI – thermal imaging/imager
TIC – Troops In Contact
TICM – thermal imaging common modules
TID – Tactical Information Display
TIIPS – Thermal Imaging and Integrated Position System
TIM – Thermal Imaging Module
TIPU – Thermal Image Processing Units
TIRE – Tank Infra-Red Elbow
TIS – thermal imaging system
TISEO – Target Identification System Electro-Optical
TLC – Transport Launching Container
TLD – Top Level Demonstrations
TLE – Treaty Limited Equipment
TLP – Troop Leading Procedures (US)
TLR – Tank Laser Rangefinder
TLS – Tank Laser Sight
TM&LS – Textron Marine & Land Systems
TMBC – Turret Management Ballistic Computer
TMP – Tactical Machine Pistol
TMS – Turret Modernisation System
TMUAS – Turreted Mortar Under Armor System (US)
TNI – Tentara Nasional Indonesia
TNT – Trinitrotoluene
TO – Technical Order
TOE – Table of organisation and equipment
TOGS – Thermal Observation and Gunnery System (UK)
TOP – Total Obscuring Power
TOPAS – Transporter Obrneny Pasovy
TOTE – Tracker, Optical Thermally Enhanced
TOW – Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire command link guided (US)
TP – Target Practice
TP-FL – target practice flash
TP-S – or TPS Target Practice-Spotting/Signature
TP-SM – target practice – smoke
TP-SP – target practice – spotting
TP-T – target practice – tracer
TPCM – Target Practice Colour-Marking
TPDS – Target Practice Discarding Sabot
TPFSDS-T – target practice fin-stabilised discarding sabot – tracer
TPTF – Target Practice Time Fuzed
TR – Triple Rail
TRACER – Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment Requirement (UK)
TRACKSTAR – Tracked Search and Target Acquisition Radar System (US)
TRADOC – Training and Doctrine Command (US)
TSFCS – Tank Simplified Fire-Control System
TSQ – time and super-quick
TSR – Tavor Sporting Rifle
TT – transport de troupes (troop transporter)
TTA – Tactical Training Area
TTB – Tank TestBed (US)
TTD – Transformation Technology Demonstrator
TTG – Time To Go
TTS – Tank Thermal Sight
TU – Terminal Unit
TU – Traversing Unit
TUA – TOW Under Armor (US)
TUR – Tiefflieger-Ьberwachungs-Radar (low-level surveillance radar)
TV – Television
TWD – Thermal Warning Device
TWMP – Track Width Mine Plough
TWS – Thermal Weapon Sight
TYDP – Ten Year Defence Programme (Australia)
U
UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UBLE – Universal Bridge Launching Equipment
UCVP – Universal Combat Vehicle Platform
UDR – Ulster Defence Regiment
UET – Universal Engineer Tractor (US)
UGV – Unmanned Ground Vehicle
ULC – Unit Load Container
UMA – Universal Mounting Adapter
UMP – Universal Machine Pistol
USA – United States of America/United States Army
USAADS – U.S. Army Air Defense School
USAARMS – U.S. Army Armor School
USAAVNS – U.S. Army Aviation School
USAAF – United States Army Air Forces
USAF – United States Air Force
USCG – United States Coast Guard
USMC – United States Marine Corps
USN – United States Navy
USP – Universal Self-loading Pistol
UTL – Universal Tactical Light
UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator
UTS – Universal Turret System
UV – Ultraviolet
UW – Urban warfare
V
V – Volt(s)
VAB – Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (front armoured car)
VAB – Vickers Armoured Bridgelayer
VADS – Vulcan Air Defense System (US)
VAE – Vehiculo Armado Exploracion
VAK – Vehicle Adaptor Kit
VAPE – Vehiculo Apoyo y Exploracion
VARRV – Vickers Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle
VARV – Vickers Armoured Recovery Vehicle
VBC – Véhicule Blindé de Combat (armoured combat vehicle)
VBCI – Véhicule Blindé de Combat d'Infanterie
VBIED – Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device
VBL – Véhicule Blindé Léger (light armoured vehicle)
VBM – Véhicules Blindés Modulaires
VBSS – Visit Board Search Seizure
VC – Vehicle Commander
VCA – Véhicule Chenillé d'Accompagnement (tracked support vehicle)
VCC – Veicolo Corazzato de Combattimento
VCG – Véhicule de Combat du Genie (armoured engineer vehicle)
VCI – Véhicule de Combat d'Infanterie; Vehiculo combate infanteria (infantry combat vehicle)
VCP – Vehicle Check Point
VCR – variable compression ratio
VCR – Véhicule de Combat à Roues (wheeled combat vehicle)
VCR/AT – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Atelier Technique (salvage)
VCR/IS – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Intervention Sanitaire (stretchers)
VCR/PC – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Poste de Commandement (HQ)
VCR/TH – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Tourelle HOT (turret with four HOT ATGW)
VCR/TT – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Transport de Troupes (troop carrier)
VCTIS – Vehicle Command and Tactical Information System
VCTM – Vehiculo de Combate Transporte de Mortero (armoured mortar carrier)
VCTP – Vehiculo de Combate Transporte de Personal (armoured personnel carrier)
VDA – Véhicule de Défense Anti-aérienne (anti-aircraft defence vehicle)
VDAA – Véhicule d'Auto-Défense Anti-aérienne
VDC – Voltage Direct Current
VDM – viscous damped mount
VDSL – Vickers Defence Systems Ltd
VDU – visual display unit
VEC – Vehiculo de Exploraciòn de Caballerie
VEDES – Vehicle Exhaust Dust Ejection System (US)
VERDI – Vehicle Electronics Research Defence Initiative (UK)
VHIS – visual hit indicator system
VIB – Véhicule d'Intervention du Base
VIDS – Vehicle Integrated Defence System
VINACS – Vehicle Integrated Navigation and Command System
VIRSS – Visual and InfraRed Smoke Screening System
VITS – Video Image Tracking Systems
VLAP – Velocity-enhanced Long-range Artillery Projectile
VLC – Véhicule Léger de Combat (light armoured car)
VLI – Visible Light Illuminator
VLSMS – Vehicle-Launched Scatterable Mine System
VMA – Marine Light Attack Squadron
VMA(AW) – Marine All-Weather Attack Squadron
VMBT – Vickers Main Battle Tank
VMF – Marine Fighter Squadron
VMFA – Marine Fighter Attack Squadron
VMFA(AW) – Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron
VMGR – Marine Aerial Refueler/Transport Squadron
VMFP – Marine Aerial Reconnaissance Squadron
VMM – Marine Tilt-rotor (MV-22B) Squadron
VMU – Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron
VMR – Marine Transport Squadron
VMAQ – Marine Electronic Warfare Attack Squadron
VMS – Vehicle Motion Sensor
VNAS – Vehicle Navigation Air System
VRL – Véhicule Reconnaissance Léger (light reconnaissance vehicle)
VSEL – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd
VT – variable time (fuse)
VTOL – Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft
VTP – véhicule transport de personnel (personnel carrier)
VTT – véhicule transport de troupe (troop transporter)
VVSS – vertical volute spring suspension
VXB – Véhicule Blindé à Vocations Multiples (multipurpose armoured car)
W
WAAC – Women's Auxiliary Army Corps and individual members of; obsolete
WAC – Women's Army Corps and individual members of; obsolete
WAF – Women (in the) Air Force and individual members of; obsolete
WAM – Wide Area Mines (US)
WAMI – Wide Area Motion Imagery (US)
WAPC – Wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier (Canada)
WASAD – Wide Angle Surveillance and Automatic Detection Device
WAV – Wide Angle Viewing
WAVES – Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (USN); obsolete
WES – Wing Engineer Squadron (USMC)
WFOV – Wide Field of View
WFSV – Wheeled Fire Support Vehicle (Canada)
WHA – Wounded Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)
WHA – Weapons Head Assembly
WHSA – Weapons Head Support Assembly
WLR – Weapon Locating Radar
WM – Woman/Women Marine(s)
WMD – Weapon(s) of Mass Destruction
WMRV – Wheeled Maintenance and Recovery Vehicle (Canada)
WNHA – Wounded Non-Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)
WP – white phosphorus
WP-T – white phosphorus – tracer
WSM – Winchester Short Magnum
WTS – Wing Transportation Squadron (USMC)
X
XO – Executive Officer
Y
YMRS – Yugoslav multiple rocket system
Z
ZULU – Zulu time (timezone equivalent to UTC)
Contents
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
List of established military terms
List of military tactics
Glossary of firearms terminology
List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
Military Abbreviations www.marx-mil.com by Stefan Marx
References
^ Australian War Memorial. "Glossary". p. R. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
External links
Armor and Artillery Glossary
Infantry Weapons Glossary
FM 17-97 Cavalry Troop (October 1995)
FM 5-19 (formerly FM 100–14) Composite Risk Management (21 Aug 2006)
Ministry of Defence acronyms and abbreviations
Military abbreviations and Dictionaries
Military acronyms and military abbreviations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation"},{"link_name":"acronyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"List of abbreviations, acronyms and initials related to military subjects such as modern armour, artillery, infantry, and weapons, along with their definitions.Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Glossary of military abbreviations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"AEGIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Amphibious_Assault_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Anti-Aircraft Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"Appliqué armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9_armor"},{"link_name":"Army after next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Force_Warrior"},{"link_name":"armoured personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"After Action Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Action_Review"},{"link_name":"Amphibious assault vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Assault Amphibious Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Amphibious_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Anti-Aircraft Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Warfare"},{"link_name":"Air burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"Atomic, biological, chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical,_biological,_radiological,_and_nuclear"},{"link_name":"chemical, biological, radiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical,_biological,_radiological,_and_nuclear"},{"link_name":"Nuclear, Biological, Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear,_Biological,_Chemical"},{"link_name":"Aviation battalion (combat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_aircraft_battalions"},{"link_name":"Air Bursting Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airburst_round"},{"link_name":"Anti-Ballistic Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile"},{"link_name":"AEGIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System"},{"link_name":"Ballistic Missile Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Defense"},{"link_name":"Air Bursting Ammunition System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_bursting_ammunition_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Army Base Repair Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Base_Repair_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Aww-Busting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aww-Busting_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-skid Braking System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"Armoured Battlegroup Support Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Battlegroup_Support_Vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Airman Battle Uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_commander"},{"link_name":"Alternating Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"Ammunition Container Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammunition_container_assembly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Composite Armoured Vehicle Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Composite_Armoured_Vehicle_Platform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abrams/Crusader Common Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abrams/Crusader_Common_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Cavalry Cannon Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armored_Cavalry_Cannon_Vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Combat Earthmover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Combat_Earthmover"},{"link_name":"Advanced Combat Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICH_TC-2000_Combat_Helmet"},{"link_name":"MICH TC-2000 Combat Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICH_TC-2000_Combat_Helmet"},{"link_name":"Automatic Command to Line of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Command_to_Line_of_Sight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Optical_Gunsight"},{"link_name":"Automatic Colt Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Colt_Pistol"},{"link_name":"Advanced Combat Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Armored cavalry regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cavalry_regiment"},{"link_name":"Army Combat Uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Combat_Uniform"},{"link_name":"Antenna Coupler Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_coupler"},{"link_name":"Aardvark Clearing Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_JSFU"},{"link_name":"Armored Combat Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Analog to Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defense_artillery"},{"link_name":"Area Denial Artillery Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_denial_artillery_munition"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Anti-Tank System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defence_Anti-Tank_System"},{"link_name":"Australian Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Australian Defense Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Industries"},{"link_name":"Active electronically scanned array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Electronically_Scanned_Array"},{"link_name":"Airborne Early Warning and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control"},{"link_name":"Armored engineer vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Engineer_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"aerial rocket artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_Rocket_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Australian Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Automatic Fire-Control Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_fire_suppression"},{"link_name":"Aqueous Fire Fighting Foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting_foam"},{"link_name":"Air Force Specialty Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code"},{"link_name":"Armored Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Army Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"Above Ground Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_ground_level"},{"link_name":"Automatic Grenade Launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"Armored Gun System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Gun_System"},{"link_name":"Ampere hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere_hour"},{"link_name":"Accuracy International Chassis System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_International_Chassis_System"},{"link_name":"Advanced Individual Combat Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Individual_Combat_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Imperial_Force_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Automatic Identification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_identification_system"},{"link_name":"Advanced Land Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Land_Combat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-purpose_Lightweight_Individual_Carrying_Equipment"},{"link_name":"Advanced Lightweight Torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_50_torpedo"},{"link_name":"United States Army Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"Air and Missile Defense Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_and_Missile_Defense_Radar"},{"link_name":"Active-Matrix Liquid Crystal Display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-matrix_liquid-crystal_display"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan Mission Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Mission_Network"},{"link_name":"Advanced Mortar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOS"},{"link_name":"Anti-materiel rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle"},{"link_name":"Anniston Army Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston_Army_Depot"},{"link_name":"ANZAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC"},{"link_name":"ANZUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS"},{"link_name":"Area of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_operations"},{"link_name":"Air observation post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_observation_post"},{"link_name":"Anti-Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-personnel_weapon"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Ballistic Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Piercing_Ballistic_Cap"},{"link_name":"Armored Personnel Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Capped Ballistic Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"Anti-Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-personnel_weapon"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Fin-stabilized Discarding Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilised Discarding Sabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding_sabot"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Precision-Guided Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_precision-guided_munition"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing High-Explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_high-explosive"},{"link_name":"Armor-Piercing Incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour-piercing_incendiary"},{"link_name":"Anti-Personnel Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-personnel_mine"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Power Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit"},{"link_name":"ArmaLite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArmaLite"},{"link_name":"Assault Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance/Airborne_Assault_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Anti-Reflective Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-reflective_device&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armament_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Center"},{"link_name":"Automatic Day/Night Optical Tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_day/night_optical_tracker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atelier de Construction Roanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atelier_de_Construction_Roanne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armor Remote Target System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armour_Remote_Target_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Radiation Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile"},{"link_name":"Armored and Mechanized Unit Air Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_and_Mechanised_Unit_Air_Defence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armament Manufacturing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armament_Manufacturing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-armor Vehicle Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-armor_vehicle_evaluation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Radiation Projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile"},{"link_name":"Armored Repair Plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_repair_plates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armament Research and Development Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center"},{"link_name":"Armored Repair and Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Reconnaissance_Scout_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Armored Recon Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Recon_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armed Robotic Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Robotic_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Advanced security agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_security_agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Army Systems Acquisition Review Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Systems_Acquisition_Review_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austrian Spanish Co-operative Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Spanish_Co-operative_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Air-to-Surface Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile"},{"link_name":"Artillery Saturation Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery_Saturation_Rocket_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Security Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1117_Armored_Security_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Ammunition Supply Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammunition_supply_vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank"},{"link_name":"Ape Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ape_tape&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Tank Cannon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_tank_cannon_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Automatic Target Acquisition System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_target_acquisition_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Towed Cannon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_towed_cannon_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_technology_demonstration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Demonstrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_technology_demonstrator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Automatic Target Detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_target_recognition"},{"link_name":"Automatic Target Detection and Tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_target_recognition"},{"link_name":"Armored Trials and Development Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Trials_and_Development_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Engine"},{"link_name":"Automated Targeting and Fire Control System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automated_Targeting_and_Fire_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank Grenade Launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_grenade_launcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank Guided Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank Guided Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"Alliant Techsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Light Artillery System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_technology_light_artillery_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artillery Target Location Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery_target_location_vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Tank Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_mine"},{"link_name":"Automotive Test Rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_test_rig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Electric Drive System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_drive_system&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atelier de Construction de Tarbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atelier_de_Construction_de_Tarbes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Terrain Tracked Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Terrain_Tracked_Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Air Transportable Towed System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Transportable_Towed_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All-Terrain Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Armored TOW Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_TOW_vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armee Universal Gewehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr_AUG"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle General Purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_General_Purpose"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Vehicle_Heavy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Vehicle_Light&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored vehicle-launched bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_Vehicle_Medium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armoured_vehicle_reconnaissance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armored Vehicle Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Advanced Vehicle Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Vehicle_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Warfighting Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Warfighting_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Absent Without Official Leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion"}],"text":"A&TWF - Acquisition and Technology Work Force\na – Army\nAA - Assembly Area\nAA – anti-aircraft\nAA – AEGIS Ashore\nAAA - anti-aircraft artillery\nAAA – anti-aircraft artillery \"Triple A\"\nAAAV – Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle\nAAC - Army Acquisition Corps\nAAD – Armored Amphibious Dozer\nAAE - Army Acquisition Executive\nAADC – Area Air Defense Commander\nAAG – Anti-Aircraft Gun\nAAK – Appliqué armor kit (US)\nAAL - Additional Authorization List\nAAN – Army after next\nAAP – Advance Authority to Procure\nAAPC – advanced armoured personnel carrier (Turkiye)\nAARADCOM – Army Armament Research and Development Command\nAAR – After Action Review\nAASLT - Air Assault\nAAV – Amphibious assault vehicle\nAAV – Assault Amphibious Vehicle\nAAW – Anti-Aircraft Warfare\nAAWC – Anti-Aircraft Warfare Coordinator\nAB – Air burst\nABC – Atomic, biological, chemical (replaced by chemical, biological, radiological (CBR), and Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC))\nABC – Automatic brightness control\nABCS - Automated Battlefield Control System\nAB(C) – Aviation battalion (combat)\nABIT – Advanced Built-In Test\nABM – Air Bursting Munition\nABM – Anti-Ballistic Missile\nABMD – AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense\nABMS – Air Bursting Ammunition System\nABN - Airborne\nABNSOTD - Airborne and Special Operations Test Directorate\nABRO – Army Base Repair Organization\nABS – Aww-Busting System\nABS – Anti-skid Braking System\nABSP – AEGIS Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Signal Processor\nABSV – Armoured Battlegroup Support Vehicle\nABU — Airman Battle Uniform\nA/C – Aircraft Commander\nAC – Alternating Current\nACA - ATEC Contracting Activity\nACA – Ammunition Container Assembly\nACADA' – Automatic Chemical Agent Detector and Alarm\nACAVP – Advanced Composite Armoured Vehicle Platform (UK)\nACB – Advanced Capability Build\nACB/TI – Advanced Capability Baseline/Technical Insertion\nACC - Army Contracting Command\nACC – AEGIS Computer Center\nACCE – Abrams/Crusader Common Engine\nACCV – Armored Cavalry Cannon Vehicle (US)\nACD – Automated Common Diagrams\nACE – Armored Combat Earthmover (US)\nACEGIO – Advanced Conversion Equipment Group Input Output\nACF - Acquisition Career Field\nACF:T - Acquisition Career Field: Test & Evaluation\nACH – Advanced Combat Helmet (MICH TC-2000 Combat Helmet)\nACIE - Army Clothing and Individual Equipment\nACLOS – Automatic Command to Line of Sight\nACM – Acoustic Countermeasures\nACOG – Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight\nACOMMS – Acoustic Communications\nACP – Automatic Colt Pistol\nACP – Alignment control Panel\nACPU – Aft Central Processing Unit\nACR – Advanced Combat Rifle\nACR – Armored cavalry regiment\nACRV – Armored Command and Reconnaissance Vehicle\nACS – Artillery Communications System\nACS – AEGIS Combat System\nACS – Air Control Supervisor\nACS - Anti-Collision System\nACSC' – AEGIS Combat Systems Center\nACTD - Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration\nACTEDS - Acquisition Career Training and Education Development System\nACTS – AEGIS Combat Training System\nACU – Army Combat Uniform\nACU – Antenna Coupler Unit\nACV – Aardvark Clearing Vehicle\nACV – Armored Combat Vehicle\nACVT – Armored Combat Vehicle Technology Program (US)\nA/D – Analog to Digital\nAD - Air Defense\nADA – Air Defense Artillery\nADACS - Automated Data Collection System\nADAM – Area Denial Artillery Munition\nADAMS – Air Defense Advanced Mobile System (US)\nADAP – Advanced Digital Antenna Production\nADAP - Army Designated Acquisition Programs\nADATD - Air Defense Artillery Test Directorate\nADATS – Air Defense Anti-Tank System\nADATS - Army Development and Acquisition of Threat Simulators\nADC-A – Assistant Division Commander – Fire and Maneuver\nADC-B – Assistant Division Commander – Combat Support\nADEA – Army Development and Employment Agency\nADF – Australian Defense Force\nADG' – Acoustic Display Generator\nADI – Australian Defense Industries\nADM – Advanced Development Model\nADM – Acquisition Decision Memorandum [US]\nADMAS - Advanced Distributed Modular Acquisition System\nADNS – Automated Digital Network System\nADP - Automated Data Processing\nADPE - Automated Data Processing Equipment\nADS – Advanced Display System\nADSS - ATEC Decision Support System\nADTD - Air Defense Test Directorate\nAE – Action Express\nAEC - Army Evaluation Center\nAECU – Antenna Environmental Control Unit\nAEF – Allied expeditionary force\nAEP – Action Entry Panel\nAER – Alteration Equivalent to Repair\nAESA – Active electronically scanned array\nAEWC – Airborne Early Warning and Control\nAEV – Armored engineer vehicle\nAF – Air Force\nAF – And Following (as \"in DDG-113 AF ships will receive the AMDR Radar\")\nAFB - Air Force Base\nAFA/ARA – Aerial field artillery/aerial rocket artillery (US, Vietnam war era attack helicopter batteries employing 2.75 in. FFAR)\nAFARV – Armored, Forward Area, Re-arm Vehicle (US)\nAFAS – Advanced Field Artillery System\nAFATDS – Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System\nAFC – Australian Flying Corps\nAFC - Army Futures Command\nAFCS – Automatic Fire-Control Systems\nAFD – Automatic Feeding Device\nAFDL – Advanced Flight Deck Lighting\nAFF - Active Fire-and-Forget\nAFFLQ - Active Fire-and-Forget with Laser Cueing\nAFFF – Aqueous Fire Fighting Foam (smothers fire cutting off oxygen)\nAFOTEC - Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center\nAFSC – Air Force Specialty Code\nAFSS - Advanced Fire Support System\nAFSV – Armored Fire Support Vehicle\nAFTADS - Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System\nAFV – Armored Family of Vehicles (US)\nAFV – Armored Fighting Vehicle\nAG - Assistant Gunner\nAGC – Automatic Gain Control\nAGF – Army Ground Forces\nAGL – Above Ground Level\nAGL – Automatic Grenade Launcher\nAGLS – Automatic Gun Laying System\nAGS – Armored Gun System (US)\nAGS – Advanced Gun System\nAGV – Assault Gun Vehicle\nAGVT – Advanced Ground Vehicle Technology\nAh – Ampere hour\nAHA - Ammunition Handling Area\nAHC – Attack Helicopter Company (USA)\nAHE – Aircraft Handling Equipment\nAHS - Ammunition Handling System\nAHU - Air Handling Unit\nAI – Action Item\nAi - Area of interest\nAIC – Air Intercept Controller (US Navy)\nAICS – Accuracy International Chassis System\nAICW – Advanced Individual Combat Weapon\nAIF – Australian Imperial Force (Australia, WWI or WWII)\nAIFS – Advanced Indirect Fire System\nAIFV – Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle\nAIPS – Advanced Integrated Propulsion System (US)\nAIS – Automatic Identification System (US NAVY)\nAIS - Automated Information System\nAIT – Alteration Installation Team\nAIT – Advanced Information Technology\nAIT - Advanced Individual Training\nAITAS - ATRRS Internet Training Application System\nAK – Acknowledgement\nAKO - Army Knowledge Online\nAL&T - Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology\nALAAVS – Advanced Light Armored/Amphibious Vehicle System (US)\nALC – Advanced Land Combat (US)\nALDT - Administrative and Logistics Down Time\nALICE – All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment\nALMC - U.S. Army Logistics Management College\nALO – AEGIS Light Off\nALS – Advanced Laying System\nALS – Advanced Lighting System (flight deck)\nALSV – Armored logistics support vehicle\nALT – Armored launching turret\nALWT – Advanced Lightweight Torpedo\nAM – Acquisition Manager\nAMBL - Air Maneuver Battle Lab\nAMC – United States Army Materiel Command\nAMCAC - United States Army Materiel Command Acquisition Center\nAMC – Advanced Mortar Carrier (Turkey)\nAMCCOM – Armament Munitions and Chemical Command\nAMCOM - Aviation and Missile Command\nAMDBD - Army Medical Department Board\nAMEDD - Army Medical Department\nAMEDDC&S - Army Medical Department Center & School\nAMDR – Air and Missile Defense Radar\nAMDS – Anti-Missile Discarding Sabot\nAMF – Amphibische Mehrzweck-Fahrzeuge (multipurpose amphibious vehicle)\nAML – Automitrailleuse Légère (light armored car)\nAMLCD – Active-Matrix Liquid Crystal Display\nAMN – Afghanistan Mission Network\nAMOS – Advanced Mortar System\nAMPS – Afloat Master Planning System (US NAVY)\nAMPV - Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle\nAMR – Anti-materiel rifle\nAMR – Automitrailleuse de Reconnaissance\nAMRAAM - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile\nAMRDEC - Air and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center\nAMRWS – Advanced Multi-Role Weapon Station\nAMS – Armored Mortar System\nAMSAA - Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity\nAMSEC - Army Modeling and Simulation Executive Council\nAMS-H – Advanced Missile System – Heavy\nAMSO - Army Modeling and Simulation Office\nAMX – Atelier de Construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux\nANAD – Anniston Army Depot\nANR - Active Noise Reduction\nANZAC – Australia and New Zealand Army Corps\nANZUS – Australia New Zealand United States Treaty\nAO – Area of Operations\nAoA - Add-on Armor\nAOA - Avenue Of Approach\nAOI – Arab Organization for Industrialization\nAOP – Air observation post\nAOS – Add-on stabilization\nAOTR - Abbreviated Operational Test Report\nAP – Anti-Personnel\nAP – Armor-Piercing\nAPA - Army Procurement Appropriation\nAPAM – Anti-Personnel, Anti-Matériel\nAPBC – Armor-Piercing Ballistic Cap\nAPC – Army Personnel Centre\nAPC – Armored Personnel Carrier\nAPC – Armor-Piercing Capped\nAPCBC – Armor-Piercing Capped Ballistic Cap\nAPC-T – Armor-Piercing Capped – Tracer\nAPCT-BF – Armor-Piercing Capped Tracer – Base Fuse\nAPCNR – Armor-Piercing Composite Non-Rigid\nAPCR – Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid\nAPCRBC – Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid Ballistic Cap\nAPDS – Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot\nAPDS-T – Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot – Tracer\nAPE – Amphibisches Pionier-Erkundungsfahrzeug (amphibious front-line reconnaissance vehicle)\nAPEP – Armor-Piercing Enhancement Program\nAPERS – Anti-Personnel\nAPERS-T – Anti-Personnel Tracer\nAPFIDS – Armor-Piercing Fragmentation Incendiary Discarding Sabot\nAPFSDS – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot\nAPFSDS-T – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot – Tracer\nAPFSDS(P) – Armor-Piercing Fin-stabilized Discarding Sabot (Practice)\nAPFSDSDU – Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilised Discarding Sabot, Depleted Uranium\nAPG – Aberdeen Proving Grounds\nAPGM – Autonomous Precision-Guided Munition\nAPHC – Armor-Piercing Hard Core\nAPHE – Armor-Piercing High-Explosive\nAPI – Armor-Piercing Incendiary\nAPI-T – Armor-Piercing Incendiary - Tracer\nAPM – Anti-Personnel Mine\nAPMI - Accelerated Precision Mortar Initiative\nAPOD - Aerial Port Of Debarkation\nAPS – Advanced Propulsion System\nAPS – Artillery Pointing System\nAPSE – Armor-Piercing Secondary Effect\nAPSE-T – Armor-Piercing Secondary Effect – Tracer\nAP-T – Armor-Piercing - Tracer\nAPTE – Abrams Power Train Evolution (US)\nAPU – Auxiliary Power Unit\nAPV – Armored Patrol Vehicle\nAR – ArmaLite rifle\nAR – Assault Rifle\nAR - Army Regulation\nAR/AAV – Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle (US)\nARD – Anti-Reflective Device\nARDEC – Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center\nARDNOT – Automatic Day/Night Optical Tracker\nARE – Atelier de Construction Roanne\nARETS – Armor Remote Target System\nARFORGEN – Army Force Generation\nARL - Army Research Laboratory (US)\nARM – Anti-Radiation Missile\nARMAD – Armored and Mechanized Unit Air Defense\nARMD - Armored\nARMSCOR – Armament Manufacturing Corporation (South Africa)\nARMVAL – Anti-armor Vehicle Evaluation (US)\nARNG - Army National Guard\nAROC - Army Requirements Oversight Council\nARP – Anti-Radiation Projectile\nARP – Armored Repair Plates\nARRADCOM – Armament Research and Development Command\nARRV – Armored Repair and Recovery Vehicle\nARSV – Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle (US)\nART – Armored Recon Transport\nARV – Armored Recovery Vehicle or Armed Robotic Vehicle (XM1219)\nARTY - Artillery\nASA – Advanced security agency\nASAP – As soon as possible\nASARC – Army Systems Acquisition Review Council\nASCOD – Austrian Spanish Co-operative Development\nASE - Aircraft Survivability Equipment\nASI - Additional Skill Identifier\nASIP - Advanced System Improvement Program\nASM – Air-to-Surface Missile\nASP – Automatic, Self-Powered\nASP - Automation Support Plan\nAST - ATEC System Team\nASTROS – Artillery Saturation Rocket System (Brazil)\nASV – Armored Security Vehicle (US)\nASV – Ammunition Supply Vehicle\nASV - Army Supply Vehicle\nAYMWAR - Asymmetric Warfare\nAT – Anti-Tank\nAT – Ape Tape\nAT&L - Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics\nATACMS - Army Tactical Missile System\nATACS – Advanced Tank Cannon System (US)\nATAS – Automatic Target Acquisition System\nATC - Aberdeen Test Center\nATCAS – Advanced Towed Cannon System\nATCCS - Army Tactical Command and Control System\nATD – Advanced Technology Demonstration\nATD – Advanced Technology Demonstrator (US)\nATD – Automatic Target Detection\nATDT – Automatic Target Detection and Tracking\nATDU – Armored Trials and Development Unit (UK)\nATE – Advanced Technology Engine\nATE - Automatic Test Equipment\nATEC - Army Test and Evaluation Command\nATFCS – Automated Targeting and Fire Control System\nATG – Anti-Tank Gun\nATGL – Anti-Tank Grenade Launcher\nATGM – Anti-Tank Guided Missile\nATGW – Anti-Tank Guided Weapon\nATIRS - Army Test Incident Reporting System\nATK – Alliant Techsystems\nATLAS – Advanced Technology Light Artillery System\nATLV – Artillery Target Location Vehicle\nATM – Anti-Tank Mine\nATO - Authorization To Operate\nATR EDS - Automotive Test Rig – Electric Drive System\nATS – Atelier de Construction de Tarbes\nATSA - ATEC Threat Support Activity\nATTC – All Terrain Tracked Carrier\nATTS – Air Transportable Towed System\nATTS - Automatic Target Tracking System\nATV – All-Terrain Vehicle\nATV – Armored TOW Vehicle (Turkey)\nAUG – Armee Universal Gewehr\nAVGP – Armored Vehicle General Purpose (Canada)\nAVH – Armored Vehicle Heavy\nAVL – Armored Vehicle Light\nAVLB – Armored vehicle-launched bridge\nAVM – Armored Vehicle Medium\nAVR – Armored Vehicle Reconnaissance\nAVRE – Armored Vehicle Royal Engineers (UK)\nAVT – Advanced Vehicle Technologies (US)\nAUDS - Anti-UAV Defense System\nAUSA - Association of the U.S. Army\nAUTL - Army Universal Task List\nAV - Audio-Visual\nAVN - Aviation\nAVTD - Aviation Test Directorate\nAWE – Advanced Warfighting Experiment\nAWOL – Absent Without Official Leave\nAWS - Alternative Work Schedule\nAZ - Azimuth","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Air interdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interdiction"},{"link_name":"BAMCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_paragraph_order"},{"link_name":"M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Barrier Combat Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_Combat_air_patrol"},{"link_name":"Beach Armored Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Armoured_Recovery_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace Systems and Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Aerospace_Systems_and_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Artillery Target Engagement System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battlefield_Artillery_Target_Engagement_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biometrics Automated Toolset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biometrics_Automated_Toolset&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Base Bleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_bleed"},{"link_name":"Battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Blowback Shifted Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN-94"},{"link_name":"Battery Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_commander"},{"link_name":"Battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Battery Control Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_control_centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battery Command Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battery_command_post&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brigade Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_combat_team"},{"link_name":"Basic Combat Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_training"},{"link_name":"Bomb Damage Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_damage_assessment"},{"link_name":"Bunker Defeat Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M141_Bunker_Defeat_Munition"},{"link_name":"Battle Dress Uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_dress_uniform"},{"link_name":"Blank-Airing Adaptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank-firing_adaptor"},{"link_name":"Bradley Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Border Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_guard"},{"link_name":"Brake Horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_horsepower"},{"link_name":"RBS 56 BILL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS_56_BILL"},{"link_name":"RBS 56B BILL 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS_56B_BILL_2"},{"link_name":"Built-in test equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_test_equipment"},{"link_name":"Blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)"},{"link_name":"Battalion Landing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion_Landing_Team"},{"link_name":"Battle management language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_management_language"},{"link_name":"BMP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-1"},{"link_name":"BMP-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-2"},{"link_name":"BMP-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP-3"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Management System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_management_system"},{"link_name":"Battle Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_rifle"},{"link_name":"Brigade Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_support_battalion"},{"link_name":"Boat Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)"},{"link_name":"Bullet Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_trap"},{"link_name":"BILL Under Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BILL_under_armour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Built-Up Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_up_area"},{"link_name":"Biological Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Bionix AFV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionix_AFV"}],"text":"BAe – British Aerospace\nBAI – Battlefield Air interdiction\nBAMCIS – Begin the Planning, Arrange Recon, Make Recon, Complete Planning, Issue Order, Supervise\nBAR – M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle\nBARCAP – Barrier Combat Air Patrol\nBARF - Base And Range Facilities\nBARV – Beach Armored Recovery Vehicle\nBAS - Battlefield Automated System\nBAS - Basic Allowance for Substance\nBASE – British Aerospace Systems and Equipment\nBASOPS - Base Operations\nBATES – Battlefield Artillery Target Engagement System\nBAT – Biometrics Automated Toolset\nBAWS - Biological Agent Warning System\nBB – Base Bleed\nBB – Battleship\nBBSP – Blowback Shifted Pulse\nBC – Battery Commander or Battalion Commander\nBC – Battlecruiser\nBCC – Battery Control Centre\nBCIS - Battlefield Combat Identification System\nBCP – Battery Command Post\nBCS - Bridge Crossing Simulator\nBCT – Brigade Combat Team (US)\nBCT – Basic Combat Training\nBCV – Battle Command Vehicle\nBD – Base Detonating\nBDA – Browning Double Action or Bomb Damage Assessment\nBDAR - Battle Damage Assessment And Repair\nBDE - Brigade\nBDM – Bunker Defeat Munition\nBDU – Battle Dress Uniform\nBE – Base Ejection\nBFA – Blank-Airing Adaptor or Blank-Firing Attachment\nBFV – Bradley Fighting Vehicle\nBFVS - Bradley Fighting Vehicle System\nBG – Border Guard or Brigadier General\nBG - Bombardment Group\nBH - Black Hot\nBHOT - Black Hot (image in a thermal sight)\nbhp – Brake Horsepower\nBIFF – Battlefield Identification Friend or Foe\nBII - Basic Issued Item\nBILL – Bofors, infantry, light and lethal, referring to RBS 56 BILL or RBS 56B BILL 2\nBIT - Built-In Test\nBIT/ST - Built-In Test/Self-Test\nBITE – Built-in test equipment\nBL – Blank\nBL-T – Black tracer\nBLITS – Beta lighted infantry telescope system\nBLOS - Beyond Line-Of-Sight\nBL-T - Blank - Tracer\nBLT – Battalion Landing Team\nBLR – Blindado Ligero de Ruedas\nBLRIP - Beyond Low-Rate Initial Production\nBLWE - Battle Lab Warfighting Experiement\nBM – Brigade Major\nBMC4I - Battle Management Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence\nBMD - Ballisitic Missile Defense\nBMF – Belgian Mechanical Fabrication\nBML – Battle management language\nBMNT – Begin Morning Nautical Twilight\nBMP – Pronounced \"bimp\". Former Warsaw Pact IFVs including BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3, etc.\nBMR – Blindado Medio de Ruedas\nBMS – Battalion Mortar System\nBMS – Battlefield Management System\nBNCC (USAF) – Base network control center\nBN - Battalion\nBNS – BILL Night Sight\nBO - Blackout\nBOCV – Battery Operations Center vehicle\nBOG-Dwell – Boots on the Ground – Dwell (down time)\nBOI - Basis Of Issue\nBOL – Bearing-only launch\nBOLTS – Bolt-On Loading Tray System\nBOIP - Basis Of Issue Plan\nBOSS – Ballistic Optimizing Shooting System\nBOSS - Better Opportunity for Single Soldiers\nBPI - Bolt Position Indicator\nBPS – Battery Power Source\nBPT - Be Prepared To\nBPS - Battery Power Source\nBR – Battle Rifle\nBRAC - Base Realignment And Closure\nBRDEC - Belvoir Research and Development Engineering Center\nBRKR - Breaker\nBRS - Brake Release Switch\nBRSGHT - Boresight\nBRT - Bright or Brightness\nBSA - Base Support Agreement\nBSB – Brigade Support Battalion\nBSD - Boresight Device\nBSP – Bright Source Protection\nBSSG – Brigade Service Support Group\nBST – Basic Skills Trainer\nBT – Boat Tail\nBT – Bullet Trap\nBTA – Best Technical Approach\nBTA - Battle Training Area\nBTRY – Battery\nBTU – Bullet Trap Universal\nBTU - British Thermal Unit\nBTY - Battery\nBUA – BILL Under Armor or Built-Up Area\nBUB - Battlefield Update Briefing\nBW – Biological Warfare\nBW - Black/White\nBX – Bionix AFV","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Command and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"C3I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Composition C-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-4_(explosive)"},{"link_name":"C4ISTAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"C5I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"C6ISR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Combat Action Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Badge"},{"link_name":"Computer-Assisted Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"Commander Air Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Air_Group"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Combat Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_air_patrol"},{"link_name":"Close Air Support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"Casualty Evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_evacuation"},{"link_name":"Heavy Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"CBRNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"},{"link_name":"Charge-Coupled Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"Constantly Computed Impact Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantly_computed_impact_point"},{"link_name":"Close Combat Optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimpoint_CompM2"},{"link_name":"Closed-Circuit Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"Candela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela"},{"link_name":"Communications-Electronics Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Communications-Electronics_Command"},{"link_name":"CENTCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"CENTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTO"},{"link_name":"Communications electronics operating instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_electronics_operating_instruction"},{"link_name":"Circular error probable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable"},{"link_name":"Engineer Services Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Services_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Combat engineer vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Commanding General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_general"},{"link_name":"Combat Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_information_centre"},{"link_name":"CILAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CILAS"},{"link_name":"Commander In-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Combat Identification Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Identification_Panel"},{"link_name":"Chartered Industries of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Kinetics"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"Close-In Weapons System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system"},{"link_name":"Light Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Cannon-Launched Guided Projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon-launched_guided_projectile"},{"link_name":"Command to Line Of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_to_line-of-sight"},{"link_name":"FGM-148 Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin"},{"link_name":"Cadmium–Mercury Telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"Night Vision Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-vision_device"},{"link_name":"Close of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_of_Business"},{"link_name":"Commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"Counterinsurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency"},{"link_name":"Communications Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Zone"},{"link_name":"Combat Outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_outpost"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"Commercial-Off-The-Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf"},{"link_name":"Command Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Post"},{"link_name":"Close Quarters Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-quarters_combat"},{"link_name":"Close-Quarters Battle Receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Quarters_Battle_Receiver"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Commando_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Collaborative Research into Small Arms Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Research_into_Small_Arms_Technology"},{"link_name":"Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Remotely_Operated_Weapon_Station"},{"link_name":"Cathode Ray Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube"},{"link_name":"Confined Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confined_space"},{"link_name":"Combat Support Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Support_Boat"},{"link_name":"Case Telescoped Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoped_ammunition"},{"link_name":"Central Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Pact"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Combat Vehicle 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90"},{"link_name":"Chemical Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare"},{"link_name":"Continuous Wave radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-wave_radar"}],"text":"C/G - Contractor or Government\nC/J - Communications/Jam\nC&L - Capabilities and Limitations\nC2 – Command and Control\nC2E - Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation\nC2I - Command, Control, and Intelligence\nC2V - Command and Control Vehicle\nC3 - Command, Control, and Communications\nC3I – Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence\nC4 – Composition C-4\nC4I - Command Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence\nC4IEWS - Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Electronic Warfare and Sensors\nC4ISR - Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance\nC4ISTAR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target acquisition, And Reconnaissance\nC5I – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Collaboration and Intelligence\nC6ISR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber-defense, Combat systems and intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance\nCA - Certification Authority\nCAA - Center for Army Analysis\nCAB – Combat Aviation Battalion\nCAB – Combat Action Badge\nCAC - Common Access Card\nCACDA - Combined Arms Combat Development (US Army)\nCAD – Computer-Assisted Design\nCAD - Chemical Agent Detector\nCAE - Component Acquisition Executive\nCAG – Commander Air Group\nCAGEC - Commercial And Government Entity Code\nCAIV - Cost As an Independent Variable\nCAL – Canadian Arsenals Limited\nCAL - Caliber\nCALIB - Calibration\nCAN - Control Area Network\nCAP - Crisis Action Planning\nCAP – Civil Air Patrol (USAF civilian auxiliary)\nCAP – Combat Air Patrol\nCAP – Combustible Augmented Plasma\nCAP – Covering Agent Program\nCAR - Corrective Action Report\nCAR - Combined Arms Rehearsal\nCARRV – Challenger Armored Repair and Recovery Vehicle\nCART - Corrective Action Review Team\nCAS – Close Air Support\nCASEVAC – Casualty Evacuation\nCASTFOREM - Combined Arms Task Force Evaluation Model\nCAT/FCS – Command Adjusted Trajectory/Fire-Control System (US)\nCAT/LCV – Combined Arms Team/Lightweight Combat Vehicle (US)\nCATK - Counter Attack\nCATT – Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (UK)\nCATT-B – Component Advanced Technology TestBed (US)\nCAV - Cavalry\nCAV – Composite Armored Vehicle (US)\nCAWS – Cannon Artillery Weapons Systems (US)\nCAX – Combined Arms Exercise\nCB – Heavy Cruiser\nCBIT - Continuous Built-In Test (BIT)\nCBMS - Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer\nCPDP - Chemical, Biological Defense Program\nCBR – Chemical, Biological, Radiological\nCBRNE – Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive\nCBS - Corps Battle Simulator\nCBT - Computer Based Training\nCBTDEV - Combat Developer\nCBW - Chemical and Biological Warfare\nCC - Close Combat\nCCAWS - Close Combat Anti-Armor Weapons Systems\nCCB - Configuration Control Board\nCCC – Combustible Cartridge Case\nCCD – Charge-Coupled Device\nCCMA - Crew-Correctable Maintenance Action\nCCMD - Crew-Correctable Maintenance Action\nCCIP – Constantly Computed Impact Point\nCCO – Close Combat Optic\nCCP – Casualty Collection Point\nCCP – Computer Control Panel\nCCR – Crown Copyright Reserved\nCCTV – Closed-Circuit Television\nCCU – Central Control Unit\nCCU - Climate Control Unit\nCCV – Close Combat Vehicle\nCCV – Command and Control Vehicle (US)\nCCV-L – Close Combat Vehicle – Light\ncd – Candela\nCDA – Combat Defensive Action\nCDD - Capability Development Document\nCDM – Coastal Defense Missile\nCDR - Commander\nCDR - Critical Design Review\nCDRL - Contract Data Requirements List\nCDRT - Capabilities Development for Rapid Transition\nCDS - Configuration Data Set\nCDU – Command Display Unit\nCDU – Computer Display Unit\nCE – Chemical Energy\nCE - Continuous Evaluation\nC/E – Crew/Enlisted (enlisted aircrew member)\nCEAC - Cost and Economic Analysis Center\nCECOM - Communications and Electronics Command\nCECOM – Communications-Electronics Command\nCED - Contingency Exercise Deployment\nCEFO – Combat Equipment Fighting Order (webbing contents)\nCENTCOM – Central Command\nCENTO – Central Treaty Organization or Baghdad Pact\nCEOI – Communications electronics operating instruction\nCEP – Circular error probable\nCEPSARC - Concept Experimentation Program Schedule and Review Committee\nCERDEC - Communication and Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Center\nCERTEX - Certification Exercise\nCES – Engineer Services Regiment (Sri Lanka)\nCEPP – Controlled effect police projectile\nCET – Combat engineer tractor\nCEU – Computer electronics unit\nCEV – Combat engineer vehicle\nCF – Canadian Forces\nCF - Controlled Fragmentation\nCF – Controlled fragmentation\nCFE – Conventional forces Europe\nCFLCC - Coalition Forces Land Component Command\nCFT - Cross Functional Teams\nCFV – Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (US)\nCG – Commanding General\nCGS – Crew Gunnery Simulator\nCGS - Command and General Staff\nCHA – Cast Homogeneous Armor\nCHARM – Challenger Chieftain Armament\nCHEM - Chemical\nCHIP – Challenger Improvement Program\nCHS - Commander's Hand Station\nCI - Counter-Intelligence\nCI - Commander's Interface\nCIC – Combat Information Centre\nCIE - Clothing and Individual Equipment\nCIFV – Composite Infantry Fighting Vehicle\nCIG - Cannon Interface Gear\nCILAS – Compagnie Industrielle des Lasers\nCINC – Commander In-Chief\nCINCAFCOM - Commander-In-Chief, African Command\nCINCCENTCOM - Commander-In-Chief, Central Command\nCINCAD - Commander-In-Chief, Aerospace Defense Command\nCINCAL - Commander-In-Chief, Alaska\nCINCCFC - Commander-In-Chief, Combined Forces Command\nCINCEUR - Commander-In-Chief, Europe\nCINCHAN - Commander-In-Chief, Channel (NATO)\nCINCLANT - Commander-In-Chief, Atlantic\nCINCLANTFLT - Commander-In-Chief, Atlantic Fleet\nCINCMAC - Commander-In-Chief, Military Airlift Command\nCINCNET - Commander-In-Chief, Network\nCINCNORAD - Commander-In-Chief, North American Aerospace Defense Command\nCINCNORTH - Commander-In-Chief, Pacific\nCINCRED - Commander-In-Chief, Readiness Command\nCINCSOUTH - Commander-In-Chief, Southern Command\nCINCSTRIKE - Commander-In-Chief, Strike Command\nCINCUNC - Commander-In-Chief, United Nations Command\nCINCUNK - Commander-In-Chief, United Nations Force, Korea\nCINCUSAFE - Commander-In-Chief, U.S. Air Forces, Europe\nCINCUSAREUR - Commander-In-Chief, Army, Europe\nCINCUSNAVEUR - Commander-In-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe\nCIO - Chief Information Officer\nCIP – Combat Identification Panel\nCIPR - Concept In-Process Review\nCIS – Chartered Industries of Singapore\nCIS – Commonwealth of Independent States\nCITV – Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer (US)\nCIU - Commanders Interface Unit\nCIWS – Close-In Weapons System\nCIV - Civilian\nCJCS - Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff\nCJCSI - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction\nCJCSM - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual\nCJTF - Commander, Joint Task Force\nCKPT - Cockpit\nCL – Light Cruiser\nCLAMS – Clear Lane Marking System (US)\nCLASS – Computerized Laser Sight System\nCLAWS – Close Combat Light Armor Weapon System (US)\nCLAWS - Container Launched Attack Weapon System\nCLM-E - Continuous Learning Modules - Engineering\nCLGP – Cannon-Launched Guided Projectile (US)\nCLOE - Common Logistics Operating Environment\nCLOS – Command to Line Of Sight\nCLS - Combat Life Support\nCLS - Contract Logistics Support\nCLU – Command Launch Unit (as used in FGM-148 Javelin)\nCM - Counter Measures\nCMD - Command\nCM – Color-Marking or \"continue mission\"\nCMP - Configuration Management Plan\nCMV - Combat Mobility Vehicle\nCMS – Common Missile System\nCMS – Compact Modular Sight\nCMT – Cadmium–Mercury Telluride\nCMV – Combat Mobility Vehicle (US)\nCNCE - Communications Network Control Element\nCNP - Candidate Nomination Proposals\nCNVD – Clip-on Night Vision Device\nCOA – Course Of Action\nCOB – Close of Business\nCO – Commanding officer\nCo - Company\nCOA - Course of Action\nCOB - Close of Business\nCOC - Chain of Command\nCOCOM - Combatant Commander\nCOE - Chief of Engineers\nCOG – Course Over Ground\nCOI - Critical Operational Issue\nCOIC - Critical Operational Issues and Criteria\nCOIN – Counterinsurgency\nCOM/INT - Communications/Intercept\nCOMARLANT - Commander, U.S. Army Forces, Atlantic\nCOMDCAEUR - Commander, Defense Communications Agency, Europe\nCOMINT - Communications Jamming\nCOMJTF - Commander, Joint Task Force\nCOMOPTEVFOR - Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force\nCOMSAT - Communications Satellite\nCOMSEC- Communications Security\nCOMVAT – Combat Vehicles Armament Technology (US)\nCOMZ – Communications Zone\nCONOPS - Concept of Operations\nCONUS - Continental United States\nCOP – Combat Outpost\nCOS – Chief of Section\nCoS - Chief of Staff\nCOSCOM – Corps Support Command (US Army)\nCofS – Chief of Staff\nCOTAC – Conduite de Tir Automatique pour Char (tank automatic fire)\nCOTS – Commercial-Off-The-Shelf\nCOV – Counter Obstacle Vehicle (US)\nCP – Command Post\nCP – Concrete-Piercing\nCPD - Capability Production Document\nCPDU - Computer Power Distribution Unit\nCPL - Corporal\nCPO - Civilian Personnel Office\nCPOC - Civilian Personnel Operations Center\nCPR – Common Practice Round\nCPS – Cardinal Points Specification (UK)\nCPV – Command Post Vehicle\nCPV - Commander's Panoramic Viewer\nCPVEU - Commander's Panoramic Viewer Electronics Unit\nCPVSA - Commander's Panoramic Viewer Sensor Assembly\nCPX - Command Post Exercise\nCQB – Close Quarters Battle\nCQBR – Close-Quarters Battle Receiver\nCR – Capability Requirement\nCR – Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment\nCRB - Configuration Review Board\nCRB - Capstone Requirements Document\nC-RDAP - Civilian - Rotational Developmental Assignment Program\nCRISAT – Collaborative Research into Small Arms Technology\nCRM – Composite Risk Management (US)\nCRMP - Computer Resource Management Plan\nCROWS – Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station\nCRR – Carro de Reconhecimento Sobre Rodas (reconnaissance tracking scout car)\nCRT – Cathode Ray Tube\nCRTC - Cold Regions Test Center\nCRWG - Computer Resources Working Group\nCRU – Cable Reel Unit\nCS – Communications Subsystem\nCS – Confined Space\nCS – Communications Squadron (USAF)\nCSA - Chief of Staff (Army)\nCSAD - Commander's Situational Awareness Display\nCSC - Computer Software Concept\nCSCI - Computer Software Configuration Item\nCSB – Combat Support Boat\nCSE - Chargeable to Support Equipment\nCSF – Combined Service Forces\nCSI – computer-Synthesized Image\nCSM - Command Sergeant Major\nCSS - Combat Service Support\nCSSBL - Combat Service Support Battle Lab\nCSS – Computer Sighting System\nCSSD – Combat Service Support Detachment\nCT - Customer Test\nCTA – Case Telescoped Ammunition\nCTD – Concept Technology Demonstrator\nCTC - Combat Training Center\nCTEA - Cost and Training Effectiveness Analysis\nCTEIP - Central Test and Evaluation Improvement Program\nCTG - Cartridge\nCTI – Central Tire Inflation\nCTIS – Central Tire Inflation System\nCTO – Central Treaty Organization or Baghdad Pact\nCTP - Critical Technical Parameter\nCTSF - Central Technical Support Facility\nCTR – Close Target Recce\nCTR - Contractor\nCTRA – Carro de Transporte Sobre Rodas Anfibo (amphibious tracking scout car)\nCTT – Challenger Training Tank\nCUOPS – Current Operations\nCUP - Control Unit Panel\nCV - Commander's Vehicle\nCV – Aircraft Carrier\nCV90 – Combat Vehicle 90\nCVAST – Combat Vehicle Armament System Technology (US)\nCVC - Combat Vehicle Crewman's\nCVR(T) – Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) (UK)\nCVR(W) – Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Wheeled) (UK)\nCVRDE – Combat Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (India)\nCVT – Controlled Variable Time\nCVTTS – Combat Vehicle Targeting System\nCW – Chemical Warfare\nCWA - Chemical Warfare Agent\nCWBS - Contract Work Breakdown Structure\nCWG - Communications Working Group\nCWO - Chief Warrant Officer\nCWR – Continuous Wave radar\nCWS – Cupola Weapon Station\nCY - Calender Year","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"US Army Matériel Development and Readiness Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"Deep Air Support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_air_support"},{"link_name":"Defensive Aids System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_aids_system"},{"link_name":"Delayed-Blowback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed-blowback"},{"link_name":"Direct Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"Detroit Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Destruction of Enemy Air Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses"},{"link_name":"DEFCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFCON"},{"link_name":"Defence Evaluation and Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Dining Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess"},{"link_name":"Guided Missile Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Missile_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Defense Information Systems Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency"},{"link_name":"Digital Magnetic Compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_magnetic_compass"},{"link_name":"Designated marksman rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Defence Procurement Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Procurement_Agency"},{"link_name":"Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-Purpose_Improved_Conventional_Munition"},{"link_name":"diopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopter_sight"},{"link_name":"Defence Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle"},{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"drop zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_zone"}],"text":"D&O - Doctrinal and Organizational\nDA - Department of the Army\nDA – Double Action\nDAA - Designated Approving Authority\nDAB - Defense Acquisition Board\nDAC - DEFCOM Analysis Cover\nDAE - Defense Acquisition Executive\nDAES - Defense Acquisition Evaluations System\nDAG - Data Authentication Group\nDAGR - Defense Advanced GPS Receiver\nDAHA – Dual-Axis Head Assembly\nDAIG - Department of the Army Inspector General\nDA IPR - DA In-Process Review\nDAO – Double Action Only\nDAP - Designated Acquisition Program\nDAP - Distant Aiming Point\nDAPS - Dismounted Assured P(osition, Navigation, Timing,) System\nDARCOM – US Army Matériel Development and Readiness Command\nDAREOD – Damaged Airfield Reconnaissance Explosive Ordnance Disposal\nDARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US)\nDARPANET - DARPA Network\nDAS – Deep Air Support\nDAS Director of the Army Staff\nDAS – Defensive Aids System/suite\nDASP – Demountable Artillery Surveillance Pod\nDATO - Denial Authority To Operate\nDAU - Defense Acquisition University\nDAWIA - Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act\nDB - Database\nDB – Delayed-Blowback\nDBBL - Dismounted Battle Battle Lab\nDC - Data Collector\nDC – Direct Current\nDCA - Digital Control Assembly\nDCA – Défense Contre Avions (anti-aircraft)\nDCAS - Defense Contract Administration Services\nDCB - Driver's Control Box\nDCCT – Dismounted Close Combat Trainer\nDCD - Directorate of Combat Developments\nDCG - Deputy Commanding General\nDCMA - Defense Contract Management Agency\nDCR - DOTMLPF Change Recommendation\nDCS - Diagnostic Control Software\nDD - Drivers Display\nDD – Detroit Diesel\nDD – Destroyer\nDDA – Detroit Diesel Allison\nDDS – Department of Defense Support\nDDU – Digital Display Unit\nDE - Data Element\nDEAD – Destruction of Enemy Air Defense\nDECA – Digital Electronic Control Assembly\nDEFA – direction des études et fabrications d'armement\nDEFCON – Defense Readiness Condition\nDEM/VAL - Demonstration and Validation (phase)\nDEP - Deputy\nDEPSECDEF - Deputy Secretary of Defense\nDERA – Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (UK)\nDESO – Defense Export Sales Organization (UK)\nDET - Detachment\nDEV - Developer\nDFAC – Dining Facility (US)\nDFCS – Digital Fire-Control System\nDFSV – Direct Fire Support Vehicle\nDFV – Desert Fighting Vehicle\nDDG – Guided Missile Destroyer\nDG – Door Gunner (Helicopter)\nDHA - Display Head Assembly\nDHSS – Data Handling Subsystem\nDIA – Defense Intelligence Agency (US)\nDIACAP - Department of Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process\nDIAG - Diagnostic\nDICON – Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria\nDID - Data Item Description\nDIMM - Dimmer\nDIP – Driver Instrument Panel\nDIPR - Detailed Test Plan in-Process Review\nDIR - Director\nDIS - Distributed Interactive Simulation\nDISA – Defense Information Systems Agency\nDISCOM – Division Support Command\nDISNET - Defense Integrated Secure Network\nDISUM - Daily Intelligence Summary\nDIVARTY – Division Artillery\nDLA - Defense Logistics Agency\nDMC – Digital Magnetic Compass\nDMR – Designated marksman rifle\nDMR - Detect, Mitigate, Recover\nDMSO - Defense Modeling and Simulation Office\nDMU – Distance Measurement Unit\nDN - Data Net\nDNRS – day/night range sight\nDoD – Department of Defense (US)\nDODD - Department of Defense Directive\nDODI - Department of Defense Instruction\nDODIG - Department of Defense Inspector General\nDOD-STD - Department of Defense Standard\nDOE - Design of Experiments\nDOIM – Directorate of Information Management (US Army)\nDOP – Department of Productivity\nDOS - Date of Separation\nDOT&E - Director, Operational Test and Evaluation\nDOTMLPF - Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel and Facilities\nDOTSP - Doctrinal and Organizational Test Support Package\nDP - Data Processing\nDP – demonstration purpose\nDP – dual purpose\nDPA – Defence Procurement Agency (UK)\nDPE - Data Processing Equipment (or Element)4\nDPEO - Deputy Program Executive Officer\nDPG - Defense Planning Guidance\nDPM - Deputy Program Manager\nDPM - Deputy Project Manager\nDPM - Deputy Product Manager\nDPICM – Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (US)\nDPTR – diopter\nDPW - Directorate of Public Works\nDQT - Development Qualification Testing\nDR - Data Requirement\nDR - Decision Review\nDRA – Defence Research Agency (UK)\nDRB - Design Review Board\nDRI - Detection, Recognition, & Identification\nDRM - Director of Resource Management\nDROPS – demountable rack offloading and pick-up system\nDROS – Date of Return Overseas (US)\nDRP - Data Reduction Plan\nDRT - Design Review Team\nDS - Direct Support\nDS/GS - Direct Support/General Support\nDS/T – practice discarding sabot/tracer\nDSA - Defense Supply Agency\nDSACS – direct support armored cannon system (US)\nDSAD - Driver's Situational Awareness Display\nDSAU - Diagnostic Signal Acquisition Unit\nDSETS – direct support electrical test system\nDSM - Data Source Matrix\nDSMC - Defense Systems Management College\nDSN - Defense Switched Network\nDSNET - Defense Secure Network\nDSO – Defence Sales Organisation\nDSRV – Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (US)\nDSS - Direct Support System\nDSSW - Defense Services Support - Washington\nDST - Direct Support Team\nDSWS – Division Support Weapon System\nDT - Developmental Test\nDT&E - Developmental Test and Evaluation\nDTAT – Direction Technique des Armements Terrestres\nDTC - Developmental Test Command\nDTG - Date Time Group\nDTIC - Defense Technical information Center\nDTIP - Developmental Test Instrumentation Program\nDTP - Detailed Test Plan\nDTRR - Developmental Test Readiness Review\nDTT - Doctrinal and Tactical Training\nDTT – driver training tank\nDTV - Driver's Thermal Viewer\nDU - Display Unit / Detector Unit\nDU – depleted uranium\nDUA TST - Directory User Agent Tactical Support Team\nDUSA - Deputy Under Secretary of the Army\nDUSA-TE - Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Test Evaluation\nDUSD - Deputy Under Secretary of Defense\nDUSD(ATL) - Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics\nDV – demining vehicle\nDVC - Day Video Camera\nDVE – driver's vision enhancer\nDVO - Direct Vision Optics\nDVO - Driver, Vehicle, and Operator (drop zone)\nDWFK – deep water fording kit\nDZ – drop zone","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"End of Active Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Active_Service"},{"link_name":"Electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure"},{"link_name":"Explosively Formed Penetrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Grenade Launcher Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_EGLM"},{"link_name":"Engineering and Installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Installation"},{"link_name":"Engineering and Installation Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Installation"},{"link_name":"Engineering and Installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Installation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"Electromagnetic Aircraft Launcher System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_catapult"},{"link_name":"Euromissile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"Explosive Ordnance Disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal"},{"link_name":"Electro-Optical Targeting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optical_targeting_system"},{"link_name":"enhanced radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_radiation_weapon"},{"link_name":"explosive reactive armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_reactive_armour"},{"link_name":"electro-slag refined steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-slag_refined_steel"},{"link_name":"Estimated Time of Arrival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated_time_of_arrival"},{"link_name":"Estimated Time of Departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated_time_of_departure"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"}],"text":"EAAK – Enhanced Appliqué Armor Kit (US)\nEAC – Enhanced Attitude Control (warthog A10)\nEAS – End of Active Service\nEAOS – Enhanced Artillery Observation System\nEBG – Engin Blindé Génie (armoured combat vehicle)\nEBR – Engin Blindé de Reconnaissance (armoured reconnaissance vehicle)\nEBRC – Engine Blindé à roues de Contact\nEC – Enhanced Carbine\nECB – Engineering and Construction Bulletins\nECM – Electronic countermeasures\nECOS – Enhanced Combat Optical Sight\nECS – Environmental Control Subsystem\nECV – Enhanced Capacity Vehicle\nEDD – Explosive Detonation Disruption\nEDS – Electric Drive System\nEFAB – Etablissement d'Etudes et de Fabrications d'Armement de Bourges\nEFC – equivalent full charge\nEFCR – equivalent full charge rounds\nEFM – Explosives Factory Maribyrnong\nEFP – Expanded Feasibility Phase\nEFP – Explosively Formed Penetrator\nEFV – Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (New name for AAAV)\nEFVS – Electronic Fighting Vehicle System (US)\nEG – External Gun\nEGLM – Enhanced Grenade Launcher Module\nEI – Engineering and Installation\nEIS – Engineering and Installation Squadron\nEI SIT – Engineering and Installation Site Implementation Team\nELB – Extended Life Barrel\nELEC – Electrical, Electric\nELEK – Electronic\nELEX – Electronics\nELKE – Elevated Kinetic Energy Weapon (US)\nELSAP – Elektronische Schiessanlage für Panzer (electronic fire system for tanks)\nEM – electromagnetic\nEMALS – Electromagnetic Aircraft Launcher System\nEMC – Executive Management Committee\nEMD – Engineering and Manufacturing Development\nEMDG – Euromissile Dynamics Group\nEMEW – Electromagnet Explosive Warhead\nEMG – externally mounted gun\nEMP – electromagnetic pulse\nEMPG – Electromagnetic Pulse Grenade\nENGESA – Engesa Engenheiros Especializados (Brazil)\nEOC – Essential Operational Capability\nEOD – Explosive Ordnance Disposal\nEOR – Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance\nEOTS – Electro-Optical Targeting System\nEOW – End of Watch\nEPC – Electronic plane conversion\nEPC – Engin Principal de Combat (future main battle tank)\nEPG – Enhanced Performance Grenade\nEPG – European Production Group\nEPG – European Programme Group\nEPS – Electrical Power Subsystem\nEPU – Electronics Processing Unit\nER – enhanced radiation\nER – extended range\nERA – explosive reactive armour\nERA – extended range ammunition\nERC – Engin de Reconnaissance Canon\nERFB – extended range full-bore\nERFB-BB – extended range full-bore – base bleed\nERGFCDS – Extended Range Gunnery Fire-Control Demonstration System\nERGP – extended range guided projectile\nERMIS – Extended Range Modification Integration System\nERP – Extended Range Projectile\nERSC – extended range subcalibre\nERV – emergency rescue vehicle\nERV – Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle\nES – Extreme Spread\nESAF – Electronic Safety and Arm Function\nESD – Electronique Serge Dassault\nESLDE – Eyesafe Laser Daylight Elbow\nESPAWS – Enhanced Self-Propelled Artillery Weapon System (US)\nESRS – electro-slag refined steel\nETA – Estimated Time of Arrival\nETC – ElectroThermal Cannon\nETD – Estimated Time of Departure\nETE – Estimated Time of Endurance\nETM – Electronic Technical Manuals\nETS – Elevated TOW System\nETS – Engineer Tank System\nETS – End of Term of Service (discharge date) (US)\nEW – electronic warfare\nEWK – Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern Gцppner\nEWS – external weapon station","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/MPQ-49_Forward_Area_Alerting_Radar"},{"link_name":"Forward Air Control(er)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_air_control"},{"link_name":"Field Artillery Computer Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Artillery_Computer_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forward Area Refueling Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_area_refueling_point"},{"link_name":"Future Assault Shell Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Assault_Shell_Technology_helmet"},{"link_name":"Fast Attack Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Attack_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Fleet Ballistic Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Ballistic_Missile"},{"link_name":"Fire-Control Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"fire-control equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"Future Combat System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems"},{"link_name":"Fire Control Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"fire direction centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Direction_Center"},{"link_name":"Forward Edge of the Battle Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line"},{"link_name":"Future Engineer Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Engineer_Tank"},{"link_name":"Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding-Fin_Aerial_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Fire for Effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_for_effect"},{"link_name":"Fitted For Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitted_For_Radio"},{"link_name":"Fitted For Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitted_For_Wireless"},{"link_name":"field gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"},{"link_name":"field howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Fighting In Built-Up Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_In_Built-Up_Areas"},{"link_name":"Foreign Internal Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense"},{"link_name":"Future Integrated Soldier Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Integrated_Soldier_Technology"},{"link_name":"Fire Support Team Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M981_FISTV"},{"link_name":"forward-looking infra-red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward-looking_infra-red"},{"link_name":"forward line of own troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_line_of_own_troops"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Field Manuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manuals"},{"link_name":"Titanium tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"Food Machinery Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Machinery_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Fleet Marine Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force"},{"link_name":"Full Metal Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_bullet"},{"link_name":"Federated Mission Networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Mission_Networking"},{"link_name":"Foreign Military Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales"},{"link_name":"Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Fabrique Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrique_Nationale"},{"link_name":"FNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNG_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Forward Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Observer"},{"link_name":"Forward Operating Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_operating_base"},{"link_name":"Full Operational Capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_operating_capability"},{"link_name":"Fibre Optic Gyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optic_gyroscope"},{"link_name":"forward observation officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_observation_officer"},{"link_name":"field of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"Focal Plane Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal-plane_array"},{"link_name":"Final Protective Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_protective_fire"},{"link_name":"fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"FRAGmentary Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentary_order"},{"link_name":"Field ration eating device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_ration_eating_device"},{"link_name":"Future Rapid Effect System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Rapid_Effect_System"},{"link_name":"fire support coordination line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace#Manoeuvre_control"},{"link_name":"fire support coordination measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace#Manoeuvre_control"},{"link_name":"fire support element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"fire support vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Frangible Training Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangible_ammunition"},{"link_name":"FUBAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUBAR"},{"link_name":"fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"}],"text":"FAAD – Forward Area Air Defense\nFAAR – AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar\nFAARP – Forward Area Arming & Refueling Point\nFAASV – Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (US)\nFAC – Forward Air Control(er)\nFAC-A – Forward Air Control(er)-Airborne\nFACE – Field Artillery Computer Equipment\nFAL – Fusil Automatique Légère\nFAPDS – Frangible Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot\nFARP – Forward Area Refueling Point\nFARS – field artillery rocket system\nFARV-A – Future Armored Resupply Vehicle – Artillery (US)\nFAST – Forward Area Support Team or Future Assault Shell Technology\nFAV – Fast Attack Vehicle (US)\nFBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation\nFBM – Fleet Ballistic Missile\nFBRV – Future Beach Recovery Vehicle (UK)\nFCC – Fire Command Centre\nFCC – Fire-Control Computer\nFCCVS – Future Close-Combat Vehicle System (US)\nFCE – fire-control equipment\nFCLV – Future Command and Liaison Vehicle (UK)\nFCS – fire-control system/subsystem\nFCS – Future Combat System\nFCU – Fire Control Unit\nFDC – fire direction centre\nFDCV – fire direction centre vehicle\nFDSWS – Future Direct Support Weapon System\nFEBA – Forward Edge of the Battle Area\nFEP – Firepower Enhancement Programme\nFET – Future Engineer Tank\nFFAR – Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket\nFFE – Fire for Effect\nFFR – Fitted For Radio\nFFSS – Future Fighting Soldier System\nFFW – Fitted For Wireless\nFG – field gun\nFH – field howitzer\nFIBUA – Fighting In Built-Up Areas\nFID – Foreign Internal Defense\nFIFV – Future Infantry Fighting Vehicle (US)\nFIRM – Floating Integrated Rail Mount\nFIS – Fuze Interface System\nFISH – Fighting In Someone's House (UK) (Colloquial. Slang term for FIBUA)\nFIST – Future Integrated Soldier Technology (UK), Fire Support Team (US)\nFISTV – Fire Support Team Vehicle (US)\nFITOW – Further Improved TOW (US)\nFLEA – Frangible Low-Energy Ammunition (i.e. a fragmentation grenade or a low-yield IED)\nFLIR – forward-looking infra-red\nFLOT – forward line of own troops\nFLSW – Future Light Support Weapon\nFM – U.S. Army Field Manuals\nFM – Titanium tetrachloride (code designation)\nFMBS – Family of Muzzle Brake/Suppressors\nFMC – Food Machinery Corporation\nFMF – Fleet Marine Force\nFMJ – Full Metal Jacket\nFMJBT – Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail\nFMJLF – Full Metal Jacket Lead Free\nFMN – Federated Mission Networking\nFMPDS – Frangible Missile Piercing Discarding Sabot\nFMS – Foreign Military Sales\nFMTV – Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles\nFN – Fabrique Nationale (Manufacturer)\nFNG – Fucking New Guy\nFO – Forward Observer\nFOB – Forward Operating Base\nFOC – Full Operational Capability\nFOD – Foreign Object Damage (i.e., damage not caused by enemy fire. Includes bugs, dirt, etc.) (Aviation)\nFOG – Fibre Optic Gyro\nFOM – Fibre Optic Missile\nFOO – forward observation officer\nFORTIS – Forward Observation and Reconnaissance Thermal Imaging System\nFOTT – Follow on to TOW\nFOV – field of view\nFPA – Focal Plane Array\nFPL – Final Protective Fire\nFRAG – fragmentation\nFRAGO – FRAGmentary Order. (see OPORD)\nFRED – Field ration eating device (Australia)\nFRES – Future Rapid Effect System\nFROG – free rocket over ground\nFSCL – fire support coordination line\nFSCM – fire support coordination measure\nFSCV – fire support combat vehicle\nFS – fire support element\nFSED – full-scale engineering development (US)\nFSSG – Force Service Support Group\nFST – Future Soviet Tank/Follow-on Soviet Tank\nFSV – fire support vehicle\nFSV – Future Scout Vehicle (US)\nFTA – Frangible Training Ammunition\nFTMA – Future Tank Main Armament\nFTS – Future Tank Study\nFTT – Field Tactical Trainer\nFUBAR – Fouled/Fucked Up Beyond All Reason/Recognition/Repair\nFUE – First Unit Equipped\nFUG – Felderitц Usу Gépkosci\nFV – fighting vehicle\nFV/GCE – fighting vehicle gun control equipment\nFVDD – Fighting Vehicle Development Division\nFVRDE – Fighting Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (UK)\nFVS – Fighting Vehicle System (US)\nFVSC – Fighting Vehicle Systems Carrier (US)\nFY – fiscal year","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gramme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"General Accounting Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office"},{"link_name":"Ground Based Air Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-based_air_defence"},{"link_name":"Gross Combined Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_combined_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics Land Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems"},{"link_name":"Government Furnished Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-Furnished_Property"},{"link_name":"gun-howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun-howitzer"},{"link_name":"Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIGN"},{"link_name":"Grenade Launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade_Launcher"},{"link_name":"gun lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laying"},{"link_name":"Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"General Motors Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Grenade Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System"},{"link_name":"Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"General Purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_(disambiguation)#Military"},{"link_name":"General Purpose Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Machine_Gun"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Gajaba Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajaba_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Grenade Rifle Entry Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMON_breach_grenade"},{"link_name":"Group, Range, Indication, Type of fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_discipline"},{"link_name":"Glavnoe Razvedyvatel'noe Upravlenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)"},{"link_name":"General Support Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Support_Rocket_System"},{"link_name":"Grenzschutzgruppe 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSG_9"},{"link_name":"Georgian Special Operations Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Special_Operations_Forces"},{"link_name":"Gross Trailer Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_trailer_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"Gross Vehicle Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Vehicle_Weight"},{"link_name":"Gemunu Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemunu_Watch"},{"link_name":"guided weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munition"}],"text":"g – gramme(s)\nG – gendarmerie\nGAMA – Gun Automatic Multiple Ammunition\nGAO – General Accounting Office\nGAP – Gun Aiming Post\nGBAD – Ground Based Air Defence\nGCE – gun control equipment\nGCT – Grande Cadence de Tir (high rate of fire)\nGCU – Gun Control Unit\nGCW – Gross Combined Weight (not \"Gross Combat Weight\"). Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) plus Gross Trailer Weight (GTW).\nGD – General Dynamics\nGDLS – General Dynamics Land Systems\nGDU – Gun Display Unit\nGFE – Government Furnished Equipment\nGH – gun-howitzer\nGIGN- Groupe d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (\"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group\")\nGIAT – Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres\nGL – Grenade Launcher\nGLATGM – Gun Launched Anti-Tank Guided Missile\nGLC – gun lay computer\nGLDNSM – Grenade Launcher Day-Night Sight Mount\nGLH-H – Ground-Launched Hellfire-Heavy (US)\nGLLD – Ground Laser Locator Designator (US)\nGLS – Gesellschaft für Logistischen Service\nGM, MVO – General Motors, Military Vehicle Operations\nGMC – General Motors Corporation\nGMG – Grenade Machine Gun\nGMLRS – Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System\nGMS – Gun Management System\nGND – Ground (electrical)\nGOCO – government-owned, contractor-operated (US)\nGOP – General Out Post\nGP – General Purpose\nGP – guided projectile\nGPMG – General Purpose Machine Gun\nGPO – gun position officer\nGPS – Global Positioning System\nGPS – gunner's primary sight\nGPSS – Gunner's Primary Sight Subsystem\nGR – Gajaba Regiment (Sri Lanka)\nGREM – Grenade Rifle Entry Munition\nGRIT – Group, Range, Indication, Type of fire\nGRU – Glavnoe Razvedyvatel'noe Upravlenie, meaning Main Intelligence Directorate\nGSR – General Staff Requirement (US)\nGSRS – General Support Rocket System\nGSG9- Grenzschutzgruppe 9 der Bundespolizei (Border Protection Group 9 of the Federal Police)\nGSOF – Georgian Special Operations Forces\nGST – General Staff Target\nGST – Gesellschaft fьr System-Technik\nGTCS – Gun Test and Control System\nGTG – Good To Go\nGTI – German Tank Improvement\nGTW – Gross Trailer Weight\nGVW – Gross Vehicle Weight. Curb weight plus max payload weight.\nGW – Gemunu Watch (Sri Lanka)\nGW – guided weapon","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour"},{"link_name":"Heckler and Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch"},{"link_name":"Heavy Assault Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Assault_Bridge"},{"link_name":"High Altitude High Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_altitude/high_opening"},{"link_name":"High Altitude Low Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Altitude_Low_Opening"},{"link_name":"Homing-All-the-Way-Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Hexachloroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachloroethane"},{"link_name":"Hollow Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_charge"},{"link_name":"HOLOgraphic Diffraction Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_diffraction_sight"},{"link_name":"high-explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"high-explosive fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"high-explosive fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"High-Explosive Anti-Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"High-Explosive Armor-Piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Explosive,_Armor-Piercing"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"Hybrid Electric Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain"},{"link_name":"high-explosive dual-purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_dual-purpose"},{"link_name":"high-explosive incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary"},{"link_name":"High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition"},{"link_name":"high-explosive incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary"},{"link_name":"High-Energy Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_energy_laser"},{"link_name":"Human Engineering Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Engineering_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck"},{"link_name":"rocket-assisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-assisted_projectile"},{"link_name":"high-explosive squash head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head"},{"link_name":"high-explosive squash head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head"},{"link_name":"Heavy Equipment Transport System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Equipment_Transport_System"},{"link_name":"Heavy Infantry Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M142_HIMARS"},{"link_name":"Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Helmet-Mounted Display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet-mounted_display"},{"link_name":"Heavy Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Machine_Gun"},{"link_name":"High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Mobility_Multipurpose_Wheeled_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Holographic Optical Element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_Optical_Element"},{"link_name":"Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Hollow Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet"},{"link_name":"Horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"Helicopter Rope Suspension Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_Rope_Suspension_Technique"},{"link_name":"Head-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"},{"link_name":"high-velocity armour-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Armor_Piercing"},{"link_name":"high-velocity armour-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Armor_Piercing"},{"link_name":"high-velocity armour-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Armor_Piercing"},{"link_name":"high-velocity armour-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Armour_Piercing"},{"link_name":"high-velocity armour-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Velocity_Armor_Piercing"},{"link_name":"horizontal volute spring suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_Volute_Spring_Suspension"}],"text":"h – hour(s)\nH&K – Heckler and Koch\nHAB – Heavy Assault Bridge (US)\nHAB – Heavy Artillery Brigade (UK)\nHAG – Heavy Artillery Gun\nHAHO – High Altitude High Opening\nHALO – High Altitude Low Opening, High Activity/Low Observable\nHAMS – Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron – Marine Aircraft Group (USMC)\nHAWK – Homing-All-the-Way-Killer (US)\nHB – heavy barrel\nHBAR – Heavy Barrel Assault Rifle\nHC – Hexachloroethane/zinc\nHC – high-capacity\nHC – Hollow Charge\nHCER – high-capacity extended range\nHCHE – high-capacity high-explosive\nHCT – HOT Compact Turret\nHDS – HOLOgraphic Diffraction Sight\nHE – high-explosive\nHE-APERS – high-explosive anti-personnel\nHE-FRAG – high-explosive fragmentation\nHE-FRAG-FS – high-explosive fragmentation – fin-stabilised\nHE-FS – high-explosive – fin-stabilised\nHE-S – high-explosive spotting\nHE-T – high-explosive tracer\nHE/PR – high-explosive practice\nHEAA – High-Explosive Anti-Armour\nHEAB – High-Explosive Air Burst\nHEAP – High-Explosive Armor-Piercing\nHEAP-T – high-explosive anti-personnel – tracer\nHEAT – high-explosive anti-tank\nHEAT-FS – high-explosive anti-tank fin-stabilised\nHEAT-MP – high-explosive anti-tank multipurpose\nHEAT-MP(P) – high-explosive anti-tank multipurpose (practice)\nHEAT-T – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer\nHEAT-T-HVY – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer – heavy\nHEAT-T-MP – high-explosive anti-tank – tracer – multipurpose\nHEAT-TP-T – high-explosive anti-tank – target practice – tracer\nHED-D – Hybrid Electric Drive – Demonstrator\nHEDP – high-explosive dual-purpose\nHEER – High-Explosive Extended Range (US)\nHEF – high-explosive fragmentation\nHEFT – High-Explosive Follow Through\nHEI – high-explosive incendiary\nHEIAP – High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition\nHEIT – high-explosive incendiary tracer\nHEL – High-Energy Laser (US)\nHEL – Human Engineering Laboratory (US)\nHELP – Howitzer Extended Life Program (US)\nHEMAT – Heavy Expanded Mobility Ammunition Trailer (US)\nHEMP – High-Explosive Multi-Purpose\nHEMTT – Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (US)\nHEP – high-explosive plastic\nHEP-T – high-explosive practice – tracer\nHEPD – high-explosive point detonating\nHERA – high-explosive rocket-assisted\nHESH – high-explosive squash head\nHESH-T – high-explosive squash head – tracer\nHET-PF – high-explosive tracer – percussion fuze\nHETF – High Explosive Time Fuzed\nHETS – Heavy Equipment Transport System\nHFCC – Howitzer Fire-Control Computer (US)\nHFHTB – Human Factors Howitzer TestBed (US)\nHFM – Heavy Force Modernisation (US)\nHIFV – Heavy Infantry Fighting Vehicle\nHIMAG – High-Mobility Agility Test Vehicle (US)\nHIMARS – High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System (US)\nHIP – Howitzer Improvement Program (US)\nHIRE – Hughes Infrared Equipment\nHITP – High-Ignition Temperature Propellant\nHIU – Heading Indicator Unit\nHMC – Howitzer Motor Carriage\nHMD – Helmet-Mounted Display\nHMG – Heavy Machine Gun\nHMH – Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron\nHMLC – High-Mobility Load Carrier\nHML/A – Marine Light/Attack Helicopter Squadron\nHMM – Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron\nHMMWV – High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle\nHMX – Marine Special Mission Helicopter Squadron\nHOE – Holographic Optical Element\nHOT – Haute subsonique Optiquement Téléguidé\nHow – Howitzer\nHP – High Power; Hollow Point\nhp – Horsepower\nHPFP – High-Performance Fragmentation Projectile\nHPS – Helmet Pointing System (or Sight)\nHPT – high-pressure test\nHRST – Helicopter Rope Suspension Technique\nHRU – Heading Reference Unit\nHS – Headquarters Squadron – Marine Wing Support Group (USMC)\nHSS – Hunter Sensor Suite\nHSTV(L) – High-Survivability Test Vehicle (Lightweight) (US)\nHTTB – High-Technology TestBed (US)\nHUD – Head-up display\nHVAP – high-velocity armour-piercing\nHVAP-T – high-velocity armour-piercing tracer\nHVAPDS – high-velocity armour-piercing discarding sabot\nHVAPDS-T – high-velocity armour-piercing discarding sabot – tracer\nHVAPFSDS – high-velocity armour-piercing fin-stabilised discarding sabot\nHVCC – High Velocity Canister Cartridge\nHVM – Hypervelocity Missile\nHVSS – horizontal volute spring suspension\nHVSW – Hypervelocity Support Weapon\nHVTP-T – high-velocity target practice – tracer\nHWSTD – High Water Speed Technology Demonstrator\nHYPAK – Hydraulic Power Assist Kit","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Israel Aircraft Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Aircraft_Industries"},{"link_name":"Infrared Aiming Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Improved Conventional Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_conventional_munition"},{"link_name":"Infantry Combat Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_combat_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Indirect fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_fire"},{"link_name":"Individual Defence Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Defence_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Improvised Explosive Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device"},{"link_name":"Independent European Program Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_European_Program_Group"},{"link_name":"Identification Friend or Foe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe"},{"link_name":"infantry fighting vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"image intensification/intensifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_intensifier"},{"link_name":"Integrated Logistic Support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_logistics_support"},{"link_name":"Insensitive Munition(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insensitive_munition"},{"link_name":"International Maritime Security Construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct"},{"link_name":"Inertial Measurement Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit"},{"link_name":"Indium-antimonide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide"},{"link_name":"initial operational capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_operating_capability"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_preparation_of_the_battlefield"},{"link_name":"Infra-Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"Intermediate-range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Inertial Reference Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_reference_unit"},{"link_name":"internal security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_security"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance,_target_acquisition,_and_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"Infra-red Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPIAL"},{"link_name":"Invitation To Tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_tender"}],"text":"I – Incendiary\nIAF – Indian Air Force\nIAFV – infantry armoured fighting vehicle\nIAI – Israel Aircraft Industries\nIAL – Infrared Aiming Light\nIASD – Instant Ammunition Selection Device\nIBAS – Improved Bradley Acquisition System\nICBM – Intercontinental ballistic missile\nICC – information co-ordination centre\nICM – Improved Conventional Munition\nICM – BB improved conventional munition base bleed\nICV – Infantry Combat Vehicle\nIDF – Israel Defense Forces\nIDF – Indirect fire\nIDW – Individual Defence Weapon\nIED – Improvised Explosive Device\nIEPG – Independent European Program Group\nIFCS – Improved/Integrated Fire-Control System\nIFF – Identification Friend or Foe\nIFV – infantry fighting vehicle\nIFVwCM – Infantry Fighting Vehicle with Integrated Countermeasures (US)\nIGLS – Individual Grenade Launcher System\nII – image intensification/intensifier\nIIR – Imaging Infra-Red\nILL – illuminating\nILMS – Improved Launcher Mechanical System\nILS – Integrated Logistic Support\nIM – Insensitive Munition(s)\nIMMLC – Improved Medium Mobility Load Carrier\nIMSC – International Maritime Security Construct\nIMU – Inertial Measurement Unit\nINSAS – Indian Small Arms System\nInSb – Indium-antimonide\nINS -Indian Naval ship\nIOC – initial operational capability\nIOF – Indian Ordnance Factory\nIPB – Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield\nIPF – Initial Production Facility\nIPO – International Programme Office\nIPPD – Integrated Product Process Development\nIR – Infra-Red\nIRBM – Intermediate-range ballistic missile\nIRU – Inertial Reference Unit\nIS – internal security\nISD – In Service Date\nISGU – Integrated Sight and Guidance Unit\nISR – Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance\nISU – Integrated Sight Unit\nISV – Internal Security Vehicle\nITAS – Improved Target Acquisition System\nITOW – Improved TOW\nITPIAL – Infra-red Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Laser\nITT – Invitation To Tender\nITV – Improved TOW Vehicle (US)\nIVPDL – Inter-Vehicle Positioning and Data Link (US)\nIWAT Insurgency Weapons And Tactics\nIW – Individual Weapon\nIWS – Improved Weapon System","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Air Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Joint Direct Attack Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Direct_Attack_Munition"},{"link_name":"Japan Ground Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Jacketed hollow point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacketed_hollow_point"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Joint Service Combat Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelli_M4"},{"link_name":"Japan Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Joint Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Jacketed Soft Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-point_bullet"},{"link_name":"Joint Service Small Arms Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Service_Small_Arms_Program"},{"link_name":"Joint Tactical Information Distribution System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Information_Distribution_System"}],"text":"JASDF – Japan Air Self-Defense Force\nJBMoU – Joint Ballistic Memorandum of Understanding\nJDAM – Joint Direct Attack Munition\nJERRV – Joint Engineer Rapid Response Vehicle\nJGSDF – Japan Ground Self-Defense Force\nJHP – Jacketed hollow point\nJMAC – Joint Medium-calibre Automatic Cannon\nJMSDF – Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force\nJOIR – Joint Operations Information Range\nJPO – Joint Project Office\nJSC – Joint Steering Committee\nJSCS – Joint Service Combat Shotgun\nJSDF – Japan Self-Defense Force\nJSOC – Joint Special Operations Command\nJSP – Jacketed Soft Point\nJSSAMP – Joint Services Small Arms Master Plan\nJSSAP – Joint Service Small Arms Program\nJTIDS – Joint Tactical Information Distribution System","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Armament Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Armament_Company"},{"link_name":"Kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"kilogramme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramme"},{"link_name":"Killed in Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Korean People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army"}],"text":"KAAV – Korean Armoured Amphibious Vehicle\nKAC – Knight's Armament Company\nKE – Kinetic energy\nKEC – Kaman Electromagnetics Corporation\nKEM – Kinetic Energy Missile (US)\nkg – kilogramme(s)\nKHA – Killed Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)\nKIA – Killed in Action\nKIFV – Korean Infantry Fighting Vehicle\nKNHA – Killed Non-Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)\nKPA – Korean People's Army","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landing Craft Air Cushion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Craft_Air_Cushion"},{"link_name":"Laser Aiming Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_aiming_module"},{"link_name":"Low-Altitude Parachute Extraction System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-altitude_parachute-extraction_system"},{"link_name":"Light Automatic Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Automatic_Rifle"},{"link_name":"LASER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Light Armored Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAV-25"},{"link_name":"Light Anti-tank Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_anti-tank_weapon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Liquid crystal display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display"},{"link_name":"Landing Craft Utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Craft_Utility"},{"link_name":"Line of Departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Departure"},{"link_name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"light emitting diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"Linked Feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Linear Induction Accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_accelerator"},{"link_name":"Low Intensity Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lyttleton Engineering Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttleton_Engineering_Works"},{"link_name":"low light level television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_light_level_television"},{"link_name":"Light Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Liaison Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_officer"},{"link_name":"Lock-On After Launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-on_after_launch"},{"link_name":"Line Of Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communication"},{"link_name":"Low-altitude parachute-extraction system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-altitude_parachute-extraction_system"},{"link_name":"Line Of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"Line Of Sight Beam Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_riding"},{"link_name":"Liquid Propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_propellant"},{"link_name":"Listening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening_station"},{"link_name":"Long Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_rifle"},{"link_name":"laser rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"Low-Rate Initial Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_rate_initial_production"},{"link_name":"Laser Rangefinder Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_reconnaissance_patrol"},{"link_name":"Line Replacement Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-replaceable_unit"},{"link_name":"Line-Replaceable Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-replaceable_unit"},{"link_name":"Lightweight Small Arms Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSAT_light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Landing signal officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_signal_officer"},{"link_name":"Light Support Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_support_weapon"},{"link_name":"Laser Target Designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Landing Vehicle Tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Wad Cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadcutter"},{"link_name":"Long Wave Infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-wave_infrared"},{"link_name":"laser warning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_warning_system"},{"link_name":"landing zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_zone"}],"text":"LAAG – light anti-aircraft gun\nLAAM – Light Anti-Aircraft Missile\nLCAC – Landing Craft Air Cushion\nLAD – light aid detachment\nLADS – light air defense system (US)\nLAG – Light Artillery Gun\nLALO – Low Altitude Low Opening\nLAM – Laser Aiming Module\nLAPES – Low-Altitude Parachute Extraction System\nLAR – Light Automatic Rifle\nLASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation\nLASIP – Light Artillery System Improvement Plan\nLATS – Light Armoured Turret System\nLAU – Light Armoured Unit\nLAV – Light Armored Vehicle (US)\nLAV – Light Assault Vehicle (US)\nLAV-AD – Light Armored Vehicle – Air Defense\nLAW – Light Anti-tank Weapon\nLB – Long Barrel\nLC – Laser Collimator\nLCD – Liquid crystal display\nLCS – Loader Control System\nLCU – Landing Craft Utility\nLCV – Light Contingency Vehicle (LCV) (US)\nLD – Low drag, Line of Departure\nLE – Law Enforcement\nLED – light emitting diode\nLEP – Life Extension Programme\nLEU – Launcher Erector Unit\nLF – ATGW Light Forces' Anti-Tank Guided Weapon\nLF – Linked Feed\nLFA – Low Flying Area\nLFHG – Lightweight Fragmentation Hand Grenade\nLFL – Light Fighter Lethality\nLIA – Linear Induction Accelerator\nLIC – Low Intensity Conflict\nLIMAWS – Lightweight Mobile Artillery Weapon System\nLION – Lightweight Infra-red Observation Night sight\nLIW – Lyttleton Engineering Works\nLKP – Loader Keyboard Panel\nLLAD – low-level air defence\nLLLTV – low light level television\nLLM – Launcher Loader Module\nLMAW – Light Multi-purpose Assault Weapon\nLMG – Light Machine Gun\nLNS – Land Navigation System\nLNS – Laying and Navigation System\nL/O – Liaison Officer\nLOAL – Lock-On After Launch\nLOBL – Lock-On Before Launch\nLOC – Line Of Communication\nLOLEX – Low-altitude parachute-extraction system\nLOS – Line Of Sight\nLOSAT – Line Of Sight Anti-Tank\nLOSBR – Line Of Sight Beam Riding\nLP – Liquid Propellant\nLP – Listening Post\nLPC – Launch Pod Container\nLPC – Launcher Pod Carrier\nLPG – Liquid Propellant Gun\nLPO – Leading Petty Officer\nLPT – Low-Profile Turret\nLPTS – Lightweight Protected Turret System\nLR – Long Rifle\nLR – Long-Range\nLRAR – Long Range Artillery Rocket\nLRASS – Long-Range Advanced Scout System\nLRAT – long-range anti-tank\nLRBB – long-range base bleed\nLRD – Long Range Deflagrator\nLRF – laser rangefinder\nLRF – Low Recoil Force\nLRHB – long-range hollow base\nLRIP – Low-Rate Initial Production\nLRM – Laser Rangefinder Module\nLRN – Lead Round Nose\nLRN – Low Recoil NORICUM\nLRRP – Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol\nLRSA – Long Range Sniper Ammunition\nLRSU – Long Range Surveillance Unit\nLRU – Launcher Replenishment Unit\nLRU – Line Replacement Unit\nLRU – Line-Replaceable Unit\nLSAT- Lightweight Small Arms Technologies\nLSB – Landing Support Battalion\nLSO – Landing signal officer\nLSS – Lightweight Shotgun System\nLSVW – Light Support Vehicle, Wheeled (Canada)\nLSW – Light Support Weapon\nLTA – Launch Tube Assembly\nLTD – Laser Target Designator\nLTFCS – Laser Tank Fire-Control System\nLTP – Laser Target Pointer, Luminesant Training Projectile\nLUTE – Lightweight Uncooled Thermal Imager Equipment\nLVA – landing vehicle assault (US)\nLVS – Lightweight Video Sight\nLVT – Landing Vehicle Tracked (US)\nLVTC – Landing Vehicle Tracked Command (US)\nLVTE – Landing Vehicle Tracked Engineer (US)\nLVTH – Landing Vehicle Tracked Howitzer (US)\nLVTP – Landing Vehicle Tracked Personnel (US)\nLVTR – Landing Vehicle Tracked Recovery (US)\nLWC – Lead Wad Cutter\nLWIR – Long Wave Infrared\nLWL – LightWeight Launcher\nLWML – LightWeight Multiple Launcher\nLWMMG – LightWeight Medium Machine Gun\nLWMS – LightWeight Modular Sight\nLWS – laser warning system\nLWT – light weapon turret\nLZ – landing zone\nLRW – Light Repair Works (Indian Army)","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"metres per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"Military Airlift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command"},{"link_name":"Marine Amphibious Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_force"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_groups"},{"link_name":"Marine Air/Ground Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Artillery_Monitoring_Battlefield_Radar"},{"link_name":"Man Portable Air Defense System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system"},{"link_name":"Multi-purpose Aiming Reflex Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITL_MARS"},{"link_name":"Marine Air Support Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_air_support_squadrons"},{"link_name":"Marine Amphibious Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Amphibious_Unit"},{"link_name":"Marine Air Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_wings"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt-Bцlkow-Blohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm"},{"link_name":"Multiple-barrel firearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm"},{"link_name":"main battle tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Manual Command to Line Of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_command_to_line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"Mercury Cadmium Telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"Military Decision Making Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Decision_Making_Process"},{"link_name":"Marine Expeditionary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_brigade"},{"link_name":"Medical Evacuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_evacuation"},{"link_name":"Marine Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_force"},{"link_name":"Military Entrance Processing Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command"},{"link_name":"METO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTO"},{"link_name":"METT-TC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_paragraph_order"},{"link_name":"Marine Expeditionary Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_unit"},{"link_name":"Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_unit_(special_operations_capable)"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Medium Girder Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Girder_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mobile Gun System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Gun_System"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Missing In Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"Missile Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command"},{"link_name":"Mechanised Infantry Combat Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry_combat_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Missile d'Infantrie Léger Antichar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN"},{"link_name":"Military deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception"},{"link_name":"Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_integrated_laser_engagement_system"},{"link_name":"Military Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard"},{"link_name":"MILitary STANdard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Standard"},{"link_name":"MILitary Strategic and Tactical Relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Strategic_and_Tactical_Relay"},{"link_name":"Mechanized Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Military Load Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Load_Classification"},{"link_name":"Multiple Launch Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M270_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System"},{"link_name":"millimetre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"},{"link_name":"mean miles between failures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures"},{"link_name":"Medium Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Machine_Gun"},{"link_name":"Monocular Night Vision Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/PVS-14"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Minute Of Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_angle"},{"link_name":"Ministry of defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_defence"},{"link_name":"MOdular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOLLE"},{"link_name":"Mission Oriented Protective Posture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Oriented_Protective_Posture"},{"link_name":"Military Occupational Specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Military Operations in Urban Terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Operations_in_Urban_Terrain"},{"link_name":"urban warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"},{"link_name":"Machine Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_pistol"},{"link_name":"Military police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_police"},{"link_name":"Maritime Prepositioning Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Prepositioning_Ships"},{"link_name":"Multi-Purpose Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_Purpose_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Mine Resistant Ambush Protected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP"},{"link_name":"mean rounds before failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures"},{"link_name":"mean rounds between stoppages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures"},{"link_name":"Meal Ready to Eat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal,_Ready-to-Eat"},{"link_name":"Multiple Round Simultaneous Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact"},{"link_name":"Mechanised Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Mechanised Repair and Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"Main Supply Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_supply_route"},{"link_name":"Man-portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_Surveillance_and_Target_Acquisition_Radar"},{"link_name":"Mean Time Between Failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures"},{"link_name":"moving target indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_target_indication"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Vehicles_and_Engineering_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Modular Weapon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_weapon_system"},{"link_name":"Marine Wing Support Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_wing_support_groups"},{"link_name":"Marine Wing Support Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Wing_Support_Squadron_271"}],"text":"m – metre(s)\nm/s – metres per second\nMAB – Marine Amphibious Brigade\nMABS – Marine Air Base Squadron\nMAC – Medium Armored Car (US)\nMAC – Military Airlift Command\nMACS – Modular Artillery Charge System\nMACS – Marine Air Control Squadron\nMADLS – Mobile Air Defence Launching System\nMAF – Marine Amphibious Force\nMAG – Marine Aircraft Group\nMAGTEC – Marine Air/Ground Training & Education Command\nMAGTF – Marine Air/Ground Task Force\nMAHEM – Magnetohydrodynamic Explosive Munition\nMALOS – Miniature Laser Optical Sight\nMALS – Marine Air Logistics Squadron\nMAMBA – Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Radar\nMANPADS – Man Portable Air Defense System\nMAOV – Mobile Artillery Observation Vehicle\nMAP – Military Aid Programme\nMAPS – Modular Azimuth Position System\nMAR – Micro Assault Rifle\nMARDI – Mobile Advanced Robotics Defence Initiative (UK)\nMARDIV – Marine Division (US)\nMARS – Military Amateur Radio Station\nMARS – Mini Assault Rifle System\nMARS – Multi-purpose Aiming Reflex Sight\nMARS – Multiple Artillery Rocket System\nMASS – Marine Air Support Squadron\nMATCS – Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron\nMATSG – Marine Air Training Support Group\nMAU(SOC) – Marine Amphibious Unit (Special Operations Capable)\nMAV – maintenance assist vehicle\nMAVD – MLRS Aim Verification Device\nMAW – Marine Air Wing (US)\nMBA – main battle area\nMBB – Messerschmitt-Bцlkow-Blohm\nMBC – Mortar Ballistic Computer\nMBF – Multiple-barrel firearm\nMBT – main battle tank\nMCISRE – Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise\nMCLOS – Manual Command to Line Of Sight\nMCRV – Mechanised Combat Repair Vehicle\nMCS – Microclimate Conditioning System\nMCS – modular charge system\nMCSK – Mine Clearance System Kit (US)\nMCT – Medium Combat Tractor (US)\nMCT – Mercury Cadmium Telluride\nMCV – Mechanised Combat Vehicle\nMCWL – Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory\nMCWS – Minor Caliber Weapons Station (US)\nMDB – Multi Domain Battle\nMDMP – Military Decision Making Process\nMDU – Map Display Unit\nMEB – Marine Expeditionary Brigade\nMEDEVAC – Medical Evacuation\nMEF – Marine Expeditionary Force\nMENS – Mission Element Need Statement (US)\nMEP – Modular Explosive Penetrator\nMEPS – Military Entrance Processing Station\nMETO – Middle East Treaty Organisation; CENTO or Baghdad Pact\nMETL – Mission Essential Task List\nMETT-TC – Mission, Enemy, Terrain and weather, Troops and support available—Time available, Civilians\nMETT-TSL – Mission, Enemy, Terrain and weather, Troops and fire support available – Time available, Space, Logistics\nMEU – Marine Expeditionary Unit\nMEU(SOC) – Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)\nMEV – medical evacuation vehicle (US)\nMEWS – Mobile Electronic Warfare System\nMEWSS – Mobile Electronic Warfare Support System\nMF – multifunction\nMFC – Mortar Fire Control(ler)\nMFCS – Multi-Fire Control System/Mortar Fore Control System\nMFCV – Missile Fire-Control Vehicle\nMFF – munition filling factory\nMG – machine gun\nMGB – Medium Girder Bridge\nMGL – Multiple Grenade Launcher\nMGS – Mobile Gun System\nMGTS – MultiGun Turret System\nMGU – Mid-course Guidance Unit\nMI – Military Intelligence\nMIA – Missing In Action\nMICOM – Missile Command (US)\nMICV – Mechanised Infantry Combat Vehicle\nMILAN – Missile d'Infantrie Léger Antichar (light infantry anti-tank missile)\nMILDEC – Military deception\nMILES – Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (US)\nMILSPEC – Military Specification\nMILSTD – MILitary STANdard\nMILSTAR – MILitary Strategic and Tactical Relay (US)\nMIPS – Medium Integrated Propulsion System (US)\nMIR – Mechanized Infantry Regiment (Sri Lanka)\nMIRV – Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle\nMLA – Manufacturing Licence Agreement\nMLC – Military Load Class\nMLC – Modular Load Carrier\nMLF – Marine Logistics Force\nMLR – Marine Littoral Regiment\nMLI – Mid-Life Improvement\nMLO – Muzzle Loaded Ordnance\nMLRS – Multiple Launch Rocket System (US)\nmm – millimetre(s)\nMMBF – mean miles between failures\nMMG – Medium Machine Gun\nMMS – mast-mounted sight\nMMS – Modular Mounting System\nMNVD – Monocular Night Vision Device\nMoA – Memorandum of Agreement\nMOA – Minute Of Angle\nMoD – Ministry of defence\nMODA – Ministry of Defence and Aviation\nMOLF – Modular Laser Fire Control (Germany)\nMOLLE – MOdular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment\nMOPP – Mission Oriented Protective Posture (US)\nMOS – Military Occupational Specialty (US)\nMoU – Memorandum of Understanding\nMOUT – Military Operations in Urban Terrain (urban warfare) (US)\nMP – Machine Pistol\nMP – Military police\nMPBAV – MultiPurpose Base Armoured Vehicle\nMPC – MultiPurpose Carrier (Netherlands)\nMPDS – Missile Piercing Discarding Sabot\nMPGS – Mobile Protected Gun System (US)\nMPI – Mean Point of Impact\nMPIM – MultiPurpose Individual Munition\nMPM – MultiPurpose Munition\nMPS – Maritime Prepositioning Ships (US)\nMPV – Multi-Purpose Vehicle\nMPWS – Mobile Protected Weapon System (US)\nMR – Medium Range\nMRAP – Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (Vehicle)\nMRAR – MultiRole Assault Round\nMRAV – MultiRole Armoured Vehicle\nMRBF – mean rounds before failure\nMRBS – mean rounds between stoppages\nMRE – Meal Ready to Eat\nMRS – multiple rocket system\nMRS – muzzle reference system\nMRSI – Multiple Round Simultaneous Impact\nMRV(R) – Mechanised Recovery Vehicle (Repair)\nMRVR – Mechanised Repair and Recovery Vehicle (US)\nMSSG – MAU/MEU Service Support Group (USMC)\nMSL – Missile\nMSR – Missile Simulation Round\nMSR – Main Supply Route\nMSTAR – Man-portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar\nMSV – Modular Support Vehicle\nMT – mechanical time\nMTB – Mobility TestBed\nMTBF – Mean Time Between Failure\nMTI – moving target indication\nMTL – Materials Technology Laboratory (US)\nMTR – Mobile Test Rig (US)\nMTSQ – mechanical time and super-quick\nMTSQ – Mechanical Time Semi-Quick\nMTU – Motoren- und Turbinen-Union\nMTVL – mobile tactical vehicle light\nMUGS – Multipurpose Universal Gunner Sight\nMULE – Modular Universal Laser Equipment (US)\nMUSS – Multifunctional Selfprotection System\nMV – muzzle velocity\nMVEE – Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (UK)\nMVRS – Muzzle Velocity Radar System\nMWCS – Marine Wing Communications Squadron\nMWHS – Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron\nMWS – Manned Weapon Station (US)\nMWS – Modular Weapon System\nMWSG – Marine Wing Support Group\nMWSS – Marine Wing Support Squadron","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Naval Sea Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Nuclear, Biological, Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"Naval Criminal Investigative Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service"},{"link_name":"Non-Commissioned Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Commissioned_Officer_in_Charge"},{"link_name":"Non-developmental item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-developmental_item"},{"link_name":"Nickel Cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery"},{"link_name":"Next Light (weight) Anti-armour Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLAW"},{"link_name":"Non-Line Of Sight-Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Line-of-Sight_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Non-Line Of Sight-Mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Line-of-Sight_Mortar"},{"link_name":"Night Observation Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-vision_device"},{"link_name":"Nap-of-the-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap-of-the-earth"},{"link_name":"Notice to Airmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTAM"},{"link_name":"NATO Response Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Response_Force"},{"link_name":"National Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"Night Vision Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_goggles"},{"link_name":"Night Vision Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-vision_device"},{"link_name":"Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Vision_and_Electronic_Sensors_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Night Vision Goggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Vision_Goggle"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Air_Service"}],"text":"NAS – Naval Air Station\nNATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization\nNAVSEA – Naval Sea Systems Command\nNBC – Nuclear, Biological, Chemical\nNBMR – NATO Basic Military Requirement\nNCIS – Naval Criminal Investigative Service (US)\nNCO – Non-Commissioned Officer (US, E-4 – E-9)\nNCOIC – Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge\nNDI – Non-developmental item\nNDU – Navigation Display Unit\nNFOV – Narrow Field Of View\nNG – New/Next Generation\nNi/Cd – Nickel Cadmium\nNLAW – Next Light (weight) Anti-armour Weapon\nNLOS-C – Non-Line Of Sight-Cannon\nNLOS-M – Non-Line Of Sight-Mortar\nNOD(s) – Night Observation Device(s)\nNOE – Nap-of-the-earth\nNOTAM – Notice to Airmen\nNRF – NATO Response Force\nNS – Network Services\nNTC – National Training Center (USA)\nNUGP – nominal unit ground pressure\nNV – Night Vision\nNVD – Night Vision Device\nNVE – Night Vision Equipment\nNVESD – Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate\nNVG – Night Vision Goggle\nNVS – Night Vision System\nNZDF – New Zealand Defence Force\nNZEF – New Zealand Expeditionary Force (in WWI & WWII)\nNZSAS – New Zealand Special Air Service","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optical Beam-Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_riding"},{"link_name":"shaped-charge shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"},{"link_name":"Objective Crew-Served Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Crew_Served_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Occluded Eye Gunsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occluded_eye_gunsight"},{"link_name":"Collimator sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator_sight"},{"link_name":"One Size Fits All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_size_fits_all"},{"link_name":"Offensive Hand Weapon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_Mark_23"},{"link_name":"Officer In Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_commanding"},{"link_name":"Objective Individual Combat Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Individual_Combat_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Operations Other Than War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war"},{"link_name":"Observation post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_post"},{"link_name":"OPposing FORces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPFOR"},{"link_name":"OPerations Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPORD"},{"link_name":"OPerational SECurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_security"},{"link_name":"overflight top attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunging_fire"}],"text":"OBR – Optical Beam-Riding\nOCC – Obus à Charge Creusé (shaped-charge shell)\nOCOKA – Observation and fields of fire, Cover and concealment, Obstacles, Key terrain, and Avenues of Approach.\nOCSW – Objective Crew-Served Weapon\nOCU – Operational Centre Unit\nODE – Ordnance Development and Engineering (Singapore)\nOEG – Occluded Eye Gunsight (a type of Collimator sight)\nOEO – optical and electro-optical\nOFSA – Objective Family of Small Arms\nOFSA – One Size Fits All\nOFW – Objective Force Warrior\nOHWS – Offensive Hand Weapon System\nOIC – Officer In Charge\nOICW – Objective Individual Combat Weapon\nOLF – Operational Low Flying\nOOTW – Operations Other Than War\nOP – Observation post\nOP – Operators Panel\nOPCON – OPerational CONtrol\nOPDW – Objective Personal Defense Weapon\nOPFOR – OPposing FORces\nOPORD – OPerations Order\nOPSEC – OPerational SECurity\nOPV – Observation Post Vehicle\nOSW – Objective Sniper Weapon\nOSC – Operation Strategy Command\nOSS (USAF) – Operational Support Squadron\nOSW (USAF) – Operational Support, Weather\nOT – operational test\nOTA – overflight top attack\nOTEA – Operational Test and Evaluation Agency (US)","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P-38 can opener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-38_can_opener"},{"link_name":"Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Personal Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"Point Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-defence"},{"link_name":"Personal Defence Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_defense_weapon"},{"link_name":"MoD Procurement Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoD_Procurement_Executive"},{"link_name":"Peace Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Printed Electronic Circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_electronic_circuit"},{"link_name":"Penetration aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration_aid"},{"link_name":"Precision Guided Mortar Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Guided_Mortar_Munition"},{"link_name":"Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT"},{"link_name":"Phase Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_line_(cartography)"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Ground Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Rocket Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force"},{"link_name":"Programmable Logic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"Predicted Line Of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicted_line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"Palletized Load System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_Load_System"},{"link_name":"Product Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_manager"},{"link_name":"Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_maintenance_checks_and_services"},{"link_name":"Program Management Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management_office"},{"link_name":"Person other than Grunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_other_than_Grunt"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"plan position indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_position_indicator"},{"link_name":"Precise Positioning Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precise_Positioning_Service"},{"link_name":"Personnel Reliability Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_Reliability_Program"},{"link_name":"power take-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-off"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"White Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions"}],"text":"P – How pack howitzer\nP-38 — P-38 can opener (US)\nP3I – Pre-Planned Product Improvements\nPAR – pulse acquisition radar\nPARA – Parachute Regiment\nPARAMIL – Paramilitary\nPAT – power-assisted traverse\nPAWPERSO – Protection, Ammunition, Weapon, Personal Equipment, Radio, Specialist Equipment, Orders\nPC – Personal Computer\nPCB – printed circuit board\nPCC – Police Compact Carbine\nPCI – Pre-combat inspection\nPD – Point Defense\nPD – point detonating\nPD – Point of Departure\nPDNA – Positioning Determining/Navigation Unit\nPDRR – Program Definition and Risk Reduction\nPDW – Personal Defence Weapon\nPE – MoD Procurement Executive (UK)\nPE – Peace Enforcement (US DoD)\nPEC – Printed Electronic Circuits\nPENAID – Penetration aid\nPFD – proximity fuze disconnector\nPFHE – prefragmented high-explosive\nPLF – protective line of fire\nPFPX – prefragmented proximity fuzed\nPGMM – Precision Guided Mortar Munition\nPH – Probability of Hit\nPi – Probability of incapacitation\nPIAT – Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank\nPIBD – Point Initiating Base Detonated\nPID – Positive Identification\nPIE – pyrotechnically initiated explosive\nPIP – Product Improvement Programme\nPL – Phase Line\nPLA – People's Liberation Army\nPLAAF – People's Liberation Army Air Force\nPLAGF – People's Liberation Army Ground Force\nPLAN – People's Liberation Army Navy\nPLANAF – People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force\nPLANMC – People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps\nPLARF – People's Liberation Army Rocket Force\nPLARS – Position Location And Reporting System (US)\nPLASSF – People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force\nPLC – Programmable Logic Control\nPLOS – Predicted Line Of Sight\nPLS – Palletized Load System (US)\nPM – porte mortier (mortar carrier)\nPM – Product Manager\nPMCS – Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services\nPMEE – Prime Mission Electronic Equipment (USAF)\nPMO – Program Management Office (US)\nPMO – Provost Marshall's Office\nPMOD – Platform Modifications\nPMS – Pedestal-Mounted Stinger\nPNU – Position Navigation Unit\nPM WIN-T – Project Manager Warfighter Information Network-Tactical\nPOA&M – Plan Of Action & Milestones\nPOF – Pakistan Ordnance Factory\nPOG – Person other than Grunt\nPOS – Postes Optiques de Surveillance\nPOW – Prisoner of War\nPPG – PT Parade Games (Bangladesh Cadet Colleges)\nPPI – plan position indicator\nPPS – Precise Positioning Service\nPPV – Protected Patrol Vehicle\nPRAC – practice\nPRAC-T – practice tracer\nPRESAR – Preparation, React to enemy fire, Establish enemy position, Suppress the enemy, Assault, Reorg\nPRI – projector reticle image\nPRP – Personnel Reliability Program (screening and monitoring of individuals with access to \"special\" weapons)\nPSBC – Platoon Sergeant's Battle Course\nPSD – Propulsion System Demonstrator\nPSO – Peace Support Operations\nPSS – Primary Sight System\nPTI – Physical Training Instructor\nPTO – power take-off\nPVP – Petit Véhicule Protégé\nPW – Prisoner of War\nPWI-SR(GR) – Panser Wagen Infanterie-Standaard (Groep)\nPWP – Plasticised White Phosphorus\nPWR – Power","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quick Reaction Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_reaction_force"}],"text":"QCB – Quick Change Barrel\nQE – Quadrant Elevation\nQRF – Quick Reaction Force\nQTOL – Quiet Take Off And Landing","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Remote Anti-Armor Mine System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Anti-Armor_Mine_System"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"reliability, availability, maintainability and durability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability,_availability,_and_maintainability"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Regimental Aid Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Aid_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rocket-assisted projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-assisted_projectile"},{"link_name":"Reactive Armour Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_armour"},{"link_name":"Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armament_Research_and_Development_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Rifleman's Assault Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Assault_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Remote-Controlled Weapon Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station"},{"link_name":"Recoilless rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoilless_rifle"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Radar Cross Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross-section"},{"link_name":"Regimental Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_combat_team"},{"link_name":"Royal Corps of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport"},{"link_name":"Rapid Deployment Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_deployment_force"},{"link_name":"Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Deployment_Joint_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Rear Echelon Mother Fucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_echelon_mother_fucker"},{"link_name":"Rimfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Fleet Auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"request for information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_information"},{"link_name":"request for proposals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_proposal"},{"link_name":"Request For Quotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_quotation"},{"link_name":"Rifle Grenade General Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_Grenade_General_Service"},{"link_name":"rolled homogeneous armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_homogeneous_armour"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rail Interface System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Integration_System"},{"link_name":"Royal Logistic Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps"},{"link_name":"Ring Laser Gyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope"},{"link_name":"Regimental Landing Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Landing_Team"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Rules Of Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_engagement"},{"link_name":"Royal Ordnance Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory"},{"link_name":"Rate of fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_fire"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Indigenous Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Korea_Indigenous_Tank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"Regimental police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_police"},{"link_name":"Rocket Pod Container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_pod"},{"link_name":"Rocket-propelled grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade"},{"link_name":"Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-2"},{"link_name":"Remotely piloted vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_piloted_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Recoilless rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoilless_rifle"},{"link_name":"Reduced Range Practice Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reduced_Range_Practice_Rocket&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reduced Range Training Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reduced_Range_Training_Round&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Small Arms Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Small_Arms_Factory"},{"link_name":"Role Specialist Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role_Specialist_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosette Scanning Seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosette_Scanning_Seeker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rifle Team Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifle_Team_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radio/Telephone Operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio/Telephone_Operator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roues Transporteur de Troupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roues_Transporteur_de_Troupes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Ulster Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Remote weapon system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_weapon_system"},{"link_name":"Radar Warning Receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Warning_Receiver"}],"text":"RA – Royal Artillery\nRAA – Royal Australian Artillery\nRAAM – Rifle-launched Anti-Armour Munition\nRAAMS – Remote Anti-Armor Mine System (US)\nPABD – Pay Entry Base Date\nRAC – Royal Armoured Corps\nRADIRS – Rapid Deployment Multiple Rocket System (US)\nRAAF – Royal Australian Air Force\nRAE – Royal Aircraft Establishment, Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough)\nRAE – Royal Australian Engineers, Australian Combat Engineers\nRAF – Royal Air Force\nRAM-D – reliability, availability, maintainability and durability\nRAN – Royal Australian Navy\nRAO – Rear Area Operations\nRAP – Regimental Aid Post[1]\nRAP – rocket-assisted projectile\nRAPI – Reactive Armour Protection\nRARDE – Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (UK)\nRATAC – Radar de Tir pour L'Artillerie de Campagne (radar for field artillery fire)\nRATELO – Radio Telephone Operator\nRAW – Rifleman's Assault Weapon\nRBL – Range and Bearing Launch\nRBOC – Rapid Bloom Offboard Chaff\nRC/MAS – Reserve Component/Modified Armament System\nRCAAS – Remote-Controlled Anti-Armor System (US)\nRCAF – Royal Canadian Air Force\nRCC – ROLAND Coordination Center (US)\nRCWS – Remote-Controlled Weapon Station\nRCL – Recoilless rifle\nRCN – Royal Canadian Navy\nRCS – Radar Cross Section\nRCT – Regimental Combat Team\nRCT – Royal Corps of Transport\nRCV – Robotic Command Vehicle\nRDF – Rapid Deployment Forces\nRDF/LT – Rapid Deployment Force Light Tank (US)\nRDJTF – Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (US)\nRDT&E – Research Development Test and Evaluation\nREME – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nREMF – Rear Echelon Mother Fucker\nRF – Rimfire\nRFA – Royal Field Artillery or Royal Fleet Auxiliary\nRFAS – Russian Federation and Associated States\nRFC – Royal Flying Corps\nRFI – request for information\nRFP – request for proposals\nRFPI – Rapid Force Projection Initiative\nRFQ – Request For Quotations\nRGGS – Rifle Grenade General Service\nRHA – rolled homogeneous armour\nRHA – Royal Horse Artillery\nRIN – the former Royal Indian Navy\nRIO – Radar Intercept Officer\nRIS – Rail Interface System\nRISE – Reliability Improved Selected Equipment\nRLC – Royal Logistic Corps\nRLEM – Rifle-Launched Entry Munition\nRLG – Ring Laser Gyro\nRLT – Regimental Landing Team\nRMG – ranging machine gun\nRN – Royal Navy\nRNZAF – Royal New Zealand Air Force\nRNZN – Royal New Zealand Navy\nRO – Royal Ordnance\nROBAT – Robotic Counter-Obstacle Vehicle (US)\nRoC – Republic of China\nROC – required operational characteristics\nROE – Rules Of Engagement\nROF – Royal Ordnance Factory (UK)\nROF – Rate of fire\nRoK – Republic of Korea\nRoKMC – Republic of Korea Marine Corps\nRoKIT – Republic of Korea Indigenous Tank\nROR – range only radar\nROTA – Royal Ordnance Training Ammunition\nRP – Red phosphorus\nRP – rocket-propelled\nRP – Regimental police\nRPC – Rocket Pod Container\nRPG – Rocket-propelled grenade\nRPG – Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot\nRPV – Remotely piloted vehicle\nRR – Recoilless rifle\nRRPR – Reduced Range Practice Rocket\nRRT – Radio Recon Team\nRRTR – Reduced Range Training Round\nRSAF – Royal Small Arms Factory (UK) (now closed)\nRSN – Role Specialist Nation (US & NATO)\nRSS – Rosette Scanning Seeker\nRTE – Rifle Team Equipment\nRTO – Radio/Telephone Operator\nRTOL – Reduced Take Off and Landing\nRTT – Roues Transporteur de Troupes\nRUC – Royal Ulster Constabulary\nRV – Rendezvous/Rendezvous point\nRWS – Remote weapon system (or station)\nRWR – Radar Warning Receiver","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"Smith & Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson"},{"link_name":"Situation Awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_Awareness"},{"link_name":"Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABCA"},{"link_name":"Selectable Assault Battle Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_Assault_Battle_Rifle"},{"link_name":"SABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_Automatic_Bomb_Sight"},{"link_name":"Semi-Automatic Command to Line Of Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_command_to_line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"Sense And Destroy Armor (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADARM"},{"link_name":"South African Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADF"},{"link_name":"Special Atomic Demolition Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Atomic_Demolition_Munition"},{"link_name":"Society of Automotive Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers"},{"link_name":"semi-active laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-active_laser"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"South African National Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Semi-Armour-Piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_armour-piercing"},{"link_name":"Semi-Armour-Piercing High Explosive Incendiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-armor_piercing_high_explosive_incendiary"},{"link_name":"Small Arms Protective Insert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Arms_Protective_Insert"},{"link_name":"Search and Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Special Application Sniper Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Application_Sniper_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Squad Automatic Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_Automatic_Weapon"},{"link_name":"self-destruct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-destruct"},{"link_name":"Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_Enemy_Air_Defenses"},{"link_name":"Sea/Air/Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"Search, Locate, and Communicate or Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEALOCK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"ramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"},{"link_name":"Short-Range Air Defence System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_range_air_defense"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"Second in Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-in-command"},{"link_name":"SINCGARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SINCGARS"},{"link_name":"Situation Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_report"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army General Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_General_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"saboted light armor penetrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Pioneer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Pioneer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Women's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Women%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Corps of Military Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Corps_of_Military_Police"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy"},{"link_name":"Self-Loading Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-loading_rifle"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Sinha_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_153_Shoulder-Launched_Multipurpose_Assault_Weapon"},{"link_name":"sub-machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Special Mission Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Mission_Unit"},{"link_name":"SNAFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAFU"},{"link_name":"Staff Non-Commissioned Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Non-Commissioned_Officer"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces"},{"link_name":"Standing/Standard Operating Procedure(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure"},{"link_name":"Shore Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_patrol"},{"link_name":"Soft Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-point_bullet"},{"link_name":"self-propelled anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"assault gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun"},{"link_name":"ramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet"},{"link_name":"SPAS-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-12"},{"link_name":"SPAS-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-15"},{"link_name":"self-propelled anti-tank gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"self-propelled artillery weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"self-propelled gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"self-propelled howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Patrol_Insertion/Extraction"},{"link_name":"self-propelled mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_propelled_mortar"},{"link_name":"Special Purpose Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_12_Special_Purpose_Rifle"},{"link_name":"Special Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Special Reconnaissance Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Short Range Assault Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-172_SRAW"},{"link_name":"Space Research Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Research_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Shop Replaceable Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop-replaceable_unit"},{"link_name":"Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Sensitive Site Exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_site_exploitation"},{"link_name":"Special Support and Reconnaissance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Support_and_Reconnaissance_Company"},{"link_name":"Seal Team Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six"},{"link_name":"STANdardisation Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STANAG"},{"link_name":"Special Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Short Take Off and Vertical Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOVL"},{"link_name":"SUBstitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SUBstitute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SUSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSAT"},{"link_name":"SWARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWARM"},{"link_name":"SWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT"},{"link_name":"Semi WadCutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiwadcutter"}],"text":"s – second(s)\nS&W – Smith & Wesson\nSA – Situation Awareness\nSABCA – Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques\nSABR – Selectable Assault Battle Rifle\nSABS – Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight\nSAC – Small Arms Collimator\nSACLOS – Semi-Automatic Command to Line Of Sight\nSADA – Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly\nSADARM – Sense And Destroy Armor (US)\nSADF – South African Defence Force\nSADM – Special Atomic Demolition Munition\nSAE – Society of Automotive Engineers\nSAF – Small Arms Fire\nSAFCS – Small Arms Fire Control System\nSAFIRE – Surface-to-Air Fire\nSAL – semi-active laser\nSAL – search and locate\nSAM – surface-to-air missile\nSAMM – Société d'Applications des Machines Motrices\nSANDF – South African National Defence Force\nSANG – Saudi Arabian National Guard\nSAP – Semi-Armour-Piercing\nSAPHEI – Semi-Armour-Piercing High Explosive Incendiary\nSAPI – semi-armour-piercing incendiary or Small Arms Protective Insert\nSAR – Search and Rescue\nSAS – Special Air Service\nSASR – Special Air Service Regiment\nSAS-EAS – Sealed Authenticator System – Emergency Action Procedures (Nuclear Weapons Release Control)\nSASR – Special Application Sniper Rifle\nSAT – Small Arms Trainer\nSATCP – Système Anti-aérien à Très Courte Portée (very short-range anti-aircraft system)\nSAVA – Standard Army Vectronics Architecture\nSAW – Squad Automatic Weapon\nSAWS – Squad Automatic Weapon System\nSB – Short Barrel\nSCORE – Stratified Charge Omnivorous Rotary Engine\nSCC - Sea Cadet corps\nSD – self-destruct(ion)\nSEAD – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses\nSEAL – Sea/Air/Land\nSEALOCK – Search, Locate, and Communicate or Kill\nSEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation\nSECFOR – Security forces\nSECGUARD – Security guard\nSEME – School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering\nSEN – shell extended range NORICUM\nSEP – Soldier Enhancement Programme\nSF – Special Forces (US/UK)\nSFCS – Simplified Fire-Control System\nSFIM – Société de Fabrication d'Instrument de Mesure\nSFIRR – solid fuel integral rocket/ramjet\nSFM – Sensor Fuzed Munitions\nSFMG – Sustained Fire Machine Gun\nSFSW – Special Forces Support Weapon\nSFW – Special Forces Weapon\nSGTS – Second-Generation Tank Sight\nSHAPE – Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe\nSH/PRAC – squash head practice\nSHORAD – Short-Range Air Defence System\nshp – shaft horsepower\nSIC – Second in Command\nSICPS – Standard Integrated Command Post Systems\nSINCGARS – Single Channel Ground/Air Radio System\nSIP – System Improvement Plan/Programme\nSIPS – Small Integrated Propulsion System\nSITREP – Situation Report\nSJFN – Semi-Jacketed Flat Nose\nSJHP – Semi-Jacketed Hollow Point\nSKOT – Sredni Kolowy Opancerzny Transporter (armoured personnel carrier)\nSLA – Sri Lanka Army\nSLAC – Sri Lanka Armoured Corps\nSLAF – Sri Lanka Air Force\nSLAGSE – Sri Lanka Army General Service Corps\nSLAOC – Sri Lanka Army Ordnance Corps\nSLAP – saboted light armor penetrator\nSLAPC – Sri Lanka Army Pioneer Corps\nSLASC – Sri Lanka Army Service Corps\nSLAW – Shoulder-Launched Assault Weapon\nSLAWC – Sri Lanka Army Women's Corps\nSLCG – Sri Lanka Coast Guard\nSLCMP – Sri Lanka Corps of Military Police\nSLE – Sri Lanka Engineers\nSLEME – Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nSLEP – Service Life Extension Program (US)\nSLLI – Sri Lanka Light Infantry\nSLMC – Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps\nSLNG – Sri Lanka National Guard\nSLN – Sri Lanka Navy\nSLR – Self-Loading Rifle\nSLRC – Sri Lanka Rifle Corps\nSLSR – Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment\nSLWAGL – Super Light Weight Automatic Grenade Launcher\nSM – smoke\nSMAW – Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon\nSMG – sub-machine gun\nSMK – Smoke\nSMP – Surface Mine Plough\nSMU – Special Mission Unit\nSNAFU – Situation Normal, All Fouled Up\nSNCO – Staff Non-Commissioned Officer (USMC, E-6 – E-9)\nSNCOIC – Staff Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge (USMC)\nSOCOM – Special Operations Command\nSOF – Special Operations Forces\nSOG – Speed Over Ground\nSOP – Standing/Standard Operating Procedure(s)\nSOS – Struck Off Strength\nSP – Shore Patrol\nSP – self-propelled\nSP – Soft Point\nSPAAG – self-propelled anti-aircraft gun\nSPAAM – self-propelled anti-aircraft missile\nSPAG – self-propelled assault gun\nSPARK – solid propellant advanced ramjet kinetic energy missile\nSPAS – Special Purpose Automatic Shotgun, like SPAS-12 or SPAS-15\nSPATG – self-propelled anti-tank gun\nSPAW – self-propelled artillery weapon\nSPEAR – Small Precision Enhanced Aiming Rangefinder\nSPG – self-propelled gun\nSPH – self-propelled howitzer\nSPIE – Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction\nSPL – self-propelled launcher\nSPLL – Self-propelled Loader Launcher\nSPLY – Supply\nSPM – self-propelled mortar\nSPP – Special Purpose Pistol\nSPR – Special Purpose Rifle\nSPS – Standard Positioning Service\nSPSM – Sensorgezundete Panzerabwehr SubMunition\nSPW – Special Purpose Weapon\nSR – Short Rifle\nSR – Sniper Rifle\nSR – Staff Requirement\nSR – Special Reconnaissance\nSRR – Special Reconnaissance Regiment\nSRAW – Short Range Assault Weapon\nSRC – Space Research Corporation\nSRG – shell replenishment gear\nSRI – Short Range Insert\nSRTS – Short Range Thermal Sight\nSRU – Shop Replaceable Unit\nSRU – Slip Ring Unit\nSRV – Surrogate Research Vehicle (US)\nSS – Submarine\nSSA – Special Spaced Armour\nSSE – Sensitive Site Exploitation\nSSG – Single Shot Gun\nSSK – Single Shot Kill\nSSR – Sniper Support Rifle\nSSR – Special Support and Reconnaissance Company (DNK)\nSSW – Squad Support Weapon\nST6 – Seal Team Six\nST – Staff Target\nSTA – shell transfer arm\nSTAB – Steered Agile Beams\nSTAFF – Small Target Activated Fire-and-Forget (US)\nSTANAG – STANdardisation Agreement\nSTARTLE – Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar for Tank Location and Engagement (US)\nSTE/ICE – Simplified Test Equipment/Internal Combustion Engine (US)\nSTF – Special Task Force\nSTORM – Small Tactical Optical Rifle-Mounted\nSTOVL – Short Take Off and Vertical Landing\nSTUP – spinning tubular projectile\nSUB – SUBstitute\nSUC – Square Ultra Compact\nSUIT – Sight Unit Infantry Trilux\nSUSAT – Sight Unit Small Arms Trilux\nSWARM – Stabilised Weapon and Reconnaissance Mount\nSWAT – Special Weapons And Tactics\nSWC – Semi WadCutter\nSWS – Sniper Weapon System","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracer_ammunition"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air to Air Refueling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_refueling"},{"link_name":"Tactical beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_beacon"},{"link_name":"Army Tactical Missile System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ATACMS"},{"link_name":"Tank-automotive and Armaments Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Tank-automotive_and_Armaments_Command"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Control Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Control_Party"},{"link_name":"Temporary Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_duty_assignment"},{"link_name":"Target Acquisition and Designation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TADS/PNVS"},{"link_name":"Tank Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Commander"},{"link_name":"Tank Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Temporary Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_duty_assignment"},{"link_name":"Telescopic Sighting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_Sighting_System"},{"link_name":"Targeting pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting_pod"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging common modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_common_modules"},{"link_name":"thermal imaging system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Imaging_System"},{"link_name":"Target Identification System Electro-Optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Identification_System_Electro-Optical"},{"link_name":"Textron Marine & Land Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron_Marine_%26_Land_Systems"},{"link_name":"Tentara Nasional Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Trinitrotoluene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"Table of organisation and equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_organization_and_equipment"},{"link_name":"TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"Target Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_practice"},{"link_name":"Training and Doctrine Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Thermal Weapon Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight"}],"text":"T – Tracer\nTAAR – Tactical Air to Air Refueling\nTACBE – Tactical beacon\nTACMS – Army Tactical Missile System (US)\nTACOM – Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (US)\nTACP – Tactical Air Control Party\nTAD – Temporary Additional Duty (Naval Services term) Temporary Duty\nTADDS – Target Alert Display Data Set (US)\nTADS – Target Acquisition and Designation System (US)\nTAM – Tanque Argentino Mediano\nTAS – Target Acquisition Subsystem\nTAS – tracking adjunct system\nTAS – Turret Attitude Sensor\nTBAT – TOW/Bushmaster Armored Turret (US)\nTC – Tank Commander, also Truck Commander (US Army)\nTCO – Tactical Combat Operations\nTCTO – Time-Compliance Technical Order\nTCU – tactical control unit\nTD – Tank Destroyer\nTDCS – Tank Driver Command System\nTDD – Target Detection Device\nTDR – Target Data Receiver\nTDY – Temporary Duty\nTE – Tangent Elevation\nTEL – Transporter-Erector-Launcher\nTELAR – Transporter-Erector-Launcher And Radar\nTES – Tactical Environment Simulation\nTES – target engagement system\nTESS – Telescopic Sighting System\nTGMTS – Tank Gunnery Missile Tracking System\nTGP – Terminally Guided Projectile\nTGP – Targeting pod\nTGS – Tank Gun Sight\nTGSM – terminally guided submunition\nTGTS – tank gunnery training simulator\nTI – thermal imaging/imager\nTIC – Troops In Contact\nTICM – thermal imaging common modules\nTID – Tactical Information Display\nTIIPS – Thermal Imaging and Integrated Position System\nTIM – Thermal Imaging Module\nTIPU – Thermal Image Processing Units\nTIRE – Tank Infra-Red Elbow\nTIS – thermal imaging system\nTISEO – Target Identification System Electro-Optical\nTLC – Transport Launching Container\nTLD – Top Level Demonstrations\nTLE – Treaty Limited Equipment\nTLP – Troop Leading Procedures (US)\nTLR – Tank Laser Rangefinder\nTLS – Tank Laser Sight\nTM&LS – Textron Marine & Land Systems\nTMBC – Turret Management Ballistic Computer\nTMP – Tactical Machine Pistol\nTMS – Turret Modernisation System\nTMUAS – Turreted Mortar Under Armor System (US)\nTNI – Tentara Nasional Indonesia\nTNT – Trinitrotoluene\nTO – Technical Order\nTOE – Table of organisation and equipment\nTOGS – Thermal Observation and Gunnery System (UK)\nTOP – Total Obscuring Power\nTOPAS – Transporter Obrneny Pasovy\nTOTE – Tracker, Optical Thermally Enhanced\nTOW – Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire command link guided (US)\nTP – Target Practice\nTP-FL – target practice flash\nTP-S – or TPS Target Practice-Spotting/Signature\nTP-SM – target practice – smoke\nTP-SP – target practice – spotting\nTP-T – target practice – tracer\nTPCM – Target Practice Colour-Marking\nTPDS – Target Practice Discarding Sabot\nTPFSDS-T – target practice fin-stabilised discarding sabot – tracer\nTPTF – Target Practice Time Fuzed\nTR – Triple Rail\nTRACER – Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment Requirement (UK)\nTRACKSTAR – Tracked Search and Target Acquisition Radar System (US)\nTRADOC – Training and Doctrine Command (US)\nTSFCS – Tank Simplified Fire-Control System\nTSQ – time and super-quick\nTSR – Tavor Sporting Rifle\nTT – transport de troupes (troop transporter)\nTTA – Tactical Training Area\nTTB – Tank TestBed (US)\nTTD – Transformation Technology Demonstrator\nTTG – Time To Go\nTTS – Tank Thermal Sight\nTU – Terminal Unit\nTU – Traversing Unit\nTUA – TOW Under Armor (US)\nTUR – Tiefflieger-Ьberwachungs-Radar (low-level surveillance radar)\nTV – Television\nTWD – Thermal Warning Device\nTWMP – Track Width Mine Plough\nTWS – Thermal Weapon Sight\nTYDP – Ten Year Defence Programme (Australia)","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Universal Bridge Launching Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Unmanned Ground Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Ground_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"UMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_UMP"},{"link_name":"Universal Machine Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Machine_Pistol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Armor School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Armor_School"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Aviation School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Aviation_School"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"USP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_USP"},{"link_name":"Universal Transverse Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator"},{"link_name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"Urban warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"}],"text":"UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle\nUBLE – Universal Bridge Launching Equipment\nUCVP – Universal Combat Vehicle Platform\nUDR – Ulster Defence Regiment\nUET – Universal Engineer Tractor (US)\nUGV – Unmanned Ground Vehicle\nULC – Unit Load Container\nUMA – Universal Mounting Adapter\nUMP – Universal Machine Pistol\nUSA – United States of America/United States Army\nUSAADS – U.S. Army Air Defense School\nUSAARMS – U.S. Army Armor School\nUSAAVNS – U.S. Army Aviation School\nUSAAF – United States Army Air Forces\nUSAF – United States Air Force\nUSCG – United States Coast Guard\nUSMC – United States Marine Corps\nUSN – United States Navy\nUSP – Universal Self-loading Pistol\nUTL – Universal Tactical Light\nUTM – Universal Transverse Mercator\nUTS – Universal Turret System\nUV – Ultraviolet\nUW – Urban warfare","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Air Defense System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VADS_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Véhicule Blindé de Combat d'Infanterie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_Blind%C3%A9_de_Combat_d%27Infanterie"},{"link_name":"VBIED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBIED"},{"link_name":"Visit Board Search Seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visit,_board,_search,_and_seizure"},{"link_name":"variable compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"HOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT"},{"link_name":"ATGW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATGW"},{"link_name":"Vehicle-Launched Scatterable Mine System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_mine_system"},{"link_name":"Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering_Ltd"},{"link_name":"VTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTOL"}],"text":"V – Volt(s)\nVAB – Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (front armoured car)\nVAB – Vickers Armoured Bridgelayer\nVADS – Vulcan Air Defense System (US)\nVAE – Vehiculo Armado Exploracion\nVAK – Vehicle Adaptor Kit\nVAPE – Vehiculo Apoyo y Exploracion\nVARRV – Vickers Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle\nVARV – Vickers Armoured Recovery Vehicle\nVBC – Véhicule Blindé de Combat (armoured combat vehicle)\nVBCI – Véhicule Blindé de Combat d'Infanterie\nVBIED – Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device\nVBL – Véhicule Blindé Léger (light armoured vehicle)\nVBM – Véhicules Blindés Modulaires\nVBSS – Visit Board Search Seizure\nVC – Vehicle Commander\nVCA – Véhicule Chenillé d'Accompagnement (tracked support vehicle)\nVCC – Veicolo Corazzato de Combattimento\nVCG – Véhicule de Combat du Genie (armoured engineer vehicle)\nVCI – Véhicule de Combat d'Infanterie; Vehiculo combate infanteria (infantry combat vehicle)\nVCP – Vehicle Check Point\nVCR – variable compression ratio\nVCR – Véhicule de Combat à Roues (wheeled combat vehicle)\nVCR/AT – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Atelier Technique (salvage)\nVCR/IS – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Intervention Sanitaire (stretchers)\nVCR/PC – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Poste de Commandement (HQ)\nVCR/TH – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Tourelle HOT (turret with four HOT ATGW)\nVCR/TT – Véhicule de Combat à Roues/Transport de Troupes (troop carrier)\nVCTIS – Vehicle Command and Tactical Information System\nVCTM – Vehiculo de Combate Transporte de Mortero (armoured mortar carrier)\nVCTP – Vehiculo de Combate Transporte de Personal (armoured personnel carrier)\nVDA – Véhicule de Défense Anti-aérienne (anti-aircraft defence vehicle)\nVDAA – Véhicule d'Auto-Défense Anti-aérienne\nVDC – Voltage Direct Current\nVDM – viscous damped mount\nVDSL – Vickers Defence Systems Ltd\nVDU – visual display unit\nVEC – Vehiculo de Exploraciòn de Caballerie\nVEDES – Vehicle Exhaust Dust Ejection System (US)\nVERDI – Vehicle Electronics Research Defence Initiative (UK)\nVHIS – visual hit indicator system\nVIB – Véhicule d'Intervention du Base\nVIDS – Vehicle Integrated Defence System\nVINACS – Vehicle Integrated Navigation and Command System\nVIRSS – Visual and InfraRed Smoke Screening System\nVITS – Video Image Tracking Systems\nVLAP – Velocity-enhanced Long-range Artillery Projectile\nVLC – Véhicule Léger de Combat (light armoured car)\nVLI – Visible Light Illuminator\nVLSMS – Vehicle-Launched Scatterable Mine System\nVMA – Marine Light Attack Squadron\nVMA(AW) – Marine All-Weather Attack Squadron\nVMBT – Vickers Main Battle Tank\nVMF – Marine Fighter Squadron\nVMFA – Marine Fighter Attack Squadron\nVMFA(AW) – Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron\nVMGR – Marine Aerial Refueler/Transport Squadron\nVMFP – Marine Aerial Reconnaissance Squadron\nVMM – Marine Tilt-rotor (MV-22B) Squadron\nVMU – Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron\nVMR – Marine Transport Squadron\nVMAQ – Marine Electronic Warfare Attack Squadron\nVMS – Vehicle Motion Sensor\nVNAS – Vehicle Navigation Air System\nVRL – Véhicule Reconnaissance Léger (light reconnaissance vehicle)\nVSEL – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd\nVT – variable time (fuse)\nVTOL – Vertical Take-Off and Landing aircraft\nVTP – véhicule transport de personnel (personnel carrier)\nVTT – véhicule transport de troupe (troop transporter)\nVVSS – vertical volute spring suspension\nVXB – Véhicule Blindé à Vocations Multiples (multipurpose armoured car)","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Auxiliary Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Auxiliary_Corps_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Wide Area Motion Imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-area_motion_imagery"},{"link_name":"Weapon(s) of Mass Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_incendiary"},{"link_name":"Winchester Short Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Short_Magnum"}],"text":"WAAC – Women's Auxiliary Army Corps and individual members of; obsolete\nWAC – Women's Army Corps and individual members of; obsolete\nWAF – Women (in the) Air Force and individual members of; obsolete\nWAM – Wide Area Mines (US)\nWAMI – Wide Area Motion Imagery (US)\nWAPC – Wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier (Canada)\nWASAD – Wide Angle Surveillance and Automatic Detection Device\nWAV – Wide Angle Viewing\nWAVES – Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (USN); obsolete\nWES – Wing Engineer Squadron (USMC)\nWFOV – Wide Field of View\nWFSV – Wheeled Fire Support Vehicle (Canada)\nWHA – Wounded Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)\nWHA – Weapons Head Assembly\nWHSA – Weapons Head Support Assembly\nWLR – Weapon Locating Radar\nWM – Woman/Women Marine(s)\nWMD – Weapon(s) of Mass Destruction\nWMRV – Wheeled Maintenance and Recovery Vehicle (Canada)\nWNHA – Wounded Non-Hostile Action (US Vietnam War)\nWP – white phosphorus\nWP-T – white phosphorus – tracer\nWSM – Winchester Short Magnum\nWTS – Wing Transportation Squadron (USMC)","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executive Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"}],"text":"XO – Executive Officer","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"YMRS – Yugoslav multiple rocket system","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zulu time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_time"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"ZULU – Zulu time (timezone equivalent to UTC)Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Z"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of established military terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms"},{"title":"List of military tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_tactics"},{"title":"Glossary of firearms terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terminology"},{"title":"List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aviation,_avionics,_aerospace_and_aeronautical_abbreviations"}] | [{"reference":"Australian War Memorial. \"Glossary\". p. R. Retrieved 21 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial","url_text":"Australian War Memorial"},{"url":"http://www.awm.gov.au/glossary/result.asp?browse=r","url_text":"\"Glossary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/glossary/result.asp?browse=r","external_links_name":"\"Glossary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925003952/http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/reference/Armor_and_Artillery_Glossary.htm","external_links_name":"Armor and Artillery Glossary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925003131/http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/reference/Infantry_Weapons_Glossary.htm","external_links_name":"Infantry Weapons Glossary"},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/344563/20140808_MOD_Acronyms_and_Abbreviations.pdf","external_links_name":"Ministry of Defence acronyms and abbreviations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924201753/http://www.military-dictionary.org/","external_links_name":"Military abbreviations and Dictionaries"},{"Link":"http://www.all-acronyms.com/cat/2","external_links_name":"Military acronyms and military abbreviations"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee_people | Lumbee | ["1 History","1.1 Early historical references","1.2 American Revolution and federal era","1.3 Antebellum","1.4 Civil War","1.5 Lowry War","1.6 State recognition as Indians","1.7 An Indian school system","1.8 Ku Klux Klan conflict","1.9 Early efforts to gain federal recognition","1.10 Federally commissioned reports","1.11 Indian New Deal","1.12 Lumbee Act","1.13 Petitioning for full federal recognition","1.14 2020 Presidential Election","2 Theories of origins","2.1 Lost Colony of Roanoke","2.2 Cherokee descent","2.3 Cheraw descent","2.4 Siouan descent","2.5 Keyauwee descent","2.6 Authenticity and doubts of origins","3 Geographic dispersion","4 Culture and traditions","4.1 Surnames","4.2 Language","4.3 Lumbee Homecoming","4.4 Communities","4.5 Lumbee patchwork","4.6 Cuisine","4.7 Religion","5 Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina","6 Unrecognized organizations","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | Native American tribe in North Carolina
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lumbee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2023)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ethnic group
LumbeeTotal populationMore than 60,000Regions with significant populationsUnited States(North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee)LanguagesEnglish,American Indian EnglishReligionChristianityRelated ethnic groupsTuscarora, Cheraw, African Americans, English Americans, Scottish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans
The Lumbee are a Native American people primarily centered in Robeson, Hoke, Cumberland, and Scotland counties in North Carolina.
The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina numbering approximately 55,000 enrolled members.
The Lumbee take their name from the Lumber River, which winds through Robeson County. Pembroke, North Carolina, is their economic, cultural, and political center. According to the 2000 United States census report, 89% of the population of the town of Pembroke identified as Lumbee; 40% of Robeson County's population identified as Lumbee.
The Lumbee Tribe was recognized by North Carolina in 1885. In 1956, the U.S. Congress passed the Lumbee Act which recognized the Lumbees as being American Indians but denied them benefits of a federally recognized tribe.
History
Early historical references
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Archaeological evidence reveals that the area now known as Robeson County (central to modern Lumbee territory) has been continuously occupied by Native people for at least 14,000 years. Every named era found elsewhere in pre-European-contact North Carolina is also present in the archaeological record of Robeson County (artifacts from Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures). All modern vicinities of Lumbee occupation contain numerous archaeological sites as recent as the Late Woodland period (mid-1700s), and oral traditions about the history of some Lumbee families extend back as far in Robeson County as the mid-1700s.
The earliest European document referring to Indian communities in the area of the Lumber River is a map prepared in 1725 by John Herbert, the English commissioner of Indian trade for the Wineau Factory on the Black River. Herbert identified the four Siouan-speaking communities as the Saraw, Pee Dee, Scavano, and Wacoma. Modern-day Lumbees claim connection to those settlements, but none of the four tribes is located within the boundaries of present-day Robeson County.
When this area was first surveyed by the English in the 1750s, they reported that "No Indians" lived in Bladen County, which then included parts of present-day Robeson County. Colonial Welsh timber survey parties of the same areas also reported, "No Hostile Indians, in fact No Indians to be found at all." The adjacent Anson County was identified as "a frontier to the Indians".
In 1754, colonial authorities organized the territory: everything north of the Lumber River was made part of Bladen County, and everything south of the Lumber River was made part of Anson County. Anson County's border stretched west to known Cherokee territory. Historical records are unclear as to which parts of Anson County were occupied by Indians in the early colonial period.
A 1772 proclamation by the governor of North Carolina, Arthur Dobbs — derived from a report by his agent, Colonel Rutherford, head of a Bladen County militia — listed the names of inhabitants who took part in a "Mob Raitously Assembled together," apparently defying the efforts of colonial officials to collect taxes. The proclamation declared the "Above list of Rogus is all living upon the Kings Land without title." A later colonial military survey described "50 families a mixt crew, a lawless People possess the Lands without Patent or paying quit Rents." The surnames of some of the families are the same as modern-day Lumbees, but each family must be traced separately to identify individual ancestors, particularly since extensive intermarriage took place. The families were classified then as "mulattos," a term that then had several different meanings. Today, it is most commonly used to describe mixed-race persons of African-European ancestry. However, at the time, the term was also used across the South to describe any non-white individual.
Following the Reconstruction Era, white-dominated legislatures in the South imposed legal racial segregation. They required all non-white people or people of color to attend black schools in which most students were the children of freedmen. In 1885, Democratic state representative Hamilton McMillan supported an effort to gain separate schools for the Indian children in the state since they and their ancestors had always been free and refused to send their children to black schools. In making his case, McMillan wrote that Lumbee ancestor James Lowrie had received sizable land grants early in the century and, by 1738, possessed combined estates of more than 2,000 acres (810 ha). Adolph Dial and David Eliades claimed that another Lumbee ancestor, John Brooks, held the title to over 1,000 acres (400 ha) in 1735 and that Robert Lowrie gained possession of almost 700 acres (280 ha).
However, a state archivist noted in the late 20th century that no land grants were issued during these years in North Carolina. The first documented land grants made to individuals claimed to be Lumbee ancestors did not take place until the 1750s, more than a decade later. None of the various petitions for federal recognition by the Lumbee people has relied on the McMillan, Dial, or Eliades claims.
Land patents and deeds filed with the colonial administrations of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina during that period show that individuals who claimed to be Lumbee ancestors migrated from southern parts of Virginia and northern parts of North Carolina. In the first federal census of 1790, the ancestors of the Lumbee were enumerated as Free Persons of Color, another term used for a wide variety of non-White people, including non-reservation American Indians, mixed race American Indian/European, and mixed race African/European. In 1800 and 1810, the families were classified as "all other free persons" in the census (after "white" and "black").
Land records show that in the second half of the 18th century, persons since identified as ancestral Lumbees began to take titles to land near Drowning Creek (Lumber River) and prominent swamps such as Ashpole, Long, and Back. According to James Campisi, the anthropologist hired by the Lumbee tribe to support their petition for federal recognition, the area "is located in the heart of the so-called old field of the Cheraw documented in land records between 1737 and 1739." The location of the Cheraw Old Fields is documented in the Lumbee petition for recognition based on Siouan descent, prepared by Lumbee River Legal Services in the 1980s. Other researchers have noted that the Cheraw Old Fields were only a few miles south of Robeson County North Carolina, into present-day Marlboro County South Carolina. In 1771, a convicted felon, by the name of Winsler Driggers, captured "near Drowning Creek, in the Charraw settlement," was reported as hanged under the Negro Act. That mention, along with no evidence that a new settlement was established or the old settlement was abandoned, is not sufficient to confirm that the settlement on Drowning Creek in 1754 was a Cheraw settlement.
American Revolution and federal era
Pension records for veterans of the American Revolutionary War in Robeson County listed men with surnames later associated with Lumbee families, such as Samuel Bell, Jacob Locklear, John Brooks, Berry Hunt, Thomas Jacobs, Thomas Cummings, and Michael Revels. In 1790, other men with surnames since associated with Lumbee-identified descendants, such as Barnes, Braveboy (or Brayboy), Bullard, Chavers (Chavis), Cumbo, Hammonds, Lowrie (Lowry/Lowery), Oxendine, Strickland, and Wilkins, were listed as inhabitants of the Fayetteville District; they were all "Free Persons of Color" in the first federal census.
Antebellum
Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature passed amendments to its original 1776 constitution, abolishing suffrage for free people of color. This was one of a series of laws passed by North Carolina whites from 1826 to the 1850s which the historian John Hope Franklin characterized as the "Free Negro Code", creating restrictions on that class. Free people of color were stripped of various civil and political rights which they had enjoyed for almost two generations. They could no longer vote or serve on juries, bear arms without a license from the state, or serve in the state militia. As these were obligations traditionally associated with citizenship, they were made second-class citizens.
In 1853, the North Carolina Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the state's restrictions to prevent free people of color from bearing arms without a license. Noel Locklear, identified as a free man of color in State v. Locklear, was convicted of being in illegal possession of firearms. In 1857, William Chavers from Robeson County was arrested and charged as a free person of color for carrying a shotgun without a license. Chavers, like Locklear, was convicted. Chavers promptly appealed, arguing that the law restricted only "free Negroes," not "persons of color from Indian blood." The appeals court reversed the lower court, finding that "free persons of color may be, then, for all we can see, persons colored by Indian blood".
Civil War
A yellow fever epidemic in 1862–1863 killed many slaves working on the construction of Fort Fisher near Wilmington, North Carolina, then considered to be the "Gibraltar of the South". As the state's slave owners resisted sending more slaves to Fort Fisher, the Confederate Home Guard intensified efforts to conscript able-bodied free persons of color as laborers. There does not appear to be documentation of conscription among the free people of color in Robeson County.
Some Lumbee ancestors are believed to have been forced to aid the Confederacy as laborers. Others are documented as drawing Confederate pensions for their service. The community says that many men tried to avoid such forced labor by hiding in the swamps. During that period, some men from Robeson County operated as guerrillas for the Union Army, sabotaging the efforts of the Confederacy and robbing local whites.
Lowry War
Main article: Lowry War
Early in the Civil War, North Carolina turned to forced labor to construct her defenses. Several Lowrie cousins had been conscripted as laborers to help build Fort Fisher, near Wilmington. Henry Berry Lowrie and several of his relatives took to the swamps where Indians resorted to "lying out" to avoid being rounded up by the Home Guard and forced to work as impressed laborers.
The Lowrie gang, as it became known, resorted to crime and conducting personal feuds, committing robberies and murders against white Robeson County residents and skirmishing with the Confederate Home Guard. They grew bolder as the war turned against the Confederacy. In December 1864, the Lowrie gang killed James P. Barnes after he had drafted workers, including the Lowries, for work on local defenses. Barnes had earlier accused Henry's father, Allen Lowrie, of stealing hogs. Next, the gang killed James Brantley Harris, a Confederate conscription officer who had killed a Lowrie relative.
A surprise search by the Home Guard of Allen Lowrie's home in March 1865 uncovered a stash of forbidden firearms. The Home Guard convened a summary court-martial, convicted Allen Lowrie and his son William of illegally possessing firearms as men of color, and executed them.
After the Civil War, the Lowrie gang continued their insurgency, committing robberies and murders. The authorities' raids and attempts to capture gang members became known as the Lowry War. The gang consisted of Henry Lowrie, his brothers Stephen and Thomas, cousins Calvin and Henderson Oxendine, two of Lowrie's brothers-in-law, two escaped slaves who had joined the Lowries, a white man of unknown identity who was likely a Confederate deserter, and two other men of unknown relation and identity.
On December 7, 1865, Henry Lowrie married Rhoda Strong. Arrested at his wedding, Lowrie escaped from jail by filing his way through the jail's bars.
Lowrie's gang continued its activities into the Reconstruction Era. Republican governor William Woods Holden declared Lowrie and his men outlaws in 1869, and offered a $12,000 reward for their capture: dead or alive. Lowrie responded with more revenge killings. Eluding capture, the Lowrie gang persisted after Reconstruction ended and conservative white Democrats gained control of North Carolina government, imposing segregation and white supremacy.
The Lowrie gang gained the sympathy of local Indian families and even some poor whites, who refused to cooperate with efforts to stop them. Records of the pursuit of the Lowrie gang provide the first documentation of the local people's claims on mixed Indian ancestry. These early accounts refer to the Lowries and the other local Indian families as being mixed Tuscarora/white. More than 150 years before, a large number of the Tuscarora people, who spoke an Iroquoian language, migrated north to New York to join their Iroquois cousins. The Tuscarora tribe in New York considers the migration complete by the year 1722; all the Tuscarora who remained in North Carolina are not considered under the same council fire, or tribal fraction. The large migration of Tuscarora people was a result of their defeat by the Carolina colonists and their Indian allies in the Tuscarora War.
In February 1872, shortly after a raid in which he robbed the local sheriff's safe of more than $28,000, Henry Berry Lowrie disappeared. It is claimed he accidentally shot himself while cleaning his double-barrel shotgun. As with many folk heroes, the death of Lowrie was disputed. He was reportedly seen at a funeral several years later. Without his leadership, all but two members of the Lowrie gang were subsequently hunted down, and either captured or killed.
State recognition as Indians
During Reconstruction, the legislature established public education for the first time, providing for white and black schools. All children of color were assigned to black schools, which were dominated by the children of freedmen (freed slaves). The Indian people of Robeson County had always been free and did not socially associate or interact with Blacks. They refused to send their children to school with the free Blacks and demanded for separate Indian schools. In the 1880s, as the Democratic Party was struggling against the biracial Populist movement which combined the strength of poor whites (Populist and Democrats) and blacks (mostly Republicans), Democratic state representative Hamilton MacMillan proposed to have the state recognize these Indian people of Robeson County as the "Croatan Indians" and to create a separate system of Croatan Indian schools. By the end of the 19th century, the "Indians of Robeson County" (as they then identified) established schools in eleven of their principal settlements.
An Indian school system
Three "Croatans" of Robeson County, c. 1909
In 1887, the Indians of Robeson County petitioned the state legislature to establish a normal school to train Indian teachers for the county's Indian schools. With state permission, they raised the requisite funds, along with some state assistance, which proved inadequate. Several tribal leaders donated money and privately held land for schools. Robeson County's Indian Normal School eventually developed as Pembroke State University and subsequently as the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
In 1899, North Carolina Congressional representatives introduced the first bill in Congress to appropriate federal funds to educate the Indian children of Robeson County. They introduced another bill a decade later, and yet another in 1911. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, T. J. Morgan, responded to Congress and the Croatan Indians, writing that, "so long as the immediate wards of the Government are so insufficiently provided for, I do not see how I can consistently render any assistance to the Croatans or any other civilized tribes." Those Indians in the Southeast and elsewhere who were not on reservations, such as those in Robeson County, were considered to be United States citizens and thus the responsibility of state governments. The federal government funded Indian education only for Indians on reservations.
By the first decade of the 20th century, a North Carolina Representative introduced a federal bill to establish "a normal school for the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina," to be paid for by the federal government. Charles F. Pierce, U.S. Supervisor of Indian Schools in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, opposed the legislation since, "t the present time it is the avowed policy of the government to require states having an Indian population to assume the burden and responsibility for their education, so far as is possible."
Ku Klux Klan conflict
Lumbees fighting Klansmen at the Battle of Hayes Pond
Main article: Battle of Hayes Pond
During the 1950s, the Lumbee made nationwide news when they came into conflict with the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist organization, then headed by Grand Dragon James W. "Catfish" Cole. Cole began a campaign of harassment against the Lumbee, claiming they were "mongrels and half-breeds" whose "race mixing" threatened to upset the established order of the segregated Jim Crow South. After giving a series of speeches denouncing the "loose morals" of Lumbee women, Cole burned a cross in the front yard of a Lumbee woman in St. Pauls, North Carolina, as a "warning" against "race mixing". Emboldened, Cole called for a Klan rally on January 18, 1958, near the town of Maxton. The Lumbee, led by veterans of the Second World War, decided to disrupt the rally.
The "Battle of Hayes Pond", also known as "the Klan Rout", made national news. Cole had predicted more than 5,000 Klansmen would show up for the rally, but fewer than 100 and possibly as few as three dozen attended. Approximately 500 Lumbee, armed with guns and sticks, gathered in a nearby swamp, and when they realized they possessed an overwhelming numerical advantage, attacked the Klansmen. The Lumbee encircled the Klansmen, opening fire and wounding four Klansmen in the first volley, none seriously. The remaining Klansmen panicked and fled. Cole was found in the swamps, arrested and tried for inciting a riot. The Lumbee celebrated the victory by burning Klan regalia and dancing around the open flames.
The Battle of Hayes Pond, which marked the end of Klan activity in Robeson County, is celebrated as a Lumbee holiday.
Early efforts to gain federal recognition
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The people achieved state recognition as "Croatan Indians" in 1885. They first petitioned the federal government for recognition in 1888, but were rejected due to the Bureau of Indian Affairs' lack of funding. In 1911, at the request of the tribe, the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation changing their name to "Indians of Robeson County." In 1913, over the objections of the existing federally recognized Cherokee Nation tribes in Oklahoma, the North Carolina legislators, based on a petition lobbied for and created by the Croatans, added "Cherokee" to the name of the Robeson County tribe. The tribe petitioned for federal recognition as "Cherokee" Indians, but it was denied. From 1913 to 1932, North Carolina legislators introduced bills in Congress as petitioned for by the Croatan faction to change the name of the people to Cherokee and gain federal recognition, but did not succeed.
In the early 20th century, North Carolina requested federal assistance to collect information related to the status of Indians in the state. The Southeast tribes had been subject to Indian removal in the 1830s, and were assigned to reservations in Oklahoma. Those Indians remaining in the state were considered state and federal citizens; there were no Indian reservations in the state. The legislature was chiefly reviewing issues related to the state's treatment of the Cherokee descendants who lived in the state.
In 1915, the report of Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was sent to the North Carolina legislature. He primarily reported on the Cherokee in the state. He noted that the Indians of Robeson County had developed an extensive system of schools and a political organization. He thought that, as state-recognized Indians, they were eligible to attend federal Indian schools. But, as they were highly assimilated, spoke English, and already worked in the common state culture, he doubted that the federal Indian schools could meet their needs. Congress did not provide any additional funding to support education for Indians in North Carolina.
In 1924, the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina petitioned for federal recognition as "Siouan Indians"; their request was rejected by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Congressional committees continued to refuse to have the federal government assume educational responsibility for the Indians of Robeson County, as they were state citizens and part of that jurisdiction's responsibility.
Federally commissioned reports
In the 20th century, numerous federally commissioned studies related to the Lumbee were conducted by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. They reflect changing concepts of what constituted Indian identity. In 1912, legislation was introduced to the US Senate to establish a school for the Indians of Robeson County. When the bill was sent to committee, it requested information from the Department of the Interior. The Indian Office sent Charles F. Pierce, the Supervisor of Indian Schools, to Robeson County to conduct a study of the tribe. Pierce reported that the state and county were providing funds to educate the 1,976 school-age Indian children. He also stated in his report that "one would readily class a large majority as being at least three-fourths Indian.
On April 28, 1914, the Senate called for an investigation into the status and conditions of the Indians of Robeson and adjoining counties. The Indian Office sent Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson to the county to obtain information regarding the educational system of the tribe. In his report, submitted to the Senate on January 4, 1915, he wrote:
While these Indians are essentially an agricultural people, I believe them to be as capable of learning the mechanical trades as the average white youth. The foregoing facts suggest the character of the educational institution that should be established for them, in case Congress sees fit to make the necessary appropriation, namely the establishment of an agricultural and mechanical school, in which domestic science shall also be taught.
Anthropologist John R. Swanton reported on possible origins of the Indians of Robeson County in his work on Southeast Indians. He wrote:
The evidence available thus seems to indicate that the Indians of Robeson County who have been called Croatan and Cherokee are descended mainly from certain Siouan tribes of which the most prominent were the Cheraw and Keyauwee, but they probably included as well remnants of the Eno, and Shakori, and very likely some of the coastal groups such as the Waccamaw and Cape Fears. It is not improbable that a few families or small groups of Algonquian or Iroquoian may have cast their lot with this body of people, but contributions from such sources are relatively insignificant. Although there is some reason to think that the Keyauwee tribe actually contributed more blood to the Robeson County Indians than any other, the name is not widely known, whereas that of the Cheraw has been familiar to historians, geographers and ethnologists in one form or another since the time of De Soto and has a firm position in the cartography of the region. The Cheraws, too, seem to have taken a leading part in opposing the colonists during and immediately after the Yamasee uprising. Therefore, if the name of any tribe is to be used in connection with this body of six or eight thousand people, that of the Cheraw would, in my opinion, be most appropriate.
In 1935, Indian Agent Fred Baker was sent to Robeson County in response to a proposed resettlement project for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson County. At the time, the people were attempting to organize as a tribe under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which largely applied to Indians on reservations to encourage their self-government.
Baker reported:
I find that the sense of racial solidarity is growing stronger and that the members of this tribe are cooperating more and more with each other with the object in view of promoting the mutual benefit of all the members. It is clear to my mind that sooner of later government action will have to be taken in the name of justice and humanity to aid them.
D'Arcy McNickle, from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, came to Robeson County in 1936 to collect affidavits and other data from people registering as Indian under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. McNickle stated, "there are reasons for believing that until comparatively recently some remnant of language still persisted among these people."
In the 1960s, Smithsonian ethnologists William Sturtevant and Samuel Stanley described the Lumbee as "larger than any other Indian group in the United States except the Navajo", and estimated their population as 31,380 Lumbee (from North and South Carolina) in 1960.
Indian New Deal
The federal Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 was chiefly directed at Native American tribes on reservations. It encouraged them to re-establish self-government, which had been diminished since the founding of reservations and the supervision by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs.
At this time, the Indians of Robeson County renewed their petition for federal recognition as a tribe. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) sent John R. Swanton, an anthropologist from the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Indian Agent Fred Baker to evaluate the claim of the Indians of Robeson County to historical continuity as an identified Indian community. In 1934, the future Lumbee revived their claim to Cherokee identity, joining the National Congress of American Indians under the name, "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County."
Swanton speculated that the group were more likely descended in part from Cheraw and other eastern Siouan tribes, as these were the predominant Native American peoples historically in that area. The Indians of Robeson County split in terms of how they identified as Native Americans: one group supported the Cheraw theory of ancestry. The other faction believed they were descended from the Cherokee, although the tribe had historically occupied territory in the mountains and western part of the state rather than the area of Robeson County. North Carolina's politicians abandoned support for the federal recognition effort until the tribal factions agreed on their identity.
In 1952, under the leadership of D.F. Lowrie, the tribe voted to adopt the name "Lumbee." The North Carolina legislature recognized the name change in 1953. The tribe petitioned again for federal recognition.
Lumbee Act
The Lumbee Act, also known as H.R. 4656 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 84–570, 70 Stat. 254), passed by Congress in late May 1956 as a concession to political lobbying and signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, designated the Lumbee as an Indian people. It withheld full recognition as a "Tribe", as had been agreed to by the Lumbee leaders. The Lumbee Act designated the Indians of Robeson, Hoke, Scotland, and Cumberland counties as the "Lumbee Indians of North Carolina."
It provided further, "as requested by the Lumbee HR 4656 stipulated that 'othing in this Act shall make such Indians eligible for any services performed by the United States for Indians because of their status as Indians.'" It also forbids a Government relationship with the Lumbee and forbids them from applying through the BARS, the BIA administrative process to gain recognition. This restriction as to eligibility for services was a condition which tribal representatives agreed to at the time in order to achieve status as a recognized tribe and have the Lumbee name recognized. The Lumbee had essentially assimilated into early colonial life prior to the formation of the United States. They lived as individuals, as did any other colonial and U.S. citizens. Lumbee spokesmen repeatedly testified at these hearings that they were not seeking federal financial benefits; they said they only wanted a name designation as Lumbee people.
Petitioning for full federal recognition
In 1987, the Lumbee petitioned the United States Department of the Interior for full federal recognition. This is a prerequisite to receive the financial benefits accorded federally recognized Native American tribes. The latter have generally been those tribes who had signed treaties with the federal government and had reservations established, and a history of a tribal relationship with the federal government. The petition was denied because of the Lumbee Act.
Senator Elizabeth Dole and Representative Mike McIntyre testifying at a congressional hearing on federal Lumbee recognition, 2003
The Lumbee resumed lobbying Congress, testifying in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1993 in efforts to gain full federal recognition by congressional action. All of these attempts failed in the face of opposition by the Department of Interior, the recognized Cherokee tribes (including North Carolina's Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians), some of the North Carolina Congressional delegation, and some representatives from other states with federally recognized tribes. Some of the North Carolina delegation separately recommended an amendment to the 1956 Act that would enable the Lumbee to apply to the Department of Interior under the regular administrative process for recognition. In 2004 and 2006 the tribe made renewed bids for full recognition, to include financial benefits.
In 2007, US Senator Elizabeth Dole from North Carolina introduced the Lumbee Recognition Bill. It was not enacted. Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins appeared before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in September 2007 to lobby for federal recognition of the tribe. Goins testified on the Lumbee's decades-long efforts to gain recognition.
On January 6, 2009, US Representative Mike McIntyre introduced legislation (H.R. 31) to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition. The bill gained support of more than 180 co-sponsors, including both North Carolina US Senators (Richard Burr and Kay Hagan). On June 3, 2009, the United States House of Representatives voted 240 to 179 for federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe, acknowledging that they are descendants of the historic Cheraw tribe. The bill went to the United States Senate. On October 22, 2009, the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs approved a bill for federal recognition of the Lumbee that also included a no-gaming clause. The Senate adjourned for 2010 without taking action on the bill.
In 2021, Senator Brian Schatz of Hawaii sought a hearing on Lumbee federal recognition. On April 22, 2021, US Representative G. K. Butterfield introduced legislation to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition (H.R. 2758) and the bill passed the House of Representatives on November 1, 2021.
2020 Presidential Election
During the 2020 Presidential Election campaign, then-candidate Joe Biden announced, on October 8, 2020, his support for federal recognition of the Lumbee tribe by pledging his backing to the Lumbee Recognition Act. Two weeks later, on October 21, 2020, President Donald Trump also announced his support for federal recognition of the tribe via the same legislation. The following weekend, Trump held a rally in Robeson County to shore up support among Native Americans. During the rally, Trump stated that " Lumbee Nation is forgotten no more!" Trump's rally was significant in that it was the first official visit to Robeson County by a sitting US President in history.
Historically most of Robeson County had trended Democratic, voting for Barack Obama by an 18 point margin in 2012. However, Donald Trump carried the county narrowly in 2016, winning by a 5 point margin over Hillary Clinton. In 2020, his margin of victory increased dramatically to an 18 point victory over Biden. Many attribute this swing in Trump's favor to his visit and explicit support for recognition of the tribe by the federal government.
Theories of origins
Lost Colony of Roanoke
In 1885, the Democratic politician Hamilton MacMillan proposed the theory that the Native inhabitants of Robeson County were descendants of England's "Lost Colony of Roanoke", who intermarried with what he described as the "Croatan Indians." The Roanoke colony disappeared during a difficult winter, but the colonists reportedly left the word "Croatan" carved into a tree, hence the name MacMillan gave to the proto Lumbee.
MacMillan's theory was part of a Reconstruction era effort to woo the proto Lumbee to the Democratic Party by creating an "Indian" school system that would free these new "Croatan Indians" from sending their children to school with the children of the recently emancipated slaves.
By the early 1900s, Robeson County whites used "Cro" as a racial epithet to describe their "Indian" neighbors. The Lost Colony theory of origins fell out of favor in the early twentieth century. "Croatan" was dropped from their tribal name and replaced by "Indians of Robeson County", although Lumbee historian Adolph Dial continued to advocate for the theory in the 1980s.
Cherokee descent
The proto Lumbee first began identifying as Cherokee Indians in 1915, when they changed their name to the "Cherokee Indians of Robeson County." Four years earlier, they had changed their name from the "Croatan Indians" to the generic "Indians of Robeson County." But the Cherokee occupied territory much further to the west and in the mountains during the colonial era.
In his unpublished 1934 master's thesis, graduate student Clifton Oxendine theorized that the Lumbee descended from Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee. Citing "oral traditions," Oxendine suggested that the Lumbee were the descendants of Cherokee warriors who fought with the British under Colonel John Barnwell of South Carolina in the Tuscarora campaign of 1711–1713. He said the Cherokee settled in the swamps of Robeson County when the campaign ended, along with some Tuscarora captives.
The Oxendine theory of Cherokee origin has been uniformly rejected by mainstream scholars. First, no Cherokee warriors are listed in the record of Barnwell's company. Second, the Lumbee do not speak Cherokee or any other Indian language. Third, Oxendine's claims of oral traditions are completely unsubstantiated; no such oral traditions survive or are documented by any other scholar.
The Lumbee have abandoned this theory in their documentation supporting their effort to obtain federal tribal recognition. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians categorically rejects any connection to the Lumbee, dismissing the Oxendine claims as "absurd" and disputing even that the Lumbee qualify as Native American.
Cheraw descent
Shortly after abandoning the Croatan label and changing their name to the generic "Indians of Robeson County", the proto Lumbee seized on the speculations of Indian agent McPherson that they may be related to the defunct Cheraw, a band of Siouan-speaking Indians that had been reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60 individuals by 1768.
The 1915 McPherson Report said in reference to the Cheraw (quoting the Handbook of American Indians, 1906):
Their numbers in 1715, according to Rivers, was 510, but this estimate probably included the Keyauwee. Being still subject to attack by the Iroquois, they finally—between 1726 and 1739—became incorporated with the Catawba ... They are mentioned as with the Catawba but speaking their own distinct dialect as late as 1743 (Adair). The last notice of them in 1768, when their remnant, reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60, were still living with the Catawba.
The Catawba are a federally recognized tribe. The McPherson Report does not explain how or when the remaining four or five dozen Cheraw identified in 1768 separated from the Catawba and became the ancestors of the Lumbee.
Siouan descent
After repeated rejections under the Croatan, Cherokee and Cheraw labels, the proto Lumbee petitioned the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1924 for recognition as "Siouan" Indians. This refers to Siouan language-speaking groups, not the Sioux, an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. This petition was rejected largely on the grounds that Siouan was a language, not a tribe. Moreover, there was no record of the Lumbee or their ancestors having ever spoken the Siouan or any other Indian language.
Keyauwee descent
In 1933, John Swanton wrote that the Siouan-speaking Keyauwee and Cheraw of the Carolina Piedmont were the most likely Indian ancestors of the people known from 1885 to 1912 as Croatan Indians and later as the Indians of Robeson County. He suggested that surviving descendants of the Waccamaw and the Woccon likely lived in the central coastal region of North Carolina. In the 21st century, these tribes are extinct as groups, except for a small band of Waccamaw that live on Lake Waccamaw and have been recognized by the state.
Swanton traced the migration of Southeast tribes. In addition to the Keyauwee, Cheraw, Bear River, Waccamaw, and Woccon already mentioned, he noted that the Eno and Waxhaw migrated from Piedmont South Carolina northeast to the north-central part of North Carolina, then back south again to a point on the Pee Dee River just south of the border of the two Carolinas.
By the 1770s, remnant Indians from the once distinct tribal communities of the Cheraw, Keyauwee, Hatteras, Waxhaw, Sugaree, Eno and Shakori gathered along the Lumbee River, near the border that now divides North and South Carolina. Some of these Indians moved further southward to join with the few surviving Catawba, but the majority settled near the pines, web of wetlands, and river that bear the name of the Lumbee. Over time in a process of ethnogenesis, they identified as a common people.
Authenticity and doubts of origins
Due to their lack of an obvious single ancestor tribe and other conventional indigenous cultural markers such as a unique language, Lumbee people are often confronted with doubts concerning the sincerity and genuineness of their claims to indigenous status. Some white and black residents of Robeson County have expressed doubts about their origins, asserting that the Lumbee are descendants of white and black people who do not want to be viewed as black. Some federally-recognized tribes have endorsed the extension of recognition to the Lumbee, while others have opposed it, accusing the Lumbee of making fraudulent claims to indigenous ancestry. Several tribes from the western United States also promulgate the belief that the Lumbee are a mixed, mostly African-descent group. Some Lumbee have undergone genetic testing which has not demonstrated indigenous ancestry. Historian Malinda Maynor Lowery, a member of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, criticized the usefulness of such tests, stating that the testing companies lack base samples of the Lumbee's indigenous ancestors' DNA with which the results can be compared. Some Lumbee report that the doubts about their status have caused emotional and psychological harm in their community.
Geographic dispersion
The Lumbee are heavily concentrated in Robeson County, North Carolina on the southern border of the state. Over the years, the Lumbee have migrated to other areas primarily for employment. Sizeable Lumbee settlements are in Cumberland, Sampson, Hoke, Scotland, and Columbus counties.
Culture and traditions
Lumbees at a pow wow in Lumberton, 2015
Surnames
Locklear, Oxendine, Lowry, Hunt, Chavis, Brayboy, and Bullard are common Lumbee surnames.
Language
Lumbee people speak both mainstream varieties of English and a vernacular form, Lumbee English. The latter is not a Native American language, but rather a form of American Indian English. In 2020, the ISO 639-3 language code lmz was retired from use, as it was determined that no separate Lumbee language has ever existed. Linguists have speculated that the ancestors of the Lumbees had been native peoples who had originally spoken the Cheraw dialect of the Eastern Siouan language prior to adopting English sometime before the early 1700s. Lumbee people encountered English-speaking European settlers and adopted their language much earlier than other Native American groups. The Lumbee Act of 1956 specifically mentioned the dialect as a defining attribute of the people.
By 1730 English settlers were surprised at the presence of a large English speaking Native American tribe. The Lumbee's lack of a traditional language led to extra difficulty in gaining federal recognition.
Lumbee dialectal English descends from the English spoken by the British English, Highland Scots, and Scots-Irish. Probably due to this heritage, it shares similarities with the High Tider accent found in the Outer Banks, namely in use of the /ɒɪ/ sound where other English speakers use /aɪ/, the use of the word mommuck ('to mess up'), and the grammatical use of weren't (e.g. "she weren't here"). Lumbee dialect also makes use of several unique words and phrases: chauld ('embarrassed'); on the swamp ('in the neighborhood'); juvember (sling shot); and bog (a serving of chicken and rice). Grammatically, Lumbee dialect employs the word bes as a verb form (e.g. "it bes really crowded"). There is a variation in the use of these elements among Lumbee people; some frequently use most of the vernacular's unique characteristics, while others use few of them but easily understand their meaning. The vernacular has also evolved over time, with older speakers frequently using the /ɒɪ/ sound and a-prefixing verbs, while the grammatical use of weren't has been retained and strengthened in use among younger speakers.
Lumbee Homecoming
Vendors at the 2016 Lumbee Homecoming
Lumbee Homecoming is a celebration held annually in Pembroke since 1968. Homecoming is important in bringing together members of families, many from great distances, for a weeklong celebration of Lumbee culture. Festivities include a parade, a pow wow, pageants, and other cultural events. 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the homecoming and saw crowds of over 20,000 spectators, including the Governor of North Carolina, Roy Cooper.
Communities
Lumbee communities were linked together by their extensive kinship ties, church affiliations, their sense of themselves as Indians, and their control of their educational system, all of which served as a mechanism for defining tribal membership and maintaining tribal boundaries. Communities are basically self-governing. One form of self-governance in the early 20th century was exhibited by a fraternal organization known as the Red Men's Lodge. By 1914, lodges existed in Prospect, Magnolia, Pembroke, Saddletree, Oxendine, and Union Chapel. Lodge members maintained social order, carried out ceremonies, marched in parades, and conducted funerals. The 1987 Lumbee Petition states that, "ith so many prominent leaders it is easy to understand how the lodges could maintain order and, at the same time, protect the tribal members from organized violence from whites in the area".
Lumbee patchwork
In the late 19th century, Maggie Lowry Locklear (Lumbee), daughter of Henry Berry Lowry, created a unique patchwork quilt inspired by the longleaf pine. Her quilt is in the collection of the Museum of the Southeast American Indian at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
In 1993, Hayes Alan Locklear (Lumbee) designed a dress, which was sewn by Kat Littleturtle (Lumbee) for Miss Lumbee Natascha Wagoner, who was chosen as the 8th Miss Indian USA. The dress featured a pinecone patchwork pattern inspired by Maggie Lowry Locklear's quilt. Since then, Lumbee women have adopted this pinecone patchwork dress style as the signature Lumbee dress.
Cuisine
Collard sandwiches served at a Lumbee Homecoming
Traditional Lumbee cuisine heavily intersects with Southern cuisine. Chicken and pastry is a mainstay of Lumbee food, as is cornbread. The collard sandwich—consisting of fried cornbread, collard greens, and fatback—is a popular dish among the Lumbee in Robeson County. It is sometimes served with chow-chow.
Religion
Today the Lumbee primarily practice Protestantism, and attending church is an important social activity. Churches have Sunday schools, youth organizations, senior citizens' programs, Bible study programs, and choir practices. Gospel songs are popular. Ministers are highly respected. When a sizeable number of Lumbee people move to a city, they tend to settle in a particular section or neighborhood and establish a church. This took place in Lumbee communities in Baltimore, Greensboro, Fayetteville, Charlotte, and Claxton, Georgia.
A study has documented Lumbee Methodism back to 1787. Lumbees created two church conferences of Indian congregations — the Burnt Swamp Baptist Association, founded around 1880, and the Lumbee River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Association in 1900. In 1984 Bruce Barton documented 104 Lumbee churches. Prospect Community Church , with 1,008 members in 2017, has purportedly the largest congregation of Native Americans in the United States.
Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
Main article: Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is one of eight state-recognized Native American tribes in North Carolina. They participate at the state level in many ways, including in the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs. They also participate in such national organizations as the National Congress of American Indians and the National Indian Education Association.
According to its constitution, adopted in 2000, the Lumbee tribal government is organized into three branches: the tribal chairperson (executive), the 21-member Tribal Council (legislative), and Supreme Court (judicial). The tribal chairperson and the Tribal Council are elected to three-year terms.
The current administration includes:
Chairman: John Lowery
Administrator: Tammy Maynor
Administration assistant to the chairman: Camera Brewer
Enrollment director: Reena Locklear.
Unrecognized organizations
Some unrecognized organizations identify as being Lumbee. One, the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and America, based in Exeter, California, petitioned for federal recognition in 1980. The final determination was that the group "does not exist as an Indian tribe" and that they did not descend from any Lumbee community.
See also
List of notable Lumbee
Notes
^ a b "Lumbee bill passes House vote". The Fayetteville Observer. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
^ "Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)". www.native-languages.org.
^ "Lumbee Dialect". pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
^ Lumbee Recognition Act. US Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources. 2009. p. 5.
^ Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey: Reconnaissance in Robeson County. Native American Resource Center Publications; 1988
^ Robeson Crossroads Archaeological Survey: Phase II Testing in Robeson County. Native American Resource Center Publications; 1993
^ The Lumbee In Context: Toward An Understanding. Native American Resource Center Publications; 2000
^ S. Pony Hill (2009-12-31). Strangers in Their Own Land: South Carolina's State Indian Tribes. Backintyme. p. 31. ISBN 9780939479344. ... Archibald McKissack, Bladen County Justice of the Peace, to the governor of North Carolina titled, "A list of the rogues: a list of the mob raitously assembled together in Bladen County, October 13th 1773."
^ Colonial Records: North Carolina 1890; 768 and North Carolina 1887; 161, respectively
^ Dial and Eliades, pp. 28–29.
^ Hoffman
^ Thomas
^ Campisi, Dr. Jack. "Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate." Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Legislative hearing on S. 660. 12 July 2006. p. 3 3 (retrieved 8 November 2009)
^ Cheraws' North Carolina, General. Archived 2009-03-30 at the Wayback Machine Roots Web. (retrieved 8 Nov 2009)
^ South Carolina Gazette. October 3, 1771
^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1790
^ Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, 1995-2005, accessed 9 Mar 2008
^ Dial and Eliades, p.45
^ Evans, p.108
^ Hauptman, p. 77.
^ State v. Chavers, 50 N.C. (5 Jones) 11 (1857).
^ Evans, pp. 3–18.
^ Dial and Eliades, pp. 46–47.
^ Hauptman, pp. 78–80.
^ Townsend, George Alfred (1872). The Swamp Outlaws: or, The North Carolina Bandits; Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods, New York: Robert M. DeWitt
^ Hauptman, Laurence. Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War. Simon and Schuster. p. 81.
^ "Henry Berry Lowrie". Lumbee Regional Development Association. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
^ a b c Currie, Jefferson. "Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever". North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
^ "LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead". RootsWeb. November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
^ Ross, pp.115-116; 124-125.
^ Ross, pp. 115-116; 124-125
^ H.R.19036, 61st Congress, 2nd Session
^ S.3258, 62nd Congress, 1st Session
^ Dial and Eliades, 93
^ Jefferson, NC: McFarland (1994), pages 179-186
^ a b c d "Bad Medicine for the Klan", Life magazine, 1958
^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 222.
^ McPherson
^ Tamura, E., ed. (2008). The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education: Marginality, Agency, and Power (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 9780230611030.
^ a b "History & Culture: Recognition". LumbeeTribe.com. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
^ a b "Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660". GPO.gov. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. July 12, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
^ The petition's authors were Julian Pierce, Cynthia Hunt-Locklear, Wes White, Jack Campisi and Arlinda Locklear.
^ a b "DRAFT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
^ a b "A steadfast few". The Daily Tar Heel. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
^ a b Futch, Michael (2015-06-07). "Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident". WRAL-TV. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
^ "McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill". Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ "H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes". Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ Shiles, Bob (March 27, 2009). "Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition". The Robensonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
^ "Lumbee recognition clears hurdle". Asheville Citizen-Times. October 23, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
^ "Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate". The News & Observer. Associated Press. 2010-12-25. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
^ Agoyo, Acee (12 May 2021). "Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition". indianz.com. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ Butterfield, G. K. (2021-11-01). "H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
^ "Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition". News & Observer. October 8, 2020.
^ "President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina". Fayetteville Observer. October 21, 2020.
^ "Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red",
New York Times, November 5, 2020 Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red
^ "Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill". AP NEWS. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally". The Robesonian. October 2020.
^ "7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump". News & Observer. November 12, 2016.
^ "Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically". The Robesonian. November 4, 2020.
^ Flores, Carlos (24 October 2020). "Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act". WPDE. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ Kruse, Michael (10 December 2020). "How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot". POLITICO. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ See Hamilton MacMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina (Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888)
^ Nieuwsma, Milton (18 August 1987). "VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY". chicagotribune.com.
^ Oxendine, p. 4
^ Rights, pp. 54-55
^ MCDONALD, THOMASI (12 May 2021). "North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees". INDY Week. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ Handbook of American Indians (1906)
^ a b Chavis, Dean. "The Lumbee Story" Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Red Hearts website (retrieved 8 Nov 2009)
^ Rights, p. 59
^ Blu 1980:36
^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, pp. 221–223.
^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 221.
^ NoiseCat, Julian Brave (October 4, 2022). "Who's Your People?". The Assembly. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
^ Rab, Lisa (August 20, 2018). "What Makes Someone Native American?". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
^ "Malinda Maynor Lowery". history.emory.edu. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Warren, Debby (October 29, 2019). "Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 220.
^ Wolfram et al 2002, pp. 1–2.
^ https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf
^ https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf
^ "Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English". ResearchGate.
^ a b "Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS". www.pbs.org.
^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 8.
^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 223.
^ Wolfram, Walt (2005). "Lumbee Dialect". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 13.
^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 14.
^ "Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year". The Fayetteville Observer. July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ "Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note". The Robesonian. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ "Communities". Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-04-13., Lumbee Tribe website
^ a b Labry, Suzanne. "Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork". Quilts, Inc. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
^ Tkacik, Christina (November 15, 2016). "A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
^ "Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food". Our State. December 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
^ Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015). "The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy". Our State. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
^ Stilling, Glenn Ellen Starr. "North Carolina's Lumbee Indians in Literature, Art, and Music" Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Lumbee Indians. Retrieved 1 July 2013
^ "Church Profile". www.umdata.org.
^ "Native American Heritage." Archived 2012-05-15 at the Wayback Machine State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved 8 Nov 2009.
^ "NC Tribal Communities". NC Department of Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
^ "Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA" (PDF). US Department of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
^ Fritz, John W. (19 April 1985). "Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes" (PDF). Federal Register. 50 (85): 18746.
References
"Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting", Life, 44 (27 January 1958), pp. 26–28.
Blu, Karen I. The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8032-6197-6.
Dial, Adolph L. and David K. Eliades. The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians, Syracuse University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8156-0360-3.
Eliades, David K., Oxendine, Linda E., and Locklear, Lawrence T. "Hail to UNCP! A 125-Year History of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke". Chapel Hill, NC: Chapel Hill Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-59715-098-9.
Evans, William McKee. To Die Game: The Story of the Lowry Band: Indian Guerillas of Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-8071-0379-1.
Hauptman, Laurence M. "River Pilots and Swamp Guerillas: Pamunkey and Lumbee Unionists", in Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-684-82668-4.
Hawks, Francis. History of North Carolina. Vol. I. Fayetteville, NC: E.J. Hale & Son, 1858.
Hoffman, Margaret M. Colony of North Carolina (1735–1764), Abstracts of Land Patents, Volume I. Roanoke Rapids, NC: Roanoke News Company, 1982. ISBN 978-1-85471-282-0.
Houghton, Richard H., III. "The Lumbee: 'Not a Tribe,' The Nation. 257.21 (20 December 1993)
Knick, Stanley G. 1988 Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey: Reconnaissance in Robeson County; Native American Resource Center Publications; UNC Pembroke.
Knick, Stanley G. 1993 Robeson Crossroads Archaeological Survey: Intensive Testing; Native American Resource Center Publications; UNC Pembroke.
Knick, Stanley (2008). "Because It Is Right". Native South. 1 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1353/nso.0.0002. S2CID 153562135. Project MUSE 368500.
Lawson, John. A New Voyage to Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1967. ISBN 978-0-8078-4126-6.
Locklear, Lawrence T. (2010). "Down by the Ol' Lumbee: An Investigation into the Origin and Use of the Word "Lumbee" Prior to 1952". Native South. 3 (1): 103–117. doi:10.1353/nso.2010.0004. S2CID 154923676. Project MUSE 392514.
McMillan, Hamilton. Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina. Indicating the Fate of the Colony of Englishmen Left on Roanoke Island in 1587, Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888.
McPherson, O.M. online text Report on Condition and Tribal Rights of the Indians of Robeson and Adjoining Counties of North Carolina, 63rd Congress, 3rd session, January 5, 1915. Senate Document 677 (This was submitted to the legislature of North Carolina, as they were considering issues related especially to the Cherokee and other tribal groups).
Miller, Mark Edwin. ‘’Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Tribal Recognition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
Milling, Chapman J. Red Carolinians. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940.
Norment, Mary C. The Lowrie History, As Acted in Part by Henry Berry Lowrie, the Great North Carolina Bandit. Weldon, NC: Harrell's Printing House, 1895.
Oxendine, Clifton. A Social and Economic History of the Indians of Robeson County North Carolina, unpublished M.A. thesis, George Peabody College for Teachers, 1934.
Rights, Douglas L. The American Indian in North Carolina. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1957.
Ross, Thomas E. American Indians in North Carolina: Geographic Interpretations, Southern Pines: Karo Hollow Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-891026-01-0.
Sider, Gerald M. Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003 (reprint). ISBN 978-0-8078-5506-5.
Thomas, Robert K. "A Report on Research of Lumbee Origins."; Lumbee River Legal Services. The Lumbee petition. Prepared in cooperation with the Lumbee Tribal Enrollment Office. Julian T. Pierce and Cynthia Hunt-Locklear, authors. Jack Campisi and Wesley White, consultants. Pembroke: Lumbee River Legal Services, 1987.
Townsend, George Alfred. The Swamp Outlaws, or, The North Carolina Bandits: Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods, New York: Robert M. DeWitt, 1872.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. The First Census of the U.S.: 1790. Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States: North Carolina. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908.
Wolfram, Walt; Dannenberg, Clare; Knick, Stanley; Oxendine, Linda (2002). Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. ISBN 1-885647-53-0.
Wolfram, Walt; Reaser, Jeffrey (2014). Talkin' Tar Heel : How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-1437-3.
Lawrence, Robert C. (1939). The State of Robeson. Lumberton. OCLC 3570522.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Cameron, Jno. D. "The Croatan Indians of Robeson", North Carolina: The Fayetteville Observer, February 12, 1885
Gorman, C. John "Gorman Papers", State archives, c. 1875 and with the Gorman family, Durham N.C. c. 1917
History of the Old Cheraws, Alexander Gregg (1819-1893)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lumbee.
Official website
Native American Resource Center, UNC Pembroke The Museum of the Southeast American Indian
Tuscarora Nation One Fire Council, Official Website
The Center for Lumbee Studies
"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture", Native Languages
"The Lumbee Indians": An annotated bibliography
Strike at the Wind Outdoor Drama
vte Native American tribes in North CarolinaFederally recognized
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
State-recognized
Coharie
Haliwa-Saponi
Lumbee
Meherrin
Occaneechi
Sappony
Waccamaw
vteState-recognized tribesGroups
Alabama
Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama
Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama
MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
Connecticut
Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation
Georgia
Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe
Louisiana
Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana
Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb
Pointe-au-Chien Tribe
United Houma Nation
Maryland
Accohannock Indian Tribe
Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland
Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory
Massachusetts
Hassanamisco Nipmuc
Michigan
Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
New Jersey
Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation
Ramapough Mountain Indians
Powhatan Renape Nation
New York
Unkechague Poosepatuck Tribe
North Carolina
Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc.
Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe
Lumbee
Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
Meherrin Indian Tribe
Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation
Sappony
Waccamaw Siouan Indians
South Carolina
Beaver Creek Indian Tribe
Santee Indian Organization
Waccamaw Indian People
Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians
Vermont
Elnu Abenaki Tribe
Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
Koasek Abenaki Tribe
Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
Virginia
Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
Mattaponi
Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
Related
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native American people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Robeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robeson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoke_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"state-recognized tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lumber River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_River"},{"link_name":"Robeson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robeson_County"},{"link_name":"Pembroke, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"federally recognized tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Lumbee are a Native American people primarily centered in Robeson, Hoke, Cumberland, and Scotland counties in North Carolina.The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina numbering approximately 55,000 enrolled members.The Lumbee take their name from the Lumber River, which winds through Robeson County. Pembroke, North Carolina, is their economic, cultural, and political center. According to the 2000 United States census report, 89% of the population of the town of Pembroke identified as Lumbee; 40% of Robeson County's population identified as Lumbee.The Lumbee Tribe was recognized by North Carolina in 1885. In 1956, the U.S. Congress passed the Lumbee Act which recognized the Lumbees as being American Indians but denied them benefits of a federally recognized tribe.[4]","title":"Lumbee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lumber River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_River"},{"link_name":"Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Siouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_languages"},{"link_name":"Pee Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedee_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"governor of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Arthur Dobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Dobbs"},{"link_name":"Raitously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/riotously"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"},{"link_name":"mulattos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"freedmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman#United_States"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Adolph Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Dial"},{"link_name":"David Eliades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eliades"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"archivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Free Persons of Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"Cheraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheraw"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gene-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Early historical references","text":"Archaeological evidence reveals that the area now known as Robeson County (central to modern Lumbee territory) has been continuously occupied by Native people for at least 14,000 years. Every named era found elsewhere in pre-European-contact North Carolina is also present in the archaeological record of Robeson County (artifacts from Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures).[5][6] All modern vicinities of Lumbee occupation contain numerous archaeological sites as recent as the Late Woodland period (mid-1700s), and oral traditions about the history of some Lumbee families extend back as far in Robeson County as the mid-1700s.[7]The earliest European document referring to Indian communities in the area of the Lumber River is a map prepared in 1725 by John Herbert, the English commissioner of Indian trade for the Wineau Factory on the Black River. Herbert identified the four Siouan-speaking communities as the Saraw, Pee Dee, Scavano, and Wacoma. Modern-day Lumbees claim connection to those settlements, but none of the four tribes is located within the boundaries of present-day Robeson County.[citation needed]When this area was first surveyed by the English in the 1750s, they reported that \"No Indians\" lived in Bladen County, which then included parts of present-day Robeson County. Colonial Welsh timber survey parties of the same areas also reported, \"No Hostile Indians, in fact No Indians to be found at all.\"[citation needed] The adjacent Anson County was identified as \"a frontier to the Indians\".[citation needed]In 1754, colonial authorities organized the territory: everything north of the Lumber River was made part of Bladen County, and everything south of the Lumber River was made part of Anson County. Anson County's border stretched west to known Cherokee territory. Historical records are unclear as to which parts of Anson County were occupied by Indians in the early colonial period.[citation needed]A 1772 proclamation by the governor of North Carolina, Arthur Dobbs — derived from a report by his agent, Colonel Rutherford, head of a Bladen County militia — listed the names of inhabitants who took part in a \"Mob Raitously Assembled together,\"[8] apparently defying the efforts of colonial officials to collect taxes. The proclamation declared the \"Above list of Rogus [sic] is all living upon the Kings Land without title.\" A later colonial military survey described \"50 families a mixt crew, a lawless People possess the Lands without Patent or paying quit Rents.\"[9] The surnames of some of the families are the same as modern-day Lumbees, but each family must be traced separately to identify individual ancestors, particularly since extensive intermarriage took place. The families were classified then as \"mulattos,\" a term that then had several different meanings. Today, it is most commonly used to describe mixed-race persons of African-European ancestry. However, at the time, the term was also used across the South to describe any non-white individual.Following the Reconstruction Era, white-dominated legislatures in the South imposed legal racial segregation. They required all non-white people or people of color to attend black schools in which most students were the children of freedmen. In 1885, Democratic state representative Hamilton McMillan supported an effort to gain separate schools for the Indian children in the state since they and their ancestors had always been free and refused to send their children to black schools. In making his case, McMillan wrote that Lumbee ancestor James Lowrie had received sizable land grants early in the century and, by 1738, possessed combined estates of more than 2,000 acres (810 ha). Adolph Dial and David Eliades claimed that another Lumbee ancestor, John Brooks, held the title to over 1,000 acres (400 ha) in 1735 and that Robert Lowrie gained possession of almost 700 acres (280 ha).[10]However, a state archivist noted in the late 20th century that no land grants were issued during these years in North Carolina. The first documented land grants made to individuals claimed to be Lumbee ancestors did not take place until the 1750s, more than a decade later.[11] None of the various petitions for federal recognition by the Lumbee people has relied on the McMillan, Dial, or Eliades claims.[12]Land patents and deeds filed with the colonial administrations of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina during that period show that individuals who claimed to be Lumbee ancestors migrated from southern parts of Virginia and northern parts of North Carolina. In the first federal census of 1790, the ancestors of the Lumbee were enumerated as Free Persons of Color, another term used for a wide variety of non-White people, including non-reservation American Indians, mixed race American Indian/European, and mixed race African/European. In 1800 and 1810, the families were classified as \"all other free persons\" in the census (after \"white\" and \"black\").[citation needed]Land records show that in the second half of the 18th century, persons since identified as ancestral Lumbees began to take titles to land near Drowning Creek (Lumber River) and prominent swamps such as Ashpole, Long, and Back. According to James Campisi, the anthropologist hired by the Lumbee tribe to support their petition for federal recognition, the area \"is located in the heart of the so-called old field of the Cheraw documented in land records between 1737 and 1739.\"[13] The location of the Cheraw Old Fields is documented in the Lumbee petition for recognition based on Siouan descent, prepared by Lumbee River Legal Services in the 1980s. Other researchers have noted that the Cheraw Old Fields were only a few miles south of Robeson County North Carolina, into present-day Marlboro County South Carolina.[14] In 1771, a convicted felon, by the name of Winsler Driggers, captured \"near Drowning Creek, in the Charraw settlement,\" was reported as hanged under the Negro Act.[15] That mention, along with no evidence that a new settlement was established or the old settlement was abandoned, is not sufficient to confirm that the settlement on Drowning Creek in 1754 was a Cheraw settlement.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Bureau_of_the_Census,_1790-16"}],"sub_title":"American Revolution and federal era","text":"Pension records for veterans of the American Revolutionary War in Robeson County listed men with surnames later associated with Lumbee families, such as Samuel Bell, Jacob Locklear, John Brooks, Berry Hunt, Thomas Jacobs, Thomas Cummings, and Michael Revels. In 1790, other men with surnames since associated with Lumbee-identified descendants, such as Barnes, Braveboy (or Brayboy), Bullard, Chavers (Chavis), Cumbo, Hammonds, Lowrie (Lowry/Lowery), Oxendine, Strickland, and Wilkins, were listed as inhabitants of the Fayetteville District; they were all \"Free Persons of Color\" in the first federal census.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nat Turner's slave rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion"},{"link_name":"suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"John Hope Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin"},{"link_name":"civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heinegg-17"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dial_eliades_45-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Antebellum","text":"Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831, the state legislature passed amendments to its original 1776 constitution, abolishing suffrage for free people of color. This was one of a series of laws passed by North Carolina whites from 1826 to the 1850s which the historian John Hope Franklin characterized as the \"Free Negro Code\", creating restrictions on that class. Free people of color were stripped of various civil and political rights which they had enjoyed for almost two generations. They could no longer vote or serve on juries, bear arms without a license from the state, or serve in the state militia.[17] As these were obligations traditionally associated with citizenship, they were made second-class citizens.In 1853, the North Carolina Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the state's restrictions to prevent free people of color from bearing arms without a license. Noel Locklear, identified as a free man of color in State v. Locklear, was convicted of being in illegal possession of firearms.[18][19][20] In 1857, William Chavers from Robeson County was arrested and charged as a free person of color for carrying a shotgun without a license. Chavers, like Locklear, was convicted. Chavers promptly appealed, arguing that the law restricted only \"free Negroes,\" not \"persons of color from Indian blood.\" The appeals court reversed the lower court, finding that \"free persons of color may be, then, for all we can see, persons colored by Indian blood\".[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Fort Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evans_3-18-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"guerrillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"}],"sub_title":"Civil War","text":"A yellow fever epidemic in 1862–1863 killed many slaves working on the construction of Fort Fisher near Wilmington, North Carolina, then considered to be the \"Gibraltar of the South\". As the state's slave owners resisted sending more slaves to Fort Fisher, the Confederate Home Guard intensified efforts to conscript able-bodied free persons of color as laborers. There does not appear to be documentation of conscription among the free people of color in Robeson County.[22][23][24]Some Lumbee ancestors are believed to have been forced to aid the Confederacy as laborers. Others are documented as drawing Confederate pensions for their service. The community says that many men tried to avoid such forced labor by hiding in the swamps. During that period, some men from Robeson County operated as guerrillas for the Union Army, sabotaging the efforts of the Confederacy and robbing local whites.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Henry Berry Lowrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berry_Lowrie"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauptman-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lowry War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncmuseumofhistory.org-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncmuseumofhistory.org-28"},{"link_name":"William Woods Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woods_Holden"},{"link_name":"segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_people"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_War"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncmuseumofhistory.org-28"}],"sub_title":"Lowry War","text":"Early in the Civil War, North Carolina turned to forced labor to construct her defenses. Several Lowrie cousins had been conscripted as laborers to help build Fort Fisher, near Wilmington. Henry Berry Lowrie and several of his relatives took to the swamps where Indians resorted to \"lying out\" to avoid being rounded up by the Home Guard and forced to work as impressed laborers.[25]The Lowrie gang, as it became known, resorted to crime and conducting personal feuds, committing robberies and murders against white Robeson County residents and skirmishing with the Confederate Home Guard. They grew bolder as the war turned against the Confederacy. In December 1864, the Lowrie gang killed James P. Barnes after he had drafted workers, including the Lowries, for work on local defenses. Barnes had earlier accused Henry's father, Allen Lowrie, of stealing hogs. Next, the gang killed James Brantley Harris, a Confederate conscription officer who had killed a Lowrie relative.[26]A surprise search by the Home Guard of Allen Lowrie's home in March 1865 uncovered a stash of forbidden firearms. The Home Guard convened a summary court-martial, convicted Allen Lowrie and his son William of illegally possessing firearms as men of color, and executed them.[citation needed]After the Civil War, the Lowrie gang continued their insurgency, committing robberies and murders. The authorities' raids and attempts to capture gang members became known as the Lowry War. The gang consisted of Henry Lowrie, his brothers Stephen and Thomas, cousins Calvin and Henderson Oxendine, two of Lowrie's brothers-in-law, two escaped slaves who had joined the Lowries, a white man of unknown identity who was likely a Confederate deserter, and two other men of unknown relation and identity.[27][28]On December 7, 1865, Henry Lowrie married Rhoda Strong. Arrested at his wedding, Lowrie escaped from jail by filing his way through the jail's bars.[28]Lowrie's gang continued its activities into the Reconstruction Era. Republican governor William Woods Holden declared Lowrie and his men outlaws in 1869, and offered a $12,000 reward for their capture: dead or alive. Lowrie responded with more revenge killings. Eluding capture, the Lowrie gang persisted after Reconstruction ended and conservative white Democrats gained control of North Carolina government, imposing segregation and white supremacy.The Lowrie gang gained the sympathy of local Indian families and even some poor whites, who refused to cooperate with efforts to stop them. Records of the pursuit of the Lowrie gang provide the first documentation of the local people's claims on mixed Indian ancestry. These early accounts refer to the Lowries and the other local Indian families as being mixed Tuscarora/white. More than 150 years before, a large number of the Tuscarora people, who spoke an Iroquoian language, migrated north to New York to join their Iroquois cousins. The Tuscarora tribe in New York considers the migration complete by the year 1722; all the Tuscarora who remained in North Carolina are not considered under the same council fire, or tribal fraction. The large migration of Tuscarora people was a result of their defeat by the Carolina colonists and their Indian allies in the Tuscarora War.In February 1872, shortly after a raid in which he robbed the local sheriff's safe of more than $28,000, Henry Berry Lowrie disappeared. It is claimed he accidentally shot himself while cleaning his double-barrel shotgun.[29] As with many folk heroes, the death of Lowrie was disputed. He was reportedly seen at a funeral several years later.[28] Without his leadership, all but two members of the Lowrie gang were subsequently hunted down, and either captured or killed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biracial Populist movement which combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusionism_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"State recognition as Indians","text":"During Reconstruction, the legislature established public education for the first time, providing for white and black schools. All children of color were assigned to black schools, which were dominated by the children of freedmen (freed slaves). The Indian people of Robeson County had always been free and did not socially associate or interact with Blacks. They refused to send their children to school with the free Blacks and demanded for separate Indian schools. In the 1880s, as the Democratic Party was struggling against the biracial Populist movement which combined the strength of poor whites (Populist and Democrats) and blacks (mostly Republicans), Democratic state representative Hamilton MacMillan proposed to have the state recognize these Indian people of Robeson County as the \"Croatan Indians\" and to create a separate system of Croatan Indian schools. By the end of the 19th century, the \"Indians of Robeson County\" (as they then identified) established schools in eleven of their principal settlements.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Lumbee_c._1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"normal school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"An Indian school system","text":"Three \"Croatans\" of Robeson County, c. 1909In 1887, the Indians of Robeson County petitioned the state legislature to establish a normal school to train Indian teachers for the county's Indian schools. With state permission, they raised the requisite funds, along with some state assistance, which proved inadequate. Several tribal leaders donated money and privately held land for schools. Robeson County's Indian Normal School eventually developed as Pembroke State University and subsequently as the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.[31]In 1899, North Carolina Congressional representatives introduced the first bill in Congress to appropriate federal funds to educate the Indian children of Robeson County. They introduced another bill a decade later,[32] and yet another in 1911.[33] The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, T. J. Morgan, responded to Congress and the Croatan Indians, writing that, \"so long as the immediate wards of the Government [Indians on reservations] are so insufficiently provided for, I do not see how I can consistently render any assistance to the Croatans or any other civilized tribes.\" [sic, civilized tribes were defined in contrast to Indians on reservations, who were wards of the government.][34] Those Indians in the Southeast and elsewhere who were not on reservations, such as those in Robeson County, were considered to be United States citizens and thus the responsibility of state governments. The federal government funded Indian education only for Indians on reservations.By the first decade of the 20th century, a North Carolina Representative introduced a federal bill to establish \"a normal school for the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina,\" to be paid for by the federal government. Charles F. Pierce, U.S. Supervisor of Indian Schools in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, opposed the legislation since, \"[a]t the present time it is the avowed policy of the government to require states having an Indian population to assume the burden and responsibility for their education, so far as is possible.\"[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_men_and_Robeson_County_indians_(Lumbee_Indians)_in_fight-armed_skirmish_(State%27s_Exhibit_No.6)._Photo_taken_by_Bill_Shaw,_Fayetteville_Observer_newspaper_photographer._Photo_used_as_state%27s_(8224422682).jpg"},{"link_name":"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Grand Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Wizard"},{"link_name":"James W. \"Catfish\" Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._%22Catfish%22_Cole"},{"link_name":"mongrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongrel"},{"link_name":"half-breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-breed"},{"link_name":"segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-36"},{"link_name":"St. Pauls, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauls,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-36"},{"link_name":"Maxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hayes Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hayes_Pond"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-36"}],"sub_title":"Ku Klux Klan conflict","text":"Lumbees fighting Klansmen at the Battle of Hayes PondDuring the 1950s, the Lumbee made nationwide news when they came into conflict with the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist organization, then headed by Grand Dragon James W. \"Catfish\" Cole. Cole began a campaign of harassment against the Lumbee, claiming they were \"mongrels and half-breeds\" whose \"race mixing\" threatened to upset the established order of the segregated Jim Crow South.[36] After giving a series of speeches denouncing the \"loose morals\" of Lumbee women, Cole burned a cross in the front yard of a Lumbee woman in St. Pauls, North Carolina, as a \"warning\" against \"race mixing\".[36] Emboldened, Cole called for a Klan rally on January 18, 1958, near the town of Maxton. The Lumbee, led by veterans of the Second World War, decided to disrupt the rally.The \"Battle of Hayes Pond\", also known as \"the Klan Rout\", made national news.[36] Cole had predicted more than 5,000 Klansmen would show up for the rally, but fewer than 100 and possibly as few as three dozen attended. Approximately 500 Lumbee, armed with guns and sticks, gathered in a nearby swamp, and when they realized they possessed an overwhelming numerical advantage, attacked the Klansmen. The Lumbee encircled the Klansmen, opening fire and wounding four Klansmen in the first volley, none seriously. The remaining Klansmen panicked and fled. Cole was found in the swamps, arrested and tried for inciting a riot. The Lumbee celebrated the victory by burning Klan regalia and dancing around the open flames.[36]The Battle of Hayes Pond, which marked the end of Klan activity in Robeson County, is celebrated as a Lumbee holiday.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014222-37"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation"},{"link_name":"Indian removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Early efforts to gain federal recognition","text":"The people achieved state recognition as \"Croatan Indians\" in 1885. They first petitioned the federal government for recognition in 1888, but were rejected due to the Bureau of Indian Affairs' lack of funding.[37] In 1911, at the request of the tribe, the North Carolina General Assembly passed legislation changing their name to \"Indians of Robeson County.\" In 1913, over the objections of the existing federally recognized Cherokee Nation tribes in Oklahoma, the North Carolina legislators, based on a petition lobbied for and created by the Croatans, added \"Cherokee\" to the name of the Robeson County tribe. The tribe petitioned for federal recognition as \"Cherokee\" Indians, but it was denied. From 1913 to 1932, North Carolina legislators introduced bills in Congress as petitioned for by the Croatan faction to change the name of the people to Cherokee and gain federal recognition, but did not succeed.In the early 20th century, North Carolina requested federal assistance to collect information related to the status of Indians in the state. The Southeast tribes had been subject to Indian removal in the 1830s, and were assigned to reservations in Oklahoma. Those Indians remaining in the state were considered state and federal citizens; there were no Indian reservations in the state. The legislature was chiefly reviewing issues related to the state's treatment of the Cherokee descendants who lived in the state.In 1915, the report of Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was sent to the North Carolina legislature. He primarily reported on the Cherokee in the state. He noted that the Indians of Robeson County had developed an extensive system of schools and a political organization. He thought that, as state-recognized Indians, they were eligible to attend federal Indian schools. But, as they were highly assimilated, spoke English, and already worked in the common state culture, he doubted that the federal Indian schools could meet their needs. Congress did not provide any additional funding to support education for Indians in North Carolina.[38]In 1924, the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina petitioned for federal recognition as \"Siouan Indians\"; their request was rejected by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Congressional committees continued to refuse to have the federal government assume educational responsibility for the Indians of Robeson County, as they were state citizens and part of that jurisdiction's responsibility.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"ethnologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tamura-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history--culture-40"},{"link_name":"John R. Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Swanton"},{"link_name":"Indian Reorganization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearing-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearing-41"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history--culture-40"}],"sub_title":"Federally commissioned reports","text":"In the 20th century, numerous federally commissioned studies related to the Lumbee were conducted by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. They reflect changing concepts of what constituted Indian identity.[citation needed] In 1912, legislation was introduced to the US Senate to establish a school for the Indians of Robeson County. When the bill was sent to committee, it requested information from the Department of the Interior. The Indian Office sent Charles F. Pierce, the Supervisor of Indian Schools, to Robeson County to conduct a study of the tribe. Pierce reported that the state and county were providing funds to educate the 1,976 school-age Indian children. He also stated in his report that \"one would readily class a large majority [of the Lumbee] as being at least three-fourths Indian.[39]On April 28, 1914, the Senate called for an investigation into the status and conditions of the Indians of Robeson and adjoining counties. The Indian Office sent Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson to the county to obtain information regarding the educational system of the tribe. In his report, submitted to the Senate on January 4, 1915, he wrote:While these Indians are essentially an agricultural people, I believe them to be as capable of learning the mechanical trades as the average white youth. The foregoing facts suggest the character of the educational institution that should be established for them, in case Congress sees fit to make the necessary appropriation, namely the establishment of an agricultural and mechanical school, in which domestic science shall also be taught.[40]Anthropologist John R. Swanton reported on possible origins of the Indians of Robeson County in his work on Southeast Indians. He wrote:The evidence available thus seems to indicate that the Indians of Robeson County who have been called Croatan and Cherokee are descended mainly from certain Siouan tribes of which the most prominent were the Cheraw and Keyauwee, but they probably included as well remnants of the Eno, and Shakori, and very likely some of the coastal groups such as the Waccamaw and Cape Fears. It is not improbable that a few families or small groups of Algonquian or Iroquoian may have cast their lot with this body of people, but contributions from such sources are relatively insignificant. Although there is some reason to think that the Keyauwee tribe actually contributed more blood to the Robeson County Indians than any other, the name is not widely known, whereas that of the Cheraw has been familiar to historians, geographers and ethnologists in one form or another since the time of De Soto and has a firm position in the cartography of the region. The Cheraws, too, seem to have taken a leading part in opposing the colonists during and immediately after the Yamasee uprising. Therefore, if the name of any tribe is to be used in connection with this body of six or eight thousand people, that of the Cheraw would, in my opinion, be most appropriate.In 1935, Indian Agent Fred Baker was sent to Robeson County in response to a proposed resettlement project for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson County. At the time, the people were attempting to organize as a tribe under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which largely applied to Indians on reservations to encourage their self-government.Baker reported:I find that the sense of racial solidarity is growing stronger and that the members of this tribe are cooperating more and more with each other with the object in view of promoting the mutual benefit of all the members. It is clear to my mind that sooner of later government action will have to be taken in the name of justice and humanity to aid them.[citation needed]D'Arcy McNickle, from the Bureau of Indian Affairs,[41] came to Robeson County in 1936 to collect affidavits and other data from people registering as Indian under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. McNickle stated, \"there are reasons for believing that until comparatively recently some remnant of language still persisted among these people.\"[41]In the 1960s, Smithsonian ethnologists William Sturtevant and Samuel Stanley described the Lumbee as \"larger than any other Indian group in the United States except the Navajo\", and estimated their population as 31,380 Lumbee (from North and South Carolina) in 1960.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Reorganization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act"},{"link_name":"John R. Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Swanton"},{"link_name":"Bureau of American Ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology"}],"sub_title":"Indian New Deal","text":"The federal Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 was chiefly directed at Native American tribes on reservations. It encouraged them to re-establish self-government, which had been diminished since the founding of reservations and the supervision by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs.At this time, the Indians of Robeson County renewed their petition for federal recognition as a tribe. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) sent John R. Swanton, an anthropologist from the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Indian Agent Fred Baker to evaluate the claim of the Indians of Robeson County to historical continuity as an identified Indian community. In 1934, the future Lumbee revived their claim to Cherokee identity, joining the National Congress of American Indians under the name, \"Cherokee Indians of Robeson County.\"Swanton speculated that the group were more likely descended in part from Cheraw and other eastern Siouan tribes, as these were the predominant Native American peoples historically in that area. The Indians of Robeson County split in terms of how they identified as Native Americans: one group supported the Cheraw theory of ancestry. The other faction believed they were descended from the Cherokee, although the tribe had historically occupied territory in the mountains and western part of the state rather than the area of Robeson County. North Carolina's politicians abandoned support for the federal recognition effort until the tribal factions agreed on their identity.In 1952, under the leadership of D.F. Lowrie, the tribe voted to adopt the name \"Lumbee.\" The North Carolina legislature recognized the name change in 1953. The tribe petitioned again for federal recognition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"84–570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/84/570"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-70-254"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Hoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoke_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Lumbee Act","text":"The Lumbee Act, also known as H.R. 4656 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 84–570, 70 Stat. 254), passed by Congress in late May 1956 as a concession to political lobbying and signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, designated the Lumbee as an Indian people. It withheld full recognition as a \"Tribe\", as had been agreed to by the Lumbee leaders. The Lumbee Act designated the Indians of Robeson, Hoke, Scotland, and Cumberland counties as the \"Lumbee Indians of North Carolina.\"It provided further, \"as requested by the Lumbee HR 4656 stipulated that '[n]othing in this Act shall make such Indians eligible for any services performed by the United States for Indians because of their status as Indians.'\" It also forbids a Government relationship with the Lumbee and forbids them from applying through the BARS, the BIA administrative process to gain recognition. This restriction as to eligibility for services was a condition which tribal representatives agreed to at the time in order to achieve status as a recognized tribe and have the Lumbee name recognized. The Lumbee had essentially assimilated into early colonial life prior to the formation of the United States. They lived as individuals, as did any other colonial and U.S. citizens. Lumbee spokesmen repeatedly testified at these hearings that they were not seeking federal financial benefits; they said they only wanted a name designation as Lumbee people.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DOLE,_MCINTYRE_TESTIFY_AT_LUMBEE_HEARING.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole"},{"link_name":"Mike McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-43"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_tarheel-44"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daily_tarheel-44"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Goins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Goins"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wral-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wral-45"},{"link_name":"Mike McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIntyre_Introduces_Lumbee_Recognition_Bill-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H.R._31_-_To_provide_for_the_recognition_of_the_Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina,_and_for_other_purposes-47"},{"link_name":"Richard Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burr"},{"link_name":"Kay Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Hagan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hagan_pledges_support_for_Lumbee_recognition-48"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lumbee_bill_passes_House_vote.-1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Brian Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schatz"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"G. K. Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Butterfield"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Petitioning for full federal recognition","text":"In 1987, the Lumbee petitioned the United States Department of the Interior for full federal recognition. This is a prerequisite to receive the financial benefits accorded federally recognized Native American tribes. The latter have generally been those tribes who had signed treaties with the federal government and had reservations established, and a history of a tribal relationship with the federal government.[42] The petition was denied because of the Lumbee Act.Senator Elizabeth Dole and Representative Mike McIntyre testifying at a congressional hearing on federal Lumbee recognition, 2003The Lumbee resumed lobbying Congress, testifying in 1988, 1989, 1991 and 1993 in efforts to gain full federal recognition by congressional action.[43] All of these attempts failed in the face of opposition by the Department of Interior, the recognized Cherokee tribes (including North Carolina's Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians), some of the North Carolina Congressional delegation, and some representatives from other states with federally recognized tribes. Some of the North Carolina delegation separately recommended an amendment to the 1956 Act that would enable the Lumbee to apply to the Department of Interior under the regular administrative process for recognition.[43] In 2004 and 2006 the tribe made renewed bids for full recognition, to include financial benefits.[44]In 2007, US Senator Elizabeth Dole from North Carolina introduced the Lumbee Recognition Bill. It was not enacted.[44] Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins appeared before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in September 2007 to lobby for federal recognition of the tribe.[45] Goins testified on the Lumbee's decades-long efforts to gain recognition.[45]On January 6, 2009, US Representative Mike McIntyre introduced legislation (H.R. 31) to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition.[46] The bill gained support of more than 180 co-sponsors,[47] including both North Carolina US Senators (Richard Burr and Kay Hagan).[48] On June 3, 2009, the United States House of Representatives voted 240 to 179 for federal recognition for the Lumbee tribe, acknowledging that they are descendants of the historic Cheraw tribe. The bill went to the United States Senate.[1] On October 22, 2009, the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs approved a bill for federal recognition of the Lumbee that also included a no-gaming clause.[49] The Senate adjourned for 2010 without taking action on the bill.[50]In 2021, Senator Brian Schatz of Hawaii sought a hearing on Lumbee federal recognition.[51] On April 22, 2021, US Representative G. K. Butterfield introduced legislation to grant the Lumbee full federal recognition (H.R. 2758) and the bill passed the House of Representatives on November 1, 2021.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"2020 Presidential Election","text":"During the 2020 Presidential Election campaign, then-candidate Joe Biden announced, on October 8, 2020, his support for federal recognition of the Lumbee tribe by pledging his backing to the Lumbee Recognition Act.[53] Two weeks later, on October 21, 2020, President Donald Trump also announced his support for federal recognition of the tribe via the same legislation.[54] The following weekend, Trump held a rally in Robeson County to shore up support among Native Americans.[55] During the rally, Trump stated that \"[The] Lumbee Nation is forgotten no more!\"[56] Trump's rally was significant in that it was the first official visit to Robeson County by a sitting US President in history.[57]Historically most of Robeson County had trended Democratic, voting for Barack Obama by an 18 point margin in 2012. However, Donald Trump carried the county narrowly in 2016, winning by a 5 point margin over Hillary Clinton. In 2020, his margin of victory increased dramatically to an 18 point victory over Biden.[58][59] Many attribute this swing in Trump's favor to his visit and explicit support for recognition of the tribe by the federal government.[60][61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost Colony of Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adolph Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Dial"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Lost Colony of Roanoke","text":"In 1885, the Democratic politician Hamilton MacMillan proposed the theory that the Native inhabitants of Robeson County were descendants of England's \"Lost Colony of Roanoke\", who intermarried with what he described as the \"Croatan Indians.\"[62] The Roanoke colony disappeared during a difficult winter, but the colonists reportedly left the word \"Croatan\" carved into a tree, hence the name MacMillan gave to the proto Lumbee.MacMillan's theory was part of a Reconstruction era effort to woo the proto Lumbee to the Democratic Party by creating an \"Indian\" school system that would free these new \"Croatan Indians\" from sending their children to school with the children of the recently emancipated slaves.By the early 1900s, Robeson County whites used \"Cro\" as a racial epithet to describe their \"Indian\" neighbors. The Lost Colony theory of origins fell out of favor in the early twentieth century. \"Croatan\" was dropped from their tribal name and replaced by \"Indians of Robeson County\",[citation needed] although Lumbee historian Adolph Dial continued to advocate for the theory in the 1980s.[63]","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iroquoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_languages"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"John Barnwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnwell_(colonist)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Cherokee descent","text":"The proto Lumbee first began identifying as Cherokee Indians in 1915, when they changed their name to the \"Cherokee Indians of Robeson County.\" Four years earlier, they had changed their name from the \"Croatan Indians\" to the generic \"Indians of Robeson County.\" But the Cherokee occupied territory much further to the west and in the mountains during the colonial era.In his unpublished 1934 master's thesis, graduate student Clifton Oxendine theorized that the Lumbee descended from Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee. Citing \"oral traditions,\" Oxendine suggested that the Lumbee were the descendants of Cherokee warriors who fought with the British under Colonel John Barnwell of South Carolina in the Tuscarora campaign of 1711–1713. He said the Cherokee settled in the swamps of Robeson County when the campaign ended, along with some Tuscarora captives.[64]The Oxendine theory of Cherokee origin has been uniformly rejected by mainstream scholars. First, no Cherokee warriors are listed in the record of Barnwell's company.[65] Second, the Lumbee do not speak Cherokee or any other Indian language. Third, Oxendine's claims of oral traditions are completely unsubstantiated; no such oral traditions survive or are documented by any other scholar.The Lumbee have abandoned this theory in their documentation supporting their effort to obtain federal tribal recognition. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians categorically rejects any connection to the Lumbee, dismissing the Oxendine claims as \"absurd\" and disputing even that the Lumbee qualify as Native American.[66]","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheraw"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_people"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_people"}],"sub_title":"Cheraw descent","text":"Shortly after abandoning the Croatan label and changing their name to the generic \"Indians of Robeson County\", the proto Lumbee seized on the speculations of Indian agent McPherson that they may be related to the defunct Cheraw, a band of Siouan-speaking Indians that had been reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60 individuals by 1768.The 1915 McPherson Report said in reference to the Cheraw (quoting the Handbook of American Indians, 1906):Their numbers in 1715, according to Rivers, was 510, but this estimate probably included the Keyauwee. Being still subject to attack by the Iroquois, they finally—between 1726 and 1739—became incorporated with the Catawba ... They are mentioned as with the Catawba but speaking their own distinct dialect as late as 1743 (Adair). The last notice of them in 1768, when their remnant, reduced by war and disease to 50 or 60, were still living with the Catawba.[67]The Catawba are a federally recognized tribe. The McPherson Report does not explain how or when the remaining four or five dozen Cheraw identified in 1768 separated from the Catawba and became the ancestors of the Lumbee.","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siouan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan_language"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Indigenous people of the Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Great_Plains"}],"sub_title":"Siouan descent","text":"After repeated rejections under the Croatan, Cherokee and Cheraw labels, the proto Lumbee petitioned the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1924 for recognition as \"Siouan\" Indians. This refers to Siouan language-speaking groups, not the Sioux, an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. This petition was rejected largely on the grounds that Siouan was a language, not a tribe. Moreover, there was no record of the Lumbee or their ancestors having ever spoken the Siouan or any other Indian language.","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolina Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavis-68"},{"link_name":"Waccamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waccamaw"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavis-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rights,_p._59-69"},{"link_name":"Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_people"},{"link_name":"Waxhaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhaw_people"},{"link_name":"Pee Dee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee_Dee_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Keyauwee descent","text":"In 1933, John Swanton wrote that the Siouan-speaking Keyauwee and Cheraw of the Carolina Piedmont were the most likely Indian ancestors of the people known from 1885 to 1912 as Croatan Indians and later as the Indians of Robeson County.[68] He suggested that surviving descendants of the Waccamaw and the Woccon likely lived in the central coastal region of North Carolina. In the 21st century, these tribes are extinct as groups, except for a small band of Waccamaw that live on Lake Waccamaw and have been recognized by the state.[68]Swanton traced the migration of Southeast tribes.[69] In addition to the Keyauwee, Cheraw, Bear River, Waccamaw, and Woccon already mentioned, he noted that the Eno and Waxhaw migrated from Piedmont South Carolina northeast to the north-central part of North Carolina, then back south again to a point on the Pee Dee River just south of the border of the two Carolinas.By the 1770s, remnant Indians from the once distinct tribal communities of the Cheraw, Keyauwee, Hatteras, Waxhaw, Sugaree, Eno and Shakori gathered along the Lumbee River, near the border that now divides North and South Carolina.[citation needed] Some of these Indians moved further southward to join with the few surviving Catawba, but the majority settled near the pines, web of wetlands, and river that bear the name of the Lumbee. Over time in a process of ethnogenesis, they identified as a common people.[70]","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014221%E2%80%93223-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014221-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"genetic testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rab-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Authenticity and doubts of origins","text":"Due to their lack of an obvious single ancestor tribe and other conventional indigenous cultural markers such as a unique language, Lumbee people are often confronted with doubts concerning the sincerity and genuineness of their claims to indigenous status.[71] Some white and black residents of Robeson County have expressed doubts about their origins, asserting that the Lumbee are descendants of white and black people who do not want to be viewed as black.[72] Some federally-recognized tribes have endorsed the extension of recognition to the Lumbee, while others have opposed it, accusing the Lumbee of making fraudulent claims to indigenous ancestry.[73] Several tribes from the western United States also promulgate the belief that the Lumbee are a mixed, mostly African-descent group. Some Lumbee have undergone genetic testing which has not demonstrated indigenous ancestry. Historian Malinda Maynor Lowery, a member of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, criticized the usefulness of such tests, stating that the testing companies lack base samples of the Lumbee's indigenous ancestors' DNA with which the results can be compared.[74][75] Some Lumbee report that the doubts about their status have caused emotional and psychological harm in their community.[76]","title":"Theories of origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robeson County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robeson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoke_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Lumbee are heavily concentrated in Robeson County, North Carolina on the southern border of the state. Over the years, the Lumbee have migrated to other areas primarily for employment. Sizeable Lumbee settlements are in Cumberland, Sampson, Hoke, Scotland, and Columbus counties.[citation needed]","title":"Geographic dispersion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10th_Annual_Lumbee_Powwow_Lumberton.jpg"}],"text":"Lumbees at a pow wow in Lumberton, 2015","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014220-77"}],"sub_title":"Surnames","text":"Locklear, Oxendine, Lowry, Hunt, Chavis, Brayboy, and Bullard are common Lumbee surnames.[77]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al20021%E2%80%932-78"},{"link_name":"Native American language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_language"},{"link_name":"American Indian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_English"},{"link_name":"ISO 639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"link_name":"language code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_code"},{"link_name":"native peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina#The_Native_Peoples_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cheraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheraw"},{"link_name":"Eastern Siouan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Siouan_language"},{"link_name":"adopting English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al20028-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014223-84"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-82"},{"link_name":"Highland Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Scots"},{"link_name":"Scots-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"High Tider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tider"},{"link_name":"Outer Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"mommuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mommuck"},{"link_name":"juvember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juvember"},{"link_name":"sling shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_shot"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al200213-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al200214-87"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Lumbee people speak both mainstream varieties of English and a vernacular form, Lumbee English.[78] The latter is not a Native American language, but rather a form of American Indian English. In 2020, the ISO 639-3 language code lmz was retired from use, as it was determined that no separate Lumbee language has ever existed. Linguists have speculated that the ancestors of the Lumbees had been native peoples who had originally spoken the Cheraw dialect of the Eastern Siouan language prior to adopting English sometime before the early 1700s.[79][80][81][82] Lumbee people encountered English-speaking European settlers and adopted their language much earlier than other Native American groups.[83] The Lumbee Act of 1956 specifically mentioned the dialect as a defining attribute of the people.[84]By 1730 English settlers were surprised at the presence of a large English speaking Native American tribe. The Lumbee's lack of a traditional language led to extra difficulty in gaining federal recognition.[82]Lumbee dialectal English descends from the English spoken by the British English, Highland Scots, and Scots-Irish. Probably due to this heritage, it shares similarities with the High Tider accent found in the Outer Banks, namely in use of the /ɒɪ/ sound where other English speakers use /aɪ/, the use of the word mommuck ('to mess up'), and the grammatical use of weren't (e.g. \"she weren't here\"). Lumbee dialect also makes use of several unique words and phrases: chauld ('embarrassed'); on the swamp ('in the neighborhood'); juvember (sling shot); and bog (a serving of chicken and rice). Grammatically, Lumbee dialect employs the word bes as a verb form (e.g. \"it bes really crowded\").[85] There is a variation in the use of these elements among Lumbee people; some frequently use most of the vernacular's unique characteristics, while others use few of them but easily understand their meaning.[86] The vernacular has also evolved over time, with older speakers frequently using the /ɒɪ/ sound and a-prefixing verbs, while the grammatical use of weren't has been retained and strengthened in use among younger speakers.[87]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lumbee_Homecoming_2016_vendors.png"},{"link_name":"pow wow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_wow"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Governor of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Roy Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Lumbee Homecoming","text":"Vendors at the 2016 Lumbee HomecomingLumbee Homecoming is a celebration held annually in Pembroke since 1968. Homecoming is important in bringing together members of families, many from great distances, for a weeklong celebration of Lumbee culture. Festivities include a parade, a pow wow, pageants, and other cultural events. 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the homecoming and saw crowds of over 20,000 spectators,[88] including the Governor of North Carolina, Roy Cooper.[89]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Lumbee communities were linked together by their extensive kinship ties, church affiliations, their sense of themselves as Indians, and their control of their educational system, all of which served as a mechanism for defining tribal membership and maintaining tribal boundaries. Communities are basically self-governing. One form of self-governance in the early 20th century was exhibited by a fraternal organization known as the Red Men's Lodge. By 1914, lodges existed in Prospect, Magnolia, Pembroke, Saddletree, Oxendine, and Union Chapel. Lodge members maintained social order, carried out ceremonies, marched in parades, and conducted funerals. The 1987 Lumbee Petition states that, \"[w]ith so many prominent leaders it is easy to understand how the lodges could maintain order and, at the same time, protect the tribal members from organized violence from whites in the area\".[90]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Berry Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berry_Lowry"},{"link_name":"longleaf pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleaf_pine"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Southeast American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_the_Southeast_American_Indian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quilts-91"},{"link_name":"Miss Indian USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Indian_America"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quilts-91"}],"sub_title":"Lumbee patchwork","text":"In the late 19th century, Maggie Lowry Locklear (Lumbee), daughter of Henry Berry Lowry, created a unique patchwork quilt inspired by the longleaf pine. Her quilt is in the collection of the Museum of the Southeast American Indian at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.[91]In 1993, Hayes Alan Locklear (Lumbee) designed a dress, which was sewn by Kat Littleturtle (Lumbee) for Miss Lumbee Natascha Wagoner, who was chosen as the 8th Miss Indian USA. The dress featured a pinecone patchwork pattern inspired by Maggie Lowry Locklear's quilt. Since then, Lumbee women have adopted this pinecone patchwork dress style as the signature Lumbee dress.[91]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collard_sandwiches.png"},{"link_name":"Southern cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chicken and pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_and_dumplings"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"cornbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornbread"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"fatback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatback"},{"link_name":"chow-chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow-chow_(food)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Collard sandwiches served at a Lumbee HomecomingTraditional Lumbee cuisine heavily intersects with Southern cuisine. Chicken and pastry is a mainstay of Lumbee food,[92] as is cornbread.[93] The collard sandwich—consisting of fried cornbread, collard greens, and fatback—is a popular dish among the Lumbee in Robeson County. It is sometimes served with chow-chow.[94]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stilling-95"},{"link_name":"Methodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Lumbee River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_River_Conference_of_the_Holiness_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Today the Lumbee primarily practice Protestantism, and attending church is an important social activity. Churches have Sunday schools, youth organizations, senior citizens' programs, Bible study programs, and choir practices. Gospel songs are popular. Ministers are highly respected. When a sizeable number of Lumbee people move to a city, they tend to settle in a particular section or neighborhood and establish a church. This took place in Lumbee communities in Baltimore, Greensboro, Fayetteville, Charlotte, and Claxton, Georgia.[95]A study has documented Lumbee Methodism back to 1787. Lumbees created two church conferences of Indian congregations — the Burnt Swamp Baptist Association, founded around 1880, and the Lumbee River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Association in 1900. In 1984 Bruce Barton documented 104 Lumbee churches.[citation needed] Prospect Community Church , with 1,008 members in 2017, has purportedly the largest congregation of Native Americans in the United States.[96]","title":"Culture and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"National Congress of American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"National Indian Education Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indian_Education_Association"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is one of eight state-recognized Native American tribes in North Carolina.[97] They participate at the state level in many ways, including in the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs. They also participate in such national organizations as the National Congress of American Indians and the National Indian Education Association.According to its constitution, adopted in 2000, the Lumbee tribal government is organized into three branches: the tribal chairperson (executive), the 21-member Tribal Council (legislative), and Supreme Court (judicial). The tribal chairperson and the Tribal Council are elected to three-year terms.The current administration includes:[98]Chairman: John Lowery\nAdministrator: Tammy Maynor\nAdministration assistant to the chairman: Camera Brewer\nEnrollment director: Reena Locklear.","title":"Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unrecognized organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecognized_tribes"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"text":"Some unrecognized organizations identify as being Lumbee. One, the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and America, based in Exeter, California, petitioned for federal recognition in 1980.[99] The final determination was that the group \"does not exist as an Indian tribe\" and that they did not descend from any Lumbee community.[100]","title":"Unrecognized organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lumbee_bill_passes_House_vote._1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lumbee_bill_passes_House_vote._1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee bill passes House vote\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171204222909/http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303"},{"link_name":"The Fayetteville Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fayetteville_Observer"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.native-languages.org/lumbee.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Dialect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Lumbee Recognition Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wN93ibn97XkC&dq=1956+%22lumbee+act%22&pg=PA5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780939479344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939479344"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Campisi071206.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100107021431/http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Campisi071206.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gene_14-0"},{"link_name":"North Carolina, General.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gowenrf/Gowenms093.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090330075505/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gowenrf/Gowenms093.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Bureau_of_the_Census,_1790_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heinegg_17-0"},{"link_name":"Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freeafricanamericans.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dial_eliades_45_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-evans_3-18_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hauptman_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Berry Lowrie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lumbee.org/hbl.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ncmuseumofhistory.org_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ncmuseumofhistory.org_28-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ncmuseumofhistory.org_28-2"},{"link_name":"\"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110929192631/http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/LUMBEE/2007-11/1194648046"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_36-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_36-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_36-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014222_37-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram & Reaser 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolframReaser2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tamura_39-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780230611030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230611030"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history--culture_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history--culture_40-1"},{"link_name":"\"History & Culture: Recognition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lumbeetribe.com/history--culture"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hearing_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hearing_41-1"},{"link_name":"\"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg28696/html/CHRG-109shrg28696.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Julian Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Arlinda Locklear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlinda_Locklear"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-draft_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-draft_43-1"},{"link_name":"\"DRAFT\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080529124629/http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-daily_tarheel_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-daily_tarheel_44-1"},{"link_name":"\"A steadfast few\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20090408215121/http://www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few"},{"link_name":"The Daily Tar Heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wral_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wral_45-1"},{"link_name":"\"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wral.com/former-lumbee-tribal-chairman-jimmy-goins-killed-in-car-accident/14696835/"},{"link_name":"WRAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRAL-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McIntyre_Introduces_Lumbee_Recognition_Bill_46-0"},{"link_name":"\"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090328024825/http://www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H.R._31_-_To_provide_for_the_recognition_of_the_Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina,_and_for_other_purposes_47-0"},{"link_name":"\"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121215083433/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hagan_pledges_support_for_Lumbee_recognition_48-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090409005219/http://robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.citizen-times.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091023/POLITICS/91023008"},{"link_name":"Asheville Citizen-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Citizen-Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121001055811/http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html"},{"link_name":"The News & Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"\"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2758"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article246311535.html"},{"link_name":"News & Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Observer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2020/10/21/president-trump-supports-federal-recognition-lumbee-tribe/5996731002/"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Observer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/04/us/elections/north-carolina-election-results-county.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-bills-north-carolina-0985d74c0d2a4a9b055d44718dec9314"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.robesonian.com/news/139189/trump-support-for-lumbee-recognition-a-big-part-of-talk-about-rally"},{"link_name":"The Robesonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robesonian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article114427363.html"},{"link_name":"News & Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Observer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.robesonian.com/news/139430/election-shows-robeson-county-has-shifted-red-politically"},{"link_name":"The Robesonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robesonian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wpde.com/news/local/lumbees-show-appreciation-after-president-trump-supports-lumbee-recognition-act"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"\"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/10/robeson-county-rural-rainbow-coalition-north-carolina-trump-republicans-443978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-08-18-8703030008-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"\"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chavis_68-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chavis_68-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Lumbee Story\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redheart213.com/thelumbeestorybydeanchavis.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100523052824/http://www.redheart213.com/thelumbeestorybydeanchavis.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rights,_p._59_69-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014221%E2%80%93223_71-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram & Reaser 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolframReaser2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014221_72-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram & Reaser 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolframReaser2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"\"Who's Your People?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theassemblync.com/culture/lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rab_74-0"},{"link_name":"\"What Makes Someone Native American?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/08/20/feature/what-makes-someone-native-american-one-tribes-long-struggle-for-full-recognition/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"\"Malinda Maynor Lowery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/lowery-malinda-maynor.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"\"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nonprofitquarterly.org/convolutions-of-race-and-identity-the-lumbee-struggle-for-sovereignty/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014220_77-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram & Reaser 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolframReaser2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al20021%E2%80%932_78-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram et al 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolfram_et_al2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf"},{"link_name":"bare URL PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf"},{"link_name":"bare URL PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"\"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/233485199"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_82-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_82-1"},{"link_name":"\"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al20028_83-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram et al 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolfram_et_al2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolframReaser2014223_84-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram & Reaser 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolframReaser2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Dialect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al200213_86-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram et al 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolfram_et_al2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram_et_al200214_87-0"},{"link_name":"Wolfram et al 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolfram_et_al2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fayobserver.com/news/20180707/lumbee-homecoming-celebrates-50th-year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.robesonian.com/top-stories/112817/lumbee-homecoming-enters-final-day-on-a-high-note"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"\"Communities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130615063856/http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-quilts_91-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-quilts_91-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.quilts.com/suzys_fancy/lumbee-pinecone-patchwork/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"\"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-fo-lumbee-cooking-20161115-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"\"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ourstate.com/lumbee-living/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"\"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ourstate.com/collard-sandwich/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stilling_95-0"},{"link_name":"\"North Carolina's Lumbee Indians in Literature, Art, and Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//linux.library.appstate.edu/lumbee/Miscellaneous/lumv.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130603193654/http://linux.library.appstate.edu/lumbee/Miscellaneous/lumv.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"\"Church Profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.umdata.org/ChurchProfile.aspx?ChurchID=459847"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"\"Native American Heritage.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/colls/themes/november.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120515012444/http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/colls/themes/november.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"\"NC Tribal Communities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ncadmin.nc.gov/public/american-indians/nc-tribal-communities"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"\"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_loi.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"\"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_fd_fr.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b \"Lumbee bill passes House vote\". The Fayetteville Observer. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2009.\n\n^ \"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)\". www.native-languages.org.\n\n^ \"Lumbee Dialect\". pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.\n\n^ Lumbee Recognition Act. US Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources. 2009. p. 5.\n\n^ Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey: Reconnaissance in Robeson County. Native American Resource Center Publications; 1988\n\n^ Robeson Crossroads Archaeological Survey: Phase II Testing in Robeson County. Native American Resource Center Publications; 1993\n\n^ The Lumbee In Context: Toward An Understanding. Native American Resource Center Publications; 2000\n\n^ S. Pony Hill (2009-12-31). Strangers in Their Own Land: South Carolina's State Indian Tribes. Backintyme. p. 31. ISBN 9780939479344. ... Archibald McKissack, Bladen County Justice of the Peace, to the governor of North Carolina titled, \"A list of the rogues: a list of the mob raitously assembled together in Bladen County, October 13th 1773.\"\n\n^ Colonial Records: North Carolina 1890; 768 and North Carolina 1887; 161, respectively\n\n^ Dial and Eliades, pp. 28–29.\n\n^ Hoffman\n\n^ Thomas\n\n^ Campisi, Dr. Jack. \"Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate.\" Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Legislative hearing on S. 660. 12 July 2006. p. 3 3 (retrieved 8 November 2009)\n\n^ Cheraws' North Carolina, General. Archived 2009-03-30 at the Wayback Machine Roots Web. (retrieved 8 Nov 2009)\n\n^ South Carolina Gazette. October 3, 1771\n\n^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1790\n\n^ Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware, 1995-2005, accessed 9 Mar 2008\n\n^ Dial and Eliades, p.45\n\n^ Evans, p.108\n\n^ Hauptman, p. 77.\n\n^ State v. Chavers, 50 N.C. (5 Jones) 11 (1857).\n\n^ Evans, pp. 3–18.\n\n^ Dial and Eliades, pp. 46–47.\n\n^ Hauptman, pp. 78–80.\n\n^ Townsend, George Alfred (1872). The Swamp Outlaws: or, The North Carolina Bandits; Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods, New York: Robert M. DeWitt\n\n^ Hauptman, Laurence. Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War. Simon and Schuster. p. 81.\n\n^ \"Henry Berry Lowrie\". Lumbee Regional Development Association. Retrieved October 28, 2011.\n\n^ a b c Currie, Jefferson. \"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever\". North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.\n\n^ \"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead\". RootsWeb. November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2011.\n\n^ Ross, pp.115-116; 124-125.\n\n^ Ross, pp. 115-116; 124-125\n\n^ H.R.19036, 61st Congress, 2nd Session\n\n^ S.3258, 62nd Congress, 1st Session\n\n^ Dial and Eliades, 93\n\n^ Jefferson, NC: McFarland (1994), pages 179-186\n\n^ a b c d \"Bad Medicine for the Klan\", Life magazine, 1958\n\n^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 222.\n\n^ McPherson\n\n^ Tamura, E., ed. (2008). The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education: Marginality, Agency, and Power (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 9780230611030.\n\n^ a b \"History & Culture: Recognition\". LumbeeTribe.com. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina. Retrieved October 21, 2016.\n\n^ a b \"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660\". GPO.gov. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. July 12, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2016.\n\n^ The petition's authors were Julian Pierce, Cynthia Hunt-Locklear, Wes White, Jack Campisi and Arlinda Locklear.\n\n^ a b \"DRAFT\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-05-07.\n\n^ a b \"A steadfast few\". The Daily Tar Heel. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2008-11-26.\n\n^ a b Futch, Michael (2015-06-07). \"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident\". WRAL-TV. Retrieved 2015-07-04.\n\n^ \"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-03-27.\n\n^ \"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2009-03-27.\n\n^ Shiles, Bob (March 27, 2009). \"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition\". The Robensonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2016.\n\n^ \"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle\". Asheville Citizen-Times. October 23, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate\". The News & Observer. Associated Press. 2010-12-25. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2010-12-25.\n\n^ Agoyo, Acee (12 May 2021). \"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition\". indianz.com. Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\n^ Butterfield, G. K. (2021-11-01). \"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-02.\n\n^ \"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition\". News & Observer. October 8, 2020.\n\n^ \"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina\". Fayetteville Observer. October 21, 2020.\n\n^ \"Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red\", \nNew York Times, November 5, 2020 Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red\n\n^ \"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill\". AP NEWS. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.\n\n^ \"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally\". The Robesonian. October 2020.\n\n^ \"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump\". News & Observer. November 12, 2016.\n\n^ \"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically\". The Robesonian. November 4, 2020.\n\n^ Flores, Carlos (24 October 2020). \"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act\". WPDE. Retrieved 18 January 2021.\n\n^ Kruse, Michael (10 December 2020). \"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot\". POLITICO. Retrieved 18 January 2021.\n\n^ See Hamilton MacMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina (Wilson, NC: Advance Press, 1888)\n\n^ Nieuwsma, Milton (18 August 1987). \"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY\". chicagotribune.com.\n\n^ Oxendine, p. 4\n\n^ Rights, pp. 54-55\n\n^ MCDONALD, THOMASI (12 May 2021). \"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees\". INDY Week. Retrieved 31 May 2021.\n\n^ Handbook of American Indians (1906)\n\n^ a b Chavis, Dean. \"The Lumbee Story\" Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Red Hearts website (retrieved 8 Nov 2009)\n\n^ Rights, p. 59\n\n^ Blu 1980:36\n\n^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, pp. 221–223.\n\n^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 221.\n\n^ NoiseCat, Julian Brave (October 4, 2022). \"Who's Your People?\". The Assembly. Retrieved December 3, 2022.\n\n^ Rab, Lisa (August 20, 2018). \"What Makes Someone Native American?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2022.\n\n^ \"Malinda Maynor Lowery\". history.emory.edu. Retrieved 3 December 2022.\n\n^ Warren, Debby (October 29, 2019). \"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty\". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved December 6, 2022.\n\n^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 220.\n\n^ Wolfram et al 2002, pp. 1–2.\n\n^ https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf [bare URL PDF]\n\n^ https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf [bare URL PDF]\n\n^ \"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English\". ResearchGate.\n\n^ a b \"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS\". www.pbs.org.\n\n^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 8.\n\n^ Wolfram & Reaser 2014, p. 223.\n\n^ Wolfram, Walt (2005). \"Lumbee Dialect\". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved October 12, 2021.\n\n^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 13.\n\n^ Wolfram et al 2002, p. 14.\n\n^ \"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year\". The Fayetteville Observer. July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\n^ \"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note\". The Robesonian. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.\n\n^ \"Communities\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-04-13., Lumbee Tribe website\n\n^ a b Labry, Suzanne. \"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork\". Quilts, Inc. Retrieved 25 August 2022.\n\n^ Tkacik, Christina (November 15, 2016). \"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 1, 2022.\n\n^ \"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food\". Our State. December 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2022.\n\n^ Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015). \"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy\". Our State. Retrieved November 20, 2022.\n\n^ Stilling, Glenn Ellen Starr. \"North Carolina's Lumbee Indians in Literature, Art, and Music\" Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Lumbee Indians. Retrieved 1 July 2013\n\n^ \"Church Profile\". www.umdata.org.\n\n^ \"Native American Heritage.\" Archived 2012-05-15 at the Wayback Machine State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved 8 Nov 2009.\n\n^ \"NC Tribal Communities\". NC Department of Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2022.\n\n^ \"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA\" (PDF). US Department of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 24 August 2022.\n\n^ Fritz, John W. (19 April 1985). \"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes\" (PDF). Federal Register. 50 (85): 18746.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Three \"Croatans\" of Robeson County, c. 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Three_Lumbee_c._1909.jpg/220px-Three_Lumbee_c._1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lumbees fighting Klansmen at the Battle of Hayes Pond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/White_men_and_Robeson_County_indians_%28Lumbee_Indians%29_in_fight-armed_skirmish_%28State%27s_Exhibit_No.6%29._Photo_taken_by_Bill_Shaw%2C_Fayetteville_Observer_newspaper_photographer._Photo_used_as_state%27s_%288224422682%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Elizabeth Dole and Representative Mike McIntyre testifying at a congressional hearing on federal Lumbee recognition, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DOLE%2C_MCINTYRE_TESTIFY_AT_LUMBEE_HEARING.jpg/220px-DOLE%2C_MCINTYRE_TESTIFY_AT_LUMBEE_HEARING.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lumbees at a pow wow in Lumberton, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/10th_Annual_Lumbee_Powwow_Lumberton.jpg/220px-10th_Annual_Lumbee_Powwow_Lumberton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vendors at the 2016 Lumbee Homecoming","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lumbee_Homecoming_2016_vendors.png/220px-Lumbee_Homecoming_2016_vendors.png"},{"image_text":"Collard sandwiches served at a Lumbee Homecoming","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Collard_sandwiches.png/220px-Collard_sandwiches.png"}] | [{"title":"List of notable Lumbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lumbees"}] | [{"reference":"\"Lumbee bill passes House vote\". The Fayetteville Observer. June 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222909/http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303","url_text":"\"Lumbee bill passes House vote\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fayetteville_Observer","url_text":"The Fayetteville Observer"},{"url":"http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)\". www.native-languages.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.native-languages.org/lumbee.htm","url_text":"\"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee Dialect\". pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","url_text":"\"Lumbee Dialect\""}]},{"reference":"Lumbee Recognition Act. US Congress, House Committee on Natural Resources. 2009. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wN93ibn97XkC&dq=1956+%22lumbee+act%22&pg=PA5","url_text":"Lumbee Recognition Act"}]},{"reference":"S. Pony Hill (2009-12-31). Strangers in Their Own Land: South Carolina's State Indian Tribes. Backintyme. p. 31. ISBN 9780939479344. ... Archibald McKissack, Bladen County Justice of the Peace, to the governor of North Carolina titled, \"A list of the rogues: a list of the mob raitously assembled together in Bladen County, October 13th 1773.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939479344","url_text":"9780939479344"}]},{"reference":"Hauptman, Laurence. Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War. Simon and Schuster. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Henry Berry Lowrie\". Lumbee Regional Development Association. Retrieved October 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumbee.org/hbl.html","url_text":"\"Henry Berry Lowrie\""}]},{"reference":"Currie, Jefferson. \"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever\". North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192631/http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever\""},{"url":"http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead\". RootsWeb. November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/LUMBEE/2007-11/1194648046","url_text":"\"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead\""}]},{"reference":"Tamura, E., ed. (2008). The History of Discrimination in U.S. Education: Marginality, Agency, and Power (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 9780230611030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230611030","url_text":"9780230611030"}]},{"reference":"\"History & Culture: Recognition\". LumbeeTribe.com. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina. Retrieved October 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lumbeetribe.com/history--culture","url_text":"\"History & Culture: Recognition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660\". GPO.gov. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. July 12, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg28696/html/CHRG-109shrg28696.htm","url_text":"\"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660\""}]},{"reference":"\"DRAFT\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080529124629/http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf","url_text":"\"DRAFT\""},{"url":"http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A steadfast few\". The Daily Tar Heel. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2008-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20090408215121/http://www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few","url_text":"\"A steadfast few\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel","url_text":"The Daily Tar Heel"},{"url":"http://www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Futch, Michael (2015-06-07). \"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident\". WRAL-TV. Retrieved 2015-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wral.com/former-lumbee-tribal-chairman-jimmy-goins-killed-in-car-accident/14696835/","url_text":"\"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRAL-TV","url_text":"WRAL-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2009-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328024825/http://www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml","url_text":"\"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill\""},{"url":"http://www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2009-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121215083433/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:","url_text":"\"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes\""},{"url":"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shiles, Bob (March 27, 2009). \"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition\". The Robensonian. Lumberton, North Carolina. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090409005219/http://robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817","url_text":"\"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition\""},{"url":"http://robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle\". Asheville Citizen-Times. October 23, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citizen-times.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091023/POLITICS/91023008","url_text":"\"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Citizen-Times","url_text":"Asheville Citizen-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate\". The News & Observer. Associated Press. 2010-12-25. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2010-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001055811/http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html","url_text":"\"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer","url_text":"The News & Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Agoyo, Acee (12 May 2021). \"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition\". indianz.com. Retrieved 31 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260","url_text":"\"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition\""}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, G. K. (2021-11-01). \"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2758","url_text":"\"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition\". News & Observer. October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article246311535.html","url_text":"\"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Observer","url_text":"News & Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina\". Fayetteville Observer. October 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2020/10/21/president-trump-supports-federal-recognition-lumbee-tribe/5996731002/","url_text":"\"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Observer","url_text":"Fayetteville Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill\". AP NEWS. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-bills-north-carolina-0985d74c0d2a4a9b055d44718dec9314","url_text":"\"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally\". The Robesonian. October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robesonian.com/news/139189/trump-support-for-lumbee-recognition-a-big-part-of-talk-about-rally","url_text":"\"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robesonian","url_text":"The Robesonian"}]},{"reference":"\"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump\". News & Observer. November 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article114427363.html","url_text":"\"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Observer","url_text":"News & Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically\". The Robesonian. November 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robesonian.com/news/139430/election-shows-robeson-county-has-shifted-red-politically","url_text":"\"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robesonian","url_text":"The Robesonian"}]},{"reference":"Flores, Carlos (24 October 2020). \"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act\". WPDE. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wpde.com/news/local/lumbees-show-appreciation-after-president-trump-supports-lumbee-recognition-act","url_text":"\"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act\""}]},{"reference":"Kruse, Michael (10 December 2020). \"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot\". POLITICO. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/10/robeson-county-rural-rainbow-coalition-north-carolina-trump-republicans-443978","url_text":"\"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot\""}]},{"reference":"Nieuwsma, Milton (18 August 1987). \"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY\". chicagotribune.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-08-18-8703030008-story.html","url_text":"\"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY\""}]},{"reference":"MCDONALD, THOMASI (12 May 2021). \"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees\". INDY Week. Retrieved 31 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260","url_text":"\"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees\""}]},{"reference":"NoiseCat, Julian Brave (October 4, 2022). \"Who's Your People?\". The Assembly. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theassemblync.com/culture/lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/","url_text":"\"Who's Your People?\""}]},{"reference":"Rab, Lisa (August 20, 2018). \"What Makes Someone Native American?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/08/20/feature/what-makes-someone-native-american-one-tribes-long-struggle-for-full-recognition/","url_text":"\"What Makes Someone Native American?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malinda Maynor Lowery\". history.emory.edu. Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/lowery-malinda-maynor.html","url_text":"\"Malinda Maynor Lowery\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Debby (October 29, 2019). \"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty\". Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved December 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nonprofitquarterly.org/convolutions-of-race-and-identity-the-lumbee-struggle-for-sovereignty/","url_text":"\"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English\". ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233485199","url_text":"\"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS\". www.pbs.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","url_text":"\"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfram, Walt (2005). \"Lumbee Dialect\". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved October 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","url_text":"\"Lumbee Dialect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"Public Broadcasting Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year\". The Fayetteville Observer. July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180707/lumbee-homecoming-celebrates-50th-year","url_text":"\"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note\". The Robesonian. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robesonian.com/top-stories/112817/lumbee-homecoming-enters-final-day-on-a-high-note","url_text":"\"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Communities\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2013-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130615063856/http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97","url_text":"\"Communities\""},{"url":"http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Labry, Suzanne. \"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork\". Quilts, Inc. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quilts.com/suzys_fancy/lumbee-pinecone-patchwork/","url_text":"\"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork\""}]},{"reference":"Tkacik, Christina (November 15, 2016). \"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-fo-lumbee-cooking-20161115-story.html","url_text":"\"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food\". Our State. December 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourstate.com/lumbee-living/","url_text":"\"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food\""}]},{"reference":"Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015). \"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy\". Our State. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourstate.com/collard-sandwich/","url_text":"\"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church Profile\". www.umdata.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umdata.org/ChurchProfile.aspx?ChurchID=459847","url_text":"\"Church Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"NC Tribal Communities\". NC Department of Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncadmin.nc.gov/public/american-indians/nc-tribal-communities","url_text":"\"NC Tribal Communities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA\" (PDF). US Department of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_loi.pdf","url_text":"\"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA\""}]},{"reference":"Fritz, John W. (19 April 1985). \"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes\" (PDF). Federal Register. 50 (85): 18746.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_fd_fr.pdf","url_text":"\"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes\""}]},{"reference":"Knick, Stanley (2008). \"Because It Is Right\". Native South. 1 (1): 80–89. doi:10.1353/nso.0.0002. S2CID 153562135. Project MUSE 368500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnso.0.0002","url_text":"10.1353/nso.0.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153562135","url_text":"153562135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse","url_text":"Project MUSE"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/368500","url_text":"368500"}]},{"reference":"Locklear, Lawrence T. (2010). \"Down by the Ol' Lumbee: An Investigation into the Origin and Use of the Word \"Lumbee\" Prior to 1952\". Native South. 3 (1): 103–117. doi:10.1353/nso.2010.0004. S2CID 154923676. Project MUSE 392514.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnso.2010.0004","url_text":"10.1353/nso.2010.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154923676","url_text":"154923676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse","url_text":"Project MUSE"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/392514","url_text":"392514"}]},{"reference":"Wolfram, Walt; Dannenberg, Clare; Knick, Stanley; Oxendine, Linda (2002). Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. ISBN 1-885647-53-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885647-53-0","url_text":"1-885647-53-0"}]},{"reference":"Wolfram, Walt; Reaser, Jeffrey (2014). Talkin' Tar Heel : How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-1437-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1437-3","url_text":"978-1-4696-1437-3"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Robert C. (1939). The State of Robeson. Lumberton. OCLC 3570522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3570522","url_text":"3570522"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lumbee%22","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lumbee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lumbee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lumbee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lumbee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lumbee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/84/570","external_links_name":"84–570"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-70-254","external_links_name":"254"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222909/http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee bill passes House vote\""},{"Link":"http://www.fayobserver.com/article?id=328303","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.native-languages.org/lumbee.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture (Croatan, Croatoan, Pamlico, Carolina Algonquian)\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Dialect\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wN93ibn97XkC&dq=1956+%22lumbee+act%22&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Lumbee Recognition Act"},{"Link":"http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Campisi071206.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Testimony before the Committee on Indian Affairs United States Senate.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100107021431/http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Campisi071206.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gowenrf/Gowenms093.htm","external_links_name":"North Carolina, General."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330075505/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gowenrf/Gowenms093.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/","external_links_name":"Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware"},{"Link":"http://www.lumbee.org/hbl.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry Berry Lowrie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192631/http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm","external_links_name":"\"Henry Berry Lowry Lives Forever\""},{"Link":"http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/indian/lowry.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/LUMBEE/2007-11/1194648046","external_links_name":"\"LUMBEE-L Archives: Henry Berry Lowry and the Physician who pronounced him dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.lumbeetribe.com/history--culture","external_links_name":"\"History & Culture: Recognition\""},{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg28696/html/CHRG-109shrg28696.htm","external_links_name":"\"Senate Hearing 109-610: Lumbee Recognition Act, S. 660\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080529124629/http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DRAFT\""},{"Link":"http://www.indian.senate.gov/public/_files/Hicks071206.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20090408215121/http://www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few","external_links_name":"\"A steadfast few\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytarheel.com/news/state_national/a_steadfast_few","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wral.com/former-lumbee-tribal-chairman-jimmy-goins-killed-in-car-accident/14696835/","external_links_name":"\"Former Lumbee Tribal Chairman Jimmy Goins killed in car accident\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090328024825/http://www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml","external_links_name":"\"McIntyre Introduces Lumbee Recognition Bill\""},{"Link":"http://www.house.gov/list/press/nc07_mcintyre/lumbee.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121215083433/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:","external_links_name":"\"H.R. 31 - To provide for the recognition of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, and for other purposes\""},{"Link":"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:h.r.00031:","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090409005219/http://robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817","external_links_name":"\"Hagan pledges support for Lumbee recognition\""},{"Link":"http://robesonian.com/bookmark/2159817","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.citizen-times.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091023/POLITICS/91023008","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee recognition clears hurdle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001055811/http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html","external_links_name":"\"Time runs out for Lumbee tribal recognition bill in Senate\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/25/881196/time-runs-out-for-lumbee-tribal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260","external_links_name":"\"Key Senate leader seeks hearing on Lumbee Tribe federal recognition\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2758","external_links_name":"\"H.R.2758 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Lumbee Recognition Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article246311535.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden Backs Lumbee Tribe's Push for Federal Recognition\""},{"Link":"https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2020/10/21/president-trump-supports-federal-recognition-lumbee-tribe/5996731002/","external_links_name":"\"President Trump backs recognition bill for the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/04/us/elections/north-carolina-election-results-county.html","external_links_name":"Trump Fights to Keep North Carolina Red"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-bills-north-carolina-0985d74c0d2a4a9b055d44718dec9314","external_links_name":"\"Trump adds support to Lumbee Tribe federal recognition bill\""},{"Link":"https://www.robesonian.com/news/139189/trump-support-for-lumbee-recognition-a-big-part-of-talk-about-rally","external_links_name":"\"Trump support for Lumbee recognition a big part of talk about rally\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article114427363.html","external_links_name":"\"7 rural NC counties flip 'bloodshot red' for Trump\""},{"Link":"https://www.robesonian.com/news/139430/election-shows-robeson-county-has-shifted-red-politically","external_links_name":"\"Election shows Robeson County has shifted red politically\""},{"Link":"https://wpde.com/news/local/lumbees-show-appreciation-after-president-trump-supports-lumbee-recognition-act","external_links_name":"\"Lumbees show appreciation after President Trump supports Lumbee recognition act\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/10/robeson-county-rural-rainbow-coalition-north-carolina-trump-republicans-443978","external_links_name":"\"How Trump Won One of America's Most Diverse Counties — By a Lot\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-08-18-8703030008-story.html","external_links_name":"\"VIRGINIA DARE'S 400TH YEAR OF MYSTERY\""},{"Link":"https://www.indianz.com/News/2021/05/12/key-senate-leader-seeks-hearing-on-lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/?hss_channel=fbp-1575858736016260","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina Tribes Clash on Recognizing Lumbees\""},{"Link":"http://www.redheart213.com/thelumbeestorybydeanchavis.html","external_links_name":"\"The Lumbee Story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100523052824/http://www.redheart213.com/thelumbeestorybydeanchavis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theassemblync.com/culture/lumbee-tribe-federal-recognition/","external_links_name":"\"Who's Your People?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/08/20/feature/what-makes-someone-native-american-one-tribes-long-struggle-for-full-recognition/","external_links_name":"\"What Makes Someone Native American?\""},{"Link":"http://history.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/lowery-malinda-maynor.html","external_links_name":"\"Malinda Maynor Lowery\""},{"Link":"https://nonprofitquarterly.org/convolutions-of-race-and-identity-the-lumbee-struggle-for-sovereignty/","external_links_name":"\"Convolutions of Race and Identity: The Lumbee Struggle for Sovereignty\""},{"Link":"https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf","external_links_name":"https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf"},{"Link":"https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf","external_links_name":"https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/ling-487-spring2012-dch52/files/2012/04/schilling-estes-constructing-ethnicity1.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233485199","external_links_name":"\"Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context: The Case of Lumbee American Indian English\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","external_links_name":"\"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Lumbee . Papers | PBS\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Dialect\""},{"Link":"http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180707/lumbee-homecoming-celebrates-50th-year","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Homecoming Celebrates 50th year\""},{"Link":"https://www.robesonian.com/top-stories/112817/lumbee-homecoming-enters-final-day-on-a-high-note","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Homecoming enters final day on a high note\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130615063856/http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97","external_links_name":"\"Communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.lumbeetribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=97","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.quilts.com/suzys_fancy/lumbee-pinecone-patchwork/","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Pinecone Patchwork\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-fo-lumbee-cooking-20161115-story.html","external_links_name":"\"A taste of home for Baltimore's Lumbee tribe members\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourstate.com/lumbee-living/","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Living : A new cookbook crystallizes a culture through its food\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourstate.com/collard-sandwich/","external_links_name":"\"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy\""},{"Link":"http://linux.library.appstate.edu/lumbee/Miscellaneous/lumv.html","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina's Lumbee Indians in Literature, Art, and Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603193654/http://linux.library.appstate.edu/lumbee/Miscellaneous/lumv.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.umdata.org/ChurchProfile.aspx?ChurchID=459847","external_links_name":"\"Church Profile\""},{"Link":"http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/colls/themes/november.html","external_links_name":"\"Native American Heritage.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515012444/http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/colls/themes/november.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ncadmin.nc.gov/public/american-indians/nc-tribal-communities","external_links_name":"\"NC Tribal Communities\""},{"Link":"https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_loi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Petitioner #070: United Lumbee Nation of NC and America, CA\""},{"Link":"https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/070_utdlum_CA/070_fd_fr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final Determination That the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and American, Inc., Does Not Exist as an Indian Tribes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5VUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Bad+medicine+for+the+Klan:+North+Carolina+Indians+break+up+Kluxers%E2%80%99+anti-Indian+meeting&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"\"Bad medicine for the Klan: North Carolina Indians break up Kluxers' anti-Indian meeting\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RuF4yR8BXeIC&dq=Lumbee&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnso.0.0002","external_links_name":"10.1353/nso.0.0002"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153562135","external_links_name":"153562135"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/368500","external_links_name":"368500"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnso.2010.0004","external_links_name":"10.1353/nso.2010.0004"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154923676","external_links_name":"154923676"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/392514","external_links_name":"392514"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060910040722/http://digital.lib.ecu.edu/historyfiction/item.aspx?id=mcs","external_links_name":"Sir Walter Raleigh's Lost Colony: An Historical Sketch of the Attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to Establish a Colony in Virginia, with the Traditions of an Indian Tribe in North Carolina. Indicating the Fate of the Colony of Englishmen Left on Roanoke Island in 1587"},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/mcpherson/menu.html","external_links_name":"online text Report on Condition and Tribal Rights of the Indians of Robeson and Adjoining Counties of North Carolina"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/swampoutlawsorno00town","external_links_name":"The Swamp Outlaws, or, The North Carolina Bandits: Being a Complete History of the Modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3570522","external_links_name":"3570522"},{"Link":"http://www.lumbeetribe.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.uncp.edu/nativemuseum/","external_links_name":"The Museum of the Southeast American Indian"},{"Link":"http://www.tuscaroranation.com/","external_links_name":"Tuscarora Nation One Fire Council"},{"Link":"http://www.thecenterforlumbeestudies.org/","external_links_name":"The Center for Lumbee Studies"},{"Link":"http://www.native-languages.org/lumbee.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lumbee Language and the Lumbee Indian Culture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080831013044/http://linux.library.appstate.edu/lumbee/","external_links_name":"\"The Lumbee Indians\": An annotated bibliography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061116175826/http://www.strikeatthewind.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Strike at the Wind Outdoor Drama"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538788905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078803","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1123698&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_windows | Oriel window | ["1 Origins","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Type of bay window
Oriel windows in Kłodzko, Poland.
Look up oriel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window generally projects from an upper floor, but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
Oriel windows are seen in Arab architecture in the form of mashrabiya and in Turkish are known as şahnişin or cumba. In Islamic culture, these windows and balconies project from the street-front of a house, providing an area in which women could peer out and see the activities below while remaining invisible.
Origins
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term oriel is derived from Anglo-Norman oriell and Late Latin oriolum, both meaning "gallery" or "porch", perhaps from Classical Latin aulaeum ("curtain").
Oriel College, Oxford, took its name from a balcony or oriel window forming a feature of a building which occupied the site the college now stands on.
Oriel Chambers in Liverpool was a very controversial building when it was built, featuring an entire façade of glass oriel windows.
Gallery
A 15th-century oriel window at Barnard Castle in County Durham, England.
Oriel windows in San Francisco, California, USA
16th-century oriel window in the City of London, Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great
19th-century neo-gothic oriel window on Bradford City Hall
Oriel window located in Grande Île, Strasbourg
Ground-floor oriel window, Perssonska gården, Hedemora, Sweden
Oriel Chambers, Liverpool, by Peter Ellis, 1864
Massive half timbered oriel window on a pre-1581 house, Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France
Massive oriel window of District Office in Świdwin, Poland
Oriel windows with brackets in Oloron-Sainte-Marie, France
See also
Bay window for more details
Bow window
Bretèche
Turret window
References
^ What is an oriel window – Architecture Glossary
^
KENZARI, B. and ELSHESHTAWY, Y. (2003), The Ambiguous Veil: On Transparency, the Mashrabiy'ya, and Architecture. Journal of Architectural Education, 56: 17–25. doi: 10.1162/104648803321672924
^ University Challenge, BBC TV. Broadcast 8 August 2016
^ "History". Oriel Chambers. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
External links
Media related to Oriel windows at Wikimedia Commons
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Oriel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This architectural element–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_K%C5%82odzko,_pl._Chrobrego_13_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kłodzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odzko"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"oriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oriel"},{"link_name":"bay window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_window"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"corbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"brackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"cantilevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"Arab architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"mashrabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrabiya"},{"link_name":"Islamic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Oriel windows in Kłodzko, Poland.Look up oriel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground.[1] Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window generally projects from an upper floor, but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.Oriel windows are seen in Arab architecture in the form of mashrabiya and in Turkish are known as şahnişin or cumba. In Islamic culture, these windows and balconies project from the street-front of a house, providing an area in which women could peer out and see the activities below while remaining invisible.[2]","title":"Oriel window"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oriel Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term oriel is derived from Anglo-Norman oriell and Late Latin oriolum, both meaning \"gallery\" or \"porch\", perhaps from Classical Latin aulaeum (\"curtain\").Oriel College, Oxford, took its name from a balcony or oriel window forming a feature of a building which occupied the site the college now stands on.[3]\nOriel Chambers in Liverpool was a very controversial building when it was built, featuring an entire façade of glass oriel windows.[4]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barnard_Castle%27s_round_tower,_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barnard Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_Castle"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myrtle_Street_Flats_(San_Francisco).JPG"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prior_Bolton_Oriel_Window.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Great"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradford_City_Hall_by_J_Illingworth.jpg"},{"link_name":"neo-gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival"},{"link_name":"Bradford City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_8_rue_des_Pucelles_%C3%A0_Strasbourg_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Grande Île, Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%8Ele,_Strasbourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perssonska_g%C3%A5rden_(G%C3%A4ddan_1)_2012-09-27_14-12-05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hedemora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedemora"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oriel_chambers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oriel Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Peter Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ellis_(architect)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_bleue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouxwiller,_Bas-Rhin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%9Awidwin_wlz.JPG"},{"link_name":"Świdwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidwin"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gave_Aspe_Oloron-Sainte-Marie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oloron-Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloron-Sainte-Marie"}],"text":"A 15th-century oriel window at Barnard Castle in County Durham, England.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriel windows in San Francisco, California, USA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t16th-century oriel window in the City of London, Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t19th-century neo-gothic oriel window on Bradford City Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriel window located in Grande Île, Strasbourg\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGround-floor oriel window, Perssonska gården, Hedemora, Sweden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriel Chambers, Liverpool, by Peter Ellis, 1864\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMassive half timbered oriel window on a pre-1581 house, Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMassive oriel window of District Office in Świdwin, Poland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOriel windows with brackets in Oloron-Sainte-Marie, France","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Oriel windows in Kłodzko, Poland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2014_K%C5%82odzko%2C_pl._Chrobrego_13_03.JPG/260px-2014_K%C5%82odzko%2C_pl._Chrobrego_13_03.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Bay window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_window"},{"title":"Bow window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_window"},{"title":"Bretèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che"},{"title":"Turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"}] | [{"reference":"\"History\". Oriel Chambers. Retrieved 23 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orielchambers.co.uk/about","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Oriel\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oriel","url_text":"Oriel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://architecture.about.com/library/blgloss-oriel.htm","external_links_name":"What is an oriel window – Architecture Glossary"},{"Link":"http://www.orielchambers.co.uk/about","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriel_window&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_maduranum | Vexillum maduranum | ["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"] | Species of gastropod
Vexillum maduranum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Neogastropoda
Superfamily:
Turbinelloidea
Family:
Costellariidae
Genus:
Vexillum
Species:
V. maduranum
Binomial name
Vexillum maduranumDekkers, 2007
Synonyms
Vexillum (Vexillum) maduranum Dekkers, 2007
Vexillum maduranum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.
Description
The length of the shell attains 39.3 mm.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2023)
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Indonesia.
References
^ Dekkers A., 2007. Vita Malacologica, supplement to Basteria, 5: 66–68. World Register of Marine Species, Retrieved 24 April 2010.
^ Vexillum maduranum Dekkers, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
Dekkers A. 2007. Description of a new Vexillum species (Gastropoda: Costellariidae) from Indonesia. Vita Malacologica, supplement to Basteria, 5: 66-68
External links
WMSDB: image
Taxon identifiersVexillum maduranum
Wikidata: Q7924080
CoL: 5BBDF
GBIF: 6498617
IRMNG: 11701744
Open Tree of Life: 2907440
SeaLifeBase: 138223
WoRMS: 413598
This Costellariidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Costellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costellariidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"Vexillum maduranum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.[2]","title":"Vexillum maduranum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The length of the shell attains 39.3 mm.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Indonesia.","title":"Distribution"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexillum_maduranum&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132693","external_links_name":"Dekkers A., 2007. Vita Malacologica, supplement to Basteria, 5: 66–68"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/","external_links_name":"World Register of Marine Species"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413598","external_links_name":"Vexillum maduranum Dekkers, 2007"},{"Link":"https://conchology.be/?t=2204&CODsp=2070456600&Genus=Vexillum&species=maduranum&variety=","external_links_name":"WMSDB: image"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BBDF","external_links_name":"5BBDF"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6498617","external_links_name":"6498617"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11701744","external_links_name":"11701744"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2907440","external_links_name":"2907440"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138223","external_links_name":"138223"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413598","external_links_name":"413598"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexillum_maduranum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lighting_Design_for_a_Play | Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play | ["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 2000s","1.2 2010s","1.3 2020s","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a PlayAwarded forOutstanding Lighting Design for a PlayLocationNew York CityCountryUnited StatesPresented byDrama DeskFirst awarded2009Currently held byJane Cox for Appropriate (2024)Websitedramadesk.org (defunct)
The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play is an annual award presented by Drama Desk in recognition of achievements in theatre across collective Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City.
The award was established in 1975, with the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design being presented each year to any play or musical production. For 2009, the singular award was replaced by separate play and musical categories, but then merged again from 2010 to 2015; the separate play and musical categories have again co-existed since 2016.
Winners and nominees
2000s
Year
Designer
Production
2009
David Hersey
Equus
Marcus Doshi
Hamlet
Ben Kato
Washing Machine
R. Lee Kennedy
Bury the Dead
Paul Pyant
The Winter's Tale
Hugh Vanstone
Mary Stuart
2010s
Year
Designer
Production
2016
Justin Townsend
The Humans
Neil Austin
Hughie
Mark Barton
John
Bradley King
Empanada Loca
Tyler Micoleau
Antlia Pneumatica
2017
Christopher Akerlind
Indecent
James Farncombe
The Tempest
Rick Fisher
The Judas Kiss
Mimi Jordan Sherin
The Hairy Ape
Stephen Strawbridge
"Master Harold"...and the Boys
Justin Townsend
The Little Foxes
2018
Neil Austin
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Natasha Chivers
1984
Alan C. Edwards
Kill Move Paradise
Paul Gallo
Three Tall Women
Paul Russell
Farinelli and the King
2019
Amith Chandrashaker
Boesman and Lena
Amith Chandrashaker
Fairview
Jiyoun Chang
Slave Play
Jon Clark
The Jungle
Simon Cleveland
Spaceman
Yi Zhao
The House That Will Not Stand
2020s
Year
Designer
Production
2020
Heather Gilbert
The Sound Inside
Isabella Byrd
Heroes of the Fourth Turning
Oona Curley
Dr. Ride's American Beach House
Mimi Jordan Sherin
Judgment Day
Yi Zhao
Greater Clements
2021
No awards: New York theatres shuttered, March 2020 to September 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City
2022
Christopher Akerlind
Clyde's
Amith Chandrashaker
Prayer for the French Republic
Reza Behjat
English
Isabella Byrd
Sanctuary City
Jeanette Oi-Suk Yew
Cullud Wattah
2023
Natasha Chivers & Willie Williams (video)
Prima Facie
Isabella Byrd
Epiphany
Jiyoun Chang
The Far Country
Allen Lee Hughes
Ohio State Murders
Cha See
On That Day in Amsterdam
Japhy Weideman
August Wilson's The Piano Lesson
2024
Jane Cox
Appropriate
Stacey Derosier
Uncle Vanya
Jiyoun Chang
The Far Country
Natasha Katz
Grey House
Lizzie Powell
Macbeth (an undoing)
Eric Southern
Swing State
See also
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Design
Tony Award for Best Lighting Design
References
^ Evans, Greg (2021-05-05). "Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League "Cautiously Optimistic"". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
External links
vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play
David Hersey (2009)
Justin Townsend (2016)
Christopher Akerlind (2017)
Neil Austin (2018)
Amith Chandrashaker (2019)
Heather Gilbert (2020)
No Award (2021)
Christopher Akerlind / Amith Chandrashaker (2022)
Natasha Chivers and Willie Williams (2023)
Jane Cox (2024)
vteDrama Desk AwardsPlay
Play
Revival of a Play
Lead Performance in a Play
Featured Performance in a Play
Director of a Play
Music in a Play
Musical
Musical
Revival of a Musical
Lead Performance in a Musical
Featured Performance in a Musical
Director of a Musical
Book
Music
Lyrics
Orchestrations
Production
Choreography
Costume Design of a Musical
Costume Design of a Play
Lighting Design for a Musical
Lighting Design for a Play
Scenic Design of a Musical
Scenic Design of a Play
Sound Design in a Musical
Sound Design in a Play
Wig and Hair Design
Puppetry
Other (competitive)
Solo Performance
Unique Theatrical Experience
Revue
Projection Design
Special (non-competitive)
Special Award
Ensemble
Retired
Actor in a Play
Actress in a Play
Featured Actor in a Play
Featured Actress in a Play
Actor in a Musical
Actress in a Musical
Featured Actor in a Musical
Featured Actress in a Musical
Director
Revival
Costume Design
Lighting Design
Set Design
Sound Design | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"Lighting Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_Design"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"off-off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Lighting_Design"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"}],"text":"The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play is an annual award presented by Drama Desk in recognition of achievements in theatre across collective Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City.The award was established in 1975, with the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design being presented each year to any play or musical production. For 2009, the singular award was replaced by separate play and musical categories, but then merged again from 2010 to 2015; the separate play and musical categories have again co-existed since 2016.","title":"Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Winners and nominees"}] | [] | [{"title":"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Lighting_Design"},{"title":"Tony Award for Best Lighting Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Lighting_Design"}] | [{"reference":"Evans, Greg (2021-05-05). \"Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League \"Cautiously Optimistic\"\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","url_text":"\"Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League \"Cautiously Optimistic\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084344/https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","external_links_name":"\"Broadway To Reopen Sept. 14, Says Gov. Andrew Cuomo; Broadway League \"Cautiously Optimistic\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084344/https://deadline.com/2021/05/broadway-reopen-september-14-andrew-cuomo-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow-1234750270/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_joke | Ethnic joke | ["1 Academic theories of ethnic humor","2 See also","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"] | Joke based on assumptions about a specific ethnic group
Book of jokes about Jews published in the United States in 1908.
Part of a series onDiscrimination
Forms
Institutional
Structural
Statistical
Taste-based
Attributes
Age
Caste
Class
Dialect
Disability
Genetic
Hair texture
Height
Language
Looks
Mental disorder
Race / Ethnicity
Skin color
Scientific racism
Rank
Sex
Sexual orientation
Species
Size
Viewpoint
Social
Arophobia
Acephobia
Adultism
Anti-albinism
Anti-autism
Anti-homelessness
Anti-drug addicts
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-intersex
Anti-left handedness
Anti-Masonry
Antisemitism
Aporophobia
Audism
Biphobia
Clannism
Cronyism
Elitism
Ephebiphobia
Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health in poverty
Social determinants of mental health
Fatphobia
Gayphobia
Gerontophobia
Heterosexism
HIV/AIDS stigma
Homophobia
Leprosy stigma
Lesbophobia
Discrimination against men
Misandry
Misogyny
Nepotism
Pedophobia
Perpetual foreigner
Pregnancy
Reverse
Sectarianism
Supremacism
White
Transphobia
Non-binary
Transmisogyny
Trans men
Vegaphobia
Xenophobia
Religious
Ahmadiyya
Atheism
Baháʼí Faith
Buddhism
Catholicism
Christianity
post–Cold War era
Falun Gong
Hinduism
Persecution
Untouchability
Islam
Persecution
Jehovah's Witnesses
Judaism
Persecution
LDS or Mormon
Neopaganism
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Protestantism
Rastafari
Shi'ism
Sufism
Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/national
Afghan
African
Albanian
American
Arab
Armenian
Asian
France
South Africa
United States
Assyrian
Azerbaijani
Black people
African Americans
China
South Africa
Bengali
Bulgarian
Catalan
Chechen
Chinese
Croat
Filipino
Fulani
Finnish
Georgian
Greek
Haitian
Hazara
Hispanic
Hungarian
Igbo
Indian
Indigenous people
Australia
Canada
United States
Iranian
Irish
Israeli
Italian
Japanese
Jewish
Korean
Kurdish
Lithuanian
Malay
Māori
Mexican
Middle Eastern
Mongolian
Nigerian
Pakistani
Palestinians
Pashtun
Polish
Quebec
Romani
Romanian
Serb
Slavic
Somali
Tatar
Thai
Turkish
Ukrainian
Uyghur
Venezuelan
Vietnamese
Manifestations
Anti-LGBT rhetoric
Blood libel
Bullying
Cancel culture
Capital punishment for homosexuality
Compulsory sterilization
Corrective rape
Counter-jihad
Cultural genocide
Defamation
Democide
Disability hate crime
Dog whistle
Economic
Education
Employment
Eliminationism
Enemy of the people
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic conflict
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic joke
Ethnocide
Forced conversion
Freak show
Gay bashing
Gendercide
Genital modification and mutilation
Genocide
examples
Glass ceiling
Hate crime
LGBT
Hate group
Hate speech
Homeless dumping
Housing
Indian rolling
Intersectionality
Lavender scare
LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
List of people killed for being transgender
Lynching
Mortgage
Murder music
Native American mascots
Braves
Blackhawks
Chiefs
Occupational segregation
Persecution
Pogrom
Political repression
Purge
Racialization
Religious persecution
Religious terrorism
Religious violence
Religious war
Scapegoating
Segregation academy
Sexual harassment
Sex-selective abortion
Slut-shaming
Trans bashing
Victimisation
Violence against women
White flight
White genocide conspiracy theory
Wife selling
Witch-hunt
Policies
Age of candidacy
Blood purity
Blood quantum
Crime of apartheid
Disabilities
Catholic
Jewish
Gender pay gap
Gender roles
Gerontocracy
Gerrymandering
Ghetto benches
Internment
Jewish quota
Law for Protection of the Nation
MSM blood donation restrictions
Nonpersons
Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
One-drop rule
Racial quota
Racial segregation
Jim Crow laws
Nuremberg Laws
Racial steering
Redlining
Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
Segregation
age
racial
religious
sexual
Social exclusion
Sodomy law
State atheism
State religion
Ugly law
Voter suppression
Countermeasures
Affirmative action
Anti-discrimination law
Anti-racism
Constitutional colorblindness
Cultural assimilation
Cultural pluralism
Diversity training
Empowerment
Fat acceptance movement
Feminism
Fighting Discrimination
Hate speech laws by country
Human rights
Intersex human rights
LGBT rights
Masculism
Multiculturalism
Nonviolence
Racial integration
Reappropriation
Self-determination
Social integration
Toleration
Related topics
Allophilia
Amatonormativity
Bias
Christian privilege
Cisnormativity
Civil liberties
Dehumanization
Diversity
Ethnic penalty
Eugenics
Figleaf
Gender-blind
Heteronormativity
Internalized oppression
Intersectionality
Male privilege
Masculism
Medical model of disability
autism
Multiculturalism
Net bias
Neurodiversity
Oikophobia
Oppression
Police brutality
Political correctness
Polyculturalism
Power distance
Prejudice
Prisoner abuse
Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
Racism by country
Racial color blindness
Religious intolerance
Second-generation gender bias
Snobbery
Social exclusion
Social identity threat
Social model of disability
Social stigma
Speciesism
Stereotype
threat
The talk
White privilege
vte
An ethnic joke is a remark aiming at humor relating to an ethnic, racial or cultural group, often referring to an ethnic stereotype of the group in question for its punchline.
Perceptions of ethnic jokes are ambivalent. Christie Davies gives examples that, while many find them racist and offensive, for some people jokes poking fun at one's own ethnicity may be considered acceptable. He points out that ethnic jokes are often found funny exactly for the same reason they sound racist for others; it happens when they play on negative ethnic stereotypes. Davies maintains that ethnic jokes reinforce ethnic stereotypes and sometimes lead to calls for violence. The perceived damage to the ethnic group can be of great concern as when the ethnic Polish jokes became so common in the 1970s, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs approached the U.S. State Department to complain.
Academic theories of ethnic humor
The predominant and most widely known theory of ethnic humor attempts to discover social regularities in the anecdote traditions of different countries by contextually describing jokes. Christie Davies, author of this theory, has posed the main arguments in his article Ethnic Jokes, Moral Values and Social Boundaries, published in 1982. His approach is based on Victor Raskin's (1985) Semantic Script Theory of Humor, or to be more precise, on the arguments connected with ethnic humor on binary oppositions. While Raskin merely describes the main binary oppositions providing examples (mostly from Jewish humor), Davies explores the situations where the scripts apply; for example, he has discovered that the most common opposition, stupid/clever, is applied under particular circumstances in the social reality of two ethnic groups concerned.
Davies in his monograph published in 1990 has surmised that "Jokes in every country (or reasonably homogeneous cultural and linguistic domain) have certain targets for stupidity jokes – people who dwell on the edge of that nation or domain and who are perceived as culturally ambiguous by the dominant people of the center. In addition, they will likely be rustic people or immigrants in search of unskilled and low-prestige manual work. They are to a great extent similar to the joke-tellers themselves, share the same cultural background or even speak a similar or identical language." According to Davies, ethnic jokes are centered on the three main themes of stupidity, canniness and sexual behavior.
Davies is featured in the 2010 documentary film, Polack, exploring the source of the Polish joke.
L Perry Curtis, in examining ethnic humour aimed at the Irish in Victorian England, describes the descent that the ethnic joke and the accompanying stereotype can undergo as the target that they are aimed at descends into depictions of violent behaviour: "My curiosity of 'Paddy's' transformation in comic art from a rather primitive, rustic, or simple-minded peasant to a degenerate man ... bent on murder or outrage."
According to Samuel Schmidt, ethnic jokes can also be a form of social resistance, and so they are addressed by the joke-tellers against those whom they see as the aggressors, like the multiple jokes published in Mexico about Americans (also called gringos there).
See also
Allport's Scale
An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman
Dialect comedy
Ethnic stereotype
Town of fools
Footnotes
^ "Why do people find racist jokes funny?". BBC News. 2002-05-07. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
^ Christie Davies "The Irish Joke as a Social Phenomenon". In John Durant and Jonathan Miller. Laughing Matters: A Serious Look at Humour. London: Longmans. ISBN 978-0-470-21185-4
^ Berger, Arthur Asa. An Anatomy of Humor. ISBN 9781412817158.
^ Dominic Pulera, "Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America". p 99.
^ "website for Polack, 2010 documentary". Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
^ L Perry Curtis Jr "Apes and Angels the Irishman in Victorian Caricature" p xiii
^ Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance. University of Arizona Press. 2014-03-06. ISBN 9780816530779.
References
Davies, Christie (1990). Ethnic Humor Around the World. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31655-3.
Draitser, Emil (1998). Taking Penguins to the Movies: Ethnic Humor in Russia. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2327-8.
Jaret, Charles (2002). "Book review: The Mirth of Nations". American Journal of Sociology. 108 (6): 1426. doi:10.1086/380540.
Rappoport, Leon (2005). Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275987640.
Mitchell, Henry (June 24, 1991). "Did You Hear the One About ...". National Review.
Berger, Arthur Asa (1999). An Anatomy of Humor. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-765-80494-8.
External links
Intergroup Humor in Bosnia
The Rhetoric of Racist Humour
vteEthnicityConcepts
Clan
Ethnic group
Ethnographic group
Ethnolinguistic group
Ethnoreligious group
Ethnonational group
Ethnographic realism
Hyphenated ethnicity
Indigenous peoples
Ingroups and outgroups
Meta-ethnicity
Metroethnicity
Minority group
Monoethnicity
Nation
Nationality
Panethnicity
Polyethnicity
Population
Race
Symbolic ethnicity
Tribe
Ethnology
Anthropology
Ethnic studies
Ethnoarchaeology
Ethnobiology
Ethnobotany
Ethnomycology
Ethnozoology
Ethnoecology
Ethnocinema
Ethnogeology
Ethnography
Autoethnography
Clinical
Critical
Cyber-
Institutional
Netnography
Online
Person-centered
Salvage
Transidioethnography
Video
Ethnohistory
Ethnolinguistics
Ethnology
Ethnomathematics
Ethnostatistics
Ethnomedicine
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomuseology
Ethnomusicology
Ethnophilosophy
Ethnopsychopharmacology
Ethnopoetics
Ethnoscience
Ethnosemiotics
Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region
World
Contemporary ethnic groups
Countries by ethnic groups
Africa
Americas
Indigenous
Canada
Greenland
Mexico
United States
Central America
Caribbean
South America
Asia
Central Asia
East Asia
Northern Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
West Asia
Australia
Aboriginal groups
Torres Strait Islanders
Europe
Oceania
Indigenous
European
Identity and ethnogenesis
Cross-race effect
Cultural assimilation
Cultural identity
Demonym
Development
Endonym
Ethnarch
Ethnic flag
Ethnic option
Ethnic origin
Ethnic religion
Ethnicity in census
Ethnofiction
Ethnonym
Folk religion
Historical
Imagined community
Kinship
Legendary progenitor
Lineage-bonded society
Mythomoteur
Mores
Nation-building
Nation state
National language
National myth
Origin myth
Pantribal sodality
Statistext
Tribal name
Tribalism
Detribalization
Neo-Tribalism
Urheimat
White ethnic
Multiethnic society
Consociationalism
Cultural appropriation
Diaspora politics
Dominant minority
Ethnic democracy
Ethnic enclave
Ethnic interest group
Ethnic majority
Ethnic media
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic pornography
Ethnic theme park
Ethnoburb
Ethnocracy
Ethnopluralism
Ethnographic film
Ethnographic village
Indigenous rights
Middleman minority
Minority rights
Model minority
Model minority myth
Multinational state
Ideology andethnic conflict
Allophilia
Ethnic bioweapon
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic joke
Ethnic party
Ethnic penalty
Ethnic slur
Ethnic stereotype
Ethnic violence
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocide
Ethnosymbolism
Indigenism
Indigenization
Separatist movements
Xenocentrism
Xenophilia
Xenophobia
Related
Minzu (anthropology)
vteRacismTypes of racism
Aversive
Colorism
Covert
Cultural
Cyber
Environmental
Formal
Gendered
Institutional
Internalized
Laissez-faire
Linguistic
Neocolonial
Romantic
Scientific
Societal
Substantive
Symbolic
Xenophobia
Manifestationsof racism
Anti-miscegenation laws
Apartheid
Biological determinism
Discrimination based on nationality
Ethnic conflict
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic jokes
Ethnic slurs
Ethnic stereotype
Hate crime
Hate speech
Hate group
Racialization
Racial hierarchy
Racial nationalism
Racial profiling
Racial segregation
Racism by region
Global apartheid
Africa
South Africa
Asia
China
Japan
North Korea
South Korea
Thailand
Vietnam
Arab world
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Australia
Europe
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Soviet Union
Spain
United Kingdom
Middle East
Iran
Israel
Palestine
Turkey
North America
Canada
United States
Mexico
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Racism by target
Arab
Asians
Chinese
Chinese Americans
Zainichi Chinese
Japanese
Japanese Americans
Japanese Koreans
Korean
Zainichi Koreans
Vietnamese
Black
African Americans
Women
Native Americans
Hispanic & Latino
Mexican
Jewish
Jewish Americans
In Jewish communities
LGBT
Middle Eastern
Muslim
Romani
Slavic
Wine industry
Racial supremacy
White supremacy
Related topics
Alt-right
Anti-racism
Casteism
Ethnic plastic surgery
Go back to where you came from
Herrenvolk democracy
Interminority racism in the United States
Lynching
Passing
Perpetual foreigner
Psychometrics of racism
Race and sexuality
Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
Race card
Racial figleaf
Racial integration
Racial quota
Racism in sport
in Australia
Reverse racism
Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Category
Commons
Index | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jew_jokes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"ethnic stereotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype"},{"link_name":"Christie Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Davies"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polish jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_jokes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Book of jokes about Jews published in the United States in 1908.An ethnic joke is a remark aiming at humor relating to an ethnic, racial or cultural group, often referring to an ethnic stereotype of the group in question for its punchline.Perceptions of ethnic jokes are ambivalent. Christie Davies gives examples that, while many find them racist and offensive, for some people jokes poking fun at one's own ethnicity may be considered acceptable. He points out that ethnic jokes are often found funny exactly for the same reason they sound racist for others; it happens when they play on negative ethnic stereotypes.[1][2] Davies maintains that ethnic jokes reinforce ethnic stereotypes and sometimes lead to calls for violence.[3] The perceived damage to the ethnic group can be of great concern as when the ethnic Polish jokes became so common in the 1970s, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs approached the U.S. State Department to complain.[4]","title":"Ethnic joke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Raskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Raskin"},{"link_name":"Jewish humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_humor"},{"link_name":"Polish joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_joke"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#P"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"gringos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringo#Meanings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The predominant and most widely known theory of ethnic humor attempts to discover social regularities in the anecdote traditions of different countries by contextually describing jokes. Christie Davies, author of this theory, has posed the main arguments in his article Ethnic Jokes, Moral Values and Social Boundaries, published in 1982. His approach is based on Victor Raskin's (1985) Semantic Script Theory of Humor, or to be more precise, on the arguments connected with ethnic humor on binary oppositions. While Raskin merely describes the main binary oppositions providing examples (mostly from Jewish humor), Davies explores the situations where the scripts apply; for example, he has discovered that the most common opposition, stupid/clever, is applied under particular circumstances in the social reality of two ethnic groups concerned.Davies in his monograph published in 1990 has surmised that \"Jokes in every country (or reasonably homogeneous cultural and linguistic domain) have certain targets for stupidity jokes – people who dwell on the edge of that nation or domain and who are perceived as culturally ambiguous by the dominant people of the center. In addition, they will likely be rustic people or immigrants in search of unskilled and low-prestige manual work. They are to a great extent similar to the joke-tellers themselves, share the same cultural background or even speak a similar or identical language.\" According to Davies, ethnic jokes are centered on the three main themes of stupidity, canniness and sexual behavior.Davies is featured in the 2010 documentary film, Polack, exploring the source of the Polish joke.[5]L Perry Curtis, in examining ethnic humour aimed at the Irish in Victorian England, describes the descent that the ethnic joke and the accompanying stereotype can undergo as the target that they are aimed at descends into depictions of violent behaviour: \"My curiosity of 'Paddy's' transformation in comic art from a rather primitive, rustic, or simple-minded peasant to a degenerate man ... bent on murder or outrage.\"[6]According to Samuel Schmidt, ethnic jokes can also be a form of social resistance, and so they are addressed by the joke-tellers against those whom they see as the aggressors, like the multiple jokes published in Mexico about Americans (also called gringos there).[7]","title":"Academic theories of ethnic humor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Why do people find racist jokes funny?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1972565.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Christie Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Davies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-470-21185-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-21185-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"An Anatomy of Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aZkRJJnc6BUC&q=Davies,+Christie.+Ethnic+Humor&pg=PA57"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781412817158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412817158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"website for Polack, 2010 documentary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110208060106/http://polackthefilm.com/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.polackthefilm.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ret6AgAAQBAJ&q=gringo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780816530779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816530779"}],"text":"^ \"Why do people find racist jokes funny?\". BBC News. 2002-05-07. Retrieved 2009-01-22.\n\n^ Christie Davies \"The Irish Joke as a Social Phenomenon\". In John Durant and Jonathan Miller. Laughing Matters: A Serious Look at Humour. London: Longmans. ISBN 978-0-470-21185-4\n\n^ Berger, Arthur Asa. An Anatomy of Humor. ISBN 9781412817158.\n\n^ Dominic Pulera, \"Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America\". p 99.\n\n^ \"website for Polack, 2010 documentary\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-15.\n\n^ L Perry Curtis Jr \"Apes and Angels the Irishman in Victorian Caricature\" p xiii\n\n^ Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance. University of Arizona Press. 2014-03-06. ISBN 9780816530779.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Book of jokes about Jews published in the United States in 1908.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jew_jokes.jpg/220px-Jew_jokes.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Allport's Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allport%27s_Scale"},{"title":"An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Englishman,_an_Irishman_and_a_Scotsman"},{"title":"Dialect comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_comedy"},{"title":"Ethnic stereotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype"},{"title":"Town of fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_fools"}] | [{"reference":"\"Why do people find racist jokes funny?\". BBC News. 2002-05-07. Retrieved 2009-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1972565.stm","url_text":"\"Why do people find racist jokes funny?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Arthur Asa. An Anatomy of Humor. ISBN 9781412817158.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkRJJnc6BUC&q=Davies,+Christie.+Ethnic+Humor&pg=PA57","url_text":"An Anatomy of Humor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412817158","url_text":"9781412817158"}]},{"reference":"\"website for Polack, 2010 documentary\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208060106/http://polackthefilm.com/","url_text":"\"website for Polack, 2010 documentary\""},{"url":"http://www.polackthefilm.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance. University of Arizona Press. 2014-03-06. ISBN 9780816530779.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ret6AgAAQBAJ&q=gringo","url_text":"Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816530779","url_text":"9780816530779"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Christie (1990). Ethnic Humor Around the World. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31655-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4RZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Ethnic Humor Around the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31655-3","url_text":"0-253-31655-3"}]},{"reference":"Draitser, Emil (1998). Taking Penguins to the Movies: Ethnic Humor in Russia. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2327-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274806031","url_text":"Taking Penguins to the Movies: Ethnic Humor in Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2327-8","url_text":"0-8143-2327-8"}]},{"reference":"Jaret, Charles (2002). \"Book review: The Mirth of Nations\". American Journal of Sociology. 108 (6): 1426. doi:10.1086/380540.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/380540","url_text":"\"Book review: The Mirth of Nations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F380540","url_text":"10.1086/380540"}]},{"reference":"Rappoport, Leon (2005). Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275987640.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P3HkmPhf2mYC","url_text":"Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275987640","url_text":"9780275987640"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Henry (June 24, 1991). \"Did You Hear the One About ...\". National Review.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Berger, Arthur Asa (1999). An Anatomy of Humor. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-765-80494-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkRJJnc6BUC","url_text":"An Anatomy of Humor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-80494-8","url_text":"0-765-80494-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1972565.stm","external_links_name":"\"Why do people find racist jokes funny?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkRJJnc6BUC&q=Davies,+Christie.+Ethnic+Humor&pg=PA57","external_links_name":"An Anatomy of Humor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208060106/http://polackthefilm.com/","external_links_name":"\"website for Polack, 2010 documentary\""},{"Link":"http://www.polackthefilm.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ret6AgAAQBAJ&q=gringo","external_links_name":"Seriously Funny: Mexican Political Jokes as Social Resistance"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4RZAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Ethnic Humor Around the World"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274806031","external_links_name":"Taking Penguins to the Movies: Ethnic Humor in Russia"},{"Link":"http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/380540","external_links_name":"\"Book review: The Mirth of Nations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F380540","external_links_name":"10.1086/380540"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P3HkmPhf2mYC","external_links_name":"Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZkRJJnc6BUC","external_links_name":"An Anatomy of Humor"},{"Link":"https://soi.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/soi/article/view/8011/7167","external_links_name":"Intergroup Humor in Bosnia"},{"Link":"https://www.socresonline.org.uk/17/3/reviews/1.html","external_links_name":"The Rhetoric of Racist Humour"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Leblanc_(ice_hockey) | Michel Leblanc (ice hockey) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | French ice hockey player
Michel LeblancPersonal informationNationalityFrenchBorn (1959-12-17) 17 December 1959 (age 64)Trois-Rivières, Quebec, CanadaSportSportIce hockey
Michel Leblanc (born 17 December 1959) is a Canadian-born French former ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics for France.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Michel Leblanc Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
This French biographical article relating to ice hockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"1988 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Michel Leblanc (born 17 December 1959) is a Canadian-born French former ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1988 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics for France.[1]","title":"Michel Leblanc (ice hockey)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Michel Leblanc Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417195354/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/michel-leblanc-1.html","url_text":"\"Michel Leblanc Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/michel-leblanc-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417195354/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/michel-leblanc-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Michel Leblanc Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/michel-leblanc-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=72752&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/20068-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=37208","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Leblanc_(ice_hockey)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins | J. Lawton Collins | ["1 Early life and military career","2 Between the wars","3 World War II","3.1 Pacific theater","3.2 Western theater","4 Postwar","5 Awards","6 Promotions","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | United States Army general
"Lightning Joe" redirects here. For the boxer, see Joe Gatti.
J. Lawton CollinsBirth nameJoseph Lawton CollinsNickname(s)"Lightning Joe"Born(1896-05-01)May 1, 1896New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.DiedSeptember 12, 1987(1987-09-12) (aged 91)Washington, D.C., U.S.BuriedArlington National CemeteryAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1917–1956RankGeneralService number0-5247UnitInfantry BranchCommands heldChief of Staff of the United States ArmyVice Chief of Staff of the United States ArmyDeputy Chief of Staff of the United States ArmyVII Corps25th Infantry Division3rd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment3rd Battalion, 22nd Infantry RegimentBattles/wars
World War I
Occupation of the Rhineland
World War II
Solomon Islands Campaign
Guadalcanal Campaign
New Georgia Campaign
Operation Overlord
Normandy landings
Operation Goodwood
Operation Cobra
Falaise Pocket
Siegfried Line campaign
Battle of the Mons Pocket
Battle of Hürtgen Forest
Battle of the Bulge
Western Allied invasion of Germany
Korean War
AwardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal (4)Silver Star (2)Legion of Merit (3)Bronze Star MedalSpouse(s)
Gladys Easterbrook (m. 1921)RelationsJames Lawton Collins (brother)James Lawton Collins Jr. (nephew)Michael Collins (nephew)
General Joseph Lawton Collins (May 1, 1896 – September 12, 1987) was a senior United States Army officer. During World War II, he served in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operations, one of a few senior American commanders to do so. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the Korean War.
Collins' elder brother, Major General James Lawton Collins, was also in the United States Army. His nephew, Brigadier General James Lawton Collins Jr. served in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Another nephew, Michael Collins, was the command module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 that put the first two men on the Moon and retired from the United States Air Force as a major general.
Early life and military career
Collins was born into the large Irish Catholic family of New Orleans dry goods store and pub owner Jeremiah Bernard Collins and Catherine (Lawton) Collins on May 1, 1896. He attended the Catholic schools of Algiers and graduated from Boys High School in New Orleans in 1912. He attended Louisiana State University and competed for a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York. Selected as an alternate by Representative H. Garland Dupré, Collins received the appointment after the first choice failed to qualify. He attended from June 1913 to April 1917, with his class graduating early because of the American entry into World War I. He graduated 35th of 139, and was commissioned shortly before his twenty-first birthday. His classmates included several future general officers, including Matthew Ridgway, Bryant Moore, Ernest N. Harmon, William C. McMahon, Norman Cota, Laurence B. Keiser, William W. Eagles, William Kelly Harrison Jr., Frederick Augustus Irving, and Mark W. Clark. Clark and Collins shared a birthday and as the two youngest cadets were known as the "class babies".
Collins was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army and was assigned as a platoon and later company commander with the 22nd Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to first lieutenant in May 1917, and temporary captain in August. He attended the United States Army Infantry School of Arms at Fort Sill, Oklahoma and served with the regiment at various locations between 1917 and 1919. He was promoted to captain in June 1918, and to temporary major in September, and took command of the 3rd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment the following month. World War I came to an end soon afterwards, on November 11, 1918. Unable to fight overseas during the war, Collins commanded the 3rd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment in France in June 1919, and was assistant chief of staff, as a G-3 staff officer with the American Forces in Germany from 1920 to 1921. During this time, Collins served in the Army of Occupation in Germany.
Between the wars
Collins reverted to the rank of captain in 1920. He married Gladys Easterbrook, a daughter of Army chaplain Edmund P. Easterbrook, on July 15, 1921, and was instructor in the department of chemistry at the USMA from 1921 to 1925. He graduated from the company officer course at the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia in 1926, and from the advanced course at the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma the year after. He was an instructor in weapons and tactics at the United States Army Infantry School from 1927 to 1931. It was during this time where he first encountered George C. Marshall, the future U.S. Army Chief of Staff, who was to play a significant role in Collins's future military career. Promoted to major in August 1932, he was executive officer of the 23rd Brigade in Manila, and assistant chief of staff, as a G-2 staff officer, with the Philippine Division from 1933 to 1934.
Collins graduated from the United States Army Industrial College in 1937, and the United States Army War College the following year. He was then an instructor at the Army War College from 1938 to 1940. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on June 25, 1940 and, now a full colonel (having been promoted on January 15, 1941), was chief of staff of VII Corps in 1941.
World War II
On the right, Major General J. L. Collins, commanding the 25th Division and, on the left, Major Charles W. Davis, commanding the 3rd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment confer on New Georgia, August 14, 1943.
By the time the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Collins had been a temporary colonel since January. On February 14, 1942, he was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general and the two-star general officer rank of major general on May 26.
Pacific theater
Collins was chief of staff of the Hawaiian Department from 1941 to 1942 and served as the Commanding General of the 25th Infantry Division—nicknamed the "Tropic Lightning" Division—on Oahu and in operations against the Japanese on Guadalcanal between 1942 and 1943 and on New Georgia from July to October 1943. At the time of his appointment in May 1942 he was the youngest division commander in the United States Army, aged 46. To serve as his assistant division commander, Collins specifically selected Brigadier General John R. Hodge, a decision he never came to regret as Hodge, who later became a full general, proved himself to be up to Collins's high standards.
It was during the campaign in Guadalcanal that Collins gained his nickname of "Lightning Joe", for his dash and aggression. It was also during this campaign that saw Collins awarded with the Silver Star, the citation for which reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major General Joseph Lawton Collins (ASN: 0-2274/0-5247), United States Army, for gallantry in action against the enemy while serving as Commanding General, 25th Infantry Division, in action on 11 January 1943 at Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. To visit the command post of an infantry battalion of the Division commanded by him, General Collins walked through some 800 yards of recently captured ground infested with enemy snipers. Upon arriving on Hill 52, to gain better points of observation, he voluntarily exposed himself to intermittent rifle, machine gun and mortar fire, without regard for his own personal safety. From there, he located an enemy machine gun nest and personally assisted in placing mortar fire on it and on other areas likely to be occupied by the enemy, while bursts of enemy machine gun fire hit many times but three yards away. His calmness and fearlessness under fire was an inspiration to the officers and men of the infantry regiment in that sector. His example and words of praise and encouragement with which he continually encouraged the men in the forward units spurred them on and contributed materially to the success of the offensive operation. His gallant actions and dedicated devotion to duty, without regard for his own life, were in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Lieutenant General J. Lawton Collins receiving the Companion of the Order of the Bath from British General Sir Bernard Montgomery at Munchen Gladbach, 1944.
Major General J. Lawton Collins (right) explains to Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left) how Cherbourg was taken, July 1944.
Western theater
Collins was later transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), where he commanded the VII Corps in the Allied invasion of Normandy and on the Western Front through to the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. Collins was chosen by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, who had served with Collins at the Army Infantry School before the war and was then commanding the First Army in England, as a replacement for Major General Roscoe B. Woodruff, the original commander of VII Corps and one of Bradley's West Point classmates. Woodruff was senior to Collins but had no experience in amphibious operations. Collins was appointed after a brief interview with Bradley and General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, about his combat experience after Collins summed up his tactical approach in the Pacific as always targeting the high ground in an attack. Bradley turned to Eisenhower, claiming that Collins "talks our language." At the age of 47, this made Collins the youngest corps commander in the United States Army. Among the units serving under Collins' command in Normandy was the veteran 82nd Airborne Division, commanded by Major General Matthew Ridgway, a fellow graduate of the West Point class of 1917.
General Joseph Lawton Collins challenged the 1106 Engineers Combat Group to build the Rhine River pontoon bridge at Bonn, Germany in 10 hours and he would have a beer party. There was a beer party for 600 soldiers.
VII Corps played a major role in the Normandy landings in June 1944 and the subsequent Battle of Normandy, including Operation Cobra. Collins was a favorite of the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, who after Operation Goodwood laid the path for VII Corps to break out in Operation Cobra on 27 July 1944. After Cobra was the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, which completed the destruction of the Wehrmacht in Normandy, the corps then took part in the liberation of Paris and the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine. In early September VII Corps took approximately 25,000 prisoners during the Battle of the Mons Pocket. It later broke through the Siegfried Line and endured heavy fighting in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. VII Corps later played a major role in the Battle of the Bulge, the largest battle on the Western Front during World War II, and finally took part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany. VII Corps is perhaps best known for the leading role it played in Operation Cobra; less well known is Collins' contribution to that plan.
Major General J. L. Collins, commanding VII Corps, with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, and Major General Matthew Ridgway, Commanding XVIII Airborne Corps, December 1944.
One of the few senior United States commanders to fight in both Europe and the Pacific, against the Germans and Japanese respectively, Collins contrasted the nature of the enemy in the two theaters of war:
The German was far more skilled than the Japanese. Most of the Japanese that we fought were not skilled men. Not skilled leaders. The German had a professional army... The Japanese.. didn't know how to handle combined arms – the artillery and the support of the infantry – to the same extent we did. They were gallant soldiers, though... They fought very, very hard, but they were not nearly as skillful as the Germans. But the German didn't have the tenacity of the Japanese.
Collins was promoted to temporary three-star rank of lieutenant general in April 1945 and permanent brigadier general in June. He was very highly regarded by General Omar Bradley, Collins' superior for most of the war, and many German senior commanders believed Collins, along with Lieutenant General Troy H. Middleton, commanding the VIII Corps, to be one of the best American corps commanders on the Western Front. Bradley commented that "Had we created another ETO Army, despite his youth and lack of seniority, Collins certainly would have been named the commander." For his service during the war Collins was three times awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, twice awarded the Silver Star and twice the Legion of Merit.
Postwar
Joseph Lawton Collins painted by Lloyd Bowers Embrey in 1972
After the war, Collins was deputy commanding general and chief of staff of Army Ground Forces from August to December 1945. Later, he was director of information (later chief of public information) of the United States Army from 1945 to 1947. He was deputy, later Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1947 to 1949 and was promoted to temporary general and permanent major general in January 1948.
Collins with Walton Walker and John H. Church in Korea.
Collins was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from August 16, 1949, to August 15, 1953; as such he was the Army's senior officer throughout the Korean War. As a wartime chief of staff his primary responsibility was to ensure that adequately trained and equipped soldiers were sent to fight in Korea. He directed the Army's operation of the railroads, brought the first Special Forces group into the order of battle, and was closely associated with the development of the army's contribution to the newly established North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Collins was representative of the United States to the Military Committee and the Standing Group of NATO from 1953 to 1954. He was special representative of the United States in Vietnam with ambassadorial rank, 1954 to 1955, and returned to his NATO assignment. He retired from active service in March 1956, after almost 40 years of military service.
General Joseph Lawton Collins died in Washington, D.C., on September 12, 1987, at the age of 91. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.
Awards
1st Row
Distinguished Service Medalwith three oak leaf clusters
Silver Starwith oak leaf cluster
2nd Row
Legion of Meritwith two oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star Medalwith "V" device
World War I Victory Medal
3rd Row
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
American Defense Service Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medalwith two campaign stars
4th Row
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five campaign stars
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal
5th Row
National Defense Service Medal
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath(United Kingdom)
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour(France)
6th Row
Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold(Belgium)
Order of Suvorov, 2nd Class(USSR)
Croix de Guerre with palm(France)
Promotions
Insignia
Rank
Component
Date
No insignia
Cadet
United States Military Academy
June 14, 1913
No pin insignia at the time
Second lieutenant
Regular Army
April 20, 1917
First lieutenant
Regular Army
May 15, 1917
Captain
Temporary
August 5, 1917
Major
Temporary
September 9, 1918
Captain
Regular Army
June 25, 1919 (Discharged as temporary major and resumed permanent rank of captain on March 10, 1920.)
Major
Regular Army
October 1, 1932
Lieutenant colonel
Regular Army
June 25, 1940
Colonel
Army of the United States
January 13, 1941
Brigadier general
Army of the United States
February 14, 1942
Major general
Army of the United States
May 26, 1942
Lieutenant general
Army of the United States
April 16, 1945
Brigadier general
Regular Army
June 19, 1945
Major general
Regular Army
January 24, 1948
General
Army of the United States
January 24, 1948
General
Regular Army, Retired
March 31, 1956
References
^ a b c d "United States Army officer histories". Unit Histories. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
^ Video: Dragon's Teeth. U.S. Army Pictorial Service. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
^ Jeffers 2009, p. 13.
^ a b c "Joseph L. Collins West Point Cadet". The Times-Democrat. New Orleans, LA. June 3, 1913. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment, in 1802 USMA Library Digital Collection Archived August 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jeffers 2009, pp. 15–16.
^ Edwards, Paul M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. Volume 41 of Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Scarecrow Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780810874619. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ a b c Taaffe 2013, p. 171.
^ Jeffers 2009, p. 15.
^ Moore 2014, p. 12.
^ a b c d e "Biography of General James Lawton Collins (1896−1987), USA". generals.dk.
^ a b Taaffe 2013, p. 172.
^ a b c d "J. Lawton Collins, 1896–1987 (Lighting Joe)". HistoryOfWar.org.
^ Taaffe 2013, p. 153.
^ "Valor awards for Joseph Lawton Collins". Military Times.
^ Alan Axelrod, Bradley: A Biography, p. 115
^ Colin F. Baxter, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography, p. 76
^ "The Mons Pocket, or the "Petit Stalingrad" of the Borinage". Europe Remembers. Liberation Route Europe Foundation. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ D-Day to Germany: Cameraman Jack Lieb comments on original footage of 1944-45 (Motion picture). Potsdam, Germany: CHRONOS-MEDIA History. December 10, 2016. Event occurs at 36:25. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
^ Maj. Gary Wade No. 5 Conversations with General J. Lawton Collins Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine United States Army Command and General Staff College 1983
^ "Joseph Lawton Collins". The Hall of Valor Project.
^ a b c Taaffe 2013, p. 333.
Bibliography
Joseph Lawton Collins (1969). War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea
Taaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.
Collins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215.
Jeffers, H. Paul (2009). Taking Command: General J. Lawton Collins From Guadalcanal to Utah Beach and Victory in Europe. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0451226877.
Moore, Theo K. (2014). The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style. BiblioScholar. ISBN 978-1249413592.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to J. Lawton Collins.
Joseph Lawton Collins biography Archived 2017-05-05 at the Wayback Machine in Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History
J. Lawton Collins Collection Finding Aids Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Arlington National Cemetery Biography
Conversations with General J. Lawton Collins, Combat Studies Institute report
Papers of J. Lawton Collins, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Papers of John J. Walsh (Aide-de-Camp to J. Lawton Collins), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
A film clip AIR ASSAULT TACTICS ETC. (1945) is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
Generals of World War II
United States Army Officers 1939–1945
Military offices
Preceded byMaxwell Murray
Commanding General 25th Infantry Division 1942–1943
Succeeded byCharles L. Mullins Jr.
Preceded byRoscoe B. Woodruff
Commanding General VII Corps 1944–1945
Post deactivated
New command
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1947–1949
Succeeded byWade H. Haislip
Preceded byOmar Bradley
Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1949–1953
Succeeded byMatthew Ridgway
vteLeaders of the United States ArmySenior Officer / Commanding General
Washington
Knox
Doughty
Harmar
St. Clair
Wayne
Hamilton
Wilkinson
Dearborn
J. Brown
Macomb
W. Scott
McClellan
Halleck
Grant
Sherman
Sheridan
Schofield
Miles
Chiefs of Staff
Young
Chaffee
Bates
Bell
Wood
Wotherspoon
H. Scott
Bliss
March
Pershing
Hines
Summerall
MacArthur
Craig
Marshall
Eisenhower
Bradley
Collins
Ridgway
Taylor
Lemnitzer
Decker
Wheeler
Johnson
Westmoreland
B. Palmer
Abrams
Weyand
Rogers
Meyer
Wickham
Vuono
Sullivan
Reimer
Shinseki
Schoomaker
Casey
Dempsey
Odierno
Milley
McConville
George
Vice Chiefs of Staff
Collins
Haislip
Hull
Bolte
W. Palmer
Lemnitzer
Decker
Eddleman
Hamlett
Abrams
Haines
B. Palmer
Haig
Weyand
Kerwin
Kroesen
Vessey
Wickham
Thurman
A. Brown
RisCassi
Sullivan
Reimer
Peay
Tilelli
Griffith
Crouch
Shinseki
Keane
Casey
Cody
Chiarelli
Austin
Campbell
Allyn
McConville
Martin
George
Mingus
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Other
NARA
SNAC
2
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Gatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gatti"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"European Theaters of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"James Lawton Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James Lawton Collins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)"},{"link_name":"command module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_module"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"}],"text":"\"Lightning Joe\" redirects here. For the boxer, see Joe Gatti.General Joseph Lawton Collins (May 1, 1896 – September 12, 1987) was a senior United States Army officer. During World War II, he served in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operations, one of a few senior American commanders to do so.[2] He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the Korean War.Collins' elder brother, Major General James Lawton Collins, was also in the United States Army. His nephew, Brigadier General James Lawton Collins Jr. served in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Another nephew, Michael Collins, was the command module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 that put the first two men on the Moon and retired from the United States Air Force as a major general.","title":"J. Lawton Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffers200913-3"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Boys High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Easton_Charter_High_School"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadet-4"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadet-4"},{"link_name":"H. Garland Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Garland_Dupr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadet-4"},{"link_name":"American entry into World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital-library.usma.edu-5"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"Bryant Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ernest N. Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_N._Harmon"},{"link_name":"Norman Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cota"},{"link_name":"Laurence B. Keiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_B._Keiser"},{"link_name":"William W. Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Eagles"},{"link_name":"William Kelly Harrison Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kelly_Harrison_Jr."},{"link_name":"Frederick Augustus Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Irving"},{"link_name":"Mark W. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_W._Clark"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffers200915%E2%80%9316-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officers_of_the_United_States_Army-1"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Infantry Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"company commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_commander"},{"link_name":"22nd Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital-library.usma.edu-5"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital-library.usma.edu-5"},{"link_name":"November 11, 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"18th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"G-3 staff officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"Army of Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013171-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffers200915-9"}],"text":"Collins was born into the large Irish Catholic family of New Orleans dry goods store and pub owner Jeremiah Bernard Collins and Catherine (Lawton) Collins on May 1, 1896.[3] He attended the Catholic schools of Algiers and graduated from Boys High School in New Orleans in 1912.[4] He attended Louisiana State University and competed for a congressional appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York.[4] Selected as an alternate by Representative H. Garland Dupré, Collins received the appointment after the first choice failed to qualify.[4] He attended from June 1913 to April 1917, with his class graduating early because of the American entry into World War I. He graduated 35th of 139,[5] and was commissioned shortly before his twenty-first birthday. His classmates included several future general officers, including Matthew Ridgway, Bryant Moore, Ernest N. Harmon, William C. McMahon, Norman Cota, Laurence B. Keiser, William W. Eagles, William Kelly Harrison Jr., Frederick Augustus Irving, and Mark W. Clark.[6] Clark and Collins shared a birthday and as the two youngest cadets were known as the \"class babies\".[1]Collins was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Infantry Branch of the United States Army and was assigned as a platoon and later company commander with the 22nd Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to first lieutenant in May 1917, and temporary captain in August. He attended the United States Army Infantry School of Arms at Fort Sill, Oklahoma[5] and served with the regiment at various locations between 1917 and 1919. He was promoted to captain in June 1918, and to temporary major in September, and took command of the 3rd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment the following month.[5] World War I came to an end soon afterwards, on November 11, 1918. Unable to fight overseas during the war, Collins commanded the 3rd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment in France in June 1919, and was assistant chief of staff, as a G-3 staff officer with the American Forces in Germany from 1920 to 1921. During this time, Collins served in the Army of Occupation in Germany.[7][8][9]","title":"Early life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund P. Easterbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_P._Easterbrook"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"United States Army Infantry School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Infantry_School"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Field Artillery School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Artillery_School"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013171-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201412-10"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Industrial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_School_for_National_Security_and_Resource_Strategy"},{"link_name":"United States Army War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013171-8"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-11"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-11"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff"},{"link_name":"VII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013172-12"}],"text":"Collins reverted to the rank of captain in 1920. He married Gladys Easterbrook, a daughter of Army chaplain Edmund P. Easterbrook, on July 15, 1921, and was instructor in the department of chemistry at the USMA from 1921 to 1925. He graduated from the company officer course at the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia in 1926, and from the advanced course at the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma the year after. He was an instructor in weapons and tactics at the United States Army Infantry School from 1927 to 1931. It was during this time where he first encountered George C. Marshall, the future U.S. Army Chief of Staff, who was to play a significant role in Collins's future military career.[8][10] Promoted to major in August 1932, he was executive officer of the 23rd Brigade in Manila, and assistant chief of staff, as a G-2 staff officer, with the Philippine Division from 1933 to 1934.Collins graduated from the United States Army Industrial College in 1937, and the United States Army War College the following year.[8] He was then an instructor at the Army War College from 1938 to 1940. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on June 25, 1940[11] and, now a full colonel (having been promoted on January 15, 1941),[11] was chief of staff of VII Corps in 1941.[11][12]","title":"Between the wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Soldiers_on_New_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Davis"},{"link_name":"27th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"New Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"one-star general officer rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-star_rank"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-11"},{"link_name":"two-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-star_rank"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfWar-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Generals_of_World_War_II-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officers_of_the_United_States_Army-1"}],"text":"On the right, Major General J. L. Collins, commanding the 25th Division and, on the left, Major Charles W. Davis, commanding the 3rd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment confer on New Georgia, August 14, 1943.By the time the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Collins had been a temporary colonel since January. On February 14, 1942, he was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general[11] and the two-star general officer rank of major general on May 26.[13][11][1]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaiian Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Department"},{"link_name":"Commanding General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"25th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"John R. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Hodge"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013153-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfWar-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013172-12"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Overlord_(the_Normandy_Landings)-_D-day_6_June_1944_B15727.jpg"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Sir Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collinsbradley.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omar Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bradley"}],"sub_title":"Pacific theater","text":"Collins was chief of staff of the Hawaiian Department from 1941 to 1942 and served as the Commanding General of the 25th Infantry Division—nicknamed the \"Tropic Lightning\" Division—on Oahu and in operations against the Japanese on Guadalcanal between 1942 and 1943 and on New Georgia from July to October 1943. At the time of his appointment in May 1942 he was the youngest division commander in the United States Army, aged 46. To serve as his assistant division commander, Collins specifically selected Brigadier General John R. Hodge, a decision he never came to regret as Hodge, who later became a full general, proved himself to be up to Collins's high standards.[14]It was during the campaign in Guadalcanal that Collins gained his nickname of \"Lightning Joe\", for his dash and aggression.[13][12] It was also during this campaign that saw Collins awarded with the Silver Star, the citation for which reads:The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major General Joseph Lawton Collins (ASN: 0-2274/0-5247), United States Army, for gallantry in action against the enemy while serving as Commanding General, 25th Infantry Division, in action on 11 January 1943 at Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. To visit the command post of an infantry battalion of the Division commanded by him, General Collins walked through some 800 yards of recently captured ground infested with enemy snipers. Upon arriving on Hill 52, to gain better points of observation, he voluntarily exposed himself to intermittent rifle, machine gun and mortar fire, without regard for his own personal safety. From there, he located an enemy machine gun nest and personally assisted in placing mortar fire on it and on other areas likely to be occupied by the enemy, while bursts of enemy machine gun fire hit many times but three yards away. His calmness and fearlessness under fire was an inspiration to the officers and men of the infantry regiment in that sector. His example and words of praise and encouragement with which he continually encouraged the men in the forward units spurred them on and contributed materially to the success of the offensive operation. His gallant actions and dedicated devotion to duty, without regard for his own life, were in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.[15]Lieutenant General J. Lawton Collins receiving the Companion of the Order of the Bath from British General Sir Bernard Montgomery at Munchen Gladbach, 1944.Major General J. Lawton Collins (right) explains to Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left) how Cherbourg was taken, July 1944.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"VII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"invasion of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"end of World War II in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Omar Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bradley"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Roscoe B. Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_B._Woodruff"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"82nd Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Joseph_Lawton_Collins,_the_Rhine_River_pontoon_bridge_and_%22THE_BEER_BRIDGE_Shortest_Route_to_C.B.I.%22_beer_party_art,_from-_General_Pays_Off_-_NARA_-_12007749_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_river"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Operation Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cobra"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Sir Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Operation Goodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Goodwood"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falaise Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"liberation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Mons Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mons_Pocket"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_Remembers-18"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Western Allied invasion of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfWar-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GENERAL_COLLINS,_FIELD_MARSHAL_MONTGOMERY,_AND_GENERAL_RIDGWAY.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"XVIII Airborne Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_Airborne_Corps"},{"link_name":"theaters of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"three-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-star_rank"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Troy H. Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_H._Middleton"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfWar-13"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"Army Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Western theater","text":"Collins was later transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), where he commanded the VII Corps in the Allied invasion of Normandy and on the Western Front through to the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. Collins was chosen by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, who had served with Collins at the Army Infantry School before the war and was then commanding the First Army in England, as a replacement for Major General Roscoe B. Woodruff, the original commander of VII Corps and one of Bradley's West Point classmates. Woodruff was senior to Collins but had no experience in amphibious operations. Collins was appointed after a brief interview with Bradley and General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, about his combat experience after Collins summed up his tactical approach in the Pacific as always targeting the high ground in an attack. Bradley turned to Eisenhower, claiming that Collins \"talks our language.\"[16] At the age of 47, this made Collins the youngest corps commander in the United States Army. Among the units serving under Collins' command in Normandy was the veteran 82nd Airborne Division, commanded by Major General Matthew Ridgway, a fellow graduate of the West Point class of 1917.General Joseph Lawton Collins challenged the 1106 Engineers Combat Group to build the Rhine River pontoon bridge at Bonn, Germany in 10 hours and he would have a beer party. There was a beer party for 600 soldiers.VII Corps played a major role in the Normandy landings in June 1944 and the subsequent Battle of Normandy, including Operation Cobra. Collins was a favorite of the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, who after Operation Goodwood laid the path for VII Corps to break out in Operation Cobra on 27 July 1944.[17] After Cobra was the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, which completed the destruction of the Wehrmacht in Normandy, the corps then took part in the liberation of Paris and the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine. In early September VII Corps took approximately 25,000 prisoners during the Battle of the Mons Pocket.[18] It later broke through the Siegfried Line and endured heavy fighting in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.[19] VII Corps later played a major role in the Battle of the Bulge, the largest battle on the Western Front during World War II, and finally took part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany. VII Corps is perhaps best known for the leading role it played in Operation Cobra; less well known is Collins' contribution to that plan.[13]Major General J. L. Collins, commanding VII Corps, with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, and Major General Matthew Ridgway, Commanding XVIII Airborne Corps, December 1944.One of the few senior United States commanders to fight in both Europe and the Pacific, against the Germans and Japanese respectively, Collins contrasted the nature of the enemy in the two theaters of war:The German was far more skilled than the Japanese. Most of the Japanese that we fought were not skilled men. Not skilled leaders. The German had a professional army... The Japanese.. didn't know how to handle combined arms – the artillery and the support of the infantry – to the same extent we did. They were gallant soldiers, though... They fought very, very hard, but they were not nearly as skillful as the Germans. But the German didn't have the tenacity of the Japanese.[20]Collins was promoted to temporary three-star rank of lieutenant general in April 1945 and permanent brigadier general in June. He was very highly regarded by General Omar Bradley, Collins' superior for most of the war, and many German senior commanders believed Collins, along with Lieutenant General Troy H. Middleton, commanding the VIII Corps, to be one of the best American corps commanders on the Western Front.[13] Bradley commented that \"Had we created another ETO Army, despite his youth and lack of seniority, Collins certainly would have been named the commander.\" For his service during the war Collins was three times awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, twice awarded the Silver Star and twice the Legion of Merit.[21]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Lawton_Collins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Army Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"public information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_information"},{"link_name":"Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officers_of_the_United_States_Army-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walker_Church_Collins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walton Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Walker"},{"link_name":"John H. Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Church"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013333-22"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013333-22"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaaffe2013333-22"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"}],"text":"Joseph Lawton Collins painted by Lloyd Bowers Embrey in 1972After the war, Collins was deputy commanding general and chief of staff of Army Ground Forces from August to December 1945. Later, he was director of information (later chief of public information) of the United States Army from 1945 to 1947. He was deputy, later Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1947 to 1949 and was promoted to temporary general and permanent major general in January 1948.[1]Collins with Walton Walker and John H. Church in Korea.Collins was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from August 16, 1949, to August 15, 1953; as such he was the Army's senior officer throughout the Korean War.[22] As a wartime chief of staff his primary responsibility was to ensure that adequately trained and equipped soldiers were sent to fight in Korea. He directed the Army's operation of the railroads, brought the first Special Forces group into the order of battle, and was closely associated with the development of the army's contribution to the newly established North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).Collins was representative of the United States to the Military Committee and the Standing Group of NATO from 1953 to 1954. He was special representative of the United States in Vietnam with ambassadorial rank, 1954 to 1955, and returned to his NATO assignment. He retired from active service in March 1956, after almost 40 years of military service.[22]General Joseph Lawton Collins died in Washington, D.C., on September 12, 1987, at the age of 91.[22] He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.","title":"Postwar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promotions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-1942-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1942-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"840162019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019"},{"link_name":"Collins, James Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chandler, David G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandler"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0132036215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0132036215"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0451226877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451226877"},{"link_name":"The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UpZvCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1249413592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1249413592"}],"text":"Joseph Lawton Collins (1969). War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea\nTaaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.\nCollins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215.\nJeffers, H. Paul (2009). Taking Command: General J. Lawton Collins From Guadalcanal to Utah Beach and Victory in Europe. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0451226877.\nMoore, Theo K. (2014). The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style. BiblioScholar. ISBN 978-1249413592.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"On the right, Major General J. L. Collins, commanding the 25th Division and, on the left, Major Charles W. Davis, commanding the 3rd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment confer on New Georgia, August 14, 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Two_Soldiers_on_New_Georgia.jpg/220px-Two_Soldiers_on_New_Georgia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieutenant General J. Lawton Collins receiving the Companion of the Order of the Bath from British General Sir Bernard Montgomery at Munchen Gladbach, 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_B15727.jpg/220px-Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_B15727.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major General J. Lawton Collins (right) explains to Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left) how Cherbourg was taken, July 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Collinsbradley.jpg/220px-Collinsbradley.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Joseph Lawton Collins challenged the 1106 Engineers Combat Group to build the Rhine River pontoon bridge at Bonn, Germany in 10 hours and he would have a beer party. There was a beer party for 600 soldiers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/General_Joseph_Lawton_Collins%2C_the_Rhine_River_pontoon_bridge_and_%22THE_BEER_BRIDGE_Shortest_Route_to_C.B.I.%22_beer_party_art%2C_from-_General_Pays_Off_-_NARA_-_12007749_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major General J. L. Collins, commanding VII Corps, with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, and Major General Matthew Ridgway, Commanding XVIII Airborne Corps, December 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GENERAL_COLLINS%2C_FIELD_MARSHAL_MONTGOMERY%2C_AND_GENERAL_RIDGWAY.jpg/220px-GENERAL_COLLINS%2C_FIELD_MARSHAL_MONTGOMERY%2C_AND_GENERAL_RIDGWAY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Lawton Collins painted by Lloyd Bowers Embrey in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Joseph_Lawton_Collins.jpg/220px-Joseph_Lawton_Collins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collins with Walton Walker and John H. Church in Korea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Walker_Church_Collins.jpg/220px-Walker_Church_Collins.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"United States Army officer histories\". Unit Histories. Retrieved 2022-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_C01.html#Collins_JL","url_text":"\"United States Army officer histories\""}]},{"reference":"Video: Dragon's Teeth. U.S. Army Pictorial Service. Retrieved February 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.30141","url_text":"Video: Dragon's Teeth"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph L. Collins West Point Cadet\". The Times-Democrat. New Orleans, LA. June 3, 1913. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122552847/cadet/","url_text":"\"Joseph L. Collins West Point Cadet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Picayune/The_New_Orleans_Advocate","url_text":"The Times-Democrat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Paul M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. Volume 41 of Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Scarecrow Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780810874619. Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=scZN59DXeOwC&q=Philippine+%22Korean+War%22&pg=PA65","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Korean War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874619","url_text":"9780810874619"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of General James Lawton Collins (1896−1987), USA\". generals.dk.","urls":[{"url":"https://generals.dk/general/Collins/Joseph_Lawton/USA.html","url_text":"\"Biography of General James Lawton Collins (1896−1987), USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. Lawton Collins, 1896–1987 (Lighting Joe)\". HistoryOfWar.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_collins_j_lawton.html","url_text":"\"J. Lawton Collins, 1896–1987 (Lighting Joe)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for Joseph Lawton Collins\". Military Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100086","url_text":"\"Valor awards for Joseph Lawton Collins\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mons Pocket, or the \"Petit Stalingrad\" of the Borinage\". Europe Remembers. Liberation Route Europe Foundation. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://europeremembers.com/story/the-mons-pocket-or-the-petit-stalingrad-of-the-borinage/","url_text":"\"The Mons Pocket, or the \"Petit Stalingrad\" of the Borinage\""}]},{"reference":"D-Day to Germany: Cameraman Jack Lieb comments on original footage of 1944-45 (Motion picture). Potsdam, Germany: CHRONOS-MEDIA History. December 10, 2016. Event occurs at 36:25. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4kmRTZrgMQ","url_text":"D-Day to Germany: Cameraman Jack Lieb comments on original footage of 1944-45"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/a4kmRTZrgMQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Lawton Collins\". The Hall of Valor Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100086","url_text":"\"Joseph Lawton Collins\""}]},{"reference":"Taaffe, Stephen R. (2013). Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1942-9. OCLC 840162019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1942-9","url_text":"978-0-7006-1942-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019","url_text":"840162019"}]},{"reference":"Collins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins_Jr.","url_text":"Collins, James Lawton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandler","url_text":"Chandler, David G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0132036215","url_text":"0132036215"}]},{"reference":"Jeffers, H. Paul (2009). Taking Command: General J. Lawton Collins From Guadalcanal to Utah Beach and Victory in Europe. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0451226877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451226877","url_text":"978-0451226877"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Theo K. (2014). The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style. BiblioScholar. ISBN 978-1249413592.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UpZvCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1249413592","url_text":"978-1249413592"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_C01.html#Collins_JL","external_links_name":"\"United States Army officer histories\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.30141","external_links_name":"Video: Dragon's Teeth"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122552847/cadet/","external_links_name":"\"Joseph L. Collins West Point Cadet\""},{"Link":"https://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/17596","external_links_name":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment, in 1802"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230802214914/https://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/17596","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=scZN59DXeOwC&q=Philippine+%22Korean+War%22&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Korean War"},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Collins/Joseph_Lawton/USA.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography of General James Lawton Collins (1896−1987), USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_collins_j_lawton.html","external_links_name":"\"J. Lawton Collins, 1896–1987 (Lighting Joe)\""},{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100086","external_links_name":"\"Valor awards for Joseph Lawton Collins\""},{"Link":"https://europeremembers.com/story/the-mons-pocket-or-the-petit-stalingrad-of-the-borinage/","external_links_name":"\"The Mons Pocket, or the \"Petit Stalingrad\" of the Borinage\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4kmRTZrgMQ","external_links_name":"D-Day to Germany: Cameraman Jack Lieb comments on original footage of 1944-45"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/a4kmRTZrgMQ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/download/csipubs/WadeNo5.pdf","external_links_name":"No. 5 Conversations with General J. Lawton Collins"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222633/http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/download/csipubs/WadeNo5.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100086","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Lawton Collins\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840162019","external_links_name":"840162019"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UpZvCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Crux Of The Fight: General Joseph Lawton Collins' Command Style"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/cg&csa/Collins-JL.htm","external_links_name":"Joseph Lawton Collins biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170505141126/http://www.history.army.mil/books/cg%26csa/Collins-JL.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll16/searchterm/collins%2C%20lawton/order/nosort","external_links_name":"J. Lawton Collins Collection Finding Aids"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329113423/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll16/searchterm/collins%2C%20lawton/order/nosort","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/josephla.htm","external_links_name":"Arlington National Cemetery Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614004301/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/wade3/wade3.asp","external_links_name":"Conversations with General J. Lawton Collins"},{"Link":"https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/C.html","external_links_name":"Papers of J. Lawton Collins, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library"},{"Link":"https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/W.html","external_links_name":"Papers of John J. Walsh (Aide-de-Camp to J. Lawton Collins), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39048","external_links_name":"AIR ASSAULT TACTICS ETC. (1945)"},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Collins/Joseph_Lawton/USA.html","external_links_name":"Generals of World War II"},{"Link":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_C01.html#Collins_JL","external_links_name":"United States Army Officers 1939–1945"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29178/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116298137","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42769309","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhvDBbtWbwXBJH4y8XBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb112847335","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb112847335","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12436490X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274983905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095803","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436381","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130141933","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664185805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04798020?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580776","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6998xhn","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m166pg","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/08147878X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_George | Larry George | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Electoral history","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American politician
Larry GeorgeMember of the Oregon Senatefrom the 13th districtIn office2007–2015Preceded byCharles StarrSucceeded byKim Thatcher
Personal detailsBorn1968 (age 55–56)NationalityAmericanPolitical partyRepublicanRelationsGary GeorgeResidenceSt Paul, OregonOccupationBusinessmanWebsiteSenate website
Larry George (born c. 1968) is an American politician and businessman in Oregon. He was a Republican member of the Oregon State Senate representing District 13 from 2007 to 2015. Before his election, he was the leader of the political group Oregonians In Action. He is part of the second father-son tandem to serve in the Oregon Senate.
Early life
Larry was born to Gary and Kathy George about 1968. The family that includes his two sisters Cheryl and Christy and two brothers Shaun and David, moved to Newberg, Oregon, when Larry was ten years old, where he was raised. Father Gary was a state senator, while mother Kathy was a commissioner in Yamhill County. He graduated from Newberg High School before attending Oregon State University in Corvallis. At Oregon State, George earned Bachelor of Science degrees in liberal arts and business administration.
George works in Newberg as the founder and CEO of his family’s hazelnut packing and processing company, George Packing Company and is the CEO of sister company, Northwest Hazelnut Company. He is the former host of his own talk show on radio stations KXL and KUIK. He formerly owned an advertising business specializing in political advertising.
Political career
In 2000, George served as leader of the group Oregonians In Action that backed the passage of Oregon Ballot Measure 7, a property rights initiative. The group also supported Oregon Ballot Measure 37 in 2004 after the Oregon Supreme Court had invalidated Measure 7. George worked for the group from 1992 to 2002, and also assisted in the Measure 37 campaign.
In 2006, George ran against incumbent and family friend Charles Starr in the Republican primary for the District 13 Oregon Senate seat. The district covers parts of Washington, Clackamas, Yamhill, and Marion counties in the Willamette Valley. George defeated Starr in the primary and then won the November general election to win the four-year term. He defeated Democrat Rick Ross in the general election for the seat. He joined his father in the Senate as the second father-son team to serve at the same time, with the first being Charles Starr and his son Bruce Starr.
In 2007, the Oregon Legislative Assembly, a bi-annual meeting body, approved an experimental session to be held in February 2008, an off year for a regular legislative session. George opposed holding the session and sued to stop the meeting in December 2007. The Oregon Supreme Court in George v. Courtney, upheld the decision of the trial court and allowed the session to be held. George and political activist Ted Abram sued Senate President Peter Courtney, the Oregon Secretary of State, the Governor of Oregon, and Speaker of the House Jeff Merkley to prevent the session.
George did not run for reelection in 2014. He was succeeded by state Representative Kim Thatcher, a fellow Republican.
Electoral history
2006 Oregon State Senator, 13th district
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Larry George
26,504
59.0
Democratic
Rick Ross
18,318
40.8
Write-in
117
0.3
Total votes
44,939
100%
2010 Oregon State Senator, 13th district
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Larry George
30,457
63.1
Democratic
Timi Parker
17,742
36.7
Write-in
100
0.2
Total votes
48,299
100%
See also
Bruce Starr
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Law, Steve. Political allies will tussle for Senate. Statesman Journal, August 22, 2005.
^ a b Oregon Voters' Pamphlet, page 13: State Senator: Larry George Republican. Archived 2019-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on April 17, 2008.
^ Oregon Legislative Assembly (74th) 2007 Regular Session. Archived 2020-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on April 17, 2008.
^ November 7, 2006, General Election Abstracts of Votes. Archived August 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on April 17, 2008.
^ Wong, Peter. House's potential new speaker shares plans. Statesman Journal, November 9, 2006.
^ Har, Janie. State Sen. Larry George sues to stop session. Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine The Oregonian, January 02, 2008.
^ a b A February Legislative Session? Not So Fast, Says State Senator. Archived 2007-12-31 at the Wayback Machine Willamette Week, December 28, 2007.
^ Esteve, Harry. Inside the Capitol: He fought the law, but did the law win? The Oregonian, February 15, 2008.
^ George v. Courtney. Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Oregon Judicial Department, February 2, 2008. Retrieved on April 17, 2008.
^ Silverstein, Jason (November 4, 2014). "Rep. Kim Thatcher promoted to State Senate". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^ "Official Results | November 7, 2006". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
^ "Official Results November 2, 2010". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
External links
The Regal Courier
Oregon League of Conservation Voters
Project Vote Smart
Follow The Money 2006
vteMembers of the Oregon State Senate82nd Legislative Assembly (2023–present)
President of the Senate
Rob Wagner (D)
President pro tempore
James Manning Jr. (D)
Majority Leader
Kate Lieber (D)
Minority Leader
Daniel Bonham (R)
▌David Brock Smith (R)
▌Art Robinson (IR)
▌Jeff Golden (D)
▌Floyd Prozanski (D)
▌Dick Anderson (R)
▌Cedric Hayden (R)
▌James Manning Jr. (D)
▌Sara Gelser (D)
▌Fred Girod (R)
▌Deb Patterson (D)
▌Kim Thatcher (R)
▌Brian Boquist (IPO)
▌Aaron Woods (D)
▌Kate Lieber (D)
▌Janeen Sollman (D)
▌Suzanne Weber (R)
▌Elizabeth Steiner (D)
▌Wlnsvey Campos (D)
▌Rob Wagner (D)
▌Mark Meek (D)
▌Kathleen Taylor (D)
▌Lew Frederick (D)
▌Michael Dembrow (D)
▌Kayse Jama (D)
▌Chris Gorsek (D)
▌Daniel Bonham (R)
▌Tim Knopp (R)
▌Dennis Linthicum (R)
▌Bill Hansell (R)
▌Lynn Findley (R)
Majority caucus
▌Democratic (17)
Minority caucus
▌Republican (11)
Others
▌Independent Party of Oregon (1)
▌Independent Republican (1)
Oregon Legislative Assembly
Oregon House of Representatives
Oregon State Senate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oregon State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Oregonians In Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonians_In_Action"}],"text":"Larry George (born c. 1968) is an American politician and businessman in Oregon. He was a Republican member of the Oregon State Senate representing District 13 from 2007 to 2015. Before his election, he was the leader of the political group Oregonians In Action. He is part of the second father-son tandem to serve in the Oregon Senate.","title":"Larry George"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_George_(Oregon_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Newberg, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Yamhill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhill_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Newberg High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberg_High_School"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"Corvallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-2"},{"link_name":"Newberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"hazelnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnut"},{"link_name":"George Packing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.filberts.com"},{"link_name":"Northwest Hazelnut Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hazelnuts.com"},{"link_name":"KXL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KUIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUIK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"}],"text":"Larry was born to Gary and Kathy George about 1968.[1] The family that includes his two sisters Cheryl and Christy and two brothers Shaun and David, moved to Newberg, Oregon, when Larry was ten years old, where he was raised.[1] Father Gary was a state senator, while mother Kathy was a commissioner in Yamhill County.[1] He graduated from Newberg High School before attending Oregon State University in Corvallis.[2] At Oregon State, George earned Bachelor of Science degrees in liberal arts and business administration.[2]George works in Newberg as the founder and CEO of his family’s hazelnut packing and processing company, George Packing Company and is the CEO of sister company, Northwest Hazelnut Company. He is the former host of his own talk show on radio stations KXL and KUIK.[1] He formerly owned an advertising business specializing in political advertising.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregonians In Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonians_In_Action"},{"link_name":"Oregon Ballot Measure 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_7_(2000)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Oregon Ballot Measure 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ballot_Measure_37_(2004)"},{"link_name":"Oregon Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Starr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Clackamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackamas_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Yamhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhill_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bruce Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Starr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oregon Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"approved an experimental session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy-fourth_Oregon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-7"},{"link_name":"Oregon Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Oregon Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Jeff Merkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Merkley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-7"},{"link_name":"Kim Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2000, George served as leader of the group Oregonians In Action that backed the passage of Oregon Ballot Measure 7, a property rights initiative.[1] The group also supported Oregon Ballot Measure 37 in 2004 after the Oregon Supreme Court had invalidated Measure 7.[1] George worked for the group from 1992 to 2002, and also assisted in the Measure 37 campaign.[1]In 2006, George ran against incumbent and family friend Charles Starr in the Republican primary for the District 13 Oregon Senate seat.[1] The district covers parts of Washington, Clackamas, Yamhill, and Marion counties in the Willamette Valley.[1] George defeated Starr in the primary and then won the November general election to win the four-year term.[3] He defeated Democrat Rick Ross in the general election for the seat.[4] He joined his father in the Senate as the second father-son team to serve at the same time, with the first being Charles Starr and his son Bruce Starr.[5]In 2007, the Oregon Legislative Assembly, a bi-annual meeting body, approved an experimental session to be held in February 2008, an off year for a regular legislative session.[6] George opposed holding the session and sued to stop the meeting in December 2007.[7] The Oregon Supreme Court in George v. Courtney, upheld the decision of the trial court and allowed the session to be held.[8][9] George and political activist Ted Abram sued Senate President Peter Courtney, the Oregon Secretary of State, the Governor of Oregon, and Speaker of the House Jeff Merkley to prevent the session.[7]George did not run for reelection in 2014. He was succeeded by state Representative Kim Thatcher, a fellow Republican.[10]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bruce Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Starr"}] | [{"reference":"Silverstein, Jason (November 4, 2014). \"Rep. Kim Thatcher promoted to State Senate\". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/04/rep-kim-thatcher-promoted-state-senate-district/18512291/","url_text":"\"Rep. Kim Thatcher promoted to State Senate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101034758/https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/04/rep-kim-thatcher-promoted-state-senate-district/18512291/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","url_text":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004315/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Results November 2, 2010\". Oregon Secretary of State. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873642","url_text":"\"Official Results November 2, 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230831080329/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873642","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080317095121/http://www.leg.state.or.us/georgel/","external_links_name":"Senate website"},{"Link":"https://www.filberts.com/","external_links_name":"George Packing Company"},{"Link":"https://www.hazelnuts.com/","external_links_name":"Northwest Hazelnut Company"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873583","external_links_name":"Oregon Voters' Pamphlet, page 13: State Senator: Larry George Republican."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822012122/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873583","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6785361","external_links_name":"Oregon Legislative Assembly (74th) 2007 Regular Session."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185901/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6785361","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873552","external_links_name":"November 7, 2006, General Election Abstracts of Votes."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003922/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordpdf/6873552","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/politics/2008/01/state_sen_larry_george_sues_to.html","external_links_name":"State Sen. Larry George sues to stop session."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080305022251/http://blog.oregonlive.com/politics/2008/01/state_sen_larry_george_sues_to.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wweek.com/wwire/?p=10362","external_links_name":"A February Legislative Session? Not So Fast, Says State Senator."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071231134740/http://wweek.com/wwire/?p=10362","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/S055663.htm","external_links_name":"George v. Courtney."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091006204352/http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/S055663.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/04/rep-kim-thatcher-promoted-state-senate-district/18512291/","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Kim Thatcher promoted to State Senate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101034758/https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/11/04/rep-kim-thatcher-promoted-state-senate-district/18512291/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","external_links_name":"\"Official Results | November 7, 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910004315/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873552","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873642","external_links_name":"\"Official Results November 2, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230831080329/http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Recordhtml/6873642","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theregalcourier.com/news/story.php?story_id=117071124942501600","external_links_name":"The Regal Courier"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232706/http://www.olcv.org/accountability/2007legislativescorecard/2007Senate/larrygeorge","external_links_name":"Oregon League of Conservation Voters"},{"Link":"http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=60318","external_links_name":"Project Vote Smart"},{"Link":"http://www.followthemoney.org/database/StateGlance/candidate.phtml?c=80629","external_links_name":"Follow The Money 2006"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri) | Queen's Tower (Serpieri) | ["1 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Queen's Tower" Serpieri – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018)
The tower, in 2018
Queen's Tower (Greek: Πύργος Βασιλίσσης, Pyrgos Vasilissis) is a former royal estate near Athens, Greece. The estate, consisting of 200 hectares (494 acres), was purchased by King Otto, the first king of modern Greece. He built there a small neogothic castle for his wife, Queen Amalia. The architecture resembles Hohenschwangau castle in Bavaria, built for Maximilian II of Bavaria, the brother of King Otto. As the castle is only one tower, it is called the Queen's Tower. After the abdication of King Otto, the estate was sold to the Serpieri family, who still own it. They have a dairy farm and wineyard on the estate. The wines bottled on the estate are called "Tour la Reine" (French for Queen's Tower).
A nearby station of the Proastiakos suburban railway opened in 2014, Pyrgos Vasilissis, is named after the estate.
Bibliography
Kardamitsi-Adami, Maro (2009). Palaces in Greece. Melissa Books. ISBN 978-960-204-289-2.
vteRoyal residences in GreeceAttica
New Royal Palace
Old Royal Palace
Tatoi Palace
Rododafni Castle
Queen's Tower (Serpieri)
Corfu
Achilleion
Mon Repos
Palace of St. Michael and St. George
Thessaloniki
Palataki (Thessaloniki)
vteLandmarks of Attica*
Aigosthena
Amphiareion of Oropos
Artemida
Brauron
Eleutherae
Eleusis
Lagonisi
Lake Marathon
Laurium
Marathon
Mount Pentelicus
Parnitha
Porto Rafti
Queen's Tower (Serpieri)
Rhamnous
Rododafni Castle
Saronida
Sounion
Tatoi Palace
Temple of Apollo Zoster
*Not included the most parts of Athens urban area
38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597
This article about a Greek building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyrgos_Vasilissis_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"King Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"neogothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogothic"},{"link_name":"Queen Amalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hohenschwangau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenschwangau"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maximilian II of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Proastiakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proastiakos"}],"text":"The tower, in 2018Queen's Tower (Greek: Πύργος Βασιλίσσης, Pyrgos Vasilissis) is a former royal estate near Athens, Greece. The estate, consisting of 200 hectares (494 acres), was purchased by King Otto, the first king of modern Greece. He built there a small neogothic castle for his wife, Queen Amalia. The architecture resembles Hohenschwangau castle in Bavaria, built for Maximilian II of Bavaria, the brother of King Otto. As the castle is only one tower, it is called the Queen's Tower. After the abdication of King Otto, the estate was sold to the Serpieri family, who still own it. They have a dairy farm and wineyard on the estate. The wines bottled on the estate are called \"Tour la Reine\" (French for Queen's Tower).A nearby station of the Proastiakos suburban railway opened in 2014, Pyrgos Vasilissis, is named after the estate.","title":"Queen's Tower (Serpieri)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-960-204-289-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-204-289-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Royal_residences_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_residences_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_residences_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"New Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens"},{"link_name":"Old Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Royal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Tatoi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoi_Palace"},{"link_name":"Rododafni Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rododafni_Castle"},{"link_name":"Queen's Tower (Serpieri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Kingdom_of_Greece_(1936-1967).svg"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Achilleion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleion_(Corfu)"},{"link_name":"Mon Repos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Repos,_Corfu"},{"link_name":"Palace of St. Michael and St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_St._Michael_and_St._George"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Palataki (Thessaloniki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palataki_(Thessaloniki)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Attica"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Attica"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Attica"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"Aigosthena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigosthena"},{"link_name":"Amphiareion of Oropos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiareion_of_Oropos"},{"link_name":"Artemida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemida,_Attica"},{"link_name":"Brauron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauron"},{"link_name":"Eleutherae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherae"},{"link_name":"Eleusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusis"},{"link_name":"Lagonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagonisi"},{"link_name":"Lake Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Laurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurium"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Mount Pentelicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus"},{"link_name":"Parnitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnitha"},{"link_name":"Porto Rafti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rafti"},{"link_name":"Queen's Tower (Serpieri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rhamnous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnous"},{"link_name":"Rododafni Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rododafni_Castle"},{"link_name":"Saronida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saronida"},{"link_name":"Sounion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounion"},{"link_name":"Tatoi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoi_Palace"},{"link_name":"Temple of Apollo Zoster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Zoster"},{"link_name":"38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)¶ms=38.041543_N_23.721597_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.JPG"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greece-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greece-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece-struct-stub"}],"text":"Kardamitsi-Adami, Maro (2009). Palaces in Greece. Melissa Books. ISBN 978-960-204-289-2.vteRoyal residences in GreeceAttica\nNew Royal Palace\nOld Royal Palace\nTatoi Palace\nRododafni Castle\nQueen's Tower (Serpieri)\nCorfu\nAchilleion\nMon Repos\nPalace of St. Michael and St. George\nThessaloniki\nPalataki (Thessaloniki)vteLandmarks of Attica*\nAigosthena\nAmphiareion of Oropos\nArtemida\nBrauron\nEleutherae\nEleusis\nLagonisi\nLake Marathon\nLaurium\nMarathon\nMount Pentelicus\nParnitha\nPorto Rafti\nQueen's Tower (Serpieri)\nRhamnous\nRododafni Castle\nSaronida\nSounion\nTatoi Palace\nTemple of Apollo Zoster\n*Not included the most parts of Athens urban area38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597This article about a Greek building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The tower, in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pyrgos_Vasilissis_05.jpg/220px-Pyrgos_Vasilissis_05.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kardamitsi-Adami, Maro (2009). Palaces in Greece. Melissa Books. ISBN 978-960-204-289-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-204-289-2","url_text":"978-960-204-289-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)¶ms=38.041543_N_23.721597_E_","external_links_name":"38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Tower\" Serpieri"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Queen%27s+Tower%22+Serpieri&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)¶ms=38.041543_N_23.721597_E_","external_links_name":"38°02′30″N 23°43′18″E / 38.041543°N 23.721597°E / 38.041543; 23.721597"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon_Canadians | Caledon Canadians | ["1 History","1.1 1994 OHA Champions","2 Season-by-season results","2.1 Playoffs","3 Notable alumni"] | Ice hockey team in Ontario, CanadaCaledon CanadiansCityCaledon, Ontario, CanadaLeagueOntario Provincial Junior A Hockey LeagueMetro Junior A Hockey LeagueOperated1992-1999Home arenaCaledon Community CentreColoursRed, Blue, and White
The Caledon Canadians are a defunct Junior "A" ice hockey team from Caledon, Ontario, Canada. They were a part of the Metro Junior A Hockey League and were the only team in the "Metro" to win an Ontario Hockey Association Junior "A" Championship.
History
The Canadians took the place of the old Caledon Flyers. The Flyers played in Caledon from 1976 until 1990 in the Mid-Ontario Junior C Hockey League. In 1990, the team folded but after two seasons the Central Junior B Hockey League granted the town a new team.
The Canadians spent one season in the Central Junior "B" Hockey League before joining the Metro and one season after with the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The Canadians were owned by a creator of Trivial Pursuit, but folded the very successful team after a long feud with the Caledon City Council who controlled the local arena.
In the 1994-95 season, the Canadians were ranked "Number 1" by the Canadian Junior A Hockey League as the top Tier II Junior "A" hockey team in all of Canada. After winning the Metro Junior "A" title, they lost out to the Brampton Capitals of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League in a Round Robin for the Ontario Hockey Association title. The other competitor in the championship was the Timmins Golden Bears of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League.
1994 OHA Champions
In the 1993-94 Playoffs, the Canadians made it all the way to the Metro finals but were swept by the Wexford Raiders 4-games-straight. The ace in the hole was that the Canadians had already been granted hosting duties for the OHA Championship. Up against the Orillia Terriers, Powassan Hawks, and Wexford, the Canadians made the final and defeated the Terriers 3-1 to win a birth into the Dudley Hewitt Cup. At the Central Canadian in Timmins, Ontario, the Canadians bowed out in the Semi-final with a 4-3 overtime loss to the Thunder Bay Flyers. The Flyers were defeated by the Chateauguay Elites of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League in the Dudley Hewitt Cup Final.
Season-by-season results
Season
GP
W
L
T
OTL
GF
GA
P
Results
Playoffs
1992-93
49
31
15
3
-
265
171
66
6th CJBHL
1993-94
50
35
12
3
-
275
188
73
2nd Metro A
Lost Final, Won OHA Title
1994-95
50
42
3
5
-
289
134
89
1st Metro A
Won League
1995-96
52
35
13
4
-
283
179
74
2nd Metro A
Won League
1996-97
50
41
7
2
-
318
145
84
2nd Metro A
1997-98
50
40
4
6
-
319
123
86
1st Metro A
1998-99
51
16
30
2
3
203
271
37
9th OPJHL-W
Playoffs
1994 Lost Final, Hosted and Won OHA Buckland Cup, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup semi-final
Caledon Canadians defeated Bramalea Blues 4-games-to-2
Caledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-2
Wexford Raiders defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-none
Second in Buckland Cup round robin (2-1)
Caledon Canadians defeated Orillia Terriers 3-1 in final BUCKLAND CUP CHAMPIONS
Fourth in Dudley Hewitt Cup round robin (2-2)
Thunder Bay Flyers (USHL) defeated Caledon Canadians 4-3 in semi-final
1995 Won League, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup semi-final
Caledon Canadians defeated Mississauga Senators 4-games-to-none
Caledon Canadians defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-games-to-none
Caledon Canadians defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-none METJHL CHAMPIONS
Third in Dudley Hewitt Cup round robin (1-2)
Thunder Bay Flyers defeated Caledon Canadians 7-1 in semi-final
1996 Won League
Caledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-2
Caledon Canadians defeated Niagara Scenic 4-games-to-none
Caledon Canadians defeated Thornhill Islanders 4-games-to-3 METJHL CHAMPIONS
1997 Lost Final
Caledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-none
Fourth in round robin quarter-final (3-2-1)
Caledon Canadians defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-none
Aurora Tigers defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-none
1998 Lost Final
Caledon Canadians defeated Durham Huskies 3-games-to-none
Caledon Canadians defeated Syracuse Jr. Crunch 4-games-to-3
Wexford Raiders defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-3
Notable alumni
Bates Battaglia
Nick Boynton
Sheldon Keefe
Dainius Zubrus
vteOntario Hockey Association Junior A HockeyCurrent Leagues & Teams
Ontario Junior Hockey League
Aurora Tigers
Brantford 99ers
Buffalo Jr. Sabres
Burlington Cougars
Caledon Admirals
Cobourg Cougars
Collingwood Blues
Georgetown Raiders
Haliburton County Huskies
Leamington Flyers
Lindsay Muskies
Markham Royals
Milton Menace
Mississauga Chargers
Niagara Falls Canucks
North York Rangers
Oakville Blades
Pickering Panthers
St. Michael's Buzzers
Stouffville Spirit
Toronto Jr. Canadiens
Toronto Patriots
Trenton Golden Hawks
Wellington Dukes
Former Leagues & Teams
Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League
Brantford Foresters
Brantford Majors
Buffalo-Glencoe Tondas
Chatham Maroons
Detroit Jr. Red Wings
Guelph CMC's
Guelph Imperials
Michigan Americans
Niagara Falls Flyers
St. Thomas Elgins
Sarnia Bees
Sarnia Legionnaires
Welland Sabres
Windsor Spitfires
Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
Ajax Merchants
Belleville Bulls
Brampton Warriors
Cambridge Winterhawks
Dixie Beehives
Guelph Platers
Hamilton Mountain A's
Kingston Frontenacs
North Bay Trappers
Owen Sound Greys
Royal York Royals
Toronto Nationals
Weston Dodgers
Whitby Lawmen
Metro Junior A Hockey League
Mimico Monarchs
Pittsburgh Jr. Penguins
Ontario Junior Hockey League
Ajax Attack
Barrie Colts
Bowmanville Eagles
Bramalea Blues
Brampton Capitals
Caledon Canadians
Collingwood Blues
Couchiching Terriers
Dixie Beehives
Durham Huskies
Huntsville Otters
Kingston Voyageurs
Markham Waxers
Milton Icehawks
Newmarket Hurricanes
Orangeville Crushers
Parry Sound Shamrocks
Peterborough Stars
Seguin Bruins
Shelburne Wolves
Streetsville Derbys
Syracuse Jr. Crunch
Trenton Sting
Vaughan Vipers
Seasons
Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
Metro Junior A Hockey League
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
Ontario Junior Hockey League
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009-10 CC/OJ
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019-20
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
Championships
CJHL
Central Canada Cup Challenge
Dudley Hewitt Cup
Centennial Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Caledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Metro Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association"}],"text":"The Caledon Canadians are a defunct Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Caledon, Ontario, Canada. They were a part of the Metro Junior A Hockey League and were the only team in the \"Metro\" to win an Ontario Hockey Association Junior \"A\" Championship.","title":"Caledon Canadians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caledon Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caledon_Flyers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ontario Junior C Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Mid-Ontario_Junior_C_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Trivial Pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081013064119/http://www.officialgamepuck.com/TownIndex/Canadian/OntarioTowns/CaledonCanadians.htm"},{"link_name":"Canadian Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cjahl.com/"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Timmins Golden Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi_Eskimos"},{"link_name":"Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"}],"text":"The Canadians took the place of the old Caledon Flyers. The Flyers played in Caledon from 1976 until 1990 in the Mid-Ontario Junior C Hockey League. In 1990, the team folded but after two seasons the Central Junior B Hockey League granted the town a new team.The Canadians spent one season in the Central Junior \"B\" Hockey League before joining the Metro and one season after with the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The Canadians were owned by a creator of Trivial Pursuit, but folded the very successful team after a long feud with the Caledon City Council who controlled the local arena. [1]In the 1994-95 season, the Canadians were ranked \"Number 1\" by the Canadian Junior A Hockey League as the top Tier II Junior \"A\" hockey team in all of Canada.[2] After winning the Metro Junior \"A\" title, they lost out to the Brampton Capitals of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League in a Round Robin for the Ontario Hockey Association title. The other competitor in the championship was the Timmins Golden Bears of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Jr._Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Orillia Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Powassan Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay_Skyhawks"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Timmins, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmins,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Chateauguay Elites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Braves_de_Valleyfield"},{"link_name":"Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Junior_AAA_Hockey_League"}],"sub_title":"1994 OHA Champions","text":"In the 1993-94 Playoffs, the Canadians made it all the way to the Metro finals but were swept by the Wexford Raiders 4-games-straight. The ace in the hole was that the Canadians had already been granted hosting duties for the OHA Championship. Up against the Orillia Terriers, Powassan Hawks, and Wexford, the Canadians made the final and defeated the Terriers 3-1 to win a birth into the Dudley Hewitt Cup. At the Central Canadian in Timmins, Ontario, the Canadians bowed out in the Semi-final with a 4-3 overtime loss to the Thunder Bay Flyers. The Flyers were defeated by the Chateauguay Elites of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League in the Dudley Hewitt Cup Final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bramalea Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramalea_Blues"},{"link_name":"Muskoka Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoka_Bears"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Orillia Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Flyers"},{"link_name":"USHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USHL"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mississauga Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga_Senators"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Buzzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Muskoka Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoka_Bears"},{"link_name":"Niagara Scenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Scenic"},{"link_name":"Thornhill Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Muskoka Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoka_Bears"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Aurora Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Durham Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Huskies_Jr._A"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Jr. Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Jr._Crunch"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"}],"sub_title":"Playoffs","text":"1994 Lost Final, Hosted and Won OHA Buckland Cup, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup semi-finalCaledon Canadians defeated Bramalea Blues 4-games-to-2\nCaledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-2\nWexford Raiders defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-none\nSecond in Buckland Cup round robin (2-1)\nCaledon Canadians defeated Orillia Terriers 3-1 in final BUCKLAND CUP CHAMPIONS\nFourth in Dudley Hewitt Cup round robin (2-2)\nThunder Bay Flyers (USHL) defeated Caledon Canadians 4-3 in semi-final1995 Won League, Lost Dudley Hewitt Cup semi-finalCaledon Canadians defeated Mississauga Senators 4-games-to-none\nCaledon Canadians defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-games-to-none\nCaledon Canadians defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-none METJHL CHAMPIONS\nThird in Dudley Hewitt Cup round robin (1-2)\nThunder Bay Flyers defeated Caledon Canadians 7-1 in semi-final1996 Won LeagueCaledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-2\nCaledon Canadians defeated Niagara Scenic 4-games-to-none\nCaledon Canadians defeated Thornhill Islanders 4-games-to-3 METJHL CHAMPIONS1997 Lost FinalCaledon Canadians defeated Muskoka Bears 4-games-to-none\nFourth in round robin quarter-final (3-2-1)\nCaledon Canadians defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-none\nAurora Tigers defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-none1998 Lost FinalCaledon Canadians defeated Durham Huskies 3-games-to-none\nCaledon Canadians defeated Syracuse Jr. Crunch 4-games-to-3\nWexford Raiders defeated Caledon Canadians 4-games-to-3","title":"Season-by-season results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bates Battaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_Battaglia"},{"link_name":"Nick Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Boynton"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Keefe"},{"link_name":"Dainius Zubrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainius_Zubrus"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OJHL"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OJHL"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OJHL"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Aurora Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Brantford 99ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_99ers"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Jr. Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Jr._Sabres"},{"link_name":"Burlington Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Caledon Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon_Admirals"},{"link_name":"Cobourg Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobourg_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Blues_(2020%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Haliburton County Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliburton_County_Huskies"},{"link_name":"Leamington Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamington_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"},{"link_name":"Markham Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Royals"},{"link_name":"Milton Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Menace"},{"link_name":"Mississauga Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Canucks"},{"link_name":"North York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Oakville Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville_Blades"},{"link_name":"Pickering Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering_Panthers"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Buzzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers"},{"link_name":"Stouffville Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffville_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Toronto Jr. Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Jr._Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Toronto Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Trenton Golden Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Golden_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Wellington Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Dukes"},{"link_name":"Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Brantford Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Brantford Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Buffalo-Glencoe Tondas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo-Glencoe_Tondas"},{"link_name":"Chatham Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Maroons"},{"link_name":"Detroit Jr. Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Jr._Red_Wings_(SOJHL)"},{"link_name":"Guelph CMC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_CMC%27s"},{"link_name":"Guelph Imperials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_Imperials"},{"link_name":"Michigan Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Flyers_(1972%E2%80%931976)"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Elgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Sarnia Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia_Bees"},{"link_name":"Sarnia Legionnaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnia_Legionnaires_(1954%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"Welland Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welland_Sabres"},{"link_name":"Windsor Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Junior_A_Hockey_League_(1972-1987)"},{"link_name":"Ajax Merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_Merchants"},{"link_name":"Belleville Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Brampton Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Winterhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Winterhawks"},{"link_name":"Dixie Beehives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Beehives"},{"link_name":"Guelph Platers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph_Platers"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Mountain A's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Mountain_A%27s"},{"link_name":"Kingston Frontenacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Frontenacs"},{"link_name":"North Bay Trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay_Trappers_(1962%E2%80%931982)"},{"link_name":"Owen Sound Greys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Sound_Greys"},{"link_name":"Royal York Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_York_Royals"},{"link_name":"Toronto Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Nationals_(1970%E2%80%931980)"},{"link_name":"Weston Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Whitby Lawmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Lawmen"},{"link_name":"Metro Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Mimico Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimico_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Jr. Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Ajax Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_Attack"},{"link_name":"Barrie Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Colts"},{"link_name":"Bowmanville Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmanville_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Bramalea Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramalea_Blues"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Caledon Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Blues_(1988%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Couchiching Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Dixie Beehives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Beehives_(2005%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Durham Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Huskies_(1996%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Huntsville Otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Otters"},{"link_name":"Kingston Voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"Markham Waxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Waxers"},{"link_name":"Milton Icehawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Icehawks"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Orangeville Crushers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeville_Crushers"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound Shamrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_Shamrocks"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Stars"},{"link_name":"Seguin Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Shelburne Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Streetsville Derbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetsville_Derbys"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Jr. Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Jr._Americans"},{"link_name":"Trenton Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Sting"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ontario_Hockey_Association_Junior_A_seasons"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Junior_A_Hockey_League_(1972-1987)"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972%E2%80%9373_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976%E2%80%9377_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_OPJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"Metro Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_MetJHL_season"},{"link_name":"Ontario Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_CJAHL_season"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"1999–00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_OPJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_CCHL_season"},{"link_name":"OJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_OJAHL_season"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2019-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019-20_OJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2021-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021-22_OJHL_season"},{"link_name":"2022-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022-23_OJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2023-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023-24_OJHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Central Canada Cup Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Canada_Cup_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"Centennial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Cup"}],"text":"Bates Battaglia\nNick Boynton\nSheldon Keefe\nDainius ZubrusvteOntario Hockey Association Junior A HockeyCurrent Leagues & Teams\nOntario Junior Hockey League\nAurora Tigers\nBrantford 99ers\nBuffalo Jr. Sabres\nBurlington Cougars\nCaledon Admirals\nCobourg Cougars\nCollingwood Blues\nGeorgetown Raiders\nHaliburton County Huskies\nLeamington Flyers\nLindsay Muskies\nMarkham Royals\nMilton Menace\nMississauga Chargers\nNiagara Falls Canucks\nNorth York Rangers\nOakville Blades\nPickering Panthers\nSt. Michael's Buzzers\nStouffville Spirit\nToronto Jr. Canadiens\nToronto Patriots\nTrenton Golden Hawks\nWellington Dukes\nFormer Leagues & Teams\nSouthern Ontario Junior A Hockey League\nBrantford Foresters\nBrantford Majors\nBuffalo-Glencoe Tondas\nChatham Maroons\nDetroit Jr. Red Wings\nGuelph CMC's\nGuelph Imperials\nMichigan Americans\nNiagara Falls Flyers\nSt. Thomas Elgins\nSarnia Bees\nSarnia Legionnaires\nWelland Sabres\nWindsor Spitfires\nOntario Provincial Junior A Hockey League\nAjax Merchants\nBelleville Bulls\nBrampton Warriors\nCambridge Winterhawks\nDixie Beehives\nGuelph Platers\nHamilton Mountain A's\nKingston Frontenacs\nNorth Bay Trappers\nOwen Sound Greys\nRoyal York Royals\nToronto Nationals\nWeston Dodgers\nWhitby Lawmen\nMetro Junior A Hockey League\nMimico Monarchs\nPittsburgh Jr. Penguins\nOntario Junior Hockey League\nAjax Attack\nBarrie Colts\nBowmanville Eagles\nBramalea Blues\nBrampton Capitals\nCaledon Canadians\nCollingwood Blues\nCouchiching Terriers\nDixie Beehives\nDurham Huskies\nHuntsville Otters\nKingston Voyageurs\nMarkham Waxers\nMilton Icehawks\nNewmarket Hurricanes\nOrangeville Crushers\nParry Sound Shamrocks\nPeterborough Stars\nSeguin Bruins\nShelburne Wolves\nStreetsville Derbys\nSyracuse Jr. Crunch\nTrenton Sting\nVaughan Vipers\nSeasons\nOntario Provincial Junior A Hockey League\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\nMetro Junior A Hockey League\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\nOntario Junior Hockey League\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–00\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009-10 CC/OJ\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019-20\n2021-22\n2022-23\n2023-24\nChampionships\nCJHL\nCentral Canada Cup Challenge\nDudley Hewitt Cup\nCentennial Cup","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013064119/http://www.officialgamepuck.com/TownIndex/Canadian/OntarioTowns/CaledonCanadians.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.cjahl.com/","external_links_name":"[2]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._V._Ambartzumian | Rouben V. Ambartzumian | ["1 Experience","2 Education, scientific degrees","3 Books authored","4 Collections of papers, Editor","5 Organizer of International Conferences","6 References"] | Armenian mathematician
Rouben V. AmbartzumianBorn (1941-10-28) October 28, 1941 (age 82)NationalityArmeniaEducationMathematician, Academician NAS RAParentViktor Ambartsumian (father)Scientific careerFieldsIntegral Geometry, Stochastic Geometry
Rouben V. Ambartzumian (Armenian: Ռուբեն Վ․ Համբարձումյան;Russian: Рубен В. Амбарцумян; born 1941) is an Armenian mathematician and Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. He works in Stochastic Geometry and Integral Geometry where he created a new branch, combinatorial integral geometry. The subject of combinatorial integral geometry received support from mathematicians K. Krickeberg and D. G. Kendall at the 1976 Sevan Symposium (Armenia) which was sponsored by Royal Society of London and The London Mathematical Society. In the framework of the later theory he solved a number of classical problems in particular the solution to the Buffon Sylvester problem as well as Hilbert's fourth problem in 1976. He is a holder of the Rollo Davidson Prize of Cambridge University of 1982. Rouben's interest in Integral Geometry was inherited from his father. Nobel prize winner Allan McLeod Cormack Laureate for Tomography wrote: "Ambartsumian gave the first numerical inversion of the Radon transform and it gives the lie to the often made statement that computed tomography would have been impossible without computers". Victor Hambardzumyan, in his book "A Life in Astrophysics", wrote about the work of Rouben V. Ambartzumian, "More recently, it came to my knowledge that the invariance principle or invariant embedding was applied in a purely mathematical field of integral geometry where it gave birth to a novel, combinatorial branch." See R. V. Ambartzumian, «Combinatorial Integral Geometry», John Wiley, 1982.
Experience
1968 – present, Head of department, Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
1990 – 2010 Chief Editor of the Izvestia NAN RA Matematika (in Russian)
1990 – 2010 Translation Editor of Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis, Allerton Press, Inc. New York (the English Translation of Izvestia NAS RA Matematika)
2009 -2013 Director of the FREEZWATER project, Yerevan, Armenia
Education, scientific degrees
1986 Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
1975 Soviet Doctor of Mathematics and Physics, from Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow
1968 Soviet Kandidat of Mathematics and Physics, from Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow
1959–1964 Moscow State University diploma, Mathematician.
Books authored
Ambartzumian, R.V. (1982). Combinatorial Integral Geometry with Applications to Mathematical Stereology. Somerset, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471279778. (Review)
Ambartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Introduction to Stochastic Geometry (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
Ambartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Geometrische Wahrscheinlichkeiten und Stochastische Geometrie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. ISBN 978-3055014499.
Ambartzumian, R.V. (1990). Factorization Calculus and Geometric Probability. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 33. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521089784.
Ambartzumian, R.V. (2015). Wilsonian Armenia: stories behind the failed project. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3659753008.
Collections of papers, Editor
“Combinatorial Principles in Stochastic Geometry” (in Russian) NASRA Publishing House, Yerevan 1980
The paper contains a review of the main results of Yerevan research group in planar stochastic geometry, in particular the second order random geometrical processes using the methods of integration of combinatorial decompositions and invariant imbedding.
“Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics, Stereology” (Proceedings of the Conference held at Oberwolfach, 1983). Teubner - Texte zur Mathematik, Band 65, Leipzig 1983
“Stochastic and Integral Geometry”, (Proceedings of the Second Sevan Symposium on Integral and Stochastic Geometry), in Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, Vol 9, Nos 1-2 (1987)
Organizer of International Conferences
1978 – I Sevan Symposium on Integral Geometry “200 anniversary of Buffon problem”, Sevan, Armenia. Sponsorship from the Royal Society of London
1983 – Conference on Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics and Stereology, Oberwolfach (Germany)
1985 – II Sevan Symposium on Integral and Stochastic Geometry, Sevan, Armenia
1991- Conference on Stochastic Geometry, Oberwolfach (Germany)
2013- Swiss –Armenian Round Table
References
"Academician R. V. Ambartzumian". Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. 48: 1–3. 2013. doi:10.3103/S1068362313010019. S2CID 195125736.
"Publications of Rouben V. Ambartzumian in J CONTEMP MATH ANAL-ARMEN ACA - Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis-armenian Academy of Sciences". msra.cn.
Ambartzumian R. V. (2007). "Chord calculus and stochastic geometry". Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. 42 (1): 3–27. doi:10.3103/s1068362307010013. S2CID 124183883.
Ambartzumian, R. V., Wicksell problem for planar particles of random shape http://www.math.uni-magdeburg.de/stoch2002/abstracts/s6-ambartzumian.pdf
"Risultati sintetici". sbn.it.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068362307010013?LI=true
Palm distributions and random colorings of the plane http://www.mathnet.ru/php/presentation.phtml?option_lang=eng&presentid=250
Ambartzumian, R.V. J. Contemp. Mathemat. Anal. (2009) 44: 25. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362309010063
Ambartzumian, R.V. J. Contemp. Mathemat. Anal. (2007) 42: 3. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362307010013
Ambartzumian, R.V. J. Contemp. Mathemat. Anal. (2008) 43: 3. https://doi.org/10.3103/s11957-008-1002-0
Амбарцумян, Р. В. (1999) Аналитические результаты комбинаторной интегральной геометрии : Обзор. Հայաստանի ԳԱԱ Տեղեկագիր. Մաթեմատիկա, 34 (6). pp. 7–51. ISSN 0002-3043 http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/580
Ambartzumian, R. V. (2013) Parallel X-ray tomography of convex domains as a search problem in two dimensions. Հայաստանի ԳԱԱ Տեղեկագիր. Մաթեմատիկա, 48 (1). pp. 37–52. ISSN 0002-3043 http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2334
https://books.google.com/books?id=DYIfNZ_RRS4C&dq=%22%D1%80+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%22+OR+%22r+v+ambartzumian%22&pg=PR9
A. A. Krasnovsky Jr., N. N. Drozdova, Ya. V. Roumbal, A. V. Ivanov, and R. V. Ambartzumian, "Biophotonics of molecular oxygen: activation efficiencies upon direct and photosensitized excitation," Chin. Opt. Lett. 3, S1-S4 (2005) http://col.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=col-3-101-S1
Chemical Physics Letters Volume 400, Issues 4–6, 21 December 2004, A. A. Krasnovsky Jr. R. V. Ambartzumian Pages 531-535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.009
Ambartzumian, R.V.; Oganian, V.K. (1998). "Parametric versions of Hilbert's fourth problem". Israel Journal of Mathematics. 103: 41–65. doi:10.1007/BF02762267.
Ambartzumian, R. V. (2013) Sevan methodologies revisited: Random line processes. Հայաստանի ԳԱԱ Տեղեկագիր. Մաթեմատիկա, 48 (1). pp. 9–36. ISSN ISSN 0002-3043 http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2333
^ R. V. Ambartzumian, A note on pseudo-metrics on the plane, Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 1976, Volume 37, Issue 2, pp 145-155
^ "Prize Winners 1976-2014". cam.ac.uk.
^ Computed Tomography, Some History and Recent Developments, Proc. of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 29, p. 35, 1985
^ V. A. Ambartsumian, A Life in Astrophysics : Selected Papers of Viktor Ambartsumian, New York: Allerton Press, 1998, ISBN 0-89864-082-2
^ "» Epilogue — Ambartsumian' s paper Viktor Ambartsumian".
^ Alexander, Ralph (1984). "Book Review: Combinatorial integral geometry with applications to mathematical stereology" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 10 (2): 318–321.
^ "Schedule — MFO". mfo.de.
^ "Snow Storage – Perspective for Armenia?". ecolur.org.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Stochastic Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Integral Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"K. Krickeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068362309010026"},{"link_name":"D. G. Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_George_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"The London Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"solution to the Buffon Sylvester problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00533183"},{"link_name":"Hilbert's fourth problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_fourth_problem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Rollo Davidson Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_Davidson_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Integral Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"},{"link_name":"Allan McLeod Cormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack"},{"link_name":"Tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Victor Hambardzumyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hambardzumyan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"integral geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rouben V. Ambartzumian (Armenian: Ռուբեն Վ․ Համբարձումյան;Russian: Рубен В. Амбарцумян; born 1941) is an Armenian mathematician and Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. He works in Stochastic Geometry and Integral Geometry where he created a new branch, combinatorial integral geometry. The subject of combinatorial integral geometry received support from mathematicians K. Krickeberg and D. G. Kendall at the 1976 Sevan Symposium (Armenia) which was sponsored by Royal Society of London and The London Mathematical Society. In the framework of the later theory he solved a number of classical problems in particular the solution to the Buffon Sylvester problem as well as Hilbert's fourth problem in 1976.[1] He is a holder of the Rollo Davidson Prize of Cambridge University of 1982.[2] Rouben's interest in Integral Geometry was inherited from his father. Nobel prize winner Allan McLeod Cormack Laureate for Tomography wrote: \"Ambartsumian gave the first numerical inversion of the Radon transform and it gives the lie to the often made statement that computed tomography would have been impossible without computers\".[3] Victor Hambardzumyan, in his book \"A Life in Astrophysics\",[4] wrote about the work of Rouben V. Ambartzumian, \"More recently, it came to my knowledge that the invariance principle or invariant embedding was applied in a purely mathematical field of integral geometry where it gave birth to a novel, combinatorial branch.\" See R. V. Ambartzumian, «Combinatorial Integral Geometry», John Wiley, 1982.[5]","title":"Rouben V. Ambartzumian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//math.sci.am"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sci.am"},{"link_name":"Izvestia NAN RA Matematika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jmath.sci.am/index.php/rus"},{"link_name":"Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allertonpress.com/journals/sam.htm"},{"link_name":"Allerton Press, Inc. New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allertonpress.com"},{"link_name":"FREEZWATER project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cageholding.ch/for-science/project"}],"text":"1968 – present, Head of department, Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia\n1990 – 2010 Chief Editor of the Izvestia NAN RA Matematika (in Russian)\n1990 – 2010 Translation Editor of Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis, Allerton Press, Inc. New York (the English Translation of Izvestia NAS RA Matematika)\n2009 -2013 Director of the FREEZWATER project, Yerevan, Armenia","title":"Experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci.am"},{"link_name":"Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%92._%D0%90._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D"},{"link_name":"Steklov Mathematical\tInstitute, Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%92._%D0%90._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D"}],"text":"1986 Academician of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia\n1975\t Soviet Doctor of Mathematics and Physics, from Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow\n1968 \t Soviet Kandidat of Mathematics and Physics, from Steklov Mathematical\tInstitute, Moscow\n1959–1964\tMoscow State University diploma, Mathematician.","title":"Education, scientific degrees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0471279778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471279778"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stoyan, D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stoyan"},{"link_name":"Nauka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Akademie Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademie_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3055014499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3055014499"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521089784","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521089784"},{"link_name":"Lambert Academic Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Academic_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3659753008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3659753008"}],"text":"Ambartzumian, R.V. (1982). Combinatorial Integral Geometry with Applications to Mathematical Stereology. Somerset, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471279778. (Review[6])\nAmbartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Introduction to Stochastic Geometry (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.\nAmbartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Geometrische Wahrscheinlichkeiten und Stochastische Geometrie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. ISBN 978-3055014499.\nAmbartzumian, R.V. (1990). Factorization Calculus and Geometric Probability. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 33. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521089784.\nAmbartzumian, R.V. (2015). Wilsonian Armenia: stories behind the failed project. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3659753008.","title":"Books authored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stochastic Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Teubner - Texte zur Mathematik, Band 65, Leipzig 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bimj.4710270718/abstract"},{"link_name":"Integral Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry"},{"link_name":"Acta Applicandae Mathematicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/mathematics/journal/10440"}],"text":"“Combinatorial Principles in Stochastic Geometry” (in Russian) NASRA Publishing House, Yerevan 1980The paper contains a review of the main results of Yerevan research group in planar stochastic geometry, in particular the second order random geometrical processes using the methods of integration of combinatorial decompositions and invariant imbedding.“Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics, Stereology” (Proceedings of the Conference held at Oberwolfach, 1983). Teubner - Texte zur Mathematik, Band 65, Leipzig 1983\n“Stochastic and Integral Geometry”, (Proceedings of the Second Sevan Symposium on Integral and Stochastic Geometry), in Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, Vol 9, Nos 1-2 (1987)","title":"Collections of papers, Editor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stochastic Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1978 – I Sevan Symposium on Integral Geometry “200 anniversary of Buffon problem”, Sevan, Armenia. Sponsorship from the Royal Society of London\n1983 – Conference on Stochastic Geometry, Geometric Statistics and Stereology, Oberwolfach (Germany)[7]\n1985 – II Sevan Symposium on Integral and Stochastic Geometry, Sevan, Armenia\n1991- Conference on Stochastic Geometry, Oberwolfach (Germany)\n2013- Swiss –Armenian Round Table[8]","title":"Organizer of International Conferences"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V. (1982). Combinatorial Integral Geometry with Applications to Mathematical Stereology. Somerset, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471279778.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471279778","url_text":"978-0471279778"}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Introduction to Stochastic Geometry (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Stoyan","url_text":"Stoyan, D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)","url_text":"Nauka"}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V.; Stoyan, D.; Mecke, J. (1989). Geometrische Wahrscheinlichkeiten und Stochastische Geometrie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. ISBN 978-3055014499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademie_Verlag","url_text":"Akademie Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3055014499","url_text":"978-3055014499"}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V. (1990). Factorization Calculus and Geometric Probability. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 33. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521089784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521089784","url_text":"978-0521089784"}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V. (2015). Wilsonian Armenia: stories behind the failed project. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3659753008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Academic_Publishing","url_text":"Lambert Academic Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3659753008","url_text":"978-3659753008"}]},{"reference":"\"Academician R. V. Ambartzumian\". Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. 48: 1–3. 2013. doi:10.3103/S1068362313010019. S2CID 195125736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3103%2FS1068362313010019","url_text":"10.3103/S1068362313010019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195125736","url_text":"195125736"}]},{"reference":"\"Publications of Rouben V. Ambartzumian in J CONTEMP MATH ANAL-ARMEN ACA - Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis-armenian Academy of Sciences\". msra.cn.","urls":[{"url":"http://libra.msra.cn/PublicationList?srcType=4&desType=2&srcID=7225&desID=54294711","url_text":"\"Publications of Rouben V. Ambartzumian in J CONTEMP MATH ANAL-ARMEN ACA - Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis-armenian Academy of Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian R. V. (2007). \"Chord calculus and stochastic geometry\". Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. 42 (1): 3–27. doi:10.3103/s1068362307010013. S2CID 124183883.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3103%2Fs1068362307010013","url_text":"10.3103/s1068362307010013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124183883","url_text":"124183883"}]},{"reference":"\"Risultati sintetici\". sbn.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=solr_iccu&resultForward=opac/iccu/brief.jsp&from=1&nentries=10&searchForm=opac/iccu/error.jsp&do_cmd=search_show_cmd&item:5032:Nomi::@frase@=IT%5CICCU%5CUFIV%5C032622","url_text":"\"Risultati sintetici\""}]},{"reference":"Ambartzumian, R.V.; Oganian, V.K. (1998). \"Parametric versions of Hilbert's fourth problem\". Israel Journal of Mathematics. 103: 41–65. doi:10.1007/BF02762267.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02762267","url_text":"\"Parametric versions of Hilbert's fourth problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Journal_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Israel Journal of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02762267","url_text":"10.1007/BF02762267"}]},{"reference":"\"Prize Winners 1976-2014\". cam.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/Rollo/award.html","url_text":"\"Prize Winners 1976-2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"» Epilogue — Ambartsumian' s paper Viktor Ambartsumian\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ambartsumian.ru/en/papers/epilogue-ambartsumian%E2%80%99-s-paper/","url_text":"\"» Epilogue — Ambartsumian' s paper Viktor Ambartsumian\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Ralph (1984). \"Book Review: Combinatorial integral geometry with applications to mathematical stereology\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 10 (2): 318–321.","urls":[{"url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-mathematical-society-new-series/volume-10/issue-2/Review--R-V-Ambartzumian-Combinatorial-integral-geometry-with-applications/bams/1183551587.pdf","url_text":"\"Book Review: Combinatorial integral geometry with applications to mathematical stereology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule — MFO\". mfo.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mfo.de/occasion/8305/www_view","url_text":"\"Schedule — MFO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Storage – Perspective for Armenia?\". ecolur.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecolur.org/en/news/water/snow-storage-v-perspective-for-armenia/5033/","url_text":"\"Snow Storage – Perspective for Armenia?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068362309010026","external_links_name":"K. Krickeberg"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00533183","external_links_name":"solution to the Buffon Sylvester problem"},{"Link":"http://math.sci.am/","external_links_name":"Institute of Mathematics"},{"Link":"http://www.sci.am/","external_links_name":"National Academy of Sciences of Armenia"},{"Link":"http://jmath.sci.am/index.php/rus","external_links_name":"Izvestia NAN RA Matematika"},{"Link":"http://www.allertonpress.com/journals/sam.htm","external_links_name":"Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis"},{"Link":"http://www.allertonpress.com/","external_links_name":"Allerton Press, Inc. New York"},{"Link":"http://cageholding.ch/for-science/project","external_links_name":"FREEZWATER project"},{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bimj.4710270718/abstract","external_links_name":"Teubner - Texte zur Mathematik, Band 65, Leipzig 1983"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/mathematics/journal/10440","external_links_name":"Acta Applicandae Mathematicae"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3103%2FS1068362313010019","external_links_name":"10.3103/S1068362313010019"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195125736","external_links_name":"195125736"},{"Link":"http://libra.msra.cn/PublicationList?srcType=4&desType=2&srcID=7225&desID=54294711","external_links_name":"\"Publications of Rouben V. Ambartzumian in J CONTEMP MATH ANAL-ARMEN ACA - Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis-armenian Academy of Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3103%2Fs1068362307010013","external_links_name":"10.3103/s1068362307010013"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124183883","external_links_name":"124183883"},{"Link":"http://www.math.uni-magdeburg.de/stoch2002/abstracts/s6-ambartzumian.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.math.uni-magdeburg.de/stoch2002/abstracts/s6-ambartzumian.pdf"},{"Link":"http://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=solr_iccu&resultForward=opac/iccu/brief.jsp&from=1&nentries=10&searchForm=opac/iccu/error.jsp&do_cmd=search_show_cmd&item:5032:Nomi::@frase@=IT%5CICCU%5CUFIV%5C032622","external_links_name":"\"Risultati sintetici\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068362307010013?LI=true","external_links_name":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS1068362307010013?LI=true"},{"Link":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/presentation.phtml?option_lang=eng&presentid=250","external_links_name":"http://www.mathnet.ru/php/presentation.phtml?option_lang=eng&presentid=250"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362309010063","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362309010063"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362307010013","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068362307010013"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s11957-008-1002-0","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s11957-008-1002-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0002-3043","external_links_name":"0002-3043"},{"Link":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/580","external_links_name":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/580"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0002-3043","external_links_name":"0002-3043"},{"Link":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2334","external_links_name":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2334"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DYIfNZ_RRS4C&dq=%22%D1%80+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%22+OR+%22r+v+ambartzumian%22&pg=PR9","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DYIfNZ_RRS4C&dq=%22%D1%80+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%22+OR+%22r+v+ambartzumian%22&pg=PR9"},{"Link":"http://col.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=col-3-101-S1","external_links_name":"http://col.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=col-3-101-S1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.009","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.009"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02762267","external_links_name":"\"Parametric versions of Hilbert's fourth problem\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02762267","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF02762267"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0002-3043","external_links_name":"0002-3043"},{"Link":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2333","external_links_name":"http://mathematics.asj-oa.am/id/eprint/2333"},{"Link":"http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/Rollo/award.html","external_links_name":"\"Prize Winners 1976-2014\""},{"Link":"http://ambartsumian.ru/en/papers/epilogue-ambartsumian%E2%80%99-s-paper/","external_links_name":"\"» Epilogue — Ambartsumian' s paper Viktor Ambartsumian\""},{"Link":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-mathematical-society-new-series/volume-10/issue-2/Review--R-V-Ambartzumian-Combinatorial-integral-geometry-with-applications/bams/1183551587.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Combinatorial integral geometry with applications to mathematical stereology\""},{"Link":"http://www.mfo.de/occasion/8305/www_view","external_links_name":"\"Schedule — MFO\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecolur.org/en/news/water/snow-storage-v-perspective-for-armenia/5033/","external_links_name":"\"Snow Storage – Perspective for Armenia?\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110818517","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/109310362","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRvbrYhWVYBqkvK8cF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142103675","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320225605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81094224","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069173842","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/191969","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=155834","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ambartzumian.ruben-v","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/069817928","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano | Integralismo Lusitano | ["1 Origin","2 Activities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (April 2017) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|pt|Integralismo_Lusitano}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Part of a series onChristian democracy
Principles
Catholic social teaching
Christian corporatism
Christian ethics
Communitarianism
Conservatism
Liberal
Progressive
Social
Consistent life ethic
Cultural mandate
Culture of life
Dignity of labor
Distributism
Economic progressivism
Familialism
Human dignity
Just war theory
Liberalism
Conservative
Ordo
Mixed economy
Multiculturalism
Neo-Calvinism
Neo-Thomism
Option for the poor
Person Dignity Theory
Popularism
Public morality
Religious liberty
Friendly separation of church and state
Religious pluralism
Social Gospel
Social justice
Social market economy
Solidarity
Sphere sovereignty
Stewardship
Environmentalism
Environmental protection
Subsidiarity
in Catholicism
Welfare
State
Philosophers
Arizmendiarrieta
Baader
Belloc
Berggrav
Chesterton
Day
Dooyeweerd
Gebhardt
Gilson
Görres
Groen
Habsburg
John Paul II
Ketteler
Korfanty
Lamennais
Leo XIII
Maritain
Mounier
Nell-Breuning
Pesch
Pius XI
Röpke
Stein
Sturzo
Tischner
Vogelsang
Williams
Politicians
Adenauer
Andreotti
Beel
Buzek
Caldera
De Gasperi
Erhard
Frei
Groen
Joseph
Ketteler
Kohl
Korfanty
Kurz
Kuyper
Letta
Martens
Mazowiecki
Merkel
Metsola
Mikołajczyk
Moro
Quadros
Pastrana
Pethrus
Pöttering
Prodi
Schuman
Söder
Strauss
Sturzo
Tindemans
Vogelsang
von der Leyen
Wałęsa
Weber
Windthorst
Parties
Austrian People's Party
Christian Democracy
Christian Democratic Appeal
Christian Democratic and Flemish
Christian Democratic Party
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christian Social People's Party
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Centre Party
Civic Platform
Croatian Democratic Union
Democratic Rally
Fianna Fáil
Fine Gael
Kataeb Party
National Action Party
National Party
Nationalist Party
New Democracy
Patriotic Union
People's Party
Polish People's Party
Popular Republican Movement
VMRO-DPMNE
More
Organizations
Catholic Action
Centrist Democrat International
Christian Democrat Organization of America
European People's Party
European Christian Political Movement
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
Conservative Christian Fellowship
Centre for European Studies
European Ideas Network
Schuman Foundation
Center for Public Justice
Paneuropean Union
Documents
Rerum novarum
Populorum progressio
Graves de communi re
Quadragesimo anno
Laborem exercens
Sollicitudo rei socialis
Centesimus annus
Laudato si'
Related topics
Christian left
Christian anarchism
Christian communism
Christian socialism
Christian right
Christian libertarianism
Christian nationalism
Theoconservatism
Liberal democracy
Religious democracy
Buddhist
Islamic
Jewish
Mormon
Social democracy
Ethical socialism
Politics portal
Christianity portalvte
Part of a series onIntegralism
Concepts
Anti-communism
Anti-liberalism
Anti-Masonry
Anti-Zionism
Authoritarianism
Catholic social teaching
Common good
Confessionalism
Corporatism
Counter-revolution
Decentralization (Fueros
Municipalism
Organicism)
Doctrine of the two swords
Distributism (Cooperativism
Guildism)
Divine right of kings (Deposing power)
Ecclesiastical courts
"Error has no rights"
Familialism
Gelasian Diarchy
Integral Education
Integral nationalism
Integral state
Monarchism (Accidentalism)
National Catholicism
National syndicalism
Natural law
Panhispanism
Patriotism
Political traditionalism
Res publica Christiana
Sun and Moon allegory
Social Kingship
Solidarity
Traditional monarchy
Traditionalist Catholicism
Ultramontanism
Variants
Brazilian
Neo-
Catholic
French
Israeli/Zionist
Lusitano
Spanish
Thinkers
Aquinas
Augustine
Balmes
Barbey d'Aurevilly
Billot
Blanc
de Bonald
Castellani
Cuesta
Delassus
Eyzaguirre
Ezcurra
Feser
Fita
Fontcuberta
Gago
Gaume
Gelasius I
Genta
Gómez
González
Groulx
Hahn
Madiran
Maeztu
Maurras
Meinvielle
Ousset
Pemán
Pie
Pius IX
Pius X
le Play
Raposo
Reale
Salgado
Salvany
dos Santos
Sardinha
Solana
Taparelli
Urquiza
Valdivieso
Vermeule
Veuillot
Politicians
Abascal
Ahimeir
Barroso
Clavarana
Constantine I
Estévanez
Fernández
García
Gomar
Gómez
Josias
Lamamié (José)
Lamamié (Juan)
Larraín
Louis IX
Maurras
Moreno
Nocedal
Olazábal
du Pin
Pujo
Quiroga
Rocamora
Sánchez
Santamaria
dos Santos
Senante
de Villèle
Works
Catholic Bible
The City of God
De regno, ad regem Cypri
Treatise on Law
El liberalismo es pecado
Papal documents (Famuli vestrae pietatis
Mirari Vos
Quanta Cura
Immortale Dei
Rerum novarum
Pascendi Dominici Gregis)
El Siglo Futuro
Mes idées politiques
O que é o Integralismo
Organizations
Action Française
Acción Española
Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
Brazilian Integralist Action
Brazilian Integralist Front
Catholic and Royal Army
Cristeros
Integrist Party
Milícia Catalana
Popular Representation Party
Sanfedisti
Viva Maria
See also
Traditionalism
Legitimism
Federales
Carlism
Miguelism
Neocatólicos
Sodalitium Pianum
Clerico-nationalism
Clerical fascism (Estado Novo
Falangism
Francoism
Tacuara)
Nacionalismo
El Yunque
Person Dignity Theory
Orthodox Peronism
Third Position
Common good constitutionalism
Politics portalvte
Integralismo Lusitano (English: "Lusitanian Integralism") was a Portuguese integralist political movement founded in Coimbra in 1914 that advocated traditionalism but not conservatism. It was against parliamentarism but favoured decentralization, national syndicalism, the Catholic Church and the monarchy. Its members included an amalgam of rightists, monarchists, Catholics and nationalists.
Origin
Lusitanian Integralism is a variant of integralism that evolved in Portugal, the term "Lusitania" being derived from the Latin term for the southern region of what is now Portugal. The movement was created to address the threats of anticlerical liberalism, socialism, populist and revolution. The movement drew inspiration from the French royalist movement Action française and it considered an authoritarian, nationalist and corporatist monarchy to be ideal. The movement was particularly active during the Portuguese First Republic, which it criticised.
Activities
It initially supported the last king of Portugal, Manuel II but refused to back him after 1920 after the attempts to restore the monarchy that were initiated in Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, and during the Monarchy of the North, but it supported Manuel's cousin, Miguel of Braganza.
Integralismo Lusitano's notable members included António Sardinha, Alberto de Monsaraz, José Adriano Pequito Rebelo, José Hipólito Vaz Raposo, João Ameal, Leão Ramos Ascensão, Luís de Almeida Braga, and Francisco Rolão Preto.
The leadership remained active in 1917–1918, when it supported the leadership of Sidónio Pais, but it also backed the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), established after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. It adopted part of the Integralismo Lusitano's ideology.
When Manuel II died without heirs in 1932, the movement rallied all monarchists behind the descendants of Miguel, who had been exiled after the Liberal Wars.
Integralismo Lusitano published a journal called Nação Portuguesa, which collaborated with other figures for its counter-revolutionary publications. It was founded by Raposo.
See also
Monarchy of the North
Brazilian Integralism
Patrianovism
References
^ a b Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-299-07454-8.
^ Griffin, Roger (2013). The Nature of Fascism. London: Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-09661-4.
^ Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 18. ISBN 0-299-16560-4.
^ Galimi, Valeria; Gori, Annarita (2020-02-26). Intellectuals in the Latin Space during the Era of Fascism: Crossing Borders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-05712-7.
^ Marchi, Riccardo (2018-11-08). The Portuguese Far Right: Between Late Authoritarianism and Democracy (1945-2015). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-40991-7.
^ Antonio Costa Pinto, 'A formaçãodo integralismo lusitano (1907-17)'
Ramos Ascensão, Leão, O Integralismo Lusitano, Edições Gama, 1943. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114649/http://www.causanacional.net/INTEGRALISMO.pdf)
Machado, Diamantino P. (1991), The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers
External links
Integralismo lusitano: "made in France"?, Stewart Lloyd-Jones
This article about a Portuguese political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"integralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralism"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"traditionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism"},{"link_name":"conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"decentralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"national syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_syndicalist"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Integralismo Lusitano (English: \"Lusitanian Integralism\") was a Portuguese integralist political movement founded in Coimbra in 1914 that advocated traditionalism but not conservatism. It was against parliamentarism but favoured decentralization, national syndicalism, the Catholic Church and the monarchy. Its members included an amalgam of rightists, monarchists, Catholics and nationalists.[1]","title":"Integralismo Lusitano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Action française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portuguese First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lusitanian Integralism is a variant of integralism that evolved in Portugal, the term \"Lusitania\" being derived from the Latin term for the southern region of what is now Portugal. The movement was created to address the threats of anticlerical liberalism, socialism, populist and revolution.[2] The movement drew inspiration from the French royalist movement Action française and it considered an authoritarian, nationalist and corporatist monarchy to be ideal.[3] The movement was particularly active during the Portuguese First Republic, which it criticised.[4]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"king of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Manuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Monsanto Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Monarchy of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Miguel of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"António Sardinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha"},{"link_name":"Alberto de Monsaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Monsaraz"},{"link_name":"José Adriano Pequito Rebelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Adriano_Pequito_Rebelo"},{"link_name":"José Hipólito Vaz Raposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Vaz_Raposo"},{"link_name":"João Ameal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ameal"},{"link_name":"Luís de Almeida Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Almeida_Braga"},{"link_name":"Francisco Rolão Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto"},{"link_name":"Sidónio Pais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%C3%B3nio_Pais"},{"link_name":"Ditadura Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional"},{"link_name":"28 May 1926 coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Liberal Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Wars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Costa-6"}],"text":"It initially supported the last king of Portugal, Manuel II but refused to back him after 1920 after the attempts to restore the monarchy that were initiated in Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, and during the Monarchy of the North, but it supported Manuel's cousin, Miguel of Braganza.Integralismo Lusitano's notable members included António Sardinha, Alberto de Monsaraz, José Adriano Pequito Rebelo, José Hipólito Vaz Raposo, João Ameal, Leão Ramos Ascensão, Luís de Almeida Braga, and Francisco Rolão Preto.The leadership remained active in 1917–1918, when it supported the leadership of Sidónio Pais, but it also backed the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), established after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. It adopted part of the Integralismo Lusitano's ideology.[1]When Manuel II died without heirs in 1932, the movement rallied all monarchists behind the descendants of Miguel, who had been exiled after the Liberal Wars.Integralismo Lusitano published a journal called Nação Portuguesa, which collaborated with other figures for its counter-revolutionary publications.[5] It was founded by Raposo.[6]","title":"Activities"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CuoreVandea2.svg/55px-CuoreVandea2.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Monarchy of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North"},{"title":"Brazilian Integralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism"},{"title":"Patrianovism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrianovism"}] | [{"reference":"Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-299-07454-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07454-8","url_text":"978-0-299-07454-8"}]},{"reference":"Griffin, Roger (2013). The Nature of Fascism. London: Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-09661-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09661-4","url_text":"978-0-415-09661-4"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 18. ISBN 0-299-16560-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-16560-4","url_text":"0-299-16560-4"}]},{"reference":"Galimi, Valeria; Gori, Annarita (2020-02-26). Intellectuals in the Latin Space during the Era of Fascism: Crossing Borders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-05712-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05712-7","url_text":"978-1-351-05712-7"}]},{"reference":"Marchi, Riccardo (2018-11-08). The Portuguese Far Right: Between Late Authoritarianism and Democracy (1945-2015). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-40991-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40991-7","url_text":"978-1-315-40991-7"}]},{"reference":"Machado, Diamantino P. (1991), The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIntegralismo_Lusitano&sl=pt&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223461249Q5oNF3qf0Ky91XX0.pdf","external_links_name":"A formaçãodo integralismo lusitano (1907-17)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114649/http://www.causanacional.net/INTEGRALISMO.pdf","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114649/http://www.causanacional.net/INTEGRALISMO.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/20896081/Integralismo_lusitano_made_in_France_","external_links_name":"Integralismo lusitano: \"made in France\"?, Stewart Lloyd-Jones"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integralismo_Lusitano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagan_(demon) | List of demons in the Ars Goetia | ["1 Spirits by Name and Rank","1.1 Kings","1.2 Dukes","1.3 Princes","1.4 Marquises","1.5 Earls","1.6 Knights","1.7 Presidents","2 References"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Spirits' names (given below) are taken from the goetic grimoire Ars Goetia, which differs in terms of number and ranking from the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum of Johann Weyer. As a result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, explained in more detail in the articles concerning them. The sole Spirit which appears in Pseudomonarchia Daemonum but not in the Ars Goetia is Pruflas.
The 72 sigils
The 72 angels of the Shem HaMephorash are considered the opposite and balancing force against these Spirits.
Spirits by Name and Rank
Main article: The Lesser Key of Solomon
Kings
Dictionnaire Infernal illustration of Bael.
Paimon as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.
Asmodeus as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.
Purson's image in Mathers' The Goetia corresponds to Pruflas' illustration from the Dictionnaire Infernal.
A woodcarving of Belial and some of his followers from Jacobus de Teramo's book Buche Belial (1473).
The Seal of Belial according to the Ars Goetia.
According to the Grand Grimoire, Baal (or Bael) is the head of the infernal powers. He is also the first demon listed in Wierus' Pseudomonarchia daemonum. According to Wierus, Bael is a King with estates in the east. He has three heads: a toad, a man, and a cat. He also speaks in a raucous, but well-formed voice, and commands 66 legions. Bael teaches the art of invisibility, and may be the equivalent of Baal or Baalzebub, one of the Seven princes of Hell.
Paimon (also Paimonia, Paymon) is a Great King, more obedient to Lucifer than other Kings are, and has two hundred legions of Spirits under his rule. He has a great voice and roars as soon as he comes, speaking in this manner for a while until the conjurer compels him and then he answers clearly the questions he is asked. He is to be observed to the West, and when Paimon appears he must be allowed to ask the conjurer what he wishes and be answered, in order to obtain the same from him.
Paimon teaches all arts, philosophies, and sciences, and secret things; he can reveal all mysteries of the Earth, wind, and water, what the mind is, and where it is, and everything the conjurer wants to know. He gives good familiars, dignities and confirms them, and binds men to the conjurer's will.
If Paimon is cited alone, buffering or sacrifice must be done, and he will accept it, though the precise nature of the gift is unclear; then two Kings called Beball (Bebal or Labal) and Abalam (Abalim) will go to him together with other Spirits, often twenty-five legions; but these other Spirits do not always come unless the conjurer calls upon them.
Paimon is depicted as a man with an effeminate face, wearing a precious crown, and riding a dromedary. Before him often goes a host of Spirits with the shape of men, playing trumpets, cymbals, and any other sort of musical instrument.
Beleth (also spelled Bilet, Bileth, and Byleth) is a Mighty King and Terrible, who has eighty-five legions of Spirits under his command. He rides a warhorse, and all kind of music is heard before him, according to most authors on demonology and the most known grimoires. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ham, son of Noah, was the first in invoking him after the flood, and wrote a book on mathematics with his help.
When appearing, he looks very fierce to frighten the conjurer or to see if he is courageous. The conjurer must be brave, and holding a hazel wand in his hand must draw a triangle by striking towards the South, East, and upwards, and command Beleth into it by means of some conjurations.
If he does not obey, the conjurer must rehearse all threats the conjurations said. Then, Beleth will obey and do all that he is commanded, but the conjurer must be respectful and pay homage unto Beleth due to his rank, and hold a silver ring in the middle finger of the left hand against his face, as it is the use of hellish kings and princes before Amaymon.
Beleth gives all the love of men and women he is commanded until the conjurer is satisfied.
Purson (also Curson, Pursan) is a Great King, being served and obeyed by twenty-two legions of Spirits.Not to be confused with Corson. He knows of hidden things, can find treasures, and tells past, present and future. Taking a human or aerial body he answers truly of all secret and divine things of Earth and the creation of the world. He also brings good familiars. Purson is depicted as a man with the face of a lion, carrying a ferocious viper in his hand, and riding a bear. Before him, there can be heard many trumpets sounding. This demon blows internal trumpets, and is believed connected to the revelator to the Antichrist.
Asmodeus (also Ashmodai, Asmodeus, Asmody, Asmoday) appears as a Great King 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank. He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram or a goat; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire." Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner, and amongst the Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy two legions of Spirits.
(King/Count) Vine (also Viné, Vinea) is a Great King and an Earl, commanding 36 legions of Spirits. He can tell present, past, and future, discover witches and hidden things, create storms and make the water rough by means of them, and also bring down walls and build towers. This spirit is portrayed as a lion holding a snake in his hand and riding a black horse. The etymology of his name seems to be the Latin word 'vinea', vine, that is also the name given to an ancient war machine made of wood and covered with leather and branches, used to overthrow walls.
Balam (also Balaam, Balan) is a Terrible, Great and Powerful King who commands over forty legions of Spirits. He gives perfect answers on things past, present, and to come, and can also make men invisible and witty. Balam is depicted as being three-headed. One head is the head of a bull, the second of a man, and the third of a ram. He has flaming eyes and the tail of a serpent. He carries a hawk on his fist and rides a strong bear. At other times, he is represented as a naked man riding a bear. His name seems to have been taken from Balaam, the biblical magician.
(King/President) Zagan (also Zagam) is a Great King and President, commanding over thirty-three legions of Spirits. He makes men witty; he can also turn wine into water, water into wine, and blood into wine (according to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum blood into oil, oil into blood, and a fool into a wise man). Other of his powers is that of turning metals into coins that are made with that metal (i.e., gold into a gold coin, copper into a copper coin, etc.). Zagan is depicted as a griffin-winged bull that turns into a man after a while.
Belial (also Belhor, Baalial, Beliar, Beliall, Beliel) is listed as the sixty-eighth spirit of The Lesser Key of Solomon. He is a Mighty and Powerful King with 80 legions of demons and 50 legions of Spirits under his command. He was created as the first, after Lucifer. He has the power to distribute senatorships and gives excellent familiars. He must be presented with offerings, sacrifices, and gifts, or else he will not give true answers to demands.
Dukes
Amduscias
Agares from Collin de Plancy, Dictionnaire Infernal, Paris, 1863.
Eligos (Abigor). Illustration from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.
Astaroth illustration from the Dictionnaire Infernal (1818)
The Seal of Murmur according to the Ars Goetia.
Amdusias (also Amduscias, Amdukias or Ambduscias) He is a Great Duke and Strong, he has 29 legions of Spirits under his command. He is depicted as a human with claws instead of hands and feet, the head of a unicorn, and a trumpet to symbolize his powerful voice. Amdusias is associated with thunder and it has been said that his voice is heard during storms. In other sources, he is accompanied by the sound of trumpets when he comes and will give concerts if commanded, but while all his types of musical instruments can be heard they cannot be seen. He is regarded as being the Spirit in charge of the cacophonous music. He can make trees bend at will.
Agares (or Agreas), He is a Duke, He is under the power of the East, and being served by 31 legions of Spirits. He can make runaways come back and those who stand still run, finding pleasure in teaching immoral expressions. He also has the power to destroy dignities, both temporal and supernatural. He is depicted as a pale old man riding a crocodile.
Valefar (or Malaphar, Malephar, Valafar, Valefor) is a Mighty Duke. He tempts people to steal and is in charge of a good relationship among thieves. Valefar is considered a good familiar by his associates "till they are caught in the trap." He commands ten legions of Spirits. He is represented as a lion with the head of a man, or as a lion with the head of a donkey.
Barbatos is a Great Duke, ruling thirty legions of Spirits and has four kings as his companions to command his legions. He gives the understanding of the voices of the animals, says past and future, conciliates friends and rulers, and he can lead men to hidden treasures that have been hidden by the enchantment of magicians. His name seems to derive from Latin "barbatus", bearded, old man, philosopher. He is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon.
Gusion (also Gusoin, Gusoyn) is a Duke Great and Strong, and rules over forty legions of Spirits. He tells all past, present and future things, shows the meaning of all questions that are asked to him, reconciles friends, and gives honour and dignity. He is depicted as a baboon or according to some, in the form of a "xenophilus."
Eligos is a Great Duke, ruling 60 legions of Spirits . He discovers hidden things and knows the future of wars and how soldiers should meet. He also attracts the favor of lords, knights and other important persons. He is depicted in the form of a goodly knight carrying a lance, an ensign and a serpent. The Pseudomonarchia Daemonum names his alias as Abigor or Eligor.
Zepar is a Great Duke. He commands 26 legions Spirits. His office is to cause women to love men, and bring them together in love. He makes women barren. He is depicted with red clothes and armor, like a soldier.
Bathin (or Bathym, Mathim, Marthim) is a Mighty and Strong Duke, who has under his command thirty legions of Spirits. He knows the virtues of precious stones and herbs, and can bring men suddenly from one country to another. He helps one attain astral projection, and takes you wherever you want to go. He is depicted as a strong man with the tail of a serpent, riding a pale horse.
Saleos (also Sallos and Zaleos) is a Great and Mighty Duke, ruling thirty legions of Spirits, although Weyer does not mention anything concerning legions under his command. He is of a pacifist nature, and causes men to love women and women to love men. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome soldier, wearing a ducal crown, and riding a crocodile.
Aim (also Aym or Haborym) is a very strong Great Duke, and rules over twenty-six legions of Spirits. He sets cities, castles and great places on fire, makes men witty in all ways, and gives true answers concerning private matters. He is depicted as a man (handsome to some sources), but with three heads, one of a serpent, the second of a man, and the third of a cat to most authors, although some say of a calf, riding a viper, and carrying in his hand a lit firebrand with which he sets the requested things on fire.
Buné is a Strong, Great and Mighty Duke, who has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He changes the place of the dead and causes the Spirits that are under his power to gather together upon those sepulchres. Buné makes men eloquent and wise, and gives true answers to their demands and also richness. He speaks with a comely high voice. Buné is depicted as a three-headed dragon, being his heads like those of a dog, a griffin, and a man (although according to some grimoires he has two heads like a dragon and the third like a man).
Berith (also Baal-berith) is a Mighty, Great and Terrible Duke, and has twenty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He tells things of the past, present and future with true answers; he can also turn all metals into gold, give dignities to men and confirm them. He speaks with a clear and subtle voice, and as recounted in Aleister Crowley's Illustrated Goetia, he is a liar when not answering questions. To speak with him the conjurer must wear a silver ring and put it before his face in the same form as it is needed in Beleth's case and Spirits do before Amaymon. He is depicted as a soldier wearing red clothes, a golden crown, and riding a red horse. Books on the subject tell that he is called according to whom invokes him, being called Berith by the Jews (see below). According to some demonologists from the 16th century, his power is stronger in June, meanwhile to Sebastien Michaelis he suggests murder and blasphemy and his adversary is St. Barnabas. His name was surely taken from Ba'al Berith, a form of Baal worshiped in Berith (Beirut), Phoenicia. In Alchemy Berith was the element with which all metals could be transmuted into gold. "Berith" is the Hebrew word for covenant, it was originated from the Akkadian (Babylonian) word "Biritu" which means "to fetter" or "to bond".
Astaroth (also Ashtaroth, Astarot and Asteroth) is referred to in The Lesser Key of Solomon as a Mighty, Strong Duke who commands 40 legions of Spirits. Seal of Astaroth, as depicted in The Lesser Key of Solomon. In art, in the Dictionnaire Infernal, Astaroth is depicted as a nude man with feathered wings, wearing a crown, holding a serpent in one hand, and riding a beast with dragon-like wings and a serpent-like tail. According to Sebastien Michaelis he is a Spirit of the First Hierarchy, who seduces by means of laziness, vanity, and rationalized philosophies. His adversary is St. Bartholomew, who can protect against him for he has resisted Astaroth's temptations. To others, he teaches mathematical sciences and handicrafts, can make men invisible and lead them to hidden treasures, and answers every question formulated to him. He was also said to give to mortal beings the power over serpents. His name is possibly taken from the goddess Asherah or Astarte.
Focalor (also Forcalor, Furcalor) is a Mighty Duke and Strong, commanding three or thirty legions of Spirits. Focalor is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon as the forty-first of the 72 goetic demons. According to the grimoire: Focalor appears in the form of a man with a griffin's wings, kills men, drowns them, and overthrows warships; but if commanded by the conjurer he will not harm any man or thing. Focalor has power over wind and sea, and had hoped to return to heaven after one thousand years, but he was deceived in his hope.
Vepar (also Separ, Vephar) is a Great Duke and Strong, and rules twenty-nine legions of Spirits. He governs the waters and guides armoured ships laden with ammunition and weapons; he can also make, if requested, the sea rough and stormy, and to appear full of ships. Vepar can make men die in three days by putrefying sores and wounds, causing worms to breed in them, but if requested by the conjurer he can heal them immediately. Vepar is depicted as a mermaid.
Vual (also Uvall, Voval, Vreal, Wal, Wall) is a Duke, Great, Mighty and Strong, commanding thirty-seven legions of Spirits. He gives the love of women, causes friendship between friends and foes, and tells things past, present and to come. Vual is depicted as a dromedary that after a while changes shape into a man, and speaks the Egyptian language, but not perfectly, with a deep voice.
Crocell (also called Crokel or Procell) is the 49th Spirit of the Goetia, manifesting as an angel with a tendency to speak in dark and mysterious ways. Once a member of the Powers, He is a Duke, Great and Strong, who rules over 48 legions of Spirits. When summoned by a conjuror, he can teach geometry and other liberal sciences. He can also warm bodies of water, create the illusion of the sound of rushing waters, and reveal the location of natural baths.
Allocer (also Alocer, Alloces) He is a Duke, Great and Strong, and who has thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He induces people to immorality and teaches arts and all mysteries of the sky. He is described by Johann Weyer as appearing in the shape of a knight mounted on an enormous horse. His face has leonine characteristics; he has a ruddy complexion and burning eyes; and he speaks with much gravity. He is said to provide good familiars, and to teach astronomy and liberal arts. Allocer is often depicted riding a horse with dragon legs.
(Duke/Count) Murmur (also Murmus, Murmuur, Murmux) is a Great Duke and Earl, and has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches Philosophy, and can oblige the souls of the deceased to appear before the conjurer to answer every desired question. Murmur is depicted as a soldier riding a vulture or a griffin, and wearing a ducal crown. Two of his ministers go before him making the sound of trumpets. "Murmur" in Latin means noise, whisper, murmur, and the sound of the trumpet.
Gremory (also Gamory, Gemory, or Gomory) is a strong Duke, that governs twenty-six legions of Spirits. He tells all things past, present and future, about hidden treasures, and procures the love of women, young and old, but especially maidens. He is depicted as appearing in the form of a beautiful woman with the crown of a duchess tied around her waist, and riding a camel.
Vapula (also Naphula) is a Duke, Great, Mighty and Strong, that commands thirty-six legions of Spirits. He teaches philosophy, mechanics, and sciences. Vapula is depicted as a griffin-winged lion.
Flauros (also Flavros, Hauras, Haures, Havres) is a Great and Strong Duke, having thirty-six (twenty according to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum) legions of Spirits under his rule. He gives true answers of all things past, present and future, but he must be first commanded to enter a magic triangle for if not he will lie, deceive the conjurer, and beguile him in other business. But if he enters the triangle he will answer truly, and gladly speak about divinity, the creation of the world, himself, and other fallen angels. He can also destroy all the conjurer's enemies by burning them up. If the magician requests it, he will not suffer temptations from any spirit or in any form. Commonly people represent him as a humanoid leopard with big claws. Flauros is depicted as a terrible and strong leopard that under request of the conjurer changes into a man with fiery eyes and an awful expression. Flauros can also supposedly be called upon when a mortal wishes to take vengeance on other demons. This is likely included in his capability to destroy the conjurer's enemies.
Dantalion's seal from the Lesser Key of Solomon Dantalion (or Dantalian) is a Duke, Great and Mighty, with thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command; he is the 71st of 72 Spirits of Solomon. He teaches all arts and sciences, and also declares the secret counsel of anyone, given that he knows the thoughts of all people and can change them at his will. He can also cause love and show the similitude of any person, show the same by means of a vision, and let them be in any part of the world they will. He is depicted as a man with many appearances, which means the faces of all men and women. There are also many depictions in which he is said to hold a book in one of his hands:
The Seventy-first Spirit is Dantalion. He is a Duke Great and Mighty, appearing in the Form of a Man with many Countenances, all Men's and Women's Faces; and he hath a Book in his right hand. His Office is to teach all Arts and Sciences unto any; and to declare the Secret Counsel of any one; for he knoweth the Thoughts of all Men and Women, and can change them at his Will. He can cause Love, and show the Similitude of any person, and show the same by a Vision, let them be in what part of the World they Will. He governeth 36 Legions of Spirits; and this is his Seal, which wear thou, etc.
—The Lesser Key of Solomon
Princes
Sytry's Seal.
A description of the demon Stolas. Illustrated by Louis Le Breton.
An early woodcut image of Orobas.
Draw about Orobas by Filippo Biagioli in Essay of Demonology Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii
Vassago (also Vasago, Usagoo) is a Mighty Prince, (see Hierarchy of demons), ruling over twenty-six legions of Spirits. He can be persuaded to tell the magician of events past and future, can discover hidden and lost things, and has a "good" nature. A partial description from The Lesser Key of Solomon is as follows: "The Third Spirit is a Mighty Prince, being of the same nature as Agares. He is called Vassago. This Spirit is of a Good Nature, and his office is to declare things Past and to Come, and to discover all things Hidden or Lost." According to the Liber Officium Spirituum, he manifests as an angel.
Sitri (also spelled Bitru, Sytry) is a Great Prince, and reigns over sixty legions of Spirits. He causes men to love women and vice versa, and can make people bare themselves naked if desired. He is depicted with the face of a leopard and the wings of a griffin, but under the conjurer's request he changes into a very beautiful man.
(Count/Prince) Ipos (also Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos, Ipes) is an Earl and powerful Prince, who has thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He knows and can reveal all things, past, present and future. He can make men witty and valiant. He is commonly depicted with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture.
(Prince/President) Gaap (also Goap, Tap) is a Mighty Prince and Great President, commanding sixty-six legions of Spirits. He is, according to The Lesser Key of Solomon, the King and Prince of the southern region, and according to the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (False Monarchy of the Demons) the king of the western region and as Mighty as Beleth, but for both he is the guide of the four kings (the others being Ziminiar, Corson and Amaymon, although some translations of The Lesser Key of Solomon consider Belial, Beleth, Asmodai and Gaap, not giving detail on the cardinal point they rule). He is said to be better conjured to appear when the Sun is in a southern zodiacal sign. Gaap teaches Philosophy and all liberal sciences, can cause love or hate and make men insensible and invisible, deliver familiars out of the custody of other magicians, teaches how to consecrate those things that belong to the dominion of Amaymon his king (there is a contradiction here, see above), gives true answers concerning past, present and future, and can carry and re-carry men and things speedily from one nation to another at the conjurer's will. According to a few authors he can make men ignorant. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, certain necromancers honour him with sacrifices and burning offerings. He is depicted in human shape.
Stolas (also known as Stolos, Stoppas and Solas) is "a Great Prince, commands twenty-six legions of Spirits. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs, plants, and precious stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long legs."
Orobas is a very powerful Great Prince, having twenty legions of Spirits under his control. He supposedly gives true answers of things past, present and to come, divinity, and the creation of the world; he also confers dignities and prelacies, and the favour of friends and foes. Orobas is faithful to the conjurer, does not permit that any spirit tempts him, and never deceives anyone. He is depicted as a horse that changes into a man under the conjurer's request. The name could come from Latin "orobias", a type of incense.
Seir (also known as Seire, Seere, or Sear) is a Prince, with 26 legions of Spirits under his command. He can go to any place on earth in a matter of seconds to accomplish the will of the conjurer, bring abundance, help in finding hidden treasures or in robbery, and is not a demon of evil but good nature, being mostly indifferent to evilness. He is depicted as a man riding a winged horse, and is said to be beautiful.
Marquises
Gamigin (also Gamygin, Gamigm or Samigina) is a Great Marquis, who rules over thirty legions of Spirits. He teaches all liberal sciences and gives an account of the souls of those who died in sin and who drowned in the sea, speaking with a rough voice. He also answers what is asked about, and stays with the conjurer until they are satisfied. Gamigin is depicted as a little horse or a donkey, which changes form into a man under the conjurer's request.
Aamon (or Amon, Nahum) is a Marquis, who governs forty infernal legions. He appears as a wolf with a serpent's tail who can breathe fire, or as a man with a raven's head, sometimes depicted with canine teeth. He tells of all things past and future. He procures feuds, and reconciles controversies between friends and foes.
Leraje (also Leraie, Leraikha, Leraye, Loray, Oray) is a Mighty Great Marquis, who has thirty legions of Spirits under his power. He causes great battles and disputes, and makes gangrene wounds caused by arrows. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome archer clad in green, carrying a bow and quiver.
The demon Naberius (also Naberus, Nebiros and Cerberus, Cerbere) was first mentioned by Johann Weyer in 1583. He is supposedly the most valiant Marquis, and has nineteen legions of Spirits under his command. He makes men cunning in all arts, but especially in rhetoric, speaking with a hoarse voice. He also restores lost dignities and honors, although to Johann Weyer he procures the loss of them. Naberius appears as a three-headed dog or a raven. He has a raucous voice but presents himself as eloquent and amiable. He teaches the art of gracious living. He is depicted as a crow or a black crane. Concerning his name, it is unclear if there is an association with the Greek Cerberus. It is said that in 1583, Johann Weyer considers both of them to be the same demon. He claimed: Naberius , alias Cerberus, is a valiant marquesse, shewing himselfe in the forme of a crowe, when he speaketh with a hoarse voice: he maketh a man amiable and cunning in all arts, and speciallie in rhetorike, he procureth the losse of prelacies and dignities: nineteene legions heare (and obeie) him.
(Marquis/Count) Ronové (also Ronove, Roneve, Ronwe) is a Marquis and Great Earl, commanding twenty legions of Spirits. He teaches Rhetoric, languages, and gives good and loyal servants and the favour of friends and foes. He is described as a monster holding a staff, without detailing his appearance. Ronové as depicted in the Dictionnaire Infernal. He is also described as taker of old souls; often coming to earth to harvest souls of decrepit humans and animals near death.
Forneus is a Great Marquis, and has twenty-nine legions of Spirits under his rule. He teaches Rhetoric and languages, gives men a good name, and makes them be loved by their friends and foes. He is depicted as a great sea monster. His name seems to come from Latin "fornus", "furnus": "oven".
Marchosias (also Marchocias) is a powerful Great Marquis, commanding thirty legions of Spirits. He is a strong and excellent fighter and very reliable to the conjurer, giving true answers to all questions. Marchosias hoped after 1,200 years to return to heaven with the non-fallen angels, but he is deceived in that hope. He is depicted as a wolf with a man's form as well as a griffin's wings and a serpent's tail, that under request changes shape into a man. The name Marchosias comes from Late Latin marchio, "marquis". Marchosias
Phenex (also Pheynix, Phoenix, Phoeniex) is a Great Marquis and has twenty legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches all wonderful sciences, is an excellent poet, and is very obedient to the conjuror. Phenex hopes to return to Heaven after 1,200 years, but he is deceived in this hope. He is depicted as a phoenix, which sings sweet notes with the voice of a child, but the conjurer must warn his companions (for he has not to be alone) not to hear them and ask him to put in human shape, which the demon supposedly does after a certain amount of time. Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum describes this spirit as follows: Phoenix is a great marquesse, appearing like the bird Phoenix, having a child's voice: but before he standeth still before the conjuror, he singeth manie sweet notes. Then the exorcist with his companions must beware he give no eare to the melodie, but must by and by bid him put on humane shape; then will he speake marvelous of all wonderfull sciences. He is an excellent poet, and obedient, he hopeth to returne to the seventh throne after a thousand two hundredth yeares, and governeth twentie legions.
Sabnock (also spelled Sab Nac, Sabnac, Sabnach, Sabnack, Sabnacke, Salmac and Savnock) is a Mighty Great Marquis, who has 50 legions of Spirits under his command. He builds high towers, castles and cities, furnishing them with weapons, ammunition, etc., gives good familiars, and can afflict men for several days making their wounds and sores gangrenous or filling them with worms. Sabnock is depicted as a soldier with armor and weapons, the head of a lion, and riding a pale horse.Sabnock
Shax (also spelled Chax, Shan, Shass, Shaz, and Scox) is a Great Marquis, and has power over 30 legions of Spirits on evil horses. He takes away the sight, hearing and understanding of any person under the conjurer's request, and steals money out of kings' houses, carrying it back to the people. He also steals horses and everything the conjurer asks. Shax can also discover hidden things if they are not kept by evil Spirits, and sometimes gives good familiars, but sometimes those familiars deceive the conjurer. He should not be bothered too often. Shax is thought to be faithful and obedient, but is a great liar and will deceive the conjurer unless obliged to enter a magic triangle drawn on the floor. He will then speak marvellously and tell the truth. He knows when lies are told and uses these to teach lessons. He is depicted as a stork that speaks with a hoarse but subtle voice; his voice changes into a beautiful one once he enters the magic triangle.
Orias (also spelled Oriax) is a Great Marquis, and has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He knows and teaches the virtues of the stars and the mansions of the planets (the influence of each planet depending on the astrological sign in which it is in a specific moment and the influence of that sign on an individual depending on how the zodiac was configured at the moment of their birth or at the moment of asking a question to the astrologist); he also gives dignities, prelacies, and the favour of friends and foes, and can metamorphose a man into any shape.
Andras is a Great Marquis, having under his command thirty legions of Spirits. He sows discord among people. According to the Goetia, Andras was a Grand Marquis, appearing with a winged angel's body and the head of an owl or raven, riding upon a strong black wolf and wielding a sharp and bright sword. He is the 63rd of the 72 Spirits of Solomon. Andras was considered to be a highly dangerous demon, who could kill the conjuring magician and his assistants if precautions were not taken. Andras The Dutch demonologist Johannes Wier, in his Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, says of Andras: Andras is a Great Marquis, and seemes in an angels shape with a head like a blacke night raven, riding upon a blacke and a verie strong woolfe, flourishing with a sharpe sword in his hand, he can kill the maister, the servant, and all assistants, he is author of discords, and ruleth thirtie legions Another demonologist, Collin de Plancy, also mentions Andras in his writings: Grand Marquis. He appears to have the body of an angel and the head of a wood owl, and to be riding a black wolf and carrying in his hand a pointed saber. He teaches those whom he favors to kill their enemies, masters and servants. He stirs up trouble and dissension. He commands thirty legions.
Andrealphus (also Androalphus) appears as the 54th Spirit in Johann Weyer's tome on demonology Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and is described as a Great Marquis with the appearance of a peacock who raises great noises and teaches cunning in astronomy, and when in human form also teaches geometry in a perfect manner. He is also described as ruling over thirty legions and as having the ability to turn any man into a bird. Andrealphus also appears as the 65th demon in the Goetia where he is described with similar traits, but also including the ability to make men subtle in all things pertaining to Mensuration, among other things. He is also alternatively known as Adrammelech.
Kimaris (also known by the alternate names Cimeies, Cimejes and Cimeries) is most widely known as the 66th Spirit of the first part of the Lemegeton (popularly known as the Ars Goetia). He is described as a warrior riding a goodly black horse, and possesses the abilities of locating lost or hidden treasures, teaching trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric) and making a man into a warrior of his own likeness. He holds the rank of marquis, and is served by 20 legions. He also rules over all the Spirits of Africa. Much the same description is found in the earlier text of Johann Weyer's catalog of Spirits, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (published 1563). Earlier still is the Munich Handbook of Necromancy: Clm 849 (published by Richard Kieckhefer, as Forbidden Rites: a necromancer's manual of the 15th century 1998) which lists an entity named Tuvries with much the same characteristics, except that he has 30 legions of servitors, and can cause a person to cross seas and rivers quickly. Most likely, Tuvries is a mistranscription of Cymries. Kimaris, as Cimeries, is also found on Anton LaVey's list of infernal names, although it is not known why LaVey chose Kimaris as one of the comparatively few Goetic daimons included. Aleister Crowley, in 777, gives Kimaris the Hebrew spelling KYMAVR and attributes him to the four of disks and the third decan of Capricorn by night. KYMAVR may allude to "Khem-our" (black light), a form of Horus mentioned in H. P. Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine. In Sepher Sephiroth, he is listed as KYTzAVR, with a gematria of 327, although KYMAVR=277. Since Tzaddi=90, which is also Mem spelled in full, the gematric substitution may be deliberate or a blind. In Harleian Ms. 6482, titled "The Rosie Crucian Secrets" (printed by the Aquarian Press, 1985), Dr. Rudd lists Cimeries as the 26th spirit made use of by King Solomon. He also attributes an angel Cimeriel to one of Dee's Enochian Ensigns of Creation, the tablet of 24 mansions (see McLean, Treatise on Angel Magic). The earliest mention of Chamariel is in Rossi's Gnostic tractate (see Meyer and Smith, Ancient Christian Magic). It is probable that the earliest mention of Kimaris is also Coptic, found in the London oriental mss 6796 where the name "Akathama Chamaris" appears (Meyer and Smith). In this text, the entity in question does not appear to be evil; rather, he is addressed as a godlike helping spirit. Baskin's Dictionary of Satanism speculates that Cimeries is derived from Cimmerians, a warlike people mentioned in the works of several classical authors as dwelling totally in darkness. It is also possible that Cimeries is derived from Chimaira, the three-headed, fire-breathing lion-goat-serpent who eventually became one of the guardians of the underworld. There is a precedent, considering that the harmless Phoenix is also demonized in the Goetia.
Decarabia (also called Carabia) According to The Lesser Key of Solomon, a Great Marquis, or a King and Earl according to the original Latin version of the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (these were somehow left out of the English translation by Reginald Scot). He has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. Decarabia knows the virtues of all herbs and precious stones, and can change into all birds and sing and fly like them before the conjurer. He is depicted as appearing as a pentagram star, changing into a man under the conjurer's request.
Earls
Image of Furfur from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal. Furfur (also Furtur) is a powerful Great Earl, being the ruler of twenty-six legions of Spirits. He is a liar unless compelled to enter a magic triangle where he gives true answers to every question, speaking with a rough voice. Furfur causes love between a man and a woman, creates storms, tempests, thunder, lightning, and blasts, and teaches on secret and divine things. He is depicted as a hart or winged hart, and also as an angel. "Furfur" or "furfurēs" in Latin means "bran". However, it seems more likely that the name is a corruption of "Furcifer", the Latin word for "scoundrel". Slightly less likely considering the context, but still possible, is that the name originated from "fūr", Latin for "thief".
Malthus (also Halphas, Malthas, or Malthous) is an Earl, commanding 26 legions of Spirits, who is said to have a rough voice when speaking.Not to be confused with Malphas. He is often depicted in the shape of a stork. Malthus builds towers and fills them with ammunition and weapons, an armorer of sorts. He is a Prince. He is also said to send his legions into battle, or to places designated by higher commanding Spirits.
Raum (also Raim, Raym, Räum) is a Great Earl, ruling thirty legions of Spirits. He is depicted as a crow which adopts a human form at the request of the conjurer. Raum steals treasures out of kings' houses, carrying them where he wishes, and destroys cities and dignities of men (he is said to have great dispraise for dignities). Raum can also tell things past, present, and future, reconcile friends and foes and invoke love.
Bifrons. An illustration from the "Dictionnaire Infernal" (1863). Bifrons (also Bifrovs, Bifröus, Bifronze) is the 46th Spirit, an Earl, with six legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches sciences and arts, the virtues of the gems and woods, herbs, and changes corpses from their original grave into other places, sometimes putting magic lights on the graves that seem candles. He appears as a monster but then changes his shape into that of a man. The origin of the name is the Roman god Janus.
Andromalius is a Mighty Great Earl, having thirty-six legions of Spirits at his service. He can bring back both a thief and the stolen goods, punishes all thieves and other wicked people, and discovers hidden treasures, all evilness, and all dishonest dealing. Andromalius is depicted as a man holding a big serpent in his hand.
The Seventy-second Spirit in Order is named Andromalius. He is an Earl, Great and Mighty, appearing in the form of a Man holding a Great Serpent in his Hand. His Office is to bring back both a Thief, and the Goods which be stolen, and to discover all Wickedness and Underhand Dealing, and to punish all Thieves and other Wicked People and also to discover Treasures that be Hid. He ruleth over 36 Legions of Spirits. His Seal is this, the which wear thou as aforesaid, etc.
—The Lesser Key of Solomon
Knights
Furcas (also Forcas) is a Knight, and rules 20 legions of Spirits.Not to be confused with Foras. He teaches philosophy, astronomy, rhetoric, logic, chiromancy and pyromancy. Furcas is depicted as a strong old man with white hair and long white beard, who rides a horse while holding a sharp weapon (pitch fork).Image of Furcas from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire InfernalFurcas is a knight and commeth foorth in the similitude of a cruell man, with a long beard and a hoarie head, he sitteth on a pale horsse, carrieng in his hand a sharpe weapon, he perfectlie teacheth practike philosophie, rhetorike, logike, astronomie, chiromancie, pyromancie, and their parts: there obeie him twentie legions.— Johann Weyer (1583) The etymology of his name may be derived from the Latin word furca, meaning fork, or from Greco-Roman also meaning a sepulchre (tomb).
Presidents
Marbas is a Spirit described in the Ars Goetia. He is described as a Great President, governing thirty-six legions of Spirits. He answers truly on hidden or secret things, causes and heals diseases, teaches mechanical arts, and changes men into other shapes. He is depicted as a great lion that, under the conjurer's request, changes shape into a man.
Buer is a Spirit that appears in the 16th century grimoire Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and its derivatives, where he is described as a Great President, having fifty legions of Spirits under his command. He appears when the Sun is in Sagittarius. Buer teaches Natural and Moral Philosophy, Logic, and the virtues of all herbs and plants. He also heals all infirmities, especially of men, and gives good familiars. He is depicted in the shape of Sagittarius, which is as a centaur with a bow and arrows. Additionally, Louis Le Breton created an illustration of Buer, later engraved by M. Jarrault, depicting the demon as having the head of a lion and five goat legs surrounding his body to walk in every direction. The etymology of his name is uncertain.
(Count/President) Botis (or Otis) is a Great President and Earl, commanding sixty legions of Spirits. He tells of all things past and future, and reconciles friends and foes. He is depicted as an ugly viper, but when he changes shape, he puts himself in human shape, with big teeth and two horns. When in human shape he carries a sharp and bright sword in his hand.
(Count/President) Morax (also Foraii, Marax and Farax) is a Great Earl and President, having thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches Astronomy and all other liberal sciences, and gives good and wise familiars that know the virtues of all herbs and precious stones. He is depicted as a big bull with the face of a man. It has been proposed that Morax is related to the Minotaur which Dante places in Hell (Inferno, Canto xii). See Fred Gettings, Dictionary of Demons (1988) His name seems to come from Latin "morax", that delays, that stops.
Caacrinolaas as depicted in the "Dictionnaire Infernal" (1863). (Count/President) Glasya-Labolas (also Caacrinolaas, Caassimolar, Classyalabolas, Glassia-labolis, Glasya Labolas, Gaylos-Lobos) is a Mighty President, who commands thirty-six legions of Spirits. He is the author and captain of manslaughter and bloodshed, tells all things past and to come, gains the minds and love of friends and foes causing love among them if desired, incites homicides and can make a man invisible. He is depicted as a dog with the wings of a griffin.
Foras (alternatively Forcas or Forrasis) is a powerful President, being obeyed by twenty-nine legions of Spirits.Not to be confused with Furcas. He teaches logic and ethics in all their branches, the virtues of all herbs and precious stones, can make a man witty, eloquent, invisible, and live long, and can discover treasures and recover lost things. He is depicted as a strong man. His name seems to derive from Latin foras (out, outside).The Thirty-first Spirit is Foras. He is a Mighty President, and appeareth in the Form of a Strong Man in Human Shape. He can give the understanding to Men how they may know the Virtues of all Herbs and Precious Stones. He teacheth the Arts of Logic and Ethics in all their parts. If desired he maketh men invisible, and to live long, and to be eloquent. He can discover Treasures and recover things Lost. He ruleth over 29 Legions of Spirits, and his Seal is this, which wear thou, etc.— S. L. MacGregor Mathers (1904)
Malphas is a Mighty Great President, having forty legions of Spirits under his command.Not to be confused with Malthus (demon). He builds houses, high towers and strongholds, throws down the buildings of the enemies, can destroy the enemies' desires or thoughts (and/or make them known to the conjurer) and all what they have done, gives good familiars, and can bring quickly artificers together from all places of the world. Malphas accepts willingly and kindly any sacrifice offered to him, but then he will deceive the conjurer. He is depicted as a crow that after a while or under request changes shape into a man, and speaks with a hoarse voice.
Haagenti (also Haage, Hage) is a Great President, ruling thirty-three legions of Spirits. He makes men wise by instructing them in every subject, transmutes all metals into gold, and changes wine into water and water into wine. Haagenti is depicted as a big bull with the wings of a griffin, changing into a man under request of the conjurer.Camio in bird form as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.
Camio (also Caim, Caym) appears in Ars Goetia, the first part of The Lesser Key of Solomon as a Great President, ruling over thirty legions of Spirits. Much detail is offered: he is a good disputer, gives men the understanding of the voices of birds, bullocks, dogs, and other creatures, and of the noise of the waters too, and gives true answers concerning things to come. He is depicted in 19th and 20th century occultist illustrations as appearing in the form of the black bird called a thrush, but soon he changes his shape into a man that has a sharp sword in his hand. When answering questions he seems to stand on burning ashes or coals. The title "President" would suggest a parallel with the presiding officer of a college or convocation, which are the only pre-modern uses of the term. Camio's name seems to be taken from the biblical first murderer, Cain.
Ose (also Osé, Oze, Oso, Voso) is a Great President, ruling three legions of Spirits. He makes men wise in all liberal sciences and gives true answers concerning divine and secret things; he also brings insanity to any person the conjurer wishes, making them believe that they are the creature or thing the magician desired, or makes that person think he is a king and wearing a crown, or a pope. Ose is depicted as a leopard that after a while changes into a man. His name seems to derive from Latin "os", mouth, language, or "osor", that who abhors.
Amy (also Avnas) is the 58th Spirit, a President, and according to Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia daemonum:Amy is a Great president, and appeareth in a flame of fier, but having taken mans shape, he maketh one marvelous in astrologie, and in all the liberal sciences, he procureth excellent familiars, he bewraieth treasures preserved by Spirits, he hath the government of thirtie six legions, he is partlie of the order of angels, partlie of potestats, he hopeth after a thousand two hundreth yeares to returne to the seventh throne: which is not credible.
Valac (also Ualac, Valak, Valax, Valu, Valic, Volac) is a Mighty Great President, having thirty legions of Spirits under his command. Valac is said to give true answers about hidden treasures; he reveals where serpents can be seen, and delivers them harmless to the magician. He is said to appear as a small poor boy with angel wings riding on a two-headed dragon.
References
^ Crowley, Aleister; Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (1995), The Goetia: the lesser key of Solomon the King : Lemegeton--Clavicula Salomonis Regis, book one (2 ed.), Red Wheel, ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3
^ Peterson, Joseph H. (2001), The lesser key of Solomon: lemegeton clavicula Salomonis, Weiser, ISBN 978-1-57863-220-6
^ "Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil". www.deliriumsrealm.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-27.
^ a b c MacGregor, Mathers (trans.) (1995), Crowley, Aleister; Liddell, Samuel (eds.), The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King, York Beach: Samuel Weiser, ISBN 0-87728-847-X
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, A. (1995) , The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King, Weiser Books, ISBN 0-87728-847-X, OCLC 9032192 (Full text)
^ a b c d e f Mathers, S.L. MacGregor, Crowley, Aleister (Editors - 1904), The Lesser Key of Solomon, "Goetia: Shemhamphorash Archived 2012-04-03 at WebCite", p. 23, at sacred-texts.com Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Goetia, Mathers/Crowley
^ a b c d e f g h Weyer, Johann. "De praestigiis daemonum". Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
^ a b c d e f g h Peterson, Joseph. "Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or Lesser Key of Solomon". Ars Goetia. Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
^ Waite, Arthur Edward (1913), The Book of Ceremonial Magic, Chapter IV: "The Mysteries of Goëtic Theurgy according to the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Demons: I. (Baal) to IX. (Paimon) Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, p. 197 at sacred-texts.com Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ ibid., footnote #7 Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ferre, Lux. "ELIGOS – ELIGOR – ABIGOR – OCCULT WORLD". Occult World. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
^ The last three spellings (Hauras, Haures, Havres) probably came from copyists mistaking the first two letters of "Flauros", when written too closely together, for an "H".
^ "fig079". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
^ Jones, Marie; Flaxman, Larry (1 September 2017). Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578596676. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Stolas is a Great Prince of Hell who commands 26 legions of demons. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs, plants, and precious stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long legs.
^ a b c d e f Crowley, Aleister. "The Lesser Key of Solomon". Goetia. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
^ "Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil". www.deliriumsrealm.com.
^ "Decarabia vel Carabia, magnus Rex & Comes: venit similis *". Esotericarchives.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
^ Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, Aleister; Beta, Hymenaeus (1995-12-01). The Goetia the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Lemegeton, Book 1 Clavicula Salomonis Regis. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3.
^ Foras Archived 2011-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Esoteric Archives
^ Article view @ DileriumRealm.com
^ "Furca (Latin); fork". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
^ Furca from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Archived 2005-12-20 at the Wayback Machine AncientLibrary.com
^ Biagioli, Filippo (2023). Trattato di Demonologia, Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii (in Italian and English). Italia: Handmade book in 24 copies. pp. 90–91.
^ Foras DeliriumsRealm.com
^ Pseudomonarchia daemonum, Johann Weyer (1583) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)"},{"link_name":"grimoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonarchia Daemonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"Johann Weyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Weyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowley1995-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson2001-2"},{"link_name":"Pruflas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruflas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:72_Goeta_sigils.png"},{"link_name":"sigils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigil"},{"link_name":"Shem HaMephorash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shem_HaMephorash"}],"text":"The Spirits' names (given below) are taken from the goetic grimoire Ars Goetia, which differs in terms of number and ranking from the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum of Johann Weyer. As a result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, explained in more detail in the articles concerning them.[1][2] The sole Spirit which appears in Pseudomonarchia Daemonum but not in the Ars Goetia is Pruflas.The 72 sigilsThe 72 angels of the Shem HaMephorash are considered the opposite and balancing force against these Spirits.","title":"List of demons in the Ars Goetia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bael.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paimon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asmodeus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pruflas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers"},{"link_name":"The Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goetia"},{"link_name":"Pruflas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruflas"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobus de Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Teramo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:68-Belial_seal.png"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonarchia daemonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonarchia_daemonum"},{"link_name":"Baalzebub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalzebub"},{"link_name":"Seven princes of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_princes_of_Hell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paimon"},{"link_name":"Lucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"dromedary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"Beleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleth"},{"link_name":"demonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology"},{"link_name":"grimoires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire"},{"link_name":"Ham, son of Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham,_son_of_Noah"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Amaymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaymon"},{"link_name":"Corson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corson_(demon)"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperidae"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"Asmodeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmodeus"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goetia-4"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goetia-4"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goetia-4"},{"link_name":"Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_(demon)"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"Balaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaam"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"Belial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belial"},{"link_name":"Lesser Key of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Key_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"}],"sub_title":"Kings","text":"Dictionnaire Infernal illustration of Bael.Paimon as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.Asmodeus as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.Purson's image in Mathers' The Goetia corresponds to Pruflas' illustration from the Dictionnaire Infernal.A woodcarving of Belial and some of his followers from Jacobus de Teramo's book Buche Belial (1473).The Seal of Belial according to the Ars Goetia.According to the Grand Grimoire, Baal (or Bael) is the head of the infernal powers. He is also the first demon listed in Wierus' Pseudomonarchia daemonum. According to Wierus, Bael is a King with estates in the east. He has three heads: a toad, a man, and a cat. He also speaks in a raucous, but well-formed voice, and commands 66 legions. Bael teaches the art of invisibility, and may be the equivalent of Baal or Baalzebub, one of the Seven princes of Hell.[3]\n Paimon (also Paimonia, Paymon) is a Great King, more obedient to Lucifer than other Kings are, and has two hundred legions of Spirits under his rule. He has a great voice and roars as soon as he comes, speaking in this manner for a while until the conjurer compels him and then he answers clearly the questions he is asked. He is to be observed to the West, and when Paimon appears he must be allowed to ask the conjurer what he wishes and be answered, in order to obtain the same from him.\nPaimon teaches all arts, philosophies, and sciences, and secret things; he can reveal all mysteries of the Earth, wind, and water, what the mind is, and where it is, and everything the conjurer wants to know. He gives good familiars, dignities and confirms them, and binds men to the conjurer's will.\nIf Paimon is cited alone, buffering or sacrifice must be done, and he will accept it, though the precise nature of the gift is unclear; then two Kings called Beball (Bebal or Labal) and Abalam (Abalim) will go to him together with other Spirits, often twenty-five legions; but these other Spirits do not always come unless the conjurer calls upon them.\nPaimon is depicted as a man with an effeminate face, wearing a precious crown, and riding a dromedary. Before him often goes a host of Spirits with the shape of men, playing trumpets, cymbals, and any other sort of musical instrument.\n Beleth (also spelled Bilet, Bileth, and Byleth) is a Mighty King and Terrible, who has eighty-five legions of Spirits under his command. He rides a warhorse, and all kind of music is heard before him, according to most authors on demonology and the most known grimoires. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Ham, son of Noah, was the first in invoking him after the flood, and wrote a book on mathematics with his help.\nWhen appearing, he looks very fierce to frighten the conjurer or to see if he is courageous. The conjurer must be brave, and holding a hazel wand in his hand must draw a triangle by striking towards the South, East, and upwards, and command Beleth into it by means of some conjurations.\nIf he does not obey, the conjurer must rehearse all threats the conjurations said. Then, Beleth will obey and do all that he is commanded, but the conjurer must be respectful and pay homage unto Beleth due to his rank, and hold a silver ring in the middle finger of the left hand against his face, as it is the use of hellish kings and princes before Amaymon.\nBeleth gives all the love of men and women he is commanded until the conjurer is satisfied.\n Purson (also Curson, Pursan) is a Great King, being served and obeyed by twenty-two legions of Spirits.Not to be confused with Corson. He knows of hidden things, can find treasures, and tells past, present and future. Taking a human or aerial body he answers truly of all secret and divine things of Earth and the creation of the world. He also brings good familiars. Purson is depicted as a man with the face of a lion, carrying a ferocious viper in his hand, and riding a bear. Before him, there can be heard many trumpets sounding. This demon blows internal trumpets, and is believed connected to the revelator to the Antichrist.\n Asmodeus (also Ashmodai, Asmodeus, Asmody, Asmoday) appears as a Great King 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank.[4] He \"is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram or a goat; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire.\"[4] Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner, and amongst the Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy two legions of Spirits.[4]\n (King/Count) Vine (also Viné, Vinea) is a Great King and an Earl, commanding 36 legions of Spirits. He can tell present, past, and future, discover witches and hidden things, create storms and make the water rough by means of them, and also bring down walls and build towers. This spirit is portrayed as a lion holding a snake in his hand and riding a black horse. The etymology of his name seems to be the Latin word 'vinea', vine, that is also the name given to an ancient war machine made of wood and covered with leather and branches, used to overthrow walls.\n Balam (also Balaam, Balan) is a Terrible, Great and Powerful King who commands over forty legions of Spirits. He gives perfect answers on things past, present, and to come, and can also make men invisible and witty. Balam is depicted as being three-headed. One head is the head of a bull, the second of a man, and the third of a ram. He has flaming eyes and the tail of a serpent. He carries a hawk on his fist and rides a strong bear. At other times, he is represented as a naked man riding a bear. His name seems to have been taken from Balaam, the biblical magician.\n (King/President) Zagan[5] (also Zagam) is a Great King and President, commanding over thirty-three legions of Spirits. He makes men witty; he can also turn wine into water, water into wine, and blood into wine (according to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum blood into oil, oil into blood, and a fool into a wise man). Other of his powers is that of turning metals into coins that are made with that metal (i.e., gold into a gold coin, copper into a copper coin, etc.). Zagan is depicted as a griffin-winged bull that turns into a man after a while.\n Belial (also Belhor, Baalial, Beliar, Beliall, Beliel) is listed as the sixty-eighth spirit of The Lesser Key of Solomon. He is a Mighty and Powerful King with 80 legions of demons and 50 legions of Spirits under his command. He was created as the first, after Lucifer.[6] He has the power to distribute senatorships and gives excellent familiars. He must be presented with offerings, sacrifices, and gifts, or else he will not give true answers to demands.[6]","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amduscias.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agares.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abigor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astaroth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54-Murmur_seal.png"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder"},{"link_name":"storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm"},{"link_name":"concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"cacophonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacophony"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"Agares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agares"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"Valefar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valefar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"familiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"},{"link_name":"Barbatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbatos"},{"link_name":"magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"Gusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"baboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baboon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"},{"link_name":"Great Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Duke"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonarchia Daemonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"Bathin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathin"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_(animal)"},{"link_name":"viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperidae"},{"link_name":"Buné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bune"},{"link_name":"sepulchres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"grimoires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Berith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Berith"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Beleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleth"},{"link_name":"Amaymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaymon"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Sebastien Michaelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Michaelis"},{"link_name":"Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas"},{"link_name":"Ba'al Berith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berith_(god)"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Alchemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Astaroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaroth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astaroth_Seal.svg"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"Astaroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaroth"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Sebastien Michaelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Michaelis"},{"link_name":"Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"mathematical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical"},{"link_name":"Asherah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah"},{"link_name":"Astarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"link_name":"grimoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Legion"},{"link_name":"dromedary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel"},{"link_name":"Egyptian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"liberal sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_sciences"},{"link_name":"illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"Allocer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocer"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"leonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leonine"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Gremory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremory"},{"link_name":"camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Legion"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)"},{"link_name":"divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"fallen angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation"},{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:71-Dantalion_seal.png"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"sub_title":"Dukes","text":"Amduscias\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgares from Collin de Plancy, Dictionnaire Infernal, Paris, 1863.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEligos (Abigor). Illustration from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAstaroth illustration from the Dictionnaire Infernal (1818)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Seal of Murmur according to the Ars Goetia.Amdusias[5] (also Amduscias, Amdukias or Ambduscias) He is a Great Duke and Strong, he has 29 legions of Spirits under his command. He is depicted as a human with claws instead of hands and feet, the head of a unicorn, and a trumpet to symbolize his powerful voice. Amdusias is associated with thunder and it has been said that his voice is heard during storms. In other sources, he is accompanied by the sound of trumpets when he comes and will give concerts if commanded, but while all his types of musical instruments can be heard they cannot be seen. He is regarded as being the Spirit in charge of the cacophonous music. He can make trees bend at will.\n Agares (or Agreas),[5] He is a Duke, He is under the power of the East, and being served by 31 legions of Spirits. He can make runaways come back and those who stand still[7] run, finding pleasure in teaching immoral expressions. He also has the power to destroy dignities, both temporal and supernatural.[5][8] He is depicted as a pale old man riding a crocodile.[8][9]\n Valefar (or Malaphar, Malephar, Valafar, Valefor) is a Mighty Duke.[10] He tempts people to steal and is in charge of a good relationship among thieves. Valefar is considered a good familiar by his associates \"till they are caught in the trap.\"[11] He commands ten legions of Spirits.[6] He is represented as a lion with the head of a man, or as a lion with the head of a donkey.[6]\n Barbatos is a Great Duke, ruling thirty legions of Spirits and has four kings as his companions to command his legions. He gives the understanding of the voices of the animals, says past and future, conciliates friends and rulers, and he can lead men to hidden treasures that have been hidden by the enchantment of magicians. His name seems to derive from Latin \"barbatus\", bearded, old man, philosopher. He is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon.\n Gusion (also Gusoin, Gusoyn) is a Duke Great and Strong, and rules over forty legions of Spirits. He tells all past, present and future things, shows the meaning of all questions that are asked to him, reconciles friends, and gives honour and dignity. He is depicted as a baboon or according to some, in the form of a \"xenophilus.\"[6]\n Eligos is a Great Duke, ruling 60 legions of Spirits . He discovers hidden things and knows the future of wars and how soldiers should meet. He also attracts the favor of lords, knights and other important persons. He is depicted in the form of a goodly knight carrying a lance, an ensign and a serpent. The Pseudomonarchia Daemonum names his alias as Abigor or Eligor.[12]\n Zepar[5] is a Great Duke. He commands 26 legions Spirits. His office is to cause women to love men, and bring them together in love. He makes women barren. He is depicted with red clothes and armor, like a soldier.\n Bathin (or Bathym, Mathim, Marthim) is a Mighty and Strong Duke, who has under his command thirty legions of Spirits. He knows the virtues of precious stones and herbs, and can bring men suddenly from one country to another. He helps one attain astral projection, and takes you wherever you want to go. He is depicted as a strong man with the tail of a serpent, riding a pale horse.\n Saleos[5] (also Sallos and Zaleos) is a Great and Mighty Duke, ruling thirty legions of Spirits, although Weyer does not mention anything concerning legions under his command. He is of a pacifist nature, and causes men to love women and women to love men. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome soldier, wearing a ducal crown, and riding a crocodile.\n Aim (also Aym or Haborym) is a very strong Great Duke, and rules over twenty-six legions of Spirits. He sets cities, castles and great places on fire, makes men witty in all ways, and gives true answers concerning private matters. He is depicted as a man (handsome to some sources), but with three heads, one of a serpent, the second of a man, and the third of a cat to most authors, although some say of a calf, riding a viper, and carrying in his hand a lit firebrand with which he sets the requested things on fire.\n Buné is a Strong, Great and Mighty Duke, who has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He changes the place of the dead and causes the Spirits that are under his power to gather together upon those sepulchres. Buné makes men eloquent and wise, and gives true answers to their demands and also richness. He speaks with a comely high voice. Buné is depicted as a three-headed dragon, being his heads like those of a dog, a griffin, and a man (although according to some grimoires he has two heads like a dragon and the third like a man).\n Berith (also Baal-berith) is a Mighty, Great and Terrible Duke, and has twenty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He tells things of the past, present and future with true answers; he can also turn all metals into gold, give dignities to men and confirm them. He speaks with a clear and subtle voice, and as recounted in Aleister Crowley's Illustrated Goetia, he is a liar when not answering questions. To speak with him the conjurer must wear a silver ring and put it before his face in the same form as it is needed in Beleth's case and Spirits do before Amaymon. He is depicted as a soldier wearing red clothes, a golden crown, and riding a red horse. Books on the subject tell that he is called according to whom invokes him, being called Berith by the Jews (see below). According to some demonologists from the 16th century, his power is stronger in June, meanwhile to Sebastien Michaelis he suggests murder and blasphemy and his adversary is St. Barnabas. His name was surely taken from Ba'al Berith, a form of Baal worshiped in Berith (Beirut), Phoenicia. In Alchemy Berith was the element with which all metals could be transmuted into gold.[citation needed] \"Berith\" is the Hebrew word for covenant, it was originated from the Akkadian (Babylonian) word \"Biritu\" which means \"to fetter\" or \"to bond\".\n Astaroth (also Ashtaroth, Astarot and Asteroth) is referred to in The Lesser Key of Solomon as a Mighty, Strong Duke who commands 40 legions of Spirits. Seal of Astaroth, as depicted in The Lesser Key of Solomon. In art, in the Dictionnaire Infernal, Astaroth is depicted as a nude man with feathered wings, wearing a crown, holding a serpent in one hand, and riding a beast with dragon-like wings and a serpent-like tail. According to Sebastien Michaelis he is a Spirit of the First Hierarchy, who seduces by means of laziness, vanity, and rationalized philosophies. His adversary is St. Bartholomew, who can protect against him for he has resisted Astaroth's temptations. To others, he teaches mathematical sciences and handicrafts, can make men invisible and lead them to hidden treasures, and answers every question formulated to him. He was also said to give to mortal beings the power over serpents. His name is possibly taken from the goddess Asherah or Astarte.\n Focalor (also Forcalor, Furcalor) is a Mighty Duke and Strong, commanding three or thirty legions of Spirits. Focalor is mentioned in The Lesser Key of Solomon as the forty-first of the 72 goetic demons. According to the grimoire: Focalor appears in the form of a man with a griffin's wings, kills men, drowns them, and overthrows warships; but if commanded by the conjurer he will not harm any man or thing. Focalor has power over wind and sea, and had hoped to return to heaven after one thousand years, but he was deceived in his hope.\n Vepar (also Separ, Vephar) is a Great Duke and Strong, and rules twenty-nine legions of Spirits. He governs the waters and guides armoured ships laden with ammunition and weapons; he can also make, if requested, the sea rough and stormy, and to appear full of ships. Vepar can make men die in three days by putrefying sores and wounds, causing worms to breed in them, but if requested by the conjurer he can heal them immediately. Vepar is depicted as a mermaid.\n Vual (also Uvall, Voval, Vreal, Wal, Wall) is a Duke, Great, Mighty and Strong, commanding thirty-seven legions of Spirits. He gives the love of women, causes friendship between friends and foes, and tells things past, present and to come. Vual is depicted as a dromedary that after a while changes shape into a man, and speaks the Egyptian language, but not perfectly, with a deep voice.\n Crocell (also called Crokel or Procell) is the 49th Spirit of the Goetia, manifesting as an angel with a tendency to speak in dark and mysterious ways. Once a member of the Powers, He is a Duke, Great and Strong, who rules over 48 legions of Spirits. When summoned by a conjuror, he can teach geometry and other liberal sciences. He can also warm bodies of water, create the illusion of the sound of rushing waters, and reveal the location of natural baths.\n Allocer (also Alocer, Alloces) He is a Duke, Great and Strong, and who has thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He induces people to immorality and teaches arts and all mysteries of the sky. He is described by Johann Weyer as appearing in the shape of a knight mounted on an enormous horse. His face has leonine characteristics; he has a ruddy complexion and burning eyes; and he speaks with much gravity. He is said to provide good familiars, and to teach astronomy and liberal arts. Allocer is often depicted riding a horse with dragon legs.\n (Duke/Count) Murmur (also Murmus, Murmuur, Murmux) is a Great Duke and Earl, and has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches Philosophy, and can oblige the souls of the deceased to appear before the conjurer to answer every desired question. Murmur is depicted as a soldier riding a vulture or a griffin, and wearing a ducal crown. Two of his ministers go before him making the sound of trumpets. \"Murmur\" in Latin means noise, whisper, murmur, and the sound of the trumpet.\n Gremory (also Gamory, Gemory, or Gomory) is a strong Duke, that governs twenty-six legions of Spirits. He tells all things past, present and future, about hidden treasures, and procures the love of women, young and old, but especially maidens. He is depicted as appearing in the form of a beautiful woman with the crown of a duchess tied around her waist, and riding a camel.\n Vapula (also Naphula) is a Duke, Great, Mighty and Strong, that commands thirty-six legions of Spirits. He teaches philosophy, mechanics, and sciences. Vapula is depicted as a griffin-winged lion.\n Flauros (also Flavros, Hauras, Haures, Havres)[13] is a Great and Strong Duke, having thirty-six (twenty according to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum) legions of Spirits under his rule. He gives true answers of all things past, present and future, but he must be first commanded to enter a magic triangle for if not he will lie, deceive the conjurer, and beguile him in other business. But if he enters the triangle he will answer truly, and gladly speak about divinity, the creation of the world, himself, and other fallen angels. He can also destroy all the conjurer's enemies by burning them up. If the magician requests it, he will not suffer temptations from any spirit or in any form. Commonly people represent him as a humanoid leopard with big claws. Flauros is depicted as a terrible and strong leopard that under request of the conjurer changes into a man with fiery eyes and an awful expression. Flauros can also supposedly be called upon when a mortal wishes to take vengeance on other demons. This is likely included in his capability to destroy the conjurer's enemies.\nDantalion's seal from the Lesser Key of Solomon[14] Dantalion (or Dantalian) is a Duke, Great and Mighty, with thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command; he is the 71st of 72 Spirits of Solomon. He teaches all arts and sciences, and also declares the secret counsel of anyone, given that he knows the thoughts of all people and can change them at his will. He can also cause love and show the similitude of any person, show the same by means of a vision, and let them be in any part of the world they will. He is depicted as a man with many appearances, which means the faces of all men and women. There are also many depictions in which he is said to hold a book in one of his hands:The Seventy-first Spirit is Dantalion. He is a Duke Great and Mighty, appearing in the Form of a Man with many Countenances, all Men's and Women's Faces; and he hath a Book in his right hand. His Office is to teach all Arts and Sciences unto any; and to declare the Secret Counsel of any one; for he knoweth the Thoughts of all Men and Women, and can change them at his Will. He can cause Love, and show the Similitude of any person, and show the same by a Vision, let them be in what part of the World they Will. He governeth 36 Legions of Spirits; and this is his Seal, which wear thou, etc.\n —The Lesser Key of Solomon","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12-Sitri_seal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:36-Stolas_seal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stolas_Text.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orobas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:55-Orobas_seal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18_Trattato_di_Demonologia_Summa_verborum_numeri_temporis_et_spatii_libro_fatto_a_mano_in_24_copie_ad_personam_formato_42x29,7_172_pp_2024_copia_18_di_24_Demone_Orobas_dedicato_a_Tate_Gallery.tif"},{"link_name":"Vassago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassago"},{"link_name":"Hierarchy of demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_demons"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"Liber Officium Spirituum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Officium_Spirituum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"Ipos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipos"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"},{"link_name":"Gaap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaap"},{"link_name":"Beleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleth"},{"link_name":"Ziminiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziminiar"},{"link_name":"Corson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corson_(demonology)"},{"link_name":"Amaymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaymon"},{"link_name":"Belial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belial"},{"link_name":"Beleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleth"},{"link_name":"Asmodai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmodai"},{"link_name":"zodiacal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"necromancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jonesandflaxman-15"},{"link_name":"Orobas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobas"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Legion"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"}],"sub_title":"Princes","text":"Sytry's Seal.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA description of the demon Stolas. Illustrated by Louis Le Breton.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn early woodcut image of Orobas.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDraw about Orobas by Filippo Biagioli in Essay of Demonology Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatiiVassago (also Vasago, Usagoo) is a Mighty Prince, (see Hierarchy of demons), ruling over twenty-six legions of Spirits. He can be persuaded to tell the magician of events past and future, can discover hidden and lost things, and has a \"good\" nature.[9] A partial description from The Lesser Key of Solomon is as follows: \"The Third Spirit is a Mighty Prince, being of the same nature as Agares. He is called Vassago. This Spirit is of a Good Nature, and his office is to declare things Past and to Come, and to discover all things Hidden or Lost.\" According to the Liber Officium Spirituum, he manifests as an angel.\n Sitri[5] (also spelled Bitru, Sytry) is a Great Prince, and reigns over sixty legions of Spirits. He causes men to love women and vice versa, and can make people bare themselves naked if desired. He is depicted with the face of a leopard and the wings of a griffin, but under the conjurer's request he changes into a very beautiful man.\n (Count/Prince) Ipos (also Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos, Ipes) is an Earl and powerful Prince, who has thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He knows and can reveal all things, past, present and future. He can make men witty and valiant. He is commonly depicted with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture.\n (Prince/President) Gaap (also Goap, Tap) is a Mighty Prince and Great President, commanding sixty-six legions of Spirits. He is, according to The Lesser Key of Solomon, the King and Prince of the southern region, and according to the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (False Monarchy of the Demons) the king of the western region and as Mighty as Beleth, but for both he is the guide of the four kings (the others being Ziminiar, Corson and Amaymon, although some translations of The Lesser Key of Solomon consider Belial, Beleth, Asmodai and Gaap, not giving detail on the cardinal point they rule). He is said to be better conjured to appear when the Sun is in a southern zodiacal sign. Gaap teaches Philosophy and all liberal sciences, can cause love or hate and make men insensible and invisible, deliver familiars out of the custody of other magicians, teaches how to consecrate those things that belong to the dominion of Amaymon his king (there is a contradiction here, see above), gives true answers concerning past, present and future, and can carry and re-carry men and things speedily from one nation to another at the conjurer's will. According to a few authors he can make men ignorant. According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, certain necromancers honour him with sacrifices and burning offerings. He is depicted in human shape.\n Stolas[5] (also known as Stolos, Stoppas and Solas) is \"a Great Prince, commands twenty-six legions of Spirits. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs, plants, and precious stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long legs.\"[15]\n Orobas is a very powerful Great Prince, having twenty legions of Spirits under his control. He supposedly gives true answers of things past, present and to come, divinity, and the creation of the world; he also confers dignities and prelacies, and the favour of friends and foes. Orobas is faithful to the conjurer, does not permit that any spirit tempts him, and never deceives anyone. He is depicted as a horse that changes into a man under the conjurer's request. The name could come from Latin \"orobias\", a type of incense.\n Seir (also known as Seire, Seere, or Sear) is a Prince, with 26 legions of Spirits under his command. He can go to any place on earth in a matter of seconds to accomplish the will of the conjurer, bring abundance, help in finding hidden treasures or in robbery, and is not a demon of evil but good nature, being mostly indifferent to evilness. He is depicted as a man riding a winged horse, and is said to be beautiful.","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gamigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamigin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"conjurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evocation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pseudo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemegeton-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crowley-16"},{"link_name":"Aamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"Leraje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leraje"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"Naberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naberius"},{"link_name":"Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wier-17"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus"},{"link_name":"Ronové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronove"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronwe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"Forneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forneus"},{"link_name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"sea monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_monster"},{"link_name":"Marchosias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchosias"},{"link_name":"fallen angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"Late Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marchocias.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phenex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenex"},{"link_name":"conjuror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evocation"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"gangrenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sabnock.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)"},{"link_name":"stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"magic triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)"},{"link_name":"Orias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orias"},{"link_name":"zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"},{"link_name":"Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andras(demon).jpg"},{"link_name":"Johannes Wier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Wier"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"demonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock"},{"link_name":"cunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cunning"},{"link_name":"Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia"},{"link_name":"Mensuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"Adrammelech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrammelech"},{"link_name":"Kimaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimaris"},{"link_name":"Lemegeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemegeton"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"Necromancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy"},{"link_name":"Anton LaVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_LaVey"},{"link_name":"Goetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetic"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"H. P. Blavatsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky"},{"link_name":"gematria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Dee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Enochian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochian"},{"link_name":"Gnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Satanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerian"},{"link_name":"Chimaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(creature)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Reginald Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Scot"},{"link_name":"pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram"}],"sub_title":"Marquises","text":"Gamigin (also Gamygin, Gamigm or Samigina) is a Great Marquis, who rules over thirty legions of Spirits.[8][9][16] He teaches all liberal sciences and gives an account of the souls of those who died in sin[9][16] and who drowned in the sea,[8] speaking with a rough voice.[8][9][16] He also answers what is asked about, and stays with the conjurer until they are satisfied.[8] Gamigin is depicted as a little horse[8][9][16] or a donkey,[9][16] which changes form into a man under the conjurer's request.[8][9][16]\n Aamon[5] (or Amon, Nahum) is a Marquis, who governs forty infernal legions. He appears as a wolf with a serpent's tail who can breathe fire, or as a man with a raven's head, sometimes depicted with canine teeth. He tells of all things past and future. He procures feuds, and reconciles controversies between friends and foes.\n Leraje (also Leraie, Leraikha, Leraye, Loray, Oray) is a Mighty Great Marquis, who has thirty legions of Spirits under his power. He causes great battles and disputes, and makes gangrene wounds caused by arrows. He is depicted as a gallant and handsome archer clad in green, carrying a bow and quiver.\n The demon Naberius (also Naberus, Nebiros and Cerberus, Cerbere) was first mentioned by Johann Weyer in 1583.[17] He is supposedly the most valiant Marquis, and has nineteen legions of Spirits under his command. He makes men cunning in all arts, but especially in rhetoric, speaking with a hoarse voice. He also restores lost dignities and honors, although to Johann Weyer he procures the loss of them. Naberius appears as a three-headed dog or a raven. He has a raucous voice but presents himself as eloquent and amiable. He teaches the art of gracious living. He is depicted as a crow or a black crane. Concerning his name, it is unclear if there is an association with the Greek Cerberus. It is said that in 1583, Johann Weyer considers both of them to be the same demon. He claimed: Naberius [Naberus], alias Cerberus, is a valiant marquesse, shewing himselfe in the forme of a crowe, when he speaketh with a hoarse voice: he maketh a man amiable and cunning in all arts, and speciallie in rhetorike, he procureth the losse of prelacies and dignities: nineteene legions heare (and obeie) him.\n (Marquis/Count) Ronové (also Ronove, Roneve, Ronwe) is a Marquis and Great Earl, commanding twenty legions of Spirits. He teaches Rhetoric, languages, and gives good and loyal servants and the favour of friends and foes. He is described as a monster holding a staff, without detailing his appearance. Ronové as depicted in the Dictionnaire Infernal. He is also described as taker of old souls; often coming to earth to harvest souls of decrepit humans and animals near death.\n Forneus is a Great Marquis, and has twenty-nine legions of Spirits under his rule. He teaches Rhetoric and languages, gives men a good name, and makes them be loved by their friends and foes. He is depicted as a great sea monster. His name seems to come from Latin \"fornus\", \"furnus\": \"oven\".\n Marchosias (also Marchocias) is a powerful Great Marquis, commanding thirty legions of Spirits. He is a strong and excellent fighter and very reliable to the conjurer, giving true answers to all questions. Marchosias hoped after 1,200 years to return to heaven with the non-fallen angels, but he is deceived in that hope. He is depicted as a wolf with a man's form as well as a griffin's wings and a serpent's tail, that under request changes shape into a man. The name Marchosias comes from Late Latin marchio, \"marquis\". Marchosias\n Phenex (also Pheynix, Phoenix, Phoeniex) is a Great Marquis and has twenty legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches all wonderful sciences, is an excellent poet, and is very obedient to the conjuror. Phenex hopes to return to Heaven after 1,200 years, but he is deceived in this hope. He is depicted as a phoenix, which sings sweet notes with the voice of a child, but the conjurer must warn his companions (for he has not to be alone) not to hear them and ask him to put in human shape, which the demon supposedly does after a certain amount of time. Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum describes this spirit as follows: Phoenix is a great marquesse, appearing like the bird Phoenix, having a child's voice: but before he standeth still before the conjuror, he singeth manie sweet notes. Then the exorcist with his companions must beware he give no eare to the melodie, but must by and by bid him put on humane shape; then will he speake marvelous of all wonderfull sciences. He is an excellent poet, and obedient, he hopeth to returne to the seventh throne after a thousand two hundredth yeares, and governeth twentie legions.\n Sabnock[5] (also spelled Sab Nac, Sabnac, Sabnach, Sabnack, Sabnacke, Salmac and Savnock) is a Mighty Great Marquis, who has 50 legions of Spirits under his command. He builds high towers, castles and cities, furnishing them with weapons, ammunition, etc., gives good familiars, and can afflict men for several days making their wounds and sores gangrenous or filling them with worms. Sabnock is depicted as a soldier with armor and weapons, the head of a lion, and riding a pale horse.Sabnock\n Shax[5] (also spelled Chax, Shan, Shass, Shaz, and Scox) is a Great Marquis, and has power over 30 legions of Spirits on evil horses. He takes away the sight, hearing and understanding of any person under the conjurer's request, and steals money out of kings' houses, carrying it back to the people. He also steals horses and everything the conjurer asks. Shax can also discover hidden things if they are not kept by evil Spirits, and sometimes gives good familiars, but sometimes those familiars deceive the conjurer. He should not be bothered too often. Shax is thought to be faithful and obedient, but is a great liar and will deceive the conjurer unless obliged to enter a magic triangle drawn on the floor. He will then speak marvellously and tell the truth. He knows when lies are told and uses these to teach lessons. He is depicted as a stork that speaks with a hoarse but subtle voice; his voice changes into a beautiful one once he enters the magic triangle.\n Orias (also spelled Oriax) is a Great Marquis, and has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. He knows and teaches the virtues of the stars and the mansions of the planets (the influence of each planet depending on the astrological sign in which it is in a specific moment and the influence of that sign on an individual depending on how the zodiac was configured at the moment of their birth or at the moment of asking a question to the astrologist); he also gives dignities, prelacies, and the favour of friends and foes, and can metamorphose a man into any shape.\n Andras[5] is a Great Marquis, having under his command thirty legions of Spirits. He sows discord among people. According to the Goetia, Andras was a Grand Marquis, appearing with a winged angel's body and the head of an owl or raven, riding upon a strong black wolf and wielding a sharp and bright sword. He is the 63rd of the 72 Spirits of Solomon. Andras was considered to be a highly dangerous demon, who could kill the conjuring magician and his assistants if precautions were not taken. Andras The Dutch demonologist Johannes Wier, in his Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, says of Andras: Andras is a Great Marquis, and seemes in an angels shape with a head like a blacke night raven, riding upon a blacke and a verie strong woolfe, flourishing with a sharpe sword in his hand, he can kill the maister, the servant, and all assistants, he is author of discords, and ruleth thirtie legions Another demonologist, Collin de Plancy, also mentions Andras in his writings: Grand Marquis. He appears to have the body of an angel and the head of a wood owl, and to be riding a black wolf and carrying in his hand a pointed saber. He teaches those whom he favors to kill their enemies, masters and servants. He stirs up trouble and dissension. He commands thirty legions.\n Andrealphus[5] (also Androalphus) appears as the 54th Spirit in Johann Weyer's tome on demonology Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and is described as a Great Marquis with the appearance of a peacock who raises great noises and teaches cunning in astronomy, and when in human form also teaches geometry in a perfect manner. He is also described as ruling over thirty legions and as having the ability to turn any man into a bird. Andrealphus also appears as the 65th demon in the Goetia where he is described with similar traits, but also including the ability to make men subtle in all things pertaining to Mensuration, among other things. He is also alternatively known as Adrammelech.\n Kimaris (also known by the alternate names Cimeies, Cimejes and Cimeries) is most widely known as the 66th Spirit of the first part of the Lemegeton (popularly known as the Ars Goetia). He is described as a warrior riding a goodly black horse, and possesses the abilities of locating lost or hidden treasures, teaching trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric) and making a man into a warrior of his own likeness. He holds the rank of marquis, and is served by 20 legions. He also rules over all the Spirits of Africa. Much the same description is found in the earlier text of Johann Weyer's catalog of Spirits, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (published 1563). Earlier still is the Munich Handbook of Necromancy: Clm 849 (published by Richard Kieckhefer, as Forbidden Rites: a necromancer's manual of the 15th century 1998) which lists an entity named Tuvries with much the same characteristics, except that he has 30 legions of servitors, and can cause a person to cross seas and rivers quickly. Most likely, Tuvries is a mistranscription of Cymries. Kimaris, as Cimeries, is also found on Anton LaVey's list of infernal names, although it is not known why LaVey chose Kimaris as one of the comparatively few Goetic daimons included. Aleister Crowley, in 777, gives Kimaris the Hebrew spelling KYMAVR and attributes him to the four of disks and the third decan of Capricorn by night. KYMAVR may allude to \"Khem-our\" (black light), a form of Horus mentioned in H. P. Blavatsky's Secret Doctrine. In Sepher Sephiroth, he is listed as KYTzAVR, with a gematria of 327, although KYMAVR=277. Since Tzaddi=90, which is also Mem spelled in full, the gematric substitution may be deliberate or a blind. In Harleian Ms. 6482, titled \"The Rosie Crucian Secrets\" (printed by the Aquarian Press, 1985), Dr. Rudd lists Cimeries as the 26th spirit made use of by King Solomon. He also attributes an angel Cimeriel to one of Dee's Enochian Ensigns of Creation, the tablet of 24 mansions (see McLean, Treatise on Angel Magic). The earliest mention of Chamariel is in Rossi's Gnostic tractate (see Meyer and Smith, Ancient Christian Magic). It is probable that the earliest mention of Kimaris is also Coptic, found in the London oriental mss 6796 where the name \"Akathama Chamaris\" appears (Meyer and Smith). In this text, the entity in question does not appear to be evil; rather, he is addressed as a godlike helping spirit. Baskin's Dictionary of Satanism speculates that Cimeries is derived from Cimmerians, a warlike people mentioned in the works of several classical authors as dwelling totally in darkness. It is also possible that Cimeries is derived from Chimaira, the three-headed, fire-breathing lion-goat-serpent who eventually became one of the guardians of the underworld. There is a precedent, considering that the harmless Phoenix is also demonized in the Goetia.\n Decarabia[5] (also called Carabia) According to The Lesser Key of Solomon, a Great Marquis, or a King and Earl according to the original Latin version of the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum[18] (these were somehow left out of the English translation by Reginald Scot). He has thirty legions of Spirits under his command. Decarabia knows the virtues of all herbs and precious stones, and can change into all birds and sing and fly like them before the conjurer. He is depicted as appearing as a pentagram star, changing into a man under the conjurer's request.","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ill_dict_infernal_p0306-290_furfur_demon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"Furfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furfur"},{"link_name":"Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halphas"},{"link_name":"Malphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malphas"},{"link_name":"stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"Raum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raum"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bifrons.png"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"Bifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifrons_(demon)"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Janus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathers-5"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)"}],"sub_title":"Earls","text":"Image of Furfur from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal. Furfur (also Furtur) is a powerful Great Earl, being the ruler of twenty-six legions of Spirits.[19] He is a liar unless compelled to enter a magic triangle where he gives true answers to every question, speaking with a rough voice. Furfur causes love between a man and a woman, creates storms, tempests, thunder, lightning, and blasts, and teaches on secret and divine things. He is depicted as a hart or winged hart, and also as an angel. \"Furfur\" or \"furfurēs\" in Latin means \"bran\". However, it seems more likely that the name is a corruption of \"Furcifer\", the Latin word for \"scoundrel\". Slightly less likely considering the context, but still possible, is that the name originated from \"fūr\", Latin for \"thief\".\n Malthus (also Halphas, Malthas, or Malthous) is an Earl, commanding 26 legions of Spirits, who is said to have a rough voice when speaking.Not to be confused with Malphas. He is often depicted in the shape of a stork. Malthus builds towers and fills them with ammunition and weapons, an armorer of sorts. He is a Prince. He is also said to send his legions into battle, or to places designated by higher commanding Spirits.\n Raum (also Raim, Raym, Räum) is a Great Earl, ruling thirty legions of Spirits. He is depicted as a crow which adopts a human form at the request of the conjurer. Raum steals treasures out of kings' houses, carrying them where he wishes, and destroys cities and dignities of men (he is said to have great dispraise for dignities). Raum can also tell things past, present, and future, reconcile friends and foes and invoke love.\nBifrons. An illustration from the \"Dictionnaire Infernal\" (1863). Bifrons (also Bifrovs, Bifröus, Bifronze) is the 46th Spirit, an Earl, with six legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches sciences and arts, the virtues of the gems and woods, herbs, and changes corpses from their original grave into other places, sometimes putting magic lights on the graves that seem candles. He appears as a monster but then changes his shape into that of a man. The origin of the name is the Roman god Janus.\n Andromalius[5] is a Mighty Great Earl, having thirty-six legions of Spirits at his service. He can bring back both a thief and the stolen goods, punishes all thieves and other wicked people, and discovers hidden treasures, all evilness, and all dishonest dealing. Andromalius is depicted as a man holding a big serpent in his hand.The Seventy-second Spirit in Order is named Andromalius. He is an Earl, Great and Mighty, appearing in the form of a Man holding a Great Serpent in his Hand. His Office is to bring back both a Thief, and the Goods which be stolen, and to discover all Wickedness and Underhand Dealing, and to punish all Thieves and other Wicked People and also to discover Treasures that be Hid. He ruleth over 36 Legions of Spirits. His Seal is this, the which wear thou as aforesaid, etc.\n —The Lesser Key of Solomon","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Furcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcas"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Legion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esoteric-20"},{"link_name":"Foras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"chiromancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiromancy"},{"link_name":"pyromancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromancy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ill_dict_infernal_p0296-280_forcas_demon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman"},{"link_name":"sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Knights","text":"Furcas (also Forcas) is a Knight, and rules 20 legions of Spirits.[20]Not to be confused with Foras. He teaches philosophy, astronomy, rhetoric, logic, chiromancy and pyromancy. Furcas is depicted as a strong old man with white hair and long white beard, who rides a horse while holding a sharp weapon (pitch fork).Image of Furcas from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire InfernalFurcas is a knight and commeth foorth in the similitude of a cruell man, with a long beard and a hoarie head, he sitteth on a pale horsse, carrieng in his hand a sharpe weapon, he perfectlie teacheth practike philosophie, rhetorike, logike, astronomie, chiromancie, pyromancie, and their parts: there obeie him twentie legions.— Johann Weyer (1583)[21] The etymology of his name may be derived from the Latin word furca, meaning fork,[22] or from Greco-Roman also meaning a sepulchre (tomb).[23]","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbas"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Buer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buer_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Botis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botis"},{"link_name":"viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperidae"},{"link_name":"Morax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morax_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caacrinolaas.png"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"Foras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras"},{"link_name":"Furcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcas"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"precious stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_stone"},{"link_name":"S. L. MacGregor Mathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Malphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malphas"},{"link_name":"Malthus (demon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthus_(demon)"},{"link_name":"familiars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"Haagenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagenti"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull"},{"link_name":"griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caim_in_bird_form.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collin de Plancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_de_Plancy"},{"link_name":"Dictionnaire Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Infernal"},{"link_name":"Camio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caim"},{"link_name":"Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"bullocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"occultist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultist"},{"link_name":"illustrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"},{"link_name":"thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_(bird)"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"coals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"convocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Ose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ose_(demon)"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_(demon)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKS-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Valac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valac"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Marbas is a Spirit described in the Ars Goetia. He is described as a Great President, governing thirty-six legions of Spirits. He answers truly on hidden or secret things, causes and heals diseases, teaches mechanical arts, and changes men into other shapes. He is depicted as a great lion that, under the conjurer's request, changes shape into a man.\n Buer is a Spirit that appears in the 16th century grimoire Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and its derivatives, where he is described as a Great President, having fifty legions of Spirits under his command. He appears when the Sun is in Sagittarius. Buer teaches Natural and Moral Philosophy, Logic, and the virtues of all herbs and plants. He also heals all infirmities, especially of men, and gives good familiars. He is depicted in the shape of Sagittarius, which is as a centaur with a bow and arrows. Additionally, Louis Le Breton created an illustration of Buer, later engraved by M. Jarrault, depicting the demon as having the head of a lion and five goat legs surrounding his body to walk in every direction. The etymology of his name is uncertain.\n (Count/President) Botis (or Otis) is a Great President and Earl, commanding sixty legions of Spirits. He tells of all things past and future, and reconciles friends and foes. He is depicted as an ugly viper, but when he changes shape, he puts himself in human shape, with big teeth and two horns. When in human shape he carries a sharp and bright sword in his hand.\n (Count/President) Morax (also Foraii, Marax and Farax) is a Great Earl and President, having thirty-six legions of Spirits under his command. He teaches Astronomy and all other liberal sciences, and gives good and wise familiars that know the virtues of all herbs and precious stones. He is depicted as a big bull with the face of a man. It has been proposed that Morax is related to the Minotaur which Dante places in Hell (Inferno, Canto xii). See Fred Gettings, Dictionary of Demons (1988) His name seems to come from Latin \"morax\", that delays, that stops.\nCaacrinolaas as depicted in the \"Dictionnaire Infernal\" (1863). (Count/President) Glasya-Labolas (also Caacrinolaas, Caassimolar, Classyalabolas, Glassia-labolis, Glasya Labolas, Gaylos-Lobos) is a Mighty President, who commands thirty-six legions of Spirits.[24] He is the author and captain of manslaughter and bloodshed, tells all things past and to come, gains the minds and love of friends and foes causing love among them if desired, incites homicides and can make a man invisible. He is depicted as a dog with the wings of a griffin.\n Foras (alternatively Forcas or Forrasis) is a powerful President, being obeyed by twenty-nine legions of Spirits.Not to be confused with Furcas. He teaches logic and ethics in all their branches, the virtues of all herbs and precious stones, can make a man witty, eloquent, invisible, and live long, and can discover treasures and recover lost things. He is depicted as a strong man. His name seems to derive from Latin foras (out, outside).The Thirty-first Spirit is Foras. He is a Mighty President, and appeareth in the Form of a Strong Man in Human Shape. He can give the understanding to Men how they may know the Virtues of all Herbs and Precious Stones. He teacheth the Arts of Logic and Ethics in all their parts. If desired he maketh men invisible, and to live long, and to be eloquent. He can discover Treasures and recover things Lost. He ruleth over 29 Legions of Spirits, and his Seal is this, which wear thou, etc.— S. L. MacGregor Mathers (1904)[25]\n Malphas is a Mighty Great President, having forty legions of Spirits under his command.Not to be confused with Malthus (demon). He builds houses, high towers and strongholds, throws down the buildings of the enemies, can destroy the enemies' desires or thoughts (and/or make them known to the conjurer) and all what they have done, gives good familiars, and can bring quickly artificers together from all places of the world. Malphas accepts willingly and kindly any sacrifice offered to him, but then he will deceive the conjurer. He is depicted as a crow that after a while or under request changes shape into a man, and speaks with a hoarse voice.\n Haagenti (also Haage, Hage) is a Great President, ruling thirty-three legions of Spirits. He makes men wise by instructing them in every subject, transmutes all metals into gold, and changes wine into water and water into wine. Haagenti is depicted as a big bull with the wings of a griffin, changing into a man under request of the conjurer.Camio in bird form as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.\n Camio (also Caim, Caym) appears in Ars Goetia, the first part of The Lesser Key of Solomon as a Great President, ruling over thirty legions of Spirits. Much detail is offered: he is a good disputer, gives men the understanding of the voices of birds, bullocks, dogs, and other creatures, and of the noise of the waters too, and gives true answers concerning things to come. He is depicted in 19th and 20th century occultist illustrations as appearing in the form of the black bird called a thrush, but soon he changes his shape into a man that has a sharp sword in his hand. When answering questions he seems to stand on burning ashes or coals. The title \"President\" would suggest a parallel with the presiding officer of a college or convocation, which are the only pre-modern uses of the term. Camio's name seems to be taken from the biblical first murderer, Cain.\n Ose (also Osé, Oze, Oso, Voso) is a Great President, ruling three legions of Spirits. He makes men wise in all liberal sciences and gives true answers concerning divine and secret things; he also brings insanity to any person the conjurer wishes, making them believe that they are the creature or thing the magician desired, or makes that person think he is a king and wearing a crown, or a pope. Ose is depicted as a leopard that after a while changes into a man. His name seems to derive from Latin \"os\", mouth, language, or \"osor\", that who abhors.\n Amy (also Avnas) is the 58th Spirit, a President,[6] and according to Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia daemonum:[26]Amy is a Great president, and appeareth in a flame of fier, but having taken mans shape, he maketh one marvelous in astrologie, and in all the liberal sciences, he procureth excellent familiars, he bewraieth treasures preserved by Spirits, he hath the government of thirtie six legions, he is partlie of the order of angels, partlie of potestats, he hopeth after a thousand two hundreth yeares to returne to the seventh throne: which is not credible.\n Valac (also Ualac, Valak, Valax, Valu, Valic, Volac) is a Mighty Great President, having thirty legions of Spirits under his command. Valac is said to give true answers about hidden treasures; he reveals where serpents can be seen, and delivers them harmless to the magician. He is said to appear as a small poor boy with angel wings riding on a two-headed dragon.","title":"Spirits by Name and Rank"}] | [{"image_text":"The 72 sigils","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/72_Goeta_sigils.png/300px-72_Goeta_sigils.png"},{"image_text":"Dictionnaire Infernal illustration of Bael.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bael.jpg/180px-Bael.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paimon as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Paimon.jpg/180px-Paimon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Asmodeus as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asmodeus.jpg/180px-Asmodeus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Purson's image in Mathers' The Goetia corresponds to Pruflas' illustration from the Dictionnaire Infernal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pruflas.jpg/180px-Pruflas.jpg"},{"image_text":"A woodcarving of Belial and some of his followers from Jacobus de Teramo's book Buche Belial (1473).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belial.jpg/180px-Belial.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Seal of Belial according to the Ars Goetia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/68-Belial_seal.png/170px-68-Belial_seal.png"},{"image_text":"Seal of Astaroth, as depicted in The Lesser Key of Solomon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Astaroth_Seal.svg/220px-Astaroth_Seal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dantalion's seal from the Lesser Key of Solomon[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/71-Dantalion_seal.png/220px-71-Dantalion_seal.png"},{"image_text":"Ronové as depicted in the Dictionnaire Infernal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ronwe.jpg/220px-Ronwe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marchosias","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Marchocias.jpg/250px-Marchocias.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sabnock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sabnock.jpg/220px-Sabnock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Andras%28demon%29.jpg/220px-Andras%28demon%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image of Furfur from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ill_dict_infernal_p0306-290_furfur_demon.jpg/220px-Ill_dict_infernal_p0306-290_furfur_demon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bifrons. An illustration from the \"Dictionnaire Infernal\" (1863).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bifrons.png/220px-Bifrons.png"},{"image_text":"Image of Furcas from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ill_dict_infernal_p0296-280_forcas_demon.jpg/220px-Ill_dict_infernal_p0296-280_forcas_demon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caacrinolaas as depicted in the \"Dictionnaire Infernal\" (1863).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caacrinolaas.png/220px-Caacrinolaas.png"},{"image_text":"Camio in bird form as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal, 1863 edition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Caim_in_bird_form.jpg/220px-Caim_in_bird_form.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Johann Weyer (1583)[21]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21","url_text":"[21]"}]},{"reference":"S. L. MacGregor Mathers (1904)[25]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers","url_text":"S. L. MacGregor Mathers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25","url_text":"[25]"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Aleister; Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (1995), The Goetia: the lesser key of Solomon the King : Lemegeton--Clavicula Salomonis Regis, book one (2 ed.), Red Wheel, ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC","url_text":"The Goetia: the lesser key of Solomon the King : Lemegeton--Clavicula Salomonis Regis, book one"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-847-3","url_text":"978-0-87728-847-3"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Joseph H. (2001), The lesser key of Solomon: lemegeton clavicula Salomonis, Weiser, ISBN 978-1-57863-220-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIrE3QtmFEC","url_text":"The lesser key of Solomon: lemegeton clavicula Salomonis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-220-6","url_text":"978-1-57863-220-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\". www.deliriumsrealm.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102","url_text":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827181325/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Mathers (trans.) (1995), Crowley, Aleister; Liddell, Samuel (eds.), The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King, York Beach: Samuel Weiser, ISBN 0-87728-847-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87728-847-X","url_text":"0-87728-847-X"}]},{"reference":"Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, A. (1995) [1893], The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King, Weiser Books, ISBN 0-87728-847-X, OCLC 9032192","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia","url_text":"The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87728-847-X","url_text":"0-87728-847-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9032192","url_text":"9032192"}]},{"reference":"Weyer, Johann. \"De praestigiis daemonum\". Pseudomonarchia Daemonum. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015554/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm","url_text":"\"De praestigiis daemonum\""},{"url":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Joseph. \"Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or Lesser Key of Solomon\". Ars Goetia. Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm","url_text":"\"Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or Lesser Key of Solomon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070523204557/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ferre, Lux. \"ELIGOS – ELIGOR – ABIGOR – OCCULT WORLD\". Occult World. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://occult-world.com/eligos-abigor/","url_text":"\"ELIGOS – ELIGOR – ABIGOR – OCCULT WORLD\""}]},{"reference":"\"fig079\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg","url_text":"\"fig079\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023162742/http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Marie; Flaxman, Larry (1 September 2017). Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578596676. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Stolas is a Great Prince of Hell who commands 26 legions of demons. He teaches astronomy and is knowledgeable about herbs, plants, and precious stones. He is often depicted as a raven or a crowned owl with long legs.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=No8SDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578596676","url_text":"9781578596676"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Aleister. \"The Lesser Key of Solomon\". Goetia. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","url_text":"\"The Lesser Key of Solomon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233733/http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\". www.deliriumsrealm.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=304","url_text":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decarabia vel Carabia, magnus Rex & Comes: venit similis *\". Esotericarchives.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015554/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm#par52","url_text":"\"Decarabia vel Carabia, magnus Rex & Comes: venit similis *\""},{"url":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm#par52","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mathers, S. L. MacGregor; Crowley, Aleister; Beta, Hymenaeus (1995-12-01). The Goetia the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Lemegeton, Book 1 Clavicula Salomonis Regis. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-0-87728-847-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC","url_text":"The Goetia the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Lemegeton, Book 1 Clavicula Salomonis Regis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-847-3","url_text":"978-0-87728-847-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Furca (Latin); fork\". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/morphindex?lang=la&lookup=furca&bytepos=44411783&wordcount=2&embed=2&doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059","url_text":"\"Furca (Latin); fork\""}]},{"reference":"Biagioli, Filippo (2023). Trattato di Demonologia, Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii [Essay on demonology, Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii] (in Italian and English). Italia: Handmade book in 24 copies. pp. 90–91.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.tate.org.uk/client/en_GB/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:348809/ada?qu=Biagioli&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A348809%7EILS%7E0&te=ILS","url_text":"Trattato di Demonologia, Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC","external_links_name":"The Goetia: the lesser key of Solomon the King : Lemegeton--Clavicula Salomonis Regis, book one"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIrE3QtmFEC","external_links_name":"The lesser key of Solomon: lemegeton clavicula Salomonis"},{"Link":"http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102","external_links_name":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827181325/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=102","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9032192","external_links_name":"9032192"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXqeXi6T1D0C","external_links_name":"Full text"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","external_links_name":"Goetia: Shemhamphorash"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/66dbvepRp?url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/","external_links_name":"sacred-texts.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016053353/http://www.sacred-texts.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015554/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm","external_links_name":"\"De praestigiis daemonum\""},{"Link":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or Lesser Key of Solomon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070523204557/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm#fn_183","external_links_name":"Demons: I. (Baal) to IX. (Paimon)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201153105/http://sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/","external_links_name":"sacred-texts.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016053353/http://www.sacred-texts.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm#fn_183","external_links_name":"footnote #7"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201153105/http://sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm54.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://occult-world.com/eligos-abigor/","external_links_name":"\"ELIGOS – ELIGOR – ABIGOR – OCCULT WORLD\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg","external_links_name":"\"fig079\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023162742/http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/img/fig079.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=No8SDgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Lesser Key of Solomon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233733/http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=304","external_links_name":"\"Essays on Good & Evil: Angels & Demons, God & The Devil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015554/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm#par52","external_links_name":"\"Decarabia vel Carabia, magnus Rex & Comes: venit similis *\""},{"Link":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/weyer.htm#par52","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XtJ_Go8euwC","external_links_name":"The Goetia the Lesser Key of Solomon the King: Lemegeton, Book 1 Clavicula Salomonis Regis"},{"Link":"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm#foras","external_links_name":"Foras"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111115025901/http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/goetia.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060519182635/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=154","external_links_name":"Article view @ DileriumRealm.com"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/morphindex?lang=la&lookup=furca&bytepos=44411783&wordcount=2&embed=2&doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059","external_links_name":"\"Furca (Latin); fork\""},{"Link":"http://ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0569.html","external_links_name":"Furca from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051220145025/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0569.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://library.tate.org.uk/client/en_GB/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:348809/ada?qu=Biagioli&d=ent%3A%2F%2FSD_ILS%2F0%2FSD_ILS%3A348809%7EILS%7E0&te=ILS","external_links_name":"Trattato di Demonologia, Summa verborum, numeri, temporis et spatii"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060528103445/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=152","external_links_name":"Foras"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_International_Road_Safety_Award | Prince Michael International Road Safety Award | ["1 History","2 Focus Areas","3 Other road safety award","4 Notable winners","5 References"] | The Prince Michael International Road Safety AwardAwarded forOutstanding achievement and innovation in improving global road safetyLocationLondon, EnglandPresented byPrince Michael of KentFirst awarded1987Websitewww.roadsafetyawards.com
The Prince Michael International Road Safety Award is an annual award presented by Prince Michael of Kent since 1987 for outstanding achievement and innovation in improving road safety globally and is the top international road safety award.
History
The award was originally created in 1987 to give public recognition to those improving road safety throughout Great Britain. The focus has since been expanded to assess road safety achievements, innovations, and improvements world-wide. Each December, Prince Michael has presented the award to honorees during a Gala Presentation at The Savoy in Westminster.
In 2017, the award celebrated 30 years. In recognizing the most outstanding achievements and innovations from all over the world in enhancing road safety for different road users, it has become internationally renowned as the top international road safety award.
Focus Areas
The award bases its categories on the five pillars of the Global Plan for a Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) and focuses its selection on achievement and innovation in one of the following areas:
Alcohol / drug-related
Applied Technology
Driver Education
Education and Training
Enforcement
Fleet Safety
Highway engineering improvement
Media
Motorcycle
Occupational Road Safety
Post Crash Response
Public Education
Road Safety Management
Safer Road Users
Safer Roads
School Community-based
Vehicle Safety
Young Drivers
Each year His Royal Highness also presents a "Premier Award" to the organization which he considers has had the most impact on road safety.
Other road safety award
Europe also has an annual Excellence in Road Safety Awards, in Brussels.
Notable winners
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)
Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety
International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP)
International Road Federation
International Transport Forum
LFR International
MAPFRE
New Car Assessment Program (Global NCAP)
RAC Foundation
SaveLIFE Foundation
The Floow Limited
Transport for London (TfL)
Safe Way Right Way Uganda
References
^ "Road Safety Awards: About us". www.roadsafetyawards.com. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ "Prince Michael International Road Safety Awards". Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ "Royal award for Northumbria Police road safety team". ITV News. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Road Safety Awards (6 November 2017), 30 Years Prince Michael Awards, retrieved 22 June 2019
^ "LTA wins Prince Michael International Road Safety Award". The Online Citizen. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ "SA NGO receives top international road safety award in London". The South African. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Arminas, David (January 2019). "International Road Safety Awards: the winners". ITS International. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ @ntvuganda (12 December 2017). "Register" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 January 2022 – via Twitter. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Michael of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent"}],"text":"The Prince Michael International Road Safety Award is an annual award presented by Prince Michael of Kent since 1987 for outstanding achievement and innovation in improving road safety globally and is the top international road safety award.","title":"Prince Michael International Road Safety Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The award was originally created in 1987 to give public recognition to those improving road safety throughout Great Britain.[1] The focus has since been expanded to assess road safety achievements, innovations, and improvements world-wide. Each December, Prince Michael has presented the award to honorees during a Gala Presentation at The Savoy in Westminster.[2][3]In 2017, the award celebrated 30 years.[4] In recognizing the most outstanding achievements and innovations from all over the world in enhancing road safety for different road users, it has become internationally renowned as the top international road safety award.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_of_Action_for_Road_Safety_2011%E2%80%932020"},{"link_name":"His Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The award bases its categories on the five pillars of the Global Plan for a Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) and focuses its selection on achievement and innovation in one of the following areas:Alcohol / drug-related\nApplied Technology\nDriver Education\nEducation and Training\nEnforcement\nFleet Safety\nHighway engineering improvement\nMedia\nMotorcycle\nOccupational Road Safety\nPost Crash Response\nPublic Education\nRoad Safety Management\nSafer Road Users\nSafer Roads\nSchool Community-based\nVehicle Safety\nYoung DriversEach year His Royal Highness also presents a \"Premier Award\" to the organization which he considers has had the most impact on road safety.[7]","title":"Focus Areas"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Europe also has an annual Excellence in Road Safety Awards, in Brussels.","title":"Other road safety award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile"},{"link_name":"Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_of_NGOs_for_Road_Safety"},{"link_name":"International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Road_Assessment_Programme"},{"link_name":"International Transport Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Transport_Forum"},{"link_name":"LFR International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFR_International"},{"link_name":"MAPFRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapfre"},{"link_name":"New Car Assessment Program (Global NCAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Car_Assessment_Program"},{"link_name":"RAC Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC_Foundation"},{"link_name":"SaveLIFE Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaveLIFE_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Transport for London (TfL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Safe Way Right Way Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//safewayrightwayug.org/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)\nGlobal Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety\nInternational Road Assessment Programme (iRAP)\nInternational Road Federation\nInternational Transport Forum\nLFR International\nMAPFRE\nNew Car Assessment Program (Global NCAP)\nRAC Foundation\nSaveLIFE Foundation\nThe Floow Limited\nTransport for London (TfL)\nSafe Way Right Way Uganda[8]","title":"Notable winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Road Safety Awards: About us\". www.roadsafetyawards.com. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roadsafetyawards.com/aboutus","url_text":"\"Road Safety Awards: About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Michael International Road Safety Awards\". Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roadsafetyngos.org/sh_events/prince-michael-international-road-safety-awards/","url_text":"\"Prince Michael International Road Safety Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal award for Northumbria Police road safety team\". ITV News. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2016-12-15/royal-award-for-northumbria-police-road-safety-team/","url_text":"\"Royal award for Northumbria Police road safety team\""}]},{"reference":"Road Safety Awards (6 November 2017), 30 Years Prince Michael Awards, retrieved 22 June 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHjkELFN85o","url_text":"30 Years Prince Michael Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"LTA wins Prince Michael International Road Safety Award\". The Online Citizen. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/12/16/lta-wins-prince-michael-international-road-safety-award/","url_text":"\"LTA wins Prince Michael International Road Safety Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"SA NGO receives top international road safety award in London\". The South African. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/sa-ngo-receives-top-international-road-safety-award-in-london/","url_text":"\"SA NGO receives top international road safety award in London\""}]},{"reference":"Arminas, David (January 2019). \"International Road Safety Awards: the winners\". ITS International. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itsinternational.com/sections/general/features/international-road-safety-awards-the-winners/","url_text":"\"International Road Safety Awards: the winners\""}]},{"reference":"@ntvuganda (12 December 2017). \"Register\" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 January 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ntvuganda/status/940612116251316225","url_text":"\"Register\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.roadsafetyawards.com/","external_links_name":"www.roadsafetyawards.com"},{"Link":"https://safewayrightwayug.org/","external_links_name":"Safe Way Right Way Uganda"},{"Link":"http://www.roadsafetyawards.com/aboutus","external_links_name":"\"Road Safety Awards: About us\""},{"Link":"https://www.roadsafetyngos.org/sh_events/prince-michael-international-road-safety-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Prince Michael International Road Safety Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2016-12-15/royal-award-for-northumbria-police-road-safety-team/","external_links_name":"\"Royal award for Northumbria Police road safety team\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHjkELFN85o","external_links_name":"30 Years Prince Michael Awards"},{"Link":"https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/12/16/lta-wins-prince-michael-international-road-safety-award/","external_links_name":"\"LTA wins Prince Michael International Road Safety Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/sa-ngo-receives-top-international-road-safety-award-in-london/","external_links_name":"\"SA NGO receives top international road safety award in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.itsinternational.com/sections/general/features/international-road-safety-awards-the-winners/","external_links_name":"\"International Road Safety Awards: the winners\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/ntvuganda/status/940612116251316225","external_links_name":"\"Register\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_T1_League_draft | 2021 T1 League draft | ["1 First Round Contested Picks","2 Draft results","3 Trade involving draft picks","4 Draft combine","5 Entrants","5.1 Club team recommendation","6 Note","7 References"] | 1st edition of the T1 League draft
2021 T1 League draftGeneral informationSportBasketballDate(s)August 9, 2021Network(s)T1 League on YouTubeT1 League on FacebookLine TodayOverview17 total selections in 5 roundsLeagueT1 LeagueFirst selectionNo picking order in this draft2022 →
The 2021 T1 League draft was the first edition of the T1 League's annual draft. It was held online on July 28, 2021 originally and broadcast on YouTube, Facebook, and Line Today. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan, the draft was postponed to August 9. There were six teams joined the draft, including the Kaohsiung Aquas, the New Taipei CTBC DEA, the Taichung Suns, the Tainan team, the Taiwan Beer, and the Taoyuan Leopards. There were 58 players participated in the draft, and 17 players were chosen in 5 rounds.
First Round Contested Picks
Player Name
Position
Teams Selected by
First Round
Yu Chu-Hsiang
PF/C
Suns, Tainan
Bolded team indicate who won the right to negotiate contract.
The Tainan team chose Lan Shao-Fu after the first round contested picks.
Draft results
G
Guard
SG
Shooting guard
F
Forward
SF
Small forward
PF
Power forward
C
Center
*
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-T1 League First Team
+
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game
#
Denotes player who has never appeared in one T1 regular season or playoff game
~
Denotes player who has been selected as Rookie of the Year
Rnd.
Player
Pos.
Team
School / Club team
1
Mohammad Al Bachir Gadiaga*~
SG
New Taipei CTBC DEA (from Aquas)
SHU (Jr.)
Hsieh Ya-Hsuan+
G/SF
UCH (Sr.)
Lo Chen-Feng
SF
Taoyuan Leopards
NKNU
Yu Chu-Hsiang
PF/C
Taichung Suns
SHU (Sr.)
Lan Shao-Fu
PF/C
Tainan
NTSU
2
Wei Chia-Hao
G
New Taipei CTBC DEA
FJU (Jr.)
Huang Yi-Sheng
SG
Taoyuan Leopards
SHU
Yang Cheng-Han
SG
Taichung Suns
FJU (Jr.)
Su Chih-Cheng#
G
Tainan
NTSU (Sr.)
Su Wen-Ju
SG/SF
Kaohsiung Aquas
ISU (M.A.)
3
Tung Fang Yi-Kang
G
New Taipei CTBC DEA
Salesian High School
Chang Shun-Cheng
SG/F
Taoyuan Leopards
UKN
Lin Tzu-Feng
SG/SF
Tainan
UCH (Sr.)
4
Liu Min-Yan
F/C
New Taipei CTBC DEA
NKNU (So.)
Liu Chun-Ting
SG/SF
Tainan
UCH (Sr.)
5
Zhou Cheng-Rui
PF
New Taipei CTBC DEA
CCU (Jr.)
Wu Nien-Che#
SG
Tainan
NTUST (Sr.)
Reference：
Trade involving draft picks
^ August 4, 2021: Kaohsiung Aquas to New Taipei CTBC DEA
DEA acquired 2021 first-round pick
Aquas acquired cash considerations
Draft combine
The T1 League invited all entrants and free agents to join the draft combine. The draft combine was held on July 26, 2021 originally. The draft combine was postponed to August 2 and held at National Taiwan University of Sport. There were 65 players participated in the draft combine.
Entrants
The T1 League released its official list of entrants on July 24, 2021, consisting of 58 players from college and other educational institutions in this edition of the draft.
Mohammad Al Bachir Gadiaga – SG, SHU
Chang Shao-Chun – PF, NTUST
Chang Shun-Cheng – SG/F, UKN
Chen Cheng-Hsuan – F, CCUT
Chen Hsiao-Yu – G, ISU
Chen Tsung-Hsien – G, HDUT
Chen Yu-Wei – G, NTSU
Cheng Chen-Wei – G, KSHS
Cheng Tzu-Feng – G/SF, CCUT
Chiu Chung-Po – SF, ISU
Du Szu-Han – G, UT
Peter Guinchard – G, France NM3
Hsiao Shao-Ting – G/SF, J.N. Burnett
Hsieh Ya-Hsuan – G/SF, UCH
Huang Kai-Chieh – SG/SF, UKN
Huang Szu-Han – PG, KYVS
Huang Yi-Sheng – SG, SHU
Kao Hao-Yu – SG/SF, NRVS
Lan Shao-Fu – PF/C, NTSU
Lee Cheng-Wei – G, UPIKE
Lee Mo-Fan – F, NTUS
Lin Chun-En – G, UT
Lin Shih-Hsuan – G, NTNU
Lin Tzu-Feng – SG/SF, UCH
Liu Chun-Ting – SG/SF, UCH
Liu Hsuan-Yu – G, Magee
Liu Min-Yan – F/C, NKNU
Lo Chen-Feng – SF, NKNU
Su Chih-Cheng – G, NTSU
Su Po-Hsuan – SG, MDU
Su Wen-Ju – SG/SF, ISU
Tao Chun – SG/F, NTSU
Tsao Li-Chung – SF, NKNU
Tseng Yu-Hao – PF, NCCU
Tung Fang Yi-Kang – G, Salesian High School
Wang Chen-Yuan – PG, NCCU
Wang Hsin-Wei – SG, VNU
Wang Hung-Hao – G, UT
Wei Chia-Hao – G, FJU
Wen Cheng-Wei – F, NTUST
Wu Nien-Che – SG, NTUST
Yan Wen-Tso – SG/SF, NTUST
Yang Cheng-Han – SG, FJU
Yang Tzu-Yi – PG, HDUT
Yu Chu-Hsiang – PF/C, SHU
Zhou Cheng-Rui – PF, CCU
Zhu En-Lin – SG/F, TSU
Club team recommendation
Chiang Chih-Sheng – F
Chuang Yu-Heng – G
Chung Jen-Kuang – SG/SF
Ho Chia-Chun – G
Hsu Shih-Hung – SF
Huang Yu-Chieh – SG/SF
Lan Zhen-Yi – PG
Lin Kang-Yi – PG
Shih Hsin-Hung – SF
Wang Sheng-Hsiang – G
Zhou Chen-Wei – G
Note
^ a b c d The team participated in the draft with the name of Taichung Suns on August 9, 2021. The team changed name to Taichung Wagor Suns on November 25.
^ a b c d e f g h The team participated in the draft with the name of Tainan on August 9, 2021. The name of Tainan team was announced as Tainan TSG GhostHawks on September 30.
^ The team participated in the draft with the name of Taiwan Beer on August 9, 2021. And Taiwan Beer had given up their draft right on the first round. The name was announced as TaiwanBeer HeroBears on September 2.
References
^ a b "T1體測會吸引多位UBA好手 8月9日選秀會18點起直播". TSNA. August 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
^ "選秀會28日線上登場 效仿日本職棒採取「指名制」". United Daily News. July 14, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
^ a b "選秀會58人報名 中華隊國手謝亞軒在列". China Times. July 24, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
^ a b c d Liao Yu-wei (2021-08-09). "史上首次「逆指名」選秀會 選秀結果看這裡". Liberty Times Net. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
^ "葳格國際學校冠名 台中太陽新賽季期許耀眼升空". Central News Agency. November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
^ "票選出爐 正式定名「臺南台鋼獵鷹」". NOWnews. 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
^ Lin Yi-chen (August 9, 2021). "台啤首輪放棄指名 太陽組「松山幫」". TSNA. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
^ "台啤進軍職籃隊名曝光 「英熊」正式降臨T1聯盟". ETtoday. September 2, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
^ "史上首度指名制選秀 新北中信選走謝亞軒阿巴西". China Times. August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
^ Liang Wei-ming (August 4, 2021). "T1》中信特攻來勢洶洶 150萬交易高雄海神首輪指名權". Liberty Times Net. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^ "T1聯盟選前體能測試會". Facebook. T1 LEAGUE. August 2, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ "聯盟公告&體測會特別邀請名單". Facebook. T1 LEAGUE. July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ Liang Wei-ming (July 24, 2021). "T1》新職籃選秀58人出爐 報名踴躍延至8月9日舉行". Liberty Times Net. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
vteT1 LeagueCommissioner Chien Wei-ChuanTeamsCurrent
Kaohsiung Aquas
New Taipei CTBC DEA
Tainan TSG GhostHawks
Taipei Taishin Mars
Taiwan Beer Leopards
Former
TaiwanBeer HeroBears
Taichung Suns
Drafts
2021
2022
2023
2024
Seasons
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Transactions
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Regular seasons
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Playoffs
2022
2023
2024
Finals
2022
2023
2024
All-Star Game
2023
Others
Arenas
Culture
Cheerleading
Mascots
2023 Basketball World Cup New Taipei City Warm-up Series
Category
vte2021–22 T1 League season by team
Draft
Regular season
Playoffs
Finals
Transactions
Teams
Kaohsiung Aquas
New Taipei CTBC DEA
Taichung Wagor Suns
Tainan TSG GhostHawks
TaiwanBeer HeroBears
Taoyuan Leopards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_League"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Line Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(software)#Line_Today"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-07-24_China_Times-3"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Aquas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Aquas"},{"link_name":"New Taipei CTBC DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_CTBC_DEA"},{"link_name":"Taichung Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Wagor_Suns"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taichung-6"},{"link_name":"Tainan team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_TSG_GhostHawks"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tainan-8"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaiwanBeer_HeroBears"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taiwan_Beer-11"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_Leopards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The 2021 T1 League draft was the first edition of the T1 League's annual draft. It was held online on July 28, 2021 originally and broadcast on YouTube, Facebook, and Line Today. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan, the draft was postponed to August 9.[2][3] There were six teams joined the draft, including the Kaohsiung Aquas, the New Taipei CTBC DEA, the Taichung Suns,[a] the Tainan team,[b] the Taiwan Beer,[c] and the Taoyuan Leopards. There were 58 players participated in the draft, and 17 players were chosen in 5 rounds.[9]","title":"2021 T1 League draft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tainan team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_TSG_GhostHawks"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tainan-8"},{"link_name":"Lan Shao-Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lan_Shao-Fu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Bolded team indicate who won the right to negotiate contract.\nThe Tainan team[b] chose Lan Shao-Fu after the first round contested picks.","title":"First Round Contested Picks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-4"}],"text":"Reference：[4]","title":"Draft results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1st_14-0"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Aquas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Aquas"},{"link_name":"New Taipei CTBC DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_CTBC_DEA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"^ August 4, 2021: Kaohsiung Aquas to New Taipei CTBC DEA[10]\nDEA acquired 2021 first-round pick\nAquas acquired cash considerations","title":"Trade involving draft picks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-07-24_China_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-08-03_TSNA-1"}],"text":"The T1 League invited all entrants and free agents to join the draft combine.[11][12] The draft combine was held on July 26, 2021 originally. The draft combine was postponed to August 2 and held at National Taiwan University of Sport. There were 65 players participated in the draft combine.[3][1]","title":"Draft combine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"SHU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Hsin_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTUST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kang_Ning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"CCUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Chou_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Shou_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"HDUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HungKuo_Delin_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Sport_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"KSHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuen_Shan_Senior_High_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"CCUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Chou_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Shou_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Taipei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"J.N. Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnett_Secondary_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Hsin_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kang_Ning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"KYVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%82%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%91%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"SHU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Hsin_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NRVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E8%83%BD%E4%BB%81%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%8B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Sport_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UPIKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pikeville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Taipei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Hsin_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Hsin_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magee_Secondary_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NKNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_Normal_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NKNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_Normal_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Sport_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"MDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MingDao_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ISU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Shou_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Sport_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NKNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_Normal_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Salesian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NCCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"VNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanung_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Taipei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"FJU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTUST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTUST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"NTUST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"FJU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"HDUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HungKuo_Delin_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"SHU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Hsin_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"CCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"TSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Shoufu_University"}],"text":"The T1 League released its official list of entrants on July 24, 2021, consisting of 58 players from college and other educational institutions in this edition of the draft.[13]Mohammad Al Bachir Gadiaga – SG, SHU\n Chang Shao-Chun – PF, NTUST\n Chang Shun-Cheng – SG/F, UKN\n Chen Cheng-Hsuan – F, CCUT\n Chen Hsiao-Yu – G, ISU\n Chen Tsung-Hsien – G, HDUT\n Chen Yu-Wei – G, NTSU\n Cheng Chen-Wei – G, KSHS\n Cheng Tzu-Feng – G/SF, CCUT\n Chiu Chung-Po – SF, ISU\n Du Szu-Han – G, UT\n Peter Guinchard – G, France NM3\n Hsiao Shao-Ting – G/SF, J.N. Burnett\n Hsieh Ya-Hsuan – G/SF, UCH\n Huang Kai-Chieh – SG/SF, UKN\n Huang Szu-Han – PG, KYVS\n Huang Yi-Sheng – SG, SHU\n Kao Hao-Yu – SG/SF, NRVS\n Lan Shao-Fu – PF/C, NTSU\n Lee Cheng-Wei – G, UPIKE\n Lee Mo-Fan – F, NTUS\n Lin Chun-En – G, UT\n Lin Shih-Hsuan – G, NTNU\n Lin Tzu-Feng – SG/SF, UCH\n Liu Chun-Ting – SG/SF, UCH\n Liu Hsuan-Yu – G, Magee\n Liu Min-Yan – F/C, NKNU\n Lo Chen-Feng – SF, NKNU\n Su Chih-Cheng – G, NTSU\n Su Po-Hsuan – SG, MDU\n Su Wen-Ju – SG/SF, ISU\n Tao Chun – SG/F, NTSU\n Tsao Li-Chung – SF, NKNU\n Tseng Yu-Hao – PF, NCCU\n Tung Fang Yi-Kang – G, Salesian High School\n Wang Chen-Yuan – PG, NCCU\n Wang Hsin-Wei – SG, VNU\n Wang Hung-Hao – G, UT\n Wei Chia-Hao – G, FJU\n Wen Cheng-Wei – F, NTUST\n Wu Nien-Che – SG, NTUST\n Yan Wen-Tso – SG/SF, NTUST\n Yang Cheng-Han – SG, FJU\n Yang Tzu-Yi – PG, HDUT\n Yu Chu-Hsiang – PF/C, SHU\n Zhou Cheng-Rui – PF, CCU\n Zhu En-Lin – SG/F, TSU","title":"Entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"sub_title":"Club team recommendation","text":"Chiang Chih-Sheng – F\n Chuang Yu-Heng – G\n Chung Jen-Kuang – SG/SF\n Ho Chia-Chun – G\n Hsu Shih-Hung – SF\n Huang Yu-Chieh – SG/SF\n Lan Zhen-Yi – PG\n Lin Kang-Yi – PG\n Shih Hsin-Hung – SF\n Wang Sheng-Hsiang – G\n Zhou Chen-Wei – G","title":"Entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taichung_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taichung_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taichung_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taichung_6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-4"},{"link_name":"Taichung Wagor Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Wagor_Suns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tainan_8-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-4"},{"link_name":"Tainan TSG GhostHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_TSG_GhostHawks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taiwan_Beer_11-0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-4"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaiwanBeer_HeroBears"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"TaiwanBeer HeroBears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaiwanBeer_HeroBears"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ a b c d The team participated in the draft with the name of Taichung Suns on August 9, 2021.[4] The team changed name to Taichung Wagor Suns on November 25.[5]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h The team participated in the draft with the name of Tainan on August 9, 2021.[4] The name of Tainan team was announced as Tainan TSG GhostHawks on September 30.[6]\n\n^ The team participated in the draft with the name of Taiwan Beer on August 9, 2021.[4] And Taiwan Beer had given up their draft right on the first round.[7] The name was announced as TaiwanBeer HeroBears on September 2.[8]","title":"Note"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"T1體測會吸引多位UBA好手 8月9日選秀會18點起直播\". TSNA. August 3, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tsna.com/article/40584","url_text":"\"T1體測會吸引多位UBA好手 8月9日選秀會18點起直播\""}]},{"reference":"\"選秀會28日線上登場 效仿日本職棒採取「指名制」\". United Daily News. July 14, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://udn.com/news/story/7003/5601660","url_text":"\"選秀會28日線上登場 效仿日本職棒採取「指名制」\""}]},{"reference":"\"選秀會58人報名 中華隊國手謝亞軒在列\". China Times. July 24, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210724003984-260403?chdtv","url_text":"\"選秀會58人報名 中華隊國手謝亞軒在列\""}]},{"reference":"Liao Yu-wei (2021-08-09). \"史上首次「逆指名」選秀會 選秀結果看這裡\". Liberty Times Net. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3632808","url_text":"\"史上首次「逆指名」選秀會 選秀結果看這裡\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210809160111/https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3632808","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"葳格國際學校冠名 台中太陽新賽季期許耀眼升空\". Central News Agency. November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aspt/202111250253.aspx","url_text":"\"葳格國際學校冠名 台中太陽新賽季期許耀眼升空\""}]},{"reference":"\"票選出爐 正式定名「臺南台鋼獵鷹」\". NOWnews. 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nownews.com/news/5396626","url_text":"\"票選出爐 正式定名「臺南台鋼獵鷹」\""}]},{"reference":"Lin Yi-chen (August 9, 2021). \"台啤首輪放棄指名 太陽組「松山幫」\". TSNA. Retrieved September 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsna.com.tw/tw/news/show.php?publish=3&num=40701","url_text":"\"台啤首輪放棄指名 太陽組「松山幫」\""}]},{"reference":"\"台啤進軍職籃隊名曝光 「英熊」正式降臨T1聯盟\". ETtoday. September 2, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.ettoday.net/news/2070380","url_text":"\"台啤進軍職籃隊名曝光 「英熊」正式降臨T1聯盟\""}]},{"reference":"\"史上首度指名制選秀 新北中信選走謝亞軒阿巴西\". China Times. August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210809004596-260403?chdtv","url_text":"\"史上首度指名制選秀 新北中信選走謝亞軒阿巴西\""}]},{"reference":"Liang Wei-ming (August 4, 2021). \"T1》中信特攻來勢洶洶 150萬交易高雄海神首輪指名權\". Liberty Times Net. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3626972","url_text":"\"T1》中信特攻來勢洶洶 150萬交易高雄海神首輪指名權\""}]},{"reference":"\"T1聯盟選前體能測試會\". Facebook. T1 LEAGUE. August 2, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/T1League.Basketball/posts/140729438204852","url_text":"\"T1聯盟選前體能測試會\""}]},{"reference":"\"聯盟公告&體測會特別邀請名單\". Facebook. T1 LEAGUE. July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/T1League.Basketball/posts/135438115400651","url_text":"\"聯盟公告&體測會特別邀請名單\""}]},{"reference":"Liang Wei-ming (July 24, 2021). \"T1》新職籃選秀58人出爐 報名踴躍延至8月9日舉行\". Liberty Times Net. Retrieved September 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3615173","url_text":"\"T1》新職籃選秀58人出爐 報名踴躍延至8月9日舉行\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFlVX6u_ZQo","external_links_name":"T1 League on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/T1LEAGUE.Basketball/videos/562308768108850","external_links_name":"T1 League on Facebook"},{"Link":"https://tsna.com/article/40584","external_links_name":"\"T1體測會吸引多位UBA好手 8月9日選秀會18點起直播\""},{"Link":"https://udn.com/news/story/7003/5601660","external_links_name":"\"選秀會28日線上登場 效仿日本職棒採取「指名制」\""},{"Link":"https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210724003984-260403?chdtv","external_links_name":"\"選秀會58人報名 中華隊國手謝亞軒在列\""},{"Link":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3632808","external_links_name":"\"史上首次「逆指名」選秀會 選秀結果看這裡\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210809160111/https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3632808","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aspt/202111250253.aspx","external_links_name":"\"葳格國際學校冠名 台中太陽新賽季期許耀眼升空\""},{"Link":"https://www.nownews.com/news/5396626","external_links_name":"\"票選出爐 正式定名「臺南台鋼獵鷹」\""},{"Link":"https://www.tsna.com.tw/tw/news/show.php?publish=3&num=40701","external_links_name":"\"台啤首輪放棄指名 太陽組「松山幫」\""},{"Link":"https://sports.ettoday.net/news/2070380","external_links_name":"\"台啤進軍職籃隊名曝光 「英熊」正式降臨T1聯盟\""},{"Link":"https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210809004596-260403?chdtv","external_links_name":"\"史上首度指名制選秀 新北中信選走謝亞軒阿巴西\""},{"Link":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3626972","external_links_name":"\"T1》中信特攻來勢洶洶 150萬交易高雄海神首輪指名權\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/T1League.Basketball/posts/140729438204852","external_links_name":"\"T1聯盟選前體能測試會\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/T1League.Basketball/posts/135438115400651","external_links_name":"\"聯盟公告&體測會特別邀請名單\""},{"Link":"https://sports.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/3615173","external_links_name":"\"T1》新職籃選秀58人出爐 報名踴躍延至8月9日舉行\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Nurudinov | Ruslan Nurudinov | ["1 Career","2 Major results","3 References","4 External links"] | Uzbekistani weightlifter (born 1991)
Ruslan NurudinovNurudinov on a 2017 stamp of UzbekistanPersonal informationNationalityRepublic of UzbekistanBorn (1991-11-24) 24 November 1991 (age 32)Andijan, UzbekistanYears active2010–presentHeight1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight109 kg (240 lb)SportCountryUzbekistanSportWeightliftingEvent–109 kgTurned pro2010Achievements and titlesPersonal bestsSnatch: 194 kg (2016)Clean & jerk: 241 kg (2021, CWR)Total: 432 kg (2014)
Medal record
Representing Uzbekistan
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
– 105 kg
World Championships
2013 Wrocław
105 kg
2022 Bogotá
109 kg
2014 Almaty
105 kg
2021 Tashkent
109 kg
2023 Riyadh
109 kg
Asian Games
2018 Jakarta
105 kg
2022 Hangzhou
109 kg
Asian Championships
2012 Pyeongtaek
-105 kg
2013 Astana
-105 kg
2020 Tashkent
-109 kg
2023 Jinju
-109 kg
2024 Tashkent
-109 kg
Summer Universiade
2013 Kazan
−105 kg
Ruslan Nurudinov (Uzbek: Ruslan Shamil'evich Nurudinov; born 24 November 1991) is an Uzbekistani weightlifter of Tatar ethnic origin. He is the first world champion for Uzbekistan in weightlifting (2013). Nurudinov won a gold medal at the 2016 Olympics, setting a new Olympic record in the clean and jerk at 237 kg.
Career
At the 2013 World Championships which held was in Poland, Nurudinov became the world champion for the first time, confidently winning the snatch (190 kg) and clean and jerk (235 kg). And in the double-event total he took a gold medal with a result of 425 kg.
In 2014, at the World Championships held in Almaty, Nurudinov, in an uncompromising fight for first place with Kazakh and Russian weightlifters, broke the world record in the clean and jerk - 239 kg, then Russian David Bedzhanyan regained the highest world achievement - 240 kg, and finally, Kazakh Ilya Ilyin set the final world record in clean and jerk at 242 kg. As a result, the Uzbek athlete was first in the snatch (193 kg), third in the clean and jerk (239 kg) and took the second place in the combined event (432 kg).
At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Nurudinov, in the absence of the disqualified Ilyin, won the snatch (194 kg), set an Olympic record in the clean and jerk (237 kg) and by a large margin won a gold medal with a combined total of 431 kg.
At the beginning of November 2018, at the World Championships in Ashgabat, an Uzbek athlete in the new weight category of up to 109 kg failed his performance in the snatch, failed to take the initial weight of 188 kg. But in the clean and jerk he managed to win a small bronze medal with a weight on the barbell of 227 kg. To get a big bronze medal in total, he only had to pull out a barbell weighing 177 kg.
Major results
Year
Venue
Weight
Snatch (kg)
Clean & Jerk (kg)
Total
Rank
1
2
3
Rank
1
2
3
Rank
Olympic Games
2012
London, United Kingdom
105 kg
184
188
190
5
220
226
226
3
404
DSQ
2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
105 kg
190
194
197
2
225
230
237 OR
1
431
World Championships
2010
Antalya, Turkey
85 kg
165
165
169
7
197
197
201
10
362
10
2011
Paris, France
94 kg
177
177
180
8
215
221
225
398
5
2013
Wrocław, Poland
105 kg
190
190
195
225
230
235
425
2014
Almaty, Kazakhstan
105 kg
185
190
193
220
230
239 WR
432
2018
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
109 kg
187
189
189
--
222
227
238
--
--
2021
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
109 kg
185
185
189
227
236
242
421
2022
Bogotá, Colombia
109 kg
177
177
180
217
220
220
397
2023
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
109 kg
175
180
185
4
221
227
236
407
Asian Games
2010
Guangzhou, China
94 kg
170
175
175
4
205
209
214
4
379
5
2018
Jakarta, Indonesia
105 kg
183
187
191
1
222
230
--
1
421
2023
Hangzhou, China
109 kg
175
175
178
4
216
--
--
3
391
Asian Championships
2011
Tongling, China
94 kg
160
160
160
6
200
200
200
5
360
5
2012
Pyeongtaek, South Korea
105 kg
180
184
187
220
228
230
404
2013
Astana, Kazakhstan
105 kg
185
190
196
220
230
--
420
2016
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
+105 kg
183
188
191
225
230
235
4
426
4
2020
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
109 kg
183
188
188
228
235
241 CWR
429
2023
Jinju, South Korea
109 kg
170
175
177
213
221
228
405
2024
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
109 kg
165
170
175
207
207
--
382
Summer Universiade
2013
Kazan, Russia
105 kg
184
188
190
215
222
--
412
References
^ "Ruslan Nurudinov". London2012.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
^ "Ruslan Nurudinov". tatar-inform.ru. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ Руслан Нуриддинов – жаҳон чемпиони, archived from the original on 2 November 2013, retrieved 31 October 2013
External links
Media related to Ruslan Nurudinov at Wikimedia Commons
Ruslan Nurudinov at the International Weightlifting Federation
Ruslan Nurudinov at the International Weightlifting Results Project
Ruslan Nurudinov at Olympics.comRuslan Nurudinov at Olympic.org (archived)
Ruslan Nurudinov at Olympedia
vte Olympic Champions in Weightlifting – Men's Heavyweight
1920: Filippo Bottino (ITA)
1924: Giuseppe Tonani (ITA)
1928: Josef Straßberger (GER)
1932: Jaroslav Skobla (TCH)
1936: Josef Manger (GER)
1948: John Davis (USA)
1952: John Davis (USA)
1956: Paul Anderson (USA)
1960: Yury Vlasov (URS)
1964: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1968: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1972: Jaan Talts (URS)
1976: Yury Zaitsev (URS)
1980: Leonid Taranenko (URS)
1984: Norberto Oberburger (ITA)
1988: Yury Zakharevich (URS)
1992: Ronny Weller (GER)
1996: Timur Taymazov (UKR)
2000: Hossein Tavakkoli (IRI)
2004: Dmitry Berestov (RUS)
2008: Andrei Aramnau (BLR)
2012: Navab Nassirshalal (IRI)
2016: Ruslan Nurudinov (UZB)
2020: Akbar Djuraev (UZB)
+82.5 kg (1920–1948)
+90 kg (1952–1968)
110 kg (1972–1992)
108 kg (1996)
105 kg (2000–2016)
109 kg (2020)
102 kg (2024–)
vteWorld Champions in Weightlifting – Men's Heavyweight
1891: Edward Lawrence Levy (GBR)
1898: Wilhelm Türk (AUT)
1899: Sergey Yeliseyev (RUS)
1903: François Lancoud (SUI)
1904: Josef Steinbach (AUT)
1905 (I): Josef Steinbach (AUT)
1905 (II): Josef Steinbach (AUT)
1905 (III): Émile Schweitzer (FRA)
1906: Heinrich Schneidereit (GER)
1907: Heinrich Rondi (GER)
1908: Josef Grafl (AUT)
1909: Josef Grafl (AUT)
1910 (I): Josef Grafl (AUT)
1910 (II): Josef Grafl (AUT)
1911 (I): Josef Grafl (AUT)
1911 (II): Karl Swoboda (AUT)
1911 (III): Berthold Tandler (AUT)
1911 (IV): Karl Swoboda (AUT)
1913: Josef Grafl (AUT)
1920: Karl Mörke (GER)
1922: Harald Tammer (EST)
1923: Franz Aigner (AUT)
1937: Josef Manger (GER)
1938: Josef Manger (GER)
1946: John Davis (USA)
1947: John Davis (USA)
1949: John Davis (USA)
1950: John Davis (USA)
1951: John Davis (USA)
1953: Doug Hepburn (CAN)
1954: Norbert Schemansky (USA)
1955: Paul Anderson (USA)
1957: Aleksey Medvedev (URS)
1958: Aleksey Medvedev (URS)
1959: Yury Vlasov (URS)
1961: Yury Vlasov (URS)
1962: Yury Vlasov (URS)
1963: Yury Vlasov (URS)
1964: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1965: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1966: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1968: Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS)
1969: Bob Bednarski (USA)
1970: Jaan Talts (URS)
1971: Yury Kozin (URS)
1972: Jaan Talts (URS)
1973: Pavel Pervushin (URS)
1974: Valery Ustyuzhin (URS)
1975: Valentin Hristov (BUL)
1976: Yury Zaitsev (URS)
1977: Valentin Hristov (BUL)
1978: Yury Zaitsev (URS)
1979: Sergey Arakelov (URS)
1980: Leonid Taranenko (URS)
1981: Valery Kravchuk (URS)
1982: Sergey Arakelov (URS)
1983: Vyacheslav Klokov (URS)
1984: Norberto Oberburger (ITA)
1985: Yury Zakharevich (URS)
1986: Yury Zakharevich (URS)
1987: Yury Zakharevich (URS)
1989: Stefan Botev (BUL)
1990: Stefan Botev (BUL)
1991: Artur Akoyev (URS)
1993: Timur Taymazov (UKR)
1994: Timur Taymazov (UKR)
1995: Ihor Razoronov (UKR)
1997: Cui Wenhua (CHN)
1998: Ihor Razoronov (UKR)
1999: Denys Hotfrid (UKR)
2001: Vladimir Smorchkov (RUS)
2002: Denys Hotfrid (UKR)
2003: Said Saif Asaad (QAT)
2005: Dmitry Klokov (RUS)
2006: Marcin Dołęga (POL)
2007: Andrei Aramnau (BLR)
2009: Marcin Dołęga (POL)
2010: Marcin Dołęga (POL)
2011: Khadzhimurat Akkaev (RUS)
2013: Ruslan Nurudinov (UZB)
2014: Ilya Ilyin (KAZ)
2015: Alexandr Zaichikov (KAZ)
2017: Ali Hashemi (IRI)
2018: Simon Martirosyan (ARM)
2019: Simon Martirosyan (ARM)
2021: Akbar Djuraev (UZB)
2022: Ruslan Nurudinov (UZB)
2023: Akbar Djuraev (UZB)
Open (1891–1904)
+80 kg (1905–1913)
+82.5 kg (1920–1950)
+90 kg (1951–1968)
110 kg (1969–1991)
108 kg (1993–1997)
105 kg (1998–2017)
109 kg (2018–) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"2016 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Ruslan Nurudinov (Uzbek: Ruslan Shamil'evich Nurudinov; born 24 November 1991) is an Uzbekistani weightlifter of Tatar ethnic origin.[1][2] He is the first world champion for Uzbekistan in weightlifting (2013). Nurudinov won a gold medal at the 2016 Olympics, setting a new Olympic record in the clean and jerk at 237 kg.","title":"Ruslan Nurudinov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Almaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaty"},{"link_name":"David Bedzhanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bedzhanyan"},{"link_name":"Ilya Ilyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyin"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"}],"text":"At the 2013 World Championships which held was in Poland, Nurudinov became the world champion for the first time, confidently winning the snatch (190 kg) and clean and jerk (235 kg). And in the double-event total he took a gold medal with a result of 425 kg.[3]In 2014, at the World Championships held in Almaty, Nurudinov, in an uncompromising fight for first place with Kazakh and Russian weightlifters, broke the world record in the clean and jerk - 239 kg, then Russian David Bedzhanyan regained the highest world achievement - 240 kg, and finally, Kazakh Ilya Ilyin set the final world record in clean and jerk at 242 kg. As a result, the Uzbek athlete was first in the snatch (193 kg), third in the clean and jerk (239 kg) and took the second place in the combined event (432 kg).At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Nurudinov, in the absence of the disqualified Ilyin, won the snatch (194 kg), set an Olympic record in the clean and jerk (237 kg) and by a large margin won a gold medal with a combined total of 431 kg.At the beginning of November 2018, at the World Championships in Ashgabat, an Uzbek athlete in the new weight category of up to 109 kg failed his performance in the snatch, failed to take the initial weight of 188 kg. But in the clean and jerk he managed to win a small bronze medal with a weight on the barbell of 227 kg. To get a big bronze medal in total, he only had to pull out a barbell weighing 177 kg.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\". London2012.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804234214/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/nurudinov-ruslan-1046227/","url_text":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\""},{"url":"http://www.london2012.com/athlete/nurudinov-ruslan-1046227/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\". tatar-inform.ru. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2016/10/28/526066/","url_text":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\""}]},{"reference":"Руслан Нуриддинов – жаҳон чемпиони, archived from the original on 2 November 2013, retrieved 31 October 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102153617/http://www.anons.uz/uz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sport&article=4450","url_text":"Руслан Нуриддинов – жаҳон чемпиони"},{"url":"http://www.anons.uz/uz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sport&article=4450","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804234214/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/nurudinov-ruslan-1046227/","external_links_name":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\""},{"Link":"http://www.london2012.com/athlete/nurudinov-ruslan-1046227/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2016/10/28/526066/","external_links_name":"\"Ruslan Nurudinov\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102153617/http://www.anons.uz/uz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sport&article=4450","external_links_name":"Руслан Нуриддинов – жаҳон чемпиони"},{"Link":"http://www.anons.uz/uz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sport&article=4450","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://iwf.sport/weightlifting_/athletes-bios/?athlete=nurudinov-ruslan-1991-11-24&id=4061","external_links_name":"Ruslan Nurudinov"},{"Link":"http://iwrp.net/?view=contestant&id_zawodnik=12574","external_links_name":"Ruslan Nurudinov"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/ruslan-nurudinov","external_links_name":"Ruslan Nurudinov"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412135416/https://www.olympic.org/ruslan-nurudinov","external_links_name":"Ruslan Nurudinov"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/121231","external_links_name":"Ruslan Nurudinov"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desuspension | Desuspension | ["1 Definition","2 Reasons","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Mathematical operation inverse to suspension
In topology, a field within mathematics, desuspension is an operation inverse to suspension.
Definition
In general, given an n-dimensional space
X
{\displaystyle X}
, the suspension
Σ
X
{\displaystyle \Sigma {X}}
has dimension n + 1. Thus, the operation of suspension creates a way of moving up in dimension. In the 1950s, to define a way of moving down, mathematicians introduced an inverse operation
Σ
−
1
{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{-1}}
, called desuspension. Therefore, given an n-dimensional space
X
{\displaystyle X}
, the desuspension
Σ
−
1
X
{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{-1}{X}}
has dimension n – 1.
In general,
Σ
−
1
Σ
X
≠
X
{\displaystyle \Sigma ^{-1}\Sigma {X}\neq X}
.
Reasons
The reasons to introduce desuspension:
Desuspension makes the category of spaces a triangulated category.
If arbitrary coproducts were allowed, desuspension would result in all cohomology functors being representable.
See also
Cone (topology)
Equidimensionality
Join (topology)
References
^ Wolcott, Luke; McTernan, Elizabeth (2012). "Imagining Negative-Dimensional Space" (PDF). In Bosch, Robert; McKenna, Douglas; Sarhangi, Reza (eds.). Proceedings of Bridges 2012: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture. Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Tessellations Publishing. pp. 637–642. ISBN 978-1-938664-00-7. ISSN 1099-6702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
^ Margolis, Harvey Robert (1983). Spectra and the Steenrod Algebra. North-Holland Mathematical Library. North-Holland. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-444-86516-8. LCCN 83002283.
External links
Desuspension at an Odd Prime
When can you desuspend a homotopy cogroup? | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(topology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In topology, a field within mathematics, desuspension is an operation inverse to suspension.[1]","title":"Desuspension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In general, given an n-dimensional space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, the suspension \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma {X}}\n \n has dimension n + 1. Thus, the operation of suspension creates a way of moving up in dimension. In the 1950s, to define a way of moving down, mathematicians introduced an inverse operation \n \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma ^{-1}}\n \n, called desuspension.[2] Therefore, given an n-dimensional space \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, the desuspension \n \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma ^{-1}{X}}\n \n has dimension n – 1.In general, \n \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n Σ\n \n X\n \n ≠\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma ^{-1}\\Sigma {X}\\neq X}\n \n.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangulated category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulated_category"},{"link_name":"coproducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproduct"},{"link_name":"cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology"},{"link_name":"functors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"}],"text":"The reasons to introduce desuspension:Desuspension makes the category of spaces a triangulated category.\nIf arbitrary coproducts were allowed, desuspension would result in all cohomology functors being representable.","title":"Reasons"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cone (topology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(topology)"},{"title":"Equidimensionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidimensionality"},{"title":"Join (topology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(topology)"}] | [{"reference":"Wolcott, Luke; McTernan, Elizabeth (2012). \"Imagining Negative-Dimensional Space\" (PDF). In Bosch, Robert; McKenna, Douglas; Sarhangi, Reza (eds.). Proceedings of Bridges 2012: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture. Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Tessellations Publishing. pp. 637–642. ISBN 978-1-938664-00-7. ISSN 1099-6702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111631/http://bridgesmathart.org/2012/cdrom/proceedings/65/paper_65.pdf","url_text":"\"Imagining Negative-Dimensional Space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938664-00-7","url_text":"978-1-938664-00-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-6702","url_text":"1099-6702"},{"url":"http://bridgesmathart.org/2012/cdrom/proceedings/65/paper_65.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Margolis, Harvey Robert (1983). Spectra and the Steenrod Algebra. North-Holland Mathematical Library. North-Holland. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-444-86516-8. LCCN 83002283.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"North-Holland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-86516-8","url_text":"978-0-444-86516-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/83002283","url_text":"83002283"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111631/http://bridgesmathart.org/2012/cdrom/proceedings/65/paper_65.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Imagining Negative-Dimensional Space\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-6702","external_links_name":"1099-6702"},{"Link":"http://bridgesmathart.org/2012/cdrom/proceedings/65/paper_65.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/83002283","external_links_name":"83002283"},{"Link":"https://static-content.springer.com/lookinside/chp%3A10.1007%2FBFb0075577/000.png","external_links_name":"Desuspension at an Odd Prime"},{"Link":"https://mathoverflow.net/q/4117","external_links_name":"When can you desuspend a homotopy cogroup?"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizque_River | Mizque River | ["1 See also","2 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294River in BoliviaMizque RiverEtymologyQuechuaLocationCountryBoliviaRegionCochabamba Department, Mizque Province, Campero ProvincePhysical characteristicsMouthRío GrandeBasin featuresTributaries • leftUyuchama, Julpe
The Mizque River (Quechua misk'i sweet) is a river of Bolivia in the Cochabamba Department. It is a tributary of Río Grande.
See also
List of rivers of Bolivia
Further reading
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294
This Cochabamba Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in Bolivia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_language"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Cochabamba Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Department"},{"link_name":"Río Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_(Bolivia)"}],"text":"River in BoliviaThe Mizque River (Quechua misk'i sweet) is a river of Bolivia in the Cochabamba Department. It is a tributary of Río Grande.","title":"Mizque River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253411#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/579145857921823020161"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544685505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002005746"},{"link_name":"18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mizque_River¶ms=18.6656_S_64.3294_W_source:wikidata"},{"link_name":"Cochabamba Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Department"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizque_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CochabambaBO-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CochabambaBO-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CochabambaBO-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizque_River&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bolivia-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivia-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivia-river-stub"}],"text":"Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294This Cochabamba Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a river in Bolivia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bolivia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mizque_River¶ms=18.6656_S_64.3294_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/579145857921823020161","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544685505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002005746","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mizque_River¶ms=18.6656_S_64.3294_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"18°39′56″S 64°19′46″W / 18.6656°S 64.3294°W / -18.6656; -64.3294"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizque_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizque_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Me_Down_(New_Boyz_song) | Tie Me Down (New Boyz song) | ["1 Background","2 Chart performance","3 Track listing","4 Music video","5 Charts","5.1 Year-end charts","6 References","7 External links"] | 2009 single by New Boyz featuring Ray J"Tie Me Down"EP coverSingle by New Boyz featuring Ray Jfrom the album Skinny Jeanz and a Mic ReleasedAugust 31, 2009Recorded2009GenreR&B Snap hyphyLength2:57LabelShotty, Asylum, Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)William Ray Norwood Jr., Antonio White , Cory "Knotch" MarksProducer(s)Jay-NariNew Boyz singles chronology
"You're a Jerk"(2009)
"Tie Me Down"(2009)
"Break My Bank"(2010)
Ray J singles chronology
"Sexy Ladies"(2009)
"Tie Me Down"(2009)
"143"
Tie Me Down is a song by American R&B duo New Boyz. The song is the second single from their debut album Skinny Jeans and a Mic, and features R&B singer Ray J. Ray J's chorus uses the Auto-Tune effect and there is also usage in the New Boyz' verses. Due to the success of the duo's first single, "You're a Jerk", an EP was released called Tie Me Down: EP via digital download featuring the track and four other songs that would later be included on their debut album.
The song peaked at number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the duo's highest-charting single and second consecutive top thirty hit. It charted at number five and forty-two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts. The song fared better as the duo's first entry at pop radio, peaking at twenty-three on the Pop Songs.
The video ranked at #70 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown.
Background
The second single set to be released from the album was intended to be "Dot Com", but for unknown reasons, plans were changed. In an interview with HipHopDX.com, when asked about how the collaboration came about, Ray J said, "I met The New Boyz at the BET Awards and my little niece Sy’rai, she loves so I wanted to meet them so I could have some credibility with my niece like 'Oh, I got The New Boyz' number and I’m about to call them over right now,' you know like that type of thing. So I got their number and they called me, then I called them and they asked me to do a record, and I said, 'Okay, send it over.' I heard it and it just went from there we worked out a little deal and we made it happen. The New boyz member legacy stated in an interview that he came up with the hook and ben j said they were going to do the hook but he felt that he and legacy needed somebody big to sing the hook."
Chart performance
The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the week labeled October 31, 2009 at number ninety-nine. On the week of November 28, 2009 the song moved up eight spots from number fifty-eight to number fifty. After seven weeks of moving up the chart, on the week ending December 26, 2009 the song climbed to number thirty-three. It eventually went on to peak at number twenty-two on the week labeled March 13, 2010.
Track listing
The Tie Me Down EP
"Tie Me Down" (featuring Ray J) - 2:57
"Cricketz" (featuring Tyga) - 3:25
"So Dope" - 3:00
"New Girl" (featuring D&D) - 3:29
U.S. Promo CD
"Tie Me Down" (Radio Version) - 2:58
"Tie Me Down" (Instrumental) - 2:58
"Tie Me Down" (Explicit) - 2:58
Music video
The Music video was filmed on August 17, 2009, directed and edited by Matt Alonzo.
Charts
Weekly chart performance for "Tie Me Down"
Chart (2009–2010)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
22
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
42
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)
5
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
23
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for "Tie Me Down"
Chart (2010)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
65
References
^ Jeanine, Sha'Linda (2009-12-07). "Ray J: I'm Mature". HipHopDX.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
^ "New Boyz and Ray J". acharts.us. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
^ "Amazon.com: Tie Me Down EP ". Amazon. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "New Boyz (2) Feat. Ray J - Tie Me Down". discogs.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "MTV Music".
^ "New Boyz Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "New Boyz Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
^ "New Boyz Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard.
^ "New Boyz Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Hot 100 Songs". Billboard.
External links
Tie Me Down music video
vteNew BoyzStudio albums
Skinny Jeanz and a Mic (2009)
Too Cool to Care (2011)
Singles
"You're a Jerk"
"Tie Me Down"
"Break My Bank"
"Backseat"
"Better with the Lights Off"
"FMS"
Featured Singles
"Boyfriend"
"I Like It Like That"
Related articles
Asylum
Warner Bros.
vteRay JDiscographyStudio albums
Everything You Want
This Ain't a Game
Raydiation
All I Feel
Soundtracks
For the Love of Ray J
A Family Business
Singles
"Let It Go"
"Everything You Want"
"That's Why I Lie"
"Another Day in Paradise"
"Wait a Minute"
"Formal Invite"
"One Wish"
"What I Need"
"Sexy Can I"
"Gifts"
"Sexy Ladies"
"I Hit It First"
Featured singles
"You Know Me"
"Tie Me Down"
"Talk to Me"
Related topics
Knockout Entertainment
Kim Kardashian, Superstar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Skinny Jeans and a Mic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinny_Jeans_and_a_Mic"},{"link_name":"Ray J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_J"},{"link_name":"Auto-Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"You're a Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_a_Jerk"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Rap Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Songs"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"}],"text":"Tie Me Down is a song by American R&B duo New Boyz. The song is the second single from their debut album Skinny Jeans and a Mic, and features R&B singer Ray J. Ray J's chorus uses the Auto-Tune effect and there is also usage in the New Boyz' verses. Due to the success of the duo's first single, \"You're a Jerk\", an EP was released called Tie Me Down: EP via digital download featuring the track and four other songs that would later be included on their debut album.The song peaked at number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the duo's highest-charting single and second consecutive top thirty hit. It charted at number five and forty-two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts. The song fared better as the duo's first entry at pop radio, peaking at twenty-three on the Pop Songs.The video ranked at #70 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown.","title":"Tie Me Down (New Boyz song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_J"},{"link_name":"Sy’rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Norwood"},{"link_name":"You're A Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_A_Jerk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The second single set to be released from the album was intended to be \"Dot Com\", but for unknown reasons, plans were changed. In an interview with HipHopDX.com, when asked about how the collaboration came about, Ray J said, \"I met The New Boyz at the BET Awards and my little niece Sy’rai, she loves ['You're A Jerk'] so I wanted to meet them so I could have some credibility with my niece like 'Oh, I got The New Boyz' number and I’m about to call them over right now,' you know like that type of thing. So I got their number and they called me, then I called them and they asked me to do a record, and I said, 'Okay, send it over.' I heard it and it just went from there we worked out a little deal and we made it happen. The New boyz member legacy stated in an interview that he came up with the hook and ben j said they were going to do the hook but he felt that he and legacy needed somebody big to sing the hook.\"[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHARTS-2"}],"text":"The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the week labeled October 31, 2009 at number ninety-nine. On the week of November 28, 2009 the song moved up eight spots from number fifty-eight to number fifty. After seven weeks of moving up the chart, on the week ending December 26, 2009 the song climbed to number thirty-three. It eventually went on to peak at number twenty-two on the week labeled March 13, 2010.[2]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ray J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_J"},{"link_name":"Tyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Tie Me Down EP[3]\"Tie Me Down\" (featuring Ray J) - 2:57\n\"Cricketz\" (featuring Tyga) - 3:25\n\"So Dope\" - 3:00\n\"New Girl\" (featuring D&D) - 3:29U.S. Promo CD[4]\"Tie Me Down\" (Radio Version) - 2:58\n\"Tie Me Down\" (Instrumental) - 2:58\n\"Tie Me Down\" (Explicit) - 2:58","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Alonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Alonzo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Music video was filmed on August 17, 2009, directed and edited by Matt Alonzo.[5]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jeanine, Sha'Linda (2009-12-07). \"Ray J: I'm Mature\". HipHopDX.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/interviews/id.1453/title.ray-j-im-mature","url_text":"\"Ray J: I'm Mature\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Boyz and Ray J\". acharts.us. Retrieved 2010-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://acharts.us/song/51134","url_text":"\"New Boyz and Ray J\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com: Tie Me Down EP [Explicit]\". Amazon. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Tie-Me-Down-EP-Explicit/dp/B002M9J7XS","url_text":"\"Amazon.com: Tie Me Down EP [Explicit]\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Boyz (2) Feat. Ray J - Tie Me Down\". discogs.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/New-Boyz-2-Feat-Ray-J-Tie-Me-Down/release/2082952","url_text":"\"New Boyz (2) Feat. Ray J - Tie Me Down\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTV Music\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtvmusic.com/artist/new_boyz/videos/435124/tie_me_down","url_text":"\"MTV Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100 Songs\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/hot-100-songs?begin=61&order=position","url_text":"\"Hot 100 Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/interviews/id.1453/title.ray-j-im-mature","external_links_name":"\"Ray J: I'm Mature\""},{"Link":"http://acharts.us/song/51134","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz and Ray J\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Tie-Me-Down-EP-Explicit/dp/B002M9J7XS","external_links_name":"\"Amazon.com: Tie Me Down EP [Explicit]\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/New-Boyz-2-Feat-Ray-J-Tie-Me-Down/release/2082952","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz (2) Feat. Ray J - Tie Me Down\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtvmusic.com/artist/new_boyz/videos/435124/tie_me_down","external_links_name":"\"MTV Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/New-Boyz/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/New-Boyz/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/New-Boyz/chart-history/RAP","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/New-Boyz/chart-history/TFM","external_links_name":"\"New Boyz Chart History (Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/hot-100-songs?begin=61&order=position","external_links_name":"\"Hot 100 Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zefI1vmNoOA&ob=av2el","external_links_name":"Tie Me Down music video"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe | Hiwwe wie Driwwe | ["1 Publication","2 Editors","3 External links","4 Winners of the Hiwwe wie Driwwe Award","5 Books","6 Hiwwe wie Driwwe's Featured Artist of the Year","7 Scientific reception","8 References","9 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hiwwe wie DriwweTypeNewspaperOwner(s)Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage CenterFounder(s)Michael WernerPublisherMichael Werner, Patrick DonmoyerFounded1996Headquarters
Kutztown, Pennsylvania
Ober-Olm, Germany
Circulation2,000 bi-annuallyWebsitehiwwe-wie-driwwe.de
Hiwwe wie Driwwe, which means "Hither like thither" (compare German: Hüben wie Drüben), is the title of the only existing Pennsylvania German-language newspaper.
Publication
Since 1997, the publication is distributed twice a year. More than 100 Pennsylvania German authors—members of Lutheran and UCC churches as well as Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites—have already contributed pieces of prose, poems and newspaper articles. The founder and publisher is Michael Werner (Ober-Olm, Germany), who also served as president of the German-Pennsylvanian Association between 2003 and 2010. On their websites, one can find poems, stories, videos and lessons in the dialect. In 2011, Hiwwe wie Driwwe has created a "Hiwwe wie Driwwe Award for Pennsylvania German Literature" in cooperation with the Palatine Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Germany) and Kutztown University's Pennsylvania German Minor Program. Since 2013, Hiwwe wie Driwwe is printed in Pennsylvania, and in 2015, the editorial headquarter was moved to the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University.
Editors
The publication was founded in 1996. Since 2013, an editorial team is responsible for the whole publishing process.
Year
Publisher
Editor
Co-Editors
Printed in
1996–2013
Michael Werner
Michael Werner
-
Ebertsheim, Föhren (Germany)
2013–2015
Michael Werner
Michael Werner
Patrick Donmoyer, Amanda Richardson
Ephrata (PA)
2015–2021
Michael Werner
Patrick Donmoyer (Print), Michael Werner (Online, HwD Award)
Douglas Madenford (since 2015), Edward Quinter (since 2017), Naomi Esther
Reading (PA), Ephrata (PA)
2021–
Michael Werner, Patrick Donmoyer
Patrick Donmoyer
Douglas Madenford, Edward Quinter
Reading (PA), Ephrata (PA)
Donmoyer, Patrick (* 1985 / USA): Folk culture specialist, site manager at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University), board member of Groundhog Lodge No. 1.
Esther, Naomi (USA)(* 1990 / USA): Co-Worker at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University)
Madenford, Douglas (* 1980 / USA): High school teacher (High German), youtuber, blogger, author, musician.
Quinter, Edward (* 1950 / USA): High school teacher (High German), author, co-organizer of the "Pennsylvania German Writing Festival" at the Kutztown Folk Festival.
Richardson, Amanda (* 1987 / USA): Co-Worker at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University).
Werner, Michael (* 1965 / Germany): Publisher, journalist, author, translator, musician. Founder of the German-Pennsylvanian Archive, Hiwwe wie Driwwe, the German-Pennsylvanian Association and Grundsau Lodsch No. 19 im alte Land.
External links
The website was started in January 2002 and features various Pennsylvania German programs.
#
Year
Author
Program
1.
2002–
Michael Werner: 'S Katz Deitsch Schtick
Blog
2.
2002–2003
Paul Bittner: Pennsylvania German Web Radio (WGPA Bethlehem)
Audio podcast
3.
2002–2006
C. Richard Beam: 'S Pennsylvanisch Deitsch Eck (Shopping News, Ephrata)
Texts
4.
2007
Alice Spayd: Pennsylvania German Web Class (Online Lessons)
Audio podcast
5.
2008–2021
Michael Werner: Hiwwe wie Driwwe Web TV
Videos
6.
2009–2021
Douglas Madenford: Nau loss mich yuscht ebbes saage
Blog
7.
2011–2013
Virgil Schrock: Interviews with Pennsylvania Germans
Videos
8.
2013–2014
Douglas Madenford: Pennsylvania Dutch 101 (Online Lessons)
Videos
9.
2014–2021
Douglas Madenford & Chris LaRose: Ask a Pennsylvania Dutchman
Videos
10.
2015–2021
Patrick Donmoyer: Die Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch Schtunn (BCTV Reading)
Videos
11.
2016–2021
Douglas Madenford: Your PA Dutch Minute
Videos
12.
2017
Peter Zacharias & Edwin Zacharias: Pennsylvania German Dictionary
Online dictionary
13.
2017–2021
Luella Reed Sebo: Easy Deitsch (Online Lessons)
Videos
14.
2018–2021
Jeffrey Tapler: "Uncle Jeffrey" (Community News)
Videos
Winners of the Hiwwe wie Driwwe Award
The award is given by the jury of the Palatine Dialect Poets Contest in Bockenheim. (Palatinate, Germany).
#
Year
Winner
1.
2011
Richard Savidge (Hegins, PA): 'S iss Winder im Daal (Poem)
2.
2012
Kevin Sterner (Gilbertsville, PA): Middagesse in de Zwansicher (Story)
3.
2013
Don Breininger (New Tripoli, PA): Chocolate Cookies (Story)
4.
2014
Glynn Custred (Walnut Creek, CA): En seltsame Schtori (Story)
5.
2015
Kevin Sterner (Gilbertsville, PA): De Yahreszeide ihre Dod (Story)
6.
2016
Edward Quinter (Allentown, PA): Mei Bax (Poem)
7.
2017
Edward Quinter (Allentown, PA): Die Welle (Poem)
8.
2018
Patrick Donmoyer (Harleysville, PA): Die Wandrer (Poem)
9.
2019
Patrick Donmoyer (Harleysville, PA): Gemahn mich wie (Poem)
10.
2020
Douglas Madenford (Howard, PA) – En neie Zukunft?" (Story)
11.
2022
Patrick Donmoyer (Harleysville, PA): Net zu hatt (Poem)
12.
2023
Erich Mace (Berks County): Wu bischt du gebliwwe? (Poem)
Books
#
Year
Book
Hiwwe wie Driwwe series
1.
2006
Walter Sauer, Michael Werner et al. (Eds.): Mit Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsch darich's Yaahr. A Pennsylvania German Reader for Grandparents and Grandchildren. Published by the German-Pennsylvanian Association.
2.
2010
Earl C. Haag: Der Schtruwwelpitter (Original: Der Struwwelpeter, deutsch, 1845)
3.
2012
Michael Werner: Es globbt beim Sammy in der Nacht (Original: Es klopft bei Wanja in der Nacht, deutsch, 1985)
HwD Series No. 1
4.
2013
Walter Sauer: Es Haus, wu der Jack gebaut hot (Original: The House that Jack built, English, 1853)
HwD Series No. 2
5.
2014
Earl C. Haag: Der Schtruwwelpitter. 2nd Edition (Original: Der Struwwelpeter, deutsch, 1845)
HwD Series No. 3
6.
2014
Michael Werner: Kumm, mer gehne Baere yaage (Original: We're Going on a Bear Hunt, English, 1989)
HwD Series No. 4
7.
2016
Rachel Yoder: Penny Olive
HwD Series No. 5
8.
2016
Walter Sauer: Ebbes weeich die Watzelkinner
HwD Series No. 6
9.
2017
Mark L. Louden: Der Glee Brins, 2nd edition (Original: "Le petit prince", 1943)
HwD Series No. 7
10.
2018
Mark L. Louden, Walter Sauer & Michael Werner: Die erschte dausend Wadde in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch (Original: The First 1000 Words in English, englisch, 1979)
HwD Series No. 8
11.
2018
Rachel Yoder & Douglas Madenford: Davey Applebutter
HwD Series No. 9
12.
2019
Michael Werner: En neier Sound im neie Land – 32 new songs in Pennsylvania Dutch
HwD Series No. 10
13.
2019
Walter Sauer: Die Schtori vum Peter Haas (Original: The Tale of Peter Rabbit, englisch, 1902)
HwD Series No. 11
14.
2021
Michael Werner: Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Der Pennsylvania ReiseVERführer. Mit einem Grußwort von Malu Dreyer.
HwD Series No. 12
15.
2022
Michael Werner & Patrick Donmoyer: 25 Yaahre Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Celebrating a Quarter Century of Transatlantic Friendship. Morgantown (PA).
16.
2024
Walter Sauer, Mark L. Louden & Rose A. Fisher: Oh was iss es so schee in Panama (Original: Oh wie schön ist Panama, 1978). Neckarsteinach.
HwD Series No. 13
Hiwwe wie Driwwe's Featured Artist of the Year
#
Jahr
Gewinner
1.
2016
Rachel Yoder (Boyertown, PA): Pennsylvania German Folk Art Paintings
2.
2017
Benjamin Rader (Reeders, PA): Heemetkunscht (Paintings)
3.
2018
Eric Claypoole (Lenhartsville, PA): Deitsche Scheierschtanne (Barn Stars)
4.
2019
Mike & Linda Hertzog (Blandon, PA): Deitsche Neiyaahrswinsche & Dialect Music
5.
2020
Keith Brintzenhoff (Kutztown, PA): Pennsylvania German Music
6.
2021
Ivan Hoyt (Wapwallopen, PA): Pennsylvania German Folk Art
Scientific reception
David L Valuska & William Donner, Kutztown University (2004): "This journal and an associated internet site are leading sources for information about the Pennsylvania German language."
Patrick Donmoyer, Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (2012): „Hiwwe wie Driwwe is the most widely-known dialect publication in the world for Pennsylvania German / Palatine German dialect, with a strong readership throughout the US, Canada and Europe."
C. Richard Beam, Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (2014): "Hiwwe wie Driwwe has succeeded in establishing a bridge between the Old and the New World and it has succeeded in the preservation of the Pennsylvania German dialect and culture."
Sheily Rohrer, Penn State University (2017): "Started as a newspaper by Michael Werner in Ebertsheim, Germany, Hiwwe wie Driwwe on the internet and in print has mediated a transnational conversation of dialect writers with one another."
Claire Noble, Colorado (2018): "In 1890, there were more than 1,000 German-language newspapers in America. Today, only a handful remains, such as Hiwwe wie Driwwe, the last remaining German newspaper in Pennsylvania."
References
^ David L. Valuska and William W. Donner: The Past and Future of the Pennsylvania German Language. In: Globalization and the Future of German. Ed. by Andreas Gardt and Bernd Hüppauf. Berlin 2004: 237-238.
^ Patrick Donmoyer, Site Manager of the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University, 2012, on the occasion of Hiwwe wie Driwwe's 15th anniversary
^ Prof. C. Richard Beam, Director of the Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University. Statement, 17 February 2014)
^ Sheila Rohrer: "Literature". In: Pennsylvania Germans. An Interpretative Encyclopedia. Edited by Simon J. Bronner and Joshua R. Brown. Baltimore (MD) 2017: 183.
^ Claire Noble: https://www.vaildaily.com/opinion/noble-we-are-a-country-of-immigrants-so-why-are-we-afraid-to-embrace-spanish-speakers-column/
External links
Hiwwe wie Driwwe | Die Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch Zeiding
Rheinland-Pfälzisches Literaturlexikon | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania German-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_German-language"}],"text":"Hiwwe wie Driwwe, which means \"Hither like thither\" (compare German: Hüben wie Drüben), is the title of the only existing Pennsylvania German-language newspaper.","title":"Hiwwe wie Driwwe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Werner_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Ober-Olm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober-Olm"},{"link_name":"German-Pennsylvanian Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Pennsylvanian_Association"},{"link_name":"Kutztown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutztown_University_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Since 1997, the publication is distributed twice a year. More than 100 Pennsylvania German authors—members of Lutheran and UCC churches as well as Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites—have already contributed pieces of prose, poems and newspaper articles. The founder and publisher is Michael Werner (Ober-Olm, Germany), who also served as president of the German-Pennsylvanian Association between 2003 and 2010. On their websites, one can find poems, stories, videos and lessons in the dialect. In 2011, Hiwwe wie Driwwe has created a \"Hiwwe wie Driwwe Award for Pennsylvania German Literature\" in cooperation with the Palatine Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Germany) and Kutztown University's Pennsylvania German Minor Program. Since 2013, Hiwwe wie Driwwe is printed in Pennsylvania, and in 2015, the editorial headquarter was moved to the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University.","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German-Pennsylvanian Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Pennsylvanian_Archive"},{"link_name":"German-Pennsylvanian Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Pennsylvanian_Association"},{"link_name":"Grundsau Lodsch No. 19 im alte Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grundsau_Lodsch_No._19_im_alte_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The publication was founded in 1996. Since 2013, an editorial team is responsible for the whole publishing process.Donmoyer, Patrick (* 1985 / USA): Folk culture specialist, site manager at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University), board member of Groundhog Lodge No. 1.\nEsther, Naomi (USA)(* 1990 / USA): Co-Worker at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University)\nMadenford, Douglas (* 1980 / USA): High school teacher (High German), youtuber, blogger, author, musician.\nQuinter, Edward (* 1950 / USA): High school teacher (High German), author, co-organizer of the \"Pennsylvania German Writing Festival\" at the Kutztown Folk Festival.\nRichardson, Amanda (* 1987 / USA): Co-Worker at the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center (Kutztown University).\nWerner, Michael (* 1965 / Germany): Publisher, journalist, author, translator, musician. Founder of the German-Pennsylvanian Archive, Hiwwe wie Driwwe, the German-Pennsylvanian Association and Grundsau Lodsch No. 19 im alte Land.","title":"Editors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The award is given by the jury of the Palatine Dialect Poets Contest in Bockenheim. (Palatinate, Germany).","title":"Winners of the Hiwwe wie Driwwe Award"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hiwwe wie Driwwe's Featured Artist of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"David L Valuska & William Donner, Kutztown University (2004): \"This journal and an associated internet site are leading sources for information about the Pennsylvania German language.\"[1]Patrick Donmoyer, Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (2012): „Hiwwe wie Driwwe is the most widely-known dialect publication in the world for Pennsylvania German / Palatine German dialect, with a strong readership throughout the US, Canada and Europe.\"[2]C. Richard Beam, Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (2014): \"Hiwwe wie Driwwe has succeeded in establishing a bridge between the Old and the New World and it has succeeded in the preservation of the Pennsylvania German dialect and culture.\"[3]Sheily Rohrer, Penn State University (2017): \"Started as a newspaper by Michael Werner in Ebertsheim, Germany, Hiwwe wie Driwwe on the internet and in print has mediated a transnational conversation of dialect writers with one another.\"[4]Claire Noble, Colorado (2018): \"In 1890, there were more than 1,000 German-language newspapers in America. Today, only a handful remains, such as Hiwwe wie Driwwe, the last remaining German newspaper in Pennsylvania.\"[5]","title":"Scientific reception"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://hiwwe-wie-driwwe.de/","external_links_name":"hiwwe-wie-driwwe.de"},{"Link":"https://www.vaildaily.com/opinion/noble-we-are-a-country-of-immigrants-so-why-are-we-afraid-to-embrace-spanish-speakers-column/","external_links_name":"https://www.vaildaily.com/opinion/noble-we-are-a-country-of-immigrants-so-why-are-we-afraid-to-embrace-spanish-speakers-column/"},{"Link":"http://hiwwewiedriwwe.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Hiwwe wie Driwwe | Die Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch Zeiding"},{"Link":"http://www.literatur-rlp.de/db_suche.php?autor=Werner%2C+Michael","external_links_name":"Rheinland-Pfälzisches Literaturlexikon"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Smith_(priest) | Clement Smith (priest) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Notes"] | English priest
The Reverend Clement Smith, MVO, MA (died 22 May 1921) was a Canon of Windsor from 1902 to 1921.
Early life and education
Third son of Henry Smith, of London, armiger, Smith was educated at St Paul's School, London, then went up to Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated BA in 1868. He was ordained deacon in 1869 and priest in 1871, by the Bishop of Winchester (Samuel Wilberforce).
Career
His first position was as second master of the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in 1869, where he served until 1874, when he accepted the curacy of Michelmersh, Hampshire. In 1878 he became vicar of Awbridge, in 1887 vicar of Hedge End (both in Hampshire), and in 1890 he moved to the Isle of Wight to become vicar of Newport Minster. Two years later he became vicar of the Church of St. Nicholas in Castro, Carisbrooke, and during these early years on the Isle of Wight he was frequently invited to preach for Queen Victoria at Whippingham and at the private chapel at Osborne House. In 1894 he was appointed by the Lord Chancellor to the rectory of St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham, in which diocese Osborne House was situated. As rector of the local parish, he often met the Queen and members of the royal family, and he was summoned during the Queen's illness before her death in January 1901. He was subsequently decorated with the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) by her successor, King Edward VII.
Smith was appointed honorary chaplain to Queen Victoria in 1893, and served as a chaplain in ordinary to the Queen from 1896 until her death in 1901. Queen Victoria mentioned him in the last diary entry she ever wrote, saying that she attended a short service by him, and that it was a "great comfort" to her. King Edward appointed him chaplain in ordinary to the King in 1901, and he served as such until the first year of the reign of King George V in 1910.
He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in March 1902, and installed as canon on 19 April 1902. He held this position until he died in 1921.
Personal life
His daughter, Dorothy (d. 1948), married (Arthur) Paul Boissier, headmaster of Harrow School; their daughter was June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair.
Notes
^ Fasti Wyndesorienses, May 1950. S. L. Ollard. Published by the Dean and Canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
^ a b c d "Ecclesiastical intelligence". The Times. No. 36723. London. 24 March 1902. p. 11.
^ Alumni Oxonienses: the members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886; their parentage, birthplace and year of birth, with a record of their degrees. Being the matriculation register of the University, later series, S-Z, Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., 1888, p. 1311
^ https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria
^ "No. 27420". The London Gazette. 28 March 1902. p. 2153.
^ "Ecclesiastical intelligence". The Times. No. 36747. London. 21 April 1902. p. 7.
^ Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition, vol. 1, ed. Peter Townend, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1965, p. 74 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Canon of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_and_Canons_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Reverend Clement Smith, MVO, MA (died 22 May 1921) was a Canon of Windsor from 1902 to 1921.[1]","title":"Clement Smith (priest)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiger"},{"link_name":"St Paul's School, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_priest"},{"link_name":"Samuel Wilberforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT24031902-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Third son of Henry Smith, of London, armiger, Smith was educated at St Paul's School, London, then went up to Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated BA in 1868. He was ordained deacon in 1869 and priest in 1871, by the Bishop of Winchester (Samuel Wilberforce).[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Grammar School, Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School,_Guildford"},{"link_name":"curacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacy"},{"link_name":"Michelmersh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelmersh"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"Awbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awbridge"},{"link_name":"Hedge End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_End"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Newport Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Minster"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Nicholas in Castro, Carisbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas_in_Castro,_Carisbrooke"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Whippingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippingham"},{"link_name":"Osborne House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT24031902-2"},{"link_name":"rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mildred%27s_Church,_Whippingham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT24031902-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT24031902-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"His first position was as second master of the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in 1869, where he served until 1874, when he accepted the curacy of Michelmersh, Hampshire. In 1878 he became vicar of Awbridge, in 1887 vicar of Hedge End (both in Hampshire), and in 1890 he moved to the Isle of Wight to become vicar of Newport Minster. Two years later he became vicar of the Church of St. Nicholas in Castro, Carisbrooke, and during these early years on the Isle of Wight he was frequently invited to preach for Queen Victoria at Whippingham and at the private chapel at Osborne House.[2] In 1894 he was appointed by the Lord Chancellor to the rectory of St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham, in which diocese Osborne House was situated. As rector of the local parish, he often met the Queen and members of the royal family, and he was summoned during the Queen's illness before her death in January 1901.[2] He was subsequently decorated with the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) by her successor, King Edward VII.Smith was appointed honorary chaplain to Queen Victoria in 1893, and served as a chaplain in ordinary to the Queen from 1896 until her death in 1901. Queen Victoria mentioned him in the last diary entry she ever wrote, saying that she attended a short service by him, and that it was a \"great comfort\" to her.[4] King Edward appointed him chaplain in ordinary to the King in 1901, and he served as such until the first year of the reign of King George V in 1910.He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in March 1902,[2][5] and installed as canon on 19 April 1902.[6] He held this position until he died in 1921.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Boissier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boissier"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Gordon,_Marchioness_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"His daughter, Dorothy (d. 1948), married (Arthur) Paul Boissier, headmaster of Harrow School; their daughter was June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TT24031902_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TT24031902_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TT24031902_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TT24031902_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"No. 27420\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27420/page/2153"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Fasti Wyndesorienses, May 1950. S. L. Ollard. Published by the Dean and Canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.\n\n^ a b c d \"Ecclesiastical intelligence\". The Times. No. 36723. London. 24 March 1902. p. 11.\n\n^ Alumni Oxonienses: the members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886; their parentage, birthplace and year of birth, with a record of their degrees. Being the matriculation register of the University, later series, S-Z, Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., 1888, p. 1311\n\n^ https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria\n\n^ \"No. 27420\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1902. p. 2153.\n\n^ \"Ecclesiastical intelligence\". The Times. No. 36747. London. 21 April 1902. p. 7.\n\n^ Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition, vol. 1, ed. Peter Townend, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1965, p. 74","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ecclesiastical intelligence\". The Times. No. 36723. London. 24 March 1902. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27420\". The London Gazette. 28 March 1902. p. 2153.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27420/page/2153","url_text":"\"No. 27420\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecclesiastical intelligence\". The Times. No. 36747. London. 21 April 1902. p. 7.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria","external_links_name":"https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/death-queen-victoria"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27420/page/2153","external_links_name":"\"No. 27420\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_(Bad4Good_album) | Refugee (Bad4Good album) | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Singles","5 References"] | 1992 studio album by Bad4GoodRefugeeStudio album by Bad4GoodReleasedAugust 18, 1992Genre
Heavy metal
hard rock
Length56:04LabelInterscopeProducerSteve Vai
Refugee is the only album by teenaged rock band Bad4Good, released in August 1992 by Interscope Records. The album was produced by Steve Vai. It is currently out of print. The band toured briefly with Damn Yankees before disbanding in 1993.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Two months after its release in August, the album hit the Billboard Heatseekers chart, at #39. It was later deemed to be a "flop" by Interscope.
Track listing
Nineteen (Phil Lynott, Laurence Archer cover) (3:56)
Curious Intentions (3:49)
Bangin' Time Again (4:27)
Mother of Love (3:54)
Devil in the Angel (4:10)
Rockin' My Body (4:00)
Slow and Beautiful (5:22)
Tyre Kickin' (Ya Makin' Me Nervous) (6:04)
Terminate (4:23)
Nothin' Great About A Heartache (4:29)
We're Gonna Fight (4:10)
I Want Everything (4:18)
Felony (3:18)
Personnel
Danny Cooksey - Lead Vocals
Thomas McRocklin - Lead Guitar
Zach Young - Bass Guitar, Backing Vocals
Brooks Wackerman - Drums
Michael Bower Background Vocals Tracks 5,7,11,12,13
Blake Sennett Background Vocals Tracks 5,7,11,12,13
Singles
"Nineteen"
References
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r70887
^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (1992-10-24). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Apter, Jeff (2009-12-09). Gwen Stefani and No Doubt: Simple Kind of Life. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120489.
This 1990s metal album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad4Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad4Good"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"Damn Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Yankees_(band)"}],"text":"Refugee is the only album by teenaged rock band Bad4Good, released in August 1992 by Interscope Records. The album was produced by Steve Vai. It is currently out of print. The band toured briefly with Damn Yankees before disbanding in 1993.","title":"Refugee (Bad4Good album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Two months after its release in August, the album hit the Billboard Heatseekers chart, at #39.[2] It was later deemed to be a \"flop\" by Interscope.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Lynott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lynott"},{"link_name":"Laurence Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Archer"}],"text":"Nineteen (Phil Lynott, Laurence Archer cover) (3:56)\nCurious Intentions (3:49)\nBangin' Time Again (4:27)\nMother of Love (3:54)\nDevil in the Angel (4:10)\nRockin' My Body (4:00)\nSlow and Beautiful (5:22)\nTyre Kickin' (Ya Makin' Me Nervous) (6:04)\nTerminate (4:23)\nNothin' Great About A Heartache (4:29)\nWe're Gonna Fight (4:10)\nI Want Everything (4:18)\nFelony (3:18)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Cooksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cooksey"},{"link_name":"Thomas McRocklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McRocklin"},{"link_name":"Brooks Wackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Wackerman"},{"link_name":"Michael Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bower"},{"link_name":"Blake Sennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Sennett"}],"text":"Danny Cooksey - Lead Vocals\nThomas McRocklin - Lead Guitar\nZach Young - Bass Guitar, Backing Vocals\nBrooks Wackerman - Drums\nMichael Bower Background Vocals Tracks 5,7,11,12,13\nBlake Sennett Background Vocals Tracks 5,7,11,12,13","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nineteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfzFxxJBJ8E"}],"text":"\"Nineteen\"","title":"Singles"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Inc, Nielsen Business Media (1992-10-24). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2REEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Apter, Jeff (2009-12-09). Gwen Stefani and No Doubt: Simple Kind of Life. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120489.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X55AXwcfI88C","url_text":"Gwen Stefani and No Doubt: Simple Kind of Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857120489","url_text":"9780857120489"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfzFxxJBJ8E","external_links_name":"Nineteen"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r70887","external_links_name":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r70887"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2REEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"Billboard"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X55AXwcfI88C","external_links_name":"Gwen Stefani and No Doubt: Simple Kind of Life"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refugee_(Bad4Good_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_FC | Saturn FC | ["1 References"] | Soccer clubSaturn FCFull nameSaturn Futbol ClubFounded20092009Regular Season: 5th, SoutheastPlayoffs: did not qualify
Home colors
Away colors
Saturn FC was an American soccer team based in Marietta, Georgia, United States. Founded in 2009, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.
The team is defunct, and played in 2009.
References
^ "Saturn FC". mascotdb.com. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
vte Soccer in the United States
U.S. Soccer Federation
USASA
USCS
State Soccer Associations
League system
History
First game
College
Hall of Fame
Awards
Clubs
International competition
Champions
Venues (stadiums by capacity
soccer-specific stadium)
Women's
Men'sNational teams
Senior (results
players)
U23
U20
U18
U17
U15
Beach soccer
Futsal
indoor soccer
Paralympic
Outdoor leaguesProfessional
MLS
History
Playoffs
MLS Cup
USL Championship
USLC Final
USL League One
NISA
MLS Next Pro
Amateur
USL League Two
NISA Nation
NPSL
CSL
EPSL
EPLWA
GCPL
MWPL
OVPL
SFSFL
UPSL
USLPA
Defunct
AFA (1884–1924)
American Cup (1885–1924)
ALPF (1894)
APSL (2015–2018)
NAFL (1895–1898)
AAFA Cup (1912–13)
ASL (1921–1933)
ASL (1933–1983)
NASFL (1946–47)
USA (1967)
NPSL (1967)
NASL (1968–1984)
USL (1984–85)
LSSA (1987–1992)
ASL (1988–89)
WSA (1989)
USL 2nd (1990–2010)
APSL (1990–1996)
A-League (1996–2004)
USL 1st (2005–2009)
D2 Pro (2010)
PLA (2015–2017)
NASL (2011–2017)
Indoor leaguesCurrent
MASL
MASL2
MASL3
MLIS
NISL
PASL
WISL
Defunct
NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984)
MISL (1978–1992)
NPSL (1984–2001)
CISL (1993–1997)
EISL (1997–98)
WISL (1998–2001)
MISL (2001–2008)
AISL (2003–2008)
XSL (2008–09)
MISL (2008–2014)
Futsal leagues
MLF
PFL
Club competitions
U.S. Open Cup
USL Cup
National Amateur Cup
Hank Steinbrecher Cup
U.S. Open (indoor)
Women'sNational teams
Senior (players)
U23
U20
U19
U18
U17
Futsal
Deaf
Outdoor leaguesProfessional
NWSL
NWSL Challenge Cup
NWSL Shield
Playoffs
USL Super League (beginning play in 2024)
Amateur
USL W League
WPSL
UWS
OVPL
Indoor leagues
NISL
PASL
Futsal leagues
MLF
International competitions
SheBelieves Cup
Tournament of Nations
Club competitions
Women's Open
Women's Amateur
Defunct leagues
W-League (1995–2015)
WUSA (2001–2003)
WPS (2009–2011)
WPSL Elite (2012)
YouthLeagues
AYSO
NFHS
USYSA
Super Y League
MLS Next
USL Academy
Competitions
US Youth Soccer National Championships
By city
Houston
Los Angeles
New York City
Seattle
St. Louis
Other topics
Most expensive American soccer transfers
Broadcast rights
Soccer America
Category
This article about a soccer club from the US state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"National Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"American Soccer Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soccer_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Saturn FC was an American soccer team based in Marietta, Georgia, United States. Founded in 2009, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.The team is defunct, and played in 2009.[1]","title":"Saturn FC"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Saturn FC\". mascotdb.com. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mascotdb.com/teams/saturn-fc","url_text":"\"Saturn FC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mascotdb.com/teams/saturn-fc","external_links_name":"\"Saturn FC\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_FC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Data_Inertial_Reference_Unit | Air data inertial reference unit | ["1 Description","1.1 Air data reference","1.2 Inertial reference","2 Complexity in redundancy","3 Failures and directives","3.1 FAA Airworthiness directive 2000-07-27","3.2 Airworthiness directive 2003-26-03","3.3 Alitalia A320","3.4 Malaysia Airlines Flight 124","3.5 Qantas Flight 68","3.6 Jetstar Flight 7","3.7 Airworthiness directive 2008-17-12","3.8 Qantas Flight 72","3.9 Qantas Flight 71","3.10 Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E","3.11 Air France Flight 447","3.12 Ryanair Flight 6606","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Flight instrument
An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS), which supplies air data (airspeed, angle of attack and altitude) and inertial reference (position and attitude) information to the pilots' electronic flight instrument system displays as well as other systems on the aircraft such as the engines, autopilot, aircraft flight control system and landing gear systems. An ADIRU acts as a single, fault tolerant source of navigational data for both pilots of an aircraft. It may be complemented by a secondary attitude air data reference unit (SAARU), as in the Boeing 777 design.
This device is used on various military aircraft as well as civilian airliners starting with the Airbus A320 and Boeing 777.
Description
An ADIRS consists of up to three fault tolerant ADIRUs located in the aircraft electronic rack, an associated control and display unit (CDU) in the cockpit and remotely mounted air data modules (ADMs). The No 3 ADIRU is a redundant unit that may be selected to supply data to either the commander's or the co-pilot's displays in the event of a partial or complete failure of either the No 1 or No 2 ADIRU. There is no cross-channel redundancy between the Nos 1 and 2 ADIRUs, as No 3 ADIRU is the only alternate source of air and inertial reference data. An inertial reference (IR) fault in ADIRU No 1 or 2 will cause a loss of attitude and navigation information on their associated primary flight display (PFD) and navigation display (ND) screens. An air data reference (ADR) fault will cause the loss of airspeed and altitude information on the affected display. In either case the information can only be restored by selecting the No 3 ADIRU.
Each ADIRU comprises an ADR and an inertial reference (IR) component.
Air data reference
See also: Pitot-static system
The air data reference (ADR) component of an ADIRU provides airspeed, Mach number, angle of attack, temperature and barometric altitude data. Ram air pressure and static pressures used in calculating airspeed are measured by small ADMs located as close as possible to the respective pitot and static pressure sensors. ADMs transmit their pressures to the ADIRUs through ARINC 429 data buses.
Inertial reference
The IR component of an ADIRU gives attitude, flight path vector, ground speed and positional data. The ring laser gyroscope is a core enabling technology in the system, and is used together with accelerometers, GPS and other sensors to provide raw data. The primary benefits of a ring laser over older mechanical gyroscopes are that there are no moving parts, it is rugged and lightweight, frictionless and does not resist a change in precession.
Complexity in redundancy
Analysis of complex systems is itself so difficult as to be subject to errors in the certification process. Complex interactions between flight computers and ADIRUs can lead to counter-intuitive behaviour for the crew in the event of a failure. In the case of Qantas Flight 72, the captain switched the source of IR data from ADIRU1 to ADIRU3 following a failure of ADIRU1; however ADIRU1 continued to supply ADR data to the captain's primary flight display. In addition, the master flight control computer (PRIM1) was switched from PRIM1 to PRIM2, then PRIM2 back to PRIM1, thereby creating a situation of uncertainty for the crew who did not know which redundant systems they were relying upon.
Reliance on redundancy of aircraft systems can also lead to delays in executing needed repairs, as airline operators rely on the redundancy to keep the aircraft system working without having to repair faults immediately.
Failures and directives
FAA Airworthiness directive 2000-07-27
On May 3, 2000, the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2000-07-27, addressing dual critical failures during flight, attributed to power supply issues affecting early Honeywell HG2030 and HG2050 ADIRU ring laser gyros used on several Boeing 737, 757, Airbus A319, A320, A321, A330, and A340 models.
Airworthiness directive 2003-26-03
On 27 January 2004 the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2003-26-03 (later superseded by AD 2008-17-12) which called for modification to the mounting of ADIRU3 in Airbus A320 family aircraft to prevent failure and loss of critical attitude and airspeed data.
Alitalia A320
I-BIKE, the aircraft involved in the A320 incident
On 25 June 2005, an Alitalia Airbus A320-200 registered as I-BIKE departed Milan with a defective ADIRU as permitted by the Minimum Equipment List. While approaching London Heathrow Airport during deteriorating weather another ADIRU failed, leaving only one operable. In the subsequent confusion the third was inadvertently reset, losing its reference heading and disabling several automatic functions. The crew was able to effect a safe landing after declaring a Pan-pan.
Malaysia Airlines Flight 124
9M-MRG, the aircraft involved as flight 124
On 1 August 2005, a serious incident involving Malaysia Airlines Flight 124 occurred when an ADIRU fault in a Boeing 777-2H6ER (9M-MRG) flying from Perth to Kuala Lumpur International caused the aircraft to act on false indications, resulting in uncommanded manoeuvres. In that incident the incorrect data impacted all planes of movement while the aircraft was climbing through 38,000 feet (11,600 m). The aircraft pitched up and climbed to around 41,000 feet (12,500 m), with the stall warning activated. The pilots recovered the aircraft with the autopilot disengaged and requested a return to Perth. During the return to Perth, both the left and right autopilots were briefly activated by the crew, but in both instances the aircraft pitched down and banked to the right. The aircraft was flown manually for the remainder of the flight and landed safely in Perth. There were no injuries and no damage to the aircraft. The ATSB found that the main probable cause of this incident was a latent software error which allowed the ADIRU to use data from a failed accelerometer.
The US Federal Aviation Administration issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51 requiring all 777 operators to install upgraded software to resolve the error.
Qantas Flight 68
VH-QPA, the aircraft involved as both flight 68 and 72
On 12 September 2006, Qantas Flight 68, Airbus A330 registration VH-QPA, from Singapore to Perth exhibited ADIRU problems but without causing any disruption to the flight. At 41,000 feet (12,000 m) and estimated position 530 nautical miles (980 km) north of Learmonth, Western Australia, NAV IR1 FAULT then, 30 minutes later, NAV ADR 1 FAULT notifications were received on the ECAM identifying navigation system faults in Inertial Reference Unit 1, then in ADR 1 respectively. The crew reported to the later Qantas Flight 72 investigation involving the same airframe and ADIRU that they had received numerous warning and caution messages which changed too quickly to be dealt with. While investigating the problem, the crew noticed a weak and intermittent ADR 1 FAULT light and elected to switch off ADR 1, after which they experienced no further problems. There was no impact on the flight controls throughout the event. The ADIRU manufacturer's recommended maintenance procedures were carried out after the flight and system testing found no further fault.
Jetstar Flight 7
VH-EBC, the aircraft involved as flight 7
On 7 February 2008, a similar aircraft (VH-EBC) operated by Qantas subsidiary Jetstar Airways was involved in a similar occurrence while conducting the JQ7 service from Sydney to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In this event - which occurred 1,760 nautical miles (3,260 km) east of Learmonth - many of the same errors occurred in the ADIRU unit. The crew followed the relevant procedure applicable at the time and the flight continued without problems.
The ATSB has yet to confirm if this event is related to the other Airbus A330 ADIRU occurrences.
Airworthiness directive 2008-17-12
On 6 August 2008, the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2008-17-12 expanding on the requirements of the earlier AD 2003-26-03 which had been determined to be an insufficient remedy. In some cases it called for replacement of ADIRUs with newer models, but allowed 46 months from October 2008 to implement the directive.
Qantas Flight 72
On 7 October 2008, Qantas Flight 72, using the same aircraft involved in the Flight 68 incident, departed Singapore for Perth. Some time into the flight, while cruising at 37,000 ft, a failure in the No.1 ADIRU led to the autopilot automatically disengaging followed by two sudden uncommanded pitch down manoeuvres, according to the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The accident injured up to 74 passengers and crew, ranging from minor to serious injuries. The aircraft was able to make an emergency landing without further injuries. The aircraft was equipped with a Northrop Grumman made ADIRS, which investigators sent to the manufacturer for further testing.
Qantas Flight 71
VH-QPG, the aircraft involved as flight 71
On 27 December 2008, Qantas Flight 71 from Perth to Singapore, a different Qantas A330-300 with registration VH-QPG was involved in an incident at 36,000 feet approximately 260 nautical miles (480 km) north-west of Perth and 350 nautical miles (650 km) south of Learmonth Airport at 1729 WST. The autopilot disconnected and the crew received an alert indicating a problem with ADIRU Number 1.
Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E
On 15 January 2009, the European Aviation Safety Agency issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E to address the above A330 and A340 Northrop-Grumman ADIRU problem of incorrectly responding to a defective inertial reference. In the event of a NAV IR fault the directed crew response is now to "select OFF the relevant IR, select OFF the relevant ADR, and then turn the IR rotary mode selector to the OFF position." The effect is to ensure that the faulted IR is powered off so that it no longer can send erroneous data to other systems.
Air France Flight 447
On 1 June 2009, Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330 en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean after transmitting automated messages indicating faults with various equipment, including the ADIRU. While examining possibly related events of weather-related loss of ADIRS, the NTSB decided to investigate two similar cases on cruising A330s. On a 21 May 2009 Miami-Sao Paulo TAM Flight 8091 registered as PT-MVB, and on a 23 June 2009 Hong Kong-Tokyo Northwest Airlines Flight 8 registered as N805NW each saw sudden loss of airspeed data at cruise altitude and consequent loss of ADIRS control.
Ryanair Flight 6606
On 9 October 2018, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight from Porto Airport to Edinburgh Airport suffered a left ADIRU failure that resulted in the aircraft pitching up and climbing 600 feet. The left ADIRU was put in ATT (attitude-only) mode in accordance with the Quick Reference Handbook, but it continued to display erroneous attitude information to the captain. The remainder of the flight was flown manually with an uneventful landing. The UK's AAIB released the final report on 31 October 2019, with the following recommendation:It is recommended that Boeing Commercial Aircraft amend the Boeing 737 Quick Reference Handbook to include a non-normal checklist for situations when pitch and roll comparator annunciations appear on the attitude display.
See also
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
References
^ a b c d
"The intricate complexity within an immaculate redundancy concern". Air Safety Week. August 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
^ a b c d
"Safety concern". Air Safety Week. May 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
^ a b
"In the grip of the gremlins". Air Safety Week. March 26, 2007.
^
"Honeywell's ADIRU selected by Airbus". Farnborough. 22–28 July 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
^ Digital Avionics Systems. IEEE, AIAA. 1995. ISBN 0-7803-3050-1. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^
"738-3 Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS)". ARINC. 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
^ "Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety -Navigation A330". smartcockpit.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
^
"Erroneous flight instruments". Boeing Aero Magazine, Issue 08. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
^ "Air Data Module" (PDF). Honeywell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
^ International Aerospace Abstracts. Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1985. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ a b
C.W. Johnson; C. Michael Holloway (2 February 2009). "The Dangers of Interaction with Modular and Self-Healing Avionics Applications: Redundancy Considered Harmful" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^
"Various transport category airplanes equipped with certain Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units". US Federal Aviation Administration. April 18, 2000. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^
"AD/INST/45 Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units 6/2000 DM" (PDF). Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. April 27, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2008.
^
"Airbus model A318, A319, A320, and A321 series airplanes equipped with certain Northrop Grumman (formerly Litton) Air Data Inertial Reference Units". US Federal Aviation Administration. August 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ "AAIB Bulletin: 6/2006" (PDF). UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Accident description for Malaysia Airlines Flight 124 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2008-10-15.
^ "In-flight upset event, 240 km north-west of Perth, WA, Boeing Company 777-200, 9M-MRG, 1 August 2005" (PDF). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2007-03-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^
"Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51". Federal Aviation Administration. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ a b c d e "In-flight upset, 154 km west of Learmonth, WA, 7 October 2008, VH-QPA, Airbus A330-303 - Interim Factual" (PDF). Aviation Occurrence Investigation AO-2008-070. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ "AD 2008-17-12 Airbus" (PDF). US Federal Aviation Administration. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^
"Computer error behind Qantas midair drama". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
^ Steve Creedy (17 October 2008). "US tests on false data sent on Qantas jet over WA". The Australian. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ Mike Walker. "Learmonth A330 pitch events" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "Qantas Airbus A330 incident, 480km North West of Perth on 27 December 2008" (Press release). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
^
Simon Hradecky (2 June 2009). "Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean". The Aviation Herald.
^
"Air France 447–Two A330 airspeed and altitude incidents under NTSB scrutiny". aviationnewsrelease. 28 June 2009.
^ "NTSB investigating two recent incidents involving possible A-330 speed and altitude indication anomalies" (Press release). NTSB. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^ "Brief of Incident". NTSB. 18 July 2011.
^ "Brief of Incident". NTSB. 27 June 2011.
^ "AAIB investigation to Boeing 737-8AS, EI-GJT".
Further reading
Dave Carbaugh; Doug Forsythe; Melville McIntyre. "Erroneous flight instrumenent information". Aero Magazine. Boeing. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
Melville Duncan W. McIntyre, Boeing (2003-11-25). "US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft". United States Patent Office. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
vteFlight instrumentsPitot-static
Altimeter
Airspeed indicator
Machmeter
Variometer
Gyroscopic
Attitude indicator
Heading indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
Turn and slip indicator
Turn coordinator
Turn indicator
Navigational
Aircraft periscope
Course deviation indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
Inertial navigation system
Magnetic compass
Satellite navigation
SIGI
Related topics
Air data inertial reference unit
ECAM
EFIS
Glass cockpit
Head-up display
Integrated standby instrument system
Primary flight display
V speeds
Yaw string | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed"},{"link_name":"angle of attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"inertial reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system"},{"link_name":"electronic flight instrument system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system"},{"link_name":"autopilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot"},{"link_name":"aircraft flight control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art5-1"},{"link_name":"fault tolerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art2-2"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gremlins-3"},{"link_name":"military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft"},{"link_name":"airliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art3-4"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS), which supplies air data (airspeed, angle of attack and altitude) and inertial reference (position and attitude) information to the pilots' electronic flight instrument system displays as well as other systems on the aircraft such as the engines, autopilot, aircraft flight control system and landing gear systems.[1] An ADIRU acts as a single, fault tolerant source of navigational data for both pilots of an aircraft.[2] It may be complemented by a secondary attitude air data reference unit (SAARU), as in the Boeing 777 design.[3]This device is used on various military aircraft as well as civilian airliners starting with the Airbus A320[4] and Boeing 777.[5]","title":"Air data inertial reference unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fault tolerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design"},{"link_name":"air data modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_data_module"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art1-6"},{"link_name":"redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"primary flight display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFIS#Primary_flight_display_(PFD)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art5-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlA330_-_Navigation-7"}],"text":"An ADIRS consists of up to three fault tolerant ADIRUs located in the aircraft electronic rack, an associated control and display unit (CDU) in the cockpit and remotely mounted air data modules (ADMs).[6] The No 3 ADIRU is a redundant unit that may be selected to supply data to either the commander's or the co-pilot's displays in the event of a partial or complete failure of either the No 1 or No 2 ADIRU. There is no cross-channel redundancy between the Nos 1 and 2 ADIRUs, as No 3 ADIRU is the only alternate source of air and inertial reference data. An inertial reference (IR) fault in ADIRU No 1 or 2 will cause a loss of attitude and navigation information on their associated primary flight display (PFD) and navigation display (ND) screens. An air data reference (ADR) fault will cause the loss of airspeed and altitude information on the affected display. In either case the information can only be restored by selecting the No 3 ADIRU.[1]Each ADIRU comprises an ADR and an inertial reference (IR) component.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitot-static system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot-static_system"},{"link_name":"Mach number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aero-08-8"},{"link_name":"airspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed"},{"link_name":"pitot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube"},{"link_name":"ARINC 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC_429"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Air data reference","text":"See also: Pitot-static systemThe air data reference (ADR) component of an ADIRU provides airspeed, Mach number, angle of attack, temperature and barometric altitude data.[8] Ram air pressure and static pressures used in calculating airspeed are measured by small ADMs located as close as possible to the respective pitot and static pressure sensors. ADMs transmit their pressures to the ADIRUs through ARINC 429 data buses.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_reference_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art5-1"},{"link_name":"ring laser gyroscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_laser_gyroscope"},{"link_name":"accelerometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"gyroscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"precession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession"}],"sub_title":"Inertial reference","text":"The IR component of an ADIRU gives attitude, flight path vector, ground speed and positional data.[1] The ring laser gyroscope is a core enabling technology in the system, and is used together with accelerometers, GPS and other sensors to provide raw data.[10] The primary benefits of a ring laser over older mechanical gyroscopes are that there are no moving parts, it is rugged and lightweight, frictionless and does not resist a change in precession.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qantas Flight 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas_Flight_72"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harmful-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gremlins-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harmful-11"}],"text":"Analysis of complex systems is itself so difficult as to be subject to errors in the certification process. Complex interactions between flight computers and ADIRUs can lead to counter-intuitive behaviour for the crew in the event of a failure. In the case of Qantas Flight 72, the captain switched the source of IR data from ADIRU1 to ADIRU3 following a failure of ADIRU1; however ADIRU1 continued to supply ADR data to the captain's primary flight display. In addition, the master flight control computer (PRIM1) was switched from PRIM1 to PRIM2, then PRIM2 back to PRIM1, thereby creating a situation of uncertainty for the crew who did not know which redundant systems they were relying upon.[11]Reliance on redundancy of aircraft systems can also lead to delays in executing needed repairs, as airline operators rely on the redundancy to keep the aircraft system working without having to repair faults immediately.[1][2][3][11]","title":"Complexity in redundancy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"ring laser gyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_laser_gyro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art2-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"FAA Airworthiness directive 2000-07-27","text":"On May 3, 2000, the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2000-07-27, addressing dual critical failures during flight, attributed to power supply issues affecting early Honeywell HG2030 and HG2050 ADIRU ring laser gyros used on several Boeing 737, 757, Airbus A319, A320, A321, A330, and A340 models.[2][12][13]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art2-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Airworthiness directive 2003-26-03","text":"On 27 January 2004 the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2003-26-03 (later superseded by AD 2008-17-12) which called for modification to the mounting of ADIRU3 in Airbus A320 family aircraft to prevent failure and loss of critical attitude and airspeed data.[2][14]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Alitalia%22_I-BIKE_(3097537511).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320-200"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Minimum Equipment List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Equipment_List"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Pan-pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-pan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Alitalia A320","text":"I-BIKE, the aircraft involved in the A320 incidentOn 25 June 2005, an Alitalia Airbus A320-200 registered as I-BIKE departed Milan with a defective ADIRU as permitted by the Minimum Equipment List. While approaching London Heathrow Airport during deteriorating weather another ADIRU failed, leaving only one operable. In the subsequent confusion the third was inadvertently reset, losing its reference heading and disabling several automatic functions. The crew was able to effect a safe landing after declaring a Pan-pan.[15]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_Airlines_B777-200ER(9M-MRG)_(4296895579).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-2H6ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"planes of movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamics"},{"link_name":"accelerometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Malaysia Airlines Flight 124","text":"9M-MRG, the aircraft involved as flight 124On 1 August 2005, a serious incident involving Malaysia Airlines Flight 124 occurred when an ADIRU fault in a Boeing 777-2H6ER (9M-MRG) flying from Perth to Kuala Lumpur International caused the aircraft to act on false indications, resulting in uncommanded manoeuvres.[16] In that incident the incorrect data impacted all planes of movement while the aircraft was climbing through 38,000 feet (11,600 m). The aircraft pitched up and climbed to around 41,000 feet (12,500 m), with the stall warning activated. The pilots recovered the aircraft with the autopilot disengaged and requested a return to Perth. During the return to Perth, both the left and right autopilots were briefly activated by the crew, but in both instances the aircraft pitched down and banked to the right. The aircraft was flown manually for the remainder of the flight and landed safely in Perth. There were no injuries and no damage to the aircraft. The ATSB found that the main probable cause of this incident was a latent software error which allowed the ADIRU to use data from a failed accelerometer.[17]The US Federal Aviation Administration issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51 requiring all 777 operators to install upgraded software to resolve the error.[18]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airbus_A330-303_%E2%80%98VH-QPA%E2%80%99_QANTAS.jpg"},{"link_name":"72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas_Flight_72"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Learmonth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learmonth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSB_InterimReport-19"},{"link_name":"ECAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Centralised_Aircraft_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Inertial Reference Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Reference_Unit"},{"link_name":"Qantas Flight 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas_Flight_72"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSB_InterimReport-19"}],"sub_title":"Qantas Flight 68","text":"VH-QPA, the aircraft involved as both flight 68 and 72On 12 September 2006, Qantas Flight 68, Airbus A330 registration VH-QPA, from Singapore to Perth exhibited ADIRU problems but without causing any disruption to the flight. At 41,000 feet (12,000 m) and estimated position 530 nautical miles (980 km) north of Learmonth, Western Australia,[19] NAV IR1 FAULT then, 30 minutes later, NAV ADR 1 FAULT notifications were received on the ECAM identifying navigation system faults in Inertial Reference Unit 1, then in ADR 1 respectively. The crew reported to the later Qantas Flight 72 investigation involving the same airframe and ADIRU that they had received numerous warning and caution messages which changed too quickly to be dealt with. While investigating the problem, the crew noticed a weak and intermittent ADR 1 FAULT light and elected to switch off ADR 1, after which they experienced no further problems. There was no impact on the flight controls throughout the event. The ADIRU manufacturer's recommended maintenance procedures were carried out after the flight and system testing found no further fault.[19]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VH-EBC_Airbus_A330_Jetstar_in_White_C-s_(7173193593).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jetstar Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstar_Airways"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSB_InterimReport-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSB_InterimReport-19"}],"sub_title":"Jetstar Flight 7","text":"VH-EBC, the aircraft involved as flight 7On 7 February 2008, a similar aircraft (VH-EBC) operated by Qantas subsidiary Jetstar Airways was involved in a similar occurrence while conducting the JQ7 service from Sydney to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In this event - which occurred 1,760 nautical miles (3,260 km) east of Learmonth - many of the same errors occurred in the ADIRU unit. The crew followed the relevant procedure applicable at the time and the flight continued without problems.[19]The ATSB has yet to confirm if this event is related to the other Airbus A330 ADIRU occurrences.[19]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Airworthiness directive 2008-17-12","text":"On 6 August 2008, the FAA issued airworthiness directive 2008-17-12 expanding on the requirements of the earlier AD 2003-26-03 which had been determined to be an insufficient remedy. In some cases it called for replacement of ADIRUs with newer models, but allowed 46 months from October 2008 to implement the directive.[20]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qantas Flight 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas_Flight_72"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Northrop Grumman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Qantas Flight 72","text":"On 7 October 2008, Qantas Flight 72, using the same aircraft involved in the Flight 68 incident, departed Singapore for Perth. Some time into the flight, while cruising at 37,000 ft, a failure in the No.1 ADIRU led to the autopilot automatically disengaging followed by two sudden uncommanded pitch down manoeuvres, according to the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The accident injured up to 74 passengers and crew, ranging from minor to serious injuries. The aircraft was able to make an emergency landing without further injuries. The aircraft was equipped with a Northrop Grumman made ADIRS, which investigators sent to the manufacturer for further testing.[21][22]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VH-QPG_A330-303_Qantas_SIN_02APR06_(5915938802).jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Learmonth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Learmonth"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Qantas Flight 71","text":"VH-QPG, the aircraft involved as flight 71On 27 December 2008, Qantas Flight 71 from Perth to Singapore, a different Qantas A330-300 with registration VH-QPG[23] was involved in an incident at 36,000 feet approximately 260 nautical miles (480 km) north-west of Perth and 350 nautical miles (650 km) south of Learmonth Airport at 1729 WST. The autopilot disconnected and the crew received an alert indicating a problem with ADIRU Number 1.[24]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Aviation Safety Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency"},{"link_name":"Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ad.easa.europa.eu/ad/2009-0012-E"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSB_InterimReport-19"}],"sub_title":"Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E","text":"On 15 January 2009, the European Aviation Safety Agency issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E to address the above A330 and A340 Northrop-Grumman ADIRU problem of incorrectly responding to a defective inertial reference. In the event of a NAV IR fault the directed crew response is now to \"select OFF the relevant IR, select OFF the relevant ADR, and then turn the IR rotary mode selector to the OFF position.\" The effect is to ensure that the faulted IR is powered off so that it no longer can send erroneous data to other systems.[19]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Flight 447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Sao Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Paulo"},{"link_name":"TAM Flight 8091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TAM_Flight_8091&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Northwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Air France Flight 447","text":"On 1 June 2009, Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330 en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean after transmitting automated messages indicating faults with various equipment, including the ADIRU.[25] While examining possibly related events of weather-related loss of ADIRS, the NTSB decided to investigate two similar cases on cruising A330s.[26] On a 21 May 2009 Miami-Sao Paulo TAM Flight 8091 registered as PT-MVB, and on a 23 June 2009 Hong Kong-Tokyo Northwest Airlines Flight 8 registered as N805NW each saw sudden loss of airspeed data at cruise altitude and consequent loss of ADIRS control.[27][28][29]","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 737-800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Quick Reference Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reference_Handbook"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Ryanair Flight 6606","text":"On 9 October 2018, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight from Porto Airport to Edinburgh Airport suffered a left ADIRU failure that resulted in the aircraft pitching up and climbing 600 feet. The left ADIRU was put in ATT (attitude-only) mode in accordance with the Quick Reference Handbook, but it continued to display erroneous attitude information to the captain. The remainder of the flight was flown manually with an uneventful landing. The UK's AAIB released the final report on 31 October 2019,[30] with the following recommendation:It is recommended that Boeing Commercial Aircraft amend the Boeing 737 Quick Reference Handbook to include a non-normal checklist for situations when pitch and roll comparator annunciations appear on the attitude display.","title":"Failures and directives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Erroneous flight instrumenent information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080906001423/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"\"US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US6654685"},{"link_name":"United States Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Flight_instruments"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Flight_instruments"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flight_instruments"},{"link_name":"Flight instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments"},{"link_name":"Pitot-static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system"},{"link_name":"Altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeter"},{"link_name":"Airspeed indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_indicator"},{"link_name":"Machmeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machmeter"},{"link_name":"Variometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometer"},{"link_name":"Gyroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"Attitude indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator"},{"link_name":"Heading indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heading_indicator"},{"link_name":"Horizontal situation indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator"},{"link_name":"Turn and slip indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator"},{"link_name":"Turn coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Turn indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_indicator"},{"link_name":"Aircraft periscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_periscope"},{"link_name":"Course deviation indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator"},{"link_name":"Horizontal situation indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator"},{"link_name":"Inertial navigation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system"},{"link_name":"Magnetic compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"Satellite navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation"},{"link_name":"SIGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Integrated_GPS/INS"},{"link_name":"Air data inertial reference unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ECAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor"},{"link_name":"EFIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system"},{"link_name":"Glass cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit"},{"link_name":"Head-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display"},{"link_name":"Integrated standby instrument system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system"},{"link_name":"Primary flight display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_flight_display"},{"link_name":"V speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds"},{"link_name":"Yaw string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_string"}],"text":"Dave Carbaugh; Doug Forsythe; Melville McIntyre. \"Erroneous flight instrumenent information\". Aero Magazine. Boeing. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-16.\nMelville Duncan W. McIntyre, Boeing (2003-11-25). \"US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft\". United States Patent Office. Retrieved 2008-10-16.vteFlight instrumentsPitot-static\nAltimeter\nAirspeed indicator\nMachmeter\nVariometer\nGyroscopic\nAttitude indicator\nHeading indicator\nHorizontal situation indicator\nTurn and slip indicator\nTurn coordinator\nTurn indicator\nNavigational\nAircraft periscope\nCourse deviation indicator\nHorizontal situation indicator\nInertial navigation system\nMagnetic compass\nSatellite navigation\nSIGI\nRelated topics\nAir data inertial reference unit\nECAM\nEFIS\nGlass cockpit\nHead-up display\nIntegrated standby instrument system\nPrimary flight display\nV speeds\nYaw string","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"I-BIKE, the aircraft involved in the A320 incident","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%22Alitalia%22_I-BIKE_%283097537511%29.jpg/250px-%22Alitalia%22_I-BIKE_%283097537511%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"9M-MRG, the aircraft involved as flight 124","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Malaysia_Airlines_B777-200ER%289M-MRG%29_%284296895579%29.jpg/250px-Malaysia_Airlines_B777-200ER%289M-MRG%29_%284296895579%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"VH-QPA, the aircraft involved as both flight 68 and 72","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Airbus_A330-303_%E2%80%98VH-QPA%E2%80%99_QANTAS.jpg/250px-Airbus_A330-303_%E2%80%98VH-QPA%E2%80%99_QANTAS.jpg"},{"image_text":"VH-EBC, the aircraft involved as flight 7","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/VH-EBC_Airbus_A330_Jetstar_in_White_C-s_%287173193593%29.jpg/250px-VH-EBC_Airbus_A330_Jetstar_in_White_C-s_%287173193593%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"VH-QPG, the aircraft involved as flight 71","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/VH-QPG_A330-303_Qantas_SIN_02APR06_%285915938802%29.jpg/250px-VH-QPG_A330-303_Qantas_SIN_02APR06_%285915938802%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics"}] | [{"reference":"\"The intricate complexity within an immaculate redundancy concern\". Air Safety Week. August 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_32_20/ai_n26957235","url_text":"\"The intricate complexity within an immaculate redundancy concern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safety concern\". Air Safety Week. May 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_2005_May_9/ai_n13829607","url_text":"\"Safety concern\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the grip of the gremlins\". Air Safety Week. March 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_12_21/ai_n27178496/?tag=content;col1","url_text":"\"In the grip of the gremlins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honeywell's ADIRU selected by Airbus\". Farnborough. 22–28 July 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2008-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061017052942/http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/farn/farn_02/farn_02d2_honeywellpg48.html","url_text":"\"Honeywell's ADIRU selected by Airbus\""},{"url":"http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/farn/farn_02/farn_02d2_honeywellpg48.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Digital Avionics Systems. IEEE, AIAA. 1995. ISBN 0-7803-3050-1. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP9VAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Digital Avionics Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE","url_text":"IEEE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIAA","url_text":"AIAA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-3050-1","url_text":"0-7803-3050-1"}]},{"reference":"\"738-3 Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS)\". ARINC. 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525194835/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog_detail.cfm?item_id=280","url_text":"\"738-3 Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC","url_text":"ARINC"},{"url":"https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog_detail.cfm?item_id=280","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety -Navigation A330\". smartcockpit.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070115043457/http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0019/","url_text":"\"Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety -Navigation A330\""},{"url":"http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Erroneous flight instruments\". Boeing Aero Magazine, Issue 08. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","url_text":"\"Erroneous flight instruments\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612001822/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Data Module\" (PDF). Honeywell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170855/http://www51.honeywell.com/aero/common/documents/Air_Data_Module.pdf","url_text":"\"Air Data Module\""},{"url":"http://www51.honeywell.com/aero/common/documents/Air_Data_Module.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Aerospace Abstracts. Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1985. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShYAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"International Aerospace Abstracts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics","url_text":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"}]},{"reference":"C.W. Johnson; C. Michael Holloway (2 February 2009). \"The Dangers of Interaction with Modular and Self-Healing Avionics Applications: Redundancy Considered Harmful\" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/papers/ISSC09/ADIRU_Accident_Submission.pdf","url_text":"\"The Dangers of Interaction with Modular and Self-Healing Avionics Applications: Redundancy Considered Harmful\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various transport category airplanes equipped with certain Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units\". US Federal Aviation Administration. April 18, 2000. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebSearchDefault?SearchView&Query=AD%202000-07-27&SearchOrder=1&SearchMax=0&SearchWV=TRUE&SearchFuzzy=FALSE&Start=1&Count=100#","url_text":"\"Various transport category airplanes equipped with certain Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"AD/INST/45 Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units 6/2000 DM\" (PDF). Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. April 27, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080805050006/http://casa.gov.au/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/equip/inst/INST-045.pdf","url_text":"\"AD/INST/45 Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units 6/2000 DM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Safety_Authority","url_text":"Civil Aviation Safety Authority"},{"url":"http://www.casa.gov.au/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/equip/inst/INST-045.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airbus model A318, A319, A320, and A321 series airplanes equipped with certain Northrop Grumman (formerly Litton) Air Data Inertial Reference Units\". US Federal Aviation Administration. August 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebSearchDefault?SearchView&Query=AD%202003-26-03&SearchOrder=1&SearchMax=0&SearchWV=TRUE&SearchFuzzy=FALSE&Start=1&Count=100#","url_text":"\"Airbus model A318, A319, A320, and A321 series airplanes equipped with certain Northrop Grumman (formerly Litton) Air Data Inertial Reference Units\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"AAIB Bulletin: 6/2006\" (PDF). UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022221023/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Airbus%20A320-200,%20I-BIKE%2006-06.pdf","url_text":"\"AAIB Bulletin: 6/2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Accidents_Investigation_Branch","url_text":"Air Accidents Investigation Branch"},{"url":"http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Airbus%20A320-200,%20I-BIKE%2006-06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In-flight upset event, 240 km north-west of Perth, WA, Boeing Company 777-200, 9M-MRG, 1 August 2005\" (PDF). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2007-03-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210315122511/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/pdf/aair200503722_001.pdf","url_text":"\"In-flight upset event, 240 km north-west of Perth, WA, Boeing Company 777-200, 9M-MRG, 1 August 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Transport_Safety_Bureau","url_text":"Australian Transport Safety Bureau"},{"url":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/pdf/aair200503722_001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51\". Federal Aviation Administration. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library%5CrgAD.nsf/0/25F9233FE09B613F8625706C005D0C53?OpenDocument#","url_text":"\"Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"In-flight upset, 154 km west of Learmonth, WA, 7 October 2008, VH-QPA, Airbus A330-303 - Interim Factual\" (PDF). Aviation Occurrence Investigation AO-2008-070. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2009-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123163038/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2008/AAIR/pdf/AO2008070_interim.pdf","url_text":"\"In-flight upset, 154 km west of Learmonth, WA, 7 October 2008, VH-QPA, Airbus A330-303 - Interim Factual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Transport_Safety_Bureau","url_text":"Australian Transport Safety Bureau"},{"url":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2008/AAIR/pdf/AO2008070_interim.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AD 2008-17-12 Airbus\" (PDF). US Federal Aviation Administration. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617060150/http://content.atp.com/ADs/pdf/081712.pdf?JServSessionIdroot=d7d0g7xvd1.JS1","url_text":"\"AD 2008-17-12 Airbus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"Federal Aviation Administration"},{"url":"http://content.atp.com/ADs/pdf/081712.pdf?JServSessionIdroot=d7d0g7xvd1.JS1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Computer error behind Qantas midair drama\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/10/14/2391134.htm","url_text":"\"Computer error behind Qantas midair drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081016061452/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/10/14/2391134.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steve Creedy (17 October 2008). \"US tests on false data sent on Qantas jet over WA\". The Australian. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081017192530/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24506830-36418,00.html","url_text":"\"US tests on false data sent on Qantas jet over WA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"},{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24506830-36418,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mike Walker. \"Learmonth A330 pitch events\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141217192357/http://asasi.org/papers/2009/QF72%20Learmonth%20A330%20Pitch%20Events%20Presented%20by%20Mike%20Walker.pdf","url_text":"\"Learmonth A330 pitch events\""},{"url":"http://asasi.org/papers/2009/QF72%20Learmonth%20A330%20Pitch%20Events%20Presented%20by%20Mike%20Walker.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qantas Airbus A330 incident, 480km North West of Perth on 27 December 2008\" (Press release). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 2 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090110000406/http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2009/release/2009_01.aspx","url_text":"\"Qantas Airbus A330 incident, 480km North West of Perth on 27 December 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2009/release/2009_01.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simon Hradecky (2 June 2009). \"Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean\". The Aviation Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://avherald.com/h?article=41a81ef1/0004&opt=0","url_text":"\"Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviation_Herald","url_text":"The Aviation Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Air France 447–Two A330 airspeed and altitude incidents under NTSB scrutiny\". aviationnewsrelease. 28 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviacaonoticias.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/air-france-447-two-a330-airspeed-and-altitude-incidents-under-ntsb-scrutiny/","url_text":"\"Air France 447–Two A330 airspeed and altitude incidents under NTSB scrutiny\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTSB investigating two recent incidents involving possible A-330 speed and altitude indication anomalies\" (Press release). NTSB. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2009/090625a.html","url_text":"\"NTSB investigating two recent incidents involving possible A-330 speed and altitude indication anomalies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSB","url_text":"NTSB"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief of Incident\". NTSB. 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/GeneratePDF.aspx?id=DCA09IA055&rpt=first","url_text":"\"Brief of Incident\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief of Incident\". NTSB. 27 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/GeneratePDF.aspx?id=DCA09IA064&rpt=fi","url_text":"\"Brief of Incident\""}]},{"reference":"\"AAIB investigation to Boeing 737-8AS, EI-GJT\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/aaib-investigation-to-boeing-737-8as-ei-gjt","url_text":"\"AAIB investigation to Boeing 737-8AS, EI-GJT\""}]},{"reference":"Dave Carbaugh; Doug Forsythe; Melville McIntyre. \"Erroneous flight instrumenent information\". Aero Magazine. Boeing. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","url_text":"\"Erroneous flight instrumenent information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing","url_text":"Boeing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906001423/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Melville Duncan W. McIntyre, Boeing (2003-11-25). \"US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft\". United States Patent Office. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing","url_text":"Boeing"},{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6654685","url_text":"\"US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_Office","url_text":"United States Patent Office"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ad.easa.europa.eu/ad/2009-0012-E","external_links_name":"Emergency Airworthiness Directive No 2009-0012-E"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_32_20/ai_n26957235","external_links_name":"\"The intricate complexity within an immaculate redundancy concern\""},{"Link":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_2005_May_9/ai_n13829607","external_links_name":"\"Safety concern\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_12_21/ai_n27178496/?tag=content;col1","external_links_name":"\"In the grip of the gremlins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061017052942/http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/farn/farn_02/farn_02d2_honeywellpg48.html","external_links_name":"\"Honeywell's ADIRU selected by Airbus\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/farn/farn_02/farn_02d2_honeywellpg48.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP9VAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Digital Avionics Systems"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525194835/https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog_detail.cfm?item_id=280","external_links_name":"\"738-3 Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.arinc.com/cf/store/catalog_detail.cfm?item_id=280","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070115043457/http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0019/","external_links_name":"\"Airline training guides, Aviation, Operations, Safety -Navigation A330\""},{"Link":"http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/airbus/A330/systems/0019/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","external_links_name":"\"Erroneous flight instruments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612001822/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170855/http://www51.honeywell.com/aero/common/documents/Air_Data_Module.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Air Data Module\""},{"Link":"http://www51.honeywell.com/aero/common/documents/Air_Data_Module.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShYAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"International Aerospace Abstracts"},{"Link":"http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/papers/ISSC09/ADIRU_Accident_Submission.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Dangers of Interaction with Modular and Self-Healing Avionics Applications: Redundancy Considered Harmful\""},{"Link":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebSearchDefault?SearchView&Query=AD%202000-07-27&SearchOrder=1&SearchMax=0&SearchWV=TRUE&SearchFuzzy=FALSE&Start=1&Count=100#","external_links_name":"\"Various transport category airplanes equipped with certain Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080805050006/http://casa.gov.au/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/equip/inst/INST-045.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AD/INST/45 Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units 6/2000 DM\""},{"Link":"http://www.casa.gov.au/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/equip/inst/INST-045.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebSearchDefault?SearchView&Query=AD%202003-26-03&SearchOrder=1&SearchMax=0&SearchWV=TRUE&SearchFuzzy=FALSE&Start=1&Count=100#","external_links_name":"\"Airbus model A318, A319, A320, and A321 series airplanes equipped with certain Northrop Grumman (formerly Litton) Air Data Inertial Reference Units\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022221023/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Airbus%20A320-200,%20I-BIKE%2006-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AAIB Bulletin: 6/2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Airbus%20A320-200,%20I-BIKE%2006-06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050801-1","external_links_name":"Accident description for Malaysia Airlines Flight 124"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210315122511/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/pdf/aair200503722_001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In-flight upset event, 240 km north-west of Perth, WA, Boeing Company 777-200, 9M-MRG, 1 August 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/pdf/aair200503722_001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library%5CrgAD.nsf/0/25F9233FE09B613F8625706C005D0C53?OpenDocument#","external_links_name":"\"Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181123163038/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2008/AAIR/pdf/AO2008070_interim.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In-flight upset, 154 km west of Learmonth, WA, 7 October 2008, VH-QPA, Airbus A330-303 - Interim Factual\""},{"Link":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2008/AAIR/pdf/AO2008070_interim.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617060150/http://content.atp.com/ADs/pdf/081712.pdf?JServSessionIdroot=d7d0g7xvd1.JS1","external_links_name":"\"AD 2008-17-12 Airbus\""},{"Link":"http://content.atp.com/ADs/pdf/081712.pdf?JServSessionIdroot=d7d0g7xvd1.JS1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/10/14/2391134.htm","external_links_name":"\"Computer error behind Qantas midair drama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081016061452/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/10/14/2391134.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081017192530/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24506830-36418,00.html","external_links_name":"\"US tests on false data sent on Qantas jet over WA\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24506830-36418,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141217192357/http://asasi.org/papers/2009/QF72%20Learmonth%20A330%20Pitch%20Events%20Presented%20by%20Mike%20Walker.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Learmonth A330 pitch events\""},{"Link":"http://asasi.org/papers/2009/QF72%20Learmonth%20A330%20Pitch%20Events%20Presented%20by%20Mike%20Walker.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090110000406/http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2009/release/2009_01.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Qantas Airbus A330 incident, 480km North West of Perth on 27 December 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2009/release/2009_01.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://avherald.com/h?article=41a81ef1/0004&opt=0","external_links_name":"\"Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on June 1st 2009, aircraft impacted ocean\""},{"Link":"http://aviacaonoticias.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/air-france-447-two-a330-airspeed-and-altitude-incidents-under-ntsb-scrutiny/","external_links_name":"\"Air France 447–Two A330 airspeed and altitude incidents under NTSB scrutiny\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2009/090625a.html","external_links_name":"\"NTSB investigating two recent incidents involving possible A-330 speed and altitude indication anomalies\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/GeneratePDF.aspx?id=DCA09IA055&rpt=first","external_links_name":"\"Brief of Incident\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/GeneratePDF.aspx?id=DCA09IA064&rpt=fi","external_links_name":"\"Brief of Incident\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/aaib-investigation-to-boeing-737-8as-ei-gjt","external_links_name":"\"AAIB investigation to Boeing 737-8AS, EI-GJT\""},{"Link":"http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","external_links_name":"\"Erroneous flight instrumenent information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906001423/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_08/erroneous_textonly.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6654685","external_links_name":"\"US Patent 6654685 - Apparatus and method for navigation of an aircraft\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Ram | Fenian Ram | ["1 Design","2 Ship history","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°54′49″N 74°10′45″W / 40.91371°N 74.17923°W / 40.91371; -74.17923Submarine designed for use by the Fenian Brotherhood
Fenian Ram at the Clason Point Military Academy, Bronx, NY, some time between 1916 and 1927
History
United States
NameHolland Boat No. II
OwnerFenian Brotherhood
BuilderDeLamater Iron Works, New York City for John Philip Holland
Launched1881
Nickname(s)Fenian Ram
StatusMuseum ship
General characteristics
TypeSubmarine
Displacement19 long tons (19 t)
Length9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
Beam1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
Height1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
Propulsion1 × 15 hp (11 kW) Brayton piston engine, single screw
Test depth18 m (59 ft)
Complement3 (operator, engineer, gunner)
Armament1 × 9 in (230 mm) pneumatic gun
Fenian Ram is a submarine designed by John Philip Holland for use by the Fenian Brotherhood, the American counterpart to the Irish Republican Brotherhood, against the British. The Fenian Ram was the world’s first practical submarine. It was powered by a double acting Brayton Ready Motor which used kerosene fuel. It was able to dive & submerge successfully. The Ram's construction and launching in 1881 by the Delamater Iron Company in New York was funded by the Fenians' Skirmishing Fund. Officially Holland Boat No. II, the role of the Fenians in its funding led the New York Sun newspaper to name the vessel the Fenian Ram.
Design
Fenian Ram's design was partly modelled on the Whitehead torpedo, and it had similar cruciform control fins near the tail. The boat did not simply take on ballast until she sank like other contemporary submarines; she maintained a slightly positive buoyancy, and tilted her horizontal planes so that her forward motion forced her under.
Fenian Ram was armed with a 9-inch (229 mm) pneumatic gun some 11 feet (3.4 m) long, mounted along the boat's centerline and firing forward out of her bow. It operated like modern submarine torpedo tubes: a watertight bow cap was normally kept shut, allowing the 6-foot-long (1.8 m) dynamite-filled steel projectiles to be loaded into the tube from the interior of the submarine. The inner door was then shut and the outer door opened by a remote mechanism. Finally, 400 psi (2.8 MPa) air was used to shoot the projectile out of the tube. To reload, the outer door was again shut and the water in the tube was blown into the surrounding ballast tank by more compressed air. It was powered by a 15 hp (11 kW) Brayton piston engine.
Ship history
The submarine on display at the Paterson Museum, New Jersey (2016)
During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the IRB and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883. Although Holland III accidentally sank in the East River, the Fenians took the Fenian Ram to New Haven, Connecticut, but discovered that no one knew how to operate it. Holland refused to help. Unable to use or sell the boat, the Brotherhood had the Ram hauled into a shed on the Mill River.
In 1916, Fenian Ram was exhibited in Madison Square Garden to raise funds for victims of the Easter Rising. Afterwards, she was moved to Clason Point Military Academy, Bronx, NY. In 1927, the Academy relocated to Long Island and the hull was sold for scrap. Prior to demolition, Irish-American activist Harry Cunningham intervened and purchased the Fenian Ram from the junkyard in order to preserve it as a symbol of Irish-American ingenuity. In September, 1927, Cunningham sold the submarine to Edward Browne of Paterson, NJ, who offered the vessel to the City of Paterson as a memorial to Holland's work. Today, she can still be seen at the Paterson Museum.
Holland started the Holland Torpedo Boat Company in 1896 after the US Navy showed interest in the design.
Gallery
See also
History of submarines
Holland I
Holland III
Holland IV
References
^ "John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine". navy.mil. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ Maloney, William (2012). "Holland Submarine Exhibit, Fenian Ram and Submarine No. 1, Paterson Museum N.J." williammaloney.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ Davies, R. Nautilus: The Story of Man Under the Sea. Naval Institute Press. 1995. ISBN 1-55750-615-9.
^ “Devoy Tells Story of First Submarine: Holland Warship Purchased for Clan-na-Gael, The Original Owners, by Harry Cunningham”, The Gaelic American, New York, 09 July 1927., page 1.
^ “Special Meeting of Park Board on the Fenian Ram: Browne Makes Formal Application for a Location in Westside Park”, The Paterson News, 16 September 1927.
^ Warnes, Kathy. "Bakers Boat" (PDF). Historical Society of Michigan. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
^ Buell, Erica (14 December 2017). "The Great Submarine Contest-pt 1". Submarine Force Library and Museum Blog. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
^ Profile Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, United States Navy. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Bibliography
Gray, Paul (March 2018). "The Fenian Ram". Warship International. LV (January 2018): 31–34. ISSN 0043-0374.
External links
The John Holland Website
Fenian Ram Archived 7 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Photos of John Holland's Submarine Fenian Ram at the Paterson Museum in Paterson, NJ
Paterson Museum The Paterson Museum Website
HNSA Web Page: Fenian Ram
vteHolland Torpedo Boat CompanyFounder
John Philip Holland
Early submarines
Holland I
Holland II
Holland III
Holland IV
Holland V
Holland VI
Holland - Electric Boat Company submarines
Plunger-class submarine
American Holland-class submarine
Holland 602 type submarine
Submarine base
Holland Torpedo Boat Station
Key people
Lewis Nixon
Elihu B. Frost
Lawrence York Spear
Arthur Leopold Busch
Frank Cable
Isaac Rice
Harry Cunningham
Fate - part of
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Museums
Paterson Museum (Museum ships: Holland I - Holland II)
John P. Holland Centre
vteIrish Republican BrotherhoodGeneral
Young Ireland
Fenianism
Irish republicanism
Physical force Irish republicanism
Irish in the American Civil War
Manchester Martyrs
Cuba Five
New Departure
Irish Race Conventions
Obstructionism
Fenian Ram
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Declaration of Independence
Irish Republic
Sinn Féin
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Irish Civil War
Irish Free State
Actions
Fenian Rising (Clerkenwell explosion and Fenian raids)
Catalpa rescue
Land War
Fenian dynamite campaign
Easter Rising
Irish War of Independence
Army Mutiny
Presidents
James Stephens
Thomas J. Kelly
J. F. X. O'Brien
Charles Kickham
John O'Connor Power
John O'Leary
Neal O'Boyle
John Mulholland
Seamus Deakin
Denis McCullough
Thomas Ashe
Seán McGarry
Harry Boland
Patrick Moylett
Michael Collins
Richard Mulcahy
Prominent members19th century
Thomas Francis Bourke
Ricard O'Sullivan Burke
Edward O'Meagher Condon
John Daly
Michael Davitt
Timothy Deasy
John Devoy
Michael Doheny
Thomas Clarke Luby
John O'Mahony
Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
Pat Nally
William R. Roberts
20th century
Éamonn Ceannt
Tom Clarke
Bulmer Hobson
Seán Mac Diarmada
Diarmuid Lynch
Patrick Pearse
Joseph Plunkett
Informants
Thomas Miller Beach
Francis Frederick Millen
Associates
Clan na Gael
Cumann na mBan
Emmet Monument Association
Fenian Brotherhood
Fianna Éireann
Friends of Irish Freedom
Irish Republican Army
Irish Freedom (newspaper)
The Irish People (newspaper)
United Irishmen of America
Derivatives
Irish National Invincibles (Phoenix Park killings)
vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800
Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC)
Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC)
Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC)
Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC)
Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC)
Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC)
Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC)
Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC)
Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC)
Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC)
Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC)
Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC)
Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC)
Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD)
De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD)
Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD)
Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD)
Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD)
Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD)
Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD)
Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD)
Tune ship⚓ (900 AD)
Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD)
Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD)
Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD)
Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD)
Newport Ship⚓ (1449)
Mary Rose⚓ (1509)
Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600)
Vasa⚓ (1627)
Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628)
St. Nicholas⚓ (1640)
State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670)
La Belle⚓ (1684)
Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689)
Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732)
Victory⚓ (1765)
Philadelphia⚓ (1776)
Peggy⚓ (c. 1789)
Constitution⛵ (1797)
1800–1879
Zetland⚓ (1802)
Ticonderoga⚓ (1814)
Trincomalee⚓ (1817)
Unicorn⚓ (1824)
Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841)
Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843)
Bertha⚓ (1844)
Great Britain⚓ (1845)
Brandtaucher⚓ (1850)
Radetzky⚓ (1851)
Snow Squall⚓ (1851)
Edwin Fox⚓ (1853)
Constellation⚓ (1854)
Santiago⚓ (1856)
Skibladner⛵ (1856)
Gondola⛵ (1859)
Jylland⚓ (1860)
Warrior⚓ (1860)
Cairo⚓ (1861)
Mayflower⚓ (1861)
Australia⚓ (1862)
Chattahoochee⚓ (1863)
Daring⚓ (1863)
H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863)
Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863)
Neuse⚓ (1863)
Star of India ⛵ (1863)
Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863)
City of Adelaide⚓ (1864)
Jackson⚓ (1864)
Strelets (1864)
El Mahrousa⛵ (1865)
Huáscar⚓ (1865)
Adelaide⛵ (1866)
Bjoren⛵ (1866)
Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866)
Buffel⚓ (1868)
Enköping⛵ (1868)
Lone Star⚓ (1868)
Schorpioen⚓ (1868)
Cutty Sark⚓ (1869)
Katarina⚓ (1869)
Yavari⚓ (1870)
Leitha⚓ (1871)
Lewis R. French⛵ (1871)
Raven⛵ (1871)
Stephen Taber⛵ (1871)
Puno⛵ (1872)
Gjøa⚓ (1872)
Meiji Maru⚓ (1873)
Rap⚓ (1873)
Hero⛵ (1874)
James Craig⛵ (1874)
Juno⛵ (1874)
Uruguay⚓ (1874)
Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875)
Muñoz Gamero (1875)
Sölve⚓ (1875)
Anna Karoline⚓ (1876)
Avoca⚓ (1877)
Bonaire⚓ (1877)
Elissa⛵ (1877)
Gem⚓ (1877)
Governor Stone⛵ (1877)
Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877)
Success⚓ (1877)
Decoy⚓ (1878)
Enterprise⛵ (1878)
Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878)
Gannet⚓ (1878)
Holland I⚓ (1878)
Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879)
Vallejo⛵️ (1879)
1880–1899
Annie⚓ (1880)
Fenian Ram⚓ (1881)
Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881)
Rothbury⛵️ (1881)
George Smeed⛵️ (1882)
Grace Bailey⛵ (1882)
Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882)
Christeen⚓ (1883)
Nelcebee⚓ (1883)
Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884)
Little Jennie ⚓ (1884)
Kuna⛵ (1884)
PW Mayflower⛵ (1884)
Amazon⛵ (1885)
Coronet⚓ (1885)
Pioneer⛵ (1885)
Polly Woodside⚓ (1885)
Wavertree⚓ (1885)
Balclutha⚓ (1886)
L'Almée⚓ (1885)
Segwun⛵ (1887)
Sigyn⚓ (1887)
Tyr⚓ (1887)
Akarana⚓ (1888)
af Chapman⚓ (1888)
Elf⛵ (1888)
Equator⚓ (1888)
Priscilla⚓ (1888)
Anna Kristina⛵ (1889)
Arthur Foss⚓ (1889)
Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889)
Peral⚓ (1889)
Raven⛵ (1889)
"Eureka"⚓ (1890)
Persistence⛵️ (1890)
Robin⚓ (1890)
Alma⚓ (1891)
Nellie⚓ (1891)
Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891)
Tern⛵ (1891)
Fram⚓ (1892)
Kestrel⚓ (1892)
Mirosa⛵ (1892)
Olympia⚓ (1892)
Rona⚓️ (1892)
Coya⚓ (1893)
El Primero⛵ (1893)
Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893)
Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893)
Result⚓ (1893)
Viking⚓ (1893)
Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894)
Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894)
Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894)
Turbinia⚓ (1894)
Vridni⚓ (1894)
Lagaren⚓ (1894)
Bessie⛵ (1895)
C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895)
Centaur⛵ (1895)
Gedser Rev⚓ (1895)
Hiawatha⛵ (1895)
Kitty⛵ (1895)
Belem⛵ (1896)
Daisy⚓ (1896)
Edna G⚓ (1896)
Genève⚓ (1896)
Glenlee⚓ (1896)
Meteor⚓ (1896)
Pyap⛵ (1896)
Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896)
Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896)
La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897)
Keenora⚓ (1897)
Marion⛵ (1897)
Najaden⚓ (1897)
Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897)
Tarella⚓ (1897)
Wyvern⛵ (1897)
Carola⚓ (1898)
Marjorie⛵ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Berkeley⚓ (1898)
Edme⛵ (1898)
Etona⛵ (1898)
Moyie⚓ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Waimarie⛵️ (1898)
Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898)
Albatros⛵ (1899)
Decima⛵ (1899)
Maud⛵ (1899)
Stjernen I⛵ (1899)
William B. Tennison⚓ (1899)
1900–1907
Aurora⚓ (1900)
Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900)
Ena⛵ (1900)
Helen McAllister⚓ (1900)
Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900)
Ironsides⛵ (1900)
Kathleen and May⛵ (1900)
Mikasa⚓ (1900)
Regina M.⚓️ (1900)
Västan⛵ (1900)
Victory Chimes⛵ (1900)
Cangarda⛵ (1901)
Discovery⚓ (1901)
Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901)
Elsworth⚓ (1901)
Gazela⚓ (1901)
Holland 1⚓ (1901)
Kathryn⚓ (1901)
Reaper⛵ (1901)
Sigsbee⛵ (1901)
Tilikum⚓ c. 1901
Urger⛵ (1901)
Basuto⚓ (1902)
Columbia⚓ (1902)
Jupiter⚓ (1902)
Madiz⛵ (1902)
Shenandoah⛵ (1902)
Solway Lass⛵ (1902)
Stanley Norman⚓ (1902)
Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902)
Alma Doepel⛵ (1903)
Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903)
Celtic⚓ (1903)
Finngrundet⚓ (1903)
Föri⛵️ (1903)
Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903)
Maggie Lee⛵ (1903)
Normac⚓ (1903)
Pommern⚓ (1903)
Alose⚓ (1904)
Ariki⚓ (1904)
Barnegat⚓ (1904)
Black Jack⛵ (1904)
Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904)
J C Madge⚓ (1904)
Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904)
Juniata⚓ (1904)
Medea⚓ (1904)
Moshulu⚓ (1904)
Sava⚓ (1904)
Swiftsure⚓ (1904)
Asgard⚓ (1905)
Fæmund II⛵ (1905)
Hathor⛵ (1905)
Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905)
Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905)
Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906)
Baltimore⚓ (1906)
Blümlisalp⛵ (1906)
Cambria⛵ (1906)
Edith May⛵ (1906)
Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906)
Ida May⛵ (1906)
Minnehaha⛵ (1906)
Minnie V⛵️ (1906)
Östanå I⛵ (1906)
St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906)
Thalatta⛵ (1906)
Ticonderoga⚓ (1906)
U-1⚓ (1906)
Viola⚓ (1906)
Ambrose⚓ (1907)
Drazki⚓ (1907)
Canally⚓ (1907)
F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907)
Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907)
Hercules⚓ (1907)
Irene⛵ (1907)
Keewatin⚓ (1907)
Nyanza⚓ (1907)
Rosa⛵ (1907)
Ruby⚓ (1907)
Tarmo⚓ (1907)
Viking⚓ (1907)
Yankee⚓ (1907)
1908–1914
Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908)
Entiat Princess⛵ (1908)
Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908)
Mohican II⛵ (1908)
Oscar W⛵ (1908)
Oster⛵ (1908)
Sabino⛵ (1908)
Speeder⛵️ (1908)
Storskär⛵ (1908)
Ardwina⛵ (1909)
Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909)
Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909)
Duwamish⚓ (1909)
Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909)
Lotus⛵ (1909)
President⛵ (1909)
Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909)
Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909)
Gonca⛵ (1909)
E.C. Collier⚓ (1910)
Georgios Averof⚓ (1910)
Noorderlicht⛵ (1910)
Norrskär⛵ (1910)
Ste. Claire⚓ (1910)
Trillium⛵ (1910)
Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910)
Europa⛵ (1911)
Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911)
Helen Smitton⚓ (1911)
Hestmanden⚓ (1911)
Industry⛵ (1911)
James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911)
McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911)
Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911)
Nomadic⚓ (1911)
Nusret⚓ (1911)
Passat⚓ (1911)
Peking⚓ (1911)
Pevensey⛵ (1911)
Tradewind⛵ (1911)
Wäiski⚓ (1911)
African Queen⚓ (1912)
Astoria⛵️ (1912)
Canberra⛵ (1912)
Cartela⛵ (1912)
Chacon⚓ (1912)
Earnslaw⛵ (1912)
Gustaf III⛵ (1912)
Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912)
James Caird⚓ (1912)
J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912)
Kwasind⛵ (1912)
Lady Denman⚓ (1912)
Margaret⛵ (1912)
Melbourne⛵ (1912)
Sundowner⛵ (1912)
Texas⚓ (1912)
Wendameen⛵ (1912)
Zhongshan⚓ (1912)
Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912)
Acadia⚓ (1913)
Adventuress⛵ (1913)
Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913)
Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913)
Jolie Brise⛵ (1913)
Kildare⛵ (1913)
Kommuna⛵ (1913)
Kyle⚓ (1913)
North Head⚓ (1913)
Rusinga⚓️ (1913)
Stord I⛵ (1913)
Suur Tõll⛵ (1913)
Usoga⛵ (1913)
Naramata⚓ (1914)
Sicamous⚓ (1914)
Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914)
World War I
Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914)
Britannia⛵️ (1914)
Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914)
Caroline⚓ (1914)
Hercules⛵ (1914)
Horns Rev⚓ (1914)
Katahdin⛵ (1914)
Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914)
Doulos Phos⚓ (1914)
Perth⚓ (1914)
Pilot⛵ (1914)
Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914)
Zumbrota⛵ (1914)
Bradbury⚓ (1915)
Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915)
Katie⛵ (1915)
Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915)
M33⚓ (1915)
Mar-Sue⛵ (1915)
Miseford⛵ (1915)
Peacock⛵ (1915)
Sankt Erik⛵ (1915)
Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915)
Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916)
Krassin⚓ (1916)
Mariette⛵️ (1916)
Mercantile⛵ (1916)
Portsmouth⚓ (1916)
UB-46⚓ (1916)
Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917)
Carpentaria⚓ (1917)
Commander⛵ (1917)
L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917)
Maud⚓ (1917)
St. Julien⛵️ (1917)
Valley Camp⚓️ (1917)
El Don⛵️ (1918)
Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918)
Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918)
Lotus⛵ (1918)
Oosterschelde⛵ (1918)
President⚓ (1918)
Surprise⛵ (1918)
W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918)
40°54′49″N 74°10′45″W / 40.91371°N 74.17923°W / 40.91371; -74.17923 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"John Philip Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Holland"},{"link_name":"Fenian Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Brayton Ready Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brayton_Ready_Motor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delamater Iron Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delamater_Iron_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Submarine designed for use by the Fenian BrotherhoodFenian Ram is a submarine designed by John Philip Holland for use by the Fenian Brotherhood, the American counterpart to the Irish Republican Brotherhood, against the British. The Fenian Ram was the world’s first practical submarine. It was powered by a double acting Brayton Ready Motor which used kerosene fuel. It was able to dive & submerge successfully. The Ram's construction and launching in 1881 by the Delamater Iron Company in New York was funded by the Fenians' Skirmishing Fund. Officially Holland Boat No. II, the role of the Fenians in its funding led the New York Sun newspaper to name the vessel the Fenian Ram.[1]","title":"Fenian Ram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"cruciform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform"},{"link_name":"pneumatic gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_gun"},{"link_name":"Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle"},{"link_name":"piston engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fenian Ram's design was partly modelled on the Whitehead torpedo, and it had similar cruciform control fins near the tail. The boat did not simply take on ballast until she sank like other contemporary submarines; she maintained a slightly positive buoyancy, and tilted her horizontal planes so that her forward motion forced her under.Fenian Ram was armed with a 9-inch (229 mm) pneumatic gun some 11 feet (3.4 m) long, mounted along the boat's centerline and firing forward out of her bow. It operated like modern submarine torpedo tubes: a watertight bow cap was normally kept shut, allowing the 6-foot-long (1.8 m) dynamite-filled steel projectiles to be loaded into the tube from the interior of the submarine. The inner door was then shut and the outer door opened by a remote mechanism. Finally, 400 psi (2.8 MPa) air was used to shoot the projectile out of the tube. To reload, the outer door was again shut and the water in the tube was blown into the surrounding ballast tank by more compressed air. It was powered by a 15 hp (11 kW) Brayton piston engine.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paterson_Museum_(NJ)_images_(45)_number_36_Early_submarine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paterson Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Museum"},{"link_name":"Holland III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usni_nautilus-3"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Mill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_River_(Quinnipiac_River)"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Clason Point Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Harry Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cunningham_(activist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paterson Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Museum"},{"link_name":"Holland Torpedo Boat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Torpedo_Boat_Company"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The submarine on display at the Paterson Museum, New Jersey (2016)During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the IRB and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883.[3] Although Holland III accidentally sank in the East River, the Fenians took the Fenian Ram to New Haven, Connecticut, but discovered that no one knew how to operate it. Holland refused to help. Unable to use or sell the boat, the Brotherhood had the Ram hauled into a shed on the Mill River.In 1916, Fenian Ram was exhibited in Madison Square Garden to raise funds for victims of the Easter Rising. Afterwards, she was moved to Clason Point Military Academy, Bronx, NY. In 1927, the Academy relocated to Long Island and the hull was sold for scrap. Prior to demolition, Irish-American activist Harry Cunningham intervened and purchased the Fenian Ram from the junkyard in order to preserve it as a symbol of Irish-American ingenuity.[4] In September, 1927, Cunningham sold the submarine to Edward Browne of Paterson, NJ, who offered the vessel to the City of Paterson as a memorial to Holland's work.[5] Today, she can still be seen at the Paterson Museum.Holland started the Holland Torpedo Boat Company in 1896 after the US Navy showed interest in the design.[6][7][8]","title":"Ship history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Holland_Fenian_Ram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operator_seat_inside_the_Fenian_Ram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brayton_Ready_Motor_compressor_Cylinder_inside_the_Fenian_Ram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brayton_Ready_Motor_Expander_Cylinder_inside_the_Fenian_Ram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenian_Ram_sea_trials.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"}],"text":"Gray, Paul (March 2018). \"The Fenian Ram\". Warship International. LV (January 2018): 31–34. ISSN 0043-0374.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The submarine on display at the Paterson Museum, New Jersey (2016)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Paterson_Museum_%28NJ%29_images_%2845%29_number_36_Early_submarine.jpg/220px-Paterson_Museum_%28NJ%29_images_%2845%29_number_36_Early_submarine.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_submarines"},{"title":"Holland I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_I"},{"title":"Holland III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_III"},{"title":"Holland IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_IV"}] | [{"reference":"\"John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine\". navy.mil. 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021174106/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland2.htm","url_text":"\"John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maloney, William (2012). \"Holland Submarine Exhibit, Fenian Ram and Submarine No. 1, Paterson Museum N.J.\" williammaloney.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","url_text":"\"Holland Submarine Exhibit, Fenian Ram and Submarine No. 1, Paterson Museum N.J.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707051618/http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Warnes, Kathy. \"Bakers Boat\" (PDF). Historical Society of Michigan. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsmichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/BakersBoat-ND13.pdf","url_text":"\"Bakers Boat\""}]},{"reference":"Buell, Erica (14 December 2017). \"The Great Submarine Contest-pt 1\". Submarine Force Library and Museum Blog. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ussnautilus.org/blog/the-great-submarine-contest-pt-1/","url_text":"\"The Great Submarine Contest-pt 1\""}]},{"reference":"Gray, Paul (March 2018). \"The Fenian Ram\". Warship International. LV (January 2018): 31–34. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fenian_Ram¶ms=40.91371_N_74.17923_W_","external_links_name":"40°54′49″N 74°10′45″W / 40.91371°N 74.17923°W / 40.91371; -74.17923"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021174106/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland2.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Holland Submarine Exhibit, Fenian Ram and Submarine No. 1, Paterson Museum N.J.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707051618/http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hsmichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/BakersBoat-ND13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bakers Boat\""},{"Link":"http://ussnautilus.org/blog/the-great-submarine-contest-pt-1/","external_links_name":"\"The Great Submarine Contest-pt 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006110950/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192115/http://geocities.com/gwmccue/","external_links_name":"The John Holland Website"},{"Link":"http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","external_links_name":"Fenian Ram"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707051618/http://www.williammaloney.com/Aviation/FenianRam/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thepatersonmuseum.com/","external_links_name":"Paterson Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043444/http://hnsa.org/ships/fenian.htm","external_links_name":"HNSA Web Page: Fenian Ram"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fenian_Ram¶ms=40.91371_N_74.17923_W_","external_links_name":"40°54′49″N 74°10′45″W / 40.91371°N 74.17923°W / 40.91371; -74.17923"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seattle_Mariners_broadcasters | List of Seattle Mariners broadcasters | ["1 Current broadcast team","2 Former Broadcast team","3 Radio broadcasts","4 Television broadcasts","4.1 Radio Broadcasters by year","4.2 2020s","4.3 2000s & 2010s","5 See also","6 References"] | The following is a season-by-season list of people who have worked on Seattle Mariners local radio and television broadcasts.
Current broadcast team
Rick Rizzs (1983–1991, 1995–present)
Dave Sims (2007–present)
Mike Blowers (2007–present)
Aaron Goldsmith (2013–present)
Dan Wilson (2012–present)
Gary Hill Jr. (2010-present)
Steve Guasch (Spanish language, 2023-present)
Former Broadcast team
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ken Brett (1986)
Nellie Briles (1985)
Jay Buhner (2002–2005, 2011–2012)
Chip Caray (1993–1997)
Julio Cruz (Spanish language, 2002–2021)
Ron Fairly (1993–2006, 2011–2012)
Bill Freehan (1979–1980)
Greg Gumbel (1991)
Dave Henderson (1997–2006, 2011–2012)
Ken Levine (1992–1994, 2011–2012)
Dave Niehaus (1977–2010)
Tom Paciorek (2001)
Amaury Pi-Gonzalez (Spanish language, 2003–2006)
Don Poier (1981)
Billy Sample (1992)
Joe Simpson (1987–1991)
Wes Stock (1982–1983)
Dave Valle (1997–2006, 2011–2012)
Ken Wilson (1977–1982, 2011–2012)
Alex Rivera (Spanish language, 2007–2023)
Radio broadcasts
See also: Seattle Mariners Radio Network
Since 2009, and from 1985-2002 the Mariners' flagship radio station is KIRO 710 AM. Former flagship stations include KOMO 1000 AM (2003–2008) and KVI 570 AM (1977–1984).
Television broadcasts
Root Sports Northwest (FSN formerly Northwest Cable Sports and Prime Sports Northwest; 1993–present)
KSTW 11 (Independent formerly The CW and UPN; 1981–1985, 1989–1992, 2001–2007)
KIRO-TV 7 (CBS formerly UPN; 1986–1988, 1990–1991, 1995–2000)
KING-TV 5 (NBC; 1977–1980)
Radio Broadcasters by year
2020s
Year
Flagship stations
Play-by-Play
Color Commentary / Some Play-by-Play
2024
KIRO
Rick Rizzs
Aaron Goldsmith Dave Sims
2023
2022
2021
2020
2000s & 2010s
Year
Flagship stations
Play-by-Play
Color Commentary / Some Play-by-Play
2019
KIRO
Rick Rizzs
Aaron Goldsmith Dave Sims
2018
Aaron Goldsmith
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
Ken Wilson Ken Levine Ron Fairly Dave Henderson Dave Valle Dan Wilson
2011
2010
Dave Niehaus
Rick Rizzs Dave Sims
2009
2008
KOMO
2007
2006
Rick Rizzs Dave Henderson Ron Fairly Dave Valle
2005
2004
Rick Rizzs
2003
2002
KIRO
Rick Rizzs Dave Henderson Ron Fairly Dave Valle
2001
2000
See also
List of current Major League Baseball broadcasters
References
^ "Go inside the broadcast booth with Seattle Mariners radio announcer, Rick Rizzs". king5.com. 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ a b Farkas, Brady (2023-06-13). "Seattle Mariners Broadcasters Share Hilarious Viral Moment Right Before Home Run". Fastball. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
^ "Why Mariners broadcaster Mike Blowers has missed much of this season". The Seattle Times. 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
vteSeattle Mariners
Established in 1977
Based in Seattle, Washington
Franchise
History
Expansion
Expansion draft
Seasons
Records
No-hitters
Players
Managers
General managers and owners
Award winners and league leaders
First-round draft picks
Broadcasters
Opening Day starting pitchers
Minor league affiliates
Team Hall of Fame
Nintendo Fan Network
Ballparks
Kingdome
T-Mobile Park
Spring training:
Tempe Diablo Stadium
Peoria Sports Complex
Culture
Mariner Moose
USS Mariner
MS Relief
"Refuse to Lose"
"Sodo Mojo"
Home run trident
The Mitt
People
Dave Niehaus
Mr. Mariner
Tuba Man
Peanut Man
Promotions
Buhner Buzz Night
Turn Back the Clock
Turn Ahead the Clock
King's Court
Songs
"Louie Louie"
"Kernkraft 400"
"Can't Hold Us"
Film & TV
The Naked Gun
Little Big League
The Comrades of Summer
Lore
1995 AL West tie-breaker game
1995 ALDS
The Double
2000 ALDS
116 wins
2001 ALDS
Félix Hernández's perfect game
Wild Card Comeback
18 shutout innings
Key personnel
Owner: Baseball Club of Seattle, LP, represented by CEO John Stanton
President: John Stanton
President of baseball operations: Jerry Dipoto
General manager: Justin Hollander
Manager: Scott Servais
Retired numbers
11
24
42
All-Star Games hosted (3)
1979
2001
2023
American LeagueWest Division titles (3)
1995
1997
2001
Wild card berths (2)
2000
2022
Minor league affiliates
Tacoma Rainiers (Triple-A)
Arkansas Travelers (Double-A)
Everett AquaSox (High-A)
Modesto Nuts (Single-A)
ACL Mariners (Rookie)
DSL Mariners (Rookie)
BroadcastingTelevision
Root Sports Northwest
Radio
ESPN-710
Radio network affiliates
Broadcasters
Rick Rizzs
Dave Sims
Mike Blowers
Aaron Goldsmith
Alex Rivera (Spanish)
Seattle Mariners seasons1970s
1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
vteLists of Major League Baseball broadcastersAmerican League
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Guardians
Detroit Tigers
Houston Astros
Kansas City Royals
Los Angeles Angels
Minnesota Twins
New York Yankees
Oakland Athletics
Seattle Mariners
Tampa Bay Rays
Texas Rangers
Toronto Blue Jays
National League
Arizona Diamondbacks
Atlanta Braves
Chicago Cubs
Cincinnati Reds
Colorado Rockies
Los Angeles Dodgers
Miami Marlins
Milwaukee Brewers
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
Pittsburgh Pirates
St. Louis Cardinals
San Diego Padres
San Francisco Giants
Washington Nationals (Montreal Expos)
National TV networks/cable channels
ABC (The Baseball Network)
Fox
ESPN (Baseball Tonight • ESPN Radio)
MLB Network
NBC
TBS
Game of the Week
Prime time
By event
All-Star Game
ALCS
ALDS
NLCS
NLDS
World Series | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"}],"text":"The following is a season-by-season list of people who have worked on Seattle Mariners local radio and television broadcasts.","title":"List of Seattle Mariners broadcasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Rizzs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Rizzs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dave Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Mike Blowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Blowers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aaron Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Dan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wilson_(catcher)"}],"text":"Rick Rizzs[1] (1983–1991, 1995–present)\nDave Sims[2] (2007–present)\nMike Blowers[3] (2007–present)\nAaron Goldsmith[2] (2013–present)\nDan Wilson (2012–present)\nGary Hill Jr. (2010-present)\nSteve Guasch (Spanish language, 2023-present)","title":"Current broadcast team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Brett"},{"link_name":"Nellie Briles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Briles"},{"link_name":"Jay Buhner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Buhner"},{"link_name":"Chip Caray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Caray"},{"link_name":"Julio Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Cruz_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Ron Fairly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fairly"},{"link_name":"Bill Freehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Freehan"},{"link_name":"Greg Gumbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Gumbel"},{"link_name":"Dave Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Ken Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Levine_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Dave Niehaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Niehaus"},{"link_name":"Tom Paciorek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paciorek"},{"link_name":"Amaury Pi-Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Pi-Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Don Poier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Poier"},{"link_name":"Billy Sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sample"},{"link_name":"Joe Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simpson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Wes Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Stock"},{"link_name":"Dave Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Valle"},{"link_name":"Ken Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilson_(sportscaster)"}],"text":"Ken Brett (1986)\nNellie Briles (1985)\nJay Buhner (2002–2005, 2011–2012)\nChip Caray (1993–1997)\nJulio Cruz (Spanish language, 2002–2021)\nRon Fairly (1993–2006, 2011–2012)\nBill Freehan (1979–1980)\nGreg Gumbel (1991)\nDave Henderson (1997–2006, 2011–2012)\nKen Levine (1992–1994, 2011–2012)\nDave Niehaus (1977–2010)\nTom Paciorek (2001)\nAmaury Pi-Gonzalez (Spanish language, 2003–2006)\nDon Poier (1981)\nBilly Sample (1992)\nJoe Simpson (1987–1991)\nWes Stock (1982–1983)\nDave Valle (1997–2006, 2011–2012)\nKen Wilson (1977–1982, 2011–2012)\nAlex Rivera (Spanish language, 2007–2023)","title":"Former Broadcast team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"KIRO 710 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIRO_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KOMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNWN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVI_(AM)"}],"text":"See also: Seattle Mariners Radio NetworkSince 2009, and from 1985-2002 the Mariners' flagship radio station is KIRO 710 AM. Former flagship stations include KOMO 1000 AM (2003–2008) and KVI 570 AM (1977–1984).","title":"Radio broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Root Sports Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_Sports_Northwest"},{"link_name":"FSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Net"},{"link_name":"KSTW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTW"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Station"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"KIRO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIRO-TV"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"KING-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KING-TV"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"}],"text":"Root Sports Northwest (FSN formerly Northwest Cable Sports and Prime Sports Northwest; 1993–present)\nKSTW 11 (Independent formerly The CW and UPN; 1981–1985, 1989–1992, 2001–2007)\nKIRO-TV 7 (CBS formerly UPN; 1986–1988, 1990–1991, 1995–2000)\nKING-TV 5 (NBC; 1977–1980)","title":"Television broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio Broadcasters by year","title":"Television broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Television broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s & 2010s","title":"Television broadcasts"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of current Major League Baseball broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Major_League_Baseball_broadcasters"}] | [{"reference":"\"Go inside the broadcast booth with Seattle Mariners radio announcer, Rick Rizzs\". king5.com. 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.king5.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/evening/go-inside-the-broadcast-booth-seattle-mariners-radio-announcer-rick-rizzs/281-3865f224-4956-4451-9ce1-8b94244e1d5b","url_text":"\"Go inside the broadcast booth with Seattle Mariners radio announcer, Rick Rizzs\""}]},{"reference":"Farkas, Brady (2023-06-13). \"Seattle Mariners Broadcasters Share Hilarious Viral Moment Right Before Home Run\". Fastball. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/news/seattle-mariners-broadcasters-aaron-goldsmith-and-dave-sims-share-hilarious-moment-ahead-of-cal-raleigh-home-run","url_text":"\"Seattle Mariners Broadcasters Share Hilarious Viral Moment Right Before Home Run\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Mariners broadcaster Mike Blowers has missed much of this season\". The Seattle Times. 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/why-mariners-broadcaster-mike-blowers-has-missed-much-of-this-season/","url_text":"\"Why Mariners broadcaster Mike Blowers has missed much of this season\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.king5.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/evening/go-inside-the-broadcast-booth-seattle-mariners-radio-announcer-rick-rizzs/281-3865f224-4956-4451-9ce1-8b94244e1d5b","external_links_name":"\"Go inside the broadcast booth with Seattle Mariners radio announcer, Rick Rizzs\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/fannation/mlb/fastball/news/seattle-mariners-broadcasters-aaron-goldsmith-and-dave-sims-share-hilarious-moment-ahead-of-cal-raleigh-home-run","external_links_name":"\"Seattle Mariners Broadcasters Share Hilarious Viral Moment Right Before Home Run\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/why-mariners-broadcaster-mike-blowers-has-missed-much-of-this-season/","external_links_name":"\"Why Mariners broadcaster Mike Blowers has missed much of this season\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Seda | Tamara Seda | ["1 College","2 National Team career","3 References"] | American-Mozambican basketball player
Tamara SedaNo. 42 – Kutaxabank AraskiPositionForwardPersonal informationBornJun 19, 1994Maputo, MozambiqueNationalityAmerican-MozambiqueListed height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Career informationCollegeThe University of Texas at El PasoPlaying career2011–present
Tamara Seda (born Oct 18, 1998) is a Mozambican basketball player. She plays professionally for Kutxabank Araski and also Mozambique women's national basketball team
College
Seda graduated from The University of Texas at El Paso, but prior to UTEP she was a student of Seward County Community College where she averaged 14.2 points per game, 9.8 rebounds per game and 26 assists.
In her sophomore year at UTEP, she appeared in 34 games, including two starts, she had 4.1 points per game and 4.4 rebounds per game.
As a junior she averaged 9.6 points, 9.0 rebounds and 1.6 blocks. Also in her senior year she had 15 double-doubles, 14.9 points per game and 9.6 rebounds per game.
National Team career
Seda participated in the 2017 FIBA Women's AfroBasket with Mozambique, averaging 9.3 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 0.3 assists per game.
She also participated in the 2019 and 2021 editions of the tournament. She averaged 10.6 points, 11.4 rebounds, 1 assist per game and 8.8 points, 8.7 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game respectively.
References
^ "Tamara SEDA at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2019". FIBA.basketball.
^ < "KutxaBank Araski basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket". Eurobasket LLC.
^ "Seward County Saints". Seward County Saints.
^ a b "Tamara Seda - Women's Basketball". UTEP Miners.
^ "Tamara Seda - Player Profile". FIBA.basketball. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kutxabank Araski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araski_AES"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mozambique women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_women%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Tamara Seda (born Oct 18, 1998) is a Mozambican basketball player.[1] She plays professionally for Kutxabank Araski[2] and also Mozambique women's national basketball team","title":"Tamara Seda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Seward County Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward_County_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"Seda graduated from The University of Texas at El Paso, but prior to UTEP she was a student of Seward County Community College where she averaged 14.2 points per game, 9.8 rebounds per game and 26 assists.[3]In her sophomore year at UTEP, she appeared in 34 games, including two starts, she had 4.1 points per game and 4.4 rebounds per game.[4]\nAs a junior she averaged 9.6 points, 9.0 rebounds and 1.6 blocks. Also in her senior year she had 15 double-doubles, 14.9 points per game and 9.6 rebounds per game.[4]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 FIBA Women's AfroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Afrobasket"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_Afrobasket"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Women%27s_Afrobasket"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Seda participated in the 2017 FIBA Women's AfroBasket with Mozambique, averaging 9.3 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 0.3 assists per game.\nShe also participated in the 2019 and 2021 editions of the tournament. She averaged 10.6 points, 11.4 rebounds, 1 assist per game and 8.8 points, 8.7 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game respectively.[5]","title":"National Team career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tamara SEDA at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2019\". FIBA.basketball.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Tamara-Seda","url_text":"\"Tamara SEDA at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2019\""}]},{"reference":"< \"KutxaBank Araski basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\". Eurobasket LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Spain/KutxaBank-Araski/18510?Women=1","url_text":"< \"KutxaBank Araski basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seward County Saints\". Seward County Saints.","urls":[{"url":"https://sewardsaints.com/sports/wbkb/2014-15/players/tamarasedau1a6","url_text":"\"Seward County Saints\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamara Seda - Women's Basketball\". UTEP Miners.","urls":[{"url":"https://utepminers.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/tamara-seda/3893","url_text":"\"Tamara Seda - Women's Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamara Seda - Player Profile\". FIBA.basketball.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/198728/Tamara-Seda","url_text":"\"Tamara Seda - Player Profile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Tamara-Seda","external_links_name":"\"Tamara SEDA at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2019\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Spain/KutxaBank-Araski/18510?Women=1","external_links_name":"< \"KutxaBank Araski basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\""},{"Link":"https://sewardsaints.com/sports/wbkb/2014-15/players/tamarasedau1a6","external_links_name":"\"Seward County Saints\""},{"Link":"https://utepminers.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/tamara-seda/3893","external_links_name":"\"Tamara Seda - Women's Basketball\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/198728/Tamara-Seda","external_links_name":"\"Tamara Seda - Player Profile\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz_Metro | Ahvaz Metro | ["1 Lines","1.1 Line 1","1.2 Line 2","1.3 Line 3","1.4 Line 4","2 Rolling stock","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
Ahvaz MetroOverviewNative nameمتروی اهواز / Metro-ye AhvâzOwnerAhvaz MunicipalityLocaleAhvaz, Khuzestan IranTransit typeRapid transitWebsiteUrban Railway OrganizationTechnicalSystem lengthLine 1: 23 kmTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)(standard gauge)
System Map
Ahvaz Metro is a metro system serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran. The first line with a length of 23 km is currently under construction with 24 stations. There are three other lines also planned for the city.
Lines
Line 1
Line 1 of Ahvaz metro is currently under construction. The line starts from the Northeast of the city, from in front of the power plant, going to the Southwest of the city, passing through near Ahvaz Airport, through Ahvaz old town on the left bank of Karun River, crossing the river and passing through Ahvaz Central Business and Administrative District and near Ahvaz railway station, passing the side of Chamran University, and continuing to the city's border to Baghaei Hospital.
The line is being built in 4 segments or phases. The first segment, consisting of 7 stations was expected to become operational in 2018.
Line 2
Line 2 of Ahvaz metro is planned for construction later. The line will run opposite of Line 1, from Southeast to Northwest.
Line 3
Line 3 is currently in the planning stage. it will run in an East West direction on the southern edge of central Ahvaz.
Line 4
Line 4 is currently in the planning stage. it will run in an East West direction further north of the city, just south of the airport.
Expansion plans of Ahvaz Metro
Rolling stock
Rolling stock will be supplied by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen in cooperation with Wagon Pars.
See also
Rapid transit in Iran
References
^ "در بازدید استاندار خوزستان از پروژه ی قطار شهری اهواز عنوان شد: راه اندازی فاز اول خط یک تا پایان سال 1396". Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ "Iran, Chinese firms sign rail deals". www.iran-daily.com. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
^ Wei, Xu (2018-03-09). "CRRC Nanjing Cops USD620 Million Subway Train Supply Deal in Iran". Yicai Global. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
External links
Subways in Iran Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
vte Rapid transit in IranIn operation
Isfahan
Karaj
Mashhad
Shiraz
Tabriz
Tehran Metro
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
Line 5
Line 6
Line 7
List of stations
Bus Rapid Transit
Monorail (cancelled)
Trolleybuses
Under construction
Ahvaz
Kermanshah
Qom
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahvaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Ahvaz Metro is a metro system serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran. The first line with a length of 23 km is currently under construction with 24 stations. There are three other lines also planned for the city.","title":"Ahvaz Metro"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahvaz Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz_Airport"},{"link_name":"Karun River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karun_River"},{"link_name":"Ahvaz railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chamran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Chamran_University_of_Ahvaz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Line 1","text":"Line 1 of Ahvaz metro is currently under construction. The line starts from the Northeast of the city, from in front of the power plant, going to the Southwest of the city, passing through near Ahvaz Airport, through Ahvaz old town on the left bank of Karun River, crossing the river and passing through Ahvaz Central Business and Administrative District and near Ahvaz railway station, passing the side of Chamran University, and continuing to the city's border to Baghaei Hospital.The line is being built in 4 segments or phases. The first segment, consisting of 7 stations was expected to become operational in 2018.[1][needs update]","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Line 2","text":"Line 2 of Ahvaz metro is planned for construction later. The line will run opposite of Line 1, from Southeast to Northwest.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Line 3","text":"Line 3 is currently in the planning stage. it will run in an East West direction on the southern edge of central Ahvaz.","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahvaz_Metro_map-Future-geo.png"}],"sub_title":"Line 4","text":"Line 4 is currently in the planning stage. it will run in an East West direction further north of the city, just south of the airport.Expansion plans of Ahvaz Metro","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRRC Nanjing Puzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Nanjing_Puzhen"},{"link_name":"Wagon Pars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Pars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rolling stock will be supplied by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen in cooperation with Wagon Pars.[2][3]","title":"Rolling stock"}] | [{"image_text":"Expansion plans of Ahvaz Metro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ahvaz_Metro_map-Future-geo.png/250px-Ahvaz_Metro_map-Future-geo.png"}] | [{"title":"Rapid transit in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit_in_Iran"}] | [{"reference":"\"در بازدید استاندار خوزستان از پروژه ی قطار شهری اهواز عنوان شد: راه اندازی فاز اول خط یک تا پایان سال 1396\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019031847/http://www.ahwazmetro.org/Default.aspx?tabid=67&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=147","url_text":"\"در بازدید استاندار خوزستان از پروژه ی قطار شهری اهواز عنوان شد: راه اندازی فاز اول خط یک تا پایان سال 1396\""},{"url":"http://www.ahwazmetro.org/Default.aspx?tabid=67&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=147","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran, Chinese firms sign rail deals\". www.iran-daily.com. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iran-daily.com/News/211275.html","url_text":"\"Iran, Chinese firms sign rail deals\""}]},{"reference":"Wei, Xu (2018-03-09). \"CRRC Nanjing Cops USD620 Million Subway Train Supply Deal in Iran\". Yicai Global. Retrieved 2018-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/crrc-nanjing-cops-usd620-million-subway-train-supply-deal-iran","url_text":"\"CRRC Nanjing Cops USD620 Million Subway Train Supply Deal in Iran\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ahwazmetro.org/","external_links_name":"Urban Railway Organization"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019031847/http://www.ahwazmetro.org/Default.aspx?tabid=67&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=147","external_links_name":"\"در بازدید استاندار خوزستان از پروژه ی قطار شهری اهواز عنوان شد: راه اندازی فاز اول خط یک تا پایان سال 1396\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahwazmetro.org/Default.aspx?tabid=67&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=147","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iran-daily.com/News/211275.html","external_links_name":"\"Iran, Chinese firms sign rail deals\""},{"Link":"https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/crrc-nanjing-cops-usd620-million-subway-train-supply-deal-iran","external_links_name":"\"CRRC Nanjing Cops USD620 Million Subway Train Supply Deal in Iran\""},{"Link":"http://www.subways.net/iran/","external_links_name":"Subways in Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171028223610/http://www.subways.net/iran/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20067677","external_links_name":"Structurae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttle_Educational_State_Forest | Tuttle Educational State Forest | ["1 Nearby state parks","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°51′12″N 081°38′15″W / 35.85333°N 81.63750°W / 35.85333; -81.63750Protected area in North Carolina, United States
Tuttle Educational State ForestIUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)Forest ranger in front of a 175-year-old Water Oak cross section on exhibit.Location of Tuttle Educational State Forest in North CarolinaLocationCaldwell, North Carolina, United StatesCoordinates35°51′12″N 081°38′15″W / 35.85333°N 81.63750°W / 35.85333; -81.63750Area288 acres (117 ha)Governing bodyNorth Carolina Forest ServiceWebsiteTuttle Educational State Forest
Tuttle Educational State Forest (TESF) is a 288-acre (1.17 km2) North Carolina State Forest near Lenoir, North Carolina. It was named for American missionary educator Lelia Judson Tuttle, who donated the first 168 acres of land for the park in 1956.
Nearby state parks
The following state parks and state forests are within 30 miles (48 km) of Tuttle Educational State Forest:
Grandfather Mountain State Park
Lake James State Park
Rendezvous Mountain State Park
South Mountains State Park
References
^ a b
"NC Forest Service Natural Assets" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. January 23, 2014. p. 15. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Houser, Troy (1987-06-19). "Forest Offers Wilderness Experience". Hickory Daily Record. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-12-16 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
Official website
vteProtected areas of North CarolinaFederalNational Parks
Great Smoky Mountains
National Historic Sites
Carl Sandburg Home
Fort Raleigh
National Memorials
Wright Brothers
National Military Parks
Guilford Courthouse
National Battlefields
Moores Creek
National Parkways
Blue Ridge Parkway
Crabtree Falls
Craggy Gardens
Cumberland Knob
Doughton Park
E.B. Jeffress Park
Julian Price Memorial Park
Linville Falls
Moses H. Cone Memorial Park
Mount Pisgah
Waterrock Knob
National Trails
Appalachian Trail
Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail
National Seashores
Cape Hatteras
Cape Lookout
National Marine Sanctuary
Monitor
National EstuarineResearch Reserve
Currituck Banks
Rachel Carson
Masonboro Island
Zeke’s Island
National Forests
Cherokee
Croatan
Nantahala
Pisgah
Uwharrie
National Wildlife Refuges
Alligator River
Cedar Island
Currituck
Great Dismal Swamp
Mackay Island
Mattamuskeet
Mountain Bogs
Pea Island
Pee Dee
Pocosin Lakes
Roanoke River
Swanquarter
Wilderness Areas
Birkhead Mountains
Catfish Lake South
Ellicott Rock
Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock
Linville Gorge
Middle Prong
Pocosin
Pond Pine
Sheep Ridge
Shining Rock
Southern Nantahala
Swanquarter
Wilderness Study Areas
Craggy Mountain
Harper Creek
Lost Cove
Overflow
Snowbird
Wild and Scenic Rivers
Chattooga River
Horsepasture River
Lumber River
New River
Wilson Creek
StateState Parks
Carolina Beach
Carvers Creek
Chimney Rock
Cliffs of the Neuse
Crowders Mountain
Dismal Swamp
Elk Knob
Eno River
Fort Macon
Goose Creek
Gorges
Grandfather Mountain
Hammocks Beach
Hanging Rock
Haw River
Jockey's Ridge
Jones Lake
Lake James
Lake Norman
Lake Waccamaw
Lumber River
Mayo River
Medoc Mountain
Merchants Millpond
Morrow Mountain
Mount Mitchell
New River
Pettigrew
Pilot Mountain
Pisgah View
Raven Rock
Rendezvous Mountain
Singletary Lake
South Mountains
Stone Mountain
William B. Umstead
State Recreation Areas
Falls Lake
Fort Fisher
Jordan Lake
Kerr Lake
State Natural Areas
Hemlock Bluffs
Lea Island
Masonboro Island
Mount Jefferson
Occoneechee Mountain
Theodore Roosevelt
Weymouth Woods
State Lakes
Bay Tree Lake
Jones Lake
Lake Phelps
Salters Lake
Singletary Lake
Lake Waccamaw
White Lake
State Trails
Dan River
Deep River
East Coast Greenway
Equine
Fonta Flora
French Broad River
Haw River Trail
Hickory Nut Gorge
Mountains-to-Sea
Northern Peaks
Overmountain Victory
Roanoke River
Saluda Grade
Wilderness Gateway
Yadkin River
State Rivers
Horsepasture River
Linville River
Lumber River
New River
State Forests
Bladen Lakes
DuPont
Headwaters
Rendezvous Mountain
Educational State Forests
Clemmons
Holmes
Jordan Lake
Mountain Island
Turnbull Creek
Tuttle
State Historic Sites
Alamance Battleground
Charles B. Aycock Birthplace
Historic Bath
Bennett Place
Bentonville Battleground
Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson
C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial
Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial
Duke Homestead
Historic Edenton
Fort Dobbs
Fort Fisher
Historic Halifax
Horne Creek Living Historical Farm
House in the Horseshoe
North Carolina Transportation Museum
President James K. Polk Historic Site
Reed Gold Mine
Somerset Place
Stagville
State Capitol
Thomas Wolfe Memorial
Town Creek Indian Mound
Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens
Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace
State Coastal Reserves
Bald Head Woods
Bird Island
Buxton Woods
Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge
Kitty Hawk Woods
Permuda Island
OtherNature centers
List of nature centers in North Carolina
This article related to a protected area in North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a location in Caldwell County, North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_forests"},{"link_name":"Lenoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForestOverview-1"},{"link_name":"Lelia Judson Tuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelia_Judson_Tuttle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Protected area in North Carolina, United StatesTuttle Educational State Forest (TESF) is a 288-acre (1.17 km2) North Carolina State Forest near Lenoir, North Carolina.[1] It was named for American missionary educator Lelia Judson Tuttle, who donated the first 168 acres of land for the park in 1956.[2]","title":"Tuttle Educational State Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandfather Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake James State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_James_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Rendezvous Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"South Mountains State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mountains_State_Park"}],"text":"The following state parks and state forests are within 30 miles (48 km) of Tuttle Educational State Forest:Grandfather Mountain State Park\nLake James State Park\nRendezvous Mountain State Park\nSouth Mountains State Park","title":"Nearby state parks"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NC Forest Service Natural Assets\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. January 23, 2014. p. 15. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncleg.net/documentsites/committees/BCCI-6615/January%2023,%202014/1-23-14%20DACS%20NCFS%20Natural%20Assets.pdf","url_text":"\"NC Forest Service Natural Assets\""}]},{"reference":"Houser, Troy (1987-06-19). \"Forest Offers Wilderness Experience\". Hickory Daily Record. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-12-16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/hickory-daily-record-forest-offers-wilde/136891320/","url_text":"\"Forest Offers Wilderness Experience\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuttle_Educational_State_Forest¶ms=35_51_12_N_081_38_15_W_type:landmark_dim:1km","external_links_name":"35°51′12″N 081°38′15″W / 35.85333°N 81.63750°W / 35.85333; -81.63750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuttle_Educational_State_Forest¶ms=35_51_12_N_081_38_15_W_type:landmark_dim:1km","external_links_name":"35°51′12″N 081°38′15″W / 35.85333°N 81.63750°W / 35.85333; -81.63750"},{"Link":"http://www.ncesf.org/TESF/home.htm","external_links_name":"Tuttle Educational State Forest"},{"Link":"http://www.ncleg.net/documentsites/committees/BCCI-6615/January%2023,%202014/1-23-14%20DACS%20NCFS%20Natural%20Assets.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NC Forest Service Natural Assets\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/hickory-daily-record-forest-offers-wilde/136891320/","external_links_name":"\"Forest Offers Wilderness Experience\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncesf.org/TESF/home.htm","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuttle_Educational_State_Forest&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuttle_Educational_State_Forest&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegiphila_sordida | Aegiphila sordida | ["1 References"] | Species of plant
Aegiphila sordida
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Genus:
Aegiphila
Species:
A. sordida
Binomial name
Aegiphila sordidaMoldenke
Aegiphila sordida is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is endemic to Peru.
References
^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Aegiphila sordida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T36799A10014767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ França, F. and A. M. Giulietti. (2012). Lectotypifications, neotypifications, and epitypification in the genus Aegiphila Jacq. Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Neodiversity 6 1-14.
Taxon identifiersAegiphila sordida
Wikidata: Q4687614
Wikispecies: Aegiphila sordida
CoL: 64WZF
GBIF: 3890593
iNaturalist: 188977
IPNI: 5817-2
IUCN: 36799
Open Tree of Life: 6086002
Plant List: kew-3608
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5817-2
Tropicos: 33701080
WFO: wfo-0000823165
This Lamiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-2"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Aegiphila sordida is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae.[2] It is endemic to Peru.[1]","title":"Aegiphila sordida"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). \"Aegiphila sordida\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T36799A10014767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/36799/10014767","url_text":"\"Aegiphila sordida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/36799/10014767","external_links_name":"\"Aegiphila sordida\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36799A10014767.en"},{"Link":"http://www.neodiversity.org/articles/neod6101.pdf","external_links_name":"Lectotypifications, neotypifications, and epitypification in the genus Aegiphila Jacq."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174036/http://www.neodiversity.org/articles/neod6101.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/64WZF","external_links_name":"64WZF"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3890593","external_links_name":"3890593"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/188977","external_links_name":"188977"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/5817-2","external_links_name":"5817-2"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/36799","external_links_name":"36799"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6086002","external_links_name":"6086002"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-3608","external_links_name":"kew-3608"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A5817-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5817-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/33701080","external_links_name":"33701080"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000823165","external_links_name":"wfo-0000823165"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegiphila_sordida&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_M.20 | BFW M.20 | ["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","2.1 The Messerschmitt-Milch relationship","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Specifications (M.20b)","6 See also","7 References"] | M.20
M 20, with a picture of pilot Erich Pust, who was killed with eight passengers on another M.20 (D-1930) near Dresden, on the Berlin-Vienna run.
Role
Passenger transportType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Bayerische Flugzeugwerke
Designer
Willy Messerschmitt
First flight
26 February 1928
Introduction
1929
Retired
1948
Primary user
Deutsche Luft Hansa
Number built
15
The BFW M.20 (also known as the Messerschmitt M.20 after the designer's surname) was a German single-engine, high-wing monoplane ten-seat passenger transport aircraft, developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Deutsche Luft Hansa used it throughout the 1930s on a variety of routes.
Design and development
The M 20 was designed by Willy Messerschmitt at Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, primarily for use with Luft Hansa which had ordered two in advance of the first flight. It was a development of the BFW M.18d eight-seater, equipped with a single 375 kW (500 hp) upright inline water-cooled BMW VIa engine. It had a high, cantilever wing based around a robust D-section box formed from a single dural spar and dural skin, forward to the leading edge. The fuselage was all-metal, with a mostly dural frame, covered with metal sheeting providing rectangular cross-section accommodation, with four square windows each side, for eight passengers. The single-axle main undercarriage was strutted vertically to the wing.
The aircraft made its maiden flight on 26 February 1928, but was lost when pilot Hans Hackmack bailed out at low altitude and was killed, after the surface stripped from part of the wing. A second M.20 was flown on 3 August 1928, and became the first of two M.20a series to fly with Luft Hansa.
Encouraged by their performance, Luft Hansa ordered 12 more, enlarged, M.20b aircraft. These carried ten passengers in a fuselage with five windows each side. It had dihedral on the wing and a more rounded vertical tail.
Operational history
M.20b (1934)
The Luft Hansa M.20s entered service in 1929 on routes that went from Switzerland via Germany to the Netherlands and from Stuttgart via Marseille to Barcelona. From the mid-1930s, they were operating German internal and holiday routes. Two were still flying such routes in 1942.
One former Luft Hansa airframe went to Brazil in 1937, flying with Varig as PP-VAK, until it crashed on 7 March 1948, the only M.20 to survive the war
The Messerschmitt-Milch relationship
Hans Hackmack, who died in the first flight of the M 20, was a close friend of Erhard Milch, the head of Luft Hansa and the German civil aviation authorities. Milch was upset by the lack of response from Messerschmitt and this led to a lifelong hatred towards him. Milch eventually cancelled all contracts with Messerschmitt and forced BFW into bankruptcy in 1931. However, the German rearmament programs and Messerschmitt's friendship with Hugo Junkers prevented a stagnation of the careers of himself and BFW, which was started again in 1933. Milch still prevented Messerschmitt's takeover of BFW until 1938, hence the designation "Bf" of early Messerschmitt designs.
Variants
M.20a
The first two eight-seater aircraft for Luft Hansa.
M.20b
Twelve ten-seaters built for Luft Hansa.
M.20b-2
Upgraded with a 480 kW (640 hp) BMW VIu engine.
Operators
Germany
Luft Hansa
Brazil
Varig
Specifications (M.20b)
BFW M 20 3-view drawing from Aero Digest February 1929
Data from Messerschmitt: an aircraft album, 'Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936, Flight 281028General characteristics
Crew: 2
Capacity: 10 passengers
Length: 15.8 m (51 ft 10 in)
Wingspan: 25.5 m (83 ft 8 in)
Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)
Wing area: 65 m2 (700 sq ft)
Aspect ratio: 10
Empty weight: 2,990 kg (6,592 lb) passengers; 2,590 kg (5,710 lb) freight
Gross weight: 3,990 kg (8,796 lb) passengers; 4,010 kg (8,840 lb) freight
Fuel capacity: main tank:750 L (200 US gal; 160 imp gal); oil tank:40 L (11 US gal; 8.8 imp gal)
Powerplant: 1 × BMW VI V-12 water-cooled piston engine, 480 kW (640 hp) For take-off (1 minute), 500 hp (370 kW) continuous
Propellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed pitch propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 205 km/h (127 mph, 111 kn)
Cruise speed: 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn)
Range: 1,050 km (650 mi, 570 nmi)
Endurance: 6.1 hours
Service ceiling: 4,600 m (15,100 ft)
Rate of climb: 3.5 m/s (690 ft/min)
Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in 5 minutes
Wing loading: 73.8 kg/m2 (15.1 lb/sq ft)
Landing Speed: 90 km/h (56 mph; 49 kn)
See also
Related development
Messerschmitt M 18
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Focke-Wulf A 17
Fokker F.XIV
Kalinin K-5
Latécoère 28
Nieuport-Delage NiD 540
Stout 2-AT Pullman
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Messerschmitt M 20.
^ a b c d Smith, J. Richard (1971). Messerschmitt: an aircraft album. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0224-X.
^ a b "The B.F.W. M.20". Flight: 914–916. 18 October 1928. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ a b c d Stroud, John (1966). European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam. pp. 353–354.
^ "Civil Aircraft Register - Brasil". Golden Years of Aviation. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Schneider, Helmut (1936). Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936 (PDF) (in German) (1936 ed.). Leipzig: Herm. Beyer Verlag. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
vteBayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) and Messerschmitt aircraftBFW Idflieg designations
CL.I
CL.II
CL.III
CL.IV
N.I
BFW/Messerschmittcompany designations
M 17
M 18
M 19
M 20
M 21
M 22
M 23
M 24
M 25
M 26
M 27
M 28
M 29
M 30
M 31
M 33
M 35
M 36
M 37
RLM designations 1933–1945
Bf 108
Bf 109
Bf 110
Me 155
Bf 161
Bf 162
Bf 163
Me 163
MeC 164
Bf 165
Me 209
Me 210
Me 261
Me 262
Me 263
Me 264
Me 265
Me 309
Me 310
Me 321
Me 323
Me 328
Me 329
Me 334
Me 409
Me 410
ZMe 423
Me 509
Me 609
Project numbers
P 08.01
P.1034
P.1061
P.1062
P.1064
P.1065
P.1070
P.1073
P.1075
P.1079
P.1091
P.1092
P.1095
P.1099
P.1100
P.1101
P.1102
P.1103
P.1104
P.1106
P.1107
P.1108
P.1109
P.1110
P.1111
P.1112
USAAC designations
XC-44
RAF assigned names
Aldon | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"BFW M.20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willy Messerschmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Messerschmitt"},{"link_name":"Bayerische Flugzeugwerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"BFW M.18d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_M_18"},{"link_name":"inline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"BMW VIa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VI"},{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever#Aircraft"},{"link_name":"dural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_181028p914-916-2"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"dihedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"vertical tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"}],"text":"The M 20 was designed by Willy Messerschmitt at Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, primarily for use with Luft Hansa which had ordered two in advance of the first flight.[1] It was a development of the BFW M.18d eight-seater, equipped with a single 375 kW (500 hp) upright inline water-cooled BMW VIa engine. It had a high, cantilever wing based around a robust D-section box formed from a single dural spar and dural skin, forward to the leading edge. The fuselage was all-metal, with a mostly dural frame, covered with metal sheeting[2] providing rectangular cross-section accommodation, with four square windows each side, for eight passengers. The single-axle main undercarriage was strutted vertically to the wing.The aircraft made its maiden flight on 26 February 1928, but was lost when pilot Hans Hackmack bailed out at low altitude and was killed, after the surface stripped from part of the wing. A second M.20 was flown on 3 August 1928, and became the first of two M.20a series to fly with Luft Hansa.Encouraged by their performance, Luft Hansa ordered 12 more, enlarged, M.20b aircraft. These carried ten passengers in a fuselage with five windows each side. It had dihedral on the wing and a more rounded vertical tail.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BFW_M-20_(1934).jpg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroud-3"},{"link_name":"Varig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GYA-4"}],"text":"M.20b (1934)The Luft Hansa M.20s entered service in 1929 on routes that went from Switzerland via Germany to the Netherlands and from Stuttgart via Marseille to Barcelona.[1][3] From the mid-1930s, they were operating German internal and holiday routes. Two were still flying such routes in 1942.One former Luft Hansa airframe went to Brazil in 1937, flying with Varig as PP-VAK, until it crashed on 7 March 1948, the only M.20 to survive the war[1][4]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erhard Milch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Milch"},{"link_name":"Hugo Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The Messerschmitt-Milch relationship","text":"Hans Hackmack, who died in the first flight of the M 20, was a close friend of Erhard Milch, the head of Luft Hansa and the German civil aviation authorities. Milch was upset by the lack of response from Messerschmitt and this led to a lifelong hatred towards him. Milch eventually cancelled all contracts with Messerschmitt and forced BFW into bankruptcy in 1931. However, the German rearmament programs and Messerschmitt's friendship with Hugo Junkers prevented a stagnation of the careers of himself and BFW, which was started again in 1933. Milch still prevented Messerschmitt's takeover of BFW until 1938, hence the designation \"Bf\" of early Messerschmitt designs.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroud-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroud-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroud-3"}],"text":"M.20a\nThe first two eight-seater aircraft for Luft Hansa.[3]\nM.20b\nTwelve ten-seaters built for Luft Hansa.[3]\nM.20b-2\nUpgraded with a 480 kW (640 hp) BMW VIu engine.[3]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Luft Hansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft_Hansa"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Varig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig"}],"text":"GermanyLuft HansaBrazilVarig","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BFW_M_20_3-view_Aero_Digest_February_1929.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT1936-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_181028p914-916-2"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"BMW VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VI"}],"text":"BFW M 20 3-view drawing from Aero Digest February 1929Data from Messerschmitt: an aircraft album,[1] 'Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936,[5] Flight 281028[2]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 10 passengers\nLength: 15.8 m (51 ft 10 in)\nWingspan: 25.5 m (83 ft 8 in)\nHeight: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)\nWing area: 65 m2 (700 sq ft)\nAspect ratio: 10\nEmpty weight: 2,990 kg (6,592 lb) passengers; 2,590 kg (5,710 lb) freight\nGross weight: 3,990 kg (8,796 lb) passengers; 4,010 kg (8,840 lb) freight\nFuel capacity: main tank:750 L (200 US gal; 160 imp gal); oil tank:40 L (11 US gal; 8.8 imp gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × BMW VI V-12 water-cooled piston engine, 480 kW (640 hp) For take-off (1 minute), 500 hp (370 kW) continuous\nPropellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 205 km/h (127 mph, 111 kn)\nCruise speed: 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn)\nRange: 1,050 km (650 mi, 570 nmi)\nEndurance: 6.1 hours\nService ceiling: 4,600 m (15,100 ft)\nRate of climb: 3.5 m/s (690 ft/min)\nTime to altitude: 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in 5 minutes\nWing loading: 73.8 kg/m2 (15.1 lb/sq ft)\nLanding Speed: 90 km/h (56 mph; 49 kn)","title":"Specifications (M.20b)"}] | [{"image_text":"M.20b (1934)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BFW_M-20_%281934%29.jpg/220px-BFW_M-20_%281934%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"BFW M 20 3-view drawing from Aero Digest February 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BFW_M_20_3-view_Aero_Digest_February_1929.png/220px-BFW_M_20_3-view_Aero_Digest_February_1929.png"}] | [{"title":"Messerschmitt M 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_M_18"},{"title":"Focke-Wulf A 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_A_17"},{"title":"Fokker F.XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F.XIV"},{"title":"Kalinin K-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinin_K-5"},{"title":"Latécoère 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re_28"},{"title":"Nieuport-Delage NiD 540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport-Delage_NiD_540"},{"title":"Stout 2-AT Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stout_2-AT_Pullman"}] | [{"reference":"Smith, [by] J. Richard (1971). Messerschmitt: an aircraft album. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0224-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0224-X","url_text":"0-7110-0224-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The B.F.W. M.20\". Flight: 914–916. 18 October 1928. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200984.html","url_text":"\"The B.F.W. M.20\""}]},{"reference":"Stroud, John (1966). European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London: Putnam. pp. 353–354.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Civil Aircraft Register - Brasil\". Golden Years of Aviation. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_PP-.html","url_text":"\"Civil Aircraft Register - Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Helmut (1936). Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936 (PDF) (in German) (1936 ed.). Leipzig: Herm. Beyer Verlag. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164643/http://www.aviation-library.org/database/handbook-aircraft-types.pdf","url_text":"Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936"},{"url":"http://www.aviation-library.org/database/handbook-aircraft-types.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200984.html","external_links_name":"\"The B.F.W. M.20\""},{"Link":"http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_PP-.html","external_links_name":"\"Civil Aircraft Register - Brasil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164643/http://www.aviation-library.org/database/handbook-aircraft-types.pdf","external_links_name":"Flugzeug-Typenbuch 1936"},{"Link":"http://www.aviation-library.org/database/handbook-aircraft-types.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libu%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Libušín | ["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Culture","6 Sights","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°10′6″N 14°3′17″E / 50.16833°N 14.05472°E / 50.16833; 14.05472Town in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicLibušínTownView of Libušín
FlagCoat of armsLibušínLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 50°10′6″N 14°3′17″E / 50.16833°N 14.05472°E / 50.16833; 14.05472Country Czech RepublicRegionCentral BohemianDistrictKladnoFirst mentioned1052Government • MayorVladimír EichlerArea • Total9.48 km2 (3.66 sq mi)Elevation317 m (1,040 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total3,403 • Density360/km2 (930/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code273 06Websitewww.mestolibusin.cz
Libušín is a town in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,400 inhabitants.
Etymology
The oldest entry of the name of the village was Ľubošín. The name was derived from the personal name Ľuboša, meaning "Ľuboša's (property)".
Geography
Libušín is located about 4 kilometres (2 mi) northwest of Kladno and 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Prague. Almost the entire municipal territory lies in the Prague Plateau, only a small part in the west extends into the Džbán range. The highest point is at 424 m (1,391 ft) above sea level.
History
According to archaeological finds, there was a Slavic settlement already in the 6th–7th century. At the end of the 9th century, a gord was built here. The first written mention of Libušín is from 1052. In 1277, it was donated to the Ostrov Monastery in Davle by King Ottokar II. In 1514, the Martinic family bought Libušín and owned it until the 20th century.
In 1775, black coal was found near Libušín. The coal mining in the municipal territory started in 1885, when the first of three mines in Libušín was opened. The coal mining increased the town's population and accelerated its development. The coal was mined here until 2002.
In 1919, Libušín became a town, but for the period 1961–2006 it lost its town status.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1869501— 1880855+70.7%18902,339+173.6%19004,087+74.7%19104,682+14.6%YearPop.±%19214,146−11.4%19304,106−1.0%19504,025−2.0%19613,574−11.2%19703,015−15.6%YearPop.±%19802,585−14.3%19912,330−9.9%20012,463+5.7%20112,878+16.8%20213,137+9.0%Source: Censuses
Culture
Libušín is known for its annual huge medieval festival with the biggest medieval historical reenactment in the country and one of the biggest in Europe. It was established in 1991. The battle is fictional and not based on a historical event.
Sights
Church of Saint George
The Church of Saint George was probably founded in the 10th century in the gord's area. In 1650 the church took its current Baroque shape. Its location away from the town centre was the reason why another church was built in 1908 – the neo-Gothic Church of Saint Procopius.
The area of Church of Saint George and remains of the gord include a wooden bell tower built in 1500.
The mining tower together with the mining building were inscribed on the list of technical cultural monuments.
Notable people
Jiří Pauer (1919–2007), composer
Josef Frolík (1928–1989), CIA spy
Zdeněk Herman (1934–2021), physical chemist
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.
^ Profous, Antonín (1949). Místní jména v Čechách II: CH–L (in Czech). p. 604.
^ a b c d e "Historie" (in Czech). Město Libušín. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
^ a b "Důl Schoeller" (in Czech). Kladno minulé. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Kladno" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
^ "Úvod" (in Czech). Bitva Libušín. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Libušín.
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Kladno District
Běleč
Běloky
Beřovice
Bílichov
Blevice
Brandýsek
Braškov
Bratronice
Buštěhrad
Černuc
Chržín
Cvrčovice
Doksy
Dolany
Dřetovice
Dřínov
Drnek
Družec
Hobšovice
Horní Bezděkov
Hořešovice
Hořešovičky
Hospozín
Hostouň
Hradečno
Hrdlív
Hřebeč
Jarpice
Jedomělice
Jemníky
Kačice
Kamenné Žehrovice
Kamenný Most
Kladno
Klobuky
Kmetiněves
Knovíz
Koleč
Královice
Kutrovice
Kvílice
Kyšice
Lány
Ledce
Lhota
Libochovičky
Libovice
Libušín
Lidice
Líský
Loucká
Makotřasy
Malé Kyšice
Malé Přítočno
Malíkovice
Neprobylice
Neuměřice
Otvovice
Páleč
Pavlov
Pchery
Plchov
Pletený Újezd
Podlešín
Poštovice
Pozdeň
Přelíc
Řisuty
Sazená
Slaný
Šlapanice
Slatina
Smečno
Stehelčeves
Stochov
Stradonice
Studeněves
Svárov
Svinařov
Třebichovice
Třebíz
Třebusice
Tuchlovice
Tuřany
Uhy
Unhošť
Velká Dobrá
Velké Přítočno
Velvary
Vinařice
Vraný
Vrbičany
Zájezd
Zákolany
Želenice
Zichovec
Žilina
Žižice
Zlonice
Zvoleněves
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kladno District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno_District"},{"link_name":"Central Bohemian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bohemian_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"text":"Town in Central Bohemian, Czech RepublicLibušín is a town in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,400 inhabitants.","title":"Libušín"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The oldest entry of the name of the village was Ľubošín. The name was derived from the personal name Ľuboša, meaning \"Ľuboša's (property)\".[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kladno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Prague Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Džbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEb%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Libušín is located about 4 kilometres (2 mi) northwest of Kladno and 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Prague. Almost the entire municipal territory lies in the Prague Plateau, only a small part in the west extends into the Džbán range. The highest point is at 424 m (1,391 ft) above sea level.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Davle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davle"},{"link_name":"Ottokar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Martinic family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinic_family"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"black coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coal-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"}],"text":"According to archaeological finds, there was a Slavic settlement already in the 6th–7th century. At the end of the 9th century, a gord was built here. The first written mention of Libušín is from 1052. In 1277, it was donated to the Ostrov Monastery in Davle by King Ottokar II. In 1514, the Martinic family bought Libušín and owned it until the 20th century.[3]In 1775, black coal was found near Libušín. The coal mining in the municipal territory started in 1885, when the first of three mines in Libušín was opened. The coal mining increased the town's population and accelerated its development.[3] The coal was mined here until 2002.[4]In 1919, Libušín became a town, but for the period 1961–2006 it lost its town status.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical reenactment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Libušín is known for its annual huge medieval festival with the biggest medieval historical reenactment in the country and one of the biggest in Europe. It was established in 1991. The battle is fictional and not based on a historical event.[7]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LibusinStGeorgeChurch.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coal-4"}],"text":"Church of Saint GeorgeThe Church of Saint George was probably founded in the 10th century in the gord's area. In 1650 the church took its current Baroque shape. Its location away from the town centre was the reason why another church was built in 1908 – the neo-Gothic Church of Saint Procopius.[3]The area of Church of Saint George and remains of the gord include a wooden bell tower built in 1500.[3]The mining tower together with the mining building were inscribed on the list of technical cultural monuments.[4]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiří Pauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Pauer"},{"link_name":"Josef Frolík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Frol%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Herman"}],"text":"Jiří Pauer (1919–2007), composer\nJosef Frolík (1928–1989), CIA spy\nZdeněk Herman (1934–2021), physical chemist","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Church of Saint George","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LibusinStGeorgeChurch.JPG/220px-LibusinStGeorgeChurch.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"Profous, Antonín (1949). Místní jména v Čechách II: CH–L (in Czech). p. 604.","urls":[{"url":"https://mjc.ujc.cas.cz/search.php","url_text":"Místní jména v Čechách II: CH–L"}]},{"reference":"\"Historie\" (in Czech). Město Libušín. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mestolibusin.cz/mesto-1/historie/","url_text":"\"Historie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Důl Schoeller\" (in Czech). Kladno minulé. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kladnominule.cz/pribehy/dul-schoeller","url_text":"\"Důl Schoeller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Kladno\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 5–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150203.pdf/8f29cc25-f080-4a97-b74b-cac9168a6dc5?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Kladno\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Úvod\" (in Czech). Bitva Libušín. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitvalibusin.cz/","url_text":"\"Úvod\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Libu%C5%A1%C3%ADn¶ms=50_10_6_N_14_3_17_E_type:city(3403)","external_links_name":"50°10′6″N 14°3′17″E / 50.16833°N 14.05472°E / 50.16833; 14.05472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Libu%C5%A1%C3%ADn¶ms=50_10_6_N_14_3_17_E_type:city(3403)","external_links_name":"50°10′6″N 14°3′17″E / 50.16833°N 14.05472°E / 50.16833; 14.05472"},{"Link":"https://www.mestolibusin.cz/","external_links_name":"www.mestolibusin.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"Link":"https://mjc.ujc.cas.cz/search.php","external_links_name":"Místní jména v Čechách II: CH–L"},{"Link":"https://www.mestolibusin.cz/mesto-1/historie/","external_links_name":"\"Historie\""},{"Link":"http://www.kladnominule.cz/pribehy/dul-schoeller","external_links_name":"\"Důl Schoeller\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150203.pdf/8f29cc25-f080-4a97-b74b-cac9168a6dc5?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Kladno\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.bitvalibusin.cz/","external_links_name":"\"Úvod\""},{"Link":"https://www.mestolibusin.cz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge378888&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiy%C5%ABkai | Rikken Seiyūkai | ["1 Election results","2 References","2.1 Works cited"] | Not to be confused with Friends of the Constitution.
Political party in Japan
Rikken Seiyūkai 立憲政友会LeaderItō HirobumiSaionji KinmochiYamamoto GonnohyōeHara TakashiTakahashi KorekiyoTanaka GiichiInukai TsuyoshiFounderItō HirobumiFoundedSeptember 15, 1900 (1900-09-15)DissolvedJuly 30, 1940 (1940-07-30)Merger ofKenseitōTeikokutō (factions)Kakushin Club (factions, 1925)Merged intoImperial Rule Assistance AssociationSucceeded bySeiyūhontō (Mainstream faction, 1924, via Shinsei Club)Shōwakai (pro-Tokonami faction, 1935)HeadquartersTokyo CityNewspaperSeiyūkai Chuo Shimbun (ja) IdeologyConservatismLiberal conservatismRevisionist capitalismKōshitsu-centrismAnti-particracyPolitical positionCentre-right to right-wingPolitics of JapanPolitical partiesElections
Rikken Seiyūkai HQ, circa 1930
Part of a series onConservatism in Japan
Ideologies
Capitalist
Fiscal
State
Corporate
Nationalist
Minzoku
Populist
Shōwa Statism
Ultra
Neo
Paternalistic
Religious
State Shinto
Ultra
Principles
Anti-communism
Asian values
Authority
Bushido
Discipline
Duty
Elitism
Aristocracy
Meritocracy
Familialism
Filial piety
Heroism
Hierarchy
Kokutai
Law and order
Loyalty
Militarism
Monarchism
Patriotism
Racism
Shinto
Social order
Sovereignty
Tradition
History
1955 System
Abenomics
Anti-Comintern Pact
CIA activities
Empire
Emperor system
Tenkō
Peace Preservation Law
Red Purge
Red Scare
Satsuma Rebellion
U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
Intellectuals
Etō
Fukuda
Hasuda
Hirata
Hyakuta
Kanokogi
Kobayashi
Masaki
Mayuzumi
Minobe
Mizushima
Mishima
Miyake
Nishibe
Ōen
Oh
Ōkawa
Oshikawa
Sakurai
Shiga
Sono
Sugiyama
Tadayuki
Watsuji
Literature
Hagakure (1716)
Bushido: The Soul of Japan (1899)
The Book of Tea (1906)
"Shinmin no Michi" (1941)
An Investigation of Global Policy (1943)
”The Japan That Can Say No” (1989)
The Dignity of the Nation (2005)
Politicians
Abe
Akao
Asō
Fukuda
Hashimoto
Hatoyama
Hiranuma
Inada
Ishihara
Kawamura
Kiichirō
Koike
Koizumi
Konoe
Nakagawa
Nakasone
Sugita
Tojo (Hideki)
Tojo (Yuko)
PartiesActive
Conservative Party of Japan
Democratic Party for the People
Greater Japan Patriotic Party
Happiness Realization Party
Japan First Party
Japan Innovation Party
Liberal Democratic Party
Metropolitan Citizens First Association
Restoration Political Party
Party of Do it Yourself
Defunct
Constitutional Government Association
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Japan Renewal Party
Japan Restoration Party
New Conservative Party
Party for Japanese Kokoro
Party of Hope
People's New Party
Sunrise Party
Your Party
OrganisationsActive
Dentsu
Ganbare Nippon
Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
Nippon Kaigi
Seikijuku
Zaitokukai
Defunct
Black Dragon Society
Genyōsha
Kenkokukai
Kokuryūkai
Sakurakai
Tatenokai
Media
Bungei Shunjū
Fuji Television
Japanese Culture Channel Sakura
Sankei Shimbun
Shokun!
Shufu no Tomo
Shūkan Shinchō
Yomiuri Shimbun
Movements
Action Conservative Movement
Anti-Americanism
Green
Kaikaku hoshu
Minzoku-ha
Netto-uyoku
National essentialism
Nihon shugi
Shōwa Restoration
Trumpism
Related topics
Anti-Chinese sentiment
Anti-Korean sentiment
Nobility
Daimyo
Kazoku
Kuge
Samurai
Culture of Japan
Hakkō ichiu
Historical negationism
Kokugaku
Nihonjinron
Politics in Japan
Pro-Americanism (postwar)
Uyoku dantai
Yamato nadeshiko
Yasukuni Shrine
Zaibatsu
Conservatism portal
Japan portalvte
The Rikken Seiyūkai (立憲政友会, Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) was one of the main political parties in the pre-war Empire of Japan. It was also known simply as the Seiyūkai.
Founded on September 15, 1900, by Itō Hirobumi, the Seiyūkai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseitō. The Seiyūkai was the most powerful political party in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan from 1900 to 1921, and it promoted big government and large-scale public spending. Though labeled "liberal" by its own members, it was generally conservative by modern definitions. It often opposed social reforms and it supported bureaucratic control and militarism for the purpose of winning votes. It viewed the Rikken Minseitō as its main rival.
The Seiyūkai came into power in October 1900 under the 4th Itō administration. Under its second leader, Saionji Kinmochi, it participated in the Movement to Protect Constitutional Government from 1912 to 1913. It was the ruling party under the Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe from 1913 to 1914. Cabinet minister (and later 4th party president) Takahashi Korekiyo helped reinforce its ties with the zaibatsu, especially the Mitsui financial interests.
The 3rd party president, Hara Takashi, became Prime Minister in September 1918, and assigned every cabinet post except for the Army Minister, Navy Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to members of the Seiyūkai. In the 1920, the party reached the peak of its popularity.
After Hara's assassination in 1921, a large block of party members defected to form the Seiyūhontō in the 1924 General Election; however, the Seiyūkai retained enough seats to dominate the cabinet of its 5th party president, General Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929.
While in the opposition during the Minseitō-dominated cabinet of Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi, the Seiyūkai attacked the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 as against Article 11 of the Meiji Constitution, which stipulated the independence of the military from civilian control.
After winning the 1932 General Election under Inukai Tsuyoshi, Seiyūkai formed a cabinet, floated the yen and conducted policies to revive the economy. However, after Inukai’s assassination in the May 15 Incident of 1932, factionism within the party limited its effectiveness.
In 1940, it voted to dissolve itself into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as part of Fumimaro Konoe's efforts to create a one-party state, and thereafter ceased to exist.
Ichirō Hatoyama, who had been a Seiyūkai member of the House of Representatives, led some former party members into the 1945 Liberal Party.
Election results
Election
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
1902
433,763
50.40%
191 / 376
1903
373,022
45.42
175 / 376
16
1904
217,691
33.47
133 / 379
42
1908
649,858
48.40
187 / 379
54
1912
689,613
51.52
209 / 381
22
1915
446,934
31.54
108 / 381
101
1917
504,720
38.80
165 / 381
57
1920
1,471,728
55.77
278 / 464
113
1924
666,317
22.41
103 / 464
175
1928
4,244,385
43.06%
217 / 466
114
1930
3,925,980
37.69
174 / 466
43
1932
5,683,137
58.20
301 / 466
127
1936
4,188,029
37.62
174 / 466
127
1937
3,594,863
35.23
175 / 466
1
References
^ a b c The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Rikken Seiyūkai". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
^ a b David S. Spencer, "Some Thoughts on the Political Development of the Japanese People", The Journal of International Relations (January 1920) p325
^ "立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)とは". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019. (from Encyclopedia Nipponica )
^ a b "立憲政友会 りっけんせいゆうかい". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019. (from Micropædia )
^ Inoue 2012, pp. 7, 84.
^ "中央新聞(ちゅうおうしんぶん)とは". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019.
^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Minseitō". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ Sobei Mogi, H. Vere Redman, ed. (1935). The Problem of the Far East. J.B. Lippincott. p. 75.
^ Development and Society - Volumes 35-36. Institute for Social Development and Policy Research, Center for Social Sciences, Seoul National University. 2006. p. 311. In 1900, Ito Hirobumi and Saionji Kimmochi collaborated with the conservative group to found the Rikken Seiyukai, Constitutional Association of Political Friends
^ Steven Casey, Jonathan Wright, ed. (2008). Mental Maps in the Era of Two World Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 116. Ultimately , in the face of mounting pressures from the military hardliners and the conservative opposition party Rikken Seiyūkai ( Friends of Constitutional Government Party, ...
^ Kent E. Calder, ed. (2021). Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9780691229478.
^ Inoue 2012, p. 48.
^ Inoue 2012, p. 112.
^ Inoue 2012, pp. ii, 136.
^ Inoue 2012, pp. i, 4, 13.
^ Urs Matthias Zachmann, ed. (2017). Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919-33. Edinburgh University Press.
^ The Linkage Between Domestic and International Conflict: The Case of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-1941. University of Michigan. 2004. p. 267.
Works cited
Inoue, Toshikazu (2012). Seiyūkai to Minseitō: senzen no nidai seitōsei ni nani o manabu ka. Chuko Shinsho (in Japanese). Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha. ISBN 978-4-12-102192-2.
vte Political parties of the Empire of Japan by decade of establishment1870s
Aikoku Kōtō
Aikokusha
1880s
Daidō Club
Daidō Danketsu Undō
Daidō Kyōwakai
Liberal Party of Japan
Rikken Kaishintō
Rikken Teiseitō
1890s
Chūgoku Progressive Party
Dōmei Seisha
Dōshi Seisha
Eastern Liberal Party
Kensei Hontō
Kenseitō
Kokumin Jiyutō
Kokumin Kyōkai
Liberal Party
Rikken Kakushintō
Shimpotō
Taiseikai
Teikokutō
1900s
Boshin Club
Daidō Club
Dōshi Club
Liberal Party
Rikken Seiyūkai
Seiyū Club
Yūkōkai
Yūshinkai
1910s
Chūō Club
Chūseikai
Ekirakukai
Ishinkai
Kenseikai
Kōseikai
Kōyū Club
Rikken Dōshikai
Rikken Kokumintō
Shinseikai
Seikō Club
Seiyū Club
Seiwa Club
1920s
Chūsei Club
Dai-Ichi Hikaeshitsukai
Dōkōkai
Enlightened People's Communist Party
Farmer-Labour Party
Japan Farmers Party
Japan Labour-Farmer Party
Japan Masses Party
Japanese Communist Party
Kakushin Club
Kakushintō
Kokumin Doshikai
Koshin Club
Labour-Farmer Masses Party
Labour-Farmer Party
Meiseikai
Mushozoku Club
National Democratic Party
Proletarian Masses Party
Rikken Minseitō
Seiyūhontō
Shinsei Club
Shintō Club
Shōwa Club
Social Democratic Party
1930s
Dai-Ichi Giin Club
Dai-Ichi Hikaeshitsu
Dai-Ni Hikaeshitsu
Japan Proletarian Party
Japan State Socialist Party
Jikyoku Dōshikai
Kokumin Dōmei
Mushozokushitsu
Rikken Seiyūkai–Kanemitsuha
Rikken Seiyūkai–Kuharaha
Rikken Seiyūkai–Nakajimaha
Shakai Taishūtō
Shōwakai
Tōhōkai
Zenkoku Rōnō Taishūtō
Zenkoku Taishūtō
1940s
Dōjin Club
Dōkōkai
Giin Club
Gokuku Dōshikai
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Koa Giin Dōmei
Rikken Seiyūkai–Shin Churitsuha
Shūhin Giin Club
Yokuso Giin Dōshikai
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Japan
Academics
CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rikken_Seiyukai_Headquaters.JPG"},{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Itō Hirobumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spencer-2"},{"link_name":"Kenseitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenseit%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Lower House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"big government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_government"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"Rikken Minseitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Minseit%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Saionji Kinmochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi"},{"link_name":"Movement to Protect Constitutional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_to_Protect_Constitutional_Government&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto Gonnohyōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De"},{"link_name":"Takahashi Korekiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo"},{"link_name":"zaibatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"Hara Takashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Takashi"},{"link_name":"Army Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Navy Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Seiyūhontō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiy%C5%ABhont%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"1924 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tanaka Giichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi"},{"link_name":"Hamaguchi Osachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaguchi_Osachi"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1932 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Inukai Tsuyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"May 15 Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15_Incident"},{"link_name":"Imperial Rule Assistance Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association"},{"link_name":"Fumimaro Konoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"Ichirō Hatoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1945)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Friends of the Constitution.Political party in JapanRikken Seiyūkai HQ, circa 1930The Rikken Seiyūkai (立憲政友会, Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) was one of the main political parties in the pre-war Empire of Japan. It was also known simply as the Seiyūkai.Founded on September 15, 1900, by Itō Hirobumi,[2] the Seiyūkai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseitō. The Seiyūkai was the most powerful political party in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan from 1900 to 1921, and it promoted big government and large-scale public spending. Though labeled \"liberal\" by its own members, it was generally conservative by modern definitions. It often opposed social reforms and it supported bureaucratic control and militarism for the purpose of winning votes. It viewed the Rikken Minseitō as its main rival.The Seiyūkai came into power in October 1900 under the 4th Itō administration. Under its second leader, Saionji Kinmochi, it participated in the Movement to Protect Constitutional Government from 1912 to 1913. It was the ruling party under the Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe from 1913 to 1914. Cabinet minister (and later 4th party president) Takahashi Korekiyo helped reinforce its ties with the zaibatsu, especially the Mitsui financial interests.The 3rd party president, Hara Takashi, became Prime Minister in September 1918, and assigned every cabinet post except for the Army Minister, Navy Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to members of the Seiyūkai. In the 1920, the party reached the peak of its popularity.After Hara's assassination in 1921, a large block of party members defected to form the Seiyūhontō in the 1924 General Election; however, the Seiyūkai retained enough seats to dominate the cabinet of its 5th party president, General Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929.While in the opposition during the Minseitō-dominated cabinet of Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi, the Seiyūkai attacked the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 as against Article 11 of the Meiji Constitution, which stipulated the independence of the military from civilian control.After winning the 1932 General Election under Inukai Tsuyoshi, Seiyūkai formed a cabinet, floated the yen and conducted policies to revive the economy. However, after Inukai’s assassination in the May 15 Incident of 1932, factionism within the party limited its effectiveness.In 1940, it voted to dissolve itself into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as part of Fumimaro Konoe's efforts to create a one-party state, and thereafter ceased to exist.Ichirō Hatoyama, who had been a Seiyūkai member of the House of Representatives, led some former party members into the 1945 Liberal Party.","title":"Rikken Seiyūkai"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"}] | [{"image_text":"Rikken Seiyūkai HQ, circa 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rikken_Seiyukai_Headquaters.JPG/220px-Rikken_Seiyukai_Headquaters.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. \"Rikken Seiyūkai\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rikken-Seiyukai","url_text":"\"Rikken Seiyūkai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)とは\". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A-148949","url_text":"\"立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)とは\""}]},{"reference":"\"立憲政友会 りっけんせいゆうかい\". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A-148949#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29","url_text":"\"立憲政友会 りっけんせいゆうかい\""}]},{"reference":"\"中央新聞(ちゅうおうしんぶん)とは\". kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved September 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E-97056","url_text":"\"中央新聞(ちゅうおうしんぶん)とは\""}]},{"reference":"The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. \"Minseitō\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Minseito","url_text":"\"Minseitō\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Sobei Mogi, H. Vere Redman, ed. (1935). The Problem of the Far East. J.B. Lippincott. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Development and Society - Volumes 35-36. Institute for Social Development and Policy Research, Center for Social Sciences, Seoul National University. 2006. p. 311. In 1900, Ito Hirobumi and Saionji Kimmochi collaborated with the conservative group to found the Rikken Seiyukai, Constitutional Association of Political Friends","urls":[]},{"reference":"Steven Casey, Jonathan Wright, ed. (2008). Mental Maps in the Era of Two World Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 116. Ultimately , in the face of mounting pressures from the military hardliners and the conservative opposition party Rikken Seiyūkai ( Friends of Constitutional Government Party, ...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kent E. Calder, ed. (2021). Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9780691229478.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LuUXEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Rikken+Seiy%C5%ABkai&pg=PA188","url_text":"Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691229478","url_text":"9780691229478"}]},{"reference":"Urs Matthias Zachmann, ed. (2017). Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919-33. Edinburgh University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"}]},{"reference":"The Linkage Between Domestic and International Conflict: The Case of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-1941. University of Michigan. 2004. p. 267.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Inoue, Toshikazu [in Japanese] (2012). Seiyūkai to Minseitō: senzen no nidai seitōsei ni nani o manabu ka. Chuko Shinsho (in Japanese). Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha. ISBN 978-4-12-102192-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8A%E5%AF%BF%E4%B8%80","url_text":"Inoue, Toshikazu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuokoron-Shinsha","url_text":"Chuokoron-Shinsha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-12-102192-2","url_text":"978-4-12-102192-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rikken-Seiyukai","external_links_name":"\"Rikken Seiyūkai\""},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A-148949","external_links_name":"\"立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)とは\""},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%8B%E4%BC%9A-148949#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29","external_links_name":"\"立憲政友会 りっけんせいゆうかい\""},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E-97056","external_links_name":"\"中央新聞(ちゅうおうしんぶん)とは\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Minseito","external_links_name":"\"Minseitō\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LuUXEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Rikken+Seiy%C5%ABkai&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/294069195","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87925562","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00266022","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04260251?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy) | 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Italy) | ["1 History","1.1 Second Italo-Ethiopian War","1.2 World War II","1.3 Cold War","1.4 Recent times","2 External links","3 References"] | 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment5° Reggimento Artiglieria da MontagnaRegimental coat of armsActive31 Dec. 1935 — 8 Sept. 19431 July 1953 — 15 May 2001Country ItalyBranchItalian ArmyPart ofAlpine Brigade "Orobica"Garrison/HQMeranMotto(s)"Sopra gli altri come aquila vola"Anniversaries15 June 1918 - Second Battle of the Piave RiverDecorations 1x Gold Medal of Military Valor1x Bronze Medal of Military ValorInsigniaRegimental gorget patches Military unit
The 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Italian: 5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna) is an inactive mountain artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Meran in South Tyrol. The regiment was formed in 1935 by the Royal Italian Army with batteries that had served in World War I. The regiment was assigned to the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria", with which it served in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and during World War II in the invasion of France and the Greco-Italian War. After the invasion of Yugoslavia the regiment served as occupation force in Montenegro. In 1943 the regiment was transferred to the South of occupied France. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the regiment was disbanded by invading German forces.
The regiment was reformed in 1953 and assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Orobica". In 1975 the regiment was split into two mountain artillery groups and its flag and traditions were assigned to the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo". In 1992 the regiment was reformed, but it was disbanded once more in 2001. The Italian mountain artillery has served since its inception alongside the infantry's Alpini speciality, with whom the mountain artillery shares the distinctive Cappello Alpino. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
History
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
On 31 December 1935 the 5th Alpine Artillery Regiment "Pusteria" was formed by the depot of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Tridentina" in Bergamo. The regiment was assigned to the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" and consisted of a command, a command unit, the Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno", with the batteries 1st, 11th, and 24th, and the Alpine Artillery Group "Lanzo", with the batteries 5th, 13th, and 21st. As the regiment had been formed in preparation for the planned Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was cobbled together with parts from existing alpine artillery regiments:
5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Belluno
Command Unit (formed by the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Tridentina")
Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno"
Command Unit (ceded by the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Julia")
1st Battery (ceded by the Group "Susa" of the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment "Taurinense")
11th Battery (ceded by the Group "Mondovì" of the 4th Alpine Artillery Regiment "Cuneense")
24th Battery (part of the Group "Belluno")
Alpine Artillery Group "Lanzo"
Command Unit (formed by the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment "Taurinense")
5th Battery (ceded by the Group "Aosta" of the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment "Taurinense")
13th Battery (ceded by the Group "Conegliano" of the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Julia")
21st Battery (ceded by the Group "Vicenza" of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Tridentina")
All batteries were equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. The 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria", which also included the 7th Alpini Regiment and 11th Alpini Regiment, depart for East Africa departed from Livorno and Naples on 6 January 1936. The division played a crucial role in the Battle of Amba Aradam, fought in the Battle of Maychew and the Second Battle of Tembien. On 5 May 1936 the division entered the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa. After the war's conclusions the division remained in Ethiopia until April 1937 to subdue the remaining Ethiopian resistance. The division returned to Naples on 12 April 1937 and was given a triumph march through Rome the next day. Having distinguished itself in Ethiopia it was decided that the division would not be disbanded. For its conduct and bravery during the Battle of Maychew the Group "Belluno" was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor.
The Group "Lanzo" had been disbanded on 12 April 1937, the day the division arrived back in Italy, but on 25 September of the same year the group was reformed with the batteries 16th (ceded by the Alpine Artillery Group "Udine") and 21st (ceded once again by the Alpine Artillery Group "Vicenza"). The same month the Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno" was reorganized and now consisted of its traditional batteries, the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th. In 1938 the regiment formed the 44th Battery for the Group "Lanzo" and on 27 August 1939 the regiment formed the Alpine Artillery Group "Val Piave", with the batteries 34th, 35th, and 39th.
World War II
Main article: 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"
On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, the Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno", the Alpine Artillery Group "Lanzo", and the Alpine Artillery Group "Val Piave". All three groups were equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. The regiment served in World War II with the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria", which in June 1940 participated in the invasion of France. In November 1940 the division was sent to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. Between 6 December 1940 and 28 January 1941 the division was in constant combat with Greek Army units. On 5 March 1941 the Group "Val Piave" ceded its 34th Battery to the Group "Udine" of the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Julia" and in April of the same year the division participated in the Battle of Greece. After the invasion of Yugoslavia the Pusteria was sent to Montenegro, where it fought in the Battle of Pljevlja against Yugoslav Partisan. On 1 November 1941 the Group "Val Piave" was disbanded.
In December 1941 the Alpine Artillery Group "Val Piave" was reformed, with the batteries 35th, 36th, and 39th, and equipped with 105/11 mod. 28 mountain guns. The group was transferred in April 1942 to the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Julia" for that regiment's upcoming deployment to the Soviet Union. In August 1942, the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" was repatriated and, after two months of rest, participated in the Axis occupation of Vichy France. Afterwards the Pusteria took up garrison duties in occupied France. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division and its regiments were disbanded by invading German forces.
Cold War
Main article: Alpine Brigade "Orobica"
On 1 July 1953 the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was reformed in Meran with the personnel of the disbanded 184th Field Artillery Regiment. The regiment was assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Orobica", which was tasked with defending the Vinschgau valley, and Passeier valley. On 13 August 1953 the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment ceded the 32nd Battery, which had been part of the Group "Bergamo", to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment to help reform the Group "Bergamo", which was reformed on 10 September 1953. On 1 September of the same year the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment transferred its recruits training group to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, which afterwards consisted of a command, a command unit, the Group "Bergamo" with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the Mountain Artillery Group "Vestone" with M30 107mm mortars, a light anti-aircraft group with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons, and the recruits training group. Initially only the Group "Bergamo" consisted of batteries with traditional mountain battery numbers, but on 15 March 1955 the army's General Staff ordered that also the groups with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers and M30 107mm mortars should receive traditional mountain battery numbers. Consequently all the batteries of the regiment were renumbered and afterwards the regiment consisted of the following groups and batteries:
5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Meran
Command Unit
Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo", in Schlanders
Command Unit
31st and 32nd batteries with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns
Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", in Schlanders
Command Unit
51st and 52nd batteries with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers
Mountain Artillery Group "Vestone", in Meran
Command Unit
35th, 36th, and 39th batteries with M30 107mm mortars
Light Anti-aircraft Group, in Meran
Command Unit
1st, 2nd, and 3rd batteries with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons
Recruits Training Group, in Meran
The Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo", named for the city of Bergamo at the Southern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed 1910 in Bergamo and assigned to the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment. The group was equipped with 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns and consisted of the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd batteries. On 1 February 1915 the group was assigned to the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment. In World War I the group fought in 1915 on the Krn and the Mrzli Vrh. In 1916-17 the group returned to the Krn and in 1918 it served on the Presena Glacier and on Monte Asolone. In 1926 the group returned to the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, with which it moved in 1936 from Bergamo to Meran. In World War II the group served with the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Tridentina" in the Greco-Italian War and then in the Soviet Union, where the Italian Army in Russia was destroyed during the Soviet Operation Little Saturn. For their conduct and bravery on the Greek front the groups of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Tridentina" were awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, and for their conduct and sacrifice in the Soviet Union the groups were awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor, both of which the Group "Bergamo" brought with it to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment. The two medal were affixed to the regiment's flag and are depicted on the regiment's coat of arms. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the remnants of the Group "Bergamo" were disbanded by invading German forces.
The Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo" was reformed on 1 April 1948 in Bolzano and assigned to the IV Territorial Military Command. The group was equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns and consisted of the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd batteries. On 1 May 1951 the group was transferred to the reformed 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment. On 13 August 1951 the group added the 35th Battery, but on 31 December 1952 the group was disbanded and its personnel and materiel used to reform the next day the Mountain Artillery Group "Vicenza".
The Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", named for the city of Sondrio at the Northern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed for the first time in 1953 with the batteries, that had been part of the Alpine Artillery Group "Val d'Orco" in World War II. The Mountain Artillery Group "Vestone", named for the village of Vestone on the Eastern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed for the first time in 1953 with batteries that had been part of the Alpine Artillery Group "Val Piave". The Group "Val Piave" had served with the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment "Julia" in the Soviet Union and been awarded, together with the other groups of the regiment, a Gold Medal of Military Valor.
On 31 October 1955 the Recruits Training Group was disbanded. On 10 October 1957 the Light Anti-aircraft Group was transferred to the 2nd Heavy Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment. In 1956 the Group "Vestone" was equipped with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars. In 1956-57 the regiment formed the 33rd Battery for the Group "Bergamo" and the 53rd Battery for the Group "Sondrio". In 1959 the regiment received 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers and each of the three groups now fielded two howitzer and one mortar battery. In 1963 the Group "Sondrio" moved from Schlanders to Sterzing.
5th Mountain Artillery Rgt."Vestone""Sondrio""Bergamo"class=notpageimage| Location of the regiment and its groups in the South Tyrol at the end of 1964
5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Meran
Command Unit
Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo", in Schlanders
Command Unit
31st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
32nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
33rd Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars
Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", in Sterzing
Command Unit
51st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
52nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
53rd Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars
Mountain Artillery Group "Vestone", in Meran
Command Unit
35th Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
36th Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
39th Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars
In 1970 the regiment's mortar batteries were equipped with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers.
During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 10 September 1975 the Group "Vestone" was disbanded. On 30 September the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was disbanded and the next day the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" in Sterzing and the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo" in Schlanders became autonomous units. Both groups were assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Orobica" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers, with one of the batteries being mule-carried. At the time each of the two groups fielded 610 men (35 officers, 55 non-commissioned officers, and 520 soldiers).
On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone issued decree 846, which assigned the flag and traditions of the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment to the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo", and granted the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" a new flag. On 26 September 1982 the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" was equipped with M114 155mm howitzers.
Recent times
After the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces. On 24 October 1989 the 53rd Battery and the Command and Services Battery of the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" were disbanded, while the 51st and 52nd batteries were transferred to the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo". On 26 October of the same year the flag of the Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. One year later the 52nd Battery was disbanded and the 51st Battery was reorganized as a self-defense anti-aircraft battery, which was equipped with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems. On 30 July 1991 the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo" was transferred to the Alpine Brigade "Tridentina". On 31 July 1992 the Mountain Artillery Group "Bergamo" lost its autonomy and the next day the group entered the reformed 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment. The regiment consisted of the following units:
5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Schlanders
Command and Services Battery
51st Self-defense Anti-aircraft Battery, with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems
Group "Bergamo"
31st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
32nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
33rd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers
On 6 November 1995 the regiment moved from Schlanders to Meran. On 15 May 2001 the regiment was disbanded and the flag of the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.
External links
vecio.it: 5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna
References
^ "2° Reggimento Artiglieria Alpina "Tridentina"". President of Italy. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 194.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ "Divisione Alpina Pusteria". vecio.it. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^ a b c "5ª Divisione alpina "Pusteria"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^ a b "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna "Belluno"". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna "Lanzo"". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ a b Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 190. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
^ a b c d e f g "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna "Sondrio"". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna "Agordo"". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna "Val d'Orco"". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.
^ "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
vte Italian Army Four-star rank (OF 9) Chief of the Army General Staff Three-star rank (OF 8)
COMFOTER
NRDC-ITA
COMLOG
COMFORDOT
COMFOP Nord
COMFOP Sud
COMFOTER Support
COMTA
Two-star rank (OF 7)Divisions
"Acqui"
"Tridentina"
"Vittorio Veneto"
Other
Army Aviation Command
Army Simulation and Validation Center
Army Training Command and Application School
Engineer Command
One-star rank (OF 6)Brigades
"Aosta"
"Ariete"
"Folgore"
"Friuli"
"Garibaldi"
"Granatieri di Sardegna"
"Julia"
"Pinerolo"
"Pozzuolo del Friuli"
"Sassari"
"Taurinense"
Army Aviation Support
NRDC-ITA Support
Tactical Intelligence
Commands
Army Special Forces
Artillery
Anti-aircraft Artillery
Signal
Logistic Support
Other
Military Academy
Army NCO School
Infantry School
Cavalry School
Administrative School
Medical and Veterinary School
Alpine Training Center
Army Aviation Training Center
vteItalian Army artillery unitsActiveField ArtilleryField Artillery Regiment "a Cavallo", 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 5th Field Artillery Regiment "Superga", 8th Field Artillery Regiment "Pasubio", 21st Field Artillery Regiment "Trieste", 24th Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani", 52nd Field Artillery Regiment "Torino", 132nd Field Artillery Regiment "Ariete", 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore"Anti-aircraft Art.4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Peschiera", 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca", 121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Ravenna"Other units3rd Targeting Support Regiment "Bondone", 7th CBRN Defense Regiment "Cremona", 13th HUMINT Regiment, 41st Regiment "Cordenons"InactiveField Artillery1st Artillery Regiment "Cacciatori delle Alpi", 3rd Artillery Regiment "Pistoia", 9th Artillery Regiment "Brennero", 10th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Avisio", 11th Field Artillery Regiment, 12th Artillery Regiment "Savona", 13th Artillery Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara", 19th Artillery Regiment "Venezia", 20th Artillery Regiment "Piave", 27th Artillery Regiment "Marche", 28th Artillery Regiment "Livorno", 33rd Artillery Regiment "Acqui", 35th Artillery Regiment "Friuli", 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento", 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari", 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro", 108th Artillery Regiment "Cosseria", 120th Motorized Artillery Regiment, 131st Artillery Regiment "Centauro", 155th Artillery Regiment "Emilia", 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo", 205th Artillery Regiment "Bologna"Heavy Field Artillery2nd Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 4th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 5th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 6th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 8th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 9th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 11th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 12th Heavy Field Artillery RegimentHeavy Artillery1st Heavy Artillery Regiment, 3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment "Volturno", 9th Heavy Artillery RegimentMountain Art.2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, 4th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 6th Mountain Artillery Regiment, Mountain Artillery Group "Agordo", Mountain Artillery Group "Asiago", Mountain Artillery Group "Belluno", Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", Mountain Artillery Group "Udine"Anti-aircraft Art.1st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 2nd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 3rd Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Firenze", 5th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Pescara", 8th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment, 18th Anti-aircraft Artillery RegimentOther units1st NBC Battalion "Etruria", 13th Target Acquisition Group "Aquileia"
vteItalian Army alpine unitsAlpiniActive1st Alpini Command and Tactical Supports Unit, 2nd Alpini Regiment, 3rd Alpini Regiment, 4th Alpini Paratroopers Regiment, 5th Alpini Regiment, 6th Alpini Regiment, 7th Alpini Regiment, 8th Alpini Regiment, 9th Alpini Regiment, 14th Alpini Command and Tactical Supports UnitInactive11th Alpini Regiment, 12th Alpini Regiment, 15th Alpini Regiment, 16th Alpini Regiment, 18th Alpini Regiment,Alpini Battalion "Tirano", Alpini Battalion "Val Brenta", Alpini Battalion "Val Chiese", Alpini Battalion "Val Tagliamento"SupportActive1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), 2nd Alpine Signal Regiment, 2nd Engineer Regiment, 32nd Engineer Regiment, Logistic Regiment "Julia", Logistic Regiment "Taurinense"Inactive2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, 4th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment, 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 6th Mountain Artillery Regiment, Mountain Artillery Group "Agordo", Mountain Artillery Group "Asiago", Mountain Artillery Group "Belluno", Mountain Artillery Group "Pinerolo", Mountain Artillery Group "Sondrio", Mountain Artillery Group "Udine", 3rd Artillery Specialists Group "Bondone", 4th Engineer Battalion "Orta", 4th Signal Battalion "Gardena", 4th Army Corps Auto Group "Claudia", Logistic Battalion "Cadore", Logistic Battalion "Julia", Logistic Battalion "Orobica", Logistic Battalion "Taurinense", Logistic Battalion "Tridentina" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"mountain artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_artillery"},{"link_name":"Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Alpine_Division_%22Pusteria%22"},{"link_name":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"Greco-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_France"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Cassibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"invading German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Brigade_%22Orobica%22"},{"link_name":"Alpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpini"},{"link_name":"Cappello Alpino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappello_Alpino"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Piave River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"}],"text":"Military unitThe 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Italian: 5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna) is an inactive mountain artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Meran in South Tyrol. The regiment was formed in 1935 by the Royal Italian Army with batteries that had served in World War I. The regiment was assigned to the 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\", with which it served in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and during World War II in the invasion of France and the Greco-Italian War. After the invasion of Yugoslavia the regiment served as occupation force in Montenegro. In 1943 the regiment was transferred to the South of occupied France. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the regiment was disbanded by invading German forces.[2][3]The regiment was reformed in 1953 and assigned to the Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\". In 1975 the regiment was split into two mountain artillery groups and its flag and traditions were assigned to the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\". In 1992 the regiment was reformed, but it was disbanded once more in 2001. The Italian mountain artillery has served since its inception alongside the infantry's Alpini speciality, with whom the mountain artillery shares the distinctive Cappello Alpino. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.[2][3]","title":"5th Mountain Artillery Regiment (Italy)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Tridentina%22"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Alpine_Division_%22Pusteria%22"},{"link_name":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Belluno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belluno"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"link_name":"2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Tridentina%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria.png"},{"link_name":"Alpine Artillery Group \"Belluno\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Artillery_Group_%22Belluno%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"link_name":"3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Julia%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_1_btr.png"},{"link_name":"1st Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Taurinense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Taurinense%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_11_btr.png"},{"link_name":"4th Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Cuneense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Cuneense%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_24_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria.png"},{"link_name":"Alpine Artillery Group \"Lanzo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Artillery_Group_%22Lanzo%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_5_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Group \"Aosta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%22Aosta%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_13_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Group \"Conegliano\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%22Conegliano%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_21_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Group \"Vicenza\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%22Vicenza%22"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Alpine_Division_%22Pusteria%22"},{"link_name":"7th Alpini Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Alpini_Regiment"},{"link_name":"11th Alpini Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Alpini_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Battle of Amba Aradam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maychew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Tembien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tembien"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pusteria-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-5"},{"link_name":"Bronze Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belluno-6"},{"link_name":"Alpine Artillery Group \"Udine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Artillery_Group_%22Udine%22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lanzo-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belluno-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"}],"sub_title":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","text":"On 31 December 1935 the 5th Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Pusteria\" was formed by the depot of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\" in Bergamo. The regiment was assigned to the 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\" and consisted of a command, a command unit, the Alpine Artillery Group \"Belluno\", with the batteries 1st, 11th, and 24th, and the Alpine Artillery Group \"Lanzo\", with the batteries 5th, 13th, and 21st. As the regiment had been formed in preparation for the planned Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was cobbled together with parts from existing alpine artillery regiments:[2][3]5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Belluno[2][3]\n Command Unit (formed by the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\")\n Alpine Artillery Group \"Belluno\"\n Command Unit (ceded by the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\")\n 1st Battery (ceded by the Group \"Susa\" of the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Taurinense\")\n 11th Battery (ceded by the Group \"Mondovì\" of the 4th Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Cuneense\")\n 24th Battery (part of the Group \"Belluno\")\n Alpine Artillery Group \"Lanzo\"\n Command Unit (formed by the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Taurinense\")\n 5th Battery (ceded by the Group \"Aosta\" of the 1st Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Taurinense\")\n 13th Battery (ceded by the Group \"Conegliano\" of the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\")\n 21st Battery (ceded by the Group \"Vicenza\" of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\")All batteries were equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. The 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\", which also included the 7th Alpini Regiment and 11th Alpini Regiment, depart for East Africa departed from Livorno and Naples on 6 January 1936. The division played a crucial role in the Battle of Amba Aradam, fought in the Battle of Maychew and the Second Battle of Tembien. On 5 May 1936 the division entered the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa. After the war's conclusions the division remained in Ethiopia until April 1937 to subdue the remaining Ethiopian resistance. The division returned to Naples on 12 April 1937 and was given a triumph march through Rome the next day. Having distinguished itself in Ethiopia it was decided that the division would not be disbanded.[4][5] For its conduct and bravery during the Battle of Maychew the Group \"Belluno\" was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor.[3][6]The Group \"Lanzo\" had been disbanded on 12 April 1937, the day the division arrived back in Italy, but on 25 September of the same year the group was reformed with the batteries 16th (ceded by the Alpine Artillery Group \"Udine\") and 21st (ceded once again by the Alpine Artillery Group \"Vicenza\").[7] The same month the Alpine Artillery Group \"Belluno\" was reorganized and now consisted of its traditional batteries, the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th.[2][3][6] In 1938 the regiment formed the 44th Battery for the Group \"Lanzo\" and on 27 August 1939 the regiment formed the Alpine Artillery Group \"Val Piave\", with the batteries 34th, 35th, and 39th.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Alpine_Division_%22Pusteria%22"},{"link_name":"invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Greco-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"Greek Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Army"},{"link_name":"Group \"Udine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%22Udine%22"},{"link_name":"3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Julia%22"},{"link_name":"Battle of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pljevlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-8"},{"link_name":"105/11 mod. 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Court_de_105_M(montagne)_mod%C3%A8le_1919_Schneider"},{"link_name":"3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Julia%22"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Axis occupation of Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Anton"},{"link_name":"occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_France"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Cassibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"invading German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regio_Esercito-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ufficio_Storico-8"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, the Alpine Artillery Group \"Belluno\", the Alpine Artillery Group \"Lanzo\", and the Alpine Artillery Group \"Val Piave\". All three groups were equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. The regiment served in World War II with the 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\", which in June 1940 participated in the invasion of France. In November 1940 the division was sent to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. Between 6 December 1940 and 28 January 1941 the division was in constant combat with Greek Army units. On 5 March 1941 the Group \"Val Piave\" ceded its 34th Battery to the Group \"Udine\" of the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\" and in April of the same year the division participated in the Battle of Greece. After the invasion of Yugoslavia the Pusteria was sent to Montenegro, where it fought in the Battle of Pljevlja against Yugoslav Partisan. On 1 November 1941 the Group \"Val Piave\" was disbanded.[2][3][5][8]In December 1941 the Alpine Artillery Group \"Val Piave\" was reformed, with the batteries 35th, 36th, and 39th, and equipped with 105/11 mod. 28 mountain guns. The group was transferred in April 1942 to the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\" for that regiment's upcoming deployment to the Soviet Union. In August 1942, the 5th Alpine Division \"Pusteria\" was repatriated and, after two months of rest, participated in the Axis occupation of Vichy France. Afterwards the Pusteria took up garrison duties in occupied France. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division and its regiments were disbanded by invading German forces.[2][3][5][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"184th Field Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Brigade_%22Orobica%22"},{"link_name":"Vinschgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinschgau"},{"link_name":"Passeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeier"},{"link_name":"2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%22Sondrio%22"},{"link_name":"100/17 mod. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze"},{"link_name":"M30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M30_mortar"},{"link_name":"40/56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_L/60_gun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Schlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlanders"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"link_name":"100/17 mod. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agordo-10"},{"link_name":"M30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M30_mortar"},{"link_name":"40/56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_L/60_gun"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"Orobic Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobic_Alps"},{"link_name":"2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"65/17 mod. 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_65/17_modello_13"},{"link_name":"3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Krn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krn"},{"link_name":"Mrzli Vrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrzli_Vrh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Presena Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presena_Glacier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Asolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Asolone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Tridentina%22"},{"link_name":"Greco-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"Italian Army in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Operation Little Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Bronze Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Cassibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"invading German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Achse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"IV Territorial Military Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"75/13 mod. 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15"},{"link_name":"2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Mountain Artillery Group \"Vicenza\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%22Vicenza%22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Orobic Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobic_Alps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Val_d'Orco-11"},{"link_name":"Vestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestone"},{"link_name":"Orobic Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobic_Alps"},{"link_name":"3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment_%22Julia%22"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"2nd Heavy Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Heavy_Anti-aircraft_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Brandt AM-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandt_AM-50&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"105/14 mod. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"link_name":"Sterzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterzing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_Bolzano-Bozen_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"5th Mountain Artillery Rgt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano"},{"link_name":"\"Vestone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano"},{"link_name":"\"Sondrio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterzing"},{"link_name":"\"Bergamo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlanders"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_Bolzano-Bozen_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria.png"},{"link_name":"Schlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlanders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_31_btr.png"},{"link_name":"105/14 mod. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_32_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_33_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Brandt AM-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandt_AM-50&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria.png"},{"link_name":"Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%22Sondrio%22"},{"link_name":"Sterzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterzing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_51_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_52_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_53_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria.png"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_-_Reparto_Comando.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_35_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_36_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_39_btr.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"1975 army reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army_1975_reform"},{"link_name":"Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%22Sondrio%22"},{"link_name":"Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Brigade_%22Orobica%22"},{"link_name":"105/14 mod. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"President of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Leone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"M114 155mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"On 1 July 1953 the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was reformed in Meran with the personnel of the disbanded 184th Field Artillery Regiment. The regiment was assigned to the Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\", which was tasked with defending the Vinschgau valley, and Passeier valley. On 13 August 1953 the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment ceded the 32nd Battery, which had been part of the Group \"Bergamo\", to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment to help reform the Group \"Bergamo\", which was reformed on 10 September 1953. On 1 September of the same year the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment transferred its recruits training group to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, which afterwards consisted of a command, a command unit, the Group \"Bergamo\" with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the Mountain Artillery Group \"Vestone\" with M30 107mm mortars, a light anti-aircraft group with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons, and the recruits training group. Initially only the Group \"Bergamo\" consisted of batteries with traditional mountain battery numbers, but on 15 March 1955 the army's General Staff ordered that also the groups with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers and M30 107mm mortars should receive traditional mountain battery numbers. Consequently all the batteries of the regiment were renumbered and afterwards the regiment consisted of the following groups and batteries:[2][3]5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Meran[2][3]\nCommand Unit\nMountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\", in Schlanders\nCommand Unit\n31st and 32nd batteries with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns\nMountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\", in Schlanders[9]\nCommand Unit\n51st and 52nd batteries with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers\nMountain Artillery Group \"Vestone\", in Meran[10]\nCommand Unit\n35th, 36th, and 39th batteries with M30 107mm mortars\nLight Anti-aircraft Group, in Meran\nCommand Unit\n1st, 2nd, and 3rd batteries with 40/56 anti-aircraft autocannons\nRecruits Training Group, in MeranThe Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\", named for the city of Bergamo at the Southern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed 1910 in Bergamo and assigned to the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment. The group was equipped with 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns and consisted of the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd batteries. On 1 February 1915 the group was assigned to the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment. In World War I the group fought in 1915 on the Krn and the Mrzli Vrh. In 1916-17 the group returned to the Krn and in 1918 it served on the Presena Glacier and on Monte Asolone. In 1926 the group returned to the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, with which it moved in 1936 from Bergamo to Meran. In World War II the group served with the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\" in the Greco-Italian War and then in the Soviet Union, where the Italian Army in Russia was destroyed during the Soviet Operation Little Saturn.[2][3] For their conduct and bravery on the Greek front the groups of the 2nd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Tridentina\" were awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, and for their conduct and sacrifice in the Soviet Union the groups were awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor, both of which the Group \"Bergamo\" brought with it to the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment. The two medal were affixed to the regiment's flag and are depicted on the regiment's coat of arms. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the remnants of the Group \"Bergamo\" were disbanded by invading German forces.[2][3]The Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\" was reformed on 1 April 1948 in Bolzano and assigned to the IV Territorial Military Command. The group was equipped with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns and consisted of the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd batteries. On 1 May 1951 the group was transferred to the reformed 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment. On 13 August 1951 the group added the 35th Battery, but on 31 December 1952 the group was disbanded and its personnel and materiel used to reform the next day the Mountain Artillery Group \"Vicenza\".[2][3]The Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\", named for the city of Sondrio at the Northern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed for the first time in 1953 with the batteries, that had been part of the Alpine Artillery Group \"Val d'Orco\" in World War II.[2][3][9][11] The Mountain Artillery Group \"Vestone\", named for the village of Vestone on the Eastern edge of the Orobic Alps, was formed for the first time in 1953 with batteries that had been part of the Alpine Artillery Group \"Val Piave\". The Group \"Val Piave\" had served with the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment \"Julia\" in the Soviet Union and been awarded, together with the other groups of the regiment, a Gold Medal of Military Valor.[2][3]On 31 October 1955 the Recruits Training Group was disbanded. On 10 October 1957 the Light Anti-aircraft Group was transferred to the 2nd Heavy Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment. In 1956 the Group \"Vestone\" was equipped with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars. In 1956-57 the regiment formed the 33rd Battery for the Group \"Bergamo\" and the 53rd Battery for the Group \"Sondrio\". In 1959 the regiment received 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers and each of the three groups now fielded two howitzer and one mortar battery. In 1963 the Group \"Sondrio\" moved from Schlanders to Sterzing.[2][3][9]5th Mountain Artillery Rgt.\"Vestone\"\"Sondrio\"\"Bergamo\"class=notpageimage| Location of the regiment and its groups in the South Tyrol at the end of 19645th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Meran[2][3]\n Command Unit\n Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\", in Schlanders\n Command Unit\n 31st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 32nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 33rd Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars\n Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\", in Sterzing[9]\n Command Unit\n 51st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 52nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 53rd Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortars\n Mountain Artillery Group \"Vestone\", in Meran\n Command Unit\n 35th Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 36th Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 39th Battery, with Brandt AM-50 120mm mortarsIn 1970 the regiment's mortar batteries were equipped with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers.[2][3]During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 10 September 1975 the Group \"Vestone\" was disbanded. On 30 September the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was disbanded and the next day the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" in Sterzing and the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\" in Schlanders became autonomous units. Both groups were assigned to the Alpine Brigade \"Orobica\" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers, with one of the batteries being mule-carried.[2][3][9] At the time each of the two groups fielded 610 men (35 officers, 55 non-commissioned officers, and 520 soldiers).[12]On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone issued decree 846, which assigned the flag and traditions of the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment to the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\", and granted the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" a new flag.[2][13] On 26 September 1982 the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" was equipped with M114 155mm howitzers.[2][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Vittoriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoriano"},{"link_name":"Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"man-portable air-defense systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system"},{"link_name":"Alpine Brigade \"Tridentina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Brigade_%22Tridentina%22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondrio-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_5_Artimon_Rgt.png"},{"link_name":"Schlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlanders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_CG.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_51_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"man-portable air-defense systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_CG.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_31_btr.png"},{"link_name":"105/14 mod. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_32_btr.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nappina_artiglieria_33_btr.png"},{"link_name":"Meran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meran"},{"link_name":"Vittoriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoriano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtiMon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vecio-3"}],"sub_title":"Recent times","text":"After the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces. On 24 October 1989 the 53rd Battery and the Command and Services Battery of the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" were disbanded, while the 51st and 52nd batteries were transferred to the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\". On 26 October of the same year the flag of the Mountain Artillery Group \"Sondrio\" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. One year later the 52nd Battery was disbanded and the 51st Battery was reorganized as a self-defense anti-aircraft battery, which was equipped with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems. On 30 July 1991 the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\" was transferred to the Alpine Brigade \"Tridentina\". On 31 July 1992 the Mountain Artillery Group \"Bergamo\" lost its autonomy and the next day the group entered the reformed 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment. The regiment consisted of the following units:[2][3][9]5th Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Schlanders[2][3]\n Command and Services Battery\n 51st Self-defense Anti-aircraft Battery, with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems\n Group \"Bergamo\"\n 31st Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 32nd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers\n 33rd Battery, with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzersOn 6 November 1995 the regiment moved from Schlanders to Meran. On 15 May 2001 the regiment was disbanded and the flag of the 5th Mountain Artillery Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.[2][3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2° Reggimento Artiglieria Alpina \"Tridentina\"\". President of Italy. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18278","url_text":"\"2° Reggimento Artiglieria Alpina \"Tridentina\"\""}]},{"reference":"F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 194.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/reparti/reggimenti-artiglieria/5-reggimento-artiglieria-da-montagna","url_text":"\"5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Divisione Alpina Pusteria\". vecio.it. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vecio.it/cms/index.php/reparti/brigate/divisione-alpina-pusteria","url_text":"\"Divisione Alpina Pusteria\""}]},{"reference":"\"5ª Divisione alpina \"Pusteria\"\". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp5.htm","url_text":"\"5ª Divisione alpina \"Pusteria\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Belluno\"\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-belluno","url_text":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Belluno\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Lanzo\"\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-lanzo","url_text":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Lanzo\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 190. Retrieved 18 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","url_text":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"}]},{"reference":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Sondrio\"\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-sondrio","url_text":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Sondrio\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Agordo\"\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-agordo","url_text":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Agordo\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Val d'Orco\"\". Vecio.it. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-val-d-orco","url_text":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Val d'Orco\"\""}]},{"reference":"Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1976-12-22&atto.codiceRedazionale=076U0846","url_text":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/reparti/reggimenti-artiglieria/5-reggimento-artiglieria-da-montagna","external_links_name":"vecio.it: 5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna"},{"Link":"https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18278","external_links_name":"\"2° Reggimento Artiglieria Alpina \"Tridentina\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/reparti/reggimenti-artiglieria/5-reggimento-artiglieria-da-montagna","external_links_name":"\"5° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna\""},{"Link":"http://www.vecio.it/cms/index.php/reparti/brigate/divisione-alpina-pusteria","external_links_name":"\"Divisione Alpina Pusteria\""},{"Link":"http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp5.htm","external_links_name":"\"5ª Divisione alpina \"Pusteria\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-belluno","external_links_name":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Belluno\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-lanzo","external_links_name":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Lanzo\"\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo","external_links_name":"Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002"},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-sondrio","external_links_name":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Sondrio\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-agordo","external_links_name":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Agordo\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vecio.it/cms/gruppi/gruppo-artiglieria-da-montagna-val-d-orco","external_links_name":"\"Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna \"Val d'Orco\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1976-12-22&atto.codiceRedazionale=076U0846","external_links_name":"\"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai_of_Zor | Caravanserai of Zor | ["1 History","2 Architecture","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°50′12″N 43°50′21″E / 39.8368°N 43.8392°E / 39.8368; 43.8392Medieval Armenian Caravanserai
Caravanserai of ZorԶորի քարավանատունEntrance of the caravanseraiAlternative namesIğdır KervansarayıGeneral informationTypeCaravanseraiArchitectural styleArmenian architectureLocationIğdır, TurkeyCompleted13th centuryDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Ashot
The Caravanserai of Zor (Armenian: Զորի քարավանատուն; Turkish: Iğdır Kervansarayı) is a 13th-century Armenian caravanserai located 35 kilometers southwest of modern-day Iğdır. Built during the period of Zakarid Armenia, it was commissioned by the Zakarian-Mkhargrdzeli princes and designed by an Armenian architect named Ashot. It was an important stop in the trade routes to the city of Ani and the Silk Road.
Its architectural style is connected to those of the churches and caravanserais in Ani and the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia of the period. It also shows similarities to Seljuk architecture, showing the growing influence of Armenian architecture on the Seljuk empire. The present-day structure is a result of a controversial restoration by the Turkish government.
History
The caravanserai in 1913
External walls of the caravanserai
Most scholars state that the Caravanserai of Zor was commissioned in the 13th century by the Zakarid princes of Armenia. On the other hand, French art historian Jean-Michel Thierry believes that the caravanserai was commissioned by the Mongols during the period of Mongol Armenia and was built by an Armenian architect. Certain Turkish authors have attempted to attribute the building to the Seljuks, however, this hypothesis has been widely rejected. The structure was built by the medieval Armenian architect Ashot. The Caravanserai was located on a road that served as an alternate route to Ani, that diverged from the traditional Erzurum-Tabriz route, and was also linked to trade routes from the south that connected the Lake Van region to the silk road.
The structure was first studied by the Armenian archaeologist Ashkarbek Loris-Kalantar in 1913, who gave it the name “Zor” after the nearby village of Zor, 15 kilometers away. Its original name is unknown. Loris-Kalantar noted an inscription in Arabic, carved on the ceiling of the southern room, that said "Constructed by Ashot.” The only surviving inscription is Russian graffiti dating back to 1845.
Architecture
Side view of entrance portal
Archaeologist Loris-Kalantar describes the caravanserai as “a rare and exceptional example of Armenian medieval art and architecture.” The architecture resembles that of the Aruch and Talin caravanserais in Armenia, while the entrance portal resembles that of Armenian church architecture, especially the Tigran Honents and Holy Apostles churches in Ani. In addition, these styles show similarities with Seljuk constructions to the west, showing the influence of Armenian architecture in the architectural style of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The masonry of the entrance portal is ornate, decorated with geometric stars, lacework, and three vaulted rooms similar to that found in Ani. The interior consists of a rectangular hall with two zones, an eastern and western chamber. The external walls each have five semicircular walls which may have served a defensive function. The caravanserai was completely renovated in 2008 as part of an initiative by the Turkish government to increase tourism in the region.
See also
List of caravanserais in Armenia
Notes
^ a b Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Rogers 1976, pp. 315–326; Hakobyan, Melik-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1986, p. 319
^ Thierry 1985, pp. 293–307
^ a b c Ani 2006
^ Cowe 2016, p. 117
^ Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Ani 2006
^ Kalantar 1994, pp. 73–74
^ Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Franklin 2021, p. 96; Cowe 2016, p. 117
^ Franklin 2021, p. 96; Eastmond 2017, pp. 169–170
^ Bayat 2019, p. 61
Bibliography
Ani, Virtual (2006). "Zor caravanserai". virtualani.org. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
Bayat, Gülşen (2019). Akkuş, Gülizar; Erciş, Mehmet (eds.). Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir. Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-5275-0793-7.
Cowe, S. Peter (2016). "Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony". In Peacock, A.C.S.; De Nicola, Bruno (eds.). Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781317112686.
Eastmond, Anthony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169, 297. ISBN 9781316739174.
Franklin, Kate (2021). "Traveling through Armenia: Caravan Inns and the Material Experience of the Silk Road". Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia (1 ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-38093-6. JSTOR j.ctv2rb75kr.10.
Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1986). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան (in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan State University Press. p. 319. OCLC 65130496.
Kalantar, Ashkharbek (1994). Karakhanian, G. (ed.). Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. Civilisations du Proche Orient. Vol. 2. Translated by Gurxzadyan, V. G. Neuchâtel, Paris: Recherches et Publications. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-2-940032-01-3.
Rogers, J.M. (1976). "The Mxargrdzelis between East and West". Bedi Kartlisa. 34. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: 315–326. ISSN 0373-1537.
Thierry, Jean-Michel (1985). "A Propos de Quelques Monuments Chrétiens du Vilayet de Kars (IV)". Revue des Études Arméniennes (in French). 19. France: Sorbonne University: 293–307. doi:10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280. ISSN 0080-2549.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caravanserai of Zor.
VirtualANI: Caravanserai of Zor
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam: Iğdır Kervansarayı (in Turkish)
vte Caravanserais in Turkey
Ağzıkara Han
Büyük Valide Han
Büyük Yeni Han
Caravanserai of Zor
Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai
Hasan Pasha Han (Diyarbakır)
Koza Han
Kürkçü Han
Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai
Öküz Mehmet Pasha Complex
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)
Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum)
Sokollu Mehmet Pasha caravanserai
Sultan Han (Aksaray Province)
Sultan Han (Kayseri Province)
Suluhan
Turkey portal
Category
Authority control databases
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
39°50′12″N 43°50′21″E / 39.8368°N 43.8392°E / 39.8368; 43.8392 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"caravanserai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"Iğdır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arm-1"},{"link_name":"Zakarid Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Zakarian-Mkhargrdzeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarids%E2%80%93Mkhargrdzeli"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"Aragatsotn Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Seljuk architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_architecture"}],"text":"Medieval Armenian CaravanseraiThe Caravanserai of Zor (Armenian: Զորի քարավանատուն; Turkish: Iğdır Kervansarayı) is a 13th-century Armenian caravanserai located 35 kilometers southwest of modern-day Iğdır.[1] Built during the period of Zakarid Armenia, it was commissioned by the Zakarian-Mkhargrdzeli princes and designed by an Armenian architect named Ashot. It was an important stop in the trade routes to the city of Ani and the Silk Road.Its architectural style is connected to those of the churches and caravanserais in Ani and the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia of the period. It also shows similarities to Seljuk architecture, showing the growing influence of Armenian architecture on the Seljuk empire. The present-day structure is a result of a controversial restoration by the Turkish government.","title":"Caravanserai of Zor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caravanserai_of_Zor_1913.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_kervansaray_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arm-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Thierry"},{"link_name":"Mongol Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ani-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Lake Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Van"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-east-5"},{"link_name":"Ashkarbek Loris-Kalantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkharbek_Kalantar"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ani-3"}],"text":"The caravanserai in 1913External walls of the caravanseraiMost scholars state that the Caravanserai of Zor was commissioned in the 13th century by the Zakarid princes of Armenia.[1] On the other hand, French art historian Jean-Michel Thierry believes that the caravanserai was commissioned by the Mongols during the period of Mongol Armenia and was built by an Armenian architect.[2] Certain Turkish authors have attempted to attribute the building to the Seljuks, however, this hypothesis has been widely rejected.[3] The structure was built by the medieval Armenian architect Ashot.[4] The Caravanserai was located on a road that served as an alternate route to Ani, that diverged from the traditional Erzurum-Tabriz route, and was also linked to trade routes from the south that connected the Lake Van region to the silk road.[5]The structure was first studied by the Armenian archaeologist Ashkarbek Loris-Kalantar in 1913, who gave it the name “Zor” after the nearby village of Zor, 15 kilometers away. Its original name is unknown. Loris-Kalantar noted an inscription in Arabic, carved on the ceiling of the southern room, that said \"Constructed by Ashot.” The only surviving inscription is Russian graffiti dating back to 1845.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_ejder_kervansaray_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armenian medieval art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruch"},{"link_name":"Talin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin,_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian church architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ani-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Side view of entrance portalArchaeologist Loris-Kalantar describes the caravanserai as “a rare and exceptional example of Armenian medieval art and architecture.”[6] The architecture resembles that of the Aruch and Talin caravanserais in Armenia, while the entrance portal resembles that of Armenian church architecture, especially the Tigran Honents and Holy Apostles churches in Ani. In addition, these styles show similarities with Seljuk constructions to the west, showing the influence of Armenian architecture in the architectural style of the Seljuks in Anatolia.[7] The masonry of the entrance portal is ornate, decorated with geometric stars, lacework, and three vaulted rooms similar to that found in Ani.[8] The interior consists of a rectangular hall with two zones, an eastern and western chamber. The external walls each have five semicircular walls which may have served a defensive function.[3] The caravanserai was completely renovated in 2008 as part of an initiative by the Turkish government to increase tourism in the region.[9]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arm_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arm_1-1"},{"link_name":"Eastmond 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastmond2017"},{"link_name":"Rogers 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRogers1976"},{"link_name":"Hakobyan, Melik-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHakobyanMelik-BakhshyanBarseghyan1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Thierry 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThierry1985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ani_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ani_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ani_3-2"},{"link_name":"Ani 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAni2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Cowe 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCowe2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-east_5-0"},{"link_name":"Eastmond 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastmond2017"},{"link_name":"Ani 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAni2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Kalantar 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKalantar1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Eastmond 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastmond2017"},{"link_name":"Franklin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFranklin2021"},{"link_name":"Cowe 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCowe2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Franklin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFranklin2021"},{"link_name":"Eastmond 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEastmond2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Bayat 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBayat2019"}],"text":"^ a b Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Rogers 1976, pp. 315–326; Hakobyan, Melik-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1986, p. 319\n\n^ Thierry 1985, pp. 293–307\n\n^ a b c Ani 2006\n\n^ Cowe 2016, p. 117\n\n^ Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Ani 2006\n\n^ Kalantar 1994, pp. 73–74\n\n^ Eastmond 2017, p. 169; Franklin 2021, p. 96; Cowe 2016, p. 117\n\n^ Franklin 2021, p. 96; Eastmond 2017, pp. 169–170\n\n^ Bayat 2019, p. 61","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Zor caravanserai\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//virtualani.org/zor/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PjaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Scholars Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5275-0793-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0793-7"},{"link_name":"Cowe, S. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Peter_Cowe"},{"link_name":"\"Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=y6a1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117"},{"link_name":"Peacock, A.C.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317112686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317112686"},{"link_name":"Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jXqJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT289"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781316739174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316739174"},{"link_name":"Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-38093-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38093-6"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"j.ctv2rb75kr.10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10"},{"link_name":"Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadevos_Hakobyan"},{"link_name":"Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&query="},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"65130496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65130496"},{"link_name":"Kalantar, Ashkharbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkharbek_Kalantar"},{"link_name":"Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r7MlAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-940032-01-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940032-01-3"},{"link_name":"Rogers, J.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Rogers"},{"link_name":"Bedi Kartlisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedi_Kartlisa"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0373-1537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-1537"},{"link_name":"Revue des Études Arméniennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2143%2FREA.19.0.2017280"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0080-2549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-2549"}],"text":"Ani, Virtual (2006). \"Zor caravanserai\". virtualani.org. Retrieved September 22, 2022.\nBayat, Gülşen (2019). Akkuş, Gülizar; Erciş, Mehmet (eds.). Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir. Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-5275-0793-7.\nCowe, S. Peter (2016). \"Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony\". In Peacock, A.C.S.; De Nicola, Bruno (eds.). Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781317112686.\nEastmond, Anthony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169, 297. ISBN 9781316739174.\nFranklin, Kate (2021). \"Traveling through Armenia: Caravan Inns and the Material Experience of the Silk Road\". Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia (1 ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-38093-6. JSTOR j.ctv2rb75kr.10.\nHakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1986). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan State University Press. p. 319. OCLC 65130496.\nKalantar, Ashkharbek (1994). Karakhanian, G. (ed.). Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. Civilisations du Proche Orient. Vol. 2. Translated by Gurxzadyan, V. G. Neuchâtel, Paris: Recherches et Publications. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-2-940032-01-3.\nRogers, J.M. (1976). \"The Mxargrdzelis between East and West\". Bedi Kartlisa. 34. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: 315–326. ISSN 0373-1537.\nThierry, Jean-Michel (1985). \"A Propos de Quelques Monuments Chrétiens du Vilayet de Kars (IV)\". Revue des Études Arméniennes (in French). 19. France: Sorbonne University: 293–307. doi:10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280. ISSN 0080-2549.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The caravanserai in 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caravanserai_of_Zor_1913.jpg/220px-Caravanserai_of_Zor_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"External walls of the caravanserai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_kervansaray_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_kervansaray_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side view of entrance portal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_ejder_kervansaray_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_ejder_kervansaray_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of caravanserais in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caravanserais_in_Armenia"}] | [{"reference":"Ani, Virtual (2006). \"Zor caravanserai\". virtualani.org. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://virtualani.org/zor/index.htm","url_text":"\"Zor caravanserai\""}]},{"reference":"Bayat, Gülşen (2019). Akkuş, Gülizar; Erciş, Mehmet (eds.). Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir. Selected Studies on Rural Tourism and Development. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-5275-0793-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PjaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing","url_text":"Cambridge Scholars Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0793-7","url_text":"978-1-5275-0793-7"}]},{"reference":"Cowe, S. Peter (2016). \"Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony\". In Peacock, A.C.S.; De Nicola, Bruno (eds.). Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781317112686.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Peter_Cowe","url_text":"Cowe, S. Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y6a1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117","url_text":"\"Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock","url_text":"Peacock, A.C.S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317112686","url_text":"9781317112686"}]},{"reference":"Eastmond, Anthony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169, 297. ISBN 9781316739174.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXqJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT289","url_text":"Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316739174","url_text":"9781316739174"}]},{"reference":"Franklin, Kate (2021). \"Traveling through Armenia: Caravan Inns and the Material Experience of the Silk Road\". Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia (1 ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-520-38093-6. JSTOR j.ctv2rb75kr.10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10","url_text":"Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38093-6","url_text":"978-0-520-38093-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10","url_text":"j.ctv2rb75kr.10"}]},{"reference":"Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1986). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan State University Press. p. 319. OCLC 65130496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadevos_Hakobyan","url_text":"Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh."},{"url":"http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&query=","url_text":"Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65130496","url_text":"65130496"}]},{"reference":"Kalantar, Ashkharbek (1994). Karakhanian, G. (ed.). Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. Civilisations du Proche Orient. Vol. 2. Translated by Gurxzadyan, V. G. Neuchâtel, Paris: Recherches et Publications. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-2-940032-01-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkharbek_Kalantar","url_text":"Kalantar, Ashkharbek"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r7MlAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940032-01-3","url_text":"978-2-940032-01-3"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, J.M. (1976). \"The Mxargrdzelis between East and West\". Bedi Kartlisa. 34. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: 315–326. ISSN 0373-1537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Rogers","url_text":"Rogers, J.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedi_Kartlisa","url_text":"Bedi Kartlisa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-1537","url_text":"0373-1537"}]},{"reference":"Thierry, Jean-Michel (1985). \"A Propos de Quelques Monuments Chrétiens du Vilayet de Kars (IV)\". Revue des Études Arméniennes (in French). 19. France: Sorbonne University: 293–307. doi:10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280. ISSN 0080-2549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes","url_text":"Revue des Études Arméniennes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University","url_text":"Sorbonne University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2FREA.19.0.2017280","url_text":"10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-2549","url_text":"0080-2549"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caravanserai_of_Zor¶ms=39.8368_N_43.8392_E_type:landmark_region:TR","external_links_name":"39°50′12″N 43°50′21″E / 39.8368°N 43.8392°E / 39.8368; 43.8392"},{"Link":"http://virtualani.org/zor/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zor caravanserai\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PjaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Rural Tourism Potential of Igdir"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y6a1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117","external_links_name":"\"Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXqJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT289","external_links_name":"Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10","external_links_name":"Everyday Cosmopolitanisms: Living the Silk Road in Medieval Armenia"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75kr.10","external_links_name":"j.ctv2rb75kr.10"},{"Link":"http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&query=","external_links_name":"Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65130496","external_links_name":"65130496"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r7MlAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0373-1537","external_links_name":"0373-1537"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2FREA.19.0.2017280","external_links_name":"10.2143/REA.19.0.2017280"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-2549","external_links_name":"0080-2549"},{"Link":"http://virtualani.org/zor/index.htm","external_links_name":"VirtualANI: Caravanserai of Zor"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/","external_links_name":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam: Iğdır Kervansarayı"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/igdir-kervansarayi","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caravanserai_of_Zor¶ms=39.8368_N_43.8392_E_type:landmark_region:TR","external_links_name":"39°50′12″N 43°50′21″E / 39.8368°N 43.8392°E / 39.8368; 43.8392"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_shading | Bid shading | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Bidding less than an item is worth in an auction
Part of a series onAuctions
Types
All-pay
Chinese
Amsterdam
Anglo-Dutch
Barter double
Best/not best
Brazilian
Calcutta
Candle
Click-box bidding
Combinatorial
Common value
Deferred-acceptance
Discriminatory price
Double
Dutch
English
Forward
French
Generalized first-price
Generalized second-price
Japanese
Knapsack
Multi-attribute
Multiunit
No-reserve
Rank
Reverse
Scottish
Sealed first-price
Simultaneous ascending
Single-price
Traffic light
Uniform price
Unique bid
Value of revenues
Vickrey
Vickrey–Clarke–Groves
Walrasian
Yankee
Bidding
Shading
Calor licitantis
Cancellation hunt
Jump
Rigging
Sniping
Suicide
Tacit collusion
Contexts
Algorithms
Autos
Art
Charity
Children
Players
Domain names
Flowers
Loans
Scam
Slaves
Spectrum
Stamps
Virginity
Wine
Wives
Theory
Digital goods
Price of anarchy
Revenue equivalence
Winner's curse
Online
Ebidding
Private electronic market
Software
vte
In an auction, bid shading is the practice of a bidder placing a bid that is below what they believe a bid is worth.
Bid shading is used for one of two purposes. In a common value auction with incomplete information, bid shading is used to compensate for the winner's curse. In such auctions, the good is worth the same amount to all bidders, but bidders don't know the value of the good and must independently estimate it. Since all bidders value the good equally, the winner will generally be the bidder whose estimate of the value is largest. But if we assume that in general bidders estimate the value accurately, then the highest bidder has overestimated the good's value and will end up paying more than it is worth. In other words, winning the auction carries bad news about a bidder's value estimate. A savvy bidder will anticipate this, and reduce their bid accordingly.
Bid shading is also used in first-price auctions, where the winning bidder pays the amount of his bid. If a participant bids an amount equal to their value for the good, they would gain nothing by winning the auction, since they are indifferent between the money and the good. Bidders will optimize their expected value by accepting a lower chance of winning in return for a higher payoff if they win.
In a first-price common value auction, a savvy bidder should shade for both of the above purposes.
Bid shading is not only a normative theoretical construct, it was detected in the above-mentioned real world auction markets. Previous theoretical work on sequential auctions focused either on bid shading in an exogenous sequence of auctions, or on strategic auctioning to short-lived buyers, who never want to shade their bids. This paper provides the first model of a sequential auction with both endogenous strategic selling and forward-looking longer-lived buyers who can shade their bids. The model’s contribution is the analysis of the best response of the seller to strategic bid shading, and the exposition of a market equilibrium, in which bidders do not always shade. The most related model of bidding is Jeitschko (1999), who finds that relatively to exogenous and certain future supply, exogenous but uncertain future supply leads to a proportional bid increase. In contrast, high-valuation bidders shade more than low valuation bidders here. The most related model of optimal sequential auctioning by Vulcano, van Ryzin, and Maglaras (2002) (VRM), who study a monopolist selling to unit-demand strategic buyers who each only lives for one period. While VRM’s bidders do not shade their bids by assumption, strategic sequential auctioning has an effect on their bidding strategy because they are forward-looking: there is an incentive to overbid and make the seller sell more units in the current period than would be optimal for her.
See also
Jump bidding
References
^ Hortaçsu, Ali; Kastl, Jakub; Zhang, Allen (1 January 2018). "Bid Shading and Bidder Surplus in the US Treasury Auction System" (PDF). American Economic Review. 108 (1): 147–169. doi:10.1257/aer.20160675.
^ Nautz, D.; Wolfstetter, E. (October 1997). "Bid shading and risk aversion in multi-unit auctions with many bidders". Economics Letters. 56 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(97)81900-3.
^ Jofre-Bonet, Mireia; Pesendorfer, Martin (September 2003). "Estimation of a Dynamic Auction Game" (PDF). Econometrica. 71 (5): 1443–1489. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00455.
^ Zeithammer, Robert (August 2006). "Forward-Looking Bidding in Online Auctions". Journal of Marketing Research. 43 (3): 462–476. doi:10.1509/jmkr.43.3.462.
^ Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. (1982). "A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding". Econometrica. 50 (5): 1089–1122. doi:10.2307/1911865. hdl:10419/220807. ISSN 0012-9682. JSTOR 1911865.
^ a b Jeitschko, Thomas D (July 1999). "Equilibrium price paths in sequential auctions with stochastic supply". Economics Letters. 64 (1): 67–72. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00066-X.
^ a b Vulcano, Gustavo; van Ryzin, Garrett; Maglaras, Costis (November 2002). "Optimal Dynamic Auctions for Revenue Management". Management Science. 48 (11): 1388–1407. doi:10.1287/mnsc.48.11.1388.269.
vteTopics of game theoryDefinitions
Congestion game
Cooperative game
Determinacy
Escalation of commitment
Extensive-form game
First-player and second-player win
Game complexity
Graphical game
Hierarchy of beliefs
Information set
Normal-form game
Preference
Sequential game
Simultaneous game
Simultaneous action selection
Solved game
Succinct game
Mechanism design
Equilibriumconcepts
Bayes correlated equilibrium
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
Berge equilibrium
Core
Correlated equilibrium
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
Epsilon-equilibrium
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Gibbs equilibrium
Mertens-stable equilibrium
Markov perfect equilibrium
Nash equilibrium
Pareto efficiency
Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
Proper equilibrium
Quantal response equilibrium
Quasi-perfect equilibrium
Risk dominance
Satisfaction equilibrium
Self-confirming equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium
Shapley value
Strong Nash equilibrium
Subgame perfection
Trembling hand equilibrium
Strategies
Appeasement
Backward induction
Bid shading
Collusion
Cheap talk
De-escalation
Deterrence
Escalation
Forward induction
Grim trigger
Markov strategy
Dominant strategies
Pure strategy
Mixed strategy
Strategy-stealing argument
Tit for tat
Classesof games
Auction
Bargaining problem
Global game
Intransitive game
Mean-field game
n-player game
Perfect information
Large Poisson game
Potential game
Repeated game
Screening game
Signaling game
Strictly determined game
Stochastic game
Symmetric game
Zero-sum game
Games
Go
Chess
Infinite chess
Checkers
All-pay auction
Prisoner's dilemma
Gift-exchange game
Optional prisoner's dilemma
Traveler's dilemma
Coordination game
Chicken
Centipede game
Lewis signaling game
Volunteer's dilemma
Dollar auction
Battle of the sexes
Stag hunt
Matching pennies
Ultimatum game
Rock paper scissors
Pirate game
Dictator game
Public goods game
Blotto game
War of attrition
El Farol Bar problem
Fair division
Fair cake-cutting
Bertrand competition
Cournot competition
Stackelberg competition
Deadlock
Diner's dilemma
Guess 2/3 of the average
Kuhn poker
Nash bargaining game
Induction puzzles
Trust game
Princess and monster game
Rendezvous problem
Theorems
Aumann's agreement theorem
Folk theorem
Minimax theorem
Nash's theorem
Negamax theorem
Purification theorem
Revelation principle
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Zermelo's theorem
Keyfigures
Albert W. Tucker
Amos Tversky
Antoine Augustin Cournot
Ariel Rubinstein
Claude Shannon
Daniel Kahneman
David K. Levine
David M. Kreps
Donald B. Gillies
Drew Fudenberg
Eric Maskin
Harold W. Kuhn
Herbert Simon
Hervé Moulin
John Conway
Jean Tirole
Jean-François Mertens
Jennifer Tour Chayes
John Harsanyi
John Maynard Smith
John Nash
John von Neumann
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Binmore
Leonid Hurwicz
Lloyd Shapley
Melvin Dresher
Merrill M. Flood
Olga Bondareva
Oskar Morgenstern
Paul Milgrom
Peyton Young
Reinhard Selten
Robert Axelrod
Robert Aumann
Robert B. Wilson
Roger Myerson
Samuel Bowles
Suzanne Scotchmer
Thomas Schelling
William Vickrey
Miscellaneous
Alpha–beta pruning
Bounded rationality
Combinatorial game theory
Confrontation analysis
Coopetition
Evolutionary game theory
Glossary of game theory
List of game theorists
List of games in game theory
No-win situation
Topological game
Tragedy of the commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"common value auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_value_auction"},{"link_name":"incomplete information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_information"},{"link_name":"winner's curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner%27s_curse"},{"link_name":"first-price auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-price_auction"},{"link_name":"optimize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milgrom-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeitschko-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulcano-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeitschko-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulcano-7"}],"text":"In an auction, bid shading is the practice of a bidder placing a bid that is below what they believe a bid is worth.[1][2]Bid shading is used for one of two purposes. In a common value auction with incomplete information, bid shading is used to compensate for the winner's curse. In such auctions, the good is worth the same amount to all bidders, but bidders don't know the value of the good and must independently estimate it. Since all bidders value the good equally, the winner will generally be the bidder whose estimate of the value is largest. But if we assume that in general bidders estimate the value accurately, then the highest bidder has overestimated the good's value and will end up paying more than it is worth. In other words, winning the auction carries bad news about a bidder's value estimate. A savvy bidder will anticipate this, and reduce their bid accordingly.Bid shading is also used in first-price auctions, where the winning bidder pays the amount of his bid. If a participant bids an amount equal to their value for the good, they would gain nothing by winning the auction, since they are indifferent between the money and the good. Bidders will optimize their expected value by accepting a lower chance of winning in return for a higher payoff if they win.In a first-price common value auction, a savvy bidder should shade for both of the above purposes.Bid shading is not only a normative theoretical construct, it was detected in the above-mentioned real world auction markets.[3][4] Previous theoretical work on sequential auctions focused either on bid shading in an exogenous sequence of auctions,[5][6] or on strategic auctioning to short-lived buyers, who never want to shade their bids.[7] This paper provides the first model of a sequential auction with both endogenous strategic selling and forward-looking longer-lived buyers who can shade their bids. The model’s contribution is the analysis of the best response of the seller to strategic bid shading, and the exposition of a market equilibrium, in which bidders do not always shade. The most related model of bidding is Jeitschko (1999),[6] who finds that relatively to exogenous and certain future supply, exogenous but uncertain future supply leads to a proportional bid increase. In contrast, high-valuation bidders shade more than low valuation bidders here. The most related model of optimal sequential auctioning by Vulcano, van Ryzin, and Maglaras (2002) (VRM),[7] who study a monopolist selling to unit-demand strategic buyers who each only lives for one period. While VRM’s bidders do not shade their bids by assumption, strategic sequential auctioning has an effect on their bidding strategy because they are forward-looking: there is an incentive to overbid and make the seller sell more units in the current period than would be optimal for her.","title":"Bid shading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Jump bidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_bidding"}] | [{"reference":"Hortaçsu, Ali; Kastl, Jakub; Zhang, Allen (1 January 2018). \"Bid Shading and Bidder Surplus in the US Treasury Auction System\" (PDF). American Economic Review. 108 (1): 147–169. doi:10.1257/aer.20160675.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24024.pdf","url_text":"\"Bid Shading and Bidder Surplus in the US Treasury Auction System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20160675","url_text":"10.1257/aer.20160675"}]},{"reference":"Nautz, D.; Wolfstetter, E. (October 1997). \"Bid shading and risk aversion in multi-unit auctions with many bidders\". Economics Letters. 56 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(97)81900-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1765%2897%2981900-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0165-1765(97)81900-3"}]},{"reference":"Jofre-Bonet, Mireia; Pesendorfer, Martin (September 2003). \"Estimation of a Dynamic Auction Game\" (PDF). Econometrica. 71 (5): 1443–1489. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00455.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8626.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimation of a Dynamic Auction Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0262.00455","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0262.00455"}]},{"reference":"Zeithammer, Robert (August 2006). \"Forward-Looking Bidding in Online Auctions\". Journal of Marketing Research. 43 (3): 462–476. doi:10.1509/jmkr.43.3.462.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.43.3.462","url_text":"\"Forward-Looking Bidding in Online Auctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.43.3.462","url_text":"10.1509/jmkr.43.3.462"}]},{"reference":"Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. (1982). \"A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding\". Econometrica. 50 (5): 1089–1122. doi:10.2307/1911865. hdl:10419/220807. ISSN 0012-9682. JSTOR 1911865.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911865","url_text":"\"A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1911865","url_text":"10.2307/1911865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F220807","url_text":"10419/220807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682","url_text":"0012-9682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911865","url_text":"1911865"}]},{"reference":"Jeitschko, Thomas D (July 1999). \"Equilibrium price paths in sequential auctions with stochastic supply\". Economics Letters. 64 (1): 67–72. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00066-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1765%2899%2900066-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00066-X"}]},{"reference":"Vulcano, Gustavo; van Ryzin, Garrett; Maglaras, Costis (November 2002). \"Optimal Dynamic Auctions for Revenue Management\". Management Science. 48 (11): 1388–1407. doi:10.1287/mnsc.48.11.1388.269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmnsc.48.11.1388.269","url_text":"10.1287/mnsc.48.11.1388.269"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24024.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bid Shading and Bidder Surplus in the US Treasury Auction System\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20160675","external_links_name":"10.1257/aer.20160675"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1765%2897%2981900-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0165-1765(97)81900-3"},{"Link":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8626.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estimation of a Dynamic Auction Game\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0262.00455","external_links_name":"10.1111/1468-0262.00455"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.43.3.462","external_links_name":"\"Forward-Looking Bidding in Online Auctions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjmkr.43.3.462","external_links_name":"10.1509/jmkr.43.3.462"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911865","external_links_name":"\"A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1911865","external_links_name":"10.2307/1911865"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F220807","external_links_name":"10419/220807"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682","external_links_name":"0012-9682"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911865","external_links_name":"1911865"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-1765%2899%2900066-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00066-X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmnsc.48.11.1388.269","external_links_name":"10.1287/mnsc.48.11.1388.269"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_x_Kong:_The_New_Empire | Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Pre-production","3.3 Filming","3.4 Post-production","3.5 Influences","4 Music","5 Release","5.1 Theatrical","5.2 Home media","6 Reception","6.1 Box office","6.2 Critical response","7 Sequel","8 Notes","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"] | 2024 film by Adam Wingard
Godzilla x Kong: The New EmpireTheatrical release posterDirected byAdam WingardScreenplay by
Terry Rossio
Simon Barrett
Jeremy Slater
Story by
Terry Rossio
Adam Wingard
Simon Barrett
Based onGodzilla and Mothraby Toho Co., Ltd.Produced by
Thomas Tull
Jon Jashni
Brian Rogers
Mary Parent
Alex Garcia
Eric McLeod
Starring
Rebecca Hall
Brian Tyree Henry
Dan Stevens
Kaylee Hottle
Alex Ferns
Fala Chen
CinematographyBen SeresinEdited byJosh SchaefferMusic by
Tom Holkenborg
Antonio Di Iorio
ProductioncompanyLegendary PicturesDistributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures (Worldwide)
Toho (Japan)
Release dates
March 25, 2024 (2024-03-25) (TCL Chinese Theatre)
March 29, 2024 (2024-03-29) (United States)
Running time115 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$135–150 millionBox office$570 million
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire is a 2024 American monster film directed by Adam Wingard. Produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, it is the sequel to Godzilla vs. Kong (2021) and the fifth film in the Monsterverse franchise, also serving as the 38th film of the Godzilla franchise and 13th in the King Kong franchise. The film stars Rebecca Hall, Brian Tyree Henry, Dan Stevens, Kaylee Hottle, Alex Ferns, and Fala Chen. Hall, Henry, and Hottle reprise their roles from the previous film. In the film, Kong encounters more of his species in the Hollow Earth and must unite again with Godzilla to stop the tyrannical Skar King and the powerful, frost-breathing Shimo from invading the Earth's surface.
Following the box office and streaming success of Godzilla vs. Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, Legendary announced a sequel in March 2022 and that filming would commence later that year. In May 2022, it was announced that Wingard would return to direct and Stevens had been cast as a lead. Filming began in July 2022 in the Gold Coast, Australia, and finished in November 2022.
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on March 25, 2024, and was released in the United States on March 29. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many comparing it unfavorably to Godzilla Minus One. It has grossed $570 million worldwide on a $135–150 million budget, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 2024, the highest-grossing film of the Monsterverse, and the highest-grossing film in the Godzilla and King Kong franchises. A sequel is in development.
Plot
Three years after defeating Mechagodzilla, Kong has established his new territory in the Hollow Earth and searches for more of his kind. On Earth's surface, Godzilla continues to maintain order between humanity and giant monsters, known as "Titans" — killing Titan Scylla in Rome and resting in the Colosseum afterwards.
A Monarch observation outpost stationed in Hollow Earth picks up an unidentified signal. On the surface, the signal causes Jia, the last known survivor of the Iwi tribe from Skull Island, to experience hallucinations and visions, causing her adoptive mother and Kong expert, Dr. Ilene Andrews, to worry. Also sensing the signal, Godzilla leaves Rome and attacks a nuclear plant in France to absorb radiation. He then heads to the lair of the Titan Tiamat in the Arctic. Monarch believes Godzilla is strengthening himself for an oncoming threat.
When a sinkhole opens near his home, Kong discovers an uncharted realm where a tribe of his species has survived, including a juvenile named Suko. After a brief initial confrontation, Kong convinces Suko to lead him to the tribe's lair, and the two slowly bond on their journey. The tribe's tyrannical leader, Skar King, battles Kong with the aid of an ancient ice-powered Titan, Shimo, whom he controls with pain using a crystal. Shimo's ice breath injures Kong's right arm, causing frostbite, but with Suko's help, Kong manages to escape after losing his axe.
Andrews and Jia, alongside Titan veterinarian Trapper and conspiracy podcaster Bernie Hayes, travel to Hollow Earth to locate the source of the signal. They find the Monarch outpost destroyed. As the group follows the signal, they discover a temple that leads them to a subterranean section that houses a surviving Iwi tribe, who communicate telepathically with each other, living beneath portals to the surface. Inspecting some ruins, they surmise that the signal was a telepathic distress call sent by the Iwi.
While observing Jia socializing with the Iwi, Andrews voices her fears to Trapper that Jia may choose to stay with her people and that Andrews would have to accept it. Inside a temple, Andrews uncovers hieroglyphics displaying the past and future: Skar King once attempted to conquer the surface world, forced Shimo to trigger an ice age, and waged war against Godzilla's species, but Godzilla defeated him by trapping him and his tribe deep within Hollow Earth. The prophecy also indicates that Jia would be the key to reawakening Mothra. Sensing Jia, Kong locates the temple and is fitted by Trapper with a prototype exoskeletal glove to strengthen and heal his frostbitten limb. Unknown to them, one of Skar King's loyalists follows them and informs him that the protective barrier leading to the surface portals has been opened. Jia successfully awakens the reborn Mothra.
Meanwhile, Godzilla kills Tiamat and absorbs cosmic radiation from her lair, which turns his dorsal plates magenta. Hoping to lure Godzilla to Hollow Earth to assist him, Kong surfaces in Cairo and calls out to Godzilla. Despite Kong's attempts to communicate, Godzilla attacks him, and a brief fight ensues until Mothra intervenes. Godzilla, Kong, and Mothra return to the Hollow Earth and engage Skar King and Shimo in battle. Skar King and Shimo manage to use one of the portals to escape to the surface, forcing Godzilla and Kong to chase them to Rio de Janeiro, and Shimo induces a second ice age at Skar King's command. The factions are evenly matched until Suko arrives with Kong's axe and destroys the crystal controlling Shimo. Shimo freezes Skar King before Kong shatters him to pieces.
After undoing Shimo's ice age with his atomic breath, Godzilla returns to rest in the Colosseum. Jia reunites with Andrews and alleviates her fears by choosing to stay with her adopted mother. Mothra restores the protective barrier of the Iwi's home and the portals. Kong returns with Shimo and Suko to Hollow Earth, where he becomes the ape tribe's new leader.
Cast
Rebecca Hall as Dr. Ilene Andrews
Brian Tyree Henry as Bernie Hayes
Dan Stevens as Trapper
Kaylee Hottle as Jia
Alex Ferns as Mikael
Fala Chen as Iwi Queen
Rachel House as Hampton
Ron Smyck as Harris
Chantelle Jamieson as Jayne
Greg Hatton as Lewis
Kevin Copeland as Submarine Commander
Tess Dobré as Submarine Officer
Tim Carroll as Wilcox
Anthony Brandon Wong as Talk Show Announcer
Allan Henry as Kong and Skar King (performance capture)
Production
Development
In March 2019, producer Alex Garcia stated that Legendary Pictures hoped to produce more MonsterVerse films if they became successful, stating, "It's one brick at a time, each piece has to be as good as it can be, so right now it's all focused on this Godzilla: King of the Monsters and Godzilla vs. Kong. But could there be? Yeah, that's the hope if the movies turn out really well." In February 2021, Wingard commented on the future of the Monsterverse, "I know where we could go potentially with future films." However, he noted that the Monsterverse was created "to a certain degree" to lead towards Godzilla vs. Kong. He added that the Monsterverse is at a "crossroads", stating, "It's really at the point where audiences have to kind of step forward and vote for more of these things. If this movie is a success obviously they will continue forward."
Godzilla vs. Kong was released on March 24, 2021, and became a box office and streaming hit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The film grossed $470 million worldwide against a break-even point of $330 million, and became the most pirated film of 2021. On April 4, 2021, Legendary's CEO Josh Grode commented on potential sequels, "we have a number of ideas for more movies." That same day, the hashtag #ContinueTheMonsterverse began trending on Twitter, which was acknowledged by Legendary and garnered support from Jordan Vogt-Roberts, director of Kong: Skull Island (2017). On April 27, 2021, The Hollywood Reporter stated that Legendary was "quietly taking steps to stretch the series into one or more installments" while negotiating with Wingard to potentially return to direct. Various ideas were considered, with Son of Kong being one potential title. In August 2021, Monsterverse writer Max Borenstein stated that "there will be some new, interesting installments coming" due to the success of Godzilla vs. Kong.
On March 20, 2022, it was announced that a sequel to Godzilla vs. Kong was scheduled to commence filming later in the year in the Gold Coast, Queensland, and other locations in South East Queensland. In May 2022, it was announced that Wingard would return to direct and that Dan Stevens had been cast as a lead. Wingard and Stevens had previously worked together on The Guest (2014). In May 2022, Production Weekly reported that the film's working title was Origins. On June 30, 2022, it was revealed that Mary Parent, Alex Garcia, Eric McLeod, Brian Rogers, Thomas Tull and Jon Jashni would return to produce. On July 1, 2022, Toho confirmed that the film would feature Godzilla.
Pre-production
Wingard recalled that preproduction on the film began in January 2022. In August 2022, Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary announced a new synopsis and that Rebecca Hall, Brian Tyree Henry and Kaylee Hottle would reprise their roles from Godzilla vs Kong while Fala Chen, Alex Ferns and Rachel House would join the cast as well. It was also revealed that Wingard would collaborate once more with production designer Tom Hammock, editor Josh Schaeffer, composer Tom Holkenborg, and that Terry Rossio had returned to write the script with Jeremy Slater and Wingard's frequent collaborator Simon Barrett. Ultimately, Rossio, Barrett, and Slater received "screenplay by" credit, while Rossio, Wingard, and Barrett received "story by" credit; Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields, both of whom co-wrote Godzilla: King of the Monsters and Godzilla vs. Kong, shared off-screen "additional literary material" credit with James Ashcroft, Eli Kent, and Nicole Perlman.
Filming
Principal photography commenced in the Gold Coast, Queensland, on July 29, 2022. At the start of production, Ben Seresin was confirmed to have returned as director of photography. In November 2022, it was reported that filming had finished in Australia and that crew gear revealed the film's potential title, at the time, as Godzilla and Kong.
Post-production
The film's visual effects were supervised by Alessandro Ongaro. Wingard confirmed that Mothra's inclusion was always part of the plan. However, Legendary did not have the rights to Mothra by the time that post-production began and used a placeholder character named "Phosphera" until the rights were secured. Wingard also refuted rumors that Phosphera was replaced with Mothra due to poor testing, iterating that Mothra was included as far back as the first draft.
Influences
After watching the trailer for Godzilla Minus One (2023), Wingard and Ongaro decided to pay tribute to that film by recreating a shot of the ground bursting beneath Godzilla's footfall for the film's Rome sequence. The Egyptian battle between Godzilla and Kong was inspired by the fight scene between Roddy Piper and Keith David from They Live (1988).
Music
Main article: Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (soundtrack)
In August 2022, Tom Holkenborg was announced to return to compose the film's score, after previously doing so for Godzilla vs. Kong. In December 2023, it was announced that Antonio Di Iorio would co-compose the score with Holkenborg. A single was released on March 13, 2024, by WaterTower Music, titled “Main Title Theme.” The full soundtrack album was released on March 22, 2024.
For the Japanese release, artists Ai, Yaffle, and OZworld contributed to the track "Rise Together" as the film's theme and was released on April 17, 2024.
Release
Theatrical
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire held its red carpet premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on March 25, 2024. Afterward, it was released internationally on March 27 and in the United States on March 29, and was released in Japan on April 26 via Toho. It was previously slated to be released on March 15 and April 12. Incidentally, Toho's Godzilla Minus One was withdrawn from U.S. theaters eight weeks before the release of Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire.
Home media
The film was released on digital platforms on May 14, 2024, and on Blu-ray, DVD and Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 11, 2024.
Reception
Box office
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire has grossed $196.7 million in the United States and Canada and $373.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $570 million. As of 2024, it holds the record for the highest-grossing Godzilla film ever.
In the United States and Canada, Godzilla x Kong was initially projected to gross $50–55 million from 3,850 theaters in its opening weekend and an additional $80–90 million from 63 international territories. After making $37 million on its first day, including $10 million from Thursday previews, the best-ever total for a Monsterverse film, estimates were raised to $75 million over the domestic weekend. It went on to debut at $80 million, topping the box office and becoming the second-best opening weekend of the series and the fifth-best Easter weekend of all time, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), Furious 7 (2015), The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023) and The Fate of the Furious (2017). In its second weekend, the film made $31.2 million (a drop of 61%), remaining in first. In its third weekend, the film made $15.5 million, finishing second behind newcomer Civil War. Meanwhile, the film debuted at number two in Japan, behind Detective Conan: The Million-dollar Pentagram.
Critical response
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire received mixed reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 54% of 237 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Come to Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire for the sheer monster-mashing spectacle -- and stay for that too, because the movie doesn't have much else to offer." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 47 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 96% of audience members said the film "met or exceeded their expectations."
Several critics compared the film negatively to Toho's Godzilla Minus One. Owen Gleiberman of Variety found Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire mediocre, likening it more to a superhero film, but felt that it was misfortunate that the film was released too soon after Godzilla Minus One, comparing that film with "lyrical majesty" and Godzilla x Kong more like a "product", but admitted that the film delivers on the monster battles, praising the Rome battle. Pete Hammond from Deadline Hollywood likened the scenes with the Ape tribe to Planet of the Apes and noted that Godzilla, despite getting top billing and referenced repeatedly in the film, mostly plays a supporting role. He felt the human characters were the same "one dimensional caricatures" typically found in monster films, but admitted that they had a "nice rapport" regardless. Like Gleiberman, Hammond compared the film to Godzilla Minus One, calling it "far more impressive" than Godzilla x Kong and suggested that Legendary hire that film's team next. James Berardinelli also expressed dissatisfaction for the film and suggested that Godzilla Minus One writer-director Takashi Yamazaki make the next Monsterverse film. The Sioux City Journal criticized the film's visual effects as inferior to those in Godzilla Minus One.
Beyond the main cast, the humans in this movie exist only to get squashed like ants by falling debris and mangled buildings. They are expendable, but it doesn't matter. The meaning of these films isn't in metaphor at all. It's in punching.
—Alissa Wilkinson, The New York Times
The Guardian praised the choreography and cited Rebecca Hall's performance as "ever luminous", but felt that Dan Stevens and Brian Tyree Henry struggled to convey the comedy they were entrusted with for their parts. The film's journey to the climax was a "mixed bag," wrote Empire, and its characters were "shallow but fun". IndieWire attacked the CGI for being dull and not taking full advantage of its potential, suggesting that the filmmakers should have used Godzilla (2014) as a reference point to emphasize the gravitas of the monster scenes. The Los Angeles Times described the film as a "roaring headache" but cited "two impressively goopy moments" in the beginning and the horror-like approach brought by the director "with a penchant for gleeful experimentation and over-the-top style".
Sequel
Director Adam Wingard expressed interest in making a third film featuring both Godzilla and Kong, but noted that "it just depends on how Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire does and how things kind of shape out." Wingard iterated that ideas have been discussed as to where to take the franchise onward and that he would take a "different approach" on the next film if he's invited back to direct. He also suggested that the next film could potentially follow Godzilla primarily and explore his perspective in the same way that The New Empire followed Kong.
Commenting on the film's box office success, producer and Legendary's chairman of worldwide production Mary Parent said, "This is certainly an exciting result. We are in a good position to continue the journey, but let’s see how Godzilla x Kong unfolds."
On May 10, 2024, Legendary announced that David Callaham, who wrote the early drafts for Godzilla (2014), will write a follow-up to Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire. The following week, Legendary announced that Wingard would not return to direct due to scheduling conflicts, but had expressed interest in having Wingard return eventually for a future project. On June 6, 2024, Grant Sputore was announced as the director for the film.
Notes
^ According to Wingard, the “x” in the film's title is silent, though he pronounces it in the abbreviation GxK. The "x" is meant by Legendary Pictures to indicate more of a collaboration than a fight rematch. In many translated versions of the title, it is rendered with the conjunction “and” as Godzilla and Kong: The New Empire (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Polish, etc.).
^ As depicted in Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
^ Attributed to multiple references:
References
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire -- New Trailer and Poster From Warner Bros. Pictures". SciFi Japan. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (12A)". BBFC. March 19, 2024. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 26, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong Will Bunny Hop To $135M Global Opening As Legendary's Monsterverse Franchise Roars Past $2.5 Billion – Easter Box Office Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
^ Murphy, J. Kim (April 6, 2024). "Box Office: 'Godzilla x Kong' Staying on Top, 'Monkey Man' Swings Into Second and 'The First Omen' Gets Crossed Up". Variety. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 9, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire': Adam Wingard Movie Becomes Highest Grossing In Legendary Monsterverse With $570M WW Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
^ a b Coman, Monica (March 21, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Director Explains the Title, Confirms the 'x' Is Silent". CBR. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ Raymond, Charles Nicholas (April 19, 2023). "Explaining The "X" And "New Empire" In Godzilla vs Kong 2's Title". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
^ Coley, Samantha (May 5, 2024). "The Best Fight Sequence in 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Almost Didn't Make the Cut". Collider. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ Mirjahangir 2019, 21:30.
^ Goldberg, Matt (February 22, 2021). "Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard on Avoiding an Issue He Had with 'Batman v Superman'". Collider. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ Millican, Josh (March 22, 2021). "Exclusive: Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard Explains Why No Post-Credits Scene". Dread Central. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
^ a b Rubin, Rebecca (April 5, 2021). "Godzilla vs. Kong Is a Box Office and HBO Max Hit. Will It Shake Up the Future of Moviegoing?". Variety. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ "Godzilla vs. Kong". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ Ortiz, Andi (January 26, 2022). "'Zack Snyder's Justice League,' 'Black Widow' Among 2021's Most Pirated Movies". TheWrap. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 4, 2021). "Godzilla Vs. Kong Propels Domestic Box Office Out Of Pandemic Depression With $48.5M 5-Day Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
^ Barsanti, Sam (April 4, 2021). "Godzilla Vs. Kong fans adopt Snyder Cut tactics to try and get a sequel, and it might be working". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
^ Valdez, Nick (April 5, 2021). "Kong: Skull Island Director Backs 'Continue the MonsterVerse' Movement". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
^ Kit, Borys (April 27, 2021). "Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard In Talks for Legendary's Next MonsterVerse Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
^ Hermanns, Grant (August 3, 2021). "Godzilla vs Kong Writer Teases Future MonsterVerse Movies". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
^ Tulich, Katherine (March 20, 2022). "Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel to Film in Australia". Variety. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Kroll, Justin (May 12, 2022). "Godzilla vs. Kong 2: Dan Stevens Reunites With The Guest Director Adam Wingard On Legendary Sequel". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ Production Weekly 2022, p. 40.
^ a b Chitwood, Adam (June 30, 2022). "'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel Gets 2024 Release Date; 'Dune 2' Pushed to November 2023". TheWrap. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
^ a b Parlevliet, Mirko (August 25, 2022). "Godzilla vs Kong Sequel Starts Filming". Vital Thrills. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
^ "Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Announcement". Godzilla.com. Toho. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ Jr, Mike Fleming (March 22, 2024), "How 'Honey I Shrunk The Kids' Led Adam Wingard To Epic Scale Pics Like 'Godzilla X Kong:' The Film That Lit My Fuse", Deadline (video), event occurs at 25:05, archived from the original on March 24, 2024, retrieved March 24, 2024
^ Vitto Oddo, Marco (August 25, 2022). "Godzilla vs. Kong 2 Synopsis Reveals New Details About Monsterverse Sequel". Collider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
^ "Origins". Writers Guild of America West. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
^ "Why Millie Bobby Brown Is Not Returning For Godzilla vs Kong 2". Screen Rant. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
^ Paz, Maggie Dela (July 29, 2022). "Legendary's Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Begins Production in Australia". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
^ Nash, Anthony (August 2, 2022). "Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Gets Working Title". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
^ Jackson, James; Whitbrook, Gordon (November 11, 2022). "The Next Godzilla Movie Has an Unsurprising Title". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
^ a b "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Has a Very Specific Homage to Godzilla Minus One". Gizmodo. March 15, 2024. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Taylor, Drew (March 30, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Ending Explained: Director Adam Wingard on That Big Cameo". TheWrap. Archived from the original on April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
^ Kuznikov, Selena (March 31, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Says John Carpenter's 'They Live' Was a Major Inspiration". Variety. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
^ "Tom Holkenborg to Return for Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel". Film Music Reporter. August 25, 2022. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^ "Antonio Di Iorio Joins Tom Holkenborg to Co-Score Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire'". Film Music Reporter. December 3, 2023. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Available Now on WaterTower Music". Business Wire. March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ "Yaffle x AI、映画『ゴジラxコング 新たなる帝国』日本版主題歌を担当 日本語吹替版予告公開" . CDjournal (in Japanese). April 12, 2024. Archived from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
^ Chuba, Kirsten (March 26, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Stars Joke That CGI Monsters Were "Such Divas" on Set". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
^ Dick, Jeremy (February 14, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Gets Action-Packed Trailer Uniting the Iconic Titans". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
^ "ゴジラ×コング ザ・ニュー・エンパイア（原題）". Eiga.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
^ Treese, Tyler (August 24, 2023). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Release Date Pushed Back". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
^ McPherson, Chris (February 3, 2024). "Godzilla Minus One Is Leaving Theaters Early". Collider. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
^ Taylor, Drew (May 7, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Sets Digital, 4K Blu-ray and DVD Release". TheWrap. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
^ Scott, Ryan (May 6, 2024). "Godzilla X Kong Is Now The Highest-Grossing Godzilla Movie Ever At The Box Office". SlashFilm. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 31, 2024). "They Have Risen: 'Godzilla x Kong' Conquers Easter Box Office With $80M Opening; Legendary Monsterverse Franchise Crosses $2 Billion – Sunday AM Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 7, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong' Rising To $30M; 'Monkey Man' Sees $10M, 'First Omen' Jinxed With $8M+ – Box Office". Deadline. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 14, 2024). "' Civil War' Takes Box Office Spoils With $25.7M Opening, Best Ever For A24 – Sunday AM Update". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (April 28, 2024). "Skadoosh!: Kung Fu Panda 4 Crosses $500M WW; Challengers Widens Offshore Net; The Fall Guy Starts Overseas Action – International Box Office". Deadline. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ Malhotra, Rahul (April 2, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Destroys Kaiju-Sized Global Box Office Milestone in Less Than a Week". Collider. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ Fuster, Jeremy (March 29, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong Roars to $10 Million From Thursday Previews". TheWrap. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ a b Gleiberman, Owen (March 28, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: A Godzilla Spectacle Minus One Thing: A Reason to Exist". Variety. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ a b Hammond, Pete (March 28, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: The Titans Of The Monsterverse Join Forces Against Evil But It Is All Still Just More Of The Same Stomp Fest". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ a b Berardinelli, James (March 29, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire". Reelviews Movie Reviews. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
^ a b Miller, Bruce (April 4, 2024). "REVIEW: Godzilla x Kong assembles an Oppenheimer's worth of monsters". Sioux City Journal. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ Grierson, Tim (March 29, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire: Review". Screen International. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review: flimsy monster mash". Digital Trends. March 29, 2024. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ Luxford, Victoria (April 5, 2024). "Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire is a low IQ addition to a sagging franchise". City A.M. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ Wilkinson, Alissa (March 28, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Running Out of Steam". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
^ Lee, Benjamin (March 28, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review – breezy, forgettable monster sequel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
^ Warmann, Amon (March 28, 2024). "Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire Review". Empire. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ Ehrlich, David (March 28, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Titans Team Up in Goofy Sequel That's Always Silly but Rarely Fun". IndieWire. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ Walsh, Katie (March 28, 2024). "Review: Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire is monster math that becomes a headache". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
^ Tinoco, Armando; Sitek, Natalie (March 25, 2024). "'Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire' Premiere: Director Adam Wingard On Possible Third Film To Complete MonsterVerse Trilogy". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ Davids, Brian (March 26, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Talks His Cat's Influence on Godzilla and Lance Reddick's Role in 'The Guest 2'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ Knight, Rosie (March 29, 2024). "Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Ending Explained by Director Adam Wingard (and Post-Credits Check-In)". IGN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ McClintock, Pamela (April 8, 2024). "MonsterVerse Future Looks Bright After 'Godzilla x Kong'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ Kit, Borys (May 10, 2024). "'Godzilla x Kong' Follow-Up Enlists 'Shang Chi' Scribe Dave Callaham to Write (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
^ Kit, Borys (May 21, 2024). "Adam Wingard Not Returning for 'Godzilla x Kong' Sequel (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ Couch, Aaron (June 6, 2024). "Legendary's 'Godzilla x Kong' Followup Sets Director Grant Sputore". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
Bibliography
Kalat, David (2010). A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series (Second ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786447497.
Mirjahangir, Chris (2019). Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield (Audio). Toho Kingdom. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
"Untitled Godzilla vs. Kong sequel Feature Film". Production Weekly. No. 1299. May 19, 2022.
Ryfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G. ECW Press. ISBN 1550223488.
External links
Official website
Japanese website (in Japanese)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire on the official Godzilla website
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire at Legendary
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire at Warner Bros.
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire at Toho (in Japanese)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire at IMDb
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire at Box Office Mojo
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire
vteMonsterverseFilms
Godzilla (2014)
Kong: Skull Island (2017)
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)
Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
Television
Skull Island (2023)
Monarch: Legacy of Monsters (2023)
Soundtracks
Godzilla
Kong: Skull Island
Godzilla: King of the Monsters
Godzilla vs. Kong
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire
Monsters
Godzilla
King Ghidorah
King Kong
Mechagodzilla
Mothra
MUTO
Rodan
Related
Godzilla (franchise)
King Kong (franchise)
Category
vteGodzillaFilmsJapaneseShōwa era
Godzilla (1954)
Godzilla Raids Again (1955)
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962)
Mothra vs. Godzilla (1964)
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964)
Invasion of Astro-Monster (1965)
Ebirah, Horror of the Deep (1966)
Son of Godzilla (1967)
Destroy All Monsters (1968)
All Monsters Attack (1969)
Godzilla vs. Hedorah (1971)
Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972)
Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973)
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974)
Terror of Mechagodzilla (1975)
Heisei era
The Return of Godzilla (1984)
Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989)
Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991)
Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992)
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993)
Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla (1994)
Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995)
Millennium era
Godzilla 2000 (1999)
Godzilla vs. Megaguirus (2000)
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001)
Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla (2002)
Tokyo S.O.S. (2003)
Final Wars (2004)
Reiwa eraLive-action
Shin Godzilla (2016)
Godzilla Minus One (2023)
Animated
Planet of the Monsters (2017)
City on the Edge of Battle (2018)
The Planet Eater (2018)
AmericanJewell Enterprises, Inc.
Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956)
New World Pictures
Godzilla 1985 (1985)
TriStar Pictures
Godzilla (1998)
Legendary Pictures
Godzilla (2014)
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)
Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
TelevisionJapanese
Zone Fighter (1973)
Godzilland (1992–1996)
Godzilla Island (1997–1998)
episodes
Godzilla Singular Point (2021)
Chibi Godzilla Raids Again (2023)
American
Godzilla (1978–1979)
Godzilla: The Series (1998–2000)
Monarch: Legacy of Monsters (2023)
MusicSoundtracks
"Godzilla (Main Theme)"
Godzilla: The Album (1998)
Final Wars
Godzilla (2014)
King of the Monsters
Godzilla vs. Kong
Godzilla Minus One
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire
Related
"Godzilla" (Blue Öyster Cult)
"Godzilla" (Eminem)
MiscellaneousFilms
The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms
Bambi Meets Godzilla
Godzilla: King of the Monsters in 3D
Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley
Monster Planet of Godzilla
Always: Sunset on Third Street 2
Ready Player One
Shin Ultraman
Kaiju
Godzilla (Monsterverse incarnation)
Anguirus
Rodan
Varan
Mothra
King Kong
King Ghidorah
Baragon
Minilla
Hedorah
Gigan
Megalon
Mechagodzilla
Biollante
Godzilla Junior
SpaceGodzilla
Megaguirus
Zilla
MUTO
Other
Godzilla in popular culture
-zilla
Comics
Video games
The Movie Monster Game
Battle Soccer: Field no Hasha
Godzilla Game
Godzilla (Ciencin novel series)
Godzilla (Cerasini novel series)
Godzilla and Godzilla Raids Again
G-Fest
Rhedosaurus
Jirahs
Gotengo
Miki Saegusa
Super X
Toho
SciFi Japan TV
Monsterverse
King Kong franchise
Hibiya Godzilla Square
Shin Japan Heroes Universe
Kamen Rider franchise
Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise
Ultraman franchise
Category
vteKing KongCharacters
King Kong
Carl Denham
Jack Driscoll
Godzilla
Monsterverse
Gorosaurus
Mechani-Kong
American filmsLive action
King Kong (1933)
Son of Kong (1933)
King Kong (1976)
King Kong Lives (1986)
King Kong (2005)
Kong: Skull Island (2017)
Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
Animated
The Mighty Kong (1998)
Japanese filmsToho Co., Ltd
King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962)
King Kong Escapes (1967)
Unauthorized/lost
Wasei Kingu Kongu (1933)
The King Kong That Appeared in Edo (1938)
Related films
The Lost World (1925)
Ingagi (1930)
Creation (1931, unfinished)
Mighty Joe Young (1949)
Konga (1961)
The Mighty Gorga (1969)
Mighty Joe Young (1998)
Ready Player One (2018)
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)
Television
The King Kong Show (1966–1969)
Kong: The Animated Series (2000–2001)
Kong: King of the Apes (2016–2018)
Skull Island (2023)
Stage
King Kong (2013)
Attractions
Kong (1972; rebuilt 2015)
King Kong Encounter (1986)
Kongfrontation (1990)
King Kong: 360 3-D (2010)
Skull Island: Reign of Kong (2016)
Video games
King Kong (1982)
King Kong 2: Ikari no Megaton Punch (1986)
King Kong 2: Yomigaeru Densetsu (1986)
Konami Wai Wai World (1988)
Peter Jackson's King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie (2005)
Skull Island: Rise of Kong (2023)
Related
King Kong in popular culture
Comics
Skull Island
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.
King Kong vs. Tarzan
Monsterverse
Godzilla (franchise)
Tarzan and Jane, "Return of the King" (2018)
Category
vteMothraFilmsSolo
Mothra (1961)
Rebirth of Mothra (1996)
Rebirth of Mothra II (1997)
Rebirth of Mothra III (1998)
with Godzilla
Mothra vs. Godzilla (1964)
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964)
Ebirah, Horror of the Deep (1966)
Destroy All Monsters (1968)
Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992)
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001)
Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S. (2003)
Godzilla: Final Wars (2004)
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
Related
Godzilla (franchise)
Godzilla: The Planet Eater
Monsterverse
Category
vteFilms directed by Adam WingardFeature films
Home Sick (2007)
Pop Skull (2007)
A Horrible Way to Die (2010)
Autoerotic (2011)
You're Next (2011)
What Fun We Were Having: 4 Stories About Date Rape (2011)
The Guest (2014)
Blair Witch (2016)
Death Note (2017)
Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
Anthology films
60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero (2011)
V/H/S (segment "Tape 56", 2012)
The ABCs of Death (segment "Q Is for Quack", 2012)
V/H/S/2 (segment "Phase I Clinical Trials", 2013)
vteScreenplays by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio
Little Monsters (1989)
Aladdin (1992)
The Puppet Masters (1994)
The Mask of Zorro (1998)
Godzilla (1998; story)
Small Soldiers (1998)
The Road to El Dorado (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Treasure Planet (2002; story)
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
The Legend of Zorro (2005; story)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
Déjà Vu (2006; Rossio only)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007; story)
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)
The Lone Ranger (2013)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017; story; Rossio only)
Godzilla vs. Kong (2021; story; Rossio only)
The Amazing Maurice (2022; Rossio only)
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024; Rossio only)
Time Zone (TBA; Rossio only) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"monster film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_movie"},{"link_name":"Adam Wingard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wingard"},{"link_name":"Legendary Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Godzilla vs. Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong"},{"link_name":"Monsterverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterverse"},{"link_name":"Godzilla franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"King Kong franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Hall"},{"link_name":"Brian Tyree Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tyree_Henry"},{"link_name":"Dan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Kaylee Hottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaylee_Hottle"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferns"},{"link_name":"Fala Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_Chen"},{"link_name":"Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hollow Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_Earth"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(Monsterverse)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Godzilla Minus One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_Minus_One"},{"link_name":"second-highest-grossing film of 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_film"}],"text":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire[a] is a 2024 American monster film directed by Adam Wingard. Produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, it is the sequel to Godzilla vs. Kong (2021) and the fifth film in the Monsterverse franchise, also serving as the 38th film of the Godzilla franchise and 13th in the King Kong franchise. The film stars Rebecca Hall, Brian Tyree Henry, Dan Stevens, Kaylee Hottle, Alex Ferns, and Fala Chen. Hall, Henry, and Hottle reprise their roles from the previous film. In the film, Kong encounters more of his species in the Hollow Earth and must unite again with Godzilla to stop the tyrannical Skar King and the powerful, frost-breathing Shimo from invading the Earth's surface.Following the box office and streaming success of Godzilla vs. Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, Legendary announced a sequel in March 2022 and that filming would commence later that year. In May 2022, it was announced that Wingard would return to direct and Stevens had been cast as a lead. Filming began in July 2022 in the Gold Coast, Australia, and finished in November 2022.Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on March 25, 2024, and was released in the United States on March 29. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many comparing it unfavorably to Godzilla Minus One. It has grossed $570 million worldwide on a $135–150 million budget, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 2024, the highest-grossing film of the Monsterverse, and the highest-grossing film in the Godzilla and King Kong franchises. A sequel is in development.","title":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mechagodzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechagodzilla"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GvK-9"},{"link_name":"Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hollow Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_Earth"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(Monsterverse)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"Skull Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_Island_(King_Kong)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arctic"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Mothra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothra"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"}],"text":"Three years after defeating Mechagodzilla,[b] Kong has established his new territory in the Hollow Earth and searches for more of his kind. On Earth's surface, Godzilla continues to maintain order between humanity and giant monsters, known as \"Titans\" — killing Titan Scylla in Rome and resting in the Colosseum afterwards.A Monarch observation outpost stationed in Hollow Earth picks up an unidentified signal. On the surface, the signal causes Jia, the last known survivor of the Iwi tribe from Skull Island, to experience hallucinations and visions, causing her adoptive mother and Kong expert, Dr. Ilene Andrews, to worry. Also sensing the signal, Godzilla leaves Rome and attacks a nuclear plant in France to absorb radiation. He then heads to the lair of the Titan Tiamat in the Arctic. Monarch believes Godzilla is strengthening himself for an oncoming threat.When a sinkhole opens near his home, Kong discovers an uncharted realm where a tribe of his species has survived, including a juvenile named Suko. After a brief initial confrontation, Kong convinces Suko to lead him to the tribe's lair, and the two slowly bond on their journey. The tribe's tyrannical leader, Skar King, battles Kong with the aid of an ancient ice-powered Titan, Shimo, whom he controls with pain using a crystal. Shimo's ice breath injures Kong's right arm, causing frostbite, but with Suko's help, Kong manages to escape after losing his axe.Andrews and Jia, alongside Titan veterinarian Trapper and conspiracy podcaster Bernie Hayes, travel to Hollow Earth to locate the source of the signal. They find the Monarch outpost destroyed. As the group follows the signal, they discover a temple that leads them to a subterranean section that houses a surviving Iwi tribe, who communicate telepathically with each other, living beneath portals to the surface. Inspecting some ruins, they surmise that the signal was a telepathic distress call sent by the Iwi.While observing Jia socializing with the Iwi, Andrews voices her fears to Trapper that Jia may choose to stay with her people and that Andrews would have to accept it. Inside a temple, Andrews uncovers hieroglyphics displaying the past and future: Skar King once attempted to conquer the surface world, forced Shimo to trigger an ice age, and waged war against Godzilla's species, but Godzilla defeated him by trapping him and his tribe deep within Hollow Earth. The prophecy also indicates that Jia would be the key to reawakening Mothra. Sensing Jia, Kong locates the temple and is fitted by Trapper with a prototype exoskeletal glove to strengthen and heal his frostbitten limb. Unknown to them, one of Skar King's loyalists follows them and informs him that the protective barrier leading to the surface portals has been opened. Jia successfully awakens the reborn Mothra.Meanwhile, Godzilla kills Tiamat and absorbs cosmic radiation from her lair, which turns his dorsal plates magenta. Hoping to lure Godzilla to Hollow Earth to assist him, Kong surfaces in Cairo and calls out to Godzilla. Despite Kong's attempts to communicate, Godzilla attacks him, and a brief fight ensues until Mothra intervenes. Godzilla, Kong, and Mothra return to the Hollow Earth and engage Skar King and Shimo in battle. Skar King and Shimo manage to use one of the portals to escape to the surface, forcing Godzilla and Kong to chase them to Rio de Janeiro, and Shimo induces a second ice age at Skar King's command. The factions are evenly matched until Suko arrives with Kong's axe and destroys the crystal controlling Shimo. Shimo freezes Skar King before Kong shatters him to pieces.After undoing Shimo's ice age with his atomic breath, Godzilla returns to rest in the Colosseum. Jia reunites with Andrews and alleviates her fears by choosing to stay with her adopted mother. Mothra restores the protective barrier of the Iwi's home and the portals. Kong returns with Shimo and Suko to Hollow Earth, where he becomes the ape tribe's new leader.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebecca Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Hall"},{"link_name":"Brian Tyree Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tyree_Henry"},{"link_name":"Dan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Kaylee Hottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaylee_Hottle"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferns"},{"link_name":"Fala Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_Chen"},{"link_name":"Rachel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_House_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Brandon Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brandon_Wong"},{"link_name":"Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"performance capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion-capture_acting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GxK_Mocap-10"}],"text":"Rebecca Hall as Dr. Ilene Andrews\nBrian Tyree Henry as Bernie Hayes\nDan Stevens as Trapper\nKaylee Hottle as Jia\nAlex Ferns as Mikael\nFala Chen as Iwi Queen\nRachel House as Hampton\nRon Smyck as Harris\nChantelle Jamieson as Jayne\nGreg Hatton as Lewis\nKevin Copeland as Submarine Commander\nTess Dobré as Submarine Officer\nTim Carroll as Wilcox\nAnthony Brandon Wong as Talk Show Announcer\nAllan Henry as Kong and Skar King (performance capture)[8]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legendary Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"MonsterVerse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonsterVerse"},{"link_name":"Godzilla: King of the Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Godzilla vs. Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirjahangir201921:30-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breakeven-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breakeven-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"hashtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Jordan Vogt-Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Vogt-Roberts"},{"link_name":"Kong: Skull Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong:_Skull_Island"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_27_THR-20"},{"link_name":"Max Borenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Borenstein"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South East Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_March_2022-22"},{"link_name":"Dan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"The Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guest_(2014_American_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProduction_Weekly202240-24"},{"link_name":"Mary Parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Parent"},{"link_name":"Thomas Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tull"},{"link_name":"Jon Jashni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Jashni"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMAX-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VT-26"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(Monsterverse)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"In March 2019, producer Alex Garcia stated that Legendary Pictures hoped to produce more MonsterVerse films if they became successful, stating, \"It's one brick at a time, each piece has to be as good as it can be, so right now it's all focused on this Godzilla: King of the Monsters and Godzilla vs. Kong. But could there be? Yeah, that's the hope if the movies turn out really well.\"[9] In February 2021, Wingard commented on the future of the Monsterverse, \"I know where we could go potentially with future films.\" However, he noted that the Monsterverse was created \"to a certain degree\" to lead towards Godzilla vs. Kong.[10] He added that the Monsterverse is at a \"crossroads\", stating, \"It's really at the point where audiences have to kind of step forward and vote for more of these things. If this movie is a success obviously they will continue forward.\"[11]Godzilla vs. Kong was released on March 24, 2021, and became a box office and streaming hit during the COVID-19 pandemic.[12] The film grossed $470 million worldwide against a break-even point of $330 million,[12][13] and became the most pirated film of 2021.[14] On April 4, 2021, Legendary's CEO Josh Grode commented on potential sequels, \"we have a number of ideas for more movies.\"[15] That same day, the hashtag #ContinueTheMonsterverse began trending on Twitter, which was acknowledged by Legendary and garnered support from Jordan Vogt-Roberts, director of Kong: Skull Island (2017).[16][17] On April 27, 2021, The Hollywood Reporter stated that Legendary was \"quietly taking steps to stretch the series into one or more installments\" while negotiating with Wingard to potentially return to direct. Various ideas were considered, with Son of Kong being one potential title.[18] In August 2021, Monsterverse writer Max Borenstein stated that \"there will be some new, interesting installments coming\" due to the success of Godzilla vs. Kong.[19]On March 20, 2022, it was announced that a sequel to Godzilla vs. Kong was scheduled to commence filming later in the year in the Gold Coast, Queensland, and other locations in South East Queensland.[20] In May 2022, it was announced that Wingard would return to direct and that Dan Stevens had been cast as a lead. Wingard and Stevens had previously worked together on The Guest (2014).[21] In May 2022, Production Weekly reported that the film's working title was Origins.[22] On June 30, 2022, it was revealed that Mary Parent, Alex Garcia, Eric McLeod, Brian Rogers, Thomas Tull and Jon Jashni would return to produce.[23][24] On July 1, 2022, Toho confirmed that the film would feature Godzilla.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Hall"},{"link_name":"Brian Tyree Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tyree_Henry"},{"link_name":"Kaylee Hottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaylee_Hottle"},{"link_name":"Fala Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_Chen"},{"link_name":"Alex Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferns"},{"link_name":"Rachel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_House_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Tom Holkenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holkenborg"},{"link_name":"Terry Rossio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Rossio"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Slater"},{"link_name":"Simon Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Barrett_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_Collider-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VT-26"},{"link_name":"Michael Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dougherty"},{"link_name":"Eli Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Kent"},{"link_name":"Nicole Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Perlman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGA-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Pre-production","text":"Wingard recalled that preproduction on the film began in January 2022.[26] In August 2022, Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary announced a new synopsis and that Rebecca Hall, Brian Tyree Henry and Kaylee Hottle would reprise their roles from Godzilla vs Kong while Fala Chen, Alex Ferns and Rachel House would join the cast as well. It was also revealed that Wingard would collaborate once more with production designer Tom Hammock, editor Josh Schaeffer, composer Tom Holkenborg, and that Terry Rossio had returned to write the script with Jeremy Slater and Wingard's frequent collaborator Simon Barrett.[27][24] Ultimately, Rossio, Barrett, and Slater received \"screenplay by\" credit, while Rossio, Wingard, and Barrett received \"story by\" credit; Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields, both of whom co-wrote Godzilla: King of the Monsters and Godzilla vs. Kong, shared off-screen \"additional literary material\" credit with James Ashcroft, Eli Kent, and Nicole Perlman.[28][29]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Ben Seresin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Seresin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography commenced in the Gold Coast, Queensland, on July 29, 2022.[30] At the start of production, Ben Seresin was confirmed to have returned as director of photography.[31] In November 2022, it was reported that filming had finished in Australia and that crew gear revealed the film's potential title, at the time, as Godzilla and Kong.[32]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Mothra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothra"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Post-production","text":"The film's visual effects were supervised by Alessandro Ongaro.[33] Wingard confirmed that Mothra's inclusion was always part of the plan. However, Legendary did not have the rights to Mothra by the time that post-production began and used a placeholder character named \"Phosphera\" until the rights were secured. Wingard also refuted rumors that Phosphera was replaced with Mothra due to poor testing, iterating that Mothra was included as far back as the first draft.[34]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godzilla Minus One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_Minus_One"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Roddy Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_Piper"},{"link_name":"Keith David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_David"},{"link_name":"They Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Live"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"After watching the trailer for Godzilla Minus One (2023), Wingard and Ongaro decided to pay tribute to that film by recreating a shot of the ground bursting beneath Godzilla's footfall for the film's Rome sequence.[33] The Egyptian battle between Godzilla and Kong was inspired by the fight scene between Roddy Piper and Keith David from They Live (1988).[35]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"WaterTower Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterTower_Music"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rise Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_Together"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"In August 2022, Tom Holkenborg was announced to return to compose the film's score, after previously doing so for Godzilla vs. Kong.[36] In December 2023, it was announced that Antonio Di Iorio would co-compose the score with Holkenborg.[37] A single was released on March 13, 2024, by WaterTower Music, titled “Main Title Theme.” The full soundtrack album was released on March 22, 2024.[38]For the Japanese release, artists Ai, Yaffle, and OZworld contributed to the track \"Rise Together\" as the film's theme and was released on April 17, 2024.[39]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMAX-25"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Godzilla Minus One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_Minus_One"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire held its red carpet premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on March 25, 2024.[40] Afterward, it was released internationally on March 27 and in the United States on March 29,[41] and was released in Japan on April 26 via Toho.[42] It was previously slated to be released on March 15 and April 12.[23][43] Incidentally, Toho's Godzilla Minus One was withdrawn from U.S. theaters eight weeks before the release of Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire.[44]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Ultra HD Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released on digital platforms on May 14, 2024, and on Blu-ray, DVD and Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 11, 2024.[45]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final_cume-5"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline-Preview-3"},{"link_name":"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Furious 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furious_7"},{"link_name":"The Super Mario Bros. Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie"},{"link_name":"The Fate of the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(film)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Detective Conan: The Million-dollar Pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Conan:_The_Million-dollar_Pentagram"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-52"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire has grossed $196.7 million in the United States and Canada and $373.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $570 million.[5] As of 2024, it holds the record for the highest-grossing Godzilla film ever.[46]In the United States and Canada, Godzilla x Kong was initially projected to gross $50–55 million from 3,850 theaters in its opening weekend and an additional $80–90 million from 63 international territories.[3] After making $37 million on its first day, including $10 million from Thursday previews, the best-ever total for a Monsterverse film, estimates were raised to $75 million over the domestic weekend. It went on to debut at $80 million, topping the box office and becoming the second-best opening weekend of the series and the fifth-best Easter weekend of all time, behind Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), Furious 7 (2015), The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023) and The Fate of the Furious (2017).[47] In its second weekend, the film made $31.2 million (a drop of 61%), remaining in first.[48] In its third weekend, the film made $15.5 million, finishing second behind newcomer Civil War.[49] Meanwhile, the film debuted at number two in Japan, behind Detective Conan: The Million-dollar Pentagram.[50]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-55"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-56"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"PostTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostTrak"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-49"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"Godzilla Minus One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_Minus_One"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"superhero film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-57"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-58"},{"link_name":"James Berardinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli"},{"link_name":"Takashi Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-59"},{"link_name":"Sioux City Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City_Journal"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCJ-60"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Hall"},{"link_name":"Dan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Brian Tyree Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tyree_Henry"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire received mixed reviews from critics.[51][52] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 54% of 237 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Come to Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire for the sheer monster-mashing spectacle -- and stay for that too, because the movie doesn't have much else to offer.\"[53] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 47 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews.[54] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A–\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 96% of audience members said the film \"met or exceeded their expectations.\"[47]Several critics compared the film negatively to Toho's Godzilla Minus One.[c] Owen Gleiberman of Variety found Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire mediocre, likening it more to a superhero film, but felt that it was misfortunate that the film was released too soon after Godzilla Minus One, comparing that film with \"lyrical majesty\" and Godzilla x Kong more like a \"product\", but admitted that the film delivers on the monster battles, praising the Rome battle.[55] Pete Hammond from Deadline Hollywood likened the scenes with the Ape tribe to Planet of the Apes and noted that Godzilla, despite getting top billing and referenced repeatedly in the film, mostly plays a supporting role. He felt the human characters were the same \"one dimensional caricatures\" typically found in monster films, but admitted that they had a \"nice rapport\" regardless. Like Gleiberman, Hammond compared the film to Godzilla Minus One, calling it \"far more impressive\" than Godzilla x Kong and suggested that Legendary hire that film's team next.[56] James Berardinelli also expressed dissatisfaction for the film and suggested that Godzilla Minus One writer-director Takashi Yamazaki make the next Monsterverse film.[57] The Sioux City Journal criticized the film's visual effects as inferior to those in Godzilla Minus One.[58]Beyond the main cast, the humans in this movie exist only to get squashed like ants by falling debris and mangled buildings. They are expendable, but it doesn't matter. The meaning of these films isn't in metaphor at all. It's in punching.\n\n\n—Alissa Wilkinson, The New York Times[62]The Guardian praised the choreography and cited Rebecca Hall's performance as \"ever luminous\", but felt that Dan Stevens and Brian Tyree Henry struggled to convey the comedy they were entrusted with for their parts.[63] The film's journey to the climax was a \"mixed bag,\" wrote Empire, and its characters were \"shallow but fun\".[64] IndieWire attacked the CGI for being dull and not taking full advantage of its potential, suggesting that the filmmakers should have used Godzilla (2014) as a reference point to emphasize the gravitas of the monster scenes.[65] The Los Angeles Times described the film as a \"roaring headache\" but cited \"two impressively goopy moments\" in the beginning and the horror-like approach brought by the director \"with a penchant for gleeful experimentation and over-the-top style\".[66]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Wingard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wingard"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla"},{"link_name":"Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilentX-6"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"David Callaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Callaham"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Director Adam Wingard expressed interest in making a third film featuring both Godzilla and Kong, but noted that \"it just depends on how Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire does and how things kind of shape out.\"[6] Wingard iterated that ideas have been discussed as to where to take the franchise onward and that he would take a \"different approach\" on the next film if he's invited back to direct.[67][68] He also suggested that the next film could potentially follow Godzilla primarily and explore his perspective in the same way that The New Empire followed Kong.[69]Commenting on the film's box office success, producer and Legendary's chairman of worldwide production Mary Parent said, \"This is certainly an exciting result. We are in a good position to continue the journey, but let’s see how Godzilla x Kong unfolds.\"[70]On May 10, 2024, Legendary announced that David Callaham, who wrote the early drafts for Godzilla (2014), will write a follow-up to Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire.[71] The following week, Legendary announced that Wingard would not return to direct due to scheduling conflicts, but had expressed interest in having Wingard return eventually for a future project.[72] On June 6, 2024, Grant Sputore was announced as the director for the film.[73]","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilentX-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GvK_9-0"},{"link_name":"Godzilla vs. Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCJ-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"^ According to Wingard, the “x” in the film's title is silent, though he pronounces it in the abbreviation GxK.[6] The \"x\" is meant by Legendary Pictures to indicate more of a collaboration than a fight rematch.[7] In many translated versions of the title, it is rendered with the conjunction “and” as Godzilla and Kong: The New Empire (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Polish, etc.).[citation needed]\n\n^ As depicted in Godzilla vs. Kong (2021)\n\n^ Attributed to multiple references:[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786447497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786447497"},{"link_name":"Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220621002857/https://www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3"},{"link_name":"Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/japansfavoritemo0000ryfl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1550223488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550223488"}],"text":"Kalat, David (2010). A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series (Second ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786447497.\nMirjahangir, Chris (2019). Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield (Audio). Toho Kingdom. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.\n\"Untitled Godzilla vs. Kong sequel Feature Film\". Production Weekly. No. 1299. May 19, 2022.\nRyfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G. ECW Press. ISBN 1550223488.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire -- New Trailer and Poster From Warner Bros. Pictures\". SciFi Japan. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifijapan.com/godzilla-toho/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-new-trailer-and-poster-from-warner-bros-pictures","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire -- New Trailer and Poster From Warner Bros. Pictures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240327012220/https://www.scifijapan.com/godzilla-toho/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-new-trailer-and-poster-from-warner-bros-pictures","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (12A)\". BBFC. March 19, 2024. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntm1","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (12A)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"BBFC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240320015309/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntm1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 26, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong Will Bunny Hop To $135M Global Opening As Legendary's Monsterverse Franchise Roars Past $2.5 Billion – Easter Box Office Preview\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-box-office-1235868869/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong Will Bunny Hop To $135M Global Opening As Legendary's Monsterverse Franchise Roars Past $2.5 Billion – Easter Box Office Preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326230533/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-box-office-1235868869/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, J. Kim (April 6, 2024). \"Box Office: 'Godzilla x Kong' Staying on Top, 'Monkey Man' Swings Into Second and 'The First Omen' Gets Crossed Up\". Variety. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/monkey-man-opening-godzilla-kong-second-weekend-first-omen-1235962604/","url_text":"\"Box Office: 'Godzilla x Kong' Staying on Top, 'Monkey Man' Swings Into Second and 'The First Omen' Gets Crossed Up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205049/https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/monkey-man-opening-godzilla-kong-second-weekend-first-omen-1235962604/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 9, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire': Adam Wingard Movie Becomes Highest Grossing In Legendary Monsterverse With $570M WW Box Office\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/06/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-monsterverse-box-office-record-1235963632/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire': Adam Wingard Movie Becomes Highest Grossing In Legendary Monsterverse With $570M WW Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175726/https://deadline.com/2024/06/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-monsterverse-box-office-record-1235963632/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coman, Monica (March 21, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Director Explains the Title, Confirms the 'x' Is Silent\". CBR. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-director-title/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Director Explains the Title, Confirms the 'x' Is Silent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"CBR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428084119/https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-director-title/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raymond, Charles Nicholas (April 19, 2023). \"Explaining The \"X\" And \"New Empire\" In Godzilla vs Kong 2's Title\". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-title-explained/","url_text":"\"Explaining The \"X\" And \"New Empire\" In Godzilla vs Kong 2's Title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230501031221/https://screenrant.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-title-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coley, Samantha (May 5, 2024). \"The Best Fight Sequence in 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Almost Didn't Make the Cut\". Collider. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-fight-sequences-weta-vfx/","url_text":"\"The Best Fight Sequence in 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Almost Didn't Make the Cut\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240608030751/https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-fight-sequences-weta-vfx/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Matt (February 22, 2021). \"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard on Avoiding an Issue He Had with 'Batman v Superman'\". Collider. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-adam-wingard-interview/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard on Avoiding an Issue He Had with 'Batman v Superman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311174815/https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-adam-wingard-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Millican, Josh (March 22, 2021). \"Exclusive: Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard Explains Why No Post-Credits Scene\". Dread Central. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/383790/exclusive-godzilla-vs-kong-director-adam-wingard-explains-why-no-post-credits-scene/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard Explains Why No Post-Credits Scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central","url_text":"Dread Central"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210324011752/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/383790/exclusive-godzilla-vs-kong-director-adam-wingard-explains-why-no-post-credits-scene/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Rebecca (April 5, 2021). \"Godzilla vs. Kong Is a Box Office and HBO Max Hit. Will It Shake Up the Future of Moviegoing?\". Variety. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/box-office/godzilla-vs-kong-opening-weekend-analysis-1234943958/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Is a Box Office and HBO Max Hit. Will It Shake Up the Future of Moviegoing?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805101036/https://variety.com/2021/film/box-office/godzilla-vs-kong-opening-weekend-analysis-1234943958/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5034838/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Ortiz, Andi (January 26, 2022). \"'Zack Snyder's Justice League,' 'Black Widow' Among 2021's Most Pirated Movies\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/most-pirated-movies-tv-shows-2021-list/","url_text":"\"'Zack Snyder's Justice League,' 'Black Widow' Among 2021's Most Pirated Movies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202174635/https://www.thewrap.com/most-pirated-movies-tv-shows-2021-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 4, 2021). \"Godzilla Vs. Kong Propels Domestic Box Office Out Of Pandemic Depression With $48.5M 5-Day Opening\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/godzilla-vs-kong-roars-to-best-opening-day-during-the-pandemic-with-9-6m-1234726022/","url_text":"\"Godzilla Vs. Kong Propels Domestic Box Office Out Of Pandemic Depression With $48.5M 5-Day Opening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210409180817/https://deadline.com/2021/04/godzilla-vs-kong-approaches-28-million-three-days-opening-1234726022/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barsanti, Sam (April 4, 2021). \"Godzilla Vs. Kong fans adopt Snyder Cut tactics to try and get a sequel, and it might be working\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://film.avclub.com/godzilla-vs-kong-fans-adopt-snyder-cut-tactics-to-try-1846616601","url_text":"\"Godzilla Vs. Kong fans adopt Snyder Cut tactics to try and get a sequel, and it might be working\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210409033634/https://film.avclub.com/godzilla-vs-kong-fans-adopt-snyder-cut-tactics-to-try-1846616601?rev=1617572235258","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valdez, Nick (April 5, 2021). \"Kong: Skull Island Director Backs 'Continue the MonsterVerse' Movement\". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/godzilla-vs-kong-continue-the-monsterverse-kong-skull-island-director-support/","url_text":"\"Kong: Skull Island Director Backs 'Continue the MonsterVerse' Movement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235111/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/godzilla-vs-kong-continue-the-monsterverse-kong-skull-island-director-support/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (April 27, 2021). \"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard In Talks for Legendary's Next MonsterVerse Film (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/adam-wingard-next-godzilla-kong-movie-director","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard In Talks for Legendary's Next MonsterVerse Film (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210633/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/adam-wingard-next-godzilla-kong-movie-director","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hermanns, Grant (August 3, 2021). \"Godzilla vs Kong Writer Teases Future MonsterVerse Movies\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/godzilla-vs-kong-monsterverse-movie-future-max-borenstein/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs Kong Writer Teases Future MonsterVerse Movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095425/https://screenrant.com/godzilla-vs-kong-monsterverse-movie-future-max-borenstein/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tulich, Katherine (March 20, 2022). \"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel to Film in Australia\". Variety. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-australia-1235210265/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel to Film in Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220321052821/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-australia-1235210265/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (May 12, 2022). \"Godzilla vs. Kong 2: Dan Stevens Reunites With The Guest Director Adam Wingard On Legendary Sequel\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/godzilla-vs-kong-2-dan-stevens-the-guest-director-adam-wingard-legendary-1235022755/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong 2: Dan Stevens Reunites With The Guest Director Adam Wingard On Legendary Sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512230601/https://deadline.com/2022/05/godzilla-vs-kong-2-dan-stevens-the-guest-director-adam-wingard-legendary-1235022755/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chitwood, Adam (June 30, 2022). \"'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel Gets 2024 Release Date; 'Dune 2' Pushed to November 2023\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-sequel-release-date-dune-2/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel Gets 2024 Release Date; 'Dune 2' Pushed to November 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220809002403/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-sequel-release-date-dune-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parlevliet, Mirko (August 25, 2022). \"Godzilla vs Kong Sequel Starts Filming\". Vital Thrills. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vitalthrills.com/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs Kong Sequel Starts Filming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230317173030/https://www.vitalthrills.com/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Announcement\". Godzilla.com. Toho. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://godzilla.com/news/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-announcement/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho","url_text":"Toho"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190314/https://godzilla.com/news/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-announcement/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jr, Mike Fleming (March 22, 2024), \"How 'Honey I Shrunk The Kids' Led Adam Wingard To Epic Scale Pics Like 'Godzilla X Kong:' The Film That Lit My Fuse\", Deadline (video), event occurs at 25:05, archived from the original on March 24, 2024, retrieved March 24, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/video/adam-wingard-influences-video-interview-from-honey-i-shrunk-the-kids-to-godzilla-x-kong/","url_text":"\"How 'Honey I Shrunk The Kids' Led Adam Wingard To Epic Scale Pics Like 'Godzilla X Kong:' The Film That Lit My Fuse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240324043650/https://deadline.com/video/adam-wingard-influences-video-interview-from-honey-i-shrunk-the-kids-to-godzilla-x-kong/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Vitto Oddo, Marco (August 25, 2022). \"Godzilla vs. Kong 2 Synopsis Reveals New Details About Monsterverse Sequel\". Collider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-synopsis-monsterverse-sequel/","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong 2 Synopsis Reveals New Details About Monsterverse Sequel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220825174709/https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-synopsis-monsterverse-sequel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Origins\". Writers Guild of America West. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://directories.wga.org/project/1240262/origins/","url_text":"\"Origins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West","url_text":"Writers Guild of America West"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170450/https://directories.wga.org/project/1240262/origins/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Millie Bobby Brown Is Not Returning For Godzilla vs Kong 2\". Screen Rant. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/why-millie-bobby-brown-isnt-in-gvk-2/","url_text":"\"Why Millie Bobby Brown Is Not Returning For Godzilla vs Kong 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120161120/https://screenrant.com/why-millie-bobby-brown-isnt-in-gvk-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paz, Maggie Dela (July 29, 2022). \"Legendary's Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Begins Production in Australia\". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1232875-legendary-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-begins-production","url_text":"\"Legendary's Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Begins Production in Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220729231454/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1232875-legendary-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-begins-production","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Anthony (August 2, 2022). \"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Gets Working Title\". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1233317-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-gets-working-title","url_text":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Gets Working Title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816234452/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1233317-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-gets-working-title","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, James; Whitbrook, Gordon (November 11, 2022). \"The Next Godzilla Movie Has an Unsurprising Title\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-title-confirmed-1849749915","url_text":"\"The Next Godzilla Movie Has an Unsurprising Title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221112231129/https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-title-confirmed-1849749915","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Has a Very Specific Homage to Godzilla Minus One\". Gizmodo. March 15, 2024. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-x-kong-minus-one-connection-toho-adam-wingard-1851340571","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Has a Very Specific Homage to Godzilla Minus One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315214648/https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-x-kong-minus-one-connection-toho-adam-wingard-1851340571","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Drew (March 30, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Ending Explained: Director Adam Wingard on That Big Cameo\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-explained-mothra/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Ending Explained: Director Adam Wingard on That Big Cameo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402031744/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-explained-mothra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kuznikov, Selena (March 31, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Says John Carpenter's 'They Live' Was a Major Inspiration\". Variety. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/scene/news/godzilla-x-kong-adam-wingard-1235952345/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Says John Carpenter's 'They Live' Was a Major Inspiration\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240409091427/https://variety.com/2024/scene/news/godzilla-x-kong-adam-wingard-1235952345/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Holkenborg to Return for Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel\". Film Music Reporter. August 25, 2022. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2022/08/25/tom-holkenborg-to-return-for-adam-wingards-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","url_text":"\"Tom Holkenborg to Return for Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826035741/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2022/08/25/tom-holkenborg-to-return-for-adam-wingards-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Antonio Di Iorio Joins Tom Holkenborg to Co-Score Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire'\". Film Music Reporter. December 3, 2023. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/12/03/antonio-di-iorio-joins-tom-holkenborg-to-co-score-adam-wingards-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","url_text":"\"Antonio Di Iorio Joins Tom Holkenborg to Co-Score Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire'\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231204041206/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/12/03/antonio-di-iorio-joins-tom-holkenborg-to-co-score-adam-wingards-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Available Now on WaterTower Music\". Business Wire. March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240322064435/en/Godzilla-x-Kong-The-New-Empire-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Available-Now-on-WaterTower-Music","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Available Now on WaterTower Music\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240322183336/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240322064435/en/Godzilla-x-Kong-The-New-Empire-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Available-Now-on-WaterTower-Music","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yaffle x AI、映画『ゴジラxコング 新たなる帝国』日本版主題歌を担当 日本語吹替版予告公開\" [Yaffle x AI sings the Japanese version theme song for the movie \"Godzilla x Kong: A New Empire\" Japanese dubbed version trailer released]. CDjournal (in Japanese). April 12, 2024. Archived from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/-/109971","url_text":"\"Yaffle x AI、映画『ゴジラxコング 新たなる帝国』日本版主題歌を担当 日本語吹替版予告公開\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240505010528/https://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/-/109971","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chuba, Kirsten (March 26, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Stars Joke That CGI Monsters Were \"Such Divas\" on Set\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-stars-cgi-monsters-divas-1235860226/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Stars Joke That CGI Monsters Were \"Such Divas\" on Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326180405/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-stars-cgi-monsters-divas-1235860226/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dick, Jeremy (February 14, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Gets Action-Packed Trailer Uniting the Iconic Titans\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-second-trailer/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Gets Action-Packed Trailer Uniting the Iconic Titans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225135933/https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-second-trailer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ゴジラ×コング ザ・ニュー・エンパイア（原題）\". Eiga.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/98575/","url_text":"\"ゴジラ×コング ザ・ニュー・エンパイア（原題）\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527174437/https://eiga.com/movie/98575/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Treese, Tyler (August 24, 2023). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Release Date Pushed Back\". Comingsoon.net. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1326494-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-release-date-pushed-back","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Release Date Pushed Back\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825042749/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1326494-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-release-date-pushed-back","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, Chris (February 3, 2024). \"Godzilla Minus One Is Leaving Theaters Early\". Collider. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/godzilla-minus-one-leaving-theaters/","url_text":"\"Godzilla Minus One Is Leaving Theaters Early\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204013811/https://collider.com/godzilla-minus-one-leaving-theaters/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Drew (May 7, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Sets Digital, 4K Blu-ray and DVD Release\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-digital-4k-blu-ray-release-date/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Sets Digital, 4K Blu-ray and DVD Release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240508005924/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-digital-4k-blu-ray-release-date/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Ryan (May 6, 2024). \"Godzilla X Kong Is Now The Highest-Grossing Godzilla Movie Ever At The Box Office\". SlashFilm. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1576756/godzilla-x-kong-now-highest-grossing-godzilla-movie-ever-box-office/","url_text":"\"Godzilla X Kong Is Now The Highest-Grossing Godzilla Movie Ever At The Box Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240506222412/https://www.slashfilm.com/1576756/godzilla-x-kong-now-highest-grossing-godzilla-movie-ever-box-office/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 31, 2024). \"They Have Risen: 'Godzilla x Kong' Conquers Easter Box Office With $80M Opening; Legendary Monsterverse Franchise Crosses $2 Billion – Sunday AM Box Office\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/box-office-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-1235871440/","url_text":"\"They Have Risen: 'Godzilla x Kong' Conquers Easter Box Office With $80M Opening; Legendary Monsterverse Franchise Crosses $2 Billion – Sunday AM Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240330023616/https://deadline.com/2024/03/box-office-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-1235871440/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 7, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong' Rising To $30M; 'Monkey Man' Sees $10M, 'First Omen' Jinxed With $8M+ – Box Office\". Deadline. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-monkey-man-first-omen-godzilla-x-kong-1235876709/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Rising To $30M; 'Monkey Man' Sees $10M, 'First Omen' Jinxed With $8M+ – Box Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405233624/https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-monkey-man-first-omen-godzilla-x-kong-1235876709/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 14, 2024). \"' Civil War' Takes Box Office Spoils With $25.7M Opening, Best Ever For A24 – Sunday AM Update\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-civil-war-1235882968/","url_text":"\"' Civil War' Takes Box Office Spoils With $25.7M Opening, Best Ever For A24 – Sunday AM Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240413182039/https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-civil-war-1235882968/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tartaglione, Nancy (April 28, 2024). \"Skadoosh!: Kung Fu Panda 4 Crosses $500M WW; Challengers Widens Offshore Net; The Fall Guy Starts Overseas Action – International Box Office\". Deadline. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/kung-fu-panda-4-milestone-the-fall-guy-challengers-godzilla-x-kong-dune-roundup-punishment-global-international-box-office-1235897903/","url_text":"\"Skadoosh!: Kung Fu Panda 4 Crosses $500M WW; Challengers Widens Offshore Net; The Fall Guy Starts Overseas Action – International Box Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428164936/https://deadline.com/2024/04/kung-fu-panda-4-milestone-the-fall-guy-challengers-godzilla-x-kong-dune-roundup-punishment-global-international-box-office-1235897903/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malhotra, Rahul (April 2, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Destroys Kaiju-Sized Global Box Office Milestone in Less Than a Week\". Collider. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-global-box-office-202-million/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Destroys Kaiju-Sized Global Box Office Milestone in Less Than a Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203746/https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-global-box-office-202-million/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fuster, Jeremy (March 29, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong Roars to $10 Million From Thursday Previews\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-thursday-previews/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong Roars to $10 Million From Thursday Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240330012757/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-thursday-previews/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_x_kong_the_new_empire","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom,_Inc.","url_text":"Fandom, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (March 28, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: A Godzilla Spectacle Minus One Thing: A Reason to Exist\". Variety. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1235953545/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: A Godzilla Spectacle Minus One Thing: A Reason to Exist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131135/https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1235953545/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Pete (March 28, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: The Titans Of The Monsterverse Join Forces Against Evil But It Is All Still Just More Of The Same Stomp Fest\". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-the-titans-of-the-monsterverse-join-forces-against-evil-but-it-is-all-still-just-more-of-the-same-stomp-fest-1235870412/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: The Titans Of The Monsterverse Join Forces Against Evil But It Is All Still Just More Of The Same Stomp Fest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132436/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-the-titans-of-the-monsterverse-join-forces-against-evil-but-it-is-all-still-just-more-of-the-same-stomp-fest-1235870412/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Berardinelli, James (March 29, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\". Reelviews Movie Reviews. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Berardinelli","url_text":"Berardinelli, James"},{"url":"https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240403003436/https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Bruce (April 4, 2024). \"REVIEW: Godzilla x Kong assembles an Oppenheimer's worth of monsters\". Sioux City Journal. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://siouxcityjournal.com/life-entertainment/local/movies-tv/godzilla-x-kong-monsters-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens/article_c50ccba0-f1da-11ee-a712-031acfa0b955.html","url_text":"\"REVIEW: Godzilla x Kong assembles an Oppenheimer's worth of monsters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City_Journal","url_text":"Sioux City Journal"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240521215351/https://siouxcityjournal.com/life-entertainment/local/movies-tv/godzilla-x-kong-monsters-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens/article_c50ccba0-f1da-11ee-a712-031acfa0b955.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grierson, Tim (March 29, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire: Review\". Screen International. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review/5191966.article","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire: Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331155531/https://www.screendaily.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review/5191966.article","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review: flimsy monster mash\". Digital Trends. March 29, 2024. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/godzilla-kong-new-empire-movie-review/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review: flimsy monster mash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240408022523/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/godzilla-kong-new-empire-movie-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Luxford, Victoria (April 5, 2024). \"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire is a low IQ addition to a sagging franchise\". City A.M. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityam.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-is-a-low-iq-addition-to-a-sagging-franchise/","url_text":"\"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire is a low IQ addition to a sagging franchise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_A.M.","url_text":"City A.M."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240406011830/https://www.cityam.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-is-a-low-iq-addition-to-a-sagging-franchise/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Alissa (March 28, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Running Out of Steam\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review.html","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Running Out of Steam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Benjamin (March 28, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review – breezy, forgettable monster sequel\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/28/godzilla-vs-kong-the-new-empire-review","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review – breezy, forgettable monster sequel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/28/godzilla-vs-kong-the-new-empire-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Warmann, Amon (March 28, 2024). \"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire Review\". Empire. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","url_text":"\"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135120/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, David (March 28, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Titans Team Up in Goofy Sequel That's Always Silly but Rarely Fun\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1234968569/","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Titans Team Up in Goofy Sequel That's Always Silly but Rarely Fun\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133758/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1234968569/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Katie (March 28, 2024). \"Review: Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire is monster math that becomes a headache\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-03-28/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens-brian-tyree-henry","url_text":"\"Review: Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire is monster math that becomes a headache\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-03-28/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens-brian-tyree-henry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tinoco, Armando; Sitek, Natalie (March 25, 2024). \"'Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire' Premiere: Director Adam Wingard On Possible Third Film To Complete MonsterVerse Trilogy\". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-premiere-director-adam-wingard-monsterverse-trilogy-1235868179/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire' Premiere: Director Adam Wingard On Possible Third Film To Complete MonsterVerse Trilogy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326024235/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-premiere-director-adam-wingard-monsterverse-trilogy-1235868179/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davids, Brian (March 26, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Talks His Cat's Influence on Godzilla and Lance Reddick's Role in 'The Guest 2'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/godzilla-x-kong-pays-tribute-minus-one-1235860045/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Talks His Cat's Influence on Godzilla and Lance Reddick's Role in 'The Guest 2'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240412045649/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/godzilla-x-kong-pays-tribute-minus-one-1235860045/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Rosie (March 29, 2024). \"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Ending Explained by Director Adam Wingard (and Post-Credits Check-In)\". IGN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-and-post-credits-scene-explained","url_text":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Ending Explained by Director Adam Wingard (and Post-Credits Check-In)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405021433/https://www.ign.com/articles/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-and-post-credits-scene-explained","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McClintock, Pamela (April 8, 2024). \"MonsterVerse Future Looks Bright After 'Godzilla x Kong'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-likely-1235869465/","url_text":"\"MonsterVerse Future Looks Bright After 'Godzilla x Kong'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240410012504/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-likely-1235869465/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (May 10, 2024). \"'Godzilla x Kong' Follow-Up Enlists 'Shang Chi' Scribe Dave Callaham to Write (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-follow-dave-callaham-1235895879/","url_text":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Follow-Up Enlists 'Shang Chi' Scribe Dave Callaham to Write (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240510201312/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-follow-dave-callaham-1235895879/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (May 21, 2024). \"Adam Wingard Not Returning for 'Godzilla x Kong' Sequel (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/adam-wingard-not-returning-godzilla-x-kong-sequel-exclusive-1235905822/","url_text":"\"Adam Wingard Not Returning for 'Godzilla x Kong' Sequel (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240522003737/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/adam-wingard-not-returning-godzilla-x-kong-sequel-exclusive-1235905822/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Couch, Aaron (June 6, 2024). \"Legendary's 'Godzilla x Kong' Followup Sets Director Grant Sputore\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-director-1235916872/","url_text":"\"Legendary's 'Godzilla x Kong' Followup Sets Director Grant Sputore\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240606235517/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-director-1235916872/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kalat, David (2010). A Critical History and Filmography of Toho's Godzilla Series (Second ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786447497.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786447497","url_text":"9780786447497"}]},{"reference":"Mirjahangir, Chris (2019). Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield (Audio). Toho Kingdom. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3","url_text":"Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621002857/https://www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Godzilla vs. Kong sequel Feature Film\". Production Weekly. No. 1299. May 19, 2022.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ryfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G. ECW Press. ISBN 1550223488.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/japansfavoritemo0000ryfl","url_text":"Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550223488","url_text":"1550223488"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.scifijapan.com/godzilla-toho/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-new-trailer-and-poster-from-warner-bros-pictures","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire -- New Trailer and Poster From Warner Bros. Pictures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240327012220/https://www.scifijapan.com/godzilla-toho/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-new-trailer-and-poster-from-warner-bros-pictures","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntm1","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (12A)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240320015309/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ntm1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-box-office-1235868869/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong Will Bunny Hop To $135M Global Opening As Legendary's Monsterverse Franchise Roars Past $2.5 Billion – Easter Box Office Preview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326230533/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-box-office-1235868869/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/monkey-man-opening-godzilla-kong-second-weekend-first-omen-1235962604/","external_links_name":"\"Box Office: 'Godzilla x Kong' Staying on Top, 'Monkey Man' Swings Into Second and 'The First Omen' Gets Crossed Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205049/https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/monkey-man-opening-godzilla-kong-second-weekend-first-omen-1235962604/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/06/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-monsterverse-box-office-record-1235963632/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire': Adam Wingard Movie Becomes Highest Grossing In Legendary Monsterverse With $570M WW Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175726/https://deadline.com/2024/06/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-monsterverse-box-office-record-1235963632/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-director-title/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Director Explains the Title, Confirms the 'x' Is Silent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428084119/https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-director-title/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-title-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Explaining The \"X\" And \"New Empire\" In Godzilla vs Kong 2's Title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230501031221/https://screenrant.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-title-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-fight-sequences-weta-vfx/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Fight Sequence in 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Almost Didn't Make the Cut\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240608030751/https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-fight-sequences-weta-vfx/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-adam-wingard-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard on Avoiding an Issue He Had with 'Batman v Superman'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311174815/https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-adam-wingard-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/383790/exclusive-godzilla-vs-kong-director-adam-wingard-explains-why-no-post-credits-scene/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard Explains Why No Post-Credits Scene\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210324011752/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/383790/exclusive-godzilla-vs-kong-director-adam-wingard-explains-why-no-post-credits-scene/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/box-office/godzilla-vs-kong-opening-weekend-analysis-1234943958/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Is a Box Office and HBO Max Hit. Will It Shake Up the Future of Moviegoing?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805101036/https://variety.com/2021/film/box-office/godzilla-vs-kong-opening-weekend-analysis-1234943958/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5034838/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/most-pirated-movies-tv-shows-2021-list/","external_links_name":"\"'Zack Snyder's Justice League,' 'Black Widow' Among 2021's Most Pirated Movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202174635/https://www.thewrap.com/most-pirated-movies-tv-shows-2021-list/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/godzilla-vs-kong-roars-to-best-opening-day-during-the-pandemic-with-9-6m-1234726022/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla Vs. Kong Propels Domestic Box Office Out Of Pandemic Depression With $48.5M 5-Day Opening\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210409180817/https://deadline.com/2021/04/godzilla-vs-kong-approaches-28-million-three-days-opening-1234726022/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://film.avclub.com/godzilla-vs-kong-fans-adopt-snyder-cut-tactics-to-try-1846616601","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla Vs. Kong fans adopt Snyder Cut tactics to try and get a sequel, and it might be working\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210409033634/https://film.avclub.com/godzilla-vs-kong-fans-adopt-snyder-cut-tactics-to-try-1846616601?rev=1617572235258","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/godzilla-vs-kong-continue-the-monsterverse-kong-skull-island-director-support/","external_links_name":"\"Kong: Skull Island Director Backs 'Continue the MonsterVerse' Movement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816235111/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/godzilla-vs-kong-continue-the-monsterverse-kong-skull-island-director-support/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/adam-wingard-next-godzilla-kong-movie-director","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Director Adam Wingard In Talks for Legendary's Next MonsterVerse Film (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210633/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/adam-wingard-next-godzilla-kong-movie-director","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/godzilla-vs-kong-monsterverse-movie-future-max-borenstein/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs Kong Writer Teases Future MonsterVerse Movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805095425/https://screenrant.com/godzilla-vs-kong-monsterverse-movie-future-max-borenstein/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-australia-1235210265/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel to Film in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220321052821/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-australia-1235210265/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/godzilla-vs-kong-2-dan-stevens-the-guest-director-adam-wingard-legendary-1235022755/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong 2: Dan Stevens Reunites With The Guest Director Adam Wingard On Legendary Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220512230601/https://deadline.com/2022/05/godzilla-vs-kong-2-dan-stevens-the-guest-director-adam-wingard-legendary-1235022755/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-sequel-release-date-dune-2/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel Gets 2024 Release Date; 'Dune 2' Pushed to November 2023\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220809002403/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-sequel-release-date-dune-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vitalthrills.com/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs Kong Sequel Starts Filming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230317173030/https://www.vitalthrills.com/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://godzilla.com/news/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-announcement/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Announcement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190314/https://godzilla.com/news/godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-announcement/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/video/adam-wingard-influences-video-interview-from-honey-i-shrunk-the-kids-to-godzilla-x-kong/","external_links_name":"\"How 'Honey I Shrunk The Kids' Led Adam Wingard To Epic Scale Pics Like 'Godzilla X Kong:' The Film That Lit My Fuse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240324043650/https://deadline.com/video/adam-wingard-influences-video-interview-from-honey-i-shrunk-the-kids-to-godzilla-x-kong/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-synopsis-monsterverse-sequel/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong 2 Synopsis Reveals New Details About Monsterverse Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220825174709/https://collider.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-synopsis-monsterverse-sequel/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://directories.wga.org/project/1240262/origins/","external_links_name":"\"Origins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426170450/https://directories.wga.org/project/1240262/origins/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/why-millie-bobby-brown-isnt-in-gvk-2/","external_links_name":"\"Why Millie Bobby Brown Is Not Returning For Godzilla vs Kong 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120161120/https://screenrant.com/why-millie-bobby-brown-isnt-in-gvk-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1232875-legendary-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-begins-production","external_links_name":"\"Legendary's Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Begins Production in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220729231454/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1232875-legendary-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-begins-production","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1233317-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-gets-working-title","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla vs. Kong Sequel Gets Working Title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816234452/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1233317-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel-gets-working-title","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-title-confirmed-1849749915","external_links_name":"\"The Next Godzilla Movie Has an Unsurprising Title\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221112231129/https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-vs-kong-2-title-confirmed-1849749915","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-x-kong-minus-one-connection-toho-adam-wingard-1851340571","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Has a Very Specific Homage to Godzilla Minus One\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315214648/https://gizmodo.com/godzilla-x-kong-minus-one-connection-toho-adam-wingard-1851340571","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-explained-mothra/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Ending Explained: Director Adam Wingard on That Big Cameo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402031744/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-explained-mothra/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/scene/news/godzilla-x-kong-adam-wingard-1235952345/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Says John Carpenter's 'They Live' Was a Major Inspiration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240409091427/https://variety.com/2024/scene/news/godzilla-x-kong-adam-wingard-1235952345/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2022/08/25/tom-holkenborg-to-return-for-adam-wingards-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Holkenborg to Return for Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla vs. Kong' Sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826035741/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2022/08/25/tom-holkenborg-to-return-for-adam-wingards-godzilla-vs-kong-sequel/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/12/03/antonio-di-iorio-joins-tom-holkenborg-to-co-score-adam-wingards-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","external_links_name":"\"Antonio Di Iorio Joins Tom Holkenborg to Co-Score Adam Wingard's 'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231204041206/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/12/03/antonio-di-iorio-joins-tom-holkenborg-to-co-score-adam-wingards-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240322064435/en/Godzilla-x-Kong-The-New-Empire-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Available-Now-on-WaterTower-Music","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Available Now on WaterTower Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240322183336/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240322064435/en/Godzilla-x-Kong-The-New-Empire-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack-Available-Now-on-WaterTower-Music","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/-/109971","external_links_name":"\"Yaffle x AI、映画『ゴジラxコング 新たなる帝国』日本版主題歌を担当 日本語吹替版予告公開\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240505010528/https://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/-/109971","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-stars-cgi-monsters-divas-1235860226/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Stars Joke That CGI Monsters Were \"Such Divas\" on Set\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326180405/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-stars-cgi-monsters-divas-1235860226/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-second-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Gets Action-Packed Trailer Uniting the Iconic Titans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225135933/https://www.cbr.com/godzilla-x-kong-second-trailer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/98575/","external_links_name":"\"ゴジラ×コング ザ・ニュー・エンパイア（原題）\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527174437/https://eiga.com/movie/98575/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1326494-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-release-date-pushed-back","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Release Date Pushed Back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230825042749/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1326494-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-release-date-pushed-back","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/godzilla-minus-one-leaving-theaters/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla Minus One Is Leaving Theaters Early\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204013811/https://collider.com/godzilla-minus-one-leaving-theaters/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-digital-4k-blu-ray-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Sets Digital, 4K Blu-ray and DVD Release\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240508005924/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-digital-4k-blu-ray-release-date/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1576756/godzilla-x-kong-now-highest-grossing-godzilla-movie-ever-box-office/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla X Kong Is Now The Highest-Grossing Godzilla Movie Ever At The Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240506222412/https://www.slashfilm.com/1576756/godzilla-x-kong-now-highest-grossing-godzilla-movie-ever-box-office/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/box-office-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-1235871440/","external_links_name":"\"They Have Risen: 'Godzilla x Kong' Conquers Easter Box Office With $80M Opening; Legendary Monsterverse Franchise Crosses $2 Billion – Sunday AM Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240330023616/https://deadline.com/2024/03/box-office-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-1235871440/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-monkey-man-first-omen-godzilla-x-kong-1235876709/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Rising To $30M; 'Monkey Man' Sees $10M, 'First Omen' Jinxed With $8M+ – Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405233624/https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-monkey-man-first-omen-godzilla-x-kong-1235876709/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-civil-war-1235882968/","external_links_name":"\"' Civil War' Takes Box Office Spoils With $25.7M Opening, Best Ever For A24 – Sunday AM Update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240413182039/https://deadline.com/2024/04/box-office-civil-war-1235882968/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/kung-fu-panda-4-milestone-the-fall-guy-challengers-godzilla-x-kong-dune-roundup-punishment-global-international-box-office-1235897903/","external_links_name":"\"Skadoosh!: Kung Fu Panda 4 Crosses $500M WW; Challengers Widens Offshore Net; The Fall Guy Starts Overseas Action – International Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428164936/https://deadline.com/2024/04/kung-fu-panda-4-milestone-the-fall-guy-challengers-godzilla-x-kong-dune-roundup-punishment-global-international-box-office-1235897903/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-global-box-office-202-million/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Destroys Kaiju-Sized Global Box Office Milestone in Less Than a Week\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203746/https://collider.com/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire-global-box-office-202-million/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-thursday-previews/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong Roars to $10 Million From Thursday Previews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240330012757/https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-x-kong-thursday-previews/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/godzilla_x_kong_the_new_empire","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1235953545/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: A Godzilla Spectacle Minus One Thing: A Reason to Exist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131135/https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1235953545/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-the-titans-of-the-monsterverse-join-forces-against-evil-but-it-is-all-still-just-more-of-the-same-stomp-fest-1235870412/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire' Review: The Titans Of The Monsterverse Join Forces Against Evil But It Is All Still Just More Of The Same Stomp Fest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132436/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-the-titans-of-the-monsterverse-join-forces-against-evil-but-it-is-all-still-just-more-of-the-same-stomp-fest-1235870412/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240403003436/https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://siouxcityjournal.com/life-entertainment/local/movies-tv/godzilla-x-kong-monsters-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens/article_c50ccba0-f1da-11ee-a712-031acfa0b955.html","external_links_name":"\"REVIEW: Godzilla x Kong assembles an Oppenheimer's worth of monsters\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240521215351/https://siouxcityjournal.com/life-entertainment/local/movies-tv/godzilla-x-kong-monsters-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens/article_c50ccba0-f1da-11ee-a712-031acfa0b955.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review/5191966.article","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire: Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331155531/https://www.screendaily.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review/5191966.article","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/godzilla-kong-new-empire-movie-review/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review: flimsy monster mash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240408022523/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/godzilla-kong-new-empire-movie-review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cityam.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-is-a-low-iq-addition-to-a-sagging-franchise/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire is a low IQ addition to a sagging franchise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240406011830/https://www.cityam.com/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-is-a-low-iq-addition-to-a-sagging-franchise/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Running Out of Steam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/28/godzilla-vs-kong-the-new-empire-review","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire review – breezy, forgettable monster sequel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/28/godzilla-vs-kong-the-new-empire-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135120/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1234968569/","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Review: Titans Team Up in Goofy Sequel That's Always Silly but Rarely Fun\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133758/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-1234968569/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-03-28/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens-brian-tyree-henry","external_links_name":"\"Review: Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire is monster math that becomes a headache\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240331003818/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-03-28/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-review-rebecca-hall-dan-stevens-brian-tyree-henry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-premiere-director-adam-wingard-monsterverse-trilogy-1235868179/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla X Kong: The New Empire' Premiere: Director Adam Wingard On Possible Third Film To Complete MonsterVerse Trilogy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240326024235/https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-premiere-director-adam-wingard-monsterverse-trilogy-1235868179/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/godzilla-x-kong-pays-tribute-minus-one-1235860045/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Director Adam Wingard Talks His Cat's Influence on Godzilla and Lance Reddick's Role in 'The Guest 2'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240412045649/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/godzilla-x-kong-pays-tribute-minus-one-1235860045/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-and-post-credits-scene-explained","external_links_name":"\"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire Ending Explained by Director Adam Wingard (and Post-Credits Check-In)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240405021433/https://www.ign.com/articles/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-ending-and-post-credits-scene-explained","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-likely-1235869465/","external_links_name":"\"MonsterVerse Future Looks Bright After 'Godzilla x Kong'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240410012504/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-likely-1235869465/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-follow-dave-callaham-1235895879/","external_links_name":"\"'Godzilla x Kong' Follow-Up Enlists 'Shang Chi' Scribe Dave Callaham to Write (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240510201312/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/godzilla-x-kong-follow-dave-callaham-1235895879/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/adam-wingard-not-returning-godzilla-x-kong-sequel-exclusive-1235905822/","external_links_name":"\"Adam Wingard Not Returning for 'Godzilla x Kong' Sequel (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240522003737/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/adam-wingard-not-returning-godzilla-x-kong-sequel-exclusive-1235905822/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-director-1235916872/","external_links_name":"\"Legendary's 'Godzilla x Kong' Followup Sets Director Grant Sputore\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240606235517/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/godzilla-x-kong-sequel-director-1235916872/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3","external_links_name":"Interview with Alex Garcia and Zach Shield"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621002857/https://www.tohokingdom.com/images/interviews/visiting_the_set_of_gkotm_interview_alex_zack.mp3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/japansfavoritemo0000ryfl","external_links_name":"Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G"},{"Link":"https://www.godzillaxkongmovie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://godzilla-movie.jp/","external_links_name":"Japanese website"},{"Link":"https://godzilla.com/blogs/movies/Godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.legendary.com/film/godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire/","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/godzilla-x-kong-new-empire","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.toho.co.jp/movie/lineup?modal_open=godzilla-movie2","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14539740/","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt14539740/","external_links_name":"Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_Girl_(2015_TV_series) | Boy Meets Girl (2015 TV series) | ["1 Episodes","2 Background and production","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Not to be confused with Boy Meets Girl (2014 film).
British TV series or programme
Boy Meets GirlPhoto released by the BBC from shooting Boy Meets Girl, showing (left-to-right) Welch, Root and HeppleGenreSitcomCreated byElliott KerriganWritten by
Elliott Kerrigan
Simon Carlyle
Andrew Mettam
Directed byPaul WalkerStarring
Rebecca Root
Harry Hepple
Denise Welch
Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series2No. of episodes12 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers
Sophie Clarke-Jervoise
Kristian Smith
ProducerMargot Gavan DuffyProduction locationsNewcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England, UKRunning time28 minutesProduction companies
BBC
Tiger Aspect Productions
Original releaseNetworkBBC TwoRelease3 September 2015 (2015-09-03) –4 August 2016 (2016-08-04)
Boy Meets Girl is a BBC Two sitcom starring Rebecca Root, Harry Hepple and Denise Welch. It tells the story of the developing relationship between 26-year-old Leo (Hepple) and 40-year-old Judy (Root). The script, by Elliott Kerrigan, was discovered through the Trans Comedy Award, a 2013 BBC talent search for scripts with positive portrayals of transgender characters.
Both Root and her character Judy are transgender, making this the first BBC comedy to feature transgender issues prominently, and the first sitcom to star a transgender actor. Sophie Clarke-Jervoise, the executive producer, stated "we always knew we had to get a trans actress – I don't think we auditioned anyone who wasn't trans for the role. It just didn't feel right."
The first series of six episodes aired between 3 September and 8 October 2015. A second and final series began airing from 6 July to 4 August 2016. It comprises six episodes.
Episodes
Series 1No.overallNo. inseriesTitleOriginal air date11"Episode 1"3 September 2015 (2015-09-03)
22"Episode 2"10 September 2015 (2015-09-10)
33"Episode 3"17 September 2015 (2015-09-17)
44"Episode 4"24 September 2015 (2015-09-24)
55"Episode 5"1 October 2015 (2015-10-01)
66"Episode 6"8 October 2015 (2015-10-08)
Series 2No.overallNo. inseriesTitleOriginal air date71"Episode 1"6 July 2016 (2016-07-06)
82"Episode 2"13 July 2016 (2016-07-13)
93"Episode 3"20 July 2016 (2016-07-20)
104"Episode 4"27 July 2016 (2016-07-27)
115"Episode 5"3 August 2016 (2016-08-03)
126"Episode 6"4 August 2016 (2016-08-04)
Background and production
In January 2012, All About Trans organized an event, "Trans Camp", involving people from the trans community and media, and aiming to help the media provide accurate depictions of transgender people. Off the back of this, the BBC ran a talent search later that year, the Trans Comedy Award, offering comedy writers up to £5000 for scripts with positive portrayals of transgender characters. The BBC received 320 script entries, with the winners being Boy Meets Girl (then titled Love) by Elliott Kerrigan and Nobody's Perfect by Tom Glover.
Boy Meets Girl was created by Elliott Kerrigan, and written by Kerrigan, Simon Carlyle, and Andrew Mettam. It stars Rebecca Root as Judy, Harry Hepple as Leo, Denise Welch as Pam (Leo's mother). Also appearing are Janine Duvitski, Nigel Betts, Lizzie Roper, and Jonny Dixon. It is directed by Paul Walker. The producer is Margot Gavan Duffy, and the executive producers are Sophie Clarke-Jervoise for Tiger Aspect and Kristian Smith for the BBC.
A pilot episode was shown at the BBC's Salford Sitcom Showcase in March 2014, and the show was commissioned after that. The main series acquired co-writers Simon Carlyle and Andrew Mettam, and had six 30-minute episodes (including the pilot episode with some re-shot scenes) set and recorded in Newcastle upon Tyne.
The theme tune is "Meet Me on the Corner" by Lindisfarne.
Reception
After the pilot episode aired, The Independent compared Boy Meets Girl to Gavin & Stacey, an award-winning BBC comedy from 2007–2010, a comparison the BBC had said they were looking to make.
On the topic of having a trans woman character played by a trans woman, Paris Lees wrote in The Guardian "About bloody time" and "It's great to see trans folk bringing authenticity to roles ... is at its best when it helps us to understand a complex and often cruel world by laughing at our own, previously unexamined, prejudices. I haven't seen Boy Meets Girl yet, but it has already put a smile on my face."
Jasper Rees in the newspaper The Telegraph was rather less impressed, describing the show as "packaged in a demoralisingly traditional form of comedy".
See also
Boy Meets Girl (2014)
Different for Girls (1996)
Transgender in film and television
References
^ a b Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (4 February 2015). "BBC starts filming sitcom starring transgender actor". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
^ a b c Sherwin, Adam (21 August 2014). "BBC2 commissions Britain's first transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl". The Independent. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
^ a b Haigh, Josh (21 August 2014). "BBC Two commissions 'UK's first transgender sitcom'". Attitude Magazine. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ "BBC confirms Boy Meets Girl series 2". Radio Times.
^ a b c d "Boy Meets Girl Episodes: July 2016". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ a b "Boy Meets Girl Episodes: August 2016". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ a b Lees, Paris (4 February 2015). "Boy Meets Girl: the BBC's trans sitcom is part of a quiet revolution". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ a b Lauder, Cathleen (7 February 2015). "Boy Meets Girl – A trans sitcom is born". KaleidoScot. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
^ Parker, Claire (22 August 2014). "BBC Commission Boy Meets Girl, a Transgender Themed Comedy" (Press release). Trans Comedy Award. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Rowland, Kate (31 May 2013). "Winners of BBC Writersroom Trans Comedy Award announced" (Press release). BBC. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
^ Pallas, Jamie (6 February 2015). "Boy Meets Girl: Filming starts for BBC's first trans sitcom". All About Trans. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
^ Munn, Patrick (2 February 2015). "Denise Welch, Rebecca Root & Harry Hepple to Star in BBC Two's Transgender Sitcom 'Boy Meets Girl'". TVWise. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
^ a b Richardson, Jay (18 May 2014). "From Boy Meets Girl to Orange is the New Black: Meet the new transgender faces of TV". The Independent. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Bourne, Dianne (3 February 2015). "BBC's first transgender sitcom starts filming in Manchester starring Denise Welch". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Alexander, Susannah (2 February 2015). "BBC Two's transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl begins filming". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Parker, Claire (22 September 2015). "20th September 2015". Time 4 T (Podcast) – via PodOmatic.
^ Rees, Jasper. "Boy Meets Girl, BBC Two, review: 'cliched'". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Further reading
Kerrigan, Elliott (27 August 2014). "Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far". BBC Writers Room. – Blog entry by the series' creator in the BBC Writers Room blog.
"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom". All About Trans. 26 August 2014. – Background from one of the organizations involved with the initial script writing competition on the process of getting the show made.
Root, Rebecca (30 April 2014). "Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award". All About Trans. – Blog entry by one of the show's stars on the creation process.
External links
Boy Meets Girl at BBC Online
Boy Meets Girl at IMDb
Boy Meets Girl at British Comedy Guide
Boy Meets Girl at epguides.com
Portals: BBC Comedy Television United Kingdom Transgender | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy Meets Girl (2014 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_Girl_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Root"},{"link_name":"Harry Hepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hepple"},{"link_name":"Denise Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Welch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBBCStartsFilming-1"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndBBC2Commissions-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AttBBCCommissions-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBBCStartsFilming-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Boy Meets Girl (2014 film).British TV series or programmeBoy Meets Girl is a BBC Two sitcom starring Rebecca Root, Harry Hepple and Denise Welch. It tells the story of the developing relationship between 26-year-old Leo (Hepple) and 40-year-old Judy (Root).[1] The script, by Elliott Kerrigan, was discovered through the Trans Comedy Award, a 2013 BBC talent search for scripts with positive portrayals of transgender characters.[2][3]Both Root and her character Judy are transgender, making this the first BBC comedy to feature transgender issues prominently, and the first sitcom to star a transgender actor. Sophie Clarke-Jervoise, the executive producer, stated \"we always knew we had to get a trans actress – I don't think we auditioned anyone who wasn't trans for the role. It just didn't feel right.\"[1]The first series of six episodes aired between 3 September and 8 October 2015. A second and final series began airing from 6 July to 4 August 2016.[4] It comprises six episodes.","title":"Boy Meets Girl (2015 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All About Trans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Trans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardQuietRevolution-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaleidoBorn-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndBBC2Commissions-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCABBCCommission-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCWinnersAnnounced-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AATFilmingStarts-11"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Root"},{"link_name":"Harry Hepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hepple"},{"link_name":"Denise Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Welch"},{"link_name":"Janine Duvitski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Duvitski"},{"link_name":"Nigel Betts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Betts"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Roper"},{"link_name":"Jonny Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dixon_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Aspect"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVWiseTransSitcom-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndMeetTheNewFaces-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MENFirstTransgender-14"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AttBBCCommissions-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaleidoBorn-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSBeginsFilming-15"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne_(band)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time4t-16"}],"text":"In January 2012, All About Trans organized an event, \"Trans Camp\", involving people from the trans community and media, and aiming to help the media provide accurate depictions of transgender people.[7][8] Off the back of this, the BBC ran a talent search later that year, the Trans Comedy Award, offering comedy writers up to £5000 for scripts with positive portrayals of transgender characters.[2] The BBC received 320 script entries, with the winners being Boy Meets Girl (then titled Love) by Elliott Kerrigan and Nobody's Perfect by Tom Glover.[9][10][11]Boy Meets Girl was created by Elliott Kerrigan, and written by Kerrigan, Simon Carlyle, and Andrew Mettam. It stars Rebecca Root as Judy, Harry Hepple as Leo, Denise Welch as Pam (Leo's mother). Also appearing are Janine Duvitski, Nigel Betts, Lizzie Roper, and Jonny Dixon. It is directed by Paul Walker. The producer is Margot Gavan Duffy, and the executive producers are Sophie Clarke-Jervoise for Tiger Aspect and Kristian Smith for the BBC.[12]A pilot episode was shown at the BBC's Salford Sitcom Showcase in March 2014, and the show was commissioned after that.[13][14] The main series acquired co-writers Simon Carlyle and Andrew Mettam, and had six 30-minute episodes (including the pilot episode with some re-shot scenes) set and recorded in Newcastle upon Tyne.[3][8][15]The theme tune is \"Meet Me on the Corner\" by Lindisfarne.[16]","title":"Background and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavin & Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_%26_Stacey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndBBC2Commissions-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndMeetTheNewFaces-13"},{"link_name":"Paris Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Lees"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardQuietRevolution-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_TV_review-17"}],"text":"After the pilot episode aired, The Independent compared Boy Meets Girl to Gavin & Stacey, an award-winning BBC comedy from 2007–2010, a comparison the BBC had said they were looking to make.[2][13]On the topic of having a trans woman character played by a trans woman, Paris Lees wrote in The Guardian \"About bloody time\" and \"It's great to see trans folk bringing authenticity to roles ... [Comedy] is at its best when it helps us to understand a complex and often cruel world by laughing at our own, previously unexamined, prejudices. I haven't seen Boy Meets Girl yet, but it has already put a smile on my face.\"[7]Jasper Rees in the newspaper The Telegraph was rather less impressed, describing the show as \"packaged in a demoralisingly traditional form of comedy\".[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/writersroom/entries/0fd1f43a-8b2c-312e-968b-de11bb4253cc"},{"link_name":"\"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/how-bbc-two-came-to-commission-the-first-uk-trans-themed-sitcom/"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/playing-part-participated-trans-comedy-award/"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Kerrigan, Elliott (27 August 2014). \"Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far\". BBC Writers Room. – Blog entry by the series' creator in the BBC Writers Room blog.\n\"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom\". All About Trans. 26 August 2014.[permanent dead link] – Background from one of the organizations involved with the initial script writing competition on the process of getting the show made.\nRoot, Rebecca (30 April 2014). \"Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award\". All About Trans.[permanent dead link] – Blog entry by one of the show's stars on the creation process.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Boy Meets Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_Girl_(2014_film)"},{"title":"Different for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different_for_Girls_(film)"},{"title":"Transgender in film and television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_in_film_and_television"}] | [{"reference":"Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (4 February 2015). \"BBC starts filming sitcom starring transgender actor\". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/feb/04/bbc-sitcom-transgender-actor","url_text":"\"BBC starts filming sitcom starring transgender actor\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwin, Adam (21 August 2014). \"BBC2 commissions Britain's first transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl\". The Independent. Retrieved 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbc2-commissions-britains-first-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl-9683788.html","url_text":"\"BBC2 commissions Britain's first transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl\""}]},{"reference":"Haigh, Josh (21 August 2014). \"BBC Two commissions 'UK's first transgender sitcom'\". Attitude Magazine. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://attitude.co.uk/bbc-two-commissions-uks-first-transgender-sitcom/","url_text":"\"BBC Two commissions 'UK's first transgender sitcom'\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC confirms Boy Meets Girl series 2\". Radio Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-01-19/bbc-confirms-boy-meets-girl-series-2","url_text":"\"BBC confirms Boy Meets Girl series 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: July 2016\". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0/broadcasts/2016/07","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: July 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: August 2016\". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0/broadcasts/2016/08","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: August 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Lees, Paris (4 February 2015). \"Boy Meets Girl: the BBC's trans sitcom is part of a quiet revolution\". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Lees","url_text":"Lees, Paris"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2015/feb/04/boy-meets-girl-bbc-trans-sitcom-quiet-revolution","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl: the BBC's trans sitcom is part of a quiet revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Lauder, Cathleen (7 February 2015). \"Boy Meets Girl – A trans sitcom is born\". KaleidoScot. Retrieved 1 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kaleidoscot.com/boy-meets-girl-trans-sitcom-born-2458","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl – A trans sitcom is born\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Claire (22 August 2014). \"BBC Commission Boy Meets Girl, a Transgender Themed Comedy\" (Press release). Trans Comedy Award. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507222628/http://www.transcomedyaward.org/Blog/index.php/official-press-release-bbc-commission-boy-meets-girl-a-transgender-themed-comedy/","url_text":"\"BBC Commission Boy Meets Girl, a Transgender Themed Comedy\""},{"url":"http://www.transcomedyaward.org/Blog/index.php/official-press-release-bbc-commission-boy-meets-girl-a-transgender-themed-comedy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Kate (31 May 2013). \"Winners of BBC Writersroom Trans Comedy Award announced\" (Press release). BBC. Retrieved 29 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/trans-comedy-award-winners.html","url_text":"\"Winners of BBC Writersroom Trans Comedy Award announced\""}]},{"reference":"Pallas, Jamie (6 February 2015). \"Boy Meets Girl: Filming starts for BBC's first trans sitcom\". All About Trans. Retrieved 1 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/boy-meets-girl-new-trans-sitcom-bbc/","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl: Filming starts for BBC's first trans sitcom\""}]},{"reference":"Munn, Patrick (2 February 2015). \"Denise Welch, Rebecca Root & Harry Hepple to Star in BBC Two's Transgender Sitcom 'Boy Meets Girl'\". TVWise. Retrieved 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2015/02/denise-welch-rebecca-root-harry-hepple-star-bbc-twos-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl/","url_text":"\"Denise Welch, Rebecca Root & Harry Hepple to Star in BBC Two's Transgender Sitcom 'Boy Meets Girl'\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Jay (18 May 2014). \"From Boy Meets Girl to Orange is the New Black: Meet the new transgender faces of TV\". The Independent. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/from-boy-meets-girl-to-orange-is-the-new-black-meet-the-new-transgender-faces-of-tv-9392393.html","url_text":"\"From Boy Meets Girl to Orange is the New Black: Meet the new transgender faces of TV\""}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Dianne (3 February 2015). \"BBC's first transgender sitcom starts filming in Manchester starring Denise Welch\". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bbcs-first-transgender-sitcom-starts-8570612","url_text":"\"BBC's first transgender sitcom starts filming in Manchester starring Denise Welch\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Susannah (2 February 2015). \"BBC Two's transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl begins filming\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a626096/bbc-twos-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl-begins-filming.html","url_text":"\"BBC Two's transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl begins filming\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Claire (22 September 2015). \"20th September 2015\". Time 4 T (Podcast) – via PodOmatic.","urls":[{"url":"http://time4t.podomatic.com/entry/2015-09-22T07_00_00-07_00","url_text":"\"20th September 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jasper. \"Boy Meets Girl, BBC Two, review: 'cliched'\". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11842482/Boy-Meets-Girl-BBC-Two-review-cliched.html","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl, BBC Two, review: 'cliched'\""}]},{"reference":"Kerrigan, Elliott (27 August 2014). \"Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far\". BBC Writers Room.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/writersroom/entries/0fd1f43a-8b2c-312e-968b-de11bb4253cc","url_text":"\"Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far\""}]},{"reference":"\"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom\". All About Trans. 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/how-bbc-two-came-to-commission-the-first-uk-trans-themed-sitcom/","url_text":"\"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom\""}]},{"reference":"Root, Rebecca (30 April 2014). \"Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award\". All About Trans.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/playing-part-participated-trans-comedy-award/","url_text":"\"Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/feb/04/bbc-sitcom-transgender-actor","external_links_name":"\"BBC starts filming sitcom starring transgender actor\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbc2-commissions-britains-first-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl-9683788.html","external_links_name":"\"BBC2 commissions Britain's first transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl\""},{"Link":"http://attitude.co.uk/bbc-two-commissions-uks-first-transgender-sitcom/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Two commissions 'UK's first transgender sitcom'\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-01-19/bbc-confirms-boy-meets-girl-series-2","external_links_name":"\"BBC confirms Boy Meets Girl series 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0/broadcasts/2016/07","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: July 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0/broadcasts/2016/08","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl Episodes: August 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2015/feb/04/boy-meets-girl-bbc-trans-sitcom-quiet-revolution","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl: the BBC's trans sitcom is part of a quiet revolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.kaleidoscot.com/boy-meets-girl-trans-sitcom-born-2458","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl – A trans sitcom is born\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507222628/http://www.transcomedyaward.org/Blog/index.php/official-press-release-bbc-commission-boy-meets-girl-a-transgender-themed-comedy/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Commission Boy Meets Girl, a Transgender Themed Comedy\""},{"Link":"http://www.transcomedyaward.org/Blog/index.php/official-press-release-bbc-commission-boy-meets-girl-a-transgender-themed-comedy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/trans-comedy-award-winners.html","external_links_name":"\"Winners of BBC Writersroom Trans Comedy Award announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/boy-meets-girl-new-trans-sitcom-bbc/","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl: Filming starts for BBC's first trans sitcom\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2015/02/denise-welch-rebecca-root-harry-hepple-star-bbc-twos-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl/","external_links_name":"\"Denise Welch, Rebecca Root & Harry Hepple to Star in BBC Two's Transgender Sitcom 'Boy Meets Girl'\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/from-boy-meets-girl-to-orange-is-the-new-black-meet-the-new-transgender-faces-of-tv-9392393.html","external_links_name":"\"From Boy Meets Girl to Orange is the New Black: Meet the new transgender faces of TV\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/bbcs-first-transgender-sitcom-starts-8570612","external_links_name":"\"BBC's first transgender sitcom starts filming in Manchester starring Denise Welch\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a626096/bbc-twos-transgender-sitcom-boy-meets-girl-begins-filming.html","external_links_name":"\"BBC Two's transgender sitcom Boy Meets Girl begins filming\""},{"Link":"http://time4t.podomatic.com/entry/2015-09-22T07_00_00-07_00","external_links_name":"\"20th September 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/11842482/Boy-Meets-Girl-BBC-Two-review-cliched.html","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl, BBC Two, review: 'cliched'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/writersroom/entries/0fd1f43a-8b2c-312e-968b-de11bb4253cc","external_links_name":"\"Boy Meets Girl: The Story So Far\""},{"Link":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/how-bbc-two-came-to-commission-the-first-uk-trans-themed-sitcom/","external_links_name":"\"How BBC Two came to commission the first UK trans-themed sitcom\""},{"Link":"http://www.allabouttrans.org.uk/general/playing-part-participated-trans-comedy-award/","external_links_name":"\"Playing My Part: How I participated in the Trans Comedy Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k4tx0","external_links_name":"Boy Meets Girl"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5000634/","external_links_name":"Boy Meets Girl"},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/boy_meets_girl_bbc/","external_links_name":"Boy Meets Girl"},{"Link":"http://epguides.com/BoyMeetsGirl_2015","external_links_name":"Boy Meets Girl"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Algeria | List of islands of Algeria | ["1 References"] | Algeria includes 32 islands and 208 small islands. Three-quarters of these islands are massive rocks protruding over the water without vegetation or clusters of completely arid rocks whose sole interest is sometimes that they are the basis for piers. The last quarter includes only islands with Superficial soils. Almost half of this last quarter is "Peninsular" similar to the continent and a quarter is uninhabitable except for birds. Therefore, there is only a quarter of a quarter valid for going to play or spending the weekend, and all these Algerian islands are small, not exceeding 1,200 meters in their largest dimensions and their height does not exceed 150 meters.
The largest Algerian islands
Name
Location
Height
Area
Habibas Islands
35°43′29″N 1°8′00″W / 35.72472°N 1.13333°W / 35.72472; -1.13333
103 metres (338 ft)
0.4 square kilometres (0.15 sq mi)
Island of El Aouana
36°47′07″N 5°36′30″E / 36.78528°N 5.60833°E / 36.78528; 5.60833
/
0.03 square kilometres (0.012 sq mi)
Rachgoun Island
35°19′20″N 1°28′48″E / 35.32222°N 1.48000°E / 35.32222; 1.48000
84 metres (276 ft)
0.26 square kilometres (0.10 sq mi)
Mansourieh Island
36°40′45″N 5°28′44″E / 36.67917°N 5.47889°E / 36.67917; 5.47889
/
0.06 square kilometres (0.023 sq mi)
References
^ Protection et valorisation du littoral en Algérie : législation et instruments : Le cas des communes littorales d’Oran Archived 2020-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Les Iles d'Algérie nouara-algerie.com Karim Tedjani 29 Juin 2014 Archived 2020-04-05 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32ilots-1"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Algeria includes 32 islands and 208 small islands.[1] Three-quarters of these islands are massive rocks protruding over the water without vegetation or clusters of completely arid rocks whose sole interest is sometimes that they are the basis for piers. The last quarter includes only islands with Superficial soils. Almost half of this last quarter is \"Peninsular\" similar to the continent and a quarter is uninhabitable except for birds. Therefore, there is only a quarter of a quarter valid for going to play or spending the weekend, and all these Algerian islands are small, not exceeding 1,200 meters in their largest dimensions and their height does not exceed 150 meters.[2]","title":"List of islands of Algeria"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_islands_of_Algeria¶ms=35_43_29_N_1_8_00_W_","external_links_name":"35°43′29″N 1°8′00″W / 35.72472°N 1.13333°W / 35.72472; -1.13333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_islands_of_Algeria¶ms=36_47_07_N_5_36_30_E_","external_links_name":"36°47′07″N 5°36′30″E / 36.78528°N 5.60833°E / 36.78528; 5.60833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_islands_of_Algeria¶ms=35_19_20_N_1_28_48_E_","external_links_name":"35°19′20″N 1°28′48″E / 35.32222°N 1.48000°E / 35.32222; 1.48000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_islands_of_Algeria¶ms=36_40_45_N_5_28_44_E_","external_links_name":"36°40′45″N 5°28′44″E / 36.67917°N 5.47889°E / 36.67917; 5.47889"},{"Link":"https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5959","external_links_name":"Protection et valorisation du littoral en Algérie : législation et instruments : Le cas des communes littorales d’Oran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200405004304/https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5959","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nouara-algerie.com/2019/05/les-iles-d-algerie.html","external_links_name":"Les Iles d'Algérie"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200405004305/http://www.nouara-algerie.com/2019/05/les-iles-d-algerie.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mileage | Fuel efficiency | ["1 Vehicle design","2 Fleet efficiency","3 Energy efficiency terminology","4 Energy content of fuel","5 Transportation","5.1 Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles","5.2 Driving technique","6 Advanced technology","6.1 Hydrogen fuel cells","6.2 In microgravity","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Form of thermal efficiency
It has been suggested that Hypermiling be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2023.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fuel efficiency" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
InfrastructureGrand Coulee Dam
Assets and facilities
Airports
Bridges
Broadband
Canals
Coastal management
Critical infrastructure
Dams
Electricity
Energy
Hazardous waste
Hospitals
Irrigation schemes
Levees
Lighthouses
Parks
Pipeline transport
Ports
Mass transit
Public housing
State schools
Public spaces
Rail
Roads
Sewage treatment
Sewerage
Sluices
Solid waste
Telecommunication
Utilities
Water supply
Weirs
Concepts
Asset management
Appropriation
Lindahl tax
Build–operate–transfer
Design–bid–build
Design–build
Earmark
Fixed cost
Engineering contracts
Externality
Government debt
Life-cycle assessment
Maintenance
Monopoly
Property tax
Public–private partnership
Public capital
Public finance
Public good
Public sector
Renovation
Replacement (upgrade)
Spillover
Supply chain
Taxation
Issues and ideas
Air traffic control
Brownfield
Carbon footprint
Containerization
Congestion pricing
Ecotax
Ethanol fuel
Fuel tax
Groundwater
High-speed rail
Hybrid vehicles
Land-use planning
Mobile data terminal
Pork barrel
Rapid bus transit
Recycling
Renewables
Reverse osmosis
Smart grid
Smart growth
Stormwater
Urban sprawl
Traffic congestion
Transit-oriented development
Fuel efficiency
Waste-to-energy
Weatherization
Wireless technology
Fields of study
Architecture
Chemical engineering
Civil
Electrical
Mechanical engineering
Public economics
Public policy
Urban planning
Examples
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
Trans-Alaska pipeline
Autobahn
Brazilian energy independence
Brooklyn Bridge
Channel Tunnel
Chicago wastewater
China's high-speed rail
Curtiba rapid bus transit
Danish wind-power
British offshore wind-power
Nuclear power in France
Solar power in Germany
Hoover Dam
Hong Kong Int'l Airport
Intercity Express
Interstate highways
Jamnagar Refinery
Kansai Int'l Airport
Panama Canal
Port of Shanghai
San Francisco Bay Bridge
Three Gorges Dam
Shinkansen
Spanish high-speed rail
French TGV rail
Spanish autovias and autopistas
Transcontinental Railroad
Power transmission in the USA
Category
Engineering portalvte
Fuel efficiency (or fuel economy) is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.
In the context of transport, fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, given as a ratio of distance traveled per unit of fuel consumed. It is dependent on several factors including engine efficiency, transmission design, and tire design. In most countries, using the metric system, fuel economy is stated as "fuel consumption" in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km) or kilometers per liter (km/L or kmpl). In a number of countries still using other systems, fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg), for example in the US and usually also in the UK (imperial gallon); there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. Traditionally, litres per mil were used in Norway and Sweden, but both have aligned to the EU standard of L/100 km.
Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle's performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements. Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger) for passenger vehicles.
Vehicle design
Fuel efficiency is dependent on many parameters of a vehicle, including its engine parameters, aerodynamic drag, weight, AC usage, fuel and rolling resistance. There have been advances in all areas of vehicle design in recent decades. Fuel efficiency of vehicles can also be improved by careful maintenance and driving habits.
Hybrid vehicles use two or more power sources for propulsion. In many designs, a small combustion engine is combined with electric motors. Kinetic energy which would otherwise be lost to heat during braking is recaptured as electrical power to improve fuel efficiency. The larger batteries in these vehicles power the car's electronics, allowing the engine to shut off and avoid prolonged idling.
Fleet efficiency
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.
Fleet efficiency describes the average efficiency of a population of vehicles. Technological advances in efficiency may be offset by a change in buying habits with a propensity to heavier vehicles that are less fuel-efficient.
Energy efficiency terminology
Energy efficiency is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is usually in units of energy such as megajoules (MJ), kilowatt-hours (kW·h), kilocalories (kcal) or British thermal units (BTU). The inverse of "energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile or kJ/t-km (of freight transport), GJ/t (for production of steel and other materials), BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle travel). Litres per 100 km is also a measure of "energy intensity" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the output is measured by the distance travelled. For example: Fuel economy in automobiles.
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units:
There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see below).
When comparing transportation energy costs, it must be remembered that a kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.
Energy content of fuel
The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram). It is sometimes called the heat of combustion. There exists two different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form. For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the latent heat of vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%. This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used.
Fuel type
MJ/L
MJ/kg
BTU/imp gal
BTU/US gal
Research octane number (RON)
Regular gasoline/petrol
34.8
~47
150,100
125,000
Min. 91
Premium gasoline/petrol
~46
Min. 95
Autogas (LPG) (60% propane and 40% butane)
25.5–28.7
~51
108–110
Ethanol
23.5
31.1
101,600
84,600
129
Methanol
17.9
19.9
77,600
64,600
123
Gasohol (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline)
33.7
~45
145,200
121,000
93/94
E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)
25.2
~33
108,878
90,660
100–105
Diesel
38.6
~48
166,600
138,700
N/A (see cetane)
Biodiesel
35.1
39.9
151,600
126,200
N/A (see cetane)
Vegetable oil (using 9.00 kcal/g)
34.3
37.7
147,894
123,143
Aviation gasoline
33.5
46.8
144,400
120,200
80-145
Jet fuel, naphtha
35.5
46.6
153,100
127,500
N/A to turbine engines
Jet fuel, kerosene
37.6
~47
162,100
135,000
N/A to turbine engines
Liquefied natural gas
25.3
~55
109,000
90,800
Liquid hydrogen
09.3
~130
40,467
33,696
Neither the gross heat of combustion nor the net heat of combustion gives the theoretical amount of mechanical energy (work) that can be obtained from the reaction. (This is given by the change in Gibbs free energy, and is around 45.7 MJ/kg for gasoline.) The actual amount of mechanical work obtained from fuel (the inverse of the specific fuel consumption) depends on the engine. A figure of 17.6 MJ/kg is possible with a gasoline engine, and 19.1 MJ/kg for a diesel engine. See Brake specific fuel consumption for more information.
Transportation
This section is an excerpt from Energy efficiency in transport.
The energy efficiency in transport is the useful travelled distance, of passengers, goods or any type of load; divided by the total energy put into the transport propulsion means. The energy input might be rendered in several different types depending on the type of propulsion, and normally such energy is presented in liquid fuels, electrical energy or food energy. The energy efficiency is also occasionally known as energy intensity. The inverse of the energy efficiency in transport is the energy consumption in transport.
Energy efficiency in transport is often described in terms of fuel consumption, fuel consumption being the reciprocal of fuel economy. Nonetheless, fuel consumption is linked with a means of propulsion which uses liquid fuels, whilst energy efficiency is applicable to any sort of propulsion. To avoid said confusion, and to be able to compare the energy efficiency in any type of vehicle, experts tend to measure the energy in the International System of Units, i.e., joules.
Therefore, in the International System of Units, the energy efficiency in transport is measured in terms of metre per joule, or m/J, while the energy consumption in transport is measured in terms of joules per metre, or J/m. The more efficient the vehicle, the more metres it covers with one joule (more efficiency), or the fewer joules it uses to travel over one metre (less consumption). The energy efficiency in transport largely varies by means of transport. Different types of transport range from some hundred kilojoules per kilometre (kJ/km) for a bicycle to tens of megajoules per kilometre (MJ/km) for a helicopter.
Via type of fuel used and rate of fuel consumption, energy efficiency is also often related to operating cost ($/km) and environmental emissions (e.g. CO2/km).
Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles
This section is an excerpt from Fuel economy in automobiles.
Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑US).
A Briggs and Stratton Flyer from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a bicycle.
The fuel economy of an automobile relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of fuel consumed. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of motor fuel can be a large part of a nation's foreign trade, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy.
Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (wind resistance, tire drag, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the chemical energy in the fuel and the kinetic energy of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy braking waste energy.
Electric cars do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as miles per gallon gasoline equivalent have been created to attempt to compare them.
Driving technique
This section is an excerpt from Energy-efficient driving.
Energy-efficient driving techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency. Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly. Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can dramatically improve fuel efficiency. Careful use of acceleration and deceleration and especially limiting use of high speeds helps efficiency. The use of multiple such techniques is called "hypermiling".
Simple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles.
Advanced technology
The most efficient machines for converting energy to rotary motion are electric motors, as used in electric vehicles. However, electricity is not a primary energy source so the efficiency of the electricity production has also to be taken into account. Railway trains can be powered using electricity, delivered through an additional running rail, overhead catenary system or by on-board generators used in diesel-electric locomotives as common on the US and UK rail networks. Pollution produced from centralised generation of electricity is emitted at a distant power station, rather than "on site". Pollution can be reduced by using more railway electrification and low carbon power for electricity. Some railways, such as the French SNCF and Swiss federal railways derive most, if not 100% of their power, from hydroelectric or nuclear power stations, therefore atmospheric pollution from their rail networks is very low. This was reflected in a study by AEA Technology between a Eurostar train and airline journeys between London and Paris, which showed the trains on average emitting 10 times less CO2, per passenger, than planes, helped in part by French nuclear generation.
Hydrogen fuel cells
In the future, hydrogen cars may be commercially available. Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells in southern California, where a series of hydrogen fueling stations has been established. Powered either through chemical reactions in a fuel cell that create electricity to drive very efficient electrical motors or by directly burning hydrogen in a combustion engine (near identically to a natural gas vehicle, and similarly compatible with both natural gas and gasoline); these vehicles promise to have near-zero pollution from the tailpipe (exhaust pipe). Potentially the atmospheric pollution could be minimal, provided the hydrogen is made by electrolysis using electricity from non-polluting sources such as solar, wind or hydroelectricity or nuclear. Commercial hydrogen production uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.
Because there are pollutants involved in the manufacture and destruction of a car and the production, transmission and storage of electricity and hydrogen, the label "zero pollution" applies only to the car's conversion of stored energy into movement.
In 2004, a consortium of major auto-makers — BMW, General Motors, Honda, Toyota and Volkswagen/Audi — came up with "Top Tier Detergent Gasoline Standard" to gasoline brands in the US and Canada that meet their minimum standards for detergent content and do not contain metallic additives. Top Tier gasoline contains higher levels of detergent additives in order to prevent the build-up of deposits (typically, on fuel injector and intake valve) known to reduce fuel economy and engine performance.
In microgravity
How fuel combusts affects how much energy is produced. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has investigated fuel consumption in microgravity.
The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, because soot tends to rise to the top of a flame, such as in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or zero gravity, such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely one given is the hypothesis that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Experiments by NASA in microgravity reveal that diffusion flames in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidised after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behaved differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.LSP-1 experiment results, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Premixed flames in microgravity burn at a much slower rate and more efficiently than even a candle on Earth, and last much longer.
See also
Energy portal
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
ACEA agreement
Alternative propulsion
Camless piston engine
Carbon dioxide equivalent
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
EcoAuto (in Canada)
Efficient energy use
Emission standard
Energy content of Biofuel
Energy conservation
Energy conversion efficiency
Energy density
FF layout
Front-wheel drive
Fuel economy in aircraft
Fuel economy in automobiles
Fuel economy maximising behaviors
Fuel efficiency in transportation
Gas-guzzler
Heating value
Jevons paradox
Life cycle assessment
Low-rolling resistance tires
Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
Marine fuel management
Twinjet
Variable valve timing
Unibody
Automobile costs
Vehicle metrics
References
^ "Information on the fuel consumption of new cars". Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
^ "Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.
^ "Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah". CarSangrah. 2018-06-07. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "How Hybrids Work". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
^ a b "Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report". EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023.
^ Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023). "Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition" (PDF). Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. doi:10.7922/G2HM56SV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2023.
^ Calculated from heats of formation. Does not correspond exactly to the figure for MJ/L divided by density.
^ Appendix B, Transportation Energy Data Book from the Center for Transportation Analysis of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
^ "Efficiency". Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ a b Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles. The National Academies Press. 2011. doi:10.17226/12924. ISBN 978-0-309-15607-3. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ "Glossary of energy-related terms". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916). "Man and His Machines". The World's Work. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
^ Beusen; et al. (2009). "Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course". Transportation Research D. 14 (7): 514–520. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19.
^ "20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling Merriam Webster dictionary
^ "Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
^ Top Tier Gasoline Archived 2013-08-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Deposit Control Standards". Archived from the original on 2004-08-06. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
^ SOFBAL-2 experiment results Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
US Government website on fuel economy
UK DfT comparisons on road and rail
NASA Offers a $1.5 Million Prize for a Fast and Fuel-Efficient Aircraft Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Car Fuel Consumption Official Figures
Spritmonitor.de "the most fuel efficient cars" - Database of thousands of (mostly German) car owners' actual fuel consumption figures (cf. Spritmonitor)
Searchable fuel economy data from the EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
penghemat bbm - Alat penghemat bbm
Ny Times: A Road Test of Alternative Fuel Visions
vtePublic infrastructureAssetsandfacilities
Airports
Bridges
Broadband
Canals
Critical infrastructure
Dams
Electricity generation
Energy development
Hazardous waste
Hospitals
Levees
Lighthouses
Municipal solid waste
Parks
Ports
Public housing
Public spaces
Public transport
Public utilities
Public works
Rail transport
Roads
Sewage
State schools
Telecommunications
Town square
Wastewater treatment
Water supply network
Wind power
Concepts
Appropriation
Infrastructure asset management
Build–operate–transfer
Design–build
Earmark
Engineering contracts
Externality
Fixed cost
Government debt
Infrastructure bond
Life-cycle assessment
Lindahl tax
Maintenance, repair, and operations
Natural monopoly
Property tax
Public capital
Public finance
Public good
Public sector
Public–private partnership
Renovation
Spillover
Supply chain
Taxation
Upgrade
Issuesandideas
Air traffic control
Brownfield land
Bus rapid transit
Carbon footprint
Congestion pricing
Containerization
Ethanol fuel
Fuel efficiency
Fuel tax
Groundwater
High-speed rail
Hybrid vehicles
Land-use planning
Mobile data terminal
Pork barrel
Recycling
Renewable resources
Reverse osmosis
Smart grid
Smart growth
Stormwater
Sustainable urban infrastructure
Traffic congestion
Transit-oriented development
Urban sprawl
Waste-to-energy
Weatherization
Wireless
Fieldsof study
Architecture
Civil engineering
Electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering
Public economics
Public policy
Urban planning
Examples
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
Autobahn
Brooklyn Bridge
Bus rapid transit systems
Channel Tunnel
Controlled-access highway systems
Electric power transmission
High-speed trains
Hong Kong International Airport
Hoover Dam
Humber Bridge
Kansai International Airport
Millau Viaduct
Nuclear power
Offshore wind farms
Panama Canal
Port of Shanghai
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
Suez Canal
Solar power
Three Gorges Dam
Trans-Alaska pipeline
Transcontinental railroads | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermal efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy"},{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel"},{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_work"},{"link_name":"energy profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_profile"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel power plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"Haber process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_fuel"},{"link_name":"engine efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_efficiency"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"metric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"liters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter"},{"link_name":"kilometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometers"},{"link_name":"miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"gallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallon"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units"},{"link_name":"mil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_mile"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight"}],"text":"Fuel efficiency (or fuel economy) is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.In the context of transport, fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, given as a ratio of distance traveled per unit of fuel consumed. It is dependent on several factors including engine efficiency, transmission design, and tire design. In most countries, using the metric system, fuel economy is stated as \"fuel consumption\" in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km) or kilometers per liter (km/L or kmpl). In a number of countries still using other systems, fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg), for example in the US and usually also in the UK (imperial gallon); there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. Traditionally, litres per mil were used in Norway and Sweden, but both have aligned to the EU standard of L/100 km. [1]Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle's performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements.[2] Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger) for passenger vehicles.","title":"Fuel efficiency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"rolling resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hybrid vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles"},{"link_name":"car's electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_electronics"},{"link_name":"idling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-stop_system"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fuel efficiency is dependent on many parameters of a vehicle, including its engine parameters, aerodynamic drag, weight, AC usage, fuel and rolling resistance. There have been advances in all areas of vehicle design in recent decades. Fuel efficiency of vehicles can also be improved by careful maintenance and driving habits.[3]Hybrid vehicles use two or more power sources for propulsion. In many designs, a small combustion engine is combined with electric motors. Kinetic energy which would otherwise be lost to heat during braking is recaptured as electrical power to improve fuel efficiency. The larger batteries in these vehicles power the car's electronics, allowing the engine to shut off and avoid prolonged idling.[4]","title":"Vehicle design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975-_US_vehicle_production_share,_by_vehicle_type.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-5"}],"text":"Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.[5] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[6]Fleet efficiency describes the average efficiency of a population of vehicles. Technological advances in efficiency may be offset by a change in buying habits with a propensity to heavier vehicles that are less fuel-efficient.[5]","title":"Fleet efficiency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)"},{"link_name":"megajoules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoules"},{"link_name":"kilowatt-hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hours"},{"link_name":"British thermal units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_thermal_units"},{"link_name":"energy intensity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_intensity"},{"link_name":"distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance"},{"link_name":"Fuel economy in automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"kilowatt hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hour"}],"text":"Energy efficiency is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is usually in units of energy such as megajoules (MJ), kilowatt-hours (kW·h), kilocalories (kcal) or British thermal units (BTU). The inverse of \"energy efficiency\" is \"energy intensity\", or the amount of input energy required for a unit of output such as MJ/passenger-km (of passenger transport), BTU/ton-mile or kJ/t-km (of freight transport), GJ/t (for production of steel and other materials), BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle travel). Litres per 100 km is also a measure of \"energy intensity\" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the output is measured by the distance travelled. For example: Fuel economy in automobiles.Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units:There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see below).\nWhen comparing transportation energy costs, it must be remembered that a kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel with heating value of 2 or 3 kilowatt hours to produce it.","title":"Energy efficiency terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content"},{"link_name":"heat of combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion"},{"link_name":"specific heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat"},{"link_name":"latent heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEDB-8"},{"link_name":"Gibbs free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy"},{"link_name":"specific fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_specific_fuel_consumption"},{"link_name":"Brake specific fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_specific_fuel_consumption"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram). It is sometimes called the heat of combustion. There exists two different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel. One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form. For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form (steam). Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the latent heat of vaporization of water. The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%. This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used.[8]Neither the gross heat of combustion nor the net heat of combustion gives the theoretical amount of mechanical energy (work) that can be obtained from the reaction. (This is given by the change in Gibbs free energy, and is around 45.7 MJ/kg for gasoline.) The actual amount of mechanical work obtained from fuel (the inverse of the specific fuel consumption) depends on the engine. A figure of 17.6 MJ/kg is possible with a gasoline engine, and 19.1 MJ/kg for a diesel engine. See Brake specific fuel consumption for more information.[clarification needed]","title":"Energy content of fuel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Energy efficiency in transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_efficiency_in_transport&action=edit"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency in transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport"},{"link_name":"distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsion"},{"link_name":"liquid fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuel"},{"link_name":"electrical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy"},{"link_name":"food energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco-10"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"link_name":"energy intensity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_intensity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_DOEgloss-11"},{"link_name":"inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse"},{"link_name":"fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_consumption"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Energy_efficiency_in_transport_fueleco-10"},{"link_name":"liquid fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuel"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"joules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation"},{"link_name":"kilojoules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Energy efficiency in transport.[edit]\nThe energy efficiency in transport is the useful travelled distance, of passengers, goods or any type of load; divided by the total energy put into the transport propulsion means. The energy input might be rendered in several different types depending on the type of propulsion, and normally such energy is presented in liquid fuels, electrical energy or food energy.[9][10] The energy efficiency is also occasionally known as energy intensity.[11] The inverse of the energy efficiency in transport is the energy consumption in transport.\nEnergy efficiency in transport is often described in terms of fuel consumption, fuel consumption being the reciprocal of fuel economy.[10] Nonetheless, fuel consumption is linked with a means of propulsion which uses liquid fuels, whilst energy efficiency is applicable to any sort of propulsion. To avoid said confusion, and to be able to compare the energy efficiency in any type of vehicle, experts tend to measure the energy in the International System of Units, i.e., joules.\nTherefore, in the International System of Units, the energy efficiency in transport is measured in terms of metre per joule, or m/J, while the energy consumption in transport is measured in terms of joules per metre, or J/m. The more efficient the vehicle, the more metres it covers with one joule (more efficiency), or the fewer joules it uses to travel over one metre (less consumption). The energy efficiency in transport largely varies by means of transport. Different types of transport range from some hundred kilojoules per kilometre (kJ/km) for a bicycle to tens of megajoules per kilometre (MJ/km) for a helicopter.\n\nVia type of fuel used and rate of fuel consumption, energy efficiency is also often related to operating cost ($/km) and environmental emissions (e.g. CO2/km).","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fuel economy in automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_economy_in_automobiles&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honda Airwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Airwave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel_Economy,_1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"Briggs and Stratton Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_and_Stratton_Flyer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"fuel consumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_consumption"},{"link_name":"motor fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_fuel"},{"link_name":"foreign trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade"},{"link_name":"wind resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_resistance"},{"link_name":"tire drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_drag"},{"link_name":"chemical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braking"},{"link_name":"Electric cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"miles per gallon gasoline equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent"}],"sub_title":"Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles","text":"This section is an excerpt from Fuel economy in automobiles.[edit]\nFuel consumption monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑US).\nA Briggs and Stratton Flyer from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a bicycle.[12]\nThe fuel economy of an automobile relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of fuel consumed. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of motor fuel can be a large part of a nation's foreign trade, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy.\nDifferent methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (wind resistance, tire drag, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the chemical energy in the fuel and the kinetic energy of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy braking waste energy.\n\nElectric cars do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as miles per gallon gasoline equivalent have been created to attempt to compare them.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Energy-efficient driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-efficient_driving"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy-efficient_driving&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png"},{"link_name":"Energy-efficient driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-efficient_driving"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_Beusen-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hypermiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermiling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Energy-efficient_driving_merriam-webster.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Driving technique","text":"This section is an excerpt from Energy-efficient driving.[edit]\n\nEnergy-efficient driving techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency. Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly.[13] Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can dramatically improve fuel efficiency.[14] Careful use of acceleration and deceleration and especially limiting use of high speeds helps efficiency. The use of multiple such techniques is called \"hypermiling\".[15]\n\nSimple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"catenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_lines"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric_transmission"},{"link_name":"low carbon power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_carbon_power"},{"link_name":"Eurostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The most efficient machines for converting energy to rotary motion are electric motors, as used in electric vehicles. However, electricity is not a primary energy source so the efficiency of the electricity production has also to be taken into account. Railway trains can be powered using electricity, delivered through an additional running rail, overhead catenary system or by on-board generators used in diesel-electric locomotives as common on the US and UK rail networks. Pollution produced from centralised generation of electricity is emitted at a distant power station, rather than \"on site\". Pollution can be reduced by using more railway electrification and low carbon power for electricity. Some railways, such as the French SNCF and Swiss federal railways derive most, if not 100% of their power, from hydroelectric or nuclear power stations, therefore atmospheric pollution from their rail networks is very low. This was reflected in a study by AEA Technology between a Eurostar train and airline journeys between London and Paris, which showed the trains on average emitting 10 times less CO2, per passenger, than planes, helped in part by French nuclear generation.[16]","title":"Advanced technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle"},{"link_name":"fuel cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell"},{"link_name":"natural gas vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle"},{"link_name":"electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis"},{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"hydrogen production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_production"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"detergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_Tier_Gasoline-17"},{"link_name":"fuel injector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injector"},{"link_name":"intake valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intake_valve"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Hydrogen fuel cells","text":"In the future, hydrogen cars may be commercially available. Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells in southern California, where a series of hydrogen fueling stations has been established. Powered either through chemical reactions in a fuel cell that create electricity to drive very efficient electrical motors or by directly burning hydrogen in a combustion engine (near identically to a natural gas vehicle, and similarly compatible with both natural gas and gasoline); these vehicles promise to have near-zero pollution from the tailpipe (exhaust pipe). Potentially the atmospheric pollution could be minimal, provided the hydrogen is made by electrolysis using electricity from non-polluting sources such as solar, wind or hydroelectricity or nuclear. Commercial hydrogen production uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.Because there are pollutants involved in the manufacture and destruction of a car and the production, transmission and storage of electricity and hydrogen, the label \"zero pollution\" applies only to the car's conversion of stored energy into movement.In 2004, a consortium of major auto-makers — BMW, General Motors, Honda, Toyota and Volkswagen/Audi — came up with \"Top Tier Detergent Gasoline Standard\" to gasoline brands in the US and Canada that meet their minimum standards for detergent content[17] and do not contain metallic additives. Top Tier gasoline contains higher levels of detergent additives in order to prevent the build-up of deposits (typically, on fuel injector and intake valve) known to reduce fuel economy and engine performance.[18]","title":"Advanced technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"microgravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgravity"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"zero gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_gravity"},{"link_name":"outer space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space"},{"link_name":"spherical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"diffusion flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_flame"},{"link_name":"LSP-1 experiment results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm"},{"link_name":"Premixed flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premixed_flame"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"In microgravity","text":"How fuel combusts affects how much energy is produced. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has investigated fuel consumption in microgravity.The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, because soot tends to rise to the top of a flame, such as in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or zero gravity, such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely one given is the hypothesis that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Experiments by NASA in microgravity reveal that diffusion flames in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidised after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behaved differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.LSP-1 experiment results, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Premixed flames in microgravity burn at a much slower rate and more efficiently than even a candle on Earth, and last much longer.[19]","title":"Advanced technology"}] | [{"image_text":"Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.[5] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/220px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006 Honda Airwave. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑US).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg/220px-2006_Honda_Airwave_fuel_efficiency_meter.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Briggs and Stratton Flyer from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a bicycle.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg/220px-Fuel_Economy%2C_1916.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png/220px-Carbon_Emissions_Per_Passenger.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Annual fuel utilization efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_fuel_utilization_efficiency"},{"title":"ACEA agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACEA_agreement"},{"title":"Alternative propulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_propulsion"},{"title":"Camless piston engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camless_piston_engine"},{"title":"Carbon dioxide equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent"},{"title":"Corporate Average Fuel Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy"},{"title":"EcoAuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoAuto"},{"title":"Efficient energy use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"title":"Emission standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard"},{"title":"Energy content of Biofuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_Biofuel"},{"title":"Energy conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation"},{"title":"Energy conversion efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency"},{"title":"Energy density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density"},{"title":"FF layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FF_layout"},{"title":"Front-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"title":"Fuel economy in aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft"},{"title":"Fuel economy in automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"title":"Fuel economy maximising behaviors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy-maximizing_behaviors"},{"title":"Fuel efficiency in transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation"},{"title":"Gas-guzzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-guzzler"},{"title":"Heating value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_value"},{"title":"Jevons paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox"},{"title":"Life cycle assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment"},{"title":"Low-rolling resistance tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-rolling_resistance_tires"},{"title":"Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent"},{"title":"Marine fuel management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_fuel_management"},{"title":"Twinjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinjet"},{"title":"Variable valve timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing"},{"title":"Unibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_frame#Unibody"},{"title":"Automobile costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_costs"},{"title":"Vehicle metrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_metrics"}] | [{"reference":"\"Information on the fuel consumption of new cars\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190908124154/http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar","url_text":"\"Information on the fuel consumption of new cars\""},{"url":"http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles\". Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate","url_text":"\"Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130705143242/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah\". CarSangrah. 2018-06-07. Retrieved 2018-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carsangrah.com/blog/simple-tips-tricks-enhance-fuel-efficiency-car","url_text":"\"Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Hybrids Work\". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2014-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/","url_text":"\"How Hybrids Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy","url_text":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708093450/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report\". EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report","url_text":"\"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023). \"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition\" (PDF). Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. doi:10.7922/G2HM56SV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf","url_text":"\"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7922%2FG2HM56SV","url_text":"10.7922/G2HM56SV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Efficiency\". Retrieved 18 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency","url_text":"\"Efficiency\""}]},{"reference":"Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles. The National Academies Press. 2011. doi:10.17226/12924. ISBN 978-0-309-15607-3. Retrieved 18 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nap.edu/read/12924/chapter/4","url_text":"Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12924","url_text":"10.17226/12924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15607-3","url_text":"978-0-309-15607-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary of energy-related terms\". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/glossary-energy-related-terms#E","url_text":"\"Glossary of energy-related terms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy","url_text":"U.S. Department of Energy"}]},{"reference":"Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916). \"Man and His Machines\". The World's Work. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lPAMVa7esS4C","url_text":"\"Man and His Machines\""}]},{"reference":"Beusen; et al. (2009). \"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course\". Transportation Research D. 14 (7): 514–520. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817","url_text":"\"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2009.05.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115218/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817_Using_on-board_logging_devices_to_study_the_long-term_impact_of_an_eco-driving_course?ev=prf_pub","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/","url_text":"\"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132350/http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html","url_text":"\"Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024427/http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Deposit Control Standards\". Archived from the original on 2004-08-06. Retrieved 2012-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040806012056/http://www.toptiergas.com/deposit_control.html","url_text":"\"Deposit Control Standards\""},{"url":"http://www.toptiergas.com/deposit_control.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fuel+efficiency%22","external_links_name":"\"Fuel efficiency\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fuel+efficiency%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fuel+efficiency%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fuel+efficiency%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fuel+efficiency%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fuel+efficiency%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_efficiency_in_transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_economy_in_automobiles&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy-efficient_driving&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm","external_links_name":"LSP-1 experiment results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190908124154/http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar","external_links_name":"\"Information on the fuel consumption of new cars\""},{"Link":"http://www.bilsweden.se/miljo-sakerhet/miljo/information-gallande-bransleforbrukning-for-nya-bilar","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate","external_links_name":"\"Learn More About the Fuel Economy Label for Gasoline Vehicles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130705143242/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-gasoline-label.shtml#fuel-consumption-rate","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.carsangrah.com/blog/simple-tips-tricks-enhance-fuel-efficiency-car","external_links_name":"\"Simple tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your car | CarSangrah\""},{"Link":"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/","external_links_name":"\"How Hybrids Work\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708093450/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report","external_links_name":"\"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145941/https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7922%2FG2HM56SV","external_links_name":"10.7922/G2HM56SV"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092826/https://www.globalfueleconomy.org/media/792523/gfei-trends-in-the-global-vehicle-fleet-2023-spreads.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/Appendix_B.html","external_links_name":"Appendix B, Transportation Energy Data Book"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency","external_links_name":"\"Efficiency\""},{"Link":"http://www.nap.edu/read/12924/chapter/4","external_links_name":"Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12924","external_links_name":"10.17226/12924"},{"Link":"http://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/glossary-energy-related-terms#E","external_links_name":"\"Glossary of energy-related terms\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lPAMVa7esS4C","external_links_name":"\"Man and His Machines\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817","external_links_name":"\"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2009.05.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019115218/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231614817_Using_on-board_logging_devices_to_study_the_long-term_impact_of_an_eco-driving_course?ev=prf_pub","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/","external_links_name":"\"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132350/http://car1.ca/blog/2016/08/02/20-ways-to-improve-your-fuel-efficiency-and-save-money-at-the-pump/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling","external_links_name":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling"},{"Link":"http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html","external_links_name":"\"Rail 10 times better than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Transport & Environment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024427/http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article267.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.toptiergas.com/retailers.html","external_links_name":"Top Tier Gasoline"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130815031514/http://www.toptiergas.com/retailers.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040806012056/http://www.toptiergas.com/deposit_control.html","external_links_name":"\"Deposit Control Standards\""},{"Link":"http://www.toptiergas.com/deposit_control.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm","external_links_name":"SOFBAL-2 experiment results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_efficiency&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/","external_links_name":"US Government website on fuel economy"},{"Link":"http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_railways/documents/page/dft_railways_611287.pdf","external_links_name":"UK DfT comparisons on road and rail"},{"Link":"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12694","external_links_name":"NASA Offers a $1.5 Million Prize for a Fast and Fuel-Efficient Aircraft"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200449/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12694","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.carfuelconsumption.com/","external_links_name":"Car Fuel Consumption Official Figures"},{"Link":"https://www.spritmonitor.de/de/die_sparsamsten_autos.html","external_links_name":"Spritmonitor.de \"the most fuel efficient cars\" - Database of thousands of (mostly German) car owners' actual fuel consumption figures"},{"Link":"http://fueleconomy.carconsumption.com/","external_links_name":"Searchable fuel economy data from the EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency"},{"Link":"http://www.xpower-ionizer.com/","external_links_name":"penghemat bbm - Alat penghemat bbm"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/science/earth/hydrogen-cars-join-electric-models-in-showrooms.html","external_links_name":"Ny Times: A Road Test of Alternative Fuel Visions"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Relief_and_Development | Episcopal Relief & Development | ["1 Program Areas","2 History","3 Financials","4 References"] | Anglican charitable organization
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Episcopal Relief & Development" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Episcopal Relief & DevelopmentFounded1940TypeInternational Relief and Development AgencyLocation815 Second Avenue, New York, NY 10017OriginsThe Episcopal ChurchArea served GlobalMethodAsset Based Community DevelopmentKey peopleRob Radtke, President; Neel Lane, Chairman of the BoardWebsitehttp://www.episcopalrelief.org/
Episcopal Relief & Development is an international relief and development agency of the Episcopal Church. It was established in 1940 as the Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief. Episcopal Relief and Development works in approximately 40 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and the Middle East. They build partnerships with local Episcopal and Anglican dioceses and related organizations based on need, capacity and available resources.
Program Areas
Episcopal Relief and Development works with church partners to rebuild after disasters and empower people to create lasting solutions that fight poverty, hunger and disease. Working in close to 40 countries, their programs impact the lives of approximately 3 million people. Their international development programs seek to mobilize local resources and expertise toward sustainable, community-led programs that address poverty, hunger, and disease.
The four core program areas are:
Alleviate hunger and improve food supply
Create economic opportunities and strengthen communities
Promote health and fight disease
Respond to disasters and rebuild communities
Starting in 2012, Episcopal Relief and Development introduced Asset-Based Community Development. This model of development uses the gifts and talents that people already possess, while facilitating solutions rather than directing them. The method produces sustainable community-driven solutions. Episcopal Relief and Development staff conduct regular monitoring visits to all program sites.
Sustainable Development Goals, an initiative of the United Nations, is a set of goals which build on the work of the Millennium Development Goals. They target a range of development issues such as poverty, hunger, disease, gender inequality, and access to clean water and sanitation. Inspired by these global goals, all of Episcopal Relief and Development's international development programs seek to mobilize local resources and expertise toward sustainable, community-led programs that address poverty, hunger, and disease.
History
Originally called the Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief (the PB Fund), the organization was established in 1940 by the Episcopal Church. Its initial mission was to assist refugees fleeing Europe during World War II. Soon after the war, the agency's efforts expanded to include additional humanitarian assistance, focusing mostly on disaster relief.
With increased funding in the 1960s and 1970s, the PB Fund increased its operational capacity and expanding programming to incorporate sustainable development. In the 1980s, major fundraising initiatives supported responses to famine in Ethiopia, an earthquake in Mexico, and a volcano eruption in Colombia. Later that decade, the Episcopal Migration Ministry was developed, funded out of the PB fund to meet the growing needs of refugee ministries, allowing the fund to focus on long-term development work.
After Hurricane Mitch in 1998, the PB Fund undertook disaster relief work in Honduras that focused on integrated community development. Over four years, an entire community was constructed, with 200 houses, a school, a clinic and a church. Micro-finance activities and agricultural projects were launched to create economic opportunities and improve food supply. The combination of rebuilding and development through micro-finance and other initiatives helped spur economic growth in the devastated region. This integrated approach became a core element of the agency's disaster relief work.
In 2000, the PB Fund was renamed Episcopal Relief and Development to emphasize its disaster relief work and its increased programmatic focus on integrated community development. Two years later, Episcopal Relief and Development was incorporated as an independent, 501(c)(3) organization. In 2003, the board of directors decided to shift from administering small grants for domestic and overseas projects to implementing long-term development programs and partnerships. The organization formally endorsed the Millennium Development Goals, eight benchmarks developed by the international community to reduce extreme global poverty by 2015. In 2004, the agency worked in 21 countries, reaching nearly 250,000 people annually. As of 2015, Episcopal Relief and Development is working with close to 3 million people each year in approximately 40 countries.
In 2004 and 2005, Episcopal Relief and Development undertook large-scale disaster responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. NetsforLife, a program partnership to fight malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, began as a pilot in 2006 and was established in a growing number of countries. Since 2010, the US disaster program has expanded through the Disaster Preparedness Initiative to support and equip Episcopal Church leaders to prepare for and respond to disasters in their communities.
Episcopal Relief and Development partnered with the Episcopal Diocese of Haiti to offer immediate aid to those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In the initial years following the quake, the agency provided emergency relief in the form of food, medicine, and assistance in finding shelter for those who lost their homes. The organization has since shifted to long-term sanitation, shelter provision and employment creation programs, assisting more than 40,000 people in 2011 alone. Episcopal Relief and Development collaborates with World Health, Idjen, and the Bishop Tharp Business and Technology Institute to foster activities in education, business development and micro-credit.
2014–15 marked Episcopal Relief and Development's 75th anniversary. Elements of the celebration included a traveling photo exhibition, the 75 Stories Project, and fundraising campaigns.
Episcopal Relief and Development began a Hurricane Harvey Response Fund to provide support for communities affected by Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall in Texas on August 26, 2017, where more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed. One of the immediate ways Episcopal Relief & Development and its partners help individuals is by handing out gift cards to local stores so that people can choose what they need the most.
Financials
Episcopal Relief and Development's most recent 2016 financials, annual summaries and 990 federal tax returns are available online.
References
^ a b "History". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ "What We Do". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "Global Goals". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "Asset-Based Community Development". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ a b Hurricane Harvey 2017: What can I do to help?
^ Responding To Hurricane Harvey – pdf insert
^ Financials and Annual Summaries
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"}],"text":"Episcopal Relief & Development is an international relief and development agency of the Episcopal Church. It was established in 1940 as the Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief. Episcopal Relief and Development works in approximately 40 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and the Middle East. They build partnerships with local Episcopal and Anglican dioceses and related organizations based on need, capacity and available resources.[1]","title":"Episcopal Relief & Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Episcopal Relief and Development works with church partners to rebuild after disasters and empower people to create lasting solutions that fight poverty, hunger and disease. Working in close to 40 countries, their programs impact the lives of approximately 3 million people. Their international development programs seek to mobilize local resources and expertise toward sustainable, community-led programs that address poverty, hunger, and disease.The four core program areas are:Alleviate hunger and improve food supply\nCreate economic opportunities and strengthen communities\nPromote health and fight disease\nRespond to disasters and rebuild communities[2]Starting in 2012, Episcopal Relief and Development introduced Asset-Based Community Development. This model of development uses the gifts and talents that people already possess, while facilitating solutions rather than directing them. The method produces sustainable community-driven solutions. Episcopal Relief and Development staff conduct regular monitoring visits to all program sites.Sustainable Development Goals,[3] an initiative of the United Nations, is a set of goals which build on the work of the Millennium Development Goals. They target a range of development issues such as poverty, hunger, disease, gender inequality, and access to clean water and sanitation. Inspired by these global goals, all of Episcopal Relief and Development's international development programs seek to mobilize local resources and expertise toward sustainable, community-led programs that address poverty, hunger, and disease.[4]","title":"Program Areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Mitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"2010 Haiti earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog-5"}],"text":"Originally called the Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief (the PB Fund), the organization was established in 1940 by the Episcopal Church. Its initial mission was to assist refugees fleeing Europe during World War II. Soon after the war, the agency's efforts expanded to include additional humanitarian assistance, focusing mostly on disaster relief.With increased funding in the 1960s and 1970s, the PB Fund increased its operational capacity and expanding programming to incorporate sustainable development. In the 1980s, major fundraising initiatives supported responses to famine in Ethiopia, an earthquake in Mexico, and a volcano eruption in Colombia. Later that decade, the Episcopal Migration Ministry was developed, funded out of the PB fund to meet the growing needs of refugee ministries, allowing the fund to focus on long-term development work.After Hurricane Mitch in 1998, the PB Fund undertook disaster relief work in Honduras that focused on integrated community development. Over four years, an entire community was constructed, with 200 houses, a school, a clinic and a church. Micro-finance activities and agricultural projects were launched to create economic opportunities and improve food supply. The combination of rebuilding and development through micro-finance and other initiatives helped spur economic growth in the devastated region. This integrated approach became a core element of the agency's disaster relief work.In 2000, the PB Fund was renamed Episcopal Relief and Development to emphasize its disaster relief work and its increased programmatic focus on integrated community development. Two years later, Episcopal Relief and Development was incorporated as an independent, 501(c)(3) organization. In 2003, the board of directors decided to shift from administering small grants for domestic and overseas projects to implementing long-term development programs and partnerships. The organization formally endorsed the Millennium Development Goals, eight benchmarks developed by the international community to reduce extreme global poverty by 2015. In 2004, the agency worked in 21 countries, reaching nearly 250,000 people annually. As of 2015, Episcopal Relief and Development is working with close to 3 million people each year in approximately 40 countries.In 2004 and 2005, Episcopal Relief and Development undertook large-scale disaster responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. NetsforLife, a program partnership to fight malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, began as a pilot in 2006 and was established in a growing number of countries. Since 2010, the US disaster program has expanded through the Disaster Preparedness Initiative to support and equip Episcopal Church leaders to prepare for and respond to disasters in their communities.Episcopal Relief and Development partnered with the Episcopal Diocese of Haiti to offer immediate aid to those affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In the initial years following the quake, the agency provided emergency relief in the form of food, medicine, and assistance in finding shelter for those who lost their homes. The organization has since shifted to long-term sanitation, shelter provision and employment creation programs, assisting more than 40,000 people in 2011 alone. Episcopal Relief and Development collaborates with World Health, Idjen, and the Bishop Tharp Business and Technology Institute to foster activities in education, business development and micro-credit.2014–15 marked Episcopal Relief and Development's 75th anniversary. Elements of the celebration included a traveling photo exhibition, the 75 Stories Project, and fundraising campaigns.[1]Episcopal Relief and Development began a Hurricane Harvey Response Fund[5][6] to provide support for communities affected by Hurricane Harvey, which made landfall in Texas on August 26, 2017, where more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed. One of the immediate ways Episcopal Relief & Development and its partners help individuals is by handing out gift cards to local stores so that people can choose what they need the most.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Episcopal Relief and Development's most recent 2016 financials, annual summaries and 990 federal tax returns are available online.[7]","title":"Financials"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"History\". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved June 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.episcopalrelief.org/who-we-are/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"What We Do\". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do","url_text":"\"What We Do\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Goals\". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do/global-goals","url_text":"\"Global Goals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asset-Based Community Development\". Episcopal Relief and Development. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do/asset-based-community-development","url_text":"\"Asset-Based Community Development\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22","external_links_name":"\"Episcopal Relief & Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Episcopal+Relief+%26+Development%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.episcopalrelief.org/who-we-are/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do","external_links_name":"\"What We Do\""},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do/global-goals","external_links_name":"\"Global Goals\""},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/what-we-do/asset-based-community-development","external_links_name":"\"Asset-Based Community Development\""},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/stories/hurricane-harvey-2017-what-can-i-do-to-help","external_links_name":"Hurricane Harvey 2017: What can I do to help?"},{"Link":"https://www.episcopalrelief.org/uploaded/files/Church-In-Action/Worship%20Resources/Hurricane%20Harvey/Harvey-Insert-FP-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Responding To Hurricane Harvey – pdf insert"},{"Link":"http://www.episcopalrelief.org/who-we-are/financials","external_links_name":"Financials and Annual Summaries"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129341249","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002051206","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cambrian_(1915) | HMS Cambrian (1916) | ["1 Design and description","1.1 Wartime modifications","2 Construction and career","3 Notes","4 Citations","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | British C-class light cruiser
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Cambrian.
Cambrian at anchor during World War I
History
United Kingdom
NameCambrian
NamesakeCambrian Mountains
OrderedSeptember 1914
BuilderHM Dockyard, Pembroke
Laid down8 December 1914
Launched3 March 1916
CompletedMay 1916
CommissionedMay 1916
DecommissionedJune 1924
Recommissioned1926
DecommissionedNovember 1929
RecommissionedMarch 1931
DecommissionedJuly 1933
FateSold for scrap, 28 July 1934
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeC-class light cruiser
Displacement4,320 long tons (4,390 t)
Length446 ft (135.9 m) (o/a)
Beam41 ft 6 in (12.6 m)
Draught14 ft 10 in (4.5 m)
Installed power
6 × Yarrow boilers
40,000 shp (30,000 kW)
Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × steam turbines
Speed28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph)
Complement368
Armament
3 × single BL 6 in (152 mm) Mk XII guns
6 × single QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns
1 × single QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk V anti-aircraft gun
2 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes
Armour
Waterline belt: 1.5–3 in (38–76 mm)
Deck: 1 in (25 mm)
Conning tower: 6 in
HMS Cambrian was a C-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was the name ship of her sub-class of four ships. Assigned to the Grand Fleet upon completion in 1916, the ship played only a small role during the war. Cambrian was assigned to the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets during the 1920s and was sent to support British interests in Turkey during the Chanak Crisis of 1922–1923. The ship was placed in reserve in late 1929. She was sold for scrap in 1934.
Design and description
The C-class cruisers were intended to escort the fleet and defend it against enemy destroyers attempting to close within torpedo range. Ordered as part of the 1914–15 Naval Programme, the Cambrian sub-class were a slightly larger and improved version of the preceding Calliope sub-class; Cambrian, the last ship of her sub-class to be completed, differed from her sister ships as she had a more powerful armament. The ships were 446 feet (135.9 m) long overall, with a beam of 41 feet 6 inches (12.6 m) and a mean draught of 14 feet 10 inches (4.5 m). Displacement was 4,320 long tons (4,390 t) at normal and 4,799 long tons (4,876 t) at deep load. Cambrian was powered by four direct-drive Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, which produced a total of 40,000 indicated horsepower (30,000 kW). The turbines used steam generated by six Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of 28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph). She carried 841 long tons (854 t) tons of fuel oil. The ship had a crew of 368 officers and ratings.
Cambrian's main armament consisted of three BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline. One gun was forward of the bridge and the last two were in the stern, with one gun superfiring over the rearmost gun. Her secondary armament consisted of six QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns, three on each side, one pair abaft the bridge on the forecastle deck and the other two pairs one deck lower amidships. For anti-aircraft defence, she was fitted with one QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk V gun. The ship also mounted two submerged 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside. The Cambrians were protected by a waterline belt amidships that ranged in thickness from 1.5–3 inches (38–76 mm) with a 1-inch (25 mm) deck. The walls of their conning tower were 6 inches thick.
Wartime modifications
During 1917–18, her pole foremast was replaced by a tripod mast that was fitted with a gunnery director. In January 1919, Cambrian had her 4-inch guns removed and an additional 6-inch gun added abaft the funnels. At the same time, her AA gun was replaced by a pair of QF 3 in (76 mm) 20-cwt anti-aircraft guns. Sometime between 1919 and 1924 the ship received a pair of 2-pounder (40 mm) Mk II "pom-pom" guns on single mounts.
Construction and career
Cambrian, the fourth ship of her name in the Royal Navy, was laid down by Pembroke Dockyard in Pembroke Dock, Wales, on 8 December 1914, launched on 3 March 1916, and completed in May 1916. She was commissioned into service that same month and was assigned to the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet in which she served through the end of World War I and until 1919. The squadron was generally tasked with screening the battleships of the Grand Fleet during the war. The ship did not participate in the inconclusive Action of 19 August 1916 with the rest of her squadron. The squadron was briefly detached from the Grand Fleet in March 1917 to fruitlessly patrol off the Norwegian coast when news of a blockade runner was received by the Admiralty.
At the beginning of 1919, Cambrian was refitted in Rosyth before she sailed for Devonport where she was visited by the Edward, Prince of Wales on 13 June. The ship was assigned to the North American and West Indies Station the following month, where she served until 1922. Cambrian's crew spent several days in August trying to tow off the schooner Bella Scott after she had run aground near Kingston, Jamaica and received a brief refit in Bermuda in March–April 1920. The Prince of Wales again visited the ship on 26 September in Dominica. On 25 January 1921, she was inspected by Vice-Admiral Sir William Pakenham at Bermuda and again on 17 June. The ship arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts to participate in the Pilgrim Tercentenary celebrations on 31 July.
She was part of the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet from August 1922 until June 1924, and was detached to support British interests during the Chanak Crisis of 1922–23. She escorted the seaplane carrier Ark Royal from the UK to Turkey from 27 September to 8 October and was later guard ship at Smyrna in December.
The ship was decommissioned in June 1924 and began a refit that lasted into 1926, during which her aft control tower and searchlight platform was removed, when she was recommissioned to serve in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet where she participated in a fleet exercise in March 1929. After transporting troops to China in 1929, she was decommissioned in November 1929 and assigned to the Nore Reserve. She was recommissioned as the flagship of the Nore Reserve in March 1931 and was then decommissioned in July 1933 at Sheerness and listed for sale. Cambrian was sold for scrap on 28 July 1934.
Notes
^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
Citations
^ Friedman, pp. 38, 42, 48
^ a b c d e f g h Preston, p. 59
^ Raven & Roberts, p. 44
^ Raven & Roberts, p. 46
^ Raven & Roberts, p. 49
^ Colledge, p. 58
^ Newbolt, IV, p. 34, 192
^ Transcript
^ Halpern, pp. 401, 423
^ Halpern, p. 541
^ Raven & Roberts, p. 437
Bibliography
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Friedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.
Halpern, Paul, ed. (2011). The Mediterranean Fleet 1920–1929. Navy Records Society Publications. Vol. 158. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-2756-8.
Newbolt, Henry (1996). Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. IV (reprint of the 1928 ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-253-5.
Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-922-7.
"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station". Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
External links
Ships of the Cambrian class
C-class cruisersCaroline class
Caroline
Carysfort
Cleopatra
Comus
Conquest
Cordelia
Calliope class
Calliope
Champion
Cambrian class
Cambrian
Canterbury
Castor
Constance
Centaur class
Centaur
Concord
Caledon class
Caledon
Calypso
Cassandra
Caradoc
Ceres class
Cardiff
Ceres
Coventry
Curacoa
Curlew
Carlisle class
Cairo
Calcutta
Capetown
Carlisle
Colombo
Preceded by: Arethusa class
Followed by: Danae class
List of cruisers of the Royal Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cambrian"},{"link_name":"C-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"name ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_ship"},{"link_name":"sub-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"Grand Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Chanak Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanak_Crisis"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"British C-class light cruiserFor other ships with the same name, see HMS Cambrian.HMS Cambrian was a C-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was the name ship of her sub-class of four ships. Assigned to the Grand Fleet upon completion in 1916, the ship played only a small role during the war. Cambrian was assigned to the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets during the 1920s and was sent to support British interests in Turkey during the Chanak Crisis of 1922–1923. The ship was placed in reserve in late 1929. She was sold for scrap in 1934.","title":"HMS Cambrian (1916)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f8-1"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Marine_Steam_Turbine_Company"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"propeller shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yarrow boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_boiler"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_rating"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_XII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiring"},{"link_name":"secondary armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_armament"},{"link_name":"QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4_inch_naval_gun_Mk_IV,_XII,_XXII"},{"link_name":"abaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaft"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"amidships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4_inch_Mk_V_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"21 in (533 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_21-inch_torpedo"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"waterline belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"}],"text":"The C-class cruisers were intended to escort the fleet and defend it against enemy destroyers attempting to close within torpedo range. Ordered as part of the 1914–15 Naval Programme,[1] the Cambrian sub-class were a slightly larger and improved version of the preceding Calliope sub-class; Cambrian, the last ship of her sub-class to be completed, differed from her sister ships as she had a more powerful armament. The ships were 446 feet (135.9 m) long overall, with a beam of 41 feet 6 inches (12.6 m) and a mean draught of 14 feet 10 inches (4.5 m). Displacement was 4,320 long tons (4,390 t) at normal and 4,799 long tons (4,876 t) at deep load.[2] Cambrian was powered by four direct-drive Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, which produced a total of 40,000 indicated horsepower (30,000 kW).[3] The turbines used steam generated by six Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of 28.5 knots (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph). She carried 841 long tons (854 t) tons of fuel oil. The ship had a crew of 368 officers and ratings.[2]Cambrian's main armament consisted of three BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline. One gun was forward of the bridge and the last two were in the stern, with one gun superfiring over the rearmost gun. Her secondary armament consisted of six QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns, three on each side, one pair abaft the bridge on the forecastle deck and the other two pairs one deck lower amidships.[2] For anti-aircraft defence, she was fitted with one QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk V gun.[4] The ship also mounted two submerged 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside. The Cambrians were protected by a waterline belt amidships that ranged in thickness from 1.5–3 inches (38–76 mm) with a 1-inch (25 mm) deck. The walls of their conning tower were 6 inches thick.[2]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foremast"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(military)"},{"link_name":"funnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"QF 3 in (76 mm) 20-cwt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"2-pounder (40 mm) Mk II \"pom-pom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_2_pounder_naval_gun#QF_2-pounder_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Wartime modifications","text":"During 1917–18, her pole foremast was replaced by a tripod mast that was fitted with a gunnery director. In January 1919, Cambrian had her 4-inch guns removed and an additional 6-inch gun added abaft the funnels. At the same time, her AA gun was replaced by a pair of QF 3 in (76 mm) 20-cwt[Note 1] anti-aircraft guns. Sometime between 1919 and 1924 the ship received a pair of 2-pounder (40 mm) Mk II \"pom-pom\" guns on single mounts.[5]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Pembroke Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Pembroke Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Dock"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"4th Light Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Light_Cruiser_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"Action of 19 August 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_19_August_1916"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rosyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"North American and West Indies Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"William Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pakenham_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Tercentenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrim_Tercentenary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2nd Light Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Light_Cruiser_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"seaplane carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_carrier"},{"link_name":"Ark Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(1914)"},{"link_name":"guard ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_ship"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore"},{"link_name":"Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Sheerness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Cambrian, the fourth ship of her name in the Royal Navy,[6] was laid down by Pembroke Dockyard in Pembroke Dock, Wales, on 8 December 1914, launched on 3 March 1916, and completed in May 1916. She was commissioned into service that same month and was assigned to the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet in which she served through the end of World War I and until 1919.[2] The squadron was generally tasked with screening the battleships of the Grand Fleet during the war. The ship did not participate in the inconclusive Action of 19 August 1916 with the rest of her squadron. The squadron was briefly detached from the Grand Fleet in March 1917 to fruitlessly patrol off the Norwegian coast when news of a blockade runner was received by the Admiralty.[7]At the beginning of 1919, Cambrian was refitted in Rosyth before she sailed for Devonport where she was visited by the Edward, Prince of Wales on 13 June. The ship was assigned to the North American and West Indies Station the following month, where she served until 1922. Cambrian's crew spent several days in August trying to tow off the schooner Bella Scott after she had run aground near Kingston, Jamaica and received a brief refit in Bermuda in March–April 1920. The Prince of Wales again visited the ship on 26 September in Dominica. On 25 January 1921, she was inspected by Vice-Admiral Sir William Pakenham at Bermuda and again on 17 June. The ship arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts to participate in the Pilgrim Tercentenary celebrations on 31 July.[8]She was part of the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet from August 1922 until June 1924, and was detached to support British interests during the Chanak Crisis of 1922–23.[2] She escorted the seaplane carrier Ark Royal from the UK to Turkey from 27 September to 8 October and was later guard ship at Smyrna in December.[9]The ship was decommissioned in June 1924 and began a refit that lasted into 1926, during which her aft control tower and searchlight platform was removed, when she was recommissioned to serve in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet[2] where she participated in a fleet exercise in March 1929.[10] After transporting troops to China in 1929, she was decommissioned in November 1929 and assigned to the Nore Reserve. She was recommissioned as the flagship of the Nore Reserve in March 1931 and was then decommissioned in July 1933 at Sheerness and listed for sale.[2] Cambrian was sold for scrap on 28 July 1934.[11]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"hundredweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight"}],"text":"^ \"Cwt\" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f8_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conways_2-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Friedman, pp. 38, 42, 48\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Preston, p. 59\n\n^ Raven & Roberts, p. 44\n\n^ Raven & Roberts, p. 46\n\n^ Raven & Roberts, p. 49\n\n^ Colledge, p. 58\n\n^ Newbolt, IV, p. 34, 192\n\n^ Transcript\n\n^ Halpern, pp. 401, 423\n\n^ Halpern, p. 541\n\n^ Raven & Roberts, p. 437","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colledge, J. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"},{"link_name":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86176-281-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"},{"link_name":"Friedman, Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59114-078-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-078-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4094-2756-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2756-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89839-253-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-253-5"},{"link_name":"Preston, Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-245-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-922-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-922-7"},{"link_name":"\"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Cambrian.htm"}],"text":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.\nFriedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.\nHalpern, Paul, ed. (2011). The Mediterranean Fleet 1920–1929. Navy Records Society Publications. Vol. 158. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-2756-8.\nNewbolt, Henry (1996). Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. IV (reprint of the 1928 ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-253-5.\nPreston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.\nRaven, Alan & Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-922-7.\n\"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station\". Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 10 March 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-078-8","url_text":"978-1-59114-078-8"}]},{"reference":"Halpern, Paul, ed. (2011). The Mediterranean Fleet 1920–1929. Navy Records Society Publications. Vol. 158. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-2756-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2756-8","url_text":"978-1-4094-2756-8"}]},{"reference":"Newbolt, Henry (1996). Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. Vol. IV (reprint of the 1928 ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-253-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-253-5","url_text":"0-89839-253-5"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston","url_text":"Preston, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-922-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-922-7","url_text":"0-87021-922-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station\". Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Cambrian.htm","url_text":"\"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Cambrian.htm","external_links_name":"\"Transcript: HMS CAMBRIAN – January 1919 to April 1922, North America & West Indies Station\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/light-cruiser/hms-Cambrian.html","external_links_name":"Ships of the Cambrian class"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Montero | Luis García Montero | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Controversies","4 Poetic works","5 Essays and article collections (selection)","6 Novela","7 Other books","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Interviews and documentaries about Luis García Montero"] | Spanish poet and literary critic (born 1958)
Luis García MonteroLuis García Montero in 2019Director of Instituto CervantesIncumbentAssumed office 2018Preceded byJuan Manuel Bonet
Personal detailsBorn (1958-12-04) 4 December 1958 (age 65)Granada, Andalusia, SpainSpouse
Almudena Grandes
(m. 1994; died 2021)SignatureWebsiteluisgarciamontero.com
Luis García Montero (born 4 December 1958) is a Spanish poet and literary critic, as well as a professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Granada.
Biography
Descended from a granadina family that was very active in the community, Luis García Montero was born in Granada in 1958 as the son of Luis García López and Elisa Montero Peña, and studied at the Colegio Dulce Nombre de María- PP.Escolapios in Granada. As a teenager, he was a fan of equestrian sports and had the opportunity to meet Blas de Otero.
He studied Philosophy and literature at the University of Granada, where he was a student of Juan Carlos Rodríguez Gómez, a social literature theorist. He received his Masters in 1980 and later became a doctorate in 1985 with a thesis about Rafael Alberti, La norma y los estilos en la poesía de Rafael Alberti or The norm and styles of Rafael Alberti's poetry. He maintained a great friendship with Alberti, a poet of the Generation of '27, and prepared a compilation of all his works of poetry.
He began to work as an associate professor at the University of Granada in 1981. He received the Premio Adonáis de Poesía in 1982 for El jardín extranjero. He created a memoir of his studies in 1984 about El teatro medieval. Polémica de una inexistencia or Medieval theatre. Controversy of an inexistence.
He became linked to the poetic group La Otra Setimentalidad (The Other Sentimentality), a wave in which contemporary Spanish poetry took the name of its first joint book, published in 1983, in which poets Javier Egea and Álvaro Salvador also participated. The poetics of the group remained reflected above all in this short book and in lesser part in his manifesto Manifiesto albertista (1982) by Luis García Montero and Javier Egea. Their personal trajectory began widening in what would later become known as poesía de la experiencia or poetry of the experience and is characterized by the general tendency to dillude the most personal I in the collective experience, furthering itself from the stylistic and thematic individuality of previous Novísimos authors; Garía and his group, however, tried to relate themselves with the previous poetic tradition taking in the postulates Luis Cernuda and Jaime Gil de Biedma and tried to unite the aesthetics of Antonio Machado with the thinking of the Generation of the '50s, as well as with Surrealism and the impactful images of Spanish Baroque poets or those of Juan Ramón Jiménez.
Garía Montero's most distinguishable characteristic is the history-biographical narrativism of his poems; a structure almost theatrical or novelistic with a character or protagonist that tells or lives his story through recollection, memory or desire.
His poetry is characterized by a colloquial language and by his reflections regarding every day events or situations.
He's edited Rimas (Rhymes) by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, among other theoretical works. He has also cultivated the art of essay writing and is an opinion columnist. Between the award-winning poetics that he's received, the most impressive have been the Premio Federico García Lorca, the Premio Loewe, the Premio Adonáis of poetry and the National Poetry Award – which he was presented with in 1995 – and the Premio Nacional de la Crítica in 2003. In 2010 he was awarded in Mexico the Premio Poetas del Mundo Latino for his literary career.
Since 1994 he has shared his life with writer Almudena Grandes and has three children.
Since he was very young he has been an active member in the PCE and, since its foundation, in the United Left. In the 2004 European Parliament election he was a United Left candidate. Prior to the 2011 Spanish general election he declared his support for United Left. In October 2012 it was announced that he would take on a key role in Izquierda Abierta, a new party led by Gaspar Llamazares and Montse Muñoz that was part of the United Left coalition.
On 22 October 2008 Luis García Montero was condemned for a libel case in writing an article calling professor José Antonio Fortes "disturbed." While in his classes at the University of Granada and in writing, Fortes called Federico García Lorca a fascist and the exiled writer Francisco Ayala a Nazi. García Montero asked for unpaid leave as a lecturer of said university.
García Montero ran first in the United Left Community of Madrid–The Greens list for the 2015 regional election in the Community of Madrid, failing to obtain a seat.
Awards
Premio Adonáis de Poesía, for El jardín extranjero. (1982)
Premio Loewe, for Habitaciones separadas. (1994)
National Poetry Award, for Habitaciones separadas. (1995)
Premio Nacional de la Crítica, for La intimidad de la serpiente. (2003)
Premio Poetas del Mundo Latino, for his career. (2010)
Controversies
On 22 October 2008 Luis García Montero was condemned for an injuries case against José Antonio Fortes, professor at the University of Granada. The poet in an article published in El País called the professor Fortes disturbing for claiming that Lorcan poetry had been served as an ideological breeding ground for fascist poetry. In other writings, Fortes had attacked Francisco Ayala, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Joaquín Sabina, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Rafael Alberti, as fascist writers or Capitalism sellers. The judge Miguel Ángel Torres - famous for the known Malaya urbanistic corruption case-, sentenced Luis García Montero to pay a fine of €1,800 as well as another €3,000 to the professor Fortes for serious publicity injuries. The poet referred to Fortes as an "indecent fool", and "disturbed", and in a meeting with other members of the Department he called him a "son of a bitch" and an "asshole". Although he thanked the many institutional and personal solidarity displays, García Montero announced a short time afterward a request for a leave of absence from the lecturer post that he had at the University of Granada, in which he entered as a professor in 1981. He renounces that he left a year later because he found the university Department environment "unbreathable".
One other controversy, this one related to the Premio de Poesía "Ciudad de Burgos" (2012), appeared published in at least three Spanish newspapers. Thus the Diario de Burgos titled it: "Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio "Ciudad de Burgos" while El Correo de Burgos said "La polémica se sirve en verso" ("Controversy served in verse"). El Ideal de Granada also picked up the news with the headline: "Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya" ("'Ciudad de Burgos' prize controversy awarded to granadino poet Daniel Rodríquez Moya").
Poetic works
Y ahora ya eres dueño del Puente de Brooklyn, Granada, University (Zumaya collection), 1980, Premio Federico García Lorca.
Tristia, in collaboration with Álvaro Salvador, Melilla, Rusadir, 1982.
El jardín extranjero, Madrid, Rialp, (Premio Adonáis), 1983 (... Poemas de Tristia, Madrid, Hiperión, 1989).
Rimado de ciudad, Granada town hall, 1983.
Égloga de dos rascacielos, Granada, Romper el Cerco, 1984 (2ª ed. Madrid, Hiperión, 1989).
En pie de paz, Granada, Editions of the Committee of Solitarity with Central America, 1985.
Seis poemas del mar (autógrafos), , Pliegos de Mineral, 1985.
Diario cómplice, Madrid, Hiperión, 1987.
Anuncios por palabras, Málaga, Plaza de la Marina, 1988.
Secreto de amistad, Málaga, I. B. Sierra Bermeja, 1990.
Las flores del frío, Madrid, Hiperión, 1990.
En otra edad, Málaga, Librería Anticuaria El Guadalhorce, 1992.
Fotografías veladas de la lluvia, Valladolid, El Gato Gris, 1993.
Habitaciones separadas, Madrid, Visor, 1994: (Premio Loewe y Premio Nacional de Literatura)
Además, Madrid, Hiperión, 1994.
Quedarse sin ciudad, Palma de Mallorca, Monograma, 1994.
Casi cien poemas (1980-1996): antología, prologue by José Carlos Mainer, Madrid, Hiperión, 1997.
Completamente viernes, Barcelona, Tusquets, 1998.
Antología personal, Madrid, Visor, 2001.
Poemas, Santander, Ultramar, 2001.
Antología poética, Madrid, Castalia, 2002.
Poesía urbana (antología 1980-2002); study and selections by Laura Scarano, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2002.
La intimidad de la serpiente, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2003, Premio Nacional de la Crítica 2003.
Poesía (1980-2005); ocho libros ordenados y reunidos, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2006.
Infancia; Málaga, Castillian collection from English, 2006.
Vista cansada, Madrid, Visor, 2008
Canciones, edition by Juan Carlos Abril, Valencia, Pre-Textos, 2009
Un invierno propio, Madrid, Visor, 2011
Ropa de calle, Madrid, Cátedra, 2011
Essays and article collections (selection)
La otra sentimentalidad, together with Javier Egea and Álvaro Salvador, Granada, Don Quijote, 1983.
La norma y los estilos en la poesía de Rafael Alberti (1920-1939), Granada, Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Granada, 1986.
Poesía, cuartel de invierno, Madrid Hiperión, 1988 (2nd ed. Barcelona, Seix-Barral, 2002).
Confesiones poéticas, Granada, Diputación Provincial, 1993.
La palabra de Ícaro (literary studies about García Lorca and Alberti), Granada, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Granada, 1996.
Lecciones de poesía para niños inquietos (Illustrations by Juan Vida), Granada, Editorial Comares, 1999: The book is aimed directly toward young readers and intends to show them what poetry consists of.
El sexto día : historia íntima de la poesía española, Madrid, Debate, 2000.
Gigante y extraño : las "Rimas" de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2001.
Los dueños del vacío. La conciencia poética, entre la identidad y los vínculos, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2006.
Inquietudes bárbaras, Barcelona, Anagrama, 2008.
Novela
In 2009 he published his first novel, Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera, about the life of the poet Ángel González, who died in 2008. For this book he received the Premio del Gremio de Libreros al Mejor libro of 2009.
In 2012 he published his second novel No me cuentes tu vida (Don't tell me your life), in which he reflects throughout three generations about the recent history of Spain.
Other books
He also published a book of narrative mistakes about his infancy (Luna del sur, Sevilla: Renacimiento, 1992), a novel together with Felipe Benítez Reyes (Impares, fila 13, Barcelona: Planeta, 1996) and the children's book La mudanza de Adán (Adam's moving) (Madrid: Anaya, 2002). His short story Dedicatoria has been included in the book Las musas de Rorschach (Logroño: Editorial Buscarini, 2008).
At a conference, his work was dedicated at the Autonomous University of Madrid in 2008 and with more financial contributions than any other writer or critic, El romántico ilustrado. Images by Luis García Montero, Juan Carlos Abril and Xelo Candel Vila Edition, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2009.
References
^ Yanel, Agustín (11 November 2011). "Ellos 'se mojan' y 'eligen IU'". El Mundo. Unidad Editorial Información General S.L.U. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Romero, Juanma (20 October 2012). "García Montero y Berzosa ocupan cargos claves en Izquierda Abierta". Publico (in Spanish). Madrid: Display Connectors, S.L. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ "García Montero afirma que sólo atacó a Fortes "como académico"". Granada Hoy (in Spanish). Joly Digital. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ García Montero, Luis (14 October 2006). "Lorca era un fascista". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Cabrera, Elena (21 November 2008). "Cuanto mejor se te oiga, más libertad de expresión tienes". adn.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
^ a b "El escritor Luís García Montero abandona la Universidad tras su condena por injurias". Diario Público (in Spanish). Madrid: Mediapubli Sociedad de Publicaciones y Ediciones S.L. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Cortés, V.; Valverde, F. (12 November 2008). "Luis García Montero pone fin a su vida universitaria tras 27 años". El País (in Spanish). Prisa. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ "Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio 'Ciudad de Burgos'". Diario de Burgos (in Spanish). 27 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ "La polémica se sirve en verso". El Correo de Burgos (in Spanish). 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ R.I. (28 October 2012). "Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya". Ideal (in Spanish). Vocento. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Sabina, Joaquín (1 June 2009). "Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera". El País (in Spanish). Prisa. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ "Luis García Montero. Biografía". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). 25 September 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ "Luis García Montero: No me cuentes tu vida". El Imparcial (in Spanish). 6 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Castro, Pilar (9 November 2012). "No me cuentes tu vida". El Cultural (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
External links
English
Luis García Montero, some poems translated in English in WordsWithoutBorders.org
Spanish
Official site of poet Luis García Montero
Space dedicated to Luis García Montero in the Cervantes Virtual Library
Poetic Anthonlogy in A media voz
Poetic Anthology in SiFuesePoeta
Biography in El poder de la palabra
Poems by Luis García Montero in regards to poetic creation
Overview of the work "Los dueños del vacío" by Luis García Montero
Interviews and documentaries about Luis García Montero
Interview in Espacio de Libros, October 2012.
Radio interview in the Programa Señales de Humo
Interview in Diario El Correo: "He creído en ideas que hoy veo un poco encogidas"
Interview in Diario La Rioja: "No me gustaría dejar de escribir a los 50"
Interview during his time at Menéndez Pelayo International University in 2009 on YouTube
Luis García Montero, documentary and interview of the thesis program
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Argentina
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Literature"},{"link_name":"University of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Granada"}],"text":"Luis García Montero (born 4 December 1958) is a Spanish poet and literary critic, as well as a professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Granada.","title":"Luis García Montero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"granadina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"Blas de Otero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_de_Otero"},{"link_name":"University of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Rodríguez Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Rodr%C3%ADguez_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Generation of '27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_%2727"},{"link_name":"Premio Adonáis de Poesía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Adon%C3%A1is_de_Poes%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Javier Egea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier_Egea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novísimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%ADsimos"},{"link_name":"Luis Cernuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Cernuda"},{"link_name":"Jaime Gil de Biedma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Gil_de_Biedma"},{"link_name":"Antonio Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Machado"},{"link_name":"Generation of the '50s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generation_of_the_%2750s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Juan Ramón Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer"},{"link_name":"Premio Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Premio Loewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Loewe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Premio Adonáis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Adon%C3%A1is&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Poetry Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Poetry_Award_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Premio Nacional de la Crítica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Nacional_de_la_Cr%C3%ADtica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Almudena Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almudena_Grandes"},{"link_name":"PCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)"},{"link_name":"United Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"2004 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"2011 Spanish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Spanish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Izquierda Abierta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_Abierta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Fortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Fortes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"2015 regional election in the Community of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Madrilenian_regional_election"}],"text":"Descended from a granadina family that was very active in the community, Luis García Montero was born in Granada in 1958 as the son of Luis García López and Elisa Montero Peña, and studied at the Colegio Dulce Nombre de María- PP.Escolapios in Granada. As a teenager, he was a fan of equestrian sports and had the opportunity to meet Blas de Otero.He studied Philosophy and literature at the University of Granada, where he was a student of Juan Carlos Rodríguez Gómez, a social literature theorist. He received his Masters in 1980 and later became a doctorate in 1985 with a thesis about Rafael Alberti, La norma y los estilos en la poesía de Rafael Alberti or The norm and styles of Rafael Alberti's poetry. He maintained a great friendship with Alberti, a poet of the Generation of '27, and prepared a compilation of all his works of poetry.He began to work as an associate professor at the University of Granada in 1981. He received the Premio Adonáis de Poesía in 1982 for El jardín extranjero. He created a memoir of his studies in 1984 about El teatro medieval. Polémica de una inexistencia or Medieval theatre. Controversy of an inexistence.He became linked to the poetic group La Otra Setimentalidad (The Other Sentimentality), a wave in which contemporary Spanish poetry took the name of its first joint book, published in 1983, in which poets Javier Egea and Álvaro Salvador also participated. The poetics of the group remained reflected above all in this short book and in lesser part in his manifesto Manifiesto albertista (1982) by Luis García Montero and Javier Egea. Their personal trajectory began widening in what would later become known as poesía de la experiencia or poetry of the experience and is characterized by the general tendency to dillude the most personal I in the collective experience, furthering itself from the stylistic and thematic individuality of previous Novísimos authors; Garía and his group, however, tried to relate themselves with the previous poetic tradition taking in the postulates Luis Cernuda and Jaime Gil de Biedma and tried to unite the aesthetics of Antonio Machado with the thinking of the Generation of the '50s, as well as with Surrealism and the impactful images of Spanish Baroque poets or those of Juan Ramón Jiménez.Garía Montero's most distinguishable characteristic is the history-biographical narrativism of his poems; a structure almost theatrical or novelistic with a character or protagonist that tells or lives his story through recollection, memory or desire.His poetry is characterized by a colloquial language and by his reflections regarding every day events or situations.He's edited Rimas (Rhymes) by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, among other theoretical works. He has also cultivated the art of essay writing and is an opinion columnist. Between the award-winning poetics that he's received, the most impressive have been the Premio Federico García Lorca, the Premio Loewe, the Premio Adonáis of poetry and the National Poetry Award – which he was presented with in 1995 – and the Premio Nacional de la Crítica in 2003. In 2010 he was awarded in Mexico the Premio Poetas del Mundo Latino for his literary career.Since 1994 he has shared his life with writer Almudena Grandes and has three children.Since he was very young he has been an active member in the PCE and, since its foundation, in the United Left. In the 2004 European Parliament election he was a United Left candidate. Prior to the 2011 Spanish general election he declared his support for United Left.[1] In October 2012 it was announced that he would take on a key role in Izquierda Abierta, a new party led by Gaspar Llamazares and Montse Muñoz that was part of the United Left coalition.[2]On 22 October 2008 Luis García Montero was condemned for a libel case in writing an article calling professor José Antonio Fortes \"disturbed.\" While in his classes at the University of Granada and in writing, Fortes called Federico García Lorca a fascist and the exiled writer Francisco Ayala a Nazi. García Montero asked for unpaid leave as a lecturer of said university.García Montero ran first in the United Left Community of Madrid–The Greens list for the 2015 regional election in the Community of Madrid, failing to obtain a seat.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premio Adonáis de Poesía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Adon%C3%A1is_de_Poes%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Premio Loewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Loewe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Poetry Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Poetry_Award_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Premio Nacional de la Crítica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Nacional_de_la_Cr%C3%ADtica_(Espa%C3%B1a)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Premio Poetas del Mundo Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Poetas_Mundo_del_Latino(M%C3%A9xico)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Premio Adonáis de Poesía, for El jardín extranjero. (1982)\nPremio Loewe, for Habitaciones separadas. (1994)\nNational Poetry Award, for Habitaciones separadas. (1995)\nPremio Nacional de la Crítica, for La intimidad de la serpiente. (2003)\nPremio Poetas del Mundo Latino, for his career. (2010)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Antonio Fortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Fortes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Muñoz Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Molina"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sabina"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Torres"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-publico-6"},{"link_name":"University of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-publico-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On 22 October 2008 Luis García Montero was condemned for an injuries case against José Antonio Fortes, professor at the University of Granada.[3] The poet in an article published in El País called the professor Fortes disturbing for claiming that Lorcan poetry had been served as an ideological breeding ground for fascist poetry.[4] In other writings, Fortes had attacked Francisco Ayala, Antonio Muñoz Molina, Joaquín Sabina, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Rafael Alberti, as fascist writers or Capitalism sellers. The judge Miguel Ángel Torres - famous for the known Malaya urbanistic corruption case-, sentenced Luis García Montero to pay a fine of €1,800 as well as another €3,000 to the professor Fortes for serious publicity injuries. The poet referred to Fortes as an \"indecent fool\", and \"disturbed\", and in a meeting with other members of the Department he called him a \"son of a bitch\" and an \"asshole\".[5][6] Although he thanked the many institutional and personal solidarity displays, García Montero announced a short time afterward a request for a leave of absence from the lecturer post that he had at the University of Granada, in which he entered as a professor in 1981.[7] He renounces that he left a year later because he found the university Department environment \"unbreathable\".[6]One other controversy, this one related to the Premio de Poesía \"Ciudad de Burgos\" (2012), appeared published in at least three Spanish newspapers. Thus the Diario de Burgos titled it: \"Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio \"Ciudad de Burgos\" [8] while El Correo de Burgos said \"La polémica se sirve en verso\" (\"Controversy served in verse\").[9] El Ideal de Granada also picked up the news with the headline: \"Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya\" (\"'Ciudad de Burgos' prize controversy awarded to granadino poet Daniel Rodríquez Moya\").[10]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premio Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Premio Adonáis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Adon%C3%A1is&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Premio Nacional de la Crítica 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Nacional_de_la_Cr%C3%ADtica_2003&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Abril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Abril&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Y ahora ya eres dueño del Puente de Brooklyn, Granada, University (Zumaya collection), 1980, Premio Federico García Lorca.\nTristia, in collaboration with Álvaro Salvador, Melilla, Rusadir, 1982.\nEl jardín extranjero, Madrid, Rialp, (Premio Adonáis), 1983 (... Poemas de Tristia, Madrid, Hiperión, 1989).\nRimado de ciudad, Granada town hall, 1983.\nÉgloga de dos rascacielos, Granada, Romper el Cerco, 1984 (2ª ed. Madrid, Hiperión, 1989).\nEn pie de paz, Granada, Editions of the Committee of Solitarity with Central America, 1985.\nSeis poemas del mar (autógrafos), [Riotinto?], Pliegos de Mineral, 1985.\nDiario cómplice, Madrid, Hiperión, 1987.\nAnuncios por palabras, Málaga, Plaza de la Marina, 1988.\nSecreto de amistad, Málaga, I. B. Sierra Bermeja, 1990.\nLas flores del frío, Madrid, Hiperión, 1990.\nEn otra edad, Málaga, Librería Anticuaria El Guadalhorce, 1992.\nFotografías veladas de la lluvia, Valladolid, El Gato Gris, 1993.\nHabitaciones separadas, Madrid, Visor, 1994: (Premio Loewe y Premio Nacional de Literatura)\nAdemás, Madrid, Hiperión, 1994.\nQuedarse sin ciudad, Palma de Mallorca, Monograma, 1994.\nCasi cien poemas (1980-1996): antología, prologue by José Carlos Mainer, Madrid, Hiperión, 1997.\nCompletamente viernes, Barcelona, Tusquets, 1998.\nAntología personal, Madrid, Visor, 2001.\nPoemas, Santander, Ultramar, 2001.\nAntología poética, Madrid, Castalia, 2002.\nPoesía urbana (antología 1980-2002); study and selections by Laura Scarano, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2002.\nLa intimidad de la serpiente, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2003, Premio Nacional de la Crítica 2003.\nPoesía (1980-2005); ocho libros ordenados y reunidos, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2006.\nInfancia; Málaga, Castillian collection from English, 2006.\nVista cansada, Madrid, Visor, 2008\nCanciones, edition by Juan Carlos Abril, Valencia, Pre-Textos, 2009\nUn invierno propio, Madrid, Visor, 2011\nRopa de calle, Madrid, Cátedra, 2011","title":"Poetic works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anagrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrama"}],"text":"La otra sentimentalidad, together with Javier Egea and Álvaro Salvador, Granada, Don Quijote, 1983.\nLa norma y los estilos en la poesía de Rafael Alberti (1920-1939), Granada, Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Granada, 1986.\nPoesía, cuartel de invierno, Madrid Hiperión, 1988 (2nd ed. Barcelona, Seix-Barral, 2002).\nConfesiones poéticas, Granada, Diputación Provincial, 1993.\nLa palabra de Ícaro (literary studies about García Lorca and Alberti), Granada, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Granada, 1996.\nLecciones de poesía para niños inquietos (Illustrations by Juan Vida), Granada, Editorial Comares, 1999: The book is aimed directly toward young readers and intends to show them what poetry consists of.\nEl sexto día : historia íntima de la poesía española, Madrid, Debate, 2000.\nGigante y extraño : las \"Rimas\" de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2001.\nLos dueños del vacío. La conciencia poética, entre la identidad y los vínculos, Barcelona, Tusquets, 2006.\nInquietudes bárbaras, Barcelona, Anagrama, 2008.","title":"Essays and article collections (selection)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ángel González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mu%C3%B1iz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2009 he published his first novel, Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera, about the life of the poet Ángel González, who died in 2008.[11] For this book he received the Premio del Gremio de Libreros al Mejor libro of 2009.[12]\nIn 2012 he published his second novel No me cuentes tu vida (Don't tell me your life), in which he reflects throughout three generations about the recent history of Spain.[13][14]","title":"Novela"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felipe Benítez Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Ben%C3%ADtez_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Las musas de Rorschach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.granadahoy.com/article/ocio/162497/garcia/montero/se/cita/con/las/musas/rorschachdescubren/una/publicacion/desconocida/bertol/brecht.html"},{"link_name":"Autonomous University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Abril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carlos_Abril&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He also published a book of narrative mistakes about his infancy (Luna del sur, Sevilla: Renacimiento, 1992), a novel together with Felipe Benítez Reyes (Impares, fila 13, Barcelona: Planeta, 1996) and the children's book La mudanza de Adán (Adam's moving) (Madrid: Anaya, 2002). His short story Dedicatoria has been included in the book Las musas de Rorschach (Logroño: Editorial Buscarini, 2008).\nAt a conference, his work was dedicated at the Autonomous University of Madrid in 2008 and with more financial contributions than any other writer or critic, El romántico ilustrado. Images by Luis García Montero, Juan Carlos Abril and Xelo Candel Vila Edition, Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2009.","title":"Other books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Yanel, Agustín (11 November 2011). \"Ellos 'se mojan' y 'eligen IU'\". El Mundo. Unidad Editorial Información General S.L.U. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/11/espana/1321004670.html","url_text":"\"Ellos 'se mojan' y 'eligen IU'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_Editorial_Informaci%C3%B3n_General","url_text":"Unidad Editorial Información General"}]},{"reference":"Romero, Juanma (20 October 2012). \"García Montero y Berzosa ocupan cargos claves en Izquierda Abierta\". Publico (in Spanish). Madrid: Display Connectors, S.L. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022001521/http://www.publico.es/espana/444188/garcia-montero-y-berzosa-ocupan-cargos-claves-en-izquierda-abierta","url_text":"\"García Montero y Berzosa ocupan cargos claves en Izquierda Abierta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publico_(Spain)","url_text":"Publico"},{"url":"http://www.publico.es/espana/444188/garcia-montero-y-berzosa-ocupan-cargos-claves-en-izquierda-abierta","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"García Montero afirma que sólo atacó a Fortes \"como académico\"\". Granada Hoy (in Spanish). Joly Digital. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318114423/http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/260764/garcia/montero/afirma/solo/ataco/fortes/quotcomo/academicoquot.html","url_text":"\"García Montero afirma que sólo atacó a Fortes \"como académico\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joly_Digital","url_text":"Joly Digital"},{"url":"http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/260764/garcia/montero/afirma/solo/ataco/fortes/quotcomo/academicoquot.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"García Montero, Luis (14 October 2006). \"Lorca era un fascista\". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070426220443/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/andalucia/Lorca/era/fascista/elpepuespand/20061014elpand_5/Tes","url_text":"\"Lorca era un fascista\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/andalucia/Lorca/era/fascista/elpepuespand/20061014elpand_5/Tes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cabrera, Elena (21 November 2008). \"Cuanto mejor se te oiga, más libertad de expresión tienes\". adn.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027224941/http://www.adn.es/blog/mpeirano/cultura/20081119/POS-0005-fortes-montero-polemica-lorca-marxismo.html","url_text":"\"Cuanto mejor se te oiga, más libertad de expresión tienes\""},{"url":"http://www.adn.es/blog/mpeirano/cultura/20081119/POS-0005-fortes-montero-polemica-lorca-marxismo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El escritor Luís García Montero abandona la Universidad tras su condena por injurias\". Diario Público (in Spanish). Madrid: Mediapubli Sociedad de Publicaciones y Ediciones S.L. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111831/http://www.publico.es/culturas/255270/el-escritor-luis-garcia-montero-abandona-la-universidad-tras-su-condena-por-injurias","url_text":"\"El escritor Luís García Montero abandona la Universidad tras su condena por injurias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_P%C3%BAblico","url_text":"Diario Público"},{"url":"http://www.publico.es/culturas/255270/el-escritor-luis-garcia-montero-abandona-la-universidad-tras-su-condena-por-injurias","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cortés, V.; Valverde, F. (12 November 2008). \"Luis García Montero pone fin a su vida universitaria tras 27 años\". El País (in Spanish). Prisa. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170800/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Luis/Garcia/Montero/pone/fin/vida/universitaria/27/anos/elpepucul/20081112elpepicul_3/Tes","url_text":"\"Luis García Montero pone fin a su vida universitaria tras 27 años\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisa","url_text":"Prisa"},{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Luis/Garcia/Montero/pone/fin/vida/universitaria/27/anos/elpepucul/20081112elpepicul_3/Tes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio 'Ciudad de Burgos'\". Diario de Burgos (in Spanish). 27 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariodeburgos.es/noticia/Z3D60CD2D-DDBE-1B23-E3F1629188182037/20121027/polemica/decision/jurado/cuestiona/limpieza/premio/ciudad/burgos","url_text":"\"Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio 'Ciudad de Burgos'\""}]},{"reference":"\"La polémica se sirve en verso\". El Correo de Burgos (in Spanish). 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318114605/http://www.elcorreodeburgos.com/noticias/2012-10-27/la-polemica-se-sirve-en-verso","url_text":"\"La polémica se sirve en verso\""},{"url":"http://www.elcorreodeburgos.com/noticias/2012-10-27/la-polemica-se-sirve-en-verso","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"R.I. (28 October 2012). \"Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya\". Ideal (in Spanish). Vocento. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ideal.es/granada/20121028/mas-actualidad/cultura/polemica-premio-ciudad-burgos-201210281313.html","url_text":"\"Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(newspaper)","url_text":"Ideal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocento","url_text":"Vocento"}]},{"reference":"Sabina, Joaquín (1 June 2009). \"Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera\". El País (in Spanish). Prisa. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sabina","url_text":"Sabina, Joaquín"},{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/2009/06/01/madrid/1243855463_850215.html","url_text":"\"Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisa","url_text":"Prisa"}]},{"reference":"\"Luis García Montero. Biografía\". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). 25 September 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/creadores/garcia_montero_luis.htm","url_text":"\"Luis García Montero. Biografía\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes","url_text":"Instituto Cervantes"}]},{"reference":"\"Luis García Montero: No me cuentes tu vida\". El Imparcial (in Spanish). 6 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elimparcial.es/noticia/116619/los-lunes-de-el-imparcial/luis-garcia-montero:-no-me-cuentes-tu-vida.html","url_text":"\"Luis García Montero: No me cuentes tu vida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Imparcial_(Madrid)","url_text":"El Imparcial"}]},{"reference":"Castro, Pilar (9 November 2012). \"No me cuentes tu vida\". El Cultural (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcultural.com/revista/letras/No-me-cuentes-tu-vida/31791","url_text":"\"No me cuentes tu vida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cultural","url_text":"El Cultural"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://luisgarciamontero.com/","external_links_name":"luisgarciamontero.com"},{"Link":"http://www.granadahoy.com/article/ocio/162497/garcia/montero/se/cita/con/las/musas/rorschachdescubren/una/publicacion/desconocida/bertol/brecht.html","external_links_name":"Las musas de Rorschach"},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/11/11/espana/1321004670.html","external_links_name":"\"Ellos 'se mojan' y 'eligen IU'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022001521/http://www.publico.es/espana/444188/garcia-montero-y-berzosa-ocupan-cargos-claves-en-izquierda-abierta","external_links_name":"\"García Montero y Berzosa ocupan cargos claves en Izquierda Abierta\""},{"Link":"http://www.publico.es/espana/444188/garcia-montero-y-berzosa-ocupan-cargos-claves-en-izquierda-abierta","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318114423/http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/260764/garcia/montero/afirma/solo/ataco/fortes/quotcomo/academicoquot.html","external_links_name":"\"García Montero afirma que sólo atacó a Fortes \"como académico\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/260764/garcia/montero/afirma/solo/ataco/fortes/quotcomo/academicoquot.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070426220443/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/andalucia/Lorca/era/fascista/elpepuespand/20061014elpand_5/Tes","external_links_name":"\"Lorca era un fascista\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/andalucia/Lorca/era/fascista/elpepuespand/20061014elpand_5/Tes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027224941/http://www.adn.es/blog/mpeirano/cultura/20081119/POS-0005-fortes-montero-polemica-lorca-marxismo.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuanto mejor se te oiga, más libertad de expresión tienes\""},{"Link":"http://www.adn.es/blog/mpeirano/cultura/20081119/POS-0005-fortes-montero-polemica-lorca-marxismo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111831/http://www.publico.es/culturas/255270/el-escritor-luis-garcia-montero-abandona-la-universidad-tras-su-condena-por-injurias","external_links_name":"\"El escritor Luís García Montero abandona la Universidad tras su condena por injurias\""},{"Link":"http://www.publico.es/culturas/255270/el-escritor-luis-garcia-montero-abandona-la-universidad-tras-su-condena-por-injurias","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170800/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Luis/Garcia/Montero/pone/fin/vida/universitaria/27/anos/elpepucul/20081112elpepicul_3/Tes","external_links_name":"\"Luis García Montero pone fin a su vida universitaria tras 27 años\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Luis/Garcia/Montero/pone/fin/vida/universitaria/27/anos/elpepucul/20081112elpepicul_3/Tes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diariodeburgos.es/noticia/Z3D60CD2D-DDBE-1B23-E3F1629188182037/20121027/polemica/decision/jurado/cuestiona/limpieza/premio/ciudad/burgos","external_links_name":"\"Una polémica decisión del jurado cuestiona la limpieza del Premio 'Ciudad de Burgos'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318114605/http://www.elcorreodeburgos.com/noticias/2012-10-27/la-polemica-se-sirve-en-verso","external_links_name":"\"La polémica se sirve en verso\""},{"Link":"http://www.elcorreodeburgos.com/noticias/2012-10-27/la-polemica-se-sirve-en-verso","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ideal.es/granada/20121028/mas-actualidad/cultura/polemica-premio-ciudad-burgos-201210281313.html","external_links_name":"\"Polémica en el premio 'Ciudad de Burgos', otorgado al poeta granadino Daniel Rodríguez Moya\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/2009/06/01/madrid/1243855463_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Mañana no será lo que Dios quiera\""},{"Link":"https://www.cervantes.es/bibliotecas_documentacion_espanol/creadores/garcia_montero_luis.htm","external_links_name":"\"Luis García Montero. Biografía\""},{"Link":"https://www.elimparcial.es/noticia/116619/los-lunes-de-el-imparcial/luis-garcia-montero:-no-me-cuentes-tu-vida.html","external_links_name":"\"Luis García Montero: No me cuentes tu vida\""},{"Link":"https://www.elcultural.com/revista/letras/No-me-cuentes-tu-vida/31791","external_links_name":"\"No me cuentes tu vida\""},{"Link":"http://wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/luis-garca-montero/","external_links_name":"Luis García Montero, some poems translated in English in WordsWithoutBorders.org"},{"Link":"http://www.luisgarciamontero.com/","external_links_name":"Official site of poet Luis García Montero"},{"Link":"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib_autor/montero/index.jsp","external_links_name":"Space dedicated to Luis García Montero in the Cervantes Virtual Library"},{"Link":"http://amediavoz.com/garciamontero.htm","external_links_name":"Poetic Anthonlogy in A media voz"},{"Link":"http://www.sifuesepoeta.com/luis-garcia-montero.html","external_links_name":"Poetic Anthology in SiFuesePoeta"},{"Link":"http://www.epdlp.com/escritor.php?id=2585","external_links_name":"Biography in El poder de la palabra"},{"Link":"http://poeticas.es/?p=1049","external_links_name":"Poems by Luis García Montero in regards to poetic creation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112213556/http://santino.blogia.com/2007/111401--em-los-duenos-del-vacio-em-de-luis-garcia-montero.php","external_links_name":"Overview of the work \"Los dueños del vacío\" by Luis García Montero"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130208145255/http://espaciodelibros.elcorteingles.es/ficcion/entrevistas/entrevista-a-luis-garcia-montero-autor-de-no-me-cuentes-tu-vida/","external_links_name":"Interview in Espacio de Libros"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130729221705/http://www.dosorillas.org/spip.php?article987","external_links_name":"Radio interview in the Programa Señales de Humo"},{"Link":"http://www.elcorreodigital.com/alava/20080625/rioja/creido-ideas-poco-encogidas-20080625.html","external_links_name":"Interview in Diario El Correo: \"He creído en ideas que hoy veo un poco encogidas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021553/http://blogs.larioja.com/ciudaddelhombre/2008/6/25/entrevista-luis-garcia-montero/","external_links_name":"Interview in Diario La Rioja: \"No me gustaría dejar de escribir a los 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZdvjrnELyw","external_links_name":"Interview during his time at Menéndez Pelayo International University in 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.cedecom.es/cedecom-ext/noticia.asp?id=906","external_links_name":"Luis García Montero, documentary and interview of the thesis program"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/147630/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081273262","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49247928","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwVPBxcvdy78FVxFB9Dq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90777195","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX934748","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068165g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12068165g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023082","external_links_name":"Argentina"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512778306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120509431","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV057631","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261678305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85017438","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/khw03zf31h2w6c4","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2015891075&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35193332","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074239848","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/65688","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05079085?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7bc1dc26-b420-46b8-922d-ed01389016f0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/859455","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028952618","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yaconelli | Frank Yaconelli | ["1 Biography","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | Italian-American actor (1898–1965)
Frank YaconelliYaconelli in Western Mail (1942)Born(1898-10-02)October 2, 1898San Biagio, ItalyDiedNovember 19, 1965(1965-11-19) (aged 67)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1923–1958
Frank Yaconelli (October 2, 1898 – November 19, 1965) was an Italian-born American film actor.
Biography
When he was a child his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Boston. Yaconelli was a character actor playing supporting roles, often Southern European or Mexican immigrants. He was also a noted accordion player, and performed in a number of films. He starred alongside Jack Randall in a series of seven westerns produced by Monogram Pictures.
Selected filmography
Señor Americano (1929)
Call of the Flesh (1930)
Parade of the West (1930)
Firebrand Jordan (1930)
A Lady's Morals (1930)
Strawberry Roan (1933)
The Man Who Dared (1933)
It Happened One Night (1934) - Tony (uncredited)
Flirting with Danger (1934)
Alice Adams (1935)
Here Comes Cookie (1935)
Gun Play (1935)
Five Bad Men (1935)
Western Frontier (1935)
Lawless Riders (1935)
Down to the Sea (1936)
The Three Mesquiteers (1936)
Blazing Justice (1936)
Romance Rides the Range (1936)
Lucky Terror (1936)
It Could Happen to You (1937)
Wild West Days (1937)
Wild Horse Canyon (1938)
Across the Plains (1939)
Escape to Paradise (1939)
Trigger Smith (1939)
Drifting Westward (1939)
The Cheyenne Kid (1940)
Dr. Cyclops (1940)
Torrid Zone (1940)
Pioneer Days (1940)
East Side Kids (1940)
Wild Horse Range (1940)
Fiesta (1941)
Lone Star Law Men (1941)
Two in a Taxi (1941)
The Driftin' Kid (1941)
Riding the Sunset Trail (1941)
They Met in Argentina (1941)
Forced Landing (1941)
Western Mail (1942)
Arizona Roundup (1942)
Where Trails End (1942)
Man of Courage (1943)
Slightly Scandalous (1946)
Beauty and the Bandit (1946)
South of Monterey (1946)
The Thrill of Brazil (1946)
Wild Horse Mesa (1947)
Riding the California Trail (1947)
Madonna of the Desert (1948)
A Foreign Affair (1948)
Alias the Champ (1949)
Borderline (1950)
September Affair (1950)
Never a Dull Moment (1950)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Fighter (1952)
Hangman's Knot (1952)
The Racers (1955)
Serenade (1956)
Three for Jamie Dawn (1956)
Santiago (1956)
The Unholy Wife (1957)
The Parson and the Outlaw (1957)
The Black Orchid (1958)
References
^ Drew p.206
Bibliography
Drew, Bernard A. Motion Picture Series and Sequels: A Reference Guide. Routledge, 2013.
External links
Frank Yaconelli at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_actor"}],"text":"Frank Yaconelli (October 2, 1898 – November 19, 1965) was an Italian-born American film actor.","title":"Frank Yaconelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"supporting roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_role"},{"link_name":"Southern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_European"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Jack Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Randall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"Monogram Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"When he was a child his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Boston. Yaconelli was a character actor playing supporting roles, often Southern European or Mexican immigrants. He was also a noted accordion player, and performed in a number of films. He starred alongside Jack Randall in a series of seven westerns produced by Monogram Pictures.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Señor Americano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or_Americano"},{"link_name":"Call of the Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_the_Flesh"},{"link_name":"Parade of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Firebrand Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebrand_Jordan"},{"link_name":"A Lady's Morals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lady%27s_Morals"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Roan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Roan_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Dared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Dared_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"It Happened One Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Happened_One_Night"},{"link_name":"Flirting with Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flirting_with_Danger"},{"link_name":"Alice Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Adams_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Here Comes Cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Cookie"},{"link_name":"Gun Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Play"},{"link_name":"Five Bad Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Bad_Men"},{"link_name":"Western Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Frontier_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lawless Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawless_Riders"},{"link_name":"Down to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"The Three Mesquiteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Mesquiteers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blazing Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Justice"},{"link_name":"Romance Rides the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_Rides_the_Range"},{"link_name":"Lucky Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Terror"},{"link_name":"It Could Happen to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Could_Happen_to_You_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Wild West Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_Days"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Across the Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across_the_Plains_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Escape to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_to_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Trigger Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trigger_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drifting Westward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_Westward"},{"link_name":"The Cheyenne Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cheyenne_Kid_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Cyclops"},{"link_name":"Torrid Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrid_Zone"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Days_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"East Side Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side_Kids_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Range_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fiesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Law Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Law_Men"},{"link_name":"Two in a Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_in_a_Taxi"},{"link_name":"The Driftin' Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Driftin%27_Kid_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Riding the Sunset Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_the_Sunset_Trail"},{"link_name":"They Met in Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Met_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Forced Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_Landing_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Western Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arizona Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Roundup"},{"link_name":"Where Trails End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Trails_End"},{"link_name":"Man of Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Courage"},{"link_name":"Slightly Scandalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slightly_Scandalous"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Bandit"},{"link_name":"South of Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Monterey"},{"link_name":"The Thrill of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thrill_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Mesa_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Riding the California Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_the_California_Trail"},{"link_name":"Madonna of the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"A Foreign Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Foreign_Affair"},{"link_name":"Alias the Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_the_Champ"},{"link_name":"Borderline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"September Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Affair"},{"link_name":"Never a Dull Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_a_Dull_Moment_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"A Place in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighter_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Hangman's Knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangman%27s_Knot"},{"link_name":"The Racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Racers"},{"link_name":"Serenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Three for Jamie Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_for_Jamie_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"The Unholy Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unholy_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Parson and the Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parson_and_the_Outlaw"},{"link_name":"The Black Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Orchid_(film)"}],"text":"Señor Americano (1929)\nCall of the Flesh (1930)\nParade of the West (1930)\nFirebrand Jordan (1930)\nA Lady's Morals (1930)\nStrawberry Roan (1933)\nThe Man Who Dared (1933)\nIt Happened One Night (1934) - Tony (uncredited)\nFlirting with Danger (1934)\nAlice Adams (1935)\nHere Comes Cookie (1935)\nGun Play (1935)\nFive Bad Men (1935)\nWestern Frontier (1935)\nLawless Riders (1935)\nDown to the Sea (1936)\nThe Three Mesquiteers (1936)\nBlazing Justice (1936)\nRomance Rides the Range (1936)\nLucky Terror (1936)\nIt Could Happen to You (1937)\nWild West Days (1937)\nWild Horse Canyon (1938)\nAcross the Plains (1939)\nEscape to Paradise (1939)\nTrigger Smith (1939)\nDrifting Westward (1939)\nThe Cheyenne Kid (1940)\nDr. Cyclops (1940)\nTorrid Zone (1940)\nPioneer Days (1940)\nEast Side Kids (1940)\nWild Horse Range (1940)\nFiesta (1941)\nLone Star Law Men (1941)\nTwo in a Taxi (1941)\nThe Driftin' Kid (1941)\nRiding the Sunset Trail (1941)\nThey Met in Argentina (1941)\nForced Landing (1941)\nWestern Mail (1942)\nArizona Roundup (1942)\nWhere Trails End (1942)\nMan of Courage (1943)\nSlightly Scandalous (1946)\nBeauty and the Bandit (1946)\nSouth of Monterey (1946)\nThe Thrill of Brazil (1946)\nWild Horse Mesa (1947)\nRiding the California Trail (1947)\nMadonna of the Desert (1948)\nA Foreign Affair (1948)\nAlias the Champ (1949)\nBorderline (1950)\nSeptember Affair (1950)\nNever a Dull Moment (1950)\nA Place in the Sun (1951)\nThe Fighter (1952)\nHangman's Knot (1952)\nThe Racers (1955)\nSerenade (1956)\nThree for Jamie Dawn (1956)\nSantiago (1956)\nThe Unholy Wife (1957)\nThe Parson and the Outlaw (1957)\nThe Black Orchid (1958)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Drew, Bernard A. Motion Picture Series and Sequels: A Reference Guide. Routledge, 2013.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0944797/","external_links_name":"Frank Yaconelli"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000373250804","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38949989","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94002170","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Yaconelli&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attending_Physician_of_the_United_States_Congress | Attending Physician of the United States Congress | ["1 History","2 Routine care","3 List of attending physicians","4 Sources","5 References"] | Doctor
Physician of CongressIncumbentBrian Monahansince January 2009Office of Attending PhysicianAppointerThe PresidentInaugural holderGeorge CalverFormation1928
The Attending Physician of the United States Congress is the physician responsible for the medical welfare of the members of the United States Congress and the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.
The Attending Physician is tasked with emergency care for staff, security personnel and dignitaries, and implementation of the environmental health, public health, and occupational health programs of the Capitol Hill region. The Attending Physician is involved in security planning and works with the Architect of the Capitol, Senate Sergeant at Arms, House Sergeant at Arms, United States Capitol Police.
History
The Office of Attending Physician (OAP) was established by congressional resolution in 1928 to meet the medical needs of Members of Congress. The OAP began serving the medical needs of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1929 and the following year, in 1930, began serving the U.S. Senate. The first Attending Physician, Dr. George Calver, served the Congress for approximately 37 years. The current attending physician of the United States Congress is Dr. Brian Monahan. He holds the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. Dr. Monahan was appointed to the position by President Barack Obama in January 2009.
The Office of the Attending Physician, under the leadership of Dr. John Francis Eisold, played a central role in the response to the 2001 anthrax attacks on Senator Tom Daschle's Senate office, taking nasal swabs from the nearly 6,000 staff, employees, and visitors that were potentially exposed to the harmful bacteria. Former Attending Physician Rear Admiral Dr. John Eisold and his staff also provided initial treatment to Senator Tim Johnson when he suffered from an intracerebral bleed caused by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, prior to Johnson's admission to George Washington University Hospital.
Routine care
OAP provides members of Congress with physicals and routine examinations, on-site X-rays and lab work, physical therapy and referrals to medical specialists from military hospitals and private medical practices. When specialists are needed, they are brought to the Capitol, often at no charge to members of Congress.
Members of Congress do not pay for the individual services they receive at the OAP, nor do they submit claims through their federal employee health insurance policies. Instead, as of 2009, members pay a flat, annual fee of $503 for all the care they receive. The rest of the cost of their care is paid for by federal funding, from the U.S. Navy budget. The annual fee has not changed significantly since 1992.
List of attending physicians
Years
Attending physician
1928–1966
George Calver
1966–1973
Rufus Pearson
1973–1986
Freeman Cary
1986–1990
William Narva
1990–1994
Robert C.J. Krasner
1994–2009
John Francis Eisold
2009–present
Brian Monahan
Sources
United States Senate Historical Minute Essay: A Doctor's Warning, February 3, 1951
United States House of Representatives Weekly Historical Highlights: October 11, 1966
References
^ Amer, Mildred (December 12, 2001). "The Office of the Attending Physician in the U.S. Congress" (PDF). Report RS20305. Congressional Research Service, Government and Finance Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009.
^ "Statement of Senator Tom Daschle". Congressional Record. October 25, 2001. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007.
^ "Statement of Admiral John Eisold regarding Senator Johnson". Hotline Blog. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
^ a b Shaylor, Jay; Abdelmalek, Mark (September 30, 2009). "Special Health Care for Congress: Lawmakers' Health Care Perks; Little Known Office on Capitol Hill Provides Quality Medical Care for Low Price". ABC News. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"emergency care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"environmental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"occupational health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Architect of the Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Senate Sergeant at Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"House Sergeant at Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police"}],"text":"The Attending Physician of the United States Congress is the physician responsible for the medical welfare of the members of the United States Congress and the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.The Attending Physician is tasked with emergency care for staff, security personnel and dignitaries, and implementation of the environmental health, public health, and occupational health programs of the Capitol Hill region. The Attending Physician is involved in security planning and works with the Architect of the Capitol, Senate Sergeant at Arms, House Sergeant at Arms, United States Capitol Police.","title":"Attending Physician of the United States Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"attending physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attending_physician"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Brian Monahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Monahan"},{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Francis Eisold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Eisold"},{"link_name":"2001 anthrax attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks"},{"link_name":"Tom Daschle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daschle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tim Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(South_Dakota_politician)"},{"link_name":"cerebral arteriovenous malformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_arteriovenous_malformation"},{"link_name":"George Washington University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Office of Attending Physician (OAP) was established by congressional resolution in 1928 to meet the medical needs of Members of Congress.[1] The OAP began serving the medical needs of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1929 and the following year, in 1930, began serving the U.S. Senate.[citation needed] The first Attending Physician, Dr. George Calver, served the Congress for approximately 37 years.[citation needed] The current attending physician of the United States Congress is Dr. Brian Monahan. He holds the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. Dr. Monahan was appointed to the position by President Barack Obama in January 2009.[citation needed]The Office of the Attending Physician, under the leadership of Dr. John Francis Eisold, played a central role in the response to the 2001 anthrax attacks on Senator Tom Daschle's Senate office, taking nasal swabs from the nearly 6,000 staff, employees, and visitors that were potentially exposed to the harmful bacteria.[2] Former Attending Physician Rear Admiral Dr. John Eisold and his staff also provided initial treatment to Senator Tim Johnson when he suffered from an intracerebral bleed caused by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation, prior to Johnson's admission to George Washington University Hospital.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perks-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perks-4"}],"text":"OAP provides members of Congress with physicals and routine examinations, on-site X-rays and lab work, physical therapy and referrals to medical specialists from military hospitals and private medical practices. When specialists are needed, they are brought to the Capitol, often at no charge to members of Congress.[4]Members of Congress do not pay for the individual services they receive at the OAP, nor do they submit claims through their federal employee health insurance policies. Instead, as of 2009, members pay a flat, annual fee of $503 for all the care they receive. The rest of the cost of their care is paid for by federal funding, from the U.S. Navy budget. The annual fee has not changed significantly since 1992.[4]","title":"Routine care"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of attending physicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Senate Historical Minute Essay: A Doctor's Warning, February 3, 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Doctors_Warning.htm"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives Weekly Historical Highlights: October 11, 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.house.gov/art_history/highlights.html?action=view&intID=144"}],"text":"United States Senate Historical Minute Essay: A Doctor's Warning, February 3, 1951\nUnited States House of Representatives Weekly Historical Highlights: October 11, 1966","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Amer, Mildred (December 12, 2001). \"The Office of the Attending Physician in the U.S. Congress\" (PDF). Report RS20305. Congressional Research Service, Government and Finance Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326153048/http://wikileaks.se/leak/crs/RS20305.pdf","url_text":"\"The Office of the Attending Physician in the U.S. Congress\""},{"url":"http://wikileaks.se/leak/crs/RS20305.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Senator Tom Daschle\". Congressional Record. October 25, 2001. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124032819/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/cr_047.htm","url_text":"\"Statement of Senator Tom Daschle\""},{"url":"http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/cr_047.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Admiral John Eisold regarding Senator Johnson\". Hotline Blog. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203330/http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/archives/2006/12/full_johnson_st.html","url_text":"\"Statement of Admiral John Eisold regarding Senator Johnson\""},{"url":"http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/archives/2006/12/full_johnson_st.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shaylor, Jay; Abdelmalek, Mark (September 30, 2009). \"Special Health Care for Congress: Lawmakers' Health Care Perks; Little Known Office on Capitol Hill Provides Quality Medical Care for Low Price\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=8706655","url_text":"\"Special Health Care for Congress: Lawmakers' Health Care Perks; Little Known Office on Capitol Hill Provides Quality Medical Care for Low Price\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Doctors_Warning.htm","external_links_name":"United States Senate Historical Minute Essay: A Doctor's Warning, February 3, 1951"},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/highlights.html?action=view&intID=144","external_links_name":"United States House of Representatives Weekly Historical Highlights: October 11, 1966"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326153048/http://wikileaks.se/leak/crs/RS20305.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Office of the Attending Physician in the U.S. Congress\""},{"Link":"http://wikileaks.se/leak/crs/RS20305.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124032819/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/cr_047.htm","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Senator Tom Daschle\""},{"Link":"http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/cr_047.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203330/http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/archives/2006/12/full_johnson_st.html","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Admiral John Eisold regarding Senator Johnson\""},{"Link":"http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/archives/2006/12/full_johnson_st.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=8706655","external_links_name":"\"Special Health Care for Congress: Lawmakers' Health Care Perks; Little Known Office on Capitol Hill Provides Quality Medical Care for Low Price\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Gabriel | Markus Gabriel | ["1 Career","2 Work","2.1 Physicalism","3 Publications","3.1 Monographs","3.2 Popular Science","3.3 Editions (publisher, co-editor or co-worker)","4 References","5 External links"] | German philosopher (born 1980)
Markus GabrielGabriel (2020)Born (1980-04-06) April 6, 1980 (age 44)Remagen, Rhineland-Palatinate, West GermanyAlma materHeidelberg UniversityEra21st-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophy
Markus Gabriel (German: ; born April 6, 1980) is a German philosopher and author at the University of Bonn. In addition to his more specialized work, he has also written popular books about philosophical issues.
Career
Gabriel was educated in philosophy and Ancient Greek in Germany. After completing his doctorate and habilitation at Heidelberg University, he held a faculty position at New School for Social Research. He then came to the University of Bonn, where he holds the chair for Epistemology, Modern and Contemporary Philosophy and is Director of the International Centre for Philosophy. Gabriel has also been a visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley.
Work
Markus Gabriel in 2013.
Gabriel argues against Physicalism, Moral nihilism, and Neurocentrism.
Physicalism
In 2013, Gabriel wrote Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism. In the Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews Sebastian Gardner wrote that the work is "Gabriel's most comprehensive presentation to date, in English, of his reading of German Idealism" and notes that "due to its compression of a wealth of ideas into such a short space, the book demands quite a lot from its readers."
In a 2018 interview, Gabriel complained that "most contemporary metaphysicians are when it comes to characterizing their subject matter," using words like "the world" and "reality" "often...interchangeably and without further clarifications. In my view, those totality of words do not refer to anything which is capable of having the property of existence." He goes on to explain:
I try to revive the tradition of metaontology and metametaphysics that departs from Kant. As has been noticed, Heidegger introduced the term metaontology and he also clearly states that Kant’s philosophy is a “metaphysics about metaphysics.” I call metametaphysical nihilism the view that there is no such thing as the world such that questions regarding its ultimate nature, essence, structure, composition, categorical outlines etc. are devoid of the intended conceptual content. The idea that there is a big thing comprising absolutely everything is an illusion, albeit neither a natural one nor an inevitable feature of reason as such. Of course, there is an influential Neo-Carnapian strand in the contemporary debate which comes to similar conclusions. I agree with a lot of what is going on in this area of research and I try to combine it with the metaontological/metametaphysical tradition of Kantian and Post-Kantian philosophy.
In an April 2020 interview he called European measures against COVID-19 unjustified and a step towards cyber dictatorship, saying the use of health apps was a Chinese or North Korean strategy. He said the coronavirus crisis called into question the idea that only scientific and technical progress could lead to human and moral progress. He said there was a paradox of virocracy, to save lives one replaced democracy by virocracy.
Publications
Monographs
Gabriel, Markus (2006). Der Mensch im Mythos: Untersuchungen über Ontotheologie, Anthropologie und Selbstbewußtseinsgeschichte in Schellings "Philosophie der Mythologie" (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Berlin/New York City: Walter de Gruyter. p. 513. ISBN 978-3110190366.
Gabriel, Markus (2008). Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung (in German). Hamburg: Junius. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-88506-649-1.
Gabriel, Markus; Žižek, Slavoj (2009). Mythology, Madness, and Laughter: Subjectivity in German Idealism. New York/London: Continuum. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4411-9105-2.
Gabriel, Markus (2014). An den Grenzen der Erkenntnistheorie. Die notwendige Endlichkeit des objektiven Wissens als Lektion des Skeptizismus (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Freiburg i.Br./München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 454. ISBN 978-3495486580.
Gabriel, Markus (2016). Sinn und Existenz - Eine realistische Ontologie (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 507. ISBN 978-3-518-29716-2.
Gabriel, Markus (2017). Buchheim, Thomas (ed.). Neutraler Realismus (in German) (Jahrbuch-Kontroversen 2 ed.). Verlag Karl Alber.
Gabriel, Markus (2017). Gaitsch, Peter; Lehmann, Sandra; Schmidt, Philipp (eds.). Eine Diskussion mit Markus Gabriel. Phänomenologische Positionen zum Neuen Realismus (in German). Wien/Berlin: Turia + Kant. p. 260. ISBN 978-3-85132-858-5.
Gabriel, Markus (2017). Eckoldt, Matthias (ed.). Der Geist untersteht nicht den Naturgesetzen, sondern seinen eigenen Gesetzen (in German) (Kann sich das Bewusstsein bewusst sein? ed.). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-8497-0202-1.
Gabriel, Markus; Krüger, Malte (2018). Was ist Wirklichkeit? Neuer Realismus und Hermeneutische Theologie (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-16-156598-4.
Gabriel, Markus; Olay, Csaba (2018). Ostritsch, Sebastian (ed.). Welt und Unendlichkeit. Ein deutsch-ungarischer Dialog in memoriam László Tengelyi (in German). Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 2014. ISBN 978-3-495-48853-9.
Gabriel, Markus (2018). Der Sinn des Denkens (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 366. ISBN 978-3-550-08193-4.
(en) The Meaning of Thought, Polity, 2020, ISBN 978-1509538362
Gabriel, Markus; Eckoldt, Matthias (2019). Die ewige Wahrheit und der Neue Realismus : Gespräche über (fast) alles, was der Fall ist (in German). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-8497-0312-7.
(en) The Power of Art. Polity. 2020. ISBN 978-1509540976.
Gabriel, Markus (2020). Neo-Existentialismus (in German). Freiburg/München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 171. ISBN 978-3-495-49047-1.
Gabriel, Markus (2020). Fiktionen (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 636. ISBN 978-3-518-58748-5.
Gabriel, Markus (2020). Moralischer Fortschritt in dunklen Zeiten : universale Werte für das 21. Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 368. ISBN 978-3-550-08194-1.
Gabriel, Markus (2020). Redliches Denken: Grundlagen der Ethik aus philosophischer Sicht : ein Essay (in German). Würzburg: West-Östliche Weisheit Willigis Jäger Stiftung. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-9819150-5-1.
Gabriel, Markus; Scobel, Gert (2021). Zwischen Gut und Böse: Philosophie der radikalen Mitte (in German). Hamburg: Edition Körber. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-89684-287-9.
(en) With Graham Priest: Everything and Nothing, Polity, 2022, ISBN 978-1-5095-3747-1
Popular Science
Warum es die Welt nicht gibt, Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, 2013, ISBN 978-3-548-37568-7
Ich ist nicht Gehirn: Philosophie des Geistes für das 21. Jahrhundert, Ullstein, 2015, ISBN 978-3-548-37680-6
Editions (publisher, co-editor or co-worker)
Halfwassen, Jens; Gabriel, Markus; Zimmermann, Stephan, eds. (2011). Philosophie und Religion (in German). Conference paper, 2008. Heidelberg: Winter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-8253-5863-1.
Gabriel, Markus, ed. (2011). Skeptizismus und Metaphysik (in German). Berlin: Akad.-Verl. p. 356. ISBN 978-3-05-005171-0.
Gabriel, Markus; Heyne, Stefan (2014). Porstmann, Gisbert (ed.). Stefan Heyne - Naked light : die Belichtung des Unendlichen (in German). on the occasion of the exhibition Stefan Heyne - Naked Light. The Exposure of the Infinite, Städtische Galerie Dresden - Kunstsammlung, June 14 to September 14, 2014. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. p. 128. ISBN 978-3-7757-3841-5.
Gabriel, Markus, ed. (2014). Der Neue Realismus (in German). Conference paper, 2013. Berlin: Suhrkamp. p. 422. ISBN 978-3-518-29699-8.
Gabriel, Markus; Egging, Björn; Wurm, Erwin (2015). Beil, Ralf (ed.). Erwin Wurm - Fichte (in German). Baden-Baden: Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-945364-04-8.
Gabriel, Markus; Hogrebe, Wolfram; Speer, Andreas, eds. (2015). Das neue Bedürfnis nach Metaphysik (in German). Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-11-044129-1.
Freytag, Philip (2019). Gabriel, Markus (ed.). Die Rahmung des Hintergrunds : eine Untersuchung über die Voraussetzungen von Sprachtheorien am Leitfaden der Debatten Derrida - Searle und Derrida - Habermas (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. p. 542. ISBN 978-3-465-04358-4.
References
^ "Prof. Dr. Markus Gabriel". Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
^ "Markus Gabriel's Courses". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
^ (de) „Das Böse nimmt spürbar zu“ dlf, 25. Dezember 2022
^ a b Gardner, Sebastian (15 December 2013). "Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism (review)". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
^ a b "Interview at 3AM Magazine". Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
^ "28 Minuten - Europa gegen das Virus". ARTE TV (in German). 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
External links
Markus Gabriel, Academic Director at The New Institute (Hamburg)
Official profile at EDGE
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
PhilPeople
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɡaːbʁiˌeːl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"philosophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"}],"text":"Markus Gabriel (German: [ˈɡaːbʁiˌeːl]; born April 6, 1980) is a German philosopher and author at the University of Bonn. In addition to his more specialized work, he has also written popular books about philosophical issues.","title":"Markus Gabriel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"New School for Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRIAS-1"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berkeley-2"}],"text":"Gabriel was educated in philosophy and Ancient Greek in Germany. After completing his doctorate and habilitation at Heidelberg University, he held a faculty position at New School for Social Research. He then came to the University of Bonn, where he holds the chair for Epistemology, Modern and Contemporary Philosophy and is Director of the International Centre for Philosophy.[1] Gabriel has also been a visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarkusGabriel2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Physicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism"},{"link_name":"Moral nihilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_nihilism"},{"link_name":"Neurocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurocentrism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Markus Gabriel in 2013.Gabriel argues against Physicalism, Moral nihilism, and Neurocentrism.[3]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDPR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDPR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3AM-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3AM-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Physicalism","text":"In 2013, Gabriel wrote Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism. In the Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews Sebastian Gardner wrote that the work is \"Gabriel's most comprehensive presentation to date, in English, of his reading of German Idealism\"[4] and notes that \"due to its compression of a wealth of ideas into such a short space, the book demands quite a lot from its readers.\"[4]In a 2018 interview, Gabriel complained that \"most contemporary metaphysicians are [sloppy] when it comes to characterizing their subject matter,\" using words like \"the world\" and \"reality\" \"often...interchangeably and without further clarifications. In my view, those totality of words do not refer to anything which is capable of having the property of existence.\"[5] He goes on to explain:I try to revive the tradition of metaontology and metametaphysics that departs from Kant. As has been noticed, Heidegger introduced the term metaontology and he also clearly states that Kant’s philosophy is a “metaphysics about metaphysics.” I call metametaphysical nihilism the view that there is no such thing as the world such that questions regarding its ultimate nature, essence, structure, composition, categorical outlines etc. are devoid of the intended conceptual content. The idea that there is a big thing comprising absolutely everything is an illusion, albeit neither a natural one nor an inevitable feature of reason as such. Of course, there is an influential Neo-Carnapian strand in the contemporary debate which comes to similar conclusions. I agree with a lot of what is going on in this area of research and I try to combine it with the metaontological/metametaphysical tradition of Kantian and Post-Kantian philosophy.[5]In an April 2020 interview he called European measures against COVID-19 unjustified and a step towards cyber dictatorship, saying the use of health apps was a Chinese or North Korean strategy. He said the coronavirus crisis called into question the idea that only scientific and technical progress could lead to human and moral progress. He said there was a paradox of virocracy, to save lives one replaced democracy by virocracy.[6]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3110190366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110190366"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-88506-649-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88506-649-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4411-9105-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9105-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3495486580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3495486580"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-518-29716-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-29716-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-85132-858-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85132-858-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8497-0202-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8497-0202-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-16-156598-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-156598-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-495-48853-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-495-48853-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-550-08193-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-550-08193-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8497-0312-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8497-0312-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1509540976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509540976"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-495-49047-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-495-49047-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-518-58748-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-58748-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-550-08194-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-550-08194-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9819150-5-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9819150-5-1"},{"link_name":"Edition Körber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89684-287-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89684-287-9"},{"link_name":"Graham Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Priest"}],"sub_title":"Monographs","text":"Gabriel, Markus (2006). Der Mensch im Mythos: Untersuchungen über Ontotheologie, Anthropologie und Selbstbewußtseinsgeschichte in Schellings \"Philosophie der Mythologie\" [Man in Myth: Studies on Ontotheology, Anthropology, and the History of Self-Consciousness in Schelling's \"Philosophy of Mythology\".] (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Berlin/New York City: Walter de Gruyter. p. 513. ISBN 978-3110190366.\nGabriel, Markus (2008). Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung [Ancient and modern skepticism for introduction] (in German). Hamburg: Junius. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-88506-649-1.\nGabriel, Markus; Žižek, Slavoj (2009). Mythology, Madness, and Laughter: Subjectivity in German Idealism. New York/London: Continuum. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4411-9105-2.\nGabriel, Markus (2014). An den Grenzen der Erkenntnistheorie. Die notwendige Endlichkeit des objektiven Wissens als Lektion des Skeptizismus [At the Limits of Epistemology. The necessary finiteness of objective knowledge as a lesson of skepticism.] (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Freiburg i.Br./München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 454. ISBN 978-3495486580.\nGabriel, Markus (2016). Sinn und Existenz - Eine realistische Ontologie [Meaning and Existence - A Realistic Ontology] (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 507. ISBN 978-3-518-29716-2.\nGabriel, Markus (2017). Buchheim, Thomas (ed.). Neutraler Realismus (in German) (Jahrbuch-Kontroversen 2 ed.). Verlag Karl Alber.\nGabriel, Markus (2017). Gaitsch, Peter; Lehmann, Sandra; Schmidt, Philipp (eds.). Eine Diskussion mit Markus Gabriel. Phänomenologische Positionen zum Neuen Realismus [A discussion with Markus Gabriel. Phenomenological Positions on New Realism.] (in German). Wien/Berlin: Turia + Kant. p. 260. ISBN 978-3-85132-858-5.\nGabriel, Markus (2017). Eckoldt, Matthias (ed.). Der Geist untersteht nicht den Naturgesetzen, sondern seinen eigenen Gesetzen [The spirit is not subject to the laws of nature, but to its own laws.] (in German) (Kann sich das Bewusstsein bewusst sein? ed.). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-8497-0202-1.\nGabriel, Markus; Krüger, Malte (2018). Was ist Wirklichkeit? Neuer Realismus und Hermeneutische Theologie [What is Reality? New Realism and Hermeneutic Theology.] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-16-156598-4.\nGabriel, Markus; Olay, Csaba (2018). Ostritsch, Sebastian (ed.). Welt und Unendlichkeit. Ein deutsch-ungarischer Dialog in memoriam László Tengelyi [World and Infinity. A German-Hungarian Dialogue in Memoriam of László Tengelyi] (in German). Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 2014. ISBN 978-3-495-48853-9.\nGabriel, Markus (2018). Der Sinn des Denkens [The sense of thinking] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 366. ISBN 978-3-550-08193-4.\n(en) The Meaning of Thought, Polity, 2020, ISBN 978-1509538362\nGabriel, Markus; Eckoldt, Matthias (2019). Die ewige Wahrheit und der Neue Realismus : Gespräche über (fast) alles, was der Fall ist [The eternal truth and the New Realism : conversations about (almost) everything that is the case.] (in German). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-8497-0312-7.\n(en) The Power of Art. Polity. 2020. ISBN 978-1509540976.\nGabriel, Markus (2020). Neo-Existentialismus [Neo-Existentialism] (in German). Freiburg/München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 171. ISBN 978-3-495-49047-1.\nGabriel, Markus (2020). Fiktionen [Fictions] (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 636. ISBN 978-3-518-58748-5.\nGabriel, Markus (2020). Moralischer Fortschritt in dunklen Zeiten : universale Werte für das 21. Jahrhundert [Moral progress in dark times : universal values for the 21st century.] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 368. ISBN 978-3-550-08194-1.\nGabriel, Markus (2020). Redliches Denken: Grundlagen der Ethik aus philosophischer Sicht : ein Essay [Thinking honestly : foundations of ethics from a philosophical point of view : an essay.] (in German). Würzburg: West-Östliche Weisheit Willigis Jäger Stiftung. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-9819150-5-1.\nGabriel, Markus; Scobel, Gert (2021). Zwischen Gut und Böse: Philosophie der radikalen Mitte [Between Good and Evil: Philosophy of the Radical Center] (in German). Hamburg: Edition Körber. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-89684-287-9.\n(en) With Graham Priest: Everything and Nothing, Polity, 2022, ISBN 978-1-5095-3747-1","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag"}],"sub_title":"Popular Science","text":"Warum es die Welt nicht gibt, Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, 2013, ISBN 978-3-548-37568-7\nIch ist nicht Gehirn: Philosophie des Geistes für das 21. Jahrhundert, Ullstein, 2015, ISBN 978-3-548-37680-6","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8253-5863-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-5863-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-05-005171-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-005171-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7757-3841-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3841-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-518-29699-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-29699-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-945364-04-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-945364-04-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-044129-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044129-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-465-04358-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04358-4"}],"sub_title":"Editions (publisher, co-editor or co-worker)","text":"Halfwassen, Jens; Gabriel, Markus; Zimmermann, Stephan, eds. (2011). Philosophie und Religion [Philosophy and religion] (in German). Conference paper, 2008. Heidelberg: Winter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-8253-5863-1.\nGabriel, Markus, ed. (2011). Skeptizismus und Metaphysik [Skepticism and Metaphysics] (in German). Berlin: Akad.-Verl. p. 356. ISBN 978-3-05-005171-0.\nGabriel, Markus; Heyne, Stefan (2014). Porstmann, Gisbert (ed.). Stefan Heyne - Naked light : die Belichtung des Unendlichen [Stefan Heyne - Naked light : the exposure of the infinite] (in German). on the occasion of the exhibition Stefan Heyne - Naked Light. The Exposure of the Infinite, Städtische Galerie Dresden - Kunstsammlung, June 14 to September 14, 2014. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. p. 128. ISBN 978-3-7757-3841-5.\nGabriel, Markus, ed. (2014). Der Neue Realismus [The New Realism] (in German). Conference paper, 2013. Berlin: Suhrkamp. p. 422. ISBN 978-3-518-29699-8.\nGabriel, Markus; Egging, Björn; Wurm, Erwin (2015). Beil, Ralf (ed.). Erwin Wurm - Fichte [Erwin Wurm - spruce] (in German). Baden-Baden: Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-945364-04-8.\nGabriel, Markus; Hogrebe, Wolfram; Speer, Andreas, eds. (2015). Das neue Bedürfnis nach Metaphysik [he new desire for metaphysics] (in German). Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-11-044129-1.\nFreytag, Philip (2019). Gabriel, Markus (ed.). Die Rahmung des Hintergrunds : eine Untersuchung über die Voraussetzungen von Sprachtheorien am Leitfaden der Debatten Derrida - Searle und Derrida - Habermas [Framing the background : an investigation into the presuppositions of theories of language guided by the Derrida - Searle and Derrida - Habermas debates.] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. p. 542. ISBN 978-3-465-04358-4.","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Markus Gabriel in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MarkusGabriel2013.jpg/220px-MarkusGabriel2013.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2006). Der Mensch im Mythos: Untersuchungen über Ontotheologie, Anthropologie und Selbstbewußtseinsgeschichte in Schellings \"Philosophie der Mythologie\" [Man in Myth: Studies on Ontotheology, Anthropology, and the History of Self-Consciousness in Schelling's \"Philosophy of Mythology\".] (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Berlin/New York City: Walter de Gruyter. p. 513. ISBN 978-3110190366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110190366","url_text":"978-3110190366"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2008). Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung [Ancient and modern skepticism for introduction] (in German). Hamburg: Junius. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-88506-649-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88506-649-1","url_text":"978-3-88506-649-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Žižek, Slavoj (2009). Mythology, Madness, and Laughter: Subjectivity in German Idealism. New York/London: Continuum. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4411-9105-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9105-2","url_text":"978-1-4411-9105-2"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2014). An den Grenzen der Erkenntnistheorie. Die notwendige Endlichkeit des objektiven Wissens als Lektion des Skeptizismus [At the Limits of Epistemology. The necessary finiteness of objective knowledge as a lesson of skepticism.] (in German) (Quellen und Studien zur Philosophie ed.). Freiburg i.Br./München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 454. ISBN 978-3495486580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3495486580","url_text":"978-3495486580"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2016). Sinn und Existenz - Eine realistische Ontologie [Meaning and Existence - A Realistic Ontology] (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 507. ISBN 978-3-518-29716-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-29716-2","url_text":"978-3-518-29716-2"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2017). Buchheim, Thomas (ed.). Neutraler Realismus (in German) (Jahrbuch-Kontroversen 2 ed.). Verlag Karl Alber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2017). Gaitsch, Peter; Lehmann, Sandra; Schmidt, Philipp (eds.). Eine Diskussion mit Markus Gabriel. Phänomenologische Positionen zum Neuen Realismus [A discussion with Markus Gabriel. Phenomenological Positions on New Realism.] (in German). Wien/Berlin: Turia + Kant. p. 260. ISBN 978-3-85132-858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85132-858-5","url_text":"978-3-85132-858-5"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2017). Eckoldt, Matthias (ed.). Der Geist untersteht nicht den Naturgesetzen, sondern seinen eigenen Gesetzen [The spirit is not subject to the laws of nature, but to its own laws.] (in German) (Kann sich das Bewusstsein bewusst sein? ed.). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-8497-0202-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8497-0202-1","url_text":"978-3-8497-0202-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Krüger, Malte (2018). Was ist Wirklichkeit? Neuer Realismus und Hermeneutische Theologie [What is Reality? New Realism and Hermeneutic Theology.] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 124. ISBN 978-3-16-156598-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-156598-4","url_text":"978-3-16-156598-4"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Olay, Csaba (2018). Ostritsch, Sebastian (ed.). Welt und Unendlichkeit. Ein deutsch-ungarischer Dialog in memoriam László Tengelyi [World and Infinity. A German-Hungarian Dialogue in Memoriam of László Tengelyi] (in German). Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 2014. ISBN 978-3-495-48853-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-495-48853-9","url_text":"978-3-495-48853-9"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2018). Der Sinn des Denkens [The sense of thinking] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 366. ISBN 978-3-550-08193-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-550-08193-4","url_text":"978-3-550-08193-4"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Eckoldt, Matthias (2019). Die ewige Wahrheit und der Neue Realismus : Gespräche über (fast) alles, was der Fall ist [The eternal truth and the New Realism : conversations about (almost) everything that is the case.] (in German). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer Verlag GmbH. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-8497-0312-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8497-0312-7","url_text":"978-3-8497-0312-7"}]},{"reference":"(en) The Power of Art. Polity. 2020. ISBN 978-1509540976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509540976","url_text":"978-1509540976"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2020). Neo-Existentialismus [Neo-Existentialism] (in German). Freiburg/München: Verlag Karl Alber. p. 171. ISBN 978-3-495-49047-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-495-49047-1","url_text":"978-3-495-49047-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2020). Fiktionen [Fictions] (in German). Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 636. ISBN 978-3-518-58748-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-58748-5","url_text":"978-3-518-58748-5"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2020). Moralischer Fortschritt in dunklen Zeiten : universale Werte für das 21. Jahrhundert [Moral progress in dark times : universal values for the 21st century.] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH. p. 368. ISBN 978-3-550-08194-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-550-08194-1","url_text":"978-3-550-08194-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus (2020). Redliches Denken: Grundlagen der Ethik aus philosophischer Sicht : ein Essay [Thinking honestly : foundations of ethics from a philosophical point of view : an essay.] (in German). Würzburg: West-Östliche Weisheit Willigis Jäger Stiftung. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-9819150-5-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9819150-5-1","url_text":"978-3-9819150-5-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Scobel, Gert (2021). Zwischen Gut und Böse: Philosophie der radikalen Mitte [Between Good and Evil: Philosophy of the Radical Center] (in German). Hamburg: Edition Körber. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-89684-287-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_Foundation","url_text":"Edition Körber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89684-287-9","url_text":"978-3-89684-287-9"}]},{"reference":"Halfwassen, Jens; Gabriel, Markus; Zimmermann, Stephan, eds. (2011). Philosophie und Religion [Philosophy and religion] (in German). Conference paper, 2008. Heidelberg: Winter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-8253-5863-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-5863-1","url_text":"978-3-8253-5863-1"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus, ed. (2011). Skeptizismus und Metaphysik [Skepticism and Metaphysics] (in German). Berlin: Akad.-Verl. p. 356. ISBN 978-3-05-005171-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-005171-0","url_text":"978-3-05-005171-0"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Heyne, Stefan (2014). Porstmann, Gisbert (ed.). Stefan Heyne - Naked light : die Belichtung des Unendlichen [Stefan Heyne - Naked light : the exposure of the infinite] (in German). on the occasion of the exhibition Stefan Heyne - Naked Light. The Exposure of the Infinite, Städtische Galerie Dresden - Kunstsammlung, June 14 to September 14, 2014. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. p. 128. ISBN 978-3-7757-3841-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3841-5","url_text":"978-3-7757-3841-5"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus, ed. (2014). Der Neue Realismus [The New Realism] (in German). Conference paper, 2013. Berlin: Suhrkamp. p. 422. ISBN 978-3-518-29699-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-29699-8","url_text":"978-3-518-29699-8"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Egging, Björn; Wurm, Erwin (2015). Beil, Ralf (ed.). Erwin Wurm - Fichte [Erwin Wurm - spruce] (in German). Baden-Baden: Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-945364-04-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-945364-04-8","url_text":"978-3-945364-04-8"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Markus; Hogrebe, Wolfram; Speer, Andreas, eds. (2015). Das neue Bedürfnis nach Metaphysik [he new desire for metaphysics] (in German). Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-11-044129-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-044129-1","url_text":"978-3-11-044129-1"}]},{"reference":"Freytag, Philip (2019). Gabriel, Markus (ed.). Die Rahmung des Hintergrunds : eine Untersuchung über die Voraussetzungen von Sprachtheorien am Leitfaden der Debatten Derrida - Searle und Derrida - Habermas [Framing the background : an investigation into the presuppositions of theories of language guided by the Derrida - Searle and Derrida - Habermas debates.] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. p. 542. ISBN 978-3-465-04358-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04358-4","url_text":"978-3-465-04358-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Prof. Dr. Markus Gabriel\". Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frias.uni-freiburg.de/en/people/present-fellows/gabriel","url_text":"\"Prof. Dr. Markus Gabriel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies","url_text":"Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Markus Gabriel's Courses\". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://philosophy.berkeley.edu/people/courses/368","url_text":"\"Markus Gabriel's Courses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley","url_text":"University of California, Berkeley"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Sebastian (15 December 2013). \"Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism (review)\". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/44925-transcendental-ontology-essays-in-german-idealism/","url_text":"\"Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism (review)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview at 3AM Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2015-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181016151700/http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/why-the-world-does-not-exist-but-unicorns-do/","url_text":"\"Interview at 3AM Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/why-the-world-does-not-exist-but-unicorns-do/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"28 Minuten - Europa gegen das Virus\". ARTE TV (in German). 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2020-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/088472-161-A/28-minuten/","url_text":"\"28 Minuten - Europa gegen das Virus\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.frias.uni-freiburg.de/en/people/present-fellows/gabriel","external_links_name":"\"Prof. Dr. Markus Gabriel\""},{"Link":"https://philosophy.berkeley.edu/people/courses/368","external_links_name":"\"Markus Gabriel's Courses\""},{"Link":"https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/philosoph-markus-gabriel-ueber-moral-heute-das-boese-nimmt-100.html","external_links_name":"„Das Böse nimmt spürbar zu“"},{"Link":"http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/44925-transcendental-ontology-essays-in-german-idealism/","external_links_name":"\"Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism (review)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181016151700/http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/why-the-world-does-not-exist-but-unicorns-do/","external_links_name":"\"Interview at 3AM Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/why-the-world-does-not-exist-but-unicorns-do/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/088472-161-A/28-minuten/","external_links_name":"\"28 Minuten - Europa gegen das Virus\""},{"Link":"https://thenew.institute/en/people/markus-gabriel","external_links_name":"Markus Gabriel, Academic Director at The New Institute (Hamburg)"},{"Link":"https://www.edge.org/memberbio/markus_gabriel","external_links_name":"Official profile at EDGE"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109029692","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54447457","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymFVyYWr83CfXVCdbmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6055426","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5545415","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15125235v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15125235v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528670306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131793462","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007455101705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13969114","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006081012","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000262551&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001219528","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2014810740&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201107076","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p298712784","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810606298505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1427123","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/306940","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17871575?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-gabriel","external_links_name":"PhilPeople"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd131793462.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112108091","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_School | Munich school | ["1 History and representative artists","2 Beyond Bavaria","3 Style","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | German art movement
Wilhelm Leibl, In der Kueche II, 1898, oil on canvas, 84 cm × 64.5 cm (33.1 in × 25.4 in), Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz Museum
The Munich school (Greek: Σχολή του Μονάχου) is a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich (German: Münchner Akademie der Bildenden Künste) between 1850 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century the Academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe and the United States.
History and representative artists
Munich was an important center of painting and visual art in the period between 1850 and 1914. The mid-century movement away from the Romanticism and emphasis on fresco painting of the earlier Munich school was led by Karl von Piloty, who was a professor at the Munich Academy from 1856 and became its director in 1874. Piloty's approach to history painting was influenced by the French academician Paul Delaroche, and by the painterly colorism of Rubens and the Venetians.
Besides Piloty, other influential teachers at the Academy were Wilhelm von Diez (1839–1907), Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Arthur von Ramberg and Nikolaos Gyzis.
Artists of the Munich school include Anton Braith, Alfred Kowalski, Hans Makart, Gabriel Max, Victor Müller, Fritz Osswald, Franz von Lenbach, Friedrich Kaulbach, Wilhelm Leibl, Wilhelm Trübner, and the genre painters Franz Defregger, Eduard von Grützner, Hermann von Kaulbach and Miroslav Kraljević.
The last generation of students of the Munich school included nearly all the major figures of the German avantgarde, such as Lovis Corinth, Ernst Oppler, Vassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Franz Marc.
Beyond Bavaria
There were notable schools of Munich-trained painters active outside of Germany. The formative influence of teachers and examples of the Munich school shaped the academic naturalism in many European countries, e.g. the Greek academic art of the 19th century. Due to the historical affinity between Bavaria and Greece—Prince Otto I was from 1832 to 1862 the first King of Greece—many Greek artists were trained in Munich. The Munich school in Greek art is the most important artistic movement of Greek Art in the 19th century with strong influences from the Academy of Munich. Among the leading artists of this school were Konstantinos Volanakis, Georgios Roilos, Nikolaos Gyzis, Polychronis Lembesis, Nikolaos Vokos, Nikiphoros Lytras and Georgios Jakobides.
Most of the artists of the Hungarian Nagybanya school of art, such as Gyula Aggházy, were educated in Munich.
Poland was represented by, among others, Józef Chełmoński, Józef Brandt, Władysław Czachórski, Julian Fałat, Aleksander Gierymski, Maksymilian Gierymski and Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski.
The Swedish painters Johan Christoffer Boklund and Johan Fredrik Höckert studied in Munich.
The founder of historical painting in Armenia, Vardges Sureniants, was a representative of the Munich school.
Americans in Munich: Joseph Frank Currier "figured prominently in the Munich school",; with, "exceptional power and originality", . Frank Duveneck and William Merritt Chase were the most prominent exemplars of the Munich school in American art. Other American artists who studied in Munich include Harry Chase, Robert Koehler, John Henry Twachtman, and Walter Shirlaw.
Style
The Munich school is characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical subjects are landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, and history painting.
Notes
^ Fuhrmeister, Christian. 2010. American Artists in Munich: Artistic Migration and Cultural Exchange Processes.
^ a b Norman 1978, p. 167.
^ Brooklyn 1967, p. 26.
^ Bank of Greece – Events Archived 2007-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ Simon, Andrew L. 1998. Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture S. 58.
^ Neuhaus 1987, Unsuspected Genius, The Art and Life of Frank Duveneck, Bedford Press, p.57.
^ Quick 1978, Munich & American Realism in the 19th Century, Crocker Art Gallery Press, p.21.
^ Severens 1995, p. 98.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munich School.
Brooklyn Museum, Triumph of Realism: an exhibition of European and American realist paintings,1850–1910. University of California, 1967.
Greenville County Museum of Art, and Martha R. Severens. Greenville County Museum of Art: The Southern Collection. New York: Hudson Hills Press, in association with the Greenville County Museum of Art, 1995. ISBN 1-55595-102-3
Norman, Geraldine, Nineteenth-Century Painters and Painting: A Dictionary. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. ISBN 0-520-03328-0
External links
Münchner Schule
Münchner Schule bei Ketterer
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Maria_Hubertus_Leibl_013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Wallraf-Richartz Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Munich"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Wilhelm Leibl, In der Kueche II, 1898, oil on canvas, 84 cm × 64.5 cm (33.1 in × 25.4 in), Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz MuseumThe Munich school (Greek: Σχολή του Μονάχου) is a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich (German: Münchner Akademie der Bildenden Künste) between 1850 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century the Academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe and the United States.[1]","title":"Munich school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Karl von Piloty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norman167-2"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"Paul Delaroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delaroche"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Venetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norman167-2"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Diez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Diez"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Kaulbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach"},{"link_name":"Arthur von Ramberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_von_Ramberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Gyzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Gyzis"},{"link_name":"Anton Braith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Braith"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kowalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kowalski"},{"link_name":"Hans Makart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Makart"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Max"},{"link_name":"Victor Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Fritz Osswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Osswald"},{"link_name":"Franz von Lenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kaulbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kaulbach"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Leibl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Leibl"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Trübner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Tr%C3%BCbner"},{"link_name":"Franz Defregger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Defregger"},{"link_name":"Eduard von Grützner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Kaulbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Kaulbach"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Kraljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Kraljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lovis Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovis_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Ernst Oppler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Oppler"},{"link_name":"Vassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Franz Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Marc"}],"text":"Munich was an important center of painting and visual art in the period between 1850 and 1914. The mid-century movement away from the Romanticism and emphasis on fresco painting of the earlier Munich school was led by Karl von Piloty, who was a professor at the Munich Academy from 1856 and became its director in 1874.[2] Piloty's approach to history painting was influenced by the French academician Paul Delaroche, and by the painterly colorism of Rubens and the Venetians.[2]\nBesides Piloty, other influential teachers at the Academy were Wilhelm von Diez (1839–1907), Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Arthur von Ramberg[3] and Nikolaos Gyzis.Artists of the Munich school include Anton Braith, Alfred Kowalski, Hans Makart, Gabriel Max, Victor Müller, Fritz Osswald, Franz von Lenbach, Friedrich Kaulbach, Wilhelm Leibl, Wilhelm Trübner, and the genre painters Franz Defregger, Eduard von Grützner, Hermann von Kaulbach and Miroslav Kraljević.The last generation of students of the Munich school included nearly all the major figures of the German avantgarde, such as Lovis Corinth, Ernst Oppler, Vassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Franz Marc.","title":"History and representative artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek academic art of the 19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Munich school in Greek art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"Greek Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pit-4"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Volanakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis"},{"link_name":"Georgios Roilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Roilos"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Gyzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Gyzis"},{"link_name":"Polychronis Lembesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychronis_Lembesis"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Vokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Vokos"},{"link_name":"Nikiphoros Lytras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiphoros_Lytras"},{"link_name":"Georgios Jakobides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides"},{"link_name":"Gyula Aggházy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Aggh%C3%A1zy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Józef Chełmoński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Józef Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Władysław Czachórski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czach%C3%B3rski"},{"link_name":"Julian Fałat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Fa%C5%82at"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Gierymski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Gierymski"},{"link_name":"Maksymilian Gierymski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymilian_Gierymski"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wierusz-Kowalski"},{"link_name":"Johan Christoffer Boklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Christoffer_Boklund"},{"link_name":"Johan Fredrik Höckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Fredrik_H%C3%B6ckert"},{"link_name":"Vardges Sureniants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardges_Sureniants"},{"link_name":"Joseph Frank Currier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Frank_Currier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Duveneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Duveneck"},{"link_name":"William Merritt Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Harry Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Chase_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koehler"},{"link_name":"John Henry Twachtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Twachtman"},{"link_name":"Walter Shirlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Shirlaw"}],"text":"There were notable schools of Munich-trained painters active outside of Germany. The formative influence of teachers and examples of the Munich school shaped the academic naturalism in many European countries, e.g. the Greek academic art of the 19th century. Due to the historical affinity between Bavaria and Greece—Prince Otto I was from 1832 to 1862 the first King of Greece—many Greek artists were trained in Munich. The Munich school in Greek art is the most important artistic movement of Greek Art in the 19th century with strong influences from the Academy of Munich.[4] Among the leading artists of this school were Konstantinos Volanakis, Georgios Roilos, Nikolaos Gyzis, Polychronis Lembesis, Nikolaos Vokos, Nikiphoros Lytras and Georgios Jakobides.Most of the artists of the Hungarian Nagybanya school of art, such as Gyula Aggházy, were educated in Munich.[5]Poland was represented by, among others, Józef Chełmoński, Józef Brandt, Władysław Czachórski, Julian Fałat, Aleksander Gierymski, Maksymilian Gierymski and Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski.The Swedish painters Johan Christoffer Boklund and Johan Fredrik Höckert studied in Munich.The founder of historical painting in Armenia, Vardges Sureniants, was a representative of the Munich school.Americans in Munich: Joseph Frank Currier \"figured prominently in the Munich school\",[6]; with, \"exceptional power and originality\", [7]. Frank Duveneck and William Merritt Chase were the most prominent exemplars of the Munich school in American art.[8] Other American artists who studied in Munich include Harry Chase, Robert Koehler, John Henry Twachtman, and Walter Shirlaw.","title":"Beyond Bavaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(art)"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_art"},{"link_name":"portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_works"},{"link_name":"still-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still-life"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"}],"text":"The Munich school is characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical subjects are landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, and history painting.","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norman167_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Norman167_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pit_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bank of Greece – Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bankofgreece.gr/en/bank/Exhibition_Vlachos.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070624035222/http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/bank/Exhibition_Vlachos.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Fuhrmeister, Christian. 2010. American Artists in Munich: Artistic Migration and Cultural Exchange Processes.\n\n^ a b Norman 1978, p. 167.\n\n^ Brooklyn 1967, p. 26.\n\n^ Bank of Greece – Events Archived 2007-06-24 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Simon, Andrew L. 1998. Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture S. 58.\n\n^ Neuhaus 1987, Unsuspected Genius, The Art and Life of Frank Duveneck, Bedford Press, p.57.\n\n^ Quick 1978, Munich & American Realism in the 19th Century, Crocker Art Gallery Press, p.21.\n\n^ Severens 1995, p. 98.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Wilhelm Leibl, In der Kueche II, 1898, oil on canvas, 84 cm × 64.5 cm (33.1 in × 25.4 in), Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wilhelm_Maria_Hubertus_Leibl_013.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_Maria_Hubertus_Leibl_013.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/bank/Exhibition_Vlachos.asp","external_links_name":"Bank of Greece – Events"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624035222/http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/bank/Exhibition_Vlachos.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080603082717/http://www.antik-guide.de/muenchner_schule.html","external_links_name":"Münchner Schule"},{"Link":"http://www.kettererkunst.de/lexikon/munchner-schule.shtml","external_links_name":"Münchner Schule bei Ketterer"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/202150062","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4332170-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/098975625","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_Gonna_Do%3F%3F%3F | What You Gonna Do??? | ["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 References"] | For other uses, see Whatcha Gonna Do? (disambiguation).
2020 single by Bastille featuring Graham Coxon"What You Gonna Do???"Single by Bastille featuring Graham Coxonfrom the EP Goosebumps A-side"Survivin'" (double A-side)Released30 July 2020 (2020-07-30)Recorded2020StudioOne Eyed Jack'sGenreAlternative rockgarage rockLength2:11LabelEMI Records Virgin RecordsSongwriter(s)Dan SmithProducer(s)SmithMark CrewBastille singles chronology
"Can't Fight This Feeling" (2019)
"What You Gonna Do???" (2020)
"Survivin'" (2020)
Graham Coxon singles chronology
"Falling"(2017)
"What You Gonna Do???"(2020)
"What You Gonna Do???" (stylised in all caps as "WHAT YOU GONNA DO???") is a song by English indie pop band Bastille. It was released on 30 July 2020 as the first single from their EP Goosebumps. The song was written by Dan Smith, who handled the production with Mark Crew. The song features Blur member, Graham Coxon, on guitar and vocals.
Background
Smith said, "This next phase feels like a new beginning. It's about completely tearing up our process, being spontaneous and starting again. We're just really excited by the new songs. I think we're making some of the best music we’ve ever made. We want to put it out now and not wait for the whole album to be done before anyone starts to hear it. This is about where we are now and hearing us in real-time." According to a press release, the song is about "the frustration with the attention economy in which our eyes and ears are fiercely fought over, yet so few use it for anything worthwhile". Smith said, "Whether we're outside or online we're perpetually hit by so many people vying for our attention, but we're just left rolling our eyes at how rarely it's for anything that decent or funny."
Music video
A music video for the song was released on 30 July 2020 at a total length of two minutes and twenty three seconds. It was directed and created by London-based British-Iranian animator Reza Dolatabadi, and took seven weeks to make.
Track listing
Digital download
"What You Gonna Do???" – 2:11
7-inch vinyl
"Survivin'"
"What You Gonna Do???"
Personnel
Dan Smith – producer, composer, lyricist, associated performer, keyboards, vocals
Mark Crew – producer, composer, lyricist, associated performer, keyboards, programming, recording engineer, studio personnel
Graham Coxon – associated performer, guitar, background vocalist
Jack Duxbury – associated performer, guitar
Charlie Barnes – associated performer, guitar, bass guitar
Kyle Simmons – associated performer, background vocalist
Charles Haydon Hicks – mixer, studio personnel
Luke Burgoyne – mixer, studio personnel
Dan Grech-Marguerat – mixer, programming, studio personnel
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "What You Gonna Do???"
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
15
Canada Rock (Billboard)
19
US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)
38
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
12
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for "What You Gonna Do???"
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)
47
References
^ "Listen to Bastille's thumping new track 'What You Gonna Do???' featuring Graham Coxon". NME. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
^ "Goosebumps Bastille". Genius. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
^ "Bastille Release New Track "What You Gonna Do???" ft. Graham Coxon". umusic.ca. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
^ "Bastille - WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? ft. Graham Coxon". Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via YouTube.
^ "Reza Dolatabadi and his team worked with Bastille for 7 weeks to create the amazing 'WHAT YOU GONNA DO???' music video". Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via Twitter.
^ "WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? (feat. Graham Coxon) – Single by Bastille on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
^ "Limited Edition AA Side: Survivin' / What YOU GONNA DO??? 7"". bastillebastille.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
^ "Bastille feat. Graham Coxon – What You Gonna Do???" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ "Bastille Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "Bastille Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ "Bastille Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
^ "Alternative Airplay Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
vteBastille
Dan Smith
Kyle Simmons
Will Farquarson
Chris "Woody" Wood
Charlie Barnes
Studio albums
Bad Blood (2013)
Wild World (2016)
Doom Days (2019)
Give Me the Future (2022)
Mixtapes
Other People's Heartache
Pt. 2
VS. (Pt. III)
Pt. 4
Extended plays
Laura Palmer EP (2011)
Haunt EP (2013)
Singles
"Flaws"
"Overjoyed"
"Bad Blood"
"Pompeii"
"Laura Palmer"
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
"Of the Night"
"Oblivion"
"Torn Apart"
"Good Grief"
"Send Them Off!"
"Blame"
"Glory"
"Quarter Past Midnight"
"Grip"
"Doom Days"
"Joy"
"Those Nights"
"Another Place"
"Can't Fight This Feeling"
"What You Gonna Do???"
"Survivin'"
Featured singles
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
"I Know You"
"Happier"
"Times Like These"
Other songs
"Fake It"
Related articles
Songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
vteGraham CoxonStudio albums
The Sky Is Too High
The Golden D
Crow Sit on Blood Tree
The Kiss of Morning
Happiness in Magazines
Love Travels at Illegal Speeds
The Spinning Top
A+E
Live albums
Burnt to Bitz: At the Astoria
Extended plays
Live at the Zodiac
Singles
"Thank God for the Rain / You Will Never Be"
"Escape Song / Mountain of Regret"
"Freakin' Out"
"Bittersweet Bundle of Misery"
"Spectacular"
"Freakin' Out / All Over Me"
"Standing on My Own Again"
"You & I"
"I Can't Look at Your Skin / What's He Got?"
"What Ya Gonna Do Now? / Bloody Annoying"
"This Old Town"
"Sorrow's Army"
Featured singles
"What You Gonna Do???"
Related articles
Discography
Blur
The Jaded Hearts Club
The Waeve | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whatcha Gonna Do? (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcha_Gonna_Do%3F_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_(band)"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Crew"},{"link_name":"Blur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blur_(band)"},{"link_name":"Graham Coxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Coxon"}],"text":"For other uses, see Whatcha Gonna Do? (disambiguation).2020 single by Bastille featuring Graham Coxon\"What You Gonna Do???\" (stylised in all caps as \"WHAT YOU GONNA DO???\") is a song by English indie pop band Bastille. It was released on 30 July 2020 as the first single from their EP Goosebumps.[1][2] The song was written by Dan Smith, who handled the production with Mark Crew. The song features Blur member, Graham Coxon, on guitar and vocals.","title":"What You Gonna Do???"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Smith said, \"This next phase feels like a new beginning. It's about completely tearing up our process, being spontaneous and starting again. We're just really excited by the new songs. I think we're making some of the best music we’ve ever made. We want to put it out now and not wait for the whole album to be done before anyone starts to hear it. This is about where we are now and hearing us in real-time.\" According to a press release, the song is about \"the frustration with the attention economy in which our eyes and ears are fiercely fought over, yet so few use it for anything worthwhile\". Smith said, \"Whether we're outside or online we're perpetually hit by so many people vying for our attention, but we're just left rolling our eyes at how rarely it's for anything that decent or funny.\"[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A music video for the song was released on 30 July 2020 at a total length of two minutes and twenty three seconds.[4] It was directed and created by London-based British-Iranian animator Reza Dolatabadi, and took seven weeks to make.[5]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Survivin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin%27"}],"text":"Digital download[6]\"What You Gonna Do???\" – 2:117-inch vinyl[7]\"Survivin'\"\n\"What You Gonna Do???\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Crew"},{"link_name":"Graham Coxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Coxon"},{"link_name":"Charlie Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Barnes_(musician)"}],"text":"Dan Smith – producer, composer, lyricist, associated performer, keyboards, vocals\nMark Crew – producer, composer, lyricist, associated performer, keyboards, programming, recording engineer, studio personnel\nGraham Coxon – associated performer, guitar, background vocalist\nJack Duxbury – associated performer, guitar\nCharlie Barnes – associated performer, guitar, bass guitar\nKyle Simmons – associated performer, background vocalist\nCharles Haydon Hicks – mixer, studio personnel\nLuke Burgoyne – mixer, studio personnel\nDan Grech-Marguerat – mixer, programming, studio personnel","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Listen to Bastille's thumping new track 'What You Gonna Do???' featuring Graham Coxon\". NME. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-bastilles-thumping-new-track-what-you-gonna-do-featuring-graham-coxon-2718658","url_text":"\"Listen to Bastille's thumping new track 'What You Gonna Do???' featuring Graham Coxon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Goosebumps Bastille\". Genius. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/albums/Bastille/Goosebumps","url_text":"\"Goosebumps Bastille\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bastille Release New Track \"What You Gonna Do???\" ft. Graham Coxon\". umusic.ca. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/bastille-release-new-track-what-you-gonna-do-ft-graham-coxon/","url_text":"\"Bastille Release New Track \"What You Gonna Do???\" ft. Graham Coxon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bastille - WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? ft. Graham Coxon\". Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vleS5vua5-Y&t=0s","url_text":"\"Bastille - WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? ft. Graham Coxon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Reza Dolatabadi and his team worked with Bastille for 7 weeks to create the amazing 'WHAT YOU GONNA DO???' music video\". Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BastilleFR/status/1288926304918806529","url_text":"\"Reza Dolatabadi and his team worked with Bastille for 7 weeks to create the amazing 'WHAT YOU GONNA DO???' music video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? (feat. Graham Coxon) – Single by Bastille on Apple Music\". Apple Music. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/what-you-gonna-do-feat-graham-coxon-single/1523894339","url_text":"\"WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? (feat. Graham Coxon) – Single by Bastille on Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Limited Edition AA Side: Survivin' / What YOU GONNA DO??? 7\"\". bastillebastille.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202544/https://music.bastillebastille.com/*/Music/Limited-Edition-AA-Side-survivin-WHAT-YOU-GONNA-DO-7/6STP0ZSH000","url_text":"\"Limited Edition AA Side: Survivin' / What YOU GONNA DO??? 7\"\""},{"url":"https://music.bastillebastille.com/*/Music/Limited-Edition-AA-Side-survivin-WHAT-YOU-GONNA-DO-7/6STP0ZSH000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative Airplay Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/alternative-songs","url_text":"\"Alternative Airplay Songs\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-bastilles-thumping-new-track-what-you-gonna-do-featuring-graham-coxon-2718658","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Bastille's thumping new track 'What You Gonna Do???' featuring Graham Coxon\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/albums/Bastille/Goosebumps","external_links_name":"\"Goosebumps Bastille\""},{"Link":"http://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/bastille-release-new-track-what-you-gonna-do-ft-graham-coxon/","external_links_name":"\"Bastille Release New Track \"What You Gonna Do???\" ft. Graham Coxon\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vleS5vua5-Y&t=0s","external_links_name":"\"Bastille - WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? ft. Graham Coxon\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/BastilleFR/status/1288926304918806529","external_links_name":"\"Reza Dolatabadi and his team worked with Bastille for 7 weeks to create the amazing 'WHAT YOU GONNA DO???' music video\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/what-you-gonna-do-feat-graham-coxon-single/1523894339","external_links_name":"\"WHAT YOU GONNA DO??? (feat. Graham Coxon) – Single by Bastille on Apple Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202544/https://music.bastillebastille.com/*/Music/Limited-Edition-AA-Side-survivin-WHAT-YOU-GONNA-DO-7/6STP0ZSH000","external_links_name":"\"Limited Edition AA Side: Survivin' / What YOU GONNA DO??? 7\"\""},{"Link":"https://music.bastillebastille.com/*/Music/Limited-Edition-AA-Side-survivin-WHAT-YOU-GONNA-DO-7/6STP0ZSH000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Bastille+feat.+Graham+Coxon&titel=What+You+Gonna+Do???&cat=s","external_links_name":"Bastille feat. Graham Coxon – What You Gonna Do???\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bastille/chart-history/CAR","external_links_name":"\"Bastille Chart History (Canada Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bastille/chart-history/ARK","external_links_name":"\"Bastille Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bastille/chart-history/RKA","external_links_name":"\"Bastille Chart History (Rock Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/alternative-songs","external_links_name":"\"Alternative Airplay Songs\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu_Civil_Stadium | Daegu Civic Stadium | ["1 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°52′53″N 128°35′18″E / 35.881318°N 128.588335°E / 35.881318; 128.5883351948–2017 stadium in Daegu, South Korea
Daegu Civic Stadium대구시민운동장 주경기장LocationBuk District, Daegu, South KoreaCoordinates35°52′53″N 128°35′18″E / 35.881318°N 128.588335°E / 35.881318; 128.588335OwnerDaegu Metropolitan City HallOperatorDaegu Metropolitan City Athletic Facilities ManagementCapacity19,467Field size111 × 72 m(running track: 400 m x 8 lanes)SurfaceGrass, Tartan trackConstructionOpened20 April 1948Renovated8 September 2003ExpandedAugust 1960Closed2017Demolished2017Tenants(former main stadium) POSCO Atoms (1987)
(former main stadium) Daegu FC (2003-2019) (secondary field)
(DGB Daegu Bank Park) Daegu FC (2019-)
Daegu Civic StadiumHangul대구시민운동장Hanja大邱市民運動場Revised RomanizationDaegu Simin UndongjangMcCune–ReischauerTaegu Simin Undongjang
The Daegu Civic Stadium (Korean: 대구시민운동장) was a stadium in Daegu sports complex in Daegu, South Korea. The former main stadium was used mostly for football matches of Daegu FC. During the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics, it hosted some football matches. The stadium had a capacity of 30,000 (19,467 seats) and opened on 20 April 1948. The stadium was expanded and reconstructed in 1975, and was renovated and repaired on 8 September 2003. The main stadium of the complex was demolished in 2017, and the new DGB Daegu Bank Park was built at the same place.
The complex is called “Daegu Complex Sports Town”. It now has DGB Daegu Bank Park, indor gym, small soccer field, and Daegu Baseball Stadium, which was a former home of Samsung Lions.
External links
World Stadiums
vteDaegu FC
Founded in 2002
Based in Daegu
The club
History
Players
Managers
Home stadium
DGB Daegu Bank Park (2019–present)
Daegu Stadium (2003–2018)
Daegu Civic Stadium (2003–2013)
Seasons
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Website: www.daegufc.co.kr
vtePohang Steelers
Founded in 1973
Based in Pohang, Gyeongbuk
The club
History
Players
Managers
Asia
Home stadium
Daegu Civic Stadium (1987)
Pohang Stadium (1987–1990, 2013)
Gwangyang Football Stadium (1993–1994)
Pohang Steel Yard (1990–present)
Rivalries
Donghaean derby
HonoursK League 1
1986
1988
1992
2007
2013
FA Cup
1996
2008
2012
2013
2023
League Cup
1993
2009
President's Cup
1974
AFC Champions League
1996–97
1997–98
2009
Lunar New Year Cup
2010
Seasons
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2020
Website: www.steelers.co.kr
vte Venues of the 1988 Summer Olympics
(Seoul)Seoul Sports Complex
Jamsil Baseball Stadium
Jamsil Gymnasium
Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool
Jamsil Students' Gymnasium
Olympic Stadium
Olympic Park
Mongchontoseong
Olympic Fencing Gymnasium
Olympic Gymnastics Arena
Olympic Tennis Center
Olympic Velodrome
Olympic Weightlifting Gymnasium
New venues
Busan Yachting Center
Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site
Hanyang University Gymnasium
Saemaul Sports Hall
Sangmu Gymnasium
Seoul Equestrian Park
Seoul National University Gymnasium
Suwon Gymnasium
Football venues
Busan Stadium
Daegu Stadium
Daejeon Stadium
Dongdaemun Stadium
Gwangju Stadium
Existing venues
Hwarang Archery Field
Jangchung Arena
Royal Bowling Center
Seongnam Stadium
Taenung International Shooting Range
Tongillo Road Course
vteOlympic venues in association football1890s
1896
Neo Phaliron Velodrome
1900s
1900
Vélodrome de Vincennes
1904
Francis Olympic Field
1908
White City Stadium
1910s
1912
Råsunda IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium (final), Tranebergs Idrottsplats
1920s
1920
Jules Ottenstadion, Olympisch Stadion (final), Stade Joseph Marien, Stadion Broodstraat
1924
Stade Bergeyre, Stade Yves-du-Manoir (final), Stade de Paris, Stade Pershing
1928
Monnikenhuize, Olympic Stadium (final), Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel
1930s
1936
Hertha-BSC Field, Mommsenstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Poststadion
1940s
1948
Arsenal Stadium, Champion Hill, Craven Cottage, Empire Stadium (medal matches), Fratton Park, Goldstone Ground, Green Pond Road, Griffin Park, Lynn Road, Selhurst Park, White Hart Lane
1950s
1952
Kotkan urheilukeskus, Kupittaan jalkapallostadion, Lahden kisapuisto, Olympic Stadium (final), Ratina Stadion, Töölön Pallokenttä
1956
Melbourne Cricket Ground (final), Olympic Park Stadium
1960s
1960
Florence Communal Stadium, Grosseto Communal Stadium, L'Aquila Communal Stadium, Livorno Ardenza Stadium, Naples Saint Paul's Stadium, Pescara Adriatic Stadium, Stadio Flaminio (final)
1964
Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, Mitsuzawa Football Field, Nagai Stadium, Tokyo National Stadium (final), Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium, Ōmiya Football Field, Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field
1968
Estadio Azteca (final), Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Estadio Nou Camp, Jalisco Stadium
1970s
1972
Dreiflüssestadion, ESV-Stadion, Jahnstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Rosenaustadion, Urban Stadium
1976
Lansdowne Park, Olympic Stadium (final), Sherbrooke Stadium, Varsity Stadium
1980s
1980
Dinamo Stadium, Dynamo Central Stadium – Grand Arena, Central Lenin Stadium – Grand Arena (final), Kirov Stadium, Republican Stadium
1984
Harvard Stadium, Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Rose Bowl (final), Stanford Stadium
1988
Busan Stadium, Daegu Stadium, Daejeon Stadium, Dongdaemun Stadium, Gwangju Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final)
1990s
1992
Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta, Camp Nou (final), Estadio Luís Casanova, La Romareda, Sarrià Stadium
1996
Florida Citrus Bowl, Legion Field, Orange Bowl, RFK Memorial Stadium, Sanford Stadium (both finals)
2000s
2000
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Bruce Stadium, Hindmarsh Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Olympic Stadium (men's final), Sydney Football Stadium (women's final)
2004
Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Karaiskakis Stadium (women's final), Olympic Stadium (men's final), Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, Pankritio Stadium, Panthessaliko Stadium
2008
Beijing National Stadium (men's final), Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Shanghai Stadium, Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Workers' Stadium (women's final)
2010s
2012
Coventry Arena, Hampden Park, Millennium Stadium, St James' Park, Old Trafford, Wembley Stadium (both finals)
2016
Estádio Nacional de Brasília, Arena Fonte Nova, Mineirão, Arena Corinthians, Arena da Amazônia, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Maracanã (both finals)
2020s
2020
International Stadium Yokohama (both finals), Kashima Soccer Stadium, Miyagi Stadium, Saitama Stadium, Sapporo Dome, Tokyo Stadium
2024
Parc des Princes (both finals), Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Stade de la Beaujoire, Stade de Nice, Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Stade Matmut Atlantique, Stade Vélodrome
2028
SoFi Stadium (men's final), BMO Stadium, Rose Bowl (women's final), Levi's Stadium, PayPal Park, Stanford Stadium, California Memorial Stadium, Snapdragon Stadium
2030s
2032
Barlow Park, Lang Park (both finals), Melbourne Cricket Ground, North Queensland Stadium, Sunshine Coast Stadium, Stadium Australia, Robina Stadium
This article about a sports venue in South Korea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Summer Olympics venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"sports complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_complex"},{"link_name":"Daegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Daegu FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu_FC"},{"link_name":"1986 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"DGB Daegu Bank Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGB_Daegu_Bank_Park"},{"link_name":"Daegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu"},{"link_name":"DGB Daegu Bank Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGB_Daegu_Bank_Park"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Daegu Baseball Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu_Baseball_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Samsung Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Lions"}],"text":"1948–2017 stadium in Daegu, South KoreaThe Daegu Civic Stadium (Korean: 대구시민운동장) was a stadium in Daegu sports complex in Daegu, South Korea. The former main stadium was used mostly for football matches of Daegu FC. During the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics, it hosted some football matches. The stadium had a capacity of 30,000 (19,467 seats) and opened on 20 April 1948. The stadium was expanded and reconstructed in 1975, and was renovated and repaired on 8 September 2003. The main stadium of the complex was demolished in 2017, and the new DGB Daegu Bank Park was built at the same place.The complex is called “Daegu Complex Sports Town”. It now has DGB Daegu Bank Park, indor gym, small soccer field, and Daegu Baseball Stadium, which was a former home of Samsung Lions.","title":"Daegu Civic Stadium"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daegu_Civic_Stadium¶ms=35.881318_N_128.588335_E_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"35°52′53″N 128°35′18″E / 35.881318°N 128.588335°E / 35.881318; 128.588335"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daegu_Civic_Stadium¶ms=35.881318_N_128.588335_E_type:landmark_scale:3000","external_links_name":"35°52′53″N 128°35′18″E / 35.881318°N 128.588335°E / 35.881318; 128.588335"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203113552/http://worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/south_korea/daegu/daegu_civil.shtml","external_links_name":"World Stadiums"},{"Link":"http://www.daegufc.co.kr/","external_links_name":"www.daegufc.co.kr"},{"Link":"http://www.steelers.co.kr/","external_links_name":"www.steelers.co.kr"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daegu_Civic_Stadium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daegu_Civic_Stadium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disorders | Lysosomal storage disease | ["1 Classification","1.1 Standard classification","1.2 By type of defect protein","1.3 Lysosomal storage disorders","2 Signs and symptoms","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 History","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Medical conditionLysosomal storage diseaseMicrograph of Gaucher disease, with cells that have the characteristic crumpled tissue paper-like cytoplasm. H&E stain.SpecialtyEndocrinology
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; /ˌlaɪsəˈsoʊməl/) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function. Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical enzymes. If one of these enzymes is defective due to a mutation, the large molecules accumulate within the cell, eventually killing it.
Lysosomal storage disorders are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar-containing proteins), or so-called mucopolysaccharides. Individually, lysosomal storage diseases occur with incidences of less than 1:100,000; however, as a group, the incidence is about 1:5,000 – 1:10,000. Most of these disorders are autosomal recessively inherited such as Niemann–Pick disease, type C, but a few are X-linked recessively inherited, such as Fabry disease and Hunter syndrome (MPS II).
The lysosome is commonly referred to as the cell's recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can use. Lysosomes break down this unwanted matter by enzymes, highly specialized proteins essential for survival. Lysosomal disorders are usually triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether. When this happens, substances accumulate in the cell. In other words, when the lysosome does not function normally, excess products destined for breakdown and recycling are stored in the cell.
Like other genetic disorders, individuals inherit lysosomal storage diseases from their parents. Although each disorder results from different gene mutations that translate into a deficiency in enzyme activity, they all share a common biochemical characteristic – all lysosomal disorders originate from an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome.
Lysosomal storage diseases affect mostly children and they often die at a young age, many within a few months or years of birth.
Classification
Standard classification
The lysosomal storage diseases are generally classified by the nature of the primary stored material involved, and can be broadly broken into the following: (ICD-10 codes are provided where available)
(E75) Lipid storage disorders
Gangliosidoses (including Tay–Sachs disease (E75.0-E75.1) - they are a subtype of sphingolipidoses
Sphingolipidoses that are not gangliosidoses, including Gaucher's and Niemann–Pick diseases (E75.2-E75.3)
Leukodystrophies
(E76.0) Mucopolysaccharidoses, including Hunter syndrome and Hurler disease
(E77) Glycoprotein storage disorders
(E77.0-E77.1, E75.11) Mucolipidoses; Mucolipidosis IV is a gangliosidosis
Also, glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease) is a defect in lysosomal metabolism as well, although it is otherwise classified into E74.0 in ICD-10. Cystinosis is an lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine.
By type of defect protein
Alternatively to the protein targets, lysosomal storage diseases may be classified by the type of protein that is deficient and is causing buildup.
Type of defect protein
Disease examples
Deficient protein
Lysosomal enzymes primarily
Tay–Sachs disease, I-cell disease, Sphingolipidoses (e.g., Krabbe disease, gangliosidosis: Gaucher, Niemann–Pick disease and glycolipids: Metachromatic leukodystrophy), Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
Various
Posttranslational modification of enzymes
Multiple sulfatase deficiency
Multiple sulfatases
Membrane transport proteins
Mucolipidosis type II and IIIA
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase
Enzyme protecting proteins
Galactosialidosis
Cathepsin A
Soluble nonenzymatic proteins
GM2-AP deficiency, variant AB, Niemann–Pick disease, type C2
GM2-AP, NPC2
Transmembrane proteins
SAP deficiency
Sphingolipid activator proteins
Niemann–Pick disease, type C1
NPC1
Salla disease
Sialin
Unless else specified in boxes, then the applicable reference is:
Lysosomal storage disorders
Lysosomal storage diseases include:
Sphingolipidoses
Ceramidase
Farber disease
Krabbe disease
Infantile onset
Late onset
Galactosialidosis
Gangliosides: gangliosidoses
Alpha-galactosidase
Fabry disease (alpha-galactosidase A)
Schindler disease (alpha-galactosidase B)
Beta-galactosidase / GM1 gangliosidosis
Infantile
Juvenile
Adult / chronic
GM2 gangliosidosis
AB variant
Activator deficiency
Sandhoff disease
Infantile
Juvenile
Adult onset
Tay–Sachs
Juvenile hexosaminidase A deficiency
Chronic hexosaminidase A deficiency
Glucocerebroside
Gaucher disease
Type I
Type II
Type III
Sphingomyelinase
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
Early onset
Late onset
Niemann–Pick disease
Type A
Type B
Sulfatidosis
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Saposin B deficiency
Multiple sulfatase deficiency
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Type I
MPS I Hurler syndrome
MPS I S Scheie syndrome
MPS I H-S Hurler–Scheie syndrome
Type II (Hunter syndrome)
Type III (Sanfilippo syndrome)
MPS III A (Type A)
MPS III B (Type B)
MPS III C (Type C)
MPS III D (Type D)
Type IV (Morquio)
MPS IVA (Type A)
MPS IVB (Type B)
Type VI (Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome)
Type VII (Sly syndrome)
Type IX (hyaluronidase deficiency)
Mucolipidosis
Type I (sialidosis)
Type II (I-cell disease)
Type III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy / phosphotransferase deficiency)
Type IV (mucolipidin 1 deficiency)
Lipidoses
Niemann–Pick disease
type C
Type D
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses
Type 1 Santavuori–Haltia disease / infantile NCL (CLN1 PPT1)
Type 2 Jansky–Bielschowsky disease / late infantile NCL (CLN2/LINCL TPP1)
Type 3 Batten–Spielmeyer–Vogt disease / juvenile NCL (CLN3)
Type 4 Kufs disease / adult NCL (CLN4)
Type 5 Finnish Variant / late infantile (CLN5)
Type 6 Late infantile variant (CLN6)
Type 7 CLN7
Type 8 Northern epilepsy (CLN8)
Type 8 Turkish late infantile (CLN8)
Type 9 German/Serbian late infantile (unknown)
Type 10 Congenital cathepsin D deficiency (CTSD)
Wolman disease
Oligosaccharide
Alpha-mannosidosis
Beta-mannosidosis
Aspartylglucosaminuria
Fucosidosis
Lysosomal transport diseases
Cystinosis
Pycnodysostosis
Salla disease / sialic acid storage disease
Infantile free sialic acid storage disease
Glycogen storage diseases
Type II Pompe disease
Type IIb Danon disease
Other
Cholesteryl ester storage disease
Lysosomal disease
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of lysosomal storage diseases vary depending on the particular disorder and other variables such as the age of onset, and can be mild to severe. They can include developmental delay, movement disorders, seizures, dementia, deafness, and/or blindness. Some people with lysosomal storage diseases have enlarged livers or spleens, pulmonary and cardiac problems, and bones that grow abnormally.
Diagnosis
The majority of patients are initially screened by enzyme assay, which is the most efficient method to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. In some families where the disease-causing mutations are known, and in certain genetic isolates, mutation analysis may be performed. In addition, after a diagnosis is made by biochemical means, mutation analysis may be performed for certain disorders.
Treatment
No cures for lysosomal storage diseases are known, and treatment is mostly symptomatic, although bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) have been tried with some success. ERT can minimize symptoms and prevent permanent damage to the body. In addition, umbilical cord blood transplantation is being performed at specialized centers for a number of these diseases. In addition, substrate reduction therapy, a method used to decrease the production of storage material, is currently being evaluated for some of these diseases. Furthermore, chaperone therapy, a technique used to stabilize the defective enzymes produced by patients, is being examined for certain of these disorders. The experimental technique of gene therapy may offer cures in the future.
Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, so it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Ambroxol triggers the secretion of lysosomes from cells by inducing a pH-dependent calcium release from acidic calcium stores. Hence, relieving the cell from accumulating degradation products is a proposed mechanism by which this drug may help.
History
Tay–Sachs disease was the first of these disorders to be described, in 1881, followed by Gaucher disease in 1882. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, de Duve and colleagues, using cell fractionation techniques, cytological studies, and biochemical analyses, identified and characterized the lysosome as a cellular organelle responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules. This was the scientific breakthrough that would lead to the understanding of the physiological basis of the lysosomal storage diseases. Pompe disease was the first disease to be identified as an lysosomal storage disease in 1963, with L. Hers reporting the cause as a deficiency of α-glucosidase. Hers also suggested that other diseases, such as the mucopolysaccharidosis, might be due to enzyme deficiencies.
See also
Mannosidosis
Molecular chaperone therapy
References
^ Platt, Frances M.; d’Azzo, Alessandra; Davidson, Beverly L.; Neufeld, Elizabeth F.; Tifft, Cynthia J. (2018-10-01). "Lysosomal storage diseases". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 4 (1): 27. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0025-4. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 30275469. S2CID 52896843.
^ Winchester B, Vellodi A, Young E (2000). "The molecular basis of lysosomal storage diseases and their treatment". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28 (2): 150–4. doi:10.1042/bst0280150. PMID 10816117.
^ Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 121–122. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.
^ Meikle, P. J.; Hopwood, J. J.; Clague, A. E.; Carey, W. F. (20 January 1999). "Prevalence of lysosomal storage disorders". JAMA. 281 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1001/jama.281.3.249. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 9918480. S2CID 14297661.
^ M, Fuller; PJ, Meikle; JJ, Hopwood (2006). "2. Epidemiology of lysosomal storage diseases: an overview". Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS. Oxford PharmaGenesis. ISBN 1-903539-03-X. PMID 21290699. NBK11603.
^ eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Pediatric Neurology > Lysosomal Storage Disease Author: Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD. Coauthor(s): Rowena Emilia Tabamo, MD; Brian Klein, MD. Updated: Sep 25, 2008
^ Boron, W.; Boulpaep, E., eds. (2012). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Saunders Press. ISBN 978-1-4377-1753-2. OCLC 1083396596.
^ Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). "Table 7-6". Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
^ "Danon disease".
^ a b Navarrete-Martínez, Juana Inés; Limón-Rojas, Ana Elena; Gaytán-García, Maria de Jesús; Reyna-Figueroa, Jesús; Wakida-Kusunoki, Guillermo; Delgado-Calvillo, Ma. del Rocío; Cantú-Reyna, Consuelo; Cruz-Camino, Héctor; Cervantes-Barragán, David Eduardo (May 2017). "Newborn screening for six lysosomal storage disorders in a cohort of Mexican patients: Three-year findings from a screening program in a closed Mexican health system". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 121 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.001. PMID 28302345.
^ Clarke JT, Iwanochko RM (2005). "Enzyme replacement therapy of Fabry disease". Mol. Neurobiol. 32 (1): 043–050. doi:10.1385/MN:32:1:043. PMID 16077182. S2CID 24240533.
^ Bruni S, Loschi L, Incerti C, Gabrielli O, Coppa GV (2007). "Update on treatment of lysosomal storage diseases". Acta Myol. 26 (1): 87–92. PMC 2949325. PMID 17915580.
^ "Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Gaucher Disease". National Gaucher Foundation. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
^ Nagree, Murtaza S.; Scalia, Simone; McKillop, William M.; Medin, Jeffrey A. (2019-07-03). "An update on gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 19 (7): 655–670. doi:10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837. ISSN 1471-2598. PMID 31056978. S2CID 145822883.
^ Ponder KP, Haskins ME (2007). "Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis". Expert Opin Biol Ther. 7 (9): 1333–1345. doi:10.1517/14712598.7.9.1333. PMC 3340574. PMID 17727324.
^ McNeill, Alisdair; Magalhaes, Joana; Shen, Chengguo; Chau, Kai-Yin; Hughes, Derralyn; Mehta, Atul; Foltynie, Tom; Cooper, J. Mark; Abramov, Andrey Y. (2014-05-01). "Ambroxol improves lysosomal biochemistry in glucocerebrosidase mutation-linked Parkinson disease cells". Brain. 137 (5): 1481–1495. doi:10.1093/brain/awu020. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 3999713. PMID 24574503.
^ Albin, Roger L.; Dauer, William T. (2014-05-01). "Magic shotgun for Parkinson's disease?". Brain. 137 (5): 1274–1275. doi:10.1093/brain/awu076. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 24771397.
^ Fois, Giorgio; Hobi, Nina; Felder, Edward; Ziegler, Andreas; Miklavc, Pika; Walther, Paul; Radermacher, Peter; Haller, Thomas; Dietl, Paul (2015). "A new role for an old drug: Ambroxol triggers lysosomal exocytosis via pH-dependent Ca2+ release from acidic Ca2+ stores". Cell Calcium. 58 (6): 628–637. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2015.10.002. PMID 26560688.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: E75-E77MeSH: D016464
vteLysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of lipid metabolism (Lipid storage disorders)Sphingolipidoses(to ceramide)From ganglioside(gangliosidoses)
Ganglioside: GM1 gangliosidoses
GM2 gangliosidoses (Sandhoff disease
Tay–Sachs disease
AB variant)
From globoside
Globotriaosylceramide: Fabry's disease
From sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin: phospholipid: Niemann–Pick disease (SMPD1-associated
type C)
Glucocerebroside: Gaucher's disease
From sulfatide(sulfatidoses
leukodystrophy)
Sulfatide: Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Multiple sulfatase deficiency
Galactocerebroside: Krabbe disease
To sphingosine
Ceramide: Farber disease
NCL
Infantile
Jansky–Bielschowsky disease
Batten disease
Other
Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis
Cholesteryl ester storage disease (Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency/Wolman disease)
Sea-blue histiocytosis
vteLysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism (Mucopolysaccharidoses)Catabolism
MPS I
Hurler syndrome, Hurler–Scheie syndrome, Scheie syndrome
MPS II: Hunter syndrome
MPS III: Sanfilippo syndrome
MPS IV: Morquio syndrome
MPS VI: Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
MPS VII: Sly syndrome
MPS IX: Hyaluronidase deficiency
vteLysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism (Glycoproteinoses)Anabolism
Dolichol kinase deficiency
Congenital disorder of glycosylation
Post-translational modificationof lysosomal enzymes
Mucolipidosis: I-cell disease (ML II)
Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy (ML III)
Catabolism
Aspartylglucosaminuria
Fucosidosis
mannosidosis
Alpha-mannosidosis
Beta-mannosidosis
Sialidosis
Schindler disease
Other
solute carrier family (Salla disease)
Galactosialidosis
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌlaɪsəˈsoʊməl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"metabolic disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lysosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-3"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"glycoproteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"autosomal recessively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive"},{"link_name":"Niemann–Pick disease, type C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease,_type_C"},{"link_name":"X-linked recessively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive"},{"link_name":"Fabry disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry_disease"},{"link_name":"Hunter syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"genetic disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"}],"text":"Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; /ˌlaɪsəˈsoʊməl/) are a group of over 70 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function.[1][2] Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical enzymes. If one of these enzymes is defective due to a mutation, the large molecules accumulate within the cell, eventually killing it.[3]Lysosomal storage disorders are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar-containing proteins), or so-called mucopolysaccharides. Individually, lysosomal storage diseases occur with incidences of less than 1:100,000; however, as a group, the incidence is about 1:5,000 – 1:10,000.[4][5] Most of these disorders are autosomal recessively inherited such as Niemann–Pick disease, type C, but a few are X-linked recessively inherited, such as Fabry disease and Hunter syndrome (MPS II).The lysosome is commonly referred to as the cell's recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can use. Lysosomes break down this unwanted matter by enzymes, highly specialized proteins essential for survival. Lysosomal disorders are usually triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether. When this happens, substances accumulate in the cell. In other words, when the lysosome does not function normally, excess products destined for breakdown and recycling are stored in the cell.Like other genetic disorders, individuals inherit lysosomal storage diseases from their parents. Although each disorder results from different gene mutations that translate into a deficiency in enzyme activity, they all share a common biochemical characteristic – all lysosomal disorders originate from an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome.Lysosomal storage diseases affect mostly children and they often die at a young age, many within a few months or years of birth.","title":"Lysosomal storage disease"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD"},{"link_name":"Lipid storage disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_storage_disorder"},{"link_name":"Gangliosidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangliosidosis"},{"link_name":"Tay–Sachs disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease"},{"link_name":"Sphingolipidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidoses"},{"link_name":"Gaucher's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Niemann–Pick diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease"},{"link_name":"Leukodystrophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukodystrophy"},{"link_name":"Mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis"},{"link_name":"Hunter syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hurler disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_disease"},{"link_name":"Glycoprotein storage disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinosis"},{"link_name":"Mucolipidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucolipidosis"},{"link_name":"glycogen storage disease type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cystinosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinosis"}],"sub_title":"Standard classification","text":"The lysosomal storage diseases are generally classified by the nature of the primary stored material involved, and can be broadly broken into the following: (ICD-10 codes are provided where available)(E75) Lipid storage disorders\nGangliosidoses (including Tay–Sachs disease (E75.0-E75.1) - they are a subtype of sphingolipidoses\nSphingolipidoses that are not gangliosidoses, including Gaucher's and Niemann–Pick diseases (E75.2-E75.3)\nLeukodystrophies\n(E76.0) Mucopolysaccharidoses, including Hunter syndrome and Hurler disease\n(E77) Glycoprotein storage disorders\n(E77.0-E77.1, E75.11) Mucolipidoses; Mucolipidosis IV is a gangliosidosisAlso, glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease) is a defect in lysosomal metabolism as well,[6] although it is otherwise classified into E74.0 in ICD-10. Cystinosis is an lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By type of defect protein","text":"Alternatively to the protein targets, lysosomal storage diseases may be classified by the type of protein that is deficient and is causing buildup.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sphingolipidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipidoses"},{"link_name":"Ceramidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidase"},{"link_name":"Farber disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farber_disease"},{"link_name":"Krabbe disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbe_disease"},{"link_name":"Galactosialidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosialidosis"},{"link_name":"Gangliosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangliosides"},{"link_name":"gangliosidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangliosidoses"},{"link_name":"Alpha-galactosidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-galactosidase"},{"link_name":"Fabry disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry_disease"},{"link_name":"Schindler disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler_disease"},{"link_name":"Beta-galactosidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-galactosidase"},{"link_name":"GM1 gangliosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1_gangliosidosis"},{"link_name":"GM2 gangliosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_gangliosidosis"},{"link_name":"AB variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2-gangliosidosis,_AB_variant"},{"link_name":"Sandhoff disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhoff_disease"},{"link_name":"Tay–Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs"},{"link_name":"Glucocerebroside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocerebroside"},{"link_name":"Gaucher disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease"},{"link_name":"Sphingomyelinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelinase"},{"link_name":"Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomal_acid_lipase_deficiency"},{"link_name":"Niemann–Pick disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease"},{"link_name":"Sulfatidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatidosis"},{"link_name":"Metachromatic leukodystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachromatic_leukodystrophy"},{"link_name":"Multiple sulfatase deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sulfatase_deficiency"},{"link_name":"Mucopolysaccharidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidoses"},{"link_name":"Hurler syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Scheie syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheie_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hurler–Scheie syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler%E2%80%93Scheie_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hunter syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Sanfilippo syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanfilippo_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Morquio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morquio"},{"link_name":"Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroteaux%E2%80%93Lamy_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Sly syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_syndrome"},{"link_name":"hyaluronidase deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase"},{"link_name":"sialidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialidosis"},{"link_name":"I-cell disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-cell_disease"},{"link_name":"phosphotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphotransferase"},{"link_name":"mucolipidin 1 deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucolipidosis_type_IV"},{"link_name":"Lipidoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidoses"},{"link_name":"Niemann–Pick disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease"},{"link_name":"type C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease,_type_C"},{"link_name":"Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_ceroid_lipofuscinoses"},{"link_name":"Santavuori–Haltia disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santavuori%E2%80%93Haltia_disease"},{"link_name":"PPT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPT1"},{"link_name":"Jansky–Bielschowsky disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansky%E2%80%93Bielschowsky_disease"},{"link_name":"TPP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPP1"},{"link_name":"Batten–Spielmeyer–Vogt disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_disease"},{"link_name":"CLN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN3"},{"link_name":"Kufs disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufs_disease"},{"link_name":"CLN4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN4"},{"link_name":"CLN5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN5"},{"link_name":"CLN6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN6"},{"link_name":"CLN7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLN7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CLN8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN8"},{"link_name":"CLN8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLN8"},{"link_name":"CTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTSD"},{"link_name":"Wolman disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolman_disease"},{"link_name":"Oligosaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharide"},{"link_name":"Alpha-mannosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-mannosidosis"},{"link_name":"Beta-mannosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-mannosidosis"},{"link_name":"Aspartylglucosaminuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartylglucosaminuria"},{"link_name":"Fucosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosidosis"},{"link_name":"Cystinosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinosis"},{"link_name":"Pycnodysostosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnodysostosis"},{"link_name":"Salla disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salla_disease"},{"link_name":"Infantile free sialic acid storage disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_free_sialic_acid_storage_disease"},{"link_name":"Pompe disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe_disease"},{"link_name":"Danon disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danon_disease"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cholesteryl ester storage disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_storage_disease"}],"sub_title":"Lysosomal storage disorders","text":"Lysosomal storage diseases include:SphingolipidosesCeramidase\nFarber disease\nKrabbe disease\nInfantile onset\nLate onset\nGalactosialidosis\nGangliosides: gangliosidoses\nAlpha-galactosidase\nFabry disease (alpha-galactosidase A)\nSchindler disease (alpha-galactosidase B)\nBeta-galactosidase / GM1 gangliosidosis\nInfantile\nJuvenile\nAdult / chronic\nGM2 gangliosidosis\nAB variant\nActivator deficiency\nSandhoff disease\nInfantile\nJuvenile\nAdult onset\nTay–Sachs\nJuvenile hexosaminidase A deficiency\nChronic hexosaminidase A deficiency\nGlucocerebroside\nGaucher disease\nType I\nType II\nType III\nSphingomyelinase\nLysosomal acid lipase deficiency\nEarly onset\nLate onset\nNiemann–Pick disease\nType A\nType B\nSulfatidosis\nMetachromatic leukodystrophy\nSaposin B deficiency\nMultiple sulfatase deficiencyMucopolysaccharidosesType I\nMPS I Hurler syndrome\nMPS I S Scheie syndrome\nMPS I H-S Hurler–Scheie syndrome\nType II (Hunter syndrome)\nType III (Sanfilippo syndrome)\nMPS III A (Type A)\nMPS III B (Type B)\nMPS III C (Type C)\nMPS III D (Type D)\nType IV (Morquio)\nMPS IVA (Type A)\nMPS IVB (Type B)\nType VI (Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome)\nType VII (Sly syndrome)\nType IX (hyaluronidase deficiency)MucolipidosisType I (sialidosis)\nType II (I-cell disease)\nType III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy / phosphotransferase deficiency)\nType IV (mucolipidin 1 deficiency)LipidosesNiemann–Pick disease\ntype C\nType D\nNeuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses\nType 1 Santavuori–Haltia disease / infantile NCL (CLN1 PPT1)\nType 2 Jansky–Bielschowsky disease / late infantile NCL (CLN2/LINCL TPP1)\nType 3 Batten–Spielmeyer–Vogt disease / juvenile NCL (CLN3)\nType 4 Kufs disease / adult NCL (CLN4)\nType 5 Finnish Variant / late infantile (CLN5)\nType 6 Late infantile variant (CLN6)\nType 7 CLN7\nType 8 Northern epilepsy (CLN8)\nType 8 Turkish late infantile (CLN8)\nType 9 German/Serbian late infantile (unknown)\nType 10 Congenital cathepsin D deficiency (CTSD)\nWolman diseaseOligosaccharideAlpha-mannosidosis\nBeta-mannosidosis\nAspartylglucosaminuria\nFucosidosisLysosomal transport diseasesCystinosis\nPycnodysostosis\nSalla disease / sialic acid storage disease\nInfantile free sialic acid storage diseaseGlycogen storage diseasesType II Pompe disease\nType IIb Danon disease[9]OtherCholesteryl ester storage diseaseLysosomal disease","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"deafness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafness"},{"link_name":"blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"enlarged livers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegaly"},{"link_name":"spleens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly"},{"link_name":"pulmonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary"},{"link_name":"cardiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavaretteMartinez-10"}],"text":"The symptoms of lysosomal storage diseases vary depending on the particular disorder and other variables such as the age of onset, and can be mild to severe. They can include developmental delay, movement disorders, seizures, dementia, deafness, and/or blindness. Some people with lysosomal storage diseases have enlarged livers or spleens, pulmonary and cardiac problems, and bones that grow abnormally.[10]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavaretteMartinez-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The majority of patients are initially screened by enzyme assay, which is the most efficient method to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.[10] In some families where the disease-causing mutations are known, and in certain genetic isolates, mutation analysis may be performed. In addition, after a diagnosis is made by biochemical means, mutation analysis may be performed for certain disorders.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bone marrow transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation"},{"link_name":"enzyme replacement therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_replacement_therapy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"umbilical cord blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord_blood"},{"link_name":"substrate reduction therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_reduction_therapy"},{"link_name":"chaperone therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaperone_therapy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gene therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ambroxol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroxol"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"lysosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome"},{"link_name":"calcium release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"No cures for lysosomal storage diseases are known, and treatment is mostly symptomatic, although bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) have been tried with some success.[11][12] ERT can minimize symptoms and prevent permanent damage to the body.[13] In addition, umbilical cord blood transplantation is being performed at specialized centers for a number of these diseases. In addition, substrate reduction therapy, a method used to decrease the production of storage material, is currently being evaluated for some of these diseases. Furthermore, chaperone therapy, a technique used to stabilize the defective enzymes produced by patients, is being examined for certain of these disorders. The experimental technique of gene therapy may offer cures in the future.[14][15]Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, so it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease.[16][17] Ambroxol triggers the secretion of lysosomes from cells by inducing a pH-dependent calcium release from acidic calcium stores.[18] Hence, relieving the cell from accumulating degradation products is a proposed mechanism by which this drug may help.[citation needed]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tay–Sachs disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease"},{"link_name":"Gaucher disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease"},{"link_name":"cytological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytological"},{"link_name":"intracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular"},{"link_name":"macromolecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecules"},{"link_name":"Pompe disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe_disease"},{"link_name":"mucopolysaccharidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tay–Sachs disease was the first of these disorders to be described, in 1881, followed by Gaucher disease in 1882. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, de Duve and colleagues, using cell fractionation techniques, cytological studies, and biochemical analyses, identified and characterized the lysosome as a cellular organelle responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules. This was the scientific breakthrough that would lead to the understanding of the physiological basis of the lysosomal storage diseases. Pompe disease was the first disease to be identified as an lysosomal storage disease in 1963, with L. Hers reporting the cause as a deficiency of α-glucosidase. Hers also suggested that other diseases, such as the mucopolysaccharidosis, might be due to enzyme deficiencies.[citation needed]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mannosidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosidosis"},{"title":"Molecular chaperone therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_chaperone_therapy"}] | [{"reference":"Platt, Frances M.; d’Azzo, Alessandra; Davidson, Beverly L.; Neufeld, Elizabeth F.; Tifft, Cynthia J. (2018-10-01). \"Lysosomal storage diseases\". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 4 (1): 27. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0025-4. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 30275469. S2CID 52896843.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0025-4","url_text":"\"Lysosomal storage diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41572-018-0025-4","url_text":"10.1038/s41572-018-0025-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-676X","url_text":"2056-676X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30275469","url_text":"30275469"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52896843","url_text":"52896843"}]},{"reference":"Winchester B, Vellodi A, Young E (2000). \"The molecular basis of lysosomal storage diseases and their treatment\". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28 (2): 150–4. doi:10.1042/bst0280150. PMID 10816117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbst0280150","url_text":"10.1042/bst0280150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10816117","url_text":"10816117"}]},{"reference":"Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 121–122. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/121","url_text":"Biology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/121","url_text":"121–122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-6624-5","url_text":"0-8053-6624-5"}]},{"reference":"Meikle, P. J.; Hopwood, J. J.; Clague, A. E.; Carey, W. F. (20 January 1999). \"Prevalence of lysosomal storage disorders\". JAMA. 281 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1001/jama.281.3.249. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 9918480. S2CID 14297661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.281.3.249","url_text":"10.1001/jama.281.3.249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484","url_text":"0098-7484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9918480","url_text":"9918480"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14297661","url_text":"14297661"}]},{"reference":"M, Fuller; PJ, Meikle; JJ, Hopwood (2006). \"2. Epidemiology of lysosomal storage diseases: an overview\". Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS. Oxford PharmaGenesis. ISBN 1-903539-03-X. PMID 21290699. NBK11603.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/fabry/A142/","url_text":"\"2. Epidemiology of lysosomal storage diseases: an overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903539-03-X","url_text":"1-903539-03-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21290699","url_text":"21290699"}]},{"reference":"Boron, W.; Boulpaep, E., eds. (2012). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Saunders Press. ISBN 978-1-4377-1753-2. OCLC 1083396596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1753-2","url_text":"978-1-4377-1753-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083396596","url_text":"1083396596"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). \"Table 7-6\". Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-2973-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Danon disease\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/danon-disease#genes","url_text":"\"Danon disease\""}]},{"reference":"Navarrete-Martínez, Juana Inés; Limón-Rojas, Ana Elena; Gaytán-García, Maria de Jesús; Reyna-Figueroa, Jesús; Wakida-Kusunoki, Guillermo; Delgado-Calvillo, Ma. del Rocío; Cantú-Reyna, Consuelo; Cruz-Camino, Héctor; Cervantes-Barragán, David Eduardo (May 2017). \"Newborn screening for six lysosomal storage disorders in a cohort of Mexican patients: Three-year findings from a screening program in a closed Mexican health system\". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 121 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.001. PMID 28302345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ymgme.2017.03.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28302345","url_text":"28302345"}]},{"reference":"Clarke JT, Iwanochko RM (2005). \"Enzyme replacement therapy of Fabry disease\". Mol. Neurobiol. 32 (1): 043–050. doi:10.1385/MN:32:1:043. PMID 16077182. S2CID 24240533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1385%2FMN%3A32%3A1%3A043","url_text":"10.1385/MN:32:1:043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16077182","url_text":"16077182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24240533","url_text":"24240533"}]},{"reference":"Bruni S, Loschi L, Incerti C, Gabrielli O, Coppa GV (2007). \"Update on treatment of lysosomal storage diseases\". Acta Myol. 26 (1): 87–92. PMC 2949325. PMID 17915580.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949325","url_text":"\"Update on treatment of lysosomal storage diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949325","url_text":"2949325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17915580","url_text":"17915580"}]},{"reference":"\"Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Gaucher Disease\". National Gaucher Foundation. Retrieved 2017-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaucherdisease.org/gaucher-diagnosis-treatment/treatment/enzyme-replacement-therapy/","url_text":"\"Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Gaucher Disease\""}]},{"reference":"Nagree, Murtaza S.; Scalia, Simone; McKillop, William M.; Medin, Jeffrey A. (2019-07-03). \"An update on gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders\". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 19 (7): 655–670. doi:10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837. ISSN 1471-2598. PMID 31056978. S2CID 145822883.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837","url_text":"\"An update on gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14712598.2019.1607837","url_text":"10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2598","url_text":"1471-2598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056978","url_text":"31056978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145822883","url_text":"145822883"}]},{"reference":"Ponder KP, Haskins ME (2007). \"Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis\". Expert Opin Biol Ther. 7 (9): 1333–1345. doi:10.1517/14712598.7.9.1333. PMC 3340574. PMID 17727324.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340574","url_text":"\"Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14712598.7.9.1333","url_text":"10.1517/14712598.7.9.1333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340574","url_text":"3340574"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17727324","url_text":"17727324"}]},{"reference":"McNeill, Alisdair; Magalhaes, Joana; Shen, Chengguo; Chau, Kai-Yin; Hughes, Derralyn; Mehta, Atul; Foltynie, Tom; Cooper, J. Mark; Abramov, Andrey Y. (2014-05-01). \"Ambroxol improves lysosomal biochemistry in glucocerebrosidase mutation-linked Parkinson disease cells\". Brain. 137 (5): 1481–1495. doi:10.1093/brain/awu020. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 3999713. PMID 24574503.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999713","url_text":"\"Ambroxol improves lysosomal biochemistry in glucocerebrosidase mutation-linked Parkinson disease cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu020","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awu020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","url_text":"0006-8950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999713","url_text":"3999713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24574503","url_text":"24574503"}]},{"reference":"Albin, Roger L.; Dauer, William T. (2014-05-01). \"Magic shotgun for Parkinson's disease?\". Brain. 137 (5): 1274–1275. doi:10.1093/brain/awu076. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 24771397.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu076","url_text":"\"Magic shotgun for Parkinson's disease?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu076","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awu076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","url_text":"0006-8950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24771397","url_text":"24771397"}]},{"reference":"Fois, Giorgio; Hobi, Nina; Felder, Edward; Ziegler, Andreas; Miklavc, Pika; Walther, Paul; Radermacher, Peter; Haller, Thomas; Dietl, Paul (2015). \"A new role for an old drug: Ambroxol triggers lysosomal exocytosis via pH-dependent Ca2+ release from acidic Ca2+ stores\". Cell Calcium. 58 (6): 628–637. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2015.10.002. PMID 26560688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceca.2015.10.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.ceca.2015.10.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26560688","url_text":"26560688"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0025-4","external_links_name":"\"Lysosomal storage diseases\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41572-018-0025-4","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41572-018-0025-4"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-676X","external_links_name":"2056-676X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30275469","external_links_name":"30275469"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52896843","external_links_name":"52896843"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbst0280150","external_links_name":"10.1042/bst0280150"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10816117","external_links_name":"10816117"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/121","external_links_name":"Biology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/121","external_links_name":"121–122"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.281.3.249","external_links_name":"10.1001/jama.281.3.249"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484","external_links_name":"0098-7484"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9918480","external_links_name":"9918480"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14297661","external_links_name":"14297661"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/fabry/A142/","external_links_name":"\"2. Epidemiology of lysosomal storage diseases: an overview\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21290699","external_links_name":"21290699"},{"Link":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182830-overview","external_links_name":"eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Pediatric Neurology > Lysosomal Storage Disease"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083396596","external_links_name":"1083396596"},{"Link":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/danon-disease#genes","external_links_name":"\"Danon disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ymgme.2017.03.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.001"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28302345","external_links_name":"28302345"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1385%2FMN%3A32%3A1%3A043","external_links_name":"10.1385/MN:32:1:043"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16077182","external_links_name":"16077182"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24240533","external_links_name":"24240533"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949325","external_links_name":"\"Update on treatment of lysosomal storage diseases\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949325","external_links_name":"2949325"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17915580","external_links_name":"17915580"},{"Link":"http://www.gaucherdisease.org/gaucher-diagnosis-treatment/treatment/enzyme-replacement-therapy/","external_links_name":"\"Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Gaucher Disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837","external_links_name":"\"An update on gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14712598.2019.1607837","external_links_name":"10.1080/14712598.2019.1607837"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2598","external_links_name":"1471-2598"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056978","external_links_name":"31056978"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145822883","external_links_name":"145822883"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340574","external_links_name":"\"Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14712598.7.9.1333","external_links_name":"10.1517/14712598.7.9.1333"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340574","external_links_name":"3340574"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17727324","external_links_name":"17727324"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999713","external_links_name":"\"Ambroxol improves lysosomal biochemistry in glucocerebrosidase mutation-linked Parkinson disease cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu020","external_links_name":"10.1093/brain/awu020"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","external_links_name":"0006-8950"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999713","external_links_name":"3999713"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24574503","external_links_name":"24574503"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu076","external_links_name":"\"Magic shotgun for Parkinson's disease?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawu076","external_links_name":"10.1093/brain/awu076"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","external_links_name":"0006-8950"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24771397","external_links_name":"24771397"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceca.2015.10.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ceca.2015.10.002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26560688","external_links_name":"26560688"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E75","external_links_name":"E75"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E77","external_links_name":"E77"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D016464","external_links_name":"D016464"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541171005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85079196","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph675382&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Gang_Records | Taylor Gang Entertainment | ["1 History","2 Roster","2.1 Current artists","2.2 Former artists","3 TGOD Mafia","4 References","5 External links"] | Record label
Taylor Gang EntertainmentFounded2008 (2008)FounderWiz KhalifaDistributor(s)Asylum Records/Atlantic Records GroupBMG Rights ManagementGenreHip hopLocationPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Official websitetaylorgang.com
Taylor Gang Entertainment is an American entertainment company. Co-founded by rapper Wiz Khalifa in 2008, it operates as an independent record label, music management, music production and film company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The record label is home to artists such as Wiz Khalifa, Berner, and Juicy J who serves as A&R for the label. TM88 is a producer for the label. The company is currently headquartered at ID Labs in Pittsburgh.
History
Wiz Khalifa founded the label in 2008
The Taylor Gang was originally coined in 2006 to refer to "Taylors" who are supporters of Wiz Khalifa. Taylor Gang Ent. was co-founded in 2008 by Khalifa. The record label was named after Khalifa's alma mater, Taylor Allderdice High School, and his affinity for Converse Chuck Taylor All-Star sneakers and Taylor Mitchell. Taylor Gang Ent. began as Khalifa's fan base network, street team and home to his crew. The entity later became a full entertainment company encompassing record label, management services, production and film companies. Chevy Woods, Berner, and Tuki Carter all signed to the record label in 2011. In December 2012, Juicy J joined the entertainment company. In 2013, Ty Dolla $ign joined the company as well. In 2014, J.R. Donato signed to the label. That year, Taylor Gang Records selected INgrooves to manage their global distribution and marketing.
The record label also doubles as a super group and announced plans to release an album as a group in 2016.
Taylor Gang Ent. partnered with brands to create licensing deals, most notably, Grenco Science in 2014 for a series of vaporizer products and Neff to produce a special 26-piece apparel collection composed of T-shirts, jerseys and hats. The creative collaboration among the label's artists and Neff.
Roster
Current artists
Berner
Chevy Woods
DJ Bonics (Wiz Khalifa's DJ)
E. Dan (producer
Fedd The God
Juicy J (jointly Trippy Music and E1)
Kris Hollis
Sk8
Sledgren (Producer)
Sosamann
TM88 (Producer)
Tuki Carter
Ty Dolla $ign
Wiz Khalifa
Young Deji
Former artists
Lola Monroe
Jimmy Wopo (Deceased)
Courtney Noelle
TGOD Mafia
TGOD MafiaGenresHip hopYears active2016–presentLabelsTaylor GangEMPIREMembersWiz KhalifaJuicy JTy Dolla SignTM88
TGOD (Taylor Gang or Die) Mafia is an American supergroup composed of Taylor Gang Entertainment signees. Their debut project, TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening (2016), peaked at number 26 on the Billboard 200 and was produced entirely by in-house producer TM88.
References
^ a b Gail Mitchell (August 18, 2014). "Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records signs distro deal with INgrooves". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ "Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang debuts vaporizers". License Global. 2018-04-05. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Music News Desk (August 19, 2014). "Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records taps INgrooves Music Group for worldwide distribution". Broadway World. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Natali Bianco (November 6, 2012). "Wiz Khalifa brings the Taylor Gang to Civic Auditorium". The Gateway. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Julian Sonny (June 25, 2015). "How Wiz Khalifa went from local rapper to international icon". Elite Daily. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Trent Clark (September 15, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa surprises Taylor Allderdice High School with $45K worth of backpacks". Hip Hop Wired. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ JP DelaCuesta (January 24, 2012). "Chevy Woods: Taylor Gang's general breaks down his army's music & more". All HipHop. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
^ Ross Green (July 25, 2011). "Interview: Wiz Khalifa reveals his web secrets of success". NBC New York. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
^ Adelle Platon (March 4, 2014). "Taylor Gang's Courtney Noelle unveils 'Love On The Run' mixtape artwork and tracklisting". VIBE. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Michael Alison Gonzales (May 15, 2014). "Courtney Noelle preps first album with Wiz Khalifa ". Ebony. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Lipshutz, Jason. "Juicy J Stays Trippy: Inside The Rapper's Unlikely Comeback". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ Elva Aguilar (January 31, 2014). "Interview:Juicy J Talks About Lord Infamous, Katy Perry's "Dark Horse," & His Relationship With Taylor Gang". Complex. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ "Ty Dolla $ign Officially Joins Taylor Gang". Vibe. 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ "Ty Dolla $ign Joins Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Label". Complex. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ Kev Ross (November 5, 2014). "J.R. Donato Releases New Video For "Couldn't Wait" Signs to Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang". Radio Facts. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ Horowitz, Steven J. (2013-02-21). "Wiz Khalifa & Amber Rose Give Birth To Baby Boy Sebastian Taylor Thomaz". HipHop DX. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
^ Nate Bodansky (June 6, 2014). "Neff x Taylor Gang Ent. launch new apparel collection". Hypebeast. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
^ "Taylor Gang Officially Announces 'Fedd the God' Signing + Drops Debut Single "King James"". 24 July 2020.
^ Markman, Rob. "Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J Deal Is 'Official'". MTV News. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SK8 As The Latest Taylor Gang Signee". HotNewHipHop. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SosaMann of the Sauce Factory to Taylor Gang". XXL. 30 March 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^ "A Conversation with Tuki Carter • Avant-Y News". 6 August 2019.
^ Respers France, Lisa (19 July 2018). "Rapper Jimmy Wopo gunned down in Pittsburgh". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
^ "Courtney Noelle Talks "Love on the Run" & Her Taylor Gang Family". HNHH. 11 March 2014.
^ "Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and TM88 Reveal TGOD Mafia 'Rude Awakening' Cover". 29 May 2016.
External links
Official website
vteWiz Khalifa
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Show and Prove
Deal or No Deal
Rolling Papers
O.N.I.F.C.
Blacc Hollywood
Rolling Papers 2
Multiverse
Collaborations
TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening (2016)
2009 (2019)
Full Court Press (with Girl Talk, Big K.R.I.T., and Smoke DZA)
SoundtracksMac & Devin Go to High School (2011)Compilation albumsKhalifa (2016)EPs
Live in Concert (2013)
Talk About It in the Morning (2015)
Mixtapes
Flight School (2009)
Kush & Orange Juice (2010)
Cabin Fever (2011)
Taylor Allderdice (2012)
Cabin Fever 2 (2012)
28 Grams (2014)
Cabin Fever 3 (2015)
ToursAmerican Beauty/American Psycho TourRelated articlesTaylor Gang Entertainment Category
vteJuicy J
Discography
Production discography
Studio albums
Chronicles of the Juice Man
Hustle Till I Die
Stay Trippy
Rubba Band Business
The Hustle Continues
Collaborations
TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening
Singles
"Bandz a Make Her Dance"
"Show Out"
"Bounce It"
"Shell Shocked"
"Low"
"All Night"
"Ballin"
"Ain't Nothing"
"You Can Cry"
Featured singles
"With Ur Love"
"Die Young"
"We Still in This Bitch"
"Pour It Up" (Remix)
"Crazy Kids"
"23"
"Clappers"
"Lolly"
"Dark Horse"
"She Knows"
"Multiply"
"I Don't Mind"
"Drive You Crazy"
"Yamborghini High"
"Powerglide"
"Thinking with My Dick"
Other songs
"Smokin' On"
"One of Those Nights"
"KK"
Related articles
Three 6 Mafia
DJ Paul
Hypnotize Minds
Project Pat
Wiz Khalifa
Taylor Gang Records
vteTy Dolla SignDiscographyStudio albums
Free TC (2015)
Beach House 3 (2017)
Featuring Ty Dolla Sign (2020)
Collaborative albums
MihTy (with Jeremih) (2018)
Cheers to the Best Memories (with Dvsn) (2021)
Vultures 1 (with Kanye West as ¥$)
Vultures 2 (with Kanye West as ¥$)
EPs
Beach House EP (2014)
Talk About It in the Morning (with Wiz Khalifa) (2015)
Mixtapes
Campaign (2016)
Singles
"Paranoid"
"Or Nah"
"Shell Shocked"
"Stand For"
"Drop That Kitty"
"Blasé"
"Saved"
"Wavy"
"Sucker for Pain"
"Campaign"
"Zaddy"
"Love U Better"
"So Am I"
"Ex"
"Pineapple"
"OTW"
"Treehouse"
"Midnight Hour"
"Ego Death"
"Expensive"
"Spicy"
"The Business, Pt. II"
"By Yourself"
"Willing to Trust"
"Vultures"
"Talking / Once Again"
"Carnival"
Featured singles
"Toot It and Boot It"
"Nobody"
"You and Your Friends"
"My Main"
"Play No Games"
"Fade"
"Work from Home"
"Bacon"
"Gone"
"Money Showers"
"Are You Sure?"
"I Think She Like Me"
"Blessings"
"Fallen"
"So Good"
"Ain't Nothing"
"Swalla"
"It's a Vibe"
"Vitamin D"
"F with U"
"Trap Paris"
"Whatever You Need"
"Something New"
"Ego"
"Say Less"
"Psycho"
"Me So Bad"
"Accelerate"
"All Mine"
"Bottled Up"
"Nights Like This"
"Think About Us"
"Got Me"
"Hot Girl Summer"
"Hit Different"
"Chosen"
"WusYaName"
"Lifetime"
"Friends"
Other songs
"Real Friends"
"Violent Crimes"
"Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)"
"New Body"
"Everything We Need"
"Back to Me"
"Burn"
"Fuk Sumn"
"Good (Don't Die)"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill-1"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Berner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26R"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-license-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadway-3"},{"link_name":"TM88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM88"},{"link_name":"ID Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID_Labs"}],"text":"Taylor Gang Entertainment is an American entertainment company. Co-founded by rapper Wiz Khalifa in 2008, it operates as an independent record label, music management, music production and film company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[1] The record label is home to artists such as Wiz Khalifa, Berner, and Juicy J who serves as A&R for the label.[2][3] TM88 is a producer for the label. The company is currently headquartered at ID Labs in Pittsburgh.","title":"Taylor Gang Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiz_Khalifa,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gate-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elite-5"},{"link_name":"Taylor Allderdice High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School"},{"link_name":"Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Taylor All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphop-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allhip-7"},{"link_name":"Chevy Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Woods"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbc-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vibe-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebony-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"vaporizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hype-17"}],"text":"Wiz Khalifa founded the label in 2008The Taylor Gang was originally coined in 2006 to refer to \"Taylors\" who are supporters of Wiz Khalifa.[4] Taylor Gang Ent. was co-founded in 2008 by Khalifa.[1][5] The record label was named after Khalifa's alma mater, Taylor Allderdice High School, and his affinity for Converse Chuck Taylor All-Star sneakers and Taylor Mitchell.[6][7] Taylor Gang Ent. began as Khalifa's fan base network, street team and home to his crew. The entity later became a full entertainment company encompassing record label, management services, production and film companies. Chevy Woods, Berner, and Tuki Carter all signed to the record label in 2011.[8][9][10] In December 2012, Juicy J joined the entertainment company.[11][12] In 2013, Ty Dolla $ign joined the company as well.[13][14] In 2014, J.R. Donato signed to the label.[15] That year, Taylor Gang Records selected INgrooves to manage their global distribution and marketing.[citation needed]The record label also doubles as a super group and announced plans to release an album as a group in 2016.[16]Taylor Gang Ent. partnered with brands to create licensing deals, most notably, Grenco Science in 2014 for a series of vaporizer products and Neff to produce a special 26-piece apparel collection composed of T-shirts, jerseys and hats. The creative collaboration among the label's artists and Neff.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Chevy Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Woods"},{"link_name":"DJ Bonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Bonics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Juicy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_J"},{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kris Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kris_Hollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sledgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgren"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XXL_Magazine-21"},{"link_name":"TM88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM88"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ty Dolla $ign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Young Deji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Deji&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Current artists","text":"Berner\nChevy Woods\nDJ Bonics (Wiz Khalifa's DJ)\nE. Dan (producer\nFedd The God[18]\nJuicy J (jointly Trippy Music and E1)[19]\nKris Hollis[citation needed]\nSk8[20]\nSledgren (Producer)\nSosamann[21]\nTM88 (Producer)\nTuki Carter[22]\nTy Dolla $ign\nWiz Khalifa\nYoung Deji","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lola Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wopo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Former artists","text":"Lola Monroe\nJimmy Wopo (Deceased)[23]\nCourtney Noelle[24]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGOD_Mafia:_Rude_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"TM88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM88"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"TGOD (Taylor Gang or Die) Mafia is an American supergroup composed of Taylor Gang Entertainment signees. Their debut project, TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening (2016), peaked at number 26 on the Billboard 200 and was produced entirely by in-house producer TM88.[25]","title":"TGOD Mafia"}] | [{"image_text":"Wiz Khalifa founded the label in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wiz_Khalifa%2C_2010.jpg/170px-Wiz_Khalifa%2C_2010.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gail Mitchell (August 18, 2014). \"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records signs distro deal with INgrooves\". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6221753/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-records-signs-distro-deal-with-ingrooves","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records signs distro deal with INgrooves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang debuts vaporizers\". License Global. 2018-04-05. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.licenseglobal.com/entertainment/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-debuts-vaporizers","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang debuts vaporizers\""}]},{"reference":"Music News Desk (August 19, 2014). \"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records taps INgrooves Music Group for worldwide distribution\". Broadway World. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6221753/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-records-signs-distro-deal-with-ingrooves","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records taps INgrooves Music Group for worldwide distribution\""}]},{"reference":"Natali Bianco (November 6, 2012). \"Wiz Khalifa brings the Taylor Gang to Civic Auditorium\". The Gateway. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://unothegateway.com/wiz-khalifa-brings-the-taylor-gang-to-civic-auditorium/","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa brings the Taylor Gang to Civic Auditorium\""}]},{"reference":"Julian Sonny (June 25, 2015). \"How Wiz Khalifa went from local rapper to international icon\". Elite Daily. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elitedaily.com/music/wiz-khalifa-local-rapper-international-icon-photos/1092062/","url_text":"\"How Wiz Khalifa went from local rapper to international icon\""}]},{"reference":"Trent Clark (September 15, 2015). \"Wiz Khalifa surprises Taylor Allderdice High School with $45K worth of backpacks\". Hip Hop Wired. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopwired.com/2015/09/15/wiz-khalifa-taylor-allderdice-high-school-backpacks/","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa surprises Taylor Allderdice High School with $45K worth of backpacks\""}]},{"reference":"JP DelaCuesta (January 24, 2012). \"Chevy Woods: Taylor Gang's general breaks down his army's music & more\". All HipHop. Retrieved February 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://allhiphop.com/2012/01/24/chevy-woods-taylor-gangs-general-breaks-down-his-armys-music-more/","url_text":"\"Chevy Woods: Taylor Gang's general breaks down his army's music & more\""}]},{"reference":"Ross Green (July 25, 2011). \"Interview: Wiz Khalifa reveals his web secrets of success\". NBC New York. Retrieved September 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/nonstop-sound/Interview-Wiz-Khalifa-Reveals-His-Web-Secrets-of-Success.html","url_text":"\"Interview: Wiz Khalifa reveals his web secrets of success\""}]},{"reference":"Adelle Platon (March 4, 2014). \"Taylor Gang's Courtney Noelle unveils 'Love On The Run' mixtape artwork and tracklisting\". VIBE. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/2014/03/courtney-noelle-love-on-the-run-mixtape-artwork-tracklisting/","url_text":"\"Taylor Gang's Courtney Noelle unveils 'Love On The Run' mixtape artwork and tracklisting\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Alison Gonzales (May 15, 2014). \"Courtney Noelle preps first album with Wiz Khalifa [INTERVIEW]\". Ebony. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/courtney-noelle-preps-first-album-111#axzz3m7R0LrfW","url_text":"\"Courtney Noelle preps first album with Wiz Khalifa [INTERVIEW]\""}]},{"reference":"Lipshutz, Jason. \"Juicy J Stays Trippy: Inside The Rapper's Unlikely Comeback\". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/5646763/juicy-j-stays-trippy-inside-the-rappers-unlikely-comeback","url_text":"\"Juicy J Stays Trippy: Inside The Rapper's Unlikely Comeback\""}]},{"reference":"Elva Aguilar (January 31, 2014). \"Interview:Juicy J Talks About Lord Infamous, Katy Perry's \"Dark Horse,\" & His Relationship With Taylor Gang\". Complex. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/music/2014/01/juicy-j-lord-infamous-taylor-gang-interview","url_text":"\"Interview:Juicy J Talks About Lord Infamous, Katy Perry's \"Dark Horse,\" & His Relationship With Taylor Gang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Officially Joins Taylor Gang\". Vibe. 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/article/ty-dolla-sign-gets-signed-taylor-gang","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Officially Joins Taylor Gang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Joins Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Label\". Complex. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2013/07/ty-dolla-sign-wiz-khalifa-taylor-gang","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Joins Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Label\""}]},{"reference":"Kev Ross (November 5, 2014). \"J.R. Donato Releases New Video For \"Couldn't Wait\" Signs to Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang\". Radio Facts. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiofacts.com/j-r-donato-releases-new-video-couldnt-wait-signs-wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang/","url_text":"\"J.R. Donato Releases New Video For \"Couldn't Wait\" Signs to Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Steven J. (2013-02-21). \"Wiz Khalifa & Amber Rose Give Birth To Baby Boy Sebastian Taylor Thomaz\". HipHop DX. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22997/title.wiz-khalifa-amber-rose-give-birth-to-baby-boy-sebastian-taylor-thomaz","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa & Amber Rose Give Birth To Baby Boy Sebastian Taylor Thomaz\""}]},{"reference":"Nate Bodansky (June 6, 2014). \"Neff x Taylor Gang Ent. launch new apparel collection\". Hypebeast. Retrieved February 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hypebeast.com/2014/6/neff-x-taylor-gang-ent-launch-new-apparel-collection","url_text":"\"Neff x Taylor Gang Ent. launch new apparel collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor Gang Officially Announces 'Fedd the God' Signing + Drops Debut Single \"King James\"\". 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/07/taylor-gang-officially-announces-fedd-the-god-signing-drops-debut-single-king-james/","url_text":"\"Taylor Gang Officially Announces 'Fedd the God' Signing + Drops Debut Single \"King James\"\""}]},{"reference":"Markman, Rob. \"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J Deal Is 'Official'\". MTV News. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1675486/wiz-khalifa-taylor-gang-juicy-j-signing/","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J Deal Is 'Official'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SK8 As The Latest Taylor Gang Signee\". HotNewHipHop. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/wiz-khalifa-welcomes-sk8-as-the-latest-taylor-gang-signee-news.67106.html","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SK8 As The Latest Taylor Gang Signee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SosaMann of the Sauce Factory to Taylor Gang\". XXL. 30 March 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/03/wiz-khalifa-sosamann-taylor-gang/","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SosaMann of the Sauce Factory to Taylor Gang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)","url_text":"XXL"}]},{"reference":"\"A Conversation with Tuki Carter • Avant-Y News\". 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avantynews.com/tuki-story/","url_text":"\"A Conversation with Tuki Carter • Avant-Y News\""}]},{"reference":"Respers France, Lisa (19 July 2018). \"Rapper Jimmy Wopo gunned down in Pittsburgh\". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/19/entertainment/jimmy-wopo-dead/index.html","url_text":"\"Rapper Jimmy Wopo gunned down in Pittsburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Courtney Noelle Talks \"Love on the Run\" & Her Taylor Gang Family\". HNHH. 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/19480-courtney-noelle-talks-love-on-the-run-and-her-taylor-gang-family-news","url_text":"\"Courtney Noelle Talks \"Love on the Run\" & Her Taylor Gang Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and TM88 Reveal TGOD Mafia 'Rude Awakening' Cover\". 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xxlmag.com/tgod-mafa-rude-awakening-album-cover/","url_text":"\"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and TM88 Reveal TGOD Mafia 'Rude Awakening' Cover\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://taylorgang.com/","external_links_name":"taylorgang.com"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6221753/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-records-signs-distro-deal-with-ingrooves","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records signs distro deal with INgrooves\""},{"Link":"https://www.licenseglobal.com/entertainment/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-debuts-vaporizers","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang debuts vaporizers\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6221753/wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang-records-signs-distro-deal-with-ingrooves","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Records taps INgrooves Music Group for worldwide distribution\""},{"Link":"http://unothegateway.com/wiz-khalifa-brings-the-taylor-gang-to-civic-auditorium/","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa brings the Taylor Gang to Civic Auditorium\""},{"Link":"http://elitedaily.com/music/wiz-khalifa-local-rapper-international-icon-photos/1092062/","external_links_name":"\"How Wiz Khalifa went from local rapper to international icon\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopwired.com/2015/09/15/wiz-khalifa-taylor-allderdice-high-school-backpacks/","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa surprises Taylor Allderdice High School with $45K worth of backpacks\""},{"Link":"http://allhiphop.com/2012/01/24/chevy-woods-taylor-gangs-general-breaks-down-his-armys-music-more/","external_links_name":"\"Chevy Woods: Taylor Gang's general breaks down his army's music & more\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/nonstop-sound/Interview-Wiz-Khalifa-Reveals-His-Web-Secrets-of-Success.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Wiz Khalifa reveals his web secrets of success\""},{"Link":"http://www.vibe.com/2014/03/courtney-noelle-love-on-the-run-mixtape-artwork-tracklisting/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Gang's Courtney Noelle unveils 'Love On The Run' mixtape artwork and tracklisting\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/courtney-noelle-preps-first-album-111#axzz3m7R0LrfW","external_links_name":"\"Courtney Noelle preps first album with Wiz Khalifa [INTERVIEW]\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/5646763/juicy-j-stays-trippy-inside-the-rappers-unlikely-comeback","external_links_name":"\"Juicy J Stays Trippy: Inside The Rapper's Unlikely Comeback\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/music/2014/01/juicy-j-lord-infamous-taylor-gang-interview","external_links_name":"\"Interview:Juicy J Talks About Lord Infamous, Katy Perry's \"Dark Horse,\" & His Relationship With Taylor Gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.vibe.com/article/ty-dolla-sign-gets-signed-taylor-gang","external_links_name":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Officially Joins Taylor Gang\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2013/07/ty-dolla-sign-wiz-khalifa-taylor-gang","external_links_name":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Joins Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang Label\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiofacts.com/j-r-donato-releases-new-video-couldnt-wait-signs-wiz-khalifas-taylor-gang/","external_links_name":"\"J.R. Donato Releases New Video For \"Couldn't Wait\" Signs to Wiz Khalifa's Taylor Gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.22997/title.wiz-khalifa-amber-rose-give-birth-to-baby-boy-sebastian-taylor-thomaz","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa & Amber Rose Give Birth To Baby Boy Sebastian Taylor Thomaz\""},{"Link":"http://hypebeast.com/2014/6/neff-x-taylor-gang-ent-launch-new-apparel-collection","external_links_name":"\"Neff x Taylor Gang Ent. launch new apparel collection\""},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/07/taylor-gang-officially-announces-fedd-the-god-signing-drops-debut-single-king-james/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Gang Officially Announces 'Fedd the God' Signing + Drops Debut Single \"King James\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1675486/wiz-khalifa-taylor-gang-juicy-j-signing/","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J Deal Is 'Official'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/wiz-khalifa-welcomes-sk8-as-the-latest-taylor-gang-signee-news.67106.html","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SK8 As The Latest Taylor Gang Signee\""},{"Link":"https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/03/wiz-khalifa-sosamann-taylor-gang/","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa Welcomes SosaMann of the Sauce Factory to Taylor Gang\""},{"Link":"https://www.avantynews.com/tuki-story/","external_links_name":"\"A Conversation with Tuki Carter • Avant-Y News\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/19/entertainment/jimmy-wopo-dead/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Rapper Jimmy Wopo gunned down in Pittsburgh\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/19480-courtney-noelle-talks-love-on-the-run-and-her-taylor-gang-family-news","external_links_name":"\"Courtney Noelle Talks \"Love on the Run\" & Her Taylor Gang Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.xxlmag.com/tgod-mafa-rude-awakening-album-cover/","external_links_name":"\"Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and TM88 Reveal TGOD Mafia 'Rude Awakening' Cover\""},{"Link":"http://www.taylorgang.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/3069751e-ef32-4941-8bbd-958882cb3ce8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorce_(Jihlava_District) | Dvorce (Jihlava District) | ["1 Demographics","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°22′31″N 15°29′25″E / 49.37528°N 15.49028°E / 49.37528; 15.49028Municipality in Vysočina, Czech RepublicDvorceMunicipalityChapel of Saint John of Nepomuk
FlagCoat of armsDvorceLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°22′31″N 15°29′25″E / 49.37528°N 15.49028°E / 49.37528; 15.49028Country Czech RepublicRegionVysočinaDistrictJihlavaFirst mentioned1360Area • Total3.50 km2 (1.35 sq mi)Elevation515 m (1,690 ft)Population (2024-01-01) • Total211 • Density60/km2 (160/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code588 51Websitewww.obec-dvorce.cz
Dvorce (Czech pronunciation: ; German: Höfen) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Dvorce lies on the Jihlava River, approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Jihlava and 110 km (68 mi) south-east of Prague.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1869187— 1880185−1.1%1890195+5.4%1900197+1.0%1910204+3.6%1921200−2.0%1930275+37.5%1950202−26.5%1961239+18.3%1970227−5.0%1980210−7.5%1991173−17.6%2001159−8.1%2011184+15.7%2021215+16.8%Source: Censuses
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jihlava" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 3–4.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dvorce (Jihlava District).
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Jihlava District
Arnolec
Batelov
Bílý Kámen
Bítovčice
Bohuslavice
Borovná
Boršov
Brtnice
Brtnička
Brzkov
Cejle
Cerekvička-Rosice
Černíč
Čížov
Dlouhá Brtnice
Dobronín
Dobroutov
Dolní Cerekev
Dolní Vilímeč
Doupě
Dudín
Dušejov
Dvorce
Dyjice
Hladov
Hodice
Hojkov
Horní Dubenky
Horní Myslová
Hostětice
Hrutov
Hubenov
Hybrálec
Jamné
Jersín
Jezdovice
Ježená
Jihlava
Jihlávka
Jindřichovice
Kalhov
Kaliště
Kamenice
Kamenná
Klatovec
Kněžice
Knínice
Kostelec
Kostelní Myslová
Kozlov
Krahulčí
Krasonice
Lhotka
Luka nad Jihlavou
Malý Beranov
Markvartice
Měšín
Milíčov
Mirošov
Mrákotín
Mysletice
Mysliboř
Nadějov
Nevcehle
Nová Říše
Olšany
Olší
Opatov
Ořechov
Otín
Panenská Rozsíčka
Panské Dubenky
Pavlov
Plandry
Polná
Puklice
Radkov
Rančířov
Rantířov
Řásná
Řídelov
Rohozná
Rozseč
Růžená
Rybné
Sedlatice
Sedlejov
Šimanov
Smrčná
Stáj
Stará Říše
Stonařov
Strachoňovice
Střítež
Suchá
Švábov
Svojkovice
Telč
Třešť
Třeštice
Urbanov
Ústí
Vanov
Vanůvek
Vápovice
Velký Beranov
Větrný Jeníkov
Věžnice
Věžnička
Vílanec
Volevčice
Vyskytná nad Jihlavou
Vysoké Studnice
Vystrčenovice
Záborná
Zadní Vydří
Žatec
Zbilidy
Zbinohy
Zdeňkov
Ždírec
Zhoř
Zvolenovice
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
This Vysočina Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈdvortsɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Jihlava District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihlava_District"},{"link_name":"Vysočina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jihlava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihlava_(river)"},{"link_name":"Jihlava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihlava"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"Municipality in Vysočina, Czech RepublicDvorce (Czech pronunciation: [ˈdvortsɛ]; German: Höfen) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.Dvorce lies on the Jihlava River, approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Jihlava and 110 km (68 mi) south-east of Prague.","title":"Dvorce (Jihlava District)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jihlava\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 3–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150632.pdf/cd10a281-9e95-47c7-a515-8adf8c2b66d3?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jihlava\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dvorce_(Jihlava_District)¶ms=49_22_31_N_15_29_25_E_type:city(211)","external_links_name":"49°22′31″N 15°29′25″E / 49.37528°N 15.49028°E / 49.37528; 15.49028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dvorce_(Jihlava_District)¶ms=49_22_31_N_15_29_25_E_type:city(211)","external_links_name":"49°22′31″N 15°29′25″E / 49.37528°N 15.49028°E / 49.37528; 15.49028"},{"Link":"https://www.obec-dvorce.cz/","external_links_name":"www.obec-dvorce.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150632.pdf/cd10a281-9e95-47c7-a515-8adf8c2b66d3?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Jihlava\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.obec-dvorce.cz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge346004&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dvorce_(Jihlava_District)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia | Silvia | ["1 People with the given name","2 People with the surname","3 See also"] | For other uses, see Silvia (disambiguation).
Silvia (Italian: ) is a female given name of Latin origin, with a male equivalent Silvio and English-language cognate Sylvia. The name originates from the Latin word for forest, Silva, and its meaning is "spirit of the wood"; the mythological god of the forest was associated with the figure of Silvanus. Silvia is also a surname.
In Roman mythology, Silvia is the goddess of the forest while Rhea Silvia was the mother of Romulus and Remus. Silvia is also the name of one of the female innamorati of the commedia dell'arte and is a character of the Aminta written by Torquato Tasso.
People with the given name
Queen Silvia of Sweden (born 1943), spouse of King Carl XVI Gustaf
Saint Silvia, Italian saint of the 6th century
Silvia Airik-Priuhka, Estonian writer and poetry translator
Silvia Bächli (born 1956), Swiss visual artist
Silvia Barbescu, Romanian painter
Silvia Bellot, Spanish motor racing official
Silvia Braslavsky, Argentinian chemist
Silvia Cambir, Romanian painter
Silvia Cartwright, New Zealand Viceroy, jurist
Silvia Ciornei, Romanian politician
Silvia Fuselli, Italian footballer
Silvia Heubach, German-American mathematician
Silvia Hunte (born 1938), Panamanian sprinter
Silvia Intxaurrondo, Spanish journalist
Silvia Laidla, Estonian actress
Silvia Lara Povedano, Costa Rican politician and sociologist
Sílvia Pérez Cruz, Spanish singer
Silvia Puppo Gastélum, Mexican politician
Silvia Madetzky, German female discus thrower
Silvia Marcovici, Romanian violinist
Silvia Mezzanotte, Italian singer
Silvia Sorina Munteanu, Romanian singer
Silvia Navarro, Mexican actress
Silvia Njirić, Croatian tennis player
Silva Oja (born 1961), Estonian heptathlete
Silvia Pinal, Mexican actress
Silvia Radu, Romanian sculptor
Silvia Rodgers (1928–2006), German-Jewish-British writer and political activist
Silvia Saint, Czech pornographic actress
Silvia Seidel, German actress
Silvia Sommer, Austrian composer, pianist and music producer
Silvia Stroescu, Romanian gymnast
Silvia Tcherassi, Colombian fashion designer
Silvia Adriana Țicău, Romanian politician
Silvia Vasquez-Lavado, Peruvian-American explorer and mountaineer
People with the surname
Alan Silvia, American politician from Massachusetts
Evelyn Silvia (1948–2006), American mathematician
Stephen Silvia, American academic
Tatiana Silva, professional name of Tatiana Silva Braga Tavares (1985), Belgian model and beauty pageant winner
See also
Sylvia (given name)
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silvia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈsilvja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Silvio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio"},{"link_name":"Sylvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Silvanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Roman mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"Rhea Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Romulus and Remus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus"},{"link_name":"innamorati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innamorati"},{"link_name":"commedia dell'arte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte"},{"link_name":"Aminta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminta"},{"link_name":"Torquato Tasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquato_Tasso"}],"text":"For other uses, see Silvia (disambiguation).Silvia (Italian: [ˈsilvja]) is a female given name of Latin origin, with a male equivalent Silvio and English-language cognate Sylvia. The name originates from the Latin word for forest, Silva, and its meaning is \"spirit of the wood\"; the mythological god of the forest was associated with the figure of Silvanus. Silvia is also a surname.In Roman mythology, Silvia is the goddess of the forest while Rhea Silvia was the mother of Romulus and Remus. Silvia is also the name of one of the female innamorati of the commedia dell'arte and is a character of the Aminta written by Torquato Tasso.","title":"Silvia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Silvia of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Silvia_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Saint Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Silvia Airik-Priuhka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Airik-Priuhka"},{"link_name":"Silvia Bächli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_B%C3%A4chli"},{"link_name":"Silvia Barbescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Barbescu"},{"link_name":"Silvia Bellot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Bellot"},{"link_name":"Silvia Braslavsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Braslavsky"},{"link_name":"Silvia Cambir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Cambir"},{"link_name":"Silvia Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Silvia Ciornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Ciornei"},{"link_name":"Silvia Fuselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Fuselli"},{"link_name":"Silvia Heubach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Heubach"},{"link_name":"Silvia Hunte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Hunte"},{"link_name":"Silvia Intxaurrondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Intxaurrondo"},{"link_name":"Silvia Laidla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Laidla"},{"link_name":"Silvia Lara Povedano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Lara_Povedano"},{"link_name":"Sílvia Pérez Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlvia_P%C3%A9rez_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Silvia Puppo Gastélum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Puppo_Gast%C3%A9lum"},{"link_name":"Silvia Madetzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Madetzky"},{"link_name":"Silvia Marcovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Marcovici"},{"link_name":"Silvia Mezzanotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Mezzanotte"},{"link_name":"Silvia Sorina Munteanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Sorina_Munteanu"},{"link_name":"Silvia Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Silvia Njirić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Njiri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Silva Oja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva_Oja"},{"link_name":"Silvia Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Pinal"},{"link_name":"Silvia Radu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Radu"},{"link_name":"Silvia Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Silvia Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Saint"},{"link_name":"Silvia Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Seidel"},{"link_name":"Silvia Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Silvia Stroescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Stroescu"},{"link_name":"Silvia Tcherassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Tcherassi"},{"link_name":"Silvia Adriana Țicău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Adriana_%C8%9Aic%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Silvia Vasquez-Lavado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Vasquez-Lavado"}],"text":"Queen Silvia of Sweden (born 1943), spouse of King Carl XVI Gustaf\nSaint Silvia, Italian saint of the 6th century\nSilvia Airik-Priuhka, Estonian writer and poetry translator\nSilvia Bächli (born 1956), Swiss visual artist\nSilvia Barbescu, Romanian painter\nSilvia Bellot, Spanish motor racing official\nSilvia Braslavsky, Argentinian chemist\nSilvia Cambir, Romanian painter\nSilvia Cartwright, New Zealand Viceroy, jurist\nSilvia Ciornei, Romanian politician\nSilvia Fuselli, Italian footballer\nSilvia Heubach, German-American mathematician\nSilvia Hunte (born 1938), Panamanian sprinter\nSilvia Intxaurrondo, Spanish journalist\nSilvia Laidla, Estonian actress\nSilvia Lara Povedano, Costa Rican politician and sociologist\nSílvia Pérez Cruz, Spanish singer\nSilvia Puppo Gastélum, Mexican politician\nSilvia Madetzky, German female discus thrower\nSilvia Marcovici, Romanian violinist\nSilvia Mezzanotte, Italian singer\nSilvia Sorina Munteanu, Romanian singer\nSilvia Navarro, Mexican actress\nSilvia Njirić, Croatian tennis player\nSilva Oja (born 1961), Estonian heptathlete\nSilvia Pinal, Mexican actress\nSilvia Radu, Romanian sculptor\nSilvia Rodgers (1928–2006), German-Jewish-British writer and political activist\nSilvia Saint, Czech pornographic actress\nSilvia Seidel, German actress\nSilvia Sommer, Austrian composer, pianist and music producer\nSilvia Stroescu, Romanian gymnast\nSilvia Tcherassi, Colombian fashion designer\nSilvia Adriana Țicău, Romanian politician\nSilvia Vasquez-Lavado, Peruvian-American explorer and mountaineer","title":"People with the given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Silvia"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Silva"}],"text":"Alan Silvia, American politician from Massachusetts\nEvelyn Silvia (1948–2006), American mathematician\nStephen Silvia, American academic\nTatiana Silva, professional name of Tatiana Silva Braga Tavares (1985), Belgian model and beauty pageant winner","title":"People with the surname"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sylvia (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_(given_name)"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Silvia&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Silvia&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Lenny | Kai Lenny | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | American waterman
Kai LennyLenny in 2012Personal informationBorn (1992-10-08) October 8, 1992 (age 31)Paia, HawaiiResidenceMaui, HawaiiSurfing careerBest year2012SponsorsRed Bull, Nike, Hurley, Oakley, GoPro, TAG Heuer, CariumaMajor achievements2013 SUP Race World Champion, 2013 Sup Wave World Champion, 2013 SUP Overall World Champion, 2013 Vice KSP Kiting World Champion, 2012 World SUP Race Champion, 2012 Hawaii Island Finals SUP pro Winner, Sunset Beach SUP pro WinnerSurfing specificationsStanceRegularQuiverKT SUP, 4.7 Goya Sails, Quatro Boards, Keith Teboul Custom BoardsFavorite wavesJaws (beach)Favorite maneuversStand up paddle surfing
Kai Lenny (born October 8, 1992) is an American professional big wave surfer, stand-up paddle (SUP) surfer and racer, surfer, tow-in surfer, windsurfer, kitesurfer, wing foiler and celebrity watersports enthusiast. Lenny lives on Maui.
Career
Lenny achieved recognition in 2012 with first place at the Hawaii Island Finals SUP pro, and first place at the Sunset Beach SUP pro.
Kai Lenny claimed the SUP racing world champion title when he won the seasons finals of the first Standup World Series championship races held at Turtle Bay Resort, O'ahu, Hawaii on 13–14 September 2012.
In February 2020 Lenny won the Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge, at Praia do Norte, in Portugal. The contest ran in massive waves and included the participation of the best big wave riders in the world.
He is also known for big beach clean-ups in Hawaii.
Kai is a Red Bull athlete.
Personal life
Lenny is married to Maui-based interior designer Molly Payne. The couple recently announced the gender of their expected twins with Lenny surfing a wave with a pink flare.
References
^ Carberry, Joe (June 2014). "Water Walker". Outside: 26.
^ Kai Lenny Archived 2012-11-15 at the Wayback Machine, Oxbow World Surfwear Company
^ Team Naish rocks the SUP Racing World, Standup Journal
^ "Champions crowned at the 2020 Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge".
^ "Kai Lenny". Red Bull. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
^ Kai Lenny Surfs the Unsurfable, The New Yorker
External links
Kai Lenny at the World Surf League
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big wave surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wave_surfing"},{"link_name":"stand-up paddle (SUP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_up_paddle_surfing"},{"link_name":"surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer"},{"link_name":"tow-in surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow-in_surfing"},{"link_name":"windsurfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfer"},{"link_name":"kitesurfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitesurfer"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"}],"text":"Kai Lenny (born October 8, 1992) is an American professional big wave surfer, stand-up paddle (SUP) surfer and racer, surfer, tow-in surfer, windsurfer, kitesurfer, wing foiler and celebrity watersports enthusiast. Lenny lives on Maui.","title":"Kai Lenny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nazaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar%C3%A9,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lenny achieved recognition in 2012 with first place at the Hawaii Island Finals SUP pro, and first place at the Sunset Beach SUP pro.[2]Kai Lenny claimed the SUP racing world champion title when he won the seasons finals of the first Standup World Series championship races held at Turtle Bay Resort, O'ahu, Hawaii on 13–14 September 2012.[3]In February 2020 Lenny won the Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge, at Praia do Norte, in Portugal. The contest ran in massive waves and included the participation of the best big wave riders in the world.[4]He is also known for big beach clean-ups in Hawaii.[citation needed]Kai is a Red Bull athlete.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lenny is married to Maui-based interior designer Molly Payne. The couple recently announced the gender of their expected twins with Lenny surfing a wave with a pink flare.[6]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Carberry, Joe (June 2014). \"Water Walker\". Outside: 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Champions crowned at the 2020 Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/champions-crowned-at-the-2020-nazare-tow-surfing-challenge","url_text":"\"Champions crowned at the 2020 Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kai Lenny\". Red Bull. Retrieved 2022-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbull.com/us-en/athlete/kai-lenny","url_text":"\"Kai Lenny\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oxboworld.com/rider/kai-lenny","external_links_name":"Kai Lenny"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115024800/http://www.oxboworld.com/rider/kai-lenny","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://standupjournal.com/team-naish-rocks-the-sup-racing-world/","external_links_name":"Team Naish rocks the SUP Racing World"},{"Link":"https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/champions-crowned-at-the-2020-nazare-tow-surfing-challenge","external_links_name":"\"Champions crowned at the 2020 Nazaré Tow Surfing Challenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.redbull.com/us-en/athlete/kai-lenny","external_links_name":"\"Kai Lenny\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/30/kai-lenny-surfs-the-unsurfable","external_links_name":"Kai Lenny Surfs the Unsurfable"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/9591/-","external_links_name":"Kai Lenny"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7195163939427801160000","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico | 1948 United States Senate elections | ["1 Results summary","2 Gains, losses, and holds","2.1 Retirements","2.2 Defeats","2.3 Post election changes","3 Change in composition","3.1 Before the elections","3.2 Election results","4 Race summaries","4.1 Special elections during the 80th Congress","4.2 Elections leading to the next Congress","5 Closest races","6 Alabama","7 Arkansas","8 Colorado","9 Delaware","10 Georgia","11 Idaho","12 Illinois","13 Iowa","14 Kansas","15 Kentucky","16 Louisiana","16.1 Louisiana (regular)","16.2 Louisiana (special)","17 Maine","18 Massachusetts","19 Michigan","20 Minnesota","21 Mississippi","22 Montana","23 Nebraska","24 New Hampshire","25 New Jersey","26 New Mexico","27 North Carolina","27.1 North Carolina (special)","27.2 North Carolina (regular)","28 Oklahoma","29 Oregon","30 Rhode Island","31 South Carolina","32 South Dakota","33 Tennessee","34 Texas","35 Virginia","36 West Virginia","37 Wyoming","38 See also","39 References","40 Further reading"] | 1948 United States Senate elections
← 1946
November 2, 1948
1950 →
← 1947 (MS)1949 (NY) →33 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Alben Barkley
Wallace White(retired)
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader since
July 22, 1937
February 25, 1944
Leader's seat
Kentucky
Maine
Seats before
45
51
Seats after
54
42
Seat change
9
9
Popular vote
13,056,944
9,764,384
Percentage
56.5%
42.3%
Seats up
15
18
Races won
24
9
Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican hold No electionRectangular inset (Louisiana): both seats up for election
Majority Leader before election
Wallace White
Republican
Elected Majority Leader
Scott Lucas
Democratic
The 1948 United States Senate elections were held concurrently with the election of Democratic President Harry S. Truman for a full term. The 32 seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and one special election was held to fill a vacancy. Truman campaigned against an "obstructionist" Congress that had blocked many of his initiatives, and additionally, the U.S. economy recovered from the postwar recession of 1946–1947 by election day. Thus, Truman was rewarded with a Democratic gain of nine seats in the Senate, enough to give them control of the chamber. This was the last time until 2020 that Democrats flipped a chamber of Congress in a presidential election cycle.
Results summary
↓
54
42
Democratic
Republican
Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.
Parties
Total
Democratic
Republican
Other
Last elections (1946)Before these elections
45
51
0
96
Not up
30
33
0
63
Up
15
18
0
33
Class 2 (1942→1948)
14
18
0
32
Special: Class 3
1
0
—
1
Incumbent retired
3
5
—
8
Held by same party
3
4
—
7
Replaced by other party
1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat
—
1
Result
4
4
0
8
Incumbent ran
12
13
—
25
Won re-election
10
5
—
17
Lost re-election
8 Republicans replaced by 8 Democrats
—
8
Lost renominationbut held by same party
2
0
—
2
Result
20
5
0
25
Total elected
24
9
0
33
Net change
9
9
9
Nationwide vote
13,056,944
9,764,384
269,669
23,090,997
Share
56.55%
42.29%
1.17%
100%
Result
54
42
0
96
Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
Gains, losses, and holds
Retirements
Five Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.
State
Senator
Replaced by
Kansas
Arthur Capper
Andrew Frank Schoeppel
Louisiana (special)
William C. Feazel
Russell B. Long
Maine
Wallace H. White
Margaret Chase Smith
New Jersey
Albert W. Hawkes
Robert C. Hendrickson
New Mexico
Carl Hatch
Clinton Anderson
Oklahoma
Edward H. Moore
Robert S. Kerr
South Dakota
Vera C. Bushfield
Karl Mundt
Texas
W. Lee O'Daniel
Lyndon B. Johnson
Defeats
Eight Republicans and two Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.
State
Senator
Replaced by
Delaware
C. Douglass Buck
J. Allen Frear Jr.
Idaho
Henry Dworshak
Bert H. Miller
Illinois
C. Wayland Brooks
Paul Douglas
Iowa
George A. Wilson
Guy Gillette
Kentucky
John Sherman Cooper
Virgil Chapman
Minnesota
Joseph H. Ball
Hubert Humphrey
North Carolina
William B. Umstead
J. Melville Broughton
Tennessee
Tom Stewart
Estes Kefauver
West Virginia
Chapman Revercomb
Matthew M. Neely
Wyoming
Edward V. Robertson
Lester C. Hunt
Post election changes
State
Senator
Replaced by
Connecticut
Raymond E. Baldwin
William Benton
New York
Robert F. Wagner
John Foster Dulles
New York
John Foster Dulles
Herbert H. Lehman
North Carolina
J. Melville Broughton
Frank Porter Graham
Idaho
Bert H. Miller
Henry Dworshak
Kansas
Clyde M. Reed
Harry Darby
Kentucky
Alben W. Barkley
Garrett Withers
Rhode Island
J. Howard McGrath
Edward L. Leahy
Change in composition
Before the elections
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D27
D28
D38Mont.Ran
D37Miss.Ran
D36La. (sp)Retired
D35La. (reg)Ran
D34Ga.Ran
D33Colo.Ran
D32Ark.Ran
D31Ala.Ran
D30
D29
D39N.M.Retired
D40N.C. (sp)N.C. (reg)Ran
D41R.I.Ran
D42S.C.Ran
D43Tenn.Ran
D44TexasRetired
D45Va.Ran
R51Wyo.Ran
R50W.Va.Ran
R49S.D.Retired
Majority →
R39Ky.Ran
R40MaineRetired
R41Mass.Ran
R42Mich.Ran
R43Minn.Ran
R44Neb.Ran
R45N.H.Ran
R46N.J.Retired
R47Okla.Retired
R48Ore.Ran
R38Kan.Retired
R37IowaRan
R36Ill.Ran
R35IdahoRan
R34Del.Ran
R33
R32
R31
R30
R29
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R18
R17
R16
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11
R10
R9
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Election results
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D27
D28
D38Mont.Re-elected
D37Miss.Re-elected
D36La. (sp)Hold
D35La. (reg)Re-elected
D34Ga.Re-elected
D33Colo.Re-elected
D32Ark.Re-elected
D31Ala.Re-elected
D30
D29
D39N.M.Hold
D40N.C. (sp)N.C. (reg)Hold
D41R.I.Re-elected
D42S.C.Re-elected
D43Tenn.Hold
D44TexasHold
D45Va.Re-elected
D46Del.Gain
D47IdahoGain
D48Ill.Gain
Majority →
D49IowaGain
R39N.H.Re-elected
R40N.J.Hold
R41Ore.Re-elected
R42S.D.Hold
D54Wyo.Gain
D53W.Va.Gain
D52Okla.Gain
D51Minn.Gain
D50Ky.Gain
R38Neb.Re-elected
R37Mich.Re-elected
R36Mass.Re-elected
R35MaineHold
R34Kan.Hold
R33
R32
R31
R30
R29
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
R18
R17
R16
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11
R10
R9
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Key:
D#
Democratic
R#
Republican
Race summaries
Special elections during the 80th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1948 or before January 3, 1949; ordered by election date.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoral history
Louisiana(Class 3)
William C. Feazel
Democratic
1948 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.Winner elected November 2, 1948.Democratic hold.
▌Y Russell B. Long (Democratic) 74.9%
▌Clem S. Clarke (Republican) 25.1%
North Carolina(Class 2)
William B. Umstead
Democratic
1946 (Appointed)
Interim appointee lost nomination.Winner elected November 2, 1948.Democratic hold.Winner also elected to the next full term.
▌Y J. Melville Broughton (Democratic)
Unopposed
Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1949; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoral history
Alabama
John Sparkman
Democratic
1946 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John Sparkman (Democratic) 84.0%
▌Paul G. Parsons (Republican) 16.0%
Arkansas
John L. McClellan
Democratic
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John L. McClellan (Democratic) 93.3%
▌R. Walter Tucker (Independent) 6.7%
Colorado
Edwin C. Johnson
Democratic
19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Edwin C. Johnson (Democratic) 66.8%
▌Will Nicholson (Republican) 32.4%
Delaware
C. Douglass Buck
Republican
1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y J. Allen Frear Jr. (Democratic) 50.9%
▌C. Douglass Buck (Republican) 48.3%
Georgia
Richard Russell Jr.
Democratic
1932 (special)19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Richard Russell Jr. (Democratic)
Unopposed
Idaho
Henry Dworshak
Republican
1946 (special)
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Bert H. Miller (Democratic) 50.0%
▌Henry Dworshak (Republican) 48.5%
Illinois
C. Wayland Brooks
Republican
1940 (special)1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y ] (Democratic) 55.1%
▌C. Wayland Brooks (Republican) 44.6%
Iowa
George A. Wilson
Republican
1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Guy Gillette (Democratic) 57.8%
▌George A. Wilson (Republican) 41.6%
Kansas
Arthur Capper
Republican
19181924193019361942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Andrew Frank Schoeppel (Republican) 54.9%
▌George McGill (Democratic) 42.7%
Kentucky
John Sherman Cooper
Republican
1946 (special)
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Virgil Chapman (Democratic) 51.4%
▌John Sherman Cooper (Republican) 48.3%
Louisiana
Allen J. Ellender
Democratic
19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Allen J. Ellender (Democratic)
Unopposed
Maine
Wallace H. White
Republican
193019361942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Margaret Chase Smith (Republican) 71.3%
▌Adrian H. Scolten (Democratic) 28.7%
Massachusetts
Leverett Saltonstall
Republican
1944 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Leverett Saltonstall (Republican) 53.0%
▌John I. Fitzgerald (Democratic) 46.4%
Michigan
Homer S. Ferguson
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Homer S. Ferguson (Republican) 50.7%
▌Frank Eugene Hook (Democratic) 48.5%
Minnesota
Joseph H. Ball
Republican
1940 (Appointed)1942 (Retired)1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic–Farmer–Labor gain.
▌Y Hubert Humphrey (DFL) 59.9%
▌Joseph H. Ball (Republican) 39.7%
Mississippi
James Eastland
Democratic
1941 (Appointed)1941 (Retired)1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James Eastland (Democratic)
Unopposed
Montana
James E. Murray
Democratic
1934 (special)19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James E. Murray (Democratic) 56.7%
▌Tom J. Davis (Republican) 42.7%
Nebraska
Kenneth S. Wherry
Republican
1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Kenneth S. Wherry (Republican) 56.7%
▌Terry Carpenter (Democratic) 43.3%
New Hampshire
Styles Bridges
Republican
19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Styles Bridges (Republican) 58.1%
▌Alfred E. Fortin (Democratic) 41.2%
New Jersey
Albert W. Hawkes
Republican
1942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold.
▌Y Robert C. Hendrickson (Republican) 50.0%
▌Archibald S. Alexander (Democratic) 47.3%
New Mexico
Carl Hatch
Democratic
1933 (Appointed)1934 (special)19361942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Clinton Anderson (Democratic) 57.2%
▌Patrick J. Hurley (Republican) 42.4%
North Carolina
William B. Umstead
Democratic
1946 (Appointed)
Interim appointee lost nomination.New senator elected.Democratic hold.Winner also elected to finish the term, see above.
▌Y J. Melville Broughton (Democratic) 70.7%
▌John A. Wilkinson (Republican) 28.8%
Oklahoma
Edward H. Moore
Republican
1942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Robert S. Kerr (Democratic) 62.3%
▌Ross Rizley (Republican) 37.4%
Oregon
Guy Cordon
Republican
1944 (Appointed)1944 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Guy Cordon (Republican) 60.0%
▌Manley J. Wilson (Democratic) 40.0%
Rhode Island
Theodore F. Green
Democratic
19361942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Theodore F. Green (Democratic) 59.3%
▌Thomas P. Hazard (Republican) 40.7%
South Carolina
Burnet R. Maybank
Democratic
1941 (special)1942
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Burnet R. Maybank (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Dakota
Vera C. Bushfield
Republican
1948 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.New senator elected.Republican hold.Incumbent resigned December 26, 1948 and winner appointed December 31, 1948 to finish the term.
▌Y Karl Mundt (Republican) 59.3%
▌John A. Engel (Democratic) 40.7%
Tennessee
Tom Stewart
Democratic
1938 (special)
Incumbent lost re-nomination.New senator elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Estes Kefauver (Democratic) 65.3%
▌B. Carroll Reece (Republican) 33.5%
Texas
W. Lee O'Daniel
Democratic
1941 (special)1942
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) 66.2%
▌Homa J. Porter (Republican) 32.9%
▌Samuel N. Morris (Prohibition) 0.8%
Virginia
A. Willis Robertson
Democratic
1946 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y A. Willis Robertson (Democratic) 65.6%
▌Robert H. Woods (Republican) 30.8%
West Virginia
Chapman Revercomb
Republican
1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Matthew M. Neely (Democratic) 57.0%
▌Chapman Revercomb (Republican) 43.0%
Wyoming
Edward V. Robertson
Republican
1942
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Democratic gain.
▌Y Lester C. Hunt (Democratic) 57.1%
▌Edward V. Robertson (Republican) 42.9%
Closest races
Six races had a margin of victory under 10%:
State
Party of winner
Margin
Idaho
Democratic (flip)
1.5%
Michigan
Republican
2.2%
Delaware
Democratic (flip)
2.6%
New Jersey
Republican
2.7%
Kentucky
Democratic (flip)
3.1%
Massachusetts
Republican
6.6%
Wyoming is the tipping point state with a margin of 14.2%.
Alabama
1948 United States Senate election in Alabama
← 1946 (special)
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
John Sparkman
Paul G. Parsons
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
185,534
35,341
Percentage
84.00%
16.00%
County resultsSparkman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100%Parsons: 50-60%
U.S. senator before election
John Sparkman
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
John Sparkman
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Alabama
See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Alabama election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
John Sparkman (Incumbent)
185,534
84.00%
Republican
Paul G. Parsons
35,341
16.00%
Majority
150,193
68.00%
Turnout
220,875
Democratic hold
Arkansas
Senator John L. McClellan
See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Arkansas election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
John L. McClellan (Incumbent)
216,401
100.00%
Democratic hold
Colorado
1948 United States Senate election in Colorado
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Ed Johnson
Will Nicholson
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
340,719
165,059
Percentage
66.79%
32.36%
County resultsJohnson: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
Edwin C. Johnson
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Edwin C. Johnson
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Colorado
See also: List of United States senators from Colorado and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Colorado election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Edwin C. Johnson (Incumbent)
340,719
66.79%
Republican
Will Nicholson
165,069
32.36%
Progressive
Joe Gurule
2,981
0.58%
Socialist
Carle Whithead
1,352
0.27%
Majority
175,650
34.43%
Turnout
510,121
Democratic hold
Delaware
Delaware election← 19421954 →
Nominee
J. Allen Frear Jr.
C. Douglass Buck
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
71,888
68,246
Percentage
50.85%
48.28%
County Results Frear: 50–60% Buck: 50–60%
U.S. senator before election
C. Douglass Buck
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
J. Allen Frear Jr.
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Delaware
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Delaware election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Allen Frear Jr.
71,888
50.85%
Republican
C. Douglass Buck (incumbent)
68,246
48.28%
Majority
3,642
2.57%
Turnout
141,362
Democratic gain from Republican
Georgia
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Georgia
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
1948 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Georgia
← 1942
September 8, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Richard Russell Jr.
Party
Democratic
Electoral vote
410
Popular vote
703,048
Percentage
99.98%
County resultsRussell: >90%
U.S. senator before election
Richard Russell Jr.
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Richard Russell Jr.
Democratic
Georgia election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Richard Russell Jr. (Incumbent)
362,104
99.89%
Write-In
Larkin Marshall
388
0.11%
Write-In
Ellis Arnall
9
0.00%
Write-In
Roy Harris
2
0.00%
Write-In
Harry Sommers
1
0.00%
Majority
361,716
99.78%
Turnout
362,504
Democratic hold
Idaho
See also: List of United States senators from Idaho and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Democrat Bert H. Miller defeated incumbent Republican Henry Dworshak. As of 2024, this remains the only time that a Democrat would win Idaho's Class 2 Senate seat. Dworshak was appointed back to this seat in October 1949 after Miller died earlier that month and served until he himself died in 1962.
Idaho election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Bert H. Miller
107,000
49.96%
Republican
Henry Dworshak (Incumbent)
103,868
48.49%
Progressive
John Derr
3,154
1.47%
Socialist
Paul Wengert
166
0.08%
Majority
3,132
1.47%
Turnout
214,188
Democratic gain from Republican
Illinois
1948 United States Senate election in Illinois
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Paul Douglas
Charles W. Brooks
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
2,147,754
1,740,026
Percentage
55.07%
44.61%
County resultsDouglas: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%Tie: 40–50%Brooks: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
Charles W. Brooks
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Paul Douglas
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Illinois
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Illinois election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Paul Douglas
2,147,754
55.07%
Republican
Charles W. Brooks (Incumbent)
1,740,026
44.61%
Prohibition
Enoch A. Holtwick
9,784
0.25%
Socialist Labor
Frank Schnur
2,693
0.07%
None
Write-In
28
0.00%
Majority
407,728
10.46%
Turnout
3,900,285
Democratic gain from Republican
Iowa
1948 United States Senate election in Iowa
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Guy Gillette
George A. Wilson
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
578,226
415,778
Percentage
57.80%
41.56%
County results
Gillette: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Wilson: 50–60%
U.S. senator before election
George A. Wilson
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Guy Gillette
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Iowa
See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Iowa election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Guy Gillette
578,226
57.80%
Republican
George A. Wilson (Incumbent)
415,778
41.56%
Progressive
Seymour Pitcher
3,387
0.34%
Prohibition
Z. Everett Kellum
2,580
0.26%
Socialist
Hugo Bockewitz
441
0.04%
Majority
162,448
16.24%
Turnout
1,000,412
Democratic gain from Republican
Kansas
See also: List of United States senators from Kansas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Kansas election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Andrew Frank Schoeppel
393,412
54.92%
Democratic
George McGill
305,987
42.72%
Prohibition
C. Floyd Hester
16,943
2.37%
Majority
87,425
12.20%
Turnout
716,342
Republican hold
Kentucky
1948 United States Senate election in Kentucky
← 1946 (special)
November 2, 1948
1952 (special) →
Nominee
Virgil Chapman
John Sherman Cooper
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
408,256
383,776
Percentage
51.39%
48.31%
County resultsChapman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%Cooper: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
U.S. senator before election
John Sherman Cooper
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Virgil Chapman
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Kentucky
See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Kentucky election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Virgil Chapman
408,256
51.39%
Republican
John Sherman Cooper (Incumbent)
383,776
48.31%
Socialist
W. A. Standefur
1,232
0.16%
Progressive
H. G. Stanfield
924
0.12%
Socialist Labor
David R. Cox
254
0.03%
Write-In
John Y. Brown
26
0.00%
Write-In
O. G. Gaines
1
0.00%
Majority
24,480
3.08%
Turnout
794,469
Democratic gain from Republican
Louisiana
See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Louisiana (regular)
Senator Allen J. Ellender
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Louisiana
Louisiana election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Allen J. Ellender (Incumbent)
330,115
100.00%
Independent
Maurice Eugene Clark
9
0.00%
Majority
330,106
100.00%
Turnout
330,124
Democratic hold
Louisiana (special)
1948 United States Senate special election in Louisiana
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Russell B. Long
306,336
74.96%
Republican
Clem S. Clarke
102,331
25.04%
Majority
204,005
49.92%
Turnout
408,667
Democratic hold
Maine
Maine election
← 1942
September 13, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Margaret Chase Smith
Adrian Scolten
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
159,182
64,074
Percentage
71.30%
28.70%
U.S. senator before election
Wallace H. White Jr.
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Margaret Chase Smith
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Maine
See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Maine election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Margaret Chase Smith
159,182
71.30%
Democratic
Adrian H. Scolten
64,074
28.70%
Majority
95,108
42.60%
Turnout
223,256
Republican hold
Massachusetts
1948 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
← 1944 (special)
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Leverett Saltonstall
John I. Fitzgerald
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
1,088,475
954,398
Percentage
52.95%
46.43%
County results
Municipality resultsSaltonstall: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100% Fitzgerald: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Senator before election
Leverett Saltonstall
Republican
Elected Senator
Leverett Saltonstall
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
General election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Leverett Saltonstall (Incumbent)
1,088,475
52.95%
Democratic
John I. Fitzgerald
954,398
46.42%
Socialist Labor
Henning A. Blomen
9,266
0.45%
Prohibition
E. Tallmadge Root
3,652
0.18%
None
Scattering
7
0.00%
Majority
134,077
6.53%
Turnout
2,055,798
Republican hold
Michigan
1948 United States Senate election in Michigan
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Homer S. Ferguson
Frank E. Hook
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
1,045,156
1,000,329
Percentage
50.68%
48.51%
County resultsFerguson: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%Hook: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Homer S. Ferguson
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Homer S. Ferguson
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Michigan
See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Michigan election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Homer S. Ferguson (Incumbent)
1,045,156
50.68%
Democratic
Frank E. Hook
1,000,329
48.51%
Prohibition
Harold A. Lindahl
12,146
0.59%
Socialist
Michael Magee
2,160
0.10%
Socialist Labor
Theos S. Grove
1,418
0.07%
Socialist Workers
Genora Dollinger
882
0.04%
None
Scattering
2.57%
0.00%
Majority
44,827
2.17%
Turnout
2,062,093
Republican hold
Minnesota
Minnesota election← 19421954 →
Nominee
Hubert H. Humphrey
Joseph H. Ball
Party
Democratic (DFL)
Republican
Popular vote
729,494
485,801
Percentage
59.78%
39.81%
County resultsHumphrey: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Ball: 50-60% 60-70%
U.S. senator before election
Joseph H. Ball
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Hubert H. Humphrey
Democratic (DFL)
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Minnesota
See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Minnesota election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic (DFL)
Hubert Humphrey
729,494
59.78%
Republican
Joseph H. Ball (Incumbent)
485,801
39.81%
Socialist Workers
Vincent R. Dunne
4,951
0.41%
None
Scattering
41.56%
0.00%
Majority
243,693
19.97%
Turnout
1,220,250
Democratic (DFL) gain from Republican
Mississippi
See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Mississippi election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
James Eastland (Incumbent)
151,478
100.00%
Democratic hold
Montana
1948 United States Senate election in Montana
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
James E. Murray
Tom J. Davis
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
125,193
94,458
Percentage
56.65%
42.74%
County resultsMurray: 50–60% 60–70% Davis: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
James E. Murray
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
James E. Murray
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Montana
See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana
Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936 and 1942, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Tom J. Davis, an attorney and the Republican nominee, in the general election. Following a narrow re-election in 1936, Murray significantly expanded his margin of victory and comfortably won re-election over Davis, winning his fourth term and his third full term in the Senate.
1948 United States Senate election in Montana
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
James E. Murray (Incumbent)
125,193
56.65%
Republican
Tom J. Davis
94,458
42.74%
Prohibition
C. S. Hanna
1,352
0.61%
Majority
30,735
13.91%
Turnout
221,003
Democratic hold
Nebraska
1948 United States Senate election in Nebraska
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1952 (special) →
Nominee
Kenneth S. Wherry
Terry Carpenter
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
267,575
204,320
Percentage
56.67%
43.27%
County resultsWherry: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Carpenter: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Kenneth S. Wherry
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Kenneth S. Wherry
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Nebraska
See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Nebraska election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kenneth S. Wherry (Incumbent)
267,575
56.67%
Democratic
Terry Carpenter
204,320
43.27%
N/A
Scattering
261
0.06%
Majority
63,255
13.40%
Turnout
472,156
Republican hold
New Hampshire
1948 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Styles Bridges
Alfred E. Fortin
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
129,600
91,760
Percentage
58.14%
41.17%
County resultsBridges: 50–60% 60–70% 80–90%Fortin: 50–60%
U.S. senator before election
Styles Bridges
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Styles Bridges
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
New Hampshire election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Styles Bridges (Incumbent)
129,600
58.14%
Democratic
Alfred E. Fortin
91,760
41.17%
Progressive
John G. Rideout
1,538
0.69%
Majority
37,840
16.97%
Turnout
222,898
Republican hold
New Jersey
New Jersey election← 19421954 →
Nominee
Robert C. Hendrickson
Archibald S. Alexander
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
934,720
884,414
Percentage
49.99%
47.30%
County ResultsHendrickson: 40–50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80%Alexander: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Albert Hawkes
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Robert C. Hendrickson
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in New Jersey
See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
New Jersey election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Robert C. Hendrickson
934,720
49.99%
Democratic
Archibald S. Alexander
884,414
47.30%
Progressive
James Imbrie
22,658
1.21%
Socialist
Rubye Smith
11,450
0.61%
Socialist Workers
George Breitman
8,076
0.43%
Prohibition
George W. Rideout
4,656
0.25%
Socialist Labor
George E. Bopp
3,908
0.21%
Majority
50,306
2.69%
Turnout
1,869,882
Republican hold
New Mexico
See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico
Results by county: Anderson 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Hurley 40–50% 50–60%
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
New Mexico election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Clinton Anderson (Incumbent)
108,269
57.44%
Republican
Patrick J. Hurley
80,226
42.56%
Majority
28,043
13.88%
Turnout
188,495
Democratic hold
North Carolina
Senator J. Melville Broughton
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
There were 2 elections to the same seat, due to the December 15, 1946 death of three-term Democrat Josiah Bailey. Democratic former congressman William B. Umstead was appointed December 18, 1946 to continue Bailey's term, pending a special election.
Umstead supported the conservative Taft–Hartley Act. The Democratic former Governor of North Carolina J. Melville Broughton was seen as a "rather liberal alternative" to Umstead. Broughton beat Umstead in the Democratic primaries and then won the general elections.
North Carolina (special)
North Carolina special Democratic primary election, May 29, 1948
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Melville Broughton
206,605
52.30%
Democratic
William B. Umstead (Incumbent)
188,420
47.70%
Majority
18,196
4.60%
North Carolina special election, November 2, 1948
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Melville Broughton
534,917
100.00%
Democratic hold
North Carolina (regular)
North Carolina regular Democratic primary election, May 29, 1948
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Melville Broughton
207,981
53.10%
Democratic
William B. Umstead (Incumbent)
183,865
46.90%
Majority
23,894
6.10%
North Carolina regular election, November 2, 1948
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Melville Broughton
540,762
70.70%
Republican
John A. Wilkinson
220,307
28.80%
Majority
320,455
41.91%
Democratic hold
Broughton was seated December 31, 1948 to finish the current term but died March 6, 1949, just after the new term began. His death lead to another appointment (Democrat Frank Graham) in 1949 and another special election in 1950 of Democrat Willis Smith. Smith also died during the term, leading to yet another appointment (Democrat Alton A. Lennon) and 1954 special election (of Democrat W. Kerr Scott). In all, five senators held the seat during the 1949–1955 term.
Oklahoma
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Oklahoma election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert S. Kerr
441,654
62.30%
Republican
Ross Rizley
265,169
37.40%
Independent
W. O. Pratt
2,108
0.30%
Majority
176,485
24.90%
Turnout
708,931
Democratic gain from Republican
Oregon
See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Oregon election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Guy Cordon (Incumbent)
299,295
60.03%
Democratic
Manley J. Wilson
199,275
39.97%
Majority
100,020
20.06%
Turnout
498,570
Republican hold
Rhode Island
See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Rhode Island election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Theodore F. Green (Incumbent)
190,158
59.35%
Republican
Thomas P. Hazard
130,262
40.65%
Majority
59,896
18.70%
Turnout
320,420
Democratic hold
South Carolina
Senator Burnet R. Maybank
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in South Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
Senator Burnet R. Maybank was opposed in the Democratic primary by U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan Dorn and three other candidates. Maybank obtained over 50% in the primary election on August 10 to avoid a runoff election.
Democratic Primary
Candidate
Votes
%
Burnet R. Maybank
161,608
51.5
W.J. Bryan Dorn
76,749
24.4
Neville Bennett
43,068
13.7
Alan Johnstone
17,689
5.6
Marcus A. Stone
14,904
4.8
Since the end of Reconstruction in 1877, the Democratic Party dominated the politics of South Carolina and its statewide candidates were never seriously challenged. Maybank did not campaign for the general election as there was no chance of defeat.
South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1948
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Burnet R. Maybank (Incumbent)
135,998
96.45%
Republican
J. Bates Gerald
5,008
3.55%
Majority
130,990
92.90
Turnout
141,006
Democratic hold
South Dakota
1948 United States Senate election in South Dakota
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Karl E. Mundt
John A. Engel
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
144,084
98,749
Percentage
59.33%
40.67%
County resultsMundt: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%Engel: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Vera C. Bushfield
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Karl E. Mundt
Republican
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in South Dakota
See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
South Dakota election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Karl E. Mundt
144,084
59.33%
Democratic
John A. Engel
98,749
40.67%
Majority
45,335
18.66%
Turnout
242,833
Republican hold
Tennessee
1948 United States Senate election in Tennessee
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Estes Kefauver
B. Carroll Reece
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
326,142
166,947
Percentage
65.33%
33.44%
Senator before election
Tom Stewart
Democratic
Elected Senator
Estes Kefauver
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Tennessee
See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
Tennessee election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Estes Kefauver
326,142
65.33%
Republican
B. Carroll Reece
166,947
33.44%
Independent
John Randolph Neal Jr.
6,103
1.22%
None
Scattering
26
0.01%
Majority
159,195
31.89%
Turnout
499,218
Democratic hold
Texas
Texas election← 19421954 →
Nominee
Lyndon B. Johnson
Jack Porter
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
702,985
349,665
Percentage
66.22%
32.94%
County Results
Johnson: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%
Porter: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
U.S. senator before election
W. Lee O'Daniel
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Texas
See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in TexasIncumbent Democrat W. Lee O'Daniel decided to retire rather than seek a second full term. Congressman Lyndon Johnson won the highly contested Democratic primary against former governor Coke Stevenson. Johnson went on to win the general election against Republican Jack Porter, but by a closer margin than usual for Texas Democrats.
Texas election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Lyndon Johnson
702,985
66.22%
Republican
Jack Porter
349,665
32.94%
Prohibition
Samuel N. Morris
8,913
0.84%
Majority
353,320
33.28%
Turnout
1,061,563
Democratic hold
Virginia
Virginia election
← 1946
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
A. Willis Robertson
Robert H. Woods
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
253,865
118,546
Percentage
65.7%
30.7%
U.S. senator before election
A. Willis Robertson
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
A. Willis Robertson
Democratic
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Virginia
See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
Incumbent Democrat A. Willis Robertson defeated Republican Robert H. Woods and was re-elected to his first full term in office.
1948 United States Senate election in Virginia
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
A. Willis Robertson (Incumbent)
253,865
65.74%
-2.41%
Republican
Robert H. Woods
118,546
30.70%
+1.68%
Independent
Howard Carwile
6,788
1.76%
Progressive
Virginia Foster Durr
5,347
1.38%
+1.38%
Socialist
Clarke T. Robb
1,627
0.42%
-2.40%
Write-ins
5
<0.01%
Majority
135,319
35.04%
-4.09%
Turnout
386,168
Democratic hold
Swing
West Virginia
See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
West Virginia election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Matthew M. Neely
435,354
56.99%
Republican
Chapman Revercomb (Incumbent)
328,534
43.01%
Majority
106,810
13.98%
Turnout
763,888
Democratic gain from Republican
Wyoming
Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in WyomingSee also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
1948 United States Senate election in Wyoming
← 1942
November 2, 1948
1954 →
Nominee
Lester C. Hunt
Edward V. Robertson
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
57,953
43,527
Percentage
57.11%
42.89%
U.S. senator before election
Edward V. Robertson
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Lester C. Hunt
Democratic
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020)
Wyoming election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Lester C. Hunt
57,953
57.11%
Republican
Edward V. Robertson (Incumbent)
43,527
42.89%
Majority
14,426
14.22%
Turnout
101,480
Democratic gain from Republican
|}
See also
1948 United States elections
1948 United States presidential election
1948 United States House of Representatives elections
80th United States Congress
81st United States Congress
References
^ William S. White (November 4, 1948). "SWEEP IN CONGRESS – Democrats Obtain 54-42 Margin in Senate by Winning 9 G.O.P. Seats". New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ "Truman Sweep". New York Times. November 7, 1948. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (1949-03-01). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 14–15, 50.
^ a b Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 1524. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
^ a b Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 1458. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
^ Heard, Alexander; Strong, Donald (1950). Southern Primaries and Elections 1920-1949. University of Alabama Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 9780836955248.
Further reading
Hartley, Robert E. Battleground 1948: Truman, Stevenson, Douglas, and the Most Surprising Election in Illinois History (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013)
vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures)
1788–89
1790–91
1792–93
1794–95
1796–97
1798–99
1800–01
1802–03
1804–05
1806–07
1808–09
1810–11
1812–13
1814–15
1816–17
1818–19
1820–21
1822–23
1824–25
1826–27
1828–29
1830–31
1832–33
1834–35
1836–37
1838–39
1840–41
1842–43
1844–45
1846–47
1848–49
1850–51
1852–53
1854–55
1856–57
1858–59
1860–61
1862–63
1864–65
1866–67
1868–69
1870–71
1872–73
1874–75
1876–77
1878–79
1880–81
1882–83
1884–85
1886–87
1888–89
1890–91
1892–93
1894–95
1896–97
1898–99
1900–01
1902–03
1904–05
1906–07
1908–09
1910–11
1912–13
1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
Odd-yearspecials
1921
1923
1925
1931
1933
1937
1941
1947
1949
1957
1959
1961
1974–75
1983
1991
1993
2013
2017
List of all specials
Elections by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Special elections
Election disputes
Results by state
List of US elections
House elections
Presidential elections
Gubernatorial elections
vteLyndon B. Johnson
36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
U.S. Representative for TX–10 (1937–1949)
Presidency(timeline)
1963 inauguration
Let Us Continue
1965 inauguration
White House preservation
State of the Union Address
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination
controversies
Johnson desk
Nixon transition
Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamations
Meritorious Service Medal
Foreign policy
Johnson Doctrine
Dominican Republic occupation
Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
"Credibility gap"
Glassboro Summit
Outer Space Treaty
Operation CHAOS
Domestic policy
Administrative Conference of the United States (1964)
Cannabis policy
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Executive Order 11246 (1965)
Flood Control Act of 1965
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Child Nutrition Act
1966; School Breakfast Program
Uniform Time Act (1966)
White House Conference on Civil Rights (1966)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Executive Order 11375 (1967)
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Gun Control Act of 1968
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Economic policy
Revenue Act of 1964
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Coinage Act of 1965
Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965)
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1966)
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (1966)
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)
Tax Adjustment Act of 1966
Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967
U.S. Department of Transportation (1967)
Wholesome Meat Act (1967)
Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968
Truth in Lending Act
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
Ginnie Mae
National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
National Flood Insurance Program
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968
Williams Act (1968)
Environmentalpolicy
Wilderness Act (1964)
Land and Water Conservation Fund (1965)
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
Clean Waters Restoration Act (1966)
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966
Air Quality Act of 1967
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968)
Great Society/War on Poverty
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Community Action Agencies
Head Start
Job Corps
Office of Economic Opportunity
Food Stamp Act of 1964
Food Stamp Program
AmeriCorps VISTA (1965)
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)
Higher Education Act of 1965
FAFSA
Federal Family Education Loan Program
Federal Work-Study Program
Pell Grant
Stafford Loan
Student loans in the United States
Teacher Corps
TRIO
Upward Bound
National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
1965; National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Humanities
Older Americans Act (1965)
Administration on Aging
Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965
Economic Development Administration
Social Security Amendments of 1965
Medicare
Medicaid
Model Cities Program (1966)
National Historic Preservation Act
1966; National Register of Historic Places
National Historic Landmark
State Historic Preservation Office
Bilingual Education Act (1967)
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
PBS
NPR
Life
Early years and career
1956 Southern Manifesto
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Operation Texas
Texas Broadcasting Company
Johnson Amendment
Box 13 scandal
Bashir Ahmad
Legacy andmemorials
Bibliography
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
Memorial Grove on the Potomac
U.S. Postage stamp
Elections
United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
1940
1942
1944
1946
United States Senate special elections, 1941
1948 United States Senate elections
1954
1960
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
campaign
1968
Democratic National Convention 1956
1960
1964
1960 United States presidential election
1964
Public image
Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
Daisy advertisement
Johnson cult
The Years of Lyndon Johnson
LBJ (1991 television film)
Path to War (2002 film)
All the Way (2012 play, 2016 film)
Selma (2014 film)
LBJ (2017 film)
Family
Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)
Sam Houston Johnson (brother)
Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather)
Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
Chuck Robb (son-in-law)
← John F. Kennedy
Richard Nixon →
← Richard Nixon
Hubert Humphrey →
Category
vte(1947←) 1948 United States elections (→1949)President
1948 United States presidential election
Democratic primaries
Republican primaries
Democratic convention
Republican convention
U.S.Senate
Alabama
Arkansas
Colorado
Delaware
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana (special)
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Carolina (special)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
Wyoming
U.S.House
Alabama
Alaska Territory
Arkansas
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii Territory
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
2nd sp
9th sp
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
10th sp
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
15th sp
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
4th sp
6th sp
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Governors
Arizona
Arkansas
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia (special)
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Lt. Gov
Missouri
Lt. Gov
Montana
Nebraska
Lt. Gov
New Hampshire
New Mexico
North Carolina
Lt. Gov
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon (special)
Rhode Island
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Statelegislatures
Iowa Senate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1948"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Class 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1948 United States Senate elections were held concurrently with the election of Democratic President Harry S. Truman for a full term. The 32 seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and one special election was held to fill a vacancy. Truman campaigned against an \"obstructionist\" Congress that had blocked many of his initiatives, and additionally, the U.S. economy recovered from the postwar recession of 1946–1947 by election day. Thus, Truman was rewarded with a Democratic gain of nine seats in the Senate, enough to give them control of the chamber.[1][2] This was the last time until 2020 that Democrats flipped a chamber of Congress in a presidential election cycle.","title":"1948 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clerk-3"}],"text":"Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives[3]","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retirements","text":"Five Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defeats","text":"Eight Republicans and two Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post election changes","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Election results","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the 80th Congress","text":"In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1948 or before January 3, 1949; ordered by election date.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections leading to the next Congress","text":"In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1949; ordered by state.All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Six races had a margin of victory under 10%:Wyoming is the tipping point state with a margin of 14.2%.","title":"Closest races"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_L_McClellan.png"},{"link_name":"John L. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McClellan"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas"}],"text":"Senator John L. McClellanSee also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Colorado and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bert H. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_H._Miller"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henry Dworshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dworshak"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Idaho and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in IdahoDemocrat Bert H. Miller defeated incumbent Republican Henry Dworshak. As of 2024, this remains the only time that a Democrat would win Idaho's Class 2 Senate seat. Dworshak was appointed back to this seat in October 1949 after Miller died earlier that month and served until he himself died in 1962.","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Kansas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AllenJosephEllender.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allen J. Ellender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender"}],"sub_title":"Louisiana (regular)","text":"Senator Allen J. Ellender","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Louisiana (special)","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"James E. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Murray"},{"link_name":"special election in 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"re-elected in 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Montana and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in MontanaIncumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936 and 1942, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Tom J. Davis, an attorney and the Republican nominee, in the general election. Following a narrow re-election in 1936, Murray significantly expanded his margin of victory and comfortably won re-election over Davis, winning his fourth term and his third full term in the Senate.","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Nebraska and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico_results_map_by_county.svg"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Mexico and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in New MexicoResults by county: Anderson 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Hurley 40–50% 50–60%","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melville_Broughton.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. Melville Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Melville_Broughton"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Josiah Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Bailey"},{"link_name":"William B. Umstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Umstead"},{"link_name":"Taft–Hartley Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act"},{"link_name":"Governor of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"J. Melville Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Melville_Broughton"}],"text":"Senator J. Melville BroughtonSee also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in North CarolinaThere were 2 elections to the same seat, due to the December 15, 1946 death of three-term Democrat Josiah Bailey. Democratic former congressman William B. Umstead was appointed December 18, 1946 to continue Bailey's term, pending a special election.Umstead supported the conservative Taft–Hartley Act. The Democratic former Governor of North Carolina J. Melville Broughton was seen as a \"rather liberal alternative\" to Umstead. Broughton beat Umstead in the Democratic primaries and then won the general elections.","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Carolina (special)","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Porter_Graham"},{"link_name":"another special election in 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Willis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Smith"},{"link_name":"Alton A. Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_A._Lennon"},{"link_name":"1954 special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_special_elections_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"W. Kerr Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Kerr_Scott"}],"sub_title":"North Carolina (regular)","text":"Broughton was seated December 31, 1948 to finish the current term but died March 6, 1949, just after the new term began. His death lead to another appointment (Democrat Frank Graham) in 1949 and another special election in 1950 of Democrat Willis Smith. Smith also died during the term, leading to yet another appointment (Democrat Alton A. Lennon) and 1954 special election (of Democrat W. Kerr Scott). In all, five senators held the seat during the 1949–1955 term.","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Oregon and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burnet_R._Maybank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burnet R. Maybank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Burnet R. Maybank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan Dorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn"},{"link_name":"runoff election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"politics of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Carolina"}],"text":"Senator Burnet R. MaybankSee also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South CarolinaSenator Burnet R. Maybank was opposed in the Democratic primary by U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan Dorn and three other candidates. Maybank obtained over 50% in the primary election on August 10 to avoid a runoff election.Since the end of Reconstruction in 1877, the Democratic Party dominated the politics of South Carolina and its statewide candidates were never seriously challenged. Maybank did not campaign for the general election as there was no chance of defeat.","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"W. Lee O'Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Coke Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Jack Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_J._Porter"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in TexasIncumbent Democrat W. Lee O'Daniel decided to retire rather than seek a second full term. Congressman Lyndon Johnson won the highly contested Democratic primary against former governor Coke Stevenson. Johnson went on to win the general election against Republican Jack Porter, but by a closer margin than usual for Texas Democrats.","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"A. Willis Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in VirginiaIncumbent Democrat A. Willis Robertson defeated Republican Robert H. Woods and was re-elected to his first full term in office.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia and 1948 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"1948 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wyoming and 1948 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming|}","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1788–1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_(1788%E2%80%931913)"},{"link_name":"elected by statelegislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_senators"},{"link_name":"1788–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1790–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790%E2%80%9391_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1792–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1794–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1794%E2%80%9395_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1796–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796%E2%80%9397_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1798–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798%E2%80%9399_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1800–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800%E2%80%9301_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1802–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802%E2%80%9303_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1804–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804%E2%80%9305_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1806–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806%E2%80%9307_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1808–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808%E2%80%9309_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1810–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810%E2%80%9311_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1812–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E2%80%9313_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1814–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814%E2%80%9315_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1816–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816%E2%80%9317_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1818–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818%E2%80%9319_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1820–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E2%80%9321_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1822–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822%E2%80%9323_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1824–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824%E2%80%9325_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1826–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%9327_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1828–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828%E2%80%9329_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1830–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830%E2%80%9331_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1832–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832%E2%80%9333_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1834–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834%E2%80%9335_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1836–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836%E2%80%9337_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1838–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838%E2%80%9339_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1840–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840%E2%80%9341_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1842–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842%E2%80%9343_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1844–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844%E2%80%9345_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1846–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%E2%80%9347_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1848–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848%E2%80%9349_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1850–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850%E2%80%9351_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1852–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852%E2%80%9353_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1854–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854%E2%80%9355_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1856–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856%E2%80%9357_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1858–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1858%E2%80%9359_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1860–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E2%80%9361_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1862–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%E2%80%9363_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1864–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1866–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1868–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1870–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1872–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1874–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1876–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1878–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%E2%80%9379_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1880–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880%E2%80%9381_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1882–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882%E2%80%9383_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1884–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884%E2%80%9385_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1886–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886%E2%80%9387_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1888–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1890–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E2%80%9391_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1892–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1894–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%E2%80%9395_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1896–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%E2%80%9397_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1898–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1900–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1902–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1904–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1906–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1908–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1910–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1912–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1914–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_(1914%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"popular election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"List of all specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Special elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Election disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes"},{"link_name":"Results by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_results_by_state"},{"link_name":"List of US elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"House elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections"},{"link_name":"Gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"36th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"37th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"TX–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency"},{"link_name":"1963 inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Let Us Continue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_Continue"},{"link_name":"1965 inauguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"White House preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House"},{"link_name":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Judicial appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination"},{"link_name":"controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"link_name":"Johnson desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_desk"},{"link_name":"Nixon transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Executive Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders"},{"link_name":"Presidential Proclamations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration"},{"link_name":"Johnson Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963%E2%80%9369"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Credibility gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credibility_gap"},{"link_name":"Glassboro Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference"},{"link_name":"Outer Space Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Operation CHAOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_CHAOS"},{"link_name":"Administrative Conference of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Cannabis policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 11246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_11246"},{"link_name":"Flood Control Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Child Nutrition Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act"},{"link_name":"School Breakfast Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Breakfast_Program"},{"link_name":"Uniform Time Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Time_Act"},{"link_name":"White House Conference on Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights"},{"link_name":"Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 11375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_11375"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Gun Control Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Law Enforcement Assistance Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Assistance_Administration"},{"link_name":"Revenue Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transportation_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Urban Mass Transportation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration"},{"link_name":"Coinage Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_Labeling_and_Advertising_Act"},{"link_name":"Fair Packaging and Labeling Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act"},{"link_name":"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act"},{"link_name":"Tax Adjustment Act of 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Adjustment_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Fair_Practices_Act_of_1967"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Wholesome Meat Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesome_Meat_Act"},{"link_name":"Architectural Barriers Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Credit_Protection_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Truth in Lending Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Ginnie Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_National_Mortgage_Association"},{"link_name":"National Flood Insurance Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"National Flood Insurance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program"},{"link_name":"Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_Control_for_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"Williams Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Act"},{"link_name":"Environmentalpolicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Wilderness Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Act"},{"link_name":"Land and Water Conservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_Water_Conservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Clean Waters Restoration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Waters_Restoration_Act"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge_System_Administration_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"Air Quality Act of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Wild and Scenic Rivers System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System"},{"link_name":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"link_name":"War on Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_poverty"},{"link_name":"Economic Opportunity Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Community Action Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Action_Agencies"},{"link_name":"Head Start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_(program)"},{"link_name":"Job Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Corps"},{"link_name":"Office of Economic Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity"},{"link_name":"Food Stamp Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Food Stamp Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program"},{"link_name":"AmeriCorps VISTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA"},{"link_name":"Elementary and Secondary Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"FAFSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAFSA"},{"link_name":"Federal Family Education Loan Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Family_Education_Loan_Program"},{"link_name":"Federal Work-Study Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Work-Study_Program"},{"link_name":"Pell Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_Grant"},{"link_name":"Stafford Loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Loan"},{"link_name":"Student loans in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Teacher Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher_Corps"},{"link_name":"TRIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_TRIO_Programs"},{"link_name":"Upward Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upward_Bound"},{"link_name":"National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"Older Americans Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Older_Americans_Act"},{"link_name":"Administration on Aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_on_Aging"},{"link_name":"Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_and_Economic_Development_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Economic Development Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration"},{"link_name":"Social Security Amendments of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Amendments_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Medicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"},{"link_name":"Model Cities Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Cities_Program"},{"link_name":"National Historic Preservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"State Historic Preservation Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historic_Preservation_Office"},{"link_name":"Bilingual Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967"},{"link_name":"Corporation for Public Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Early years and career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years"},{"link_name":"Southern Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960"},{"link_name":"Operation Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTBC_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Johnson Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Box 13 scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_13_scandal"},{"link_name":"Bashir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)"},{"link_name":"memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Baines Johnson Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Memorial Grove on the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"1938 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"United States Senate special elections, 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas"},{"link_name":"1948 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1960 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Public image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Daisy advertisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)"},{"link_name":"Johnson cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_cult"},{"link_name":"The Years of Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"LBJ (1991 television film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Path to War (2002 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_to_War"},{"link_name":"2012 play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)"},{"link_name":"2016 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Selma (2014 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_(film)"},{"link_name":"LBJ (2017 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Claudia \"Lady Bird\" Taylor Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lynda Bird Johnson Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb"},{"link_name":"Luci Baines Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Sam Houston Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Joseph Wilson Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines"},{"link_name":"George Washington Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Baines"},{"link_name":"Chuck Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Robb"},{"link_name":"← John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"1947←","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1948 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"→1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1948 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Republican primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Democratic convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Republican convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"U.S.Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"U.S.House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_Territory"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Hawaii_Territory"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"2nd sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Kentucky%27s_2nd_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"9th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Kentucky%27s_9th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"10th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Missouri%27s_10th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"15th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Texas%27s_15th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"4th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Virginia%27s_4th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"6th sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arizona_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Colorado_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Delaware_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Georgia (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Georgia_gubernatorial_special_election"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Iowa_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Kansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Minnesota_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Missouri_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Montana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Nebraska_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_North_Carolina_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Ohio_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Oregon (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Oregon_gubernatorial_special_election"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_South_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Utah_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Washington_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Statelegislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1948_state_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Iowa Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Iowa_Senate_election"}],"text":"Hartley, Robert E. Battleground 1948: Truman, Stevenson, Douglas, and the Most Surprising Election in Illinois History (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013)vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures)\n1788–89\n1790–91\n1792–93\n1794–95\n1796–97\n1798–99\n1800–01\n1802–03\n1804–05\n1806–07\n1808–09\n1810–11\n1812–13\n1814–15\n1816–17\n1818–19\n1820–21\n1822–23\n1824–25\n1826–27\n1828–29\n1830–31\n1832–33\n1834–35\n1836–37\n1838–39\n1840–41\n1842–43\n1844–45\n1846–47\n1848–49\n1850–51\n1852–53\n1854–55\n1856–57\n1858–59\n1860–61\n1862–63\n1864–65\n1866–67\n1868–69\n1870–71\n1872–73\n1874–75\n1876–77\n1878–79\n1880–81\n1882–83\n1884–85\n1886–87\n1888–89\n1890–91\n1892–93\n1894–95\n1896–97\n1898–99\n1900–01\n1902–03\n1904–05\n1906–07\n1908–09\n1910–11\n1912–13\n1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials\n1914\n1916\n1918\n1920\n1922\n1924\n1926\n1928\n1930\n1932\n1934\n1936\n1938\n1940\n1942\n1944\n1946\n1948\n1950\n1952\n1954\n1956\n1958\n1960\n1962\n1964\n1966\n1968\n1970\n1972\n1974\n1976\n1978\n1980\n1982\n1984\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\n2024\n2026\n2028\nOdd-yearspecials\n1921\n1923\n1925\n1931\n1933\n1937\n1941\n1947\n1949\n1957\n1959\n1961\n1974–75\n1983\n1991\n1993\n2013\n2017\nList of all specials\nElections by state\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nDistrict of Columbia\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\n\nSpecial elections\nElection disputes\nResults by state\nList of US elections\nHouse elections\nPresidential elections\nGubernatorial electionsvteLyndon B. Johnson\n36th President of the United States (1963–1969)\n37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)\nU.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)\nU.S. Representative for TX–10 (1937–1949)\nPresidency(timeline)\n1963 inauguration\nLet Us Continue\n1965 inauguration\nWhite House preservation\nState of the Union Address\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\nCabinet\nJudicial appointments\nSupreme Court\nThurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination\ncontroversies\nJohnson desk\nNixon transition\nExecutive Orders\nPresidential Proclamations\nMeritorious Service Medal\nForeign policy\nJohnson Doctrine\nDominican Republic occupation\nVietnam War\nGulf of Tonkin Resolution\n\"Credibility gap\"\nGlassboro Summit\nOuter Space Treaty\nOperation CHAOS\nDomestic policy\nAdministrative Conference of the United States (1964)\nCannabis policy\nCivil Rights Act of 1964\nEqual Employment Opportunity Commission\nExecutive Order 11246 (1965)\nFlood Control Act of 1965\nImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965\nVoting Rights Act of 1965\nChild Nutrition Act\n1966; School Breakfast Program\nUniform Time Act (1966)\nWhite House Conference on Civil Rights (1966)\nAge Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967\nExecutive Order 11375 (1967)\nCivil Rights Act of 1968\nGun Control Act of 1968\nOmnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968\nLaw Enforcement Assistance Administration\nEconomic policy\nRevenue Act of 1964\nUrban Mass Transportation Act of 1964\nUrban Mass Transportation Administration\nCoinage Act of 1965\nFood and Agriculture Act of 1965\nHigh-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965\nU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965)\nCigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1966)\nFair Packaging and Labeling Act (1966)\nNational Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)\nTax Adjustment Act of 1966\nAgricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967\nU.S. Department of Transportation (1967)\nWholesome Meat Act (1967)\nArchitectural Barriers Act of 1968\nConsumer Credit Protection Act of 1968\nTruth in Lending Act\nFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1968\nHousing and Urban Development Act of 1968\nGinnie Mae\nNational Flood Insurance Act of 1968\nNational Flood Insurance Program\nRadiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968\nRevenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968\nWilliams Act (1968)\nEnvironmentalpolicy\nWilderness Act (1964)\nLand and Water Conservation Fund (1965)\nMotor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965\nRivers and Harbors Act of 1965\nSolid Waste Disposal Act of 1965\nClean Waters Restoration Act (1966)\nNational Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966\nAir Quality Act of 1967\nNational Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968)\nGreat Society/War on Poverty\nEconomic Opportunity Act of 1964\nCommunity Action Agencies\nHead Start\nJob Corps\nOffice of Economic Opportunity\nFood Stamp Act of 1964\nFood Stamp Program\nAmeriCorps VISTA (1965)\nElementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)\nHigher Education Act of 1965\nFAFSA\nFederal Family Education Loan Program\nFederal Work-Study Program\nPell Grant\nStafford Loan\nStudent loans in the United States\nTeacher Corps\nTRIO\nUpward Bound\nNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities\n1965; National Endowment for the Arts\nNational Endowment for the Humanities\nOlder Americans Act (1965)\nAdministration on Aging\nPublic Works and Economic Development Act of 1965\nEconomic Development Administration\nSocial Security Amendments of 1965\nMedicare\nMedicaid\nModel Cities Program (1966)\nNational Historic Preservation Act\n1966; National Register of Historic Places\nNational Historic Landmark\nState Historic Preservation Office\nBilingual Education Act (1967)\nPublic Broadcasting Act of 1967\nCorporation for Public Broadcasting\nPBS\nNPR\n\nLife\nEarly years and career\n1956 Southern Manifesto\nCivil Rights Act of 1957\nCivil Rights Act of 1960\nOperation Texas\nTexas Broadcasting Company\nJohnson Amendment\nBox 13 scandal\nBashir Ahmad\nLegacy andmemorials\nBibliography\nLyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum\nLyndon B. Johnson National Grassland\nLyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park\nLyndon B. Johnson Space Center\nLyndon Baines Johnson Day\nLyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs\nMemorial Grove on the Potomac\nU.S. Postage stamp\nElections\nUnited States House of Representatives special elections, 1937\n1938 United States House of Representatives elections\n1940\n1942\n1944\n1946\nUnited States Senate special elections, 1941\n1948 United States Senate elections\n1954\n1960\nDemocratic Party presidential primaries, 1960\n1964\ncampaign\n1968\nDemocratic National Convention 1956\n1960\n1964\n1960 United States presidential election\n1964\nPublic image\nLyndon B. Johnson in popular culture\nDaisy advertisement\nJohnson cult\nThe Years of Lyndon Johnson\nLBJ (1991 television film)\nPath to War (2002 film)\nAll the Way (2012 play, 2016 film)\nSelma (2014 film)\nLBJ (2017 film)\nFamily\nClaudia \"Lady Bird\" Taylor Johnson (wife)\nLynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)\nLuci Baines Johnson (daughter)\nSamuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)\nSam Houston Johnson (brother)\nSamuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather)\nJoseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)\nGeorge Washington Baines (great-grandfather)\nChuck Robb (son-in-law)\n\n← John F. Kennedy\nRichard Nixon →\n← Richard Nixon\nHubert Humphrey →\n Categoryvte(1947←) 1948 United States elections (→1949)President\n1948 United States presidential election\nDemocratic primaries\nRepublican primaries\nDemocratic convention\nRepublican convention\nU.S.Senate\nAlabama\nArkansas\nColorado\nDelaware\nGeorgia\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nLouisiana (special)\nMaine\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMontana\nNebraska\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Carolina (special)\nOklahoma\nOregon\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nVirginia\nWest Virginia\nWyoming\nU.S.House\nAlabama\nAlaska Territory\nArkansas\nArizona\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii Territory\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\n2nd sp\n9th sp\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\n10th sp\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\n15th sp\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\n4th sp\n6th sp\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nGovernors\nArizona\nArkansas\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia (special)\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nLt. Gov\nMissouri\nLt. Gov\nMontana\nNebraska\nLt. Gov\nNew Hampshire\nNew Mexico\nNorth Carolina\nLt. Gov\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOregon (special)\nRhode Island\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nStatelegislatures\nIowa Senate","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1948_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg/350px-1948_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator John L. McClellan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/John_L_McClellan.png/125px-John_L_McClellan.png"},{"image_text":"Senator Allen J. Ellender","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AllenJosephEllender.jpg/125px-AllenJosephEllender.jpg"},{"image_text":"Results by county: Anderson 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% Hurley 40–50% 50–60% ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico_results_map_by_county.svg/215px-1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico_results_map_by_county.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator J. Melville Broughton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Melville_Broughton.jpg/125px-Melville_Broughton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Burnet R. Maybank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Burnet_R._Maybank.jpg/125px-Burnet_R._Maybank.jpg"}] | [{"title":"1948 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1948 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"1948 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"80th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"81st United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress"}] | [{"reference":"William S. White (November 4, 1948). \"SWEEP IN CONGRESS – Democrats Obtain 54-42 Margin in Senate by Winning 9 G.O.P. Seats\". New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17FD345F167B93C6A9178AD95F4C8485F9","url_text":"\"SWEEP IN CONGRESS – Democrats Obtain 54-42 Margin in Senate by Winning 9 G.O.P. Seats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Truman Sweep\". New York Times. November 7, 1948. Retrieved April 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1948/11/07/archives/truman-sweep-the-election-returns-a-mathematical-map.html","url_text":"\"Truman Sweep\""}]},{"reference":"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (1949-03-01). \"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948\" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 14–15, 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives"},{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electioninfo/1948election.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 1524. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ_Press","url_text":"CQ Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-536-1","url_text":"978-1-60426-536-1"}]},{"reference":"Kalb, Deborah, ed. (2010). Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 1458. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ_Press","url_text":"CQ Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-536-1","url_text":"978-1-60426-536-1"}]},{"reference":"Heard, Alexander; Strong, Donald (1950). Southern Primaries and Elections 1920-1949. University of Alabama Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 9780836955248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836955248","url_text":"9780836955248"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17FD345F167B93C6A9178AD95F4C8485F9","external_links_name":"\"SWEEP IN CONGRESS – Democrats Obtain 54-42 Margin in Senate by Winning 9 G.O.P. Seats\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1948/11/07/archives/truman-sweep-the-election-returns-a-mathematical-map.html","external_links_name":"\"Truman Sweep\""},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electioninfo/1948election.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics) | September 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) | ["1 Saints","2 Pre-Schism Western saints","3 Post-Schism Orthodox saints","3.1 New martyrs and confessors","4 Other commemorations","5 Icon gallery","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources"] | The Eastern Orthodox cross
September 16 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 18
All fixed commemorations below celebrated on September 30 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For September 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 4.
Saints
Hieromartyrs Heraclides and Myron, Bishops of Tamassos in Cyprus (1st century)
Martyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith (Vera), Hope (Nadezhda), and Love (Lyubov), at Rome (c. 137)
Martyr Agathocleia (230)
Martyr Theodota of Cappadocia, at Nicaea (230)
Martyrs Lucy and her son Geminian of Rome (303)
156 Martyrs of Palestine, including (310):
Peleus and Nilus, Bishops of Egypt;
Zeno, Priest;
Patermuthius and Elias, noblemen, by fire.
Martyrs Maximus, Theodotus and Asclepiodotus, of Marcianopolis in Thrace. (see also: September 15)
Saints Charalampus and Pantelon, and companions.
Pre-Schism Western saints
Saint Flocellus, a youth martyred in Autun in France under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
Saint Justin the Confessor, a priest in Rome who devoted himself to burying the bodies of martyrs and was eventually martyred himself (259)
Saints Narcissus and Crescendo, early martyrs in Rome (c. 260)
Saints Socrates and Stephen, by tradition early martyrs venerated in Britain, now England.
Saint Theodora, a noble lady of Rome devoted to the service of the martyrs during the persecution of Diocletian (c. 305)
Saint Satyrus of Milan, elder brother of St Ambrose of Milan in Italy (376)
Saint Rodingus (Rouin), a monk and priest from Ireland who preached in Germany and entered the monastery of Tholey near Trier (c. 690)
Hieromartyr Lambert of Maastricht, Bishop of Maastricht (704)
Saint Columba, a nun at Tábanos, martyred in Cordoba in Spain for rejecting Islam (853)
Saint Unni (Uni, Unno, Huno), a monk at New Corvey in Germany, who became Bishop of Bremen-Hamburg in 917 (936)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Saint Euxiphius of Cyprus, monk (12th century)
Venerable Anastasius of Perioteron, in Cyprus, Wonderworker (12th century)
Saint Joachim I, Patriarch of Alexandria (1567)
Saint Innocent, Archimandrite, of Glinsk Hermitage (1888)
Saint Dionisie Erhan of Ismail and Cetatea Alba (1934-1943), in the Metropolis of Bessarabia (1943)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyrs of the St. Nicholas Koryazha Monastery, Arkhangelsk (1918):
Paul (Moiseyev) and Theodosius (Sobolev), Archimandrites;
Nicodemus (Shchapkov) and Seraphim (Kulakov), Hieromonks.
Virgin-martyr Irene Frolov (1931)
Martyr John Korotkov (1941)
Virgin-martyr Alexandra Hvorostyannikova (1943)
Other commemorations
Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople ("Tsaregrad") (1071)
Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev ("Directress") (1442)
Repose of Blessed Agapitus (1825), disciple of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk.
Repose of lay recluse Matthew of St. Petersburg (1904)
Icon gallery
Martyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith, Hope, and Love.
Martyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith, Hope, and Love.
Martyr Agathocleia.
Martyrs Lucy and her son Geminian of Rome.
Martyrdom of St. Lambert of Maastricht.
Patriarch Joachim I sending ambassadors to Tsar Ivan IV.
St. Dionisie Erhan of Ismail and Cetatea Alba.
Notes
^ The notation Old Style or (OS) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian Calendar (which is used by churches on the Old Calendar").The notation New Style or (NS), indicates a date in the Revised Julian calendar (which is used by churches on the "New Calendar").
^ Heraclides was the son of a pagan priest and lived in the village Lambadistis, in Cyprus. His father, although a pagan, was hospitable and did not hesitate to accommodate the Apostle Paul together with Barnabas and Mark when they came to Cyprus. The Apostles led Heraclides in the footsteps of Christ, and he in turn, led his parents. Saint Paul appointed him Bishop of Tamassos in Cyprus. Heraclides worked with great zeal along with his disciple Myron, for the dissemination of Christianity with impressive results, and many pagans believed in Christ. His successes however agitated the unbelievers, who killed them by burning them alive.
^ Name days celebrated today include:
Sophia (Σοφία);
Elpida, Nadezhda, Nadia (Ἐλπίδα);
Agape, Lyubov, Luba (Ἀγάπη).
^ "The same day, St. Agathoclia, servant of an infidel woman, who was for a long time subjected by her to blows and other afflictions, that she might deny Christ. She was finally presented to the judge and cruelly lacerated, and as she persisted in confessing the faith, they cut off her tongue and threw her into the flames."
^ Name days celebrated today include:
Agathocleia (Ἀγαθόκλεια);
Agathocles (Ἀγαθοκλής).
^ Their Synaxis is celebrated a second time.
Hymn (in Greek):
Χαίρων ὑπῆρχε πρὸς σφαγὴν Χαραλάμπης,
Καὶ Παντολέων πρὸς μάχαιραν ἦν λέων.
^ After being tortured, he was flung half-dead to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre.
^ "At Autun, under the emperor Antoninus and the governor Valerian, St. Flocellus, a boy, who, after many sufferings, was torn to pieces by wild beasts, and thus won the crown of martyrs."
^ "At Rome, on the road to Tivoli, the birthday of St. Justin, priest and martyr, who distinguished himself by a glorious confession of the faith, during the persecution of Valerian and Gallienus. He buried the bodies of the blessed pontiff, Xystus, of Lawrence, Hippolytus, and many other saints, and finally consummated his martyrdom under Claudius." His relics were later transferred to Frisingen in Germany.
^ "All the ancient and modern martyrologies commemorate on this day the martyrdom of Stephen and Socrates, as having taken place in Britain. We have no record of their history, but it is conjectured that they suffered in the persecution of Diocletian, and about the same time with St. Alban, as it is known that many of both sexes then sacrificed their lives for the Faith. The scene of their passion was probably in Monmouthshire or South Wales, as churches were dedicated to them in that district."
^ "At Rome, in the persecution of Diocletian, St. Theodora, a matron, who carefully ministered to the martyrs."
^ As a lawyer he undertook the administration of the affairs of his brother's household. His high sense of justice, his integrity and his generosity were praised by St Ambrose in his funeral sermon for him.
^ "At Milan, the departure from this world of St. Satyrus, confessor, whose distinguished merits are mentioned by his brother, St. Ambrose."
^ He moved to the Forest of Argonne in France where he founded the monastery of Wasloi, later known as Beaulieu.
^ Born in Maastricht in Netherlands, he became bishop there in 668, but in 674 he was driven out by the tyrant Ebroin. He then lived as a monk for seven years at the monastery of Stavelot in Belgium. He returned later and did much to help St Willibrord. He was murdered in the then village of Liège and is venerated as a martyr.
^ "At Liege, blessed Lambert, bishop of Maestricht. Having, through zeal for religion, rebuked the royal family, he was undeservedly put to death by the guilty, and thus entered the court of the heavenly kingdom, to enjoy it forever."
^ Born in Cordoba and a nun at Tábanos, she was driven from there by the Moorish persecution of 852. She took refuge in Cordoba in Spain, where, being called on to deny Christ, she openly rejected Mohammed and was beheaded.
^ He helped enlighten Sweden and Denmark and reposed in Birka in Sweden. Unni is revered as third Apostle of the North, after Ansgar and Rimbert of Turholt.
^ His memory is noted in the "Small Euchologion or Agiasmatarion", published by Apostoliki Diakonia in 1956, without any other references. His memory is not recorded anywhere else. He may be confused with the Saint that is commemorated on February 17 - St. Euxiphius I, Bishop and Wonderworker, who is listed in some synaxaria as one of the "300 Allemagne Saints" in Cyprus (late 12th century).
^ (in Romanian) "A fost aprobată solicitarea Sinodului mitropolitan al Mitropoliei Basarabiei de canonizare a Episcopului Dionisie Erhan al Cetății Albe-Ismail (1934-1943). Sfântul Ierarh Dionisie, Episcopul Cetății Albe-Ismail, va fi înscris în Calendarul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române și prăznuit anual în ziua de 17 septembrie."
See: (in Romanian) Dionisie Erhan. Wikipedia. (Romanian Wikipedia).
^ During the consolidation works at Suruceni Monastery on July 10, 2018, the body of Bishop Dionisie Erhan was found to be incorrupt.
^ See: (in Russian) Коряжемский Николаевский монастырь. Википедии. (Russian Wikipedia).
^ The Constantinople Icon commemorated today is probably the prototype of another Constantinople Icon (April 25) venerated at Moscow’s Dormition church on Malaya Dimitrovka.
^ "The locally honored Constantinople Icon of the Mother God is found in the Old Rus Cathedral (Novgorod Diocese). The icon by measurement is 2 diuma (2 inches), and was beaten out on a slate board. According to tradition, in ancient times two monks from Constantinople, passing through Old Rus, attended the liturgy in the Cathedral and left this icon there as a memorial. A great many believers streamed to this holy icon and took the water consecrated by immersing the holy icon in it, with the hope of healing sick babies."
^ "The Makar'ev "Hodegetria" ("Way-Guide") Icon of the Mother of God appeared during the reign of prince Vasilii Vasil'evich the Dark (1425-1462) to the Monk Makarii the Wonderworker, who asceticised on the desolate shores of the River Unzha. On 17 September 1442 at about the third hour of the morning, when the Monk Makarii was finishing his usual morning akathist song to the Most Holy Mother of God, his cell was illumined suddenly by an unknown light. The monk became confused in spirit and began fervently to pray. Beyond the cell walls he heard the angelic refrain: "Hail, Thou Full of Grace, O Mother Unwedded!" With fear and astonishment the monk went out from his cell and on the northwest horizon he saw the icon of the Mother of God, surrounded by a luminous radiance. The icon approached towards the cell of the ascetic. With joyful trembling the monk fell to the ground and cried out: "Hail, Mother of God! Hail, Thou Ever-Flowing Fount issuing salvation to all the world and assuring protection and intercession to all the Galich land!" He reverently took up the icon and placed it in his cell, whereby it also came to be named the "Cell-Icon". Afterwards the disciples of the monk gave it the title of "Makar'ev". On the place of the appearance of the holy icon was founded a monastery, likewise named Makar'ev. From the Makar'ev Icon of the Mother of God there were made copies, which became reknown(sic) just like the original."
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n September 17/September 30. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἡρακλείδης καὶ Μύρων Ἐπίσκοποι Ταμάσου τῆς Κύπρου. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ a b c d e f g h i (in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἁγίες Σοφία, Πίστη, Ἐλπίδα καὶ Ἀγάπη. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀγαθόκλεια. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Martyr Agathocleia. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ a b c d e f g h i The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 286–288.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ἡ Ἁγία Θεοδότη ἡ Μάρτυς. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Martyr Theodota at Nicea. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Λουκία καὶ Γεμινιανὸς. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι 100 Μάρτυρες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι 50 Μάρτυρες ἀπὸ τὴν Παλαιστίνη. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ 156 Martyrs in Palestine. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Πηλέας καὶ Νεῖλος οἱ Ἱερομάρτυρες καὶ Ἐπίσκοποι. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Πατερμούθιος καὶ Ἠλίας οἱ ἔνδοξοι. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Μάξιμος, Θεόδοτος καὶ Ἀσκληπιοδότη οἱ Μάρτυρες. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Χαράλαμπος καὶ Παντολέων καὶ ἡ συνοδεία τους. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ a b (in Greek) Άγιοι Χαράλαμπος, Παντολέων και η συνοδεία τους. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.
^ a b c d e f g h i j September 17. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
^ a b c d e f g September 30 / September 17. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
^ Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 451.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐξίφιος. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ ἐν Κύπρῳ. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ (in Greek) Άγιος Ιωακείμ Α' ο Πάνυ Πατριάρχης Αλεξανδρείας. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.
^ a b c d e f g (in Russian) 17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю. Русская Православная Церковь - Православный церковный календарь на 2024 год.
^ ROMANIAN CHURCH CELEBRATES CANONIZATION OF 20TH-CENTURY BESSARABIAN BISHOP DIONYSIUS ERHAN. Orthodox Christianity. Bucharest, October 28, 2019.
^ Romanian Patriarchate sets date for sainthood ceremony for Bishop Dionysius Erhan. The Orthodox World. SEPTEMBER 20, 2019.
^ a b (in Romanian) Gheorghe Anghel. Ce hotărâri au adoptat ierarhii români reuniți în sinod?. BASILICA.RO. 25.10.2018.
^ ROMANIAN HOLY SYNOD CALLS FOR MOSCOW AND CONSTANTINOPLE TO RESOLVE UKRAINIAN ISSUE TOGETHER, HIGHLIGHTS PAN-ORTHODOX COOPERATION. Orthodox Christianity. Bucharest, October 26, 2018.
^ Aurelian Iftimiu. Metropolis of Bessarabia coming to promote the canonization of Ismail bishop Dionisie Erhan. BASILICA.RO. 13.09.2018.
^ a b c d (in Russian) 30 сентября (17 сентября). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
^ (in Russian) ИРИНА. Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
^ (in Russian) ИОАНН. Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
^ Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ "Tsaregrad" (Constantinople) (1071) Icon of the Mother of God. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
^ Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
^ The Makar'ev "Hodegetria" ("Way-Guide") Icon of the Mother of God. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
Sources
September 17/September 30. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
September 30 / September 17. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
September 17. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 69.
The Seventeenth Day of the Month of September. Orthodoxy in China.
September 17. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 286–288.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 451.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) 17 ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
(in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
(in Greek) 17/09/2024. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.
Russian Sources
(in Russian) 30 сентября (17 сентября). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
(in Russian) 17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю. Русская Православная Церковь - Православный церковный календарь на 2024 год.
vteCalendars of saintsCatholic
General Roman
1969
1960
1955
pre-1955
Tridentine
Syro-Malabar
Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox
Coptic
Armenian
Anglican
Australia
Brazil
Canada
England
Hong Kong
Korea
Scotland
Southern Africa
United States
Wales
Protestant
Lutheran
Christianity portal
Biography portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"September 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_18_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"commemorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Old Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"September 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"}],"text":"September 16 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 18All fixed commemorations below celebrated on September 30 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.[note 1]For September 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 4.","title":"September 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Faith (Vera), Hope (Nadezhda), and Love (Lyubov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Faith,_Hope_and_Charity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Agathocleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lucy and her son Geminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_and_Geminian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Peleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peleus"},{"link_name":"Nilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Patermuthius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patermutius"},{"link_name":"Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Marcianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianopolis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"September 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_15_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Charalampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charalampus"},{"link_name":"Pantelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORTH-SYNAX2-25"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Hieromartyrs Heraclides and Myron, Bishops of Tamassos in Cyprus (1st century)[1][2][3][note 2]\nMartyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith (Vera), Hope (Nadezhda), and Love (Lyubov), at Rome (c. 137)[1][3][4][5][note 3]\nMartyr Agathocleia (230)[1][3][6][7][note 4][note 5]\nMartyr Theodota of Cappadocia, at Nicaea (230)[1][9][10]\nMartyrs Lucy and her son Geminian of Rome (303)[1][3][11]\n156 Martyrs of Palestine, including (310):[1][12][13][14]Peleus and Nilus, Bishops of Egypt;[15][16]\nZeno, Priest;\nPatermuthius and Elias, noblemen, by fire.[17]Martyrs Maximus, Theodotus and Asclepiodotus, of Marcianopolis in Thrace.[3][18] (see also: September 15)\nSaints Charalampus and Pantelon, and companions.[3][19][20][note 6]","title":"Saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Justin the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"Socrates and Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_and_Stephen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[note 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Satyrus of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrus_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[note 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Rodingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodingus"},{"link_name":"monastery of Tholey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholey_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lambert of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[note 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[note 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"martyred in Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Unni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"New Corvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_Corvey"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bremen-Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATIN-27"},{"link_name":"[note 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Saint Flocellus, a youth martyred in Autun in France under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180)[21][note 7][note 8]\nSaint Justin the Confessor, a priest in Rome who devoted himself to burying the bodies of martyrs and was eventually martyred himself (259)[21][note 9]\nSaints Narcissus and Crescendo, early martyrs in Rome (c. 260)[8][21]\nSaints Socrates and Stephen, by tradition early martyrs venerated in Britain, now England.[8][21][22][note 10]\nSaint Theodora, a noble lady of Rome devoted to the service of the martyrs during the persecution of Diocletian (c. 305)[21][note 11]\nSaint Satyrus of Milan, elder brother of St Ambrose of Milan in Italy (376)[21][note 12][note 13]\nSaint Rodingus (Rouin), a monk and priest from Ireland who preached in Germany and entered the monastery of Tholey near Trier (c. 690)[21][note 14]\nHieromartyr Lambert of Maastricht, Bishop of Maastricht (704)[1][21][22][note 15][note 16]\nSaint Columba, a nun at Tábanos, martyred in Cordoba in Spain for rejecting Islam (853)[8][21][note 17]\nSaint Unni (Uni, Unno, Huno), a monk at New Corvey in Germany, who became Bishop of Bremen-Hamburg in 917 (936)[21][note 18]","title":"Pre-Schism Western saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[note 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Wonderworker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderworker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Joachim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Joachim_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"Glinsk Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinsk_Hermitage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmail"},{"link_name":"Cetatea Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi"},{"link_name":"Metropolis of Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERHAN-49"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[note 20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[note 21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Saint Euxiphius of Cyprus, monk (12th century)[1][3][24][note 19]\nVenerable Anastasius of Perioteron, in Cyprus, Wonderworker (12th century)[1][3][25]\nSaint Joachim I, Patriarch of Alexandria (1567)[1][22][26][27]\nSaint Innocent, Archimandrite, of Glinsk Hermitage (1888)[1]\nSaint Dionisie Erhan of Ismail and Cetatea Alba (1934-1943), in the Metropolis of Bessarabia (1943)[28][29][30][31][note 20][note 21]","title":"Post-Schism Orthodox saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVENC-54"},{"link_name":"[note 22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSPAT-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVENC-54"}],"sub_title":"New martyrs and confessors","text":"New Hieromartyrs of the St. Nicholas Koryazha Monastery, Arkhangelsk (1918):[1][22][27][33][note 22]Paul (Moiseyev) and Theodosius (Sobolev), Archimandrites;\nNicodemus (Shchapkov) and Seraphim (Kulakov), Hieromonks.Virgin-martyr Irene Frolov (1931)[22][27][34]\nMartyr John Korotkov (1941)[22][27][35]\nVirgin-martyr Alexandra Hvorostyannikova (1943)[22][27][33]","title":"Post-Schism Orthodox saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVENC-54"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[note 23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[note 24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROC-RU-46"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVENC-54"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[note 25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Tikhon of Zadonsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhon_of_Zadonsk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-2"}],"text":"Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople (\"Tsaregrad\") (1071)[27][33][36][note 23][note 24]\nIcon of the Mother of God of Macariev (\"Directress\") (1442)[27][33][38][note 25]\nRepose of Blessed Agapitus (1825), disciple of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk.[1]\nRepose of lay recluse Matthew of St. Petersburg (1904)[1]","title":"Other commemorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_sophia_(byzantine_icon).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Faith, Hope, and Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Faith,_Hope_and_Charity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia_and_her_daughters_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Faith, Hope, and Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Faith,_Hope_and_Charity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agathocleia_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Agathocleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_and_Geminianus_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucy and her son Geminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_and_Geminian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Lambert-Li%C3%A8ge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lambert of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.23,_p._059.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joachim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Joachim_of_Alexandria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dionisie_Erhan.jpg"}],"text":"Martyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith, Hope, and Love.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrs Sophia and her three daughters Faith, Hope, and Love.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyr Agathocleia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrs Lucy and her son Geminian of Rome.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartyrdom of St. Lambert of Maastricht.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatriarch Joachim I sending ambassadors to Tsar Ivan IV.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Dionisie Erhan of Ismail and Cetatea Alba.","title":"Icon gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style"},{"link_name":"Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"New Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Style"},{"link_name":"Revised Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Tamassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECCLESIA-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Name days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_day"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Agathoclia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Name days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_day"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Synaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORTH-SYNAX2-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"Frisingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freising"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Alban"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STANTON-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Forest of Argonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Argonne"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Stavelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Stavelot-Malmedy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROMAN-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Birka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birka"},{"link_name":"Unni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Ansgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansgar"},{"link_name":"Rimbert of Turholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimbert"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"February 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERHAN-49"},{"link_name":"Dionisie Erhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisie_Erhan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"incorrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorruptibility"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Коряжемский Николаевский монастырь","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"April 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"^ The notation Old Style or (OS) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian Calendar (which is used by churches on the Old Calendar\").The notation New Style or (NS), indicates a date in the Revised Julian calendar (which is used by churches on the \"New Calendar\").\n\n^ Heraclides was the son of a pagan priest and lived in the village Lambadistis, in Cyprus. His father, although a pagan, was hospitable and did not hesitate to accommodate the Apostle Paul together with Barnabas and Mark when they came to Cyprus. The Apostles led Heraclides in the footsteps of Christ, and he in turn, led his parents. Saint Paul appointed him Bishop of Tamassos in Cyprus. Heraclides worked with great zeal along with his disciple Myron, for the dissemination of Christianity with impressive results, and many pagans believed in Christ. His successes however agitated the unbelievers, who killed them by burning them alive.[3]\n\n^ Name days celebrated today include: \nSophia (Σοφία);\nElpida, Nadezhda, Nadia (Ἐλπίδα);\nAgape, Lyubov, Luba (Ἀγάπη).\n\n^ \"The same day, St. Agathoclia, servant of an infidel woman, who was for a long time subjected by her to blows and other afflictions, that she might deny Christ. She was finally presented to the judge and cruelly lacerated, and as she persisted in confessing the faith, they cut off her tongue and threw her into the flames.\"[8]\n\n^ Name days celebrated today include: \nAgathocleia (Ἀγαθόκλεια);\nAgathocles (Ἀγαθοκλής).\n\n^ Their Synaxis is celebrated a second time.\nHymn (in Greek):[20]\nΧαίρων ὑπῆρχε πρὸς σφαγὴν Χαραλάμπης,\nΚαὶ Παντολέων πρὸς μάχαιραν ἦν λέων.\n\n^ After being tortured, he was flung half-dead to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre.\n\n^ \"At Autun, under the emperor Antoninus and the governor Valerian, St. Flocellus, a boy, who, after many sufferings, was torn to pieces by wild beasts, and thus won the crown of martyrs.\"[8]\n\n^ \"At Rome, on the road to Tivoli, the birthday of St. Justin, priest and martyr, who distinguished himself by a glorious confession of the faith, during the persecution of Valerian and Gallienus. He buried the bodies of the blessed pontiff, Xystus, of Lawrence, Hippolytus, and many other saints, and finally consummated his martyrdom under Claudius.\"[8] His relics were later transferred to Frisingen in Germany.\n\n^ \"All the ancient and modern martyrologies commemorate on this day the martyrdom of Stephen and Socrates, as having taken place in Britain. We have no record of their history, but it is conjectured that they suffered in the persecution of Diocletian, and about the same time with St. Alban, as it is known that many of both sexes then sacrificed their lives for the Faith. The scene of their passion was probably in Monmouthshire or South Wales, as churches were dedicated to them in that district.\"[23]\n\n^ \"At Rome, in the persecution of Diocletian, St. Theodora, a matron, who carefully ministered to the martyrs.\"[8]\n\n^ As a lawyer he undertook the administration of the affairs of his brother's household. His high sense of justice, his integrity and his generosity were praised by St Ambrose in his funeral sermon for him.\n\n^ \"At Milan, the departure from this world of St. Satyrus, confessor, whose distinguished merits are mentioned by his brother, St. Ambrose.\"[8]\n\n^ He moved to the Forest of Argonne in France where he founded the monastery of Wasloi, later known as Beaulieu.\n\n^ Born in Maastricht in Netherlands, he became bishop there in 668, but in 674 he was driven out by the tyrant Ebroin. He then lived as a monk for seven years at the monastery of Stavelot in Belgium. He returned later and did much to help St Willibrord. He was murdered in the then village of Liège and is venerated as a martyr.\n\n^ \"At Liege, blessed Lambert, bishop of Maestricht. Having, through zeal for religion, rebuked the royal family, he was undeservedly put to death by the guilty, and thus entered the court of the heavenly kingdom, to enjoy it forever.\"[8]\n\n^ Born in Cordoba and a nun at Tábanos, she was driven from there by the Moorish persecution of 852. She took refuge in Cordoba in Spain, where, being called on to deny Christ, she openly rejected Mohammed and was beheaded.\n\n^ He helped enlighten Sweden and Denmark and reposed in Birka in Sweden. Unni is revered as third Apostle of the North, after Ansgar and Rimbert of Turholt.\n\n^ His memory is noted in the \"Small Euchologion or Agiasmatarion\", published by Apostoliki Diakonia in 1956, without any other references. His memory is not recorded anywhere else. He may be confused with the Saint that is commemorated on February 17 - St. Euxiphius I, Bishop and Wonderworker, who is listed in some synaxaria as one of the \"300 Allemagne Saints\" in Cyprus (late 12th century).\n\n^ (in Romanian) \"A fost aprobată solicitarea Sinodului mitropolitan al Mitropoliei Basarabiei de canonizare a Episcopului Dionisie Erhan al Cetății Albe-Ismail (1934-1943). Sfântul Ierarh Dionisie, Episcopul Cetății Albe-Ismail, va fi înscris în Calendarul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române și prăznuit anual în ziua de 17 septembrie.\"[30]\nSee: (in Romanian) Dionisie Erhan. Wikipedia. (Romanian Wikipedia).\n\n^ During the consolidation works at Suruceni Monastery on July 10, 2018, the body of Bishop Dionisie Erhan was found to be incorrupt.[32]\n\n^ See: (in Russian) Коряжемский Николаевский монастырь. Википедии. (Russian Wikipedia).\n\n^ The Constantinople Icon commemorated today is probably the prototype of another Constantinople Icon (April 25) venerated at Moscow’s Dormition church on Malaya Dimitrovka.\n\n^ \"The locally honored Constantinople Icon of the Mother God is found in the Old Rus Cathedral (Novgorod Diocese). The icon by measurement is 2 diuma (2 inches), and was beaten out on a slate board. According to tradition, in ancient times two monks from Constantinople, passing through Old Rus, attended the liturgy in the Cathedral and left this icon there as a memorial. A great many believers streamed to this holy icon and took the water consecrated by immersing the holy icon in it, with the hope of healing sick babies.\"[37]\n\n^ \"The Makar'ev \"Hodegetria\" (\"Way-Guide\") Icon of the Mother of God appeared during the reign of prince Vasilii Vasil'evich the Dark (1425-1462) to the Monk Makarii the Wonderworker, who asceticised on the desolate shores of the River Unzha. On 17 September 1442 at about the third hour of the morning, when the Monk Makarii was finishing his usual morning akathist song to the Most Holy Mother of God, his cell was illumined suddenly by an unknown light. The monk became confused in spirit and began fervently to pray. Beyond the cell walls he heard the angelic refrain: \"Hail, Thou Full of Grace, O Mother Unwedded!\" With fear and astonishment the monk went out from his cell and on the northwest horizon he saw the icon of the Mother of God, surrounded by a luminous radiance. The icon approached towards the cell of the ascetic. With joyful trembling the monk fell to the ground and cried out: \"Hail, Mother of God! Hail, Thou Ever-Flowing Fount issuing salvation to all the world and assuring protection and intercession to all the Galich land!\" He reverently took up the icon and placed it in his cell, whereby it also came to be named the \"Cell-Icon\". Afterwards the disciples of the monk gave it the title of \"Makar'ev\". On the place of the appearance of the holy icon was founded a monastery, likewise named Makar'ev. From the Makar'ev Icon of the Mother of God there were made copies, which became reknown(sic) just like the original.\"[39]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 17/September 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//orthochristian.com/calendar/20230917.html"},{"link_name":"September 30 / September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?today=30&month=9"},{"link_name":"September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oca.org/saints/lives/2024/09/17"},{"link_name":"The Seventeenth Day of the Month of September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orthodox.cn/saints/menologia/9-17_en.htm"},{"link_name":"September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdsep.htm"},{"link_name":"The Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/romanmartyrology00cathuoft"},{"link_name":"A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/menologyofenglan00stanrich"},{"link_name":"Synaxaristes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium"},{"link_name":"17 ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΥ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.synaxarion.gr/gr/m/9/d/17/sxsaintlist.aspx"},{"link_name":"17 Σεπτεμβρίου","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=9&id=17"},{"link_name":"17/09/2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saint.gr/09/17/index.aspx"},{"link_name":"30 сентября (17 сентября)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pravenc.ru/calendar/2023/09/30.html"},{"link_name":"17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//calendar.rop.ru/mes1/sep17.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Calendars of saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"General Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"pre-1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954"},{"link_name":"Tridentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_of_the_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximus_Confessor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Anglican_Church_of_Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Canada)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui)"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Scottish_Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_in_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}],"text":"September 17/September 30. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).\nSeptember 30 / September 17. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).\nSeptember 17. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.\nThe Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 69.\nThe Seventeenth Day of the Month of September. Orthodoxy in China.\nSeptember 17. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.\nThe Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 286–288.\nRev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 451.Greek SourcesGreat Synaxaristes: (in Greek) 17 ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.\n(in Greek) Συναξαριστής. 17 Σεπτεμβρίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).\n(in Greek) 17/09/2024. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.Russian Sources(in Russian) 30 сентября (17 сентября). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).\n(in Russian) 17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю. Русская Православная Церковь - Православный церковный календарь на 2024 год.vteCalendars of saintsCatholic\nGeneral Roman\n1969\n1960\n1955\npre-1955\nTridentine\nSyro-Malabar\nOrthodox\nEastern Orthodox\nOriental Orthodox\nCoptic\nArmenian\nAnglican\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCanada\nEngland\nHong Kong\nKorea\nScotland\nSouthern Africa\nUnited States\nWales\nProtestant\nLutheran\n\n Christianity portal\n Biography portal","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The Eastern Orthodox cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/East-Ortho-cross.svg/220px-East-Ortho-cross.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230917.html","external_links_name":"September 17/September 30"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/680/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἡρακλείδης καὶ Μύρων Ἐπίσκοποι Ταμάσου τῆς Κύπρου"},{"Link":"http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=9&id=17","external_links_name":"17 Σεπτεμβρίου"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/670/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἁγίες Σοφία, Πίστη, Ἐλπίδα καὶ Ἀγάπη"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102638","external_links_name":"Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/671/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀγαθόκλεια"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102643","external_links_name":"Martyr Agathocleia"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/674/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ἡ Ἁγία Θεοδότη ἡ Μάρτυς"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102642","external_links_name":"Martyr Theodota at Nicea"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/673/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Λουκία καὶ Γεμινιανὸς"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/678/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι 100 Μάρτυρες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/679/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι 50 Μάρτυρες ἀπὸ τὴν Παλαιστίνη"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102644","external_links_name":"156 Martyrs in Palestine"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/676/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Πηλέας καὶ Νεῖλος οἱ Ἱερομάρτυρες καὶ Ἐπίσκοποι"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102645","external_links_name":"Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/677/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Πατερμούθιος καὶ Ἠλίας οἱ ἔνδοξοι"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/672/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Μάξιμος, Θεόδοτος καὶ Ἀσκληπιοδότη οἱ Μάρτυρες"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/675/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Οἱ Ἅγιοι Χαράλαμπος καὶ Παντολέων καὶ ἡ συνοδεία τους"},{"Link":"http://www.saint.gr/2457/saint.aspx","external_links_name":"Άγιοι Χαράλαμπος, Παντολέων και η συνοδεία τους"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdsep.htm","external_links_name":"September 17"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?today=30&month=9","external_links_name":"September 30 / September 17"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/menologyofenglan00stanrich","external_links_name":"A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/682/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ὁ Ἅγιος Εὐξίφιος"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/681/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ὁ Ὅσιος Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Θαυματουργός ὁ ἐν Κύπρῳ"},{"Link":"http://www.saint.gr/4350/saint.aspx","external_links_name":"Άγιος Ιωακείμ Α' ο Πάνυ Πατριάρχης Αλεξανδρείας"},{"Link":"http://calendar.rop.ru/mes1/sep17.html","external_links_name":"17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю"},{"Link":"https://orthochristian.com/125026.html","external_links_name":"ROMANIAN CHURCH CELEBRATES CANONIZATION OF 20TH-CENTURY BESSARABIAN BISHOP DIONYSIUS ERHAN"},{"Link":"https://theorthodoxworld.com/romanian-patriarchate-sets-date-for-sainthood-ceremony-for-bishop-dionysius-erhan/","external_links_name":"Romanian Patriarchate sets date for sainthood ceremony for Bishop Dionysius Erhan"},{"Link":"http://basilica.ro/ce-hotarari-au-adoptat-ierarhii-romani-reuniti-in-sinod/","external_links_name":"Ce hotărâri au adoptat ierarhii români reuniți în sinod?"},{"Link":"http://orthochristian.com/116809.html","external_links_name":"ROMANIAN HOLY SYNOD CALLS FOR MOSCOW AND CONSTANTINOPLE TO RESOLVE UKRAINIAN ISSUE TOGETHER, HIGHLIGHTS PAN-ORTHODOX COOPERATION"},{"Link":"http://basilica.ro/en/metropolis-of-bessarabia-coming-to-promote-the-canonization-of-ismail-bishop-dionisie-erhan/","external_links_name":"Metropolis of Bessarabia coming to promote the canonization of Ismail bishop Dionisie Erhan"},{"Link":"http://www.pravenc.ru/calendar/2023/09/30.html","external_links_name":"30 сентября (17 сентября)"},{"Link":"http://www.pravenc.ru/text/673931.html","external_links_name":"ИРИНА"},{"Link":"http://www.pravenc.ru/text/469334.html","external_links_name":"ИОАНН"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102650","external_links_name":"Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/September/17-06.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tsaregrad\" (Constantinople) (1071) Icon of the Mother of God"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102651","external_links_name":"Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/September/17-05.htm","external_links_name":"The Makar'ev \"Hodegetria\" (\"Way-Guide\") Icon of the Mother of God"},{"Link":"http://orthochristian.com/calendar/20230917.html","external_links_name":"September 17/September 30"},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?today=30&month=9","external_links_name":"September 30 / September 17"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2024/09/17","external_links_name":"September 17"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodox.cn/saints/menologia/9-17_en.htm","external_links_name":"The Seventeenth Day of the Month of September"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdsep.htm","external_links_name":"September 17"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/menologyofenglan00stanrich","external_links_name":"A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/m/9/d/17/sxsaintlist.aspx","external_links_name":"17 ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΥ"},{"Link":"http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/synaxaire/synaxari.asp?minas=9&id=17","external_links_name":"17 Σεπτεμβρίου"},{"Link":"http://www.saint.gr/09/17/index.aspx","external_links_name":"17/09/2024"},{"Link":"http://www.pravenc.ru/calendar/2023/09/30.html","external_links_name":"30 сентября (17 сентября)"},{"Link":"http://calendar.rop.ru/mes1/sep17.html","external_links_name":"17 сентября по старому стилю / 30 сентября по новому стилю"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Burnley_Borough_Council_election | 2011 Burnley Borough Council election | ["1 Election result","2 Ward results","3 References"] | 2011 UK local government election
Main article: Burnley Borough Council elections
Elections to Burnley Borough Council in Lancashire, England were held on 5 May 2011. One third of the council was up for election and no party won overall control of the council. Arif Khan, the incumbent in the Queensgate ward, defected form the Lib Dems to Labour in October 2010, citing disillusionment with the party’s performance since the general election. The councils only independent, John Jones (former Lib Dem), the incumbent in the Brunshaw ward, did not stand for re-election.
After the election, the composition of the council was
Liberal Democrat 21
Labour 16
Conservative 5
British National Party 1
Election result
Burnley Local Election Result 2011
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Labour
8
3
0
3
53.4
46.7
12,166
+17.5
Liberal Democrats
5
0
1
-1
33.3
32.6
8,490
-7.3
Conservative
2
0
0
0
13.3
14.2
3,684
-6.0
BNP
0
0
1
-1
0.0
5.9
1,549
-4.9
UKIP
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
145
+0.5
Independent
0
0
1
-1
0
0.0
0
0
Ward results
Bank Hall
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
John Field
1,157
77.5
+31.8
Liberal Democrats
Arthur Gordon Lisman
336
22.5
-13.7
Majority
821
55.0
+41.2
Turnout
1,493
35.2
Labour hold
Swing
Briercliffe
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Anne Kelly
1,004
55.0
-3.9
Labour
Brian Cooper
514
28.1
+8.9
Conservative
Susan Nutter
308
16.9
-5.0
Majority
490
26.8
-10.2
Turnout
1,826
40.2
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Brunshaw
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Mark Townsend
1,090
61.9
+29.2
Liberal Democrats
Kathryn Howarth
376
21.3
-10.9
Conservative
Alex Harrison
296
16.8
+0.0
Majority
714
40.5
+40.1
Turnout
1,762
36.0
Labour gain from Independent
Swing
Cliviger with Worsthorne
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Cosima Towneley
993
46.9
-1.4
Liberal Democrats
Paula Riley
570
26.9
-6.8
Labour
Tony Martin
556
26.2
+8.2
Majority
423
20.0
+5.4
Turnout
2,119
47.7
Conservative hold
Swing
Coalclough with Deerplay
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Margaret Brindle
750
47.3
-8.5
Labour
Alex McClachlan
486
30.6
+10.9
Conservative
Anthony Jackson
209
13.2
-0.8
BNP
Angela Vanns
142
8.9
-1.6
Majority
246
16.6
-19.5
Turnout
1,587
38.7
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Daneshouse with Stoneyholme
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Wajid Khan
1,694
75.7
+18.7
Liberal Democrats
Abdul Rakib
544
24.3
-15.0
Majority
1150
51.4
+33.7
Turnout
2,238
58.9
Labour hold
Swing
Gannow
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Charlie Briggs
650
41.5
+8.1
Labour
Stephen Large
555
35.4
+6.1
BNP
David Shapcott
186
11.9
-8.5
Conservative
Barry Robinson
176
11.2
-5.7
Majority
95
6.1
+2.1
Turnout
1,567
35.9
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Gawthorpe
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
John Harbour
962
59.8
+21.6
Liberal Democrats
David Matthew Carter
341
21.2
+0.9
BNP
Paul Robinson
305
19.0
-1.8
Majority
621
38.6
+21.1
Turnout
1,608
34.4
Labour hold
Swing
Hapton with Park
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Joanne Greenwood
871
49.2
+20.0
BNP
Derek Dawson
369
20.8
-3.3
Conservative
Victoria Taylor
323
18.3
-1.3
Liberal Democrats
Claire McCann
207
11.7
-15.4
Majority
502
28.4
+24.2
Turnout
1,770
37.9
Labour gain from BNP
Swing
Lanehead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Ann Royle
797
43.2
+9.5
Liberal Democrats
Martin Smith
676
36.6
-10.1
Conservative
Paul Coats
228
12.3
-7.2
UKIP
Michael McHugh
145
7.9
+7.9
Majority
121
6.6
Turnout
1,846
41.1
Labour gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
Queensgate
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Janet Brown
918
50.6
+1.4
Labour
Arif Khan
895
49.4
+17.9
Majority
23
1.3
Turnout
1,813
43.2
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Rosegrove with Lowerhouse
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Shephen Paul Reynolds
643
41.8
+10.5
Liberal Democrats
Kate Mottershead
491
32.0
-1.4
BNP
Paul McDevitt
238
15.5
-2.9
Conservative
Mathew Isherwood
164
10.7
-6.2
Majority
152
9.9
Turnout
1,536
31.8
Labour hold
Swing
Rosehill with Burnley Wood
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Tracy Kennedy
817
48.4
+5.4
Labour
Paul Campbell
691
40.9
+13.2
BNP
Christopher Vanns
180
10.7
-1.7
Majority
126
7.5
-7.8
Turnout
1,688
38.1
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Trinity
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Elizabeth Monk
669
56.6
+22.2
Liberal Democrats
Martyn Hurt
246
20.7
-13.7
Conservative
Thomas Picton
140
11.8
-3.9
BNP
Christopher John Vanns
129
10.9
-4.6
Majority
423
35.7
+35.7
Turnout
1,148
30
Labour hold
Swing
Whittlefield with Ightenhill
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ida Carmichael
847
42.4
+8.9
Labour
Nicolas Madden
586
29.3
+8.2
Liberal Democrats
Debbie Porter
564
28.3
-5.7
Majority
261
13.1
Turnout
1,997
41.6
Conservative hold
Swing
References
Notes
^ "Councillor defects to Labour". Retrieved 7 May 2011.
Sources
2011 BBC News Burnley election result
Burnley Council 2011 Election Results
vte Council elections in LancashireLancashireCounty Council
1889
1892
1895
1898
1901
1904
1907
1910
1913
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Blackburnwith Darwen
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Blackpool
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1997
2000
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Burnley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Chorley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Fylde
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Hyndburn
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Lancaster
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Pendle
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Preston
1945
1946
1947
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1973
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Ribble Valley
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Rossendale
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
South Ribble
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
West Lancashire
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Wyre
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
See also: Wards
Boundary changes
vte(2010 ←) 2011 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2012)Metropolitanboroughs
Barnsley
Birmingham
Bolton
Bradford
Bury
Calderdale
Coventry
Doncaster
Dudley
Gateshead
Kirklees
Knowsley
Leeds
Liverpool
Manchester
Newcastle upon Tyne
North Tyneside
Oldham
Rochdale
Rotherham
Salford
Sandwell
Sefton
Sheffield
Solihull
South Tyneside
St Helens
Stockport
Sunderland
Tameside
Trafford
Wakefield
Walsall
Wigan
Wirral
Wolverhampton
Unitaryauthorities
Bath and North East Somerset
Blackburn with Darwen
Blackpool
Bournemouth
Bracknell Forest
Brighton & Hove
Bristol
Central Bedfordshire
Cheshire East
Cheshire West & Chester
Darlington
Derby
East Riding of Yorkshire
Halton
Hartlepool
Herefordshire
Kingston upon Hull
Leicester
Luton
Medway
Middlesbrough
Milton Keynes
North East Lincolnshire
North Lincolnshire
North Somerset
Nottingham
Peterborough
Plymouth
Poole
Portsmouth
Reading
Redcar and Cleveland
Rutland
Slough
South Gloucestershire
Southampton
Southend-on-Sea
Stockton-on-Tees
Stoke-on-Trent
Swindon
Telford and Wrekin
Thurrock
Torbay
Warrington
West Berkshire
Windsor and Maidenhead
Wokingham
York
District councils(England)
Allerdale
Amber Valley
Arun
Ashfield
Ashford
Aylesbury Vale
Babergh
Barrow-in-Furness
Basildon
Basingstoke and Deane
Bassetlaw
Blaby
Bolsover
Boston
Braintree
Breckland
Brentwood
Broadland
Bromsgrove
Broxbourne
Broxtowe
Burnley
Cambridge
Cannock Chase
Canterbury
Carlisle
Castle Point
Charnwood
Chelmsford
Cherwell
Chesterfield
Chichester
Chiltern
Christchurch
Chorley
Colchester
Copeland
Corby
Cotswold
Craven
Crawley
Dacorum
Dartford
Daventry
Derbyshire Dales
Dover
Eastbourne
East Cambridgeshire
East Devon
East Dorset
East Hampshire
East Hertfordshire
Eastleigh
East Lindsey
East Northamptonshire
East Staffordshire
Eden
Elmbridge
Epping Forest
Epsom and Ewell
Erewash
Exeter
Fenland
Forest Heath
Forest of Dean
Fylde
Gedling
Gloucester
Gravesham
Guildford
Great Yarmouth
Hambleton
Harborough
Harlow
Harrogate
Hart
Havant
Hertsmere
High Peak
Hinckley and Bosworth
Horsham
Huntingdonshire
Hyndburn
Ipswich
Kettering
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Lancaster
Lewes
Lincoln
Lichfield
Maidstone
Maldon
Malvern Hills
Mansfield
Melton
Mendip
Mid Devon
Mid Suffolk
Mid Sussex
Mole Valley
New Forest
Newark and Sherwood
Newcastle-under-Lyme
North Devon
North Dorset
North East Derbyshire
North Hertfordshire
North Kesteven
North Norfolk
North Warwickshire
North West Leicestershire
Northampton
Norwich
Oadby and Wigston
Pendle
Preston
Purbeck
Redditch
Reigate and Banstead
Ribble Valley
Richmondshire
Rochford
Rossendale
Rother
Rugby
Runnymede
Rushcliffe
Rushmoor
Ryedale
Scarborough
Sedgemoor
Selby
Sevenoaks
Shepway
South Bucks
South Cambridgeshire
South Derbyshire
South Hams
South Holland
South Kesteven
South Lakeland
South Norfolk
South Northamptonshire
South Oxfordshire
South Ribble
South Somerset
South Staffordshire
Spelthorne
St Albans
St Edmundsbury
Stafford
Staffordshire Moorlands
Stevenage
Stratford-on-Avon
Stroud
Suffolk Coastal
Surrey Heath
Swale
Swale
Tamworth
Tandridge
Taunton Deane
Teignbridge
Tendring
Test Valley
Tewkesbury
Thanet
Three Rivers
Tonbridge and Malling
Torridge
Tunbridge Wells
Uttlesford
Vale of White Horse
Warwick
Watford
Waveney
Waverley
Wealden
Wellingborough
Welwyn Hatfield
West Devon
West Dorset
West Lancashire
West Lindsey
West Oxfordshire
West Somerset
Weymouth and Portland
Winchester
Woking
Worcester
Worthing
Wychavon
Wycombe
Wyre
Wyre Forest
District councils(Northern Ireland)
Antrim
Ards
Armagh
Ballymena
Ballymoney
Banbridge
Belfast
Carrickfergus
Castlereagh
Coleraine
Cookstown
Craigavon
Derry
Down
Dungannon and South Tyrone
Fermanagh
Larne
Limavady
Lisburn
Magherafelt
Moyle
Newry and Mourne
Newtownabbey
North Down
Omagh
Strabane
Mayoral elections
Bedford
Leicester
Mansfield
Middlesbrough
Torbay
Other elections
National Assembly for Wales
Northern Ireland Assembly
Scottish Parliament
Referendum
United Kingdom Alternative Vote
Results | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Queensgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Queensgate"},{"link_name":"Lib Dems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Brunshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brunshaw"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"British National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party"}],"text":"Elections to Burnley Borough Council in Lancashire, England were held on 5 May 2011. One third of the council was up for election and no party won overall control of the council. Arif Khan, the incumbent in the Queensgate ward, defected form the Lib Dems to Labour in October 2010, citing disillusionment with the party’s performance since the general election.[1] The councils only independent, John Jones (former Lib Dem), the incumbent in the Brunshaw ward, did not stand for re-election.After the election, the composition of the council wasLiberal Democrat 21\nLabour 16\nConservative 5\nBritish National Party 1","title":"2011 Burnley Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results "}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Councillor defects to Labour\". Retrieved 7 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/local-news/councillor_defects_to_labour_1_2044310","url_text":"\"Councillor defects to Labour\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/local-news/councillor_defects_to_labour_1_2044310","external_links_name":"\"Councillor defects to Labour\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/council/html/30ud.stm","external_links_name":"2011 BBC News Burnley election result"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927093410/http://www.burnley.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=1186&categoryID=1000","external_links_name":"Burnley Council 2011 Election Results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_whip_law | Single whip law | ["1 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Single whip law" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Single whip law or the "Single whip reform" (simplified Chinese: 一条鞭法; traditional Chinese: 一條鞭法; pinyin: Yì Tiáo Biān Fǎ) was a fiscal law first instituted during the middle Ming dynasty, in the early 16th century, and then promulgated throughout the empire in 1580 by Zhang Juzheng.
The measure aimed primarily to simplify the complex fiscal code under Ming law, by commuting most obligations towards the central government — from land and poll taxes to the labour obligations of the peasantry and the tributes of prefectural and county officials — into a single silver payment, at a level based on the population and cultivated land in each prefecture. Therefore, by reducing complexity, the Single Whip law reduced the costs of tax collection, while also increasing the tax base.
The unit of tax collection was changed from rice to silver, which led to an increase in the import of silver into China from Japan and Spanish-controlled America. The Single Whip Law led to a temporary increase in European trade, but in the long term, contributed to the overthrow of the Ming dynasty by destabilizing the tax system. In regions not well integrated into the network of global trade, such as along the Ming northern border, silver was more expensive, making it harder for farmers to deliver upon their tax obligations. Underfunded local governments laid off soldiers and clerks from Northern border garrisons, some of who formed rebel groups which participated in rebellions starting in the Northwest in the 1620s. In order to put down these rebellions, the Ming Court sent eunuchs to wealthy areas, such as silk-weaving Suzhou, to impose new taxes. A tax on looms pushed weavers in Suzhou to revolt, spreading riots and arson to other crowded cities. With the implementation of the isolationist policy of Sakoku in Japan in the 1630s, barring foreign traders who facilitated the import of silver into China by exchanging Chinese manufactured goods such as silk, porcelain, and cotton thread in exchange for Japanese silver, the amount of silver entering China was limited. This was further exacerbated by the 1634-1636 decrease in the Spanish shipment of silver to Manila from Spanish-controlled America, which, coupled with the Ming government's decision to debase copper coinage, greatly increased the price of silver. It was one of the factors leading to the fall of the Ming dynasty.
References
^ Flynn and Giraldez. Born with a "Silver Spoon": The Origin of World Trade in 1571.
^ Pfeffer, Richard (1973). Understanding Business Contracts in China: 1949 - 1963. ISBN 978-0-674-92095-8.
^ a b Bol, Peter K. "Global China: From the Mongols to the Ming".
^ Rossabi, Morris (2014). A History of China. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-55786-078-1.
vteMing dynasty topicsHistoryEarly (1368–1435)
Red Turban Rebellion
Wu Mian rebellion
Ming conquest of Yunnan
Ming–Mong Mao War
Campaign against the Uriankhai
Battle of Buir Lake
Lin Kuan rebellion
Dao Ganmeng rebellion
Jingnan campaign
Ming treasure voyages
Ming–Turpan conflict
Ming–Đại Ngu War
Battle of Palembang
Battle of Kherlen
Ming–Kotte War
Lam Sơn uprising
Campaigns against the Mongols
Reign of Ren and Xuan
Middle (1435–1572)
Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
Tumu Crisis
Defense of Beijing
Rebellion of Cao Qin
Miao rebellions
Prince of Anhua rebellion
Prince of Ning rebellion
Capture of Malacca
Japanese missions to Ming China
Ningbo Incident
Great Rites Controversy
Renyin plot
Luso-Chinese agreement
Jiajing wokou raids
Single whip law
Late (1572–1683)
Jianzhou war
Bozhou rebellion
Ordos campaign
Japanese invasions of Korea
Donglin movement
Sino-Dutch conflicts
Liaoluo Bay
Transition from Ming to Qing
Jurchen unification
Seven Grievances
Sarhū
Great Plague
She-An Rebellion
Peasant rebellions
Jiashen Incident
Shanhai Pass
Southern Ming
Kingdom of Tungning
Government
Emperor
List
Family tree
House of Zhu
Grand Secretariat
Administrative divisions
Eastern Depot
Imperial Clan Court
Imperial Commissioner
Grand coordinator
Embroidered Uniform Guard
Tusi
Fotou
Military
Military
Great Wall
Gunpowder weapons
Shenjiying
Military conquests
Nine Garrisons
Frontiers
Inner Asia
Manchuria
Tibet
Vietnam
Wokou
Yunnan
Compilations and Documents
History of Yuan
The Hundred-word Eulogy
Huang-Ming Zuxun
Yongle Encyclopedia
Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Veritable Records
Palaces and Mausoleums
Forbidden City
Chaotian Palace
Ming Xiaoling
Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
Ming tombs
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Society and Culture
Poetry
Musicians
Painting
Four Masters
Wu School
Zhe School
Chinese lacquerware table
Ming presentation porcelain
Covered jar with carp design
Yongning Temple Stele
Economy
Tai history
Islam
Currency
Coinage
Hongwu Tongbao
Yongle Tongbao
Great Ming Treasure Note
Other topics
History of Ming
This article about law in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhang Juzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_standard"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Spanish-controlled America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"eunuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Sakoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku"},{"link_name":"shipment of silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Galleon"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"debase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debasement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fall of the Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"}],"text":"The Single whip law or the \"Single whip reform\" (simplified Chinese: 一条鞭法; traditional Chinese: 一條鞭法; pinyin: Yì Tiáo Biān Fǎ) was a fiscal law first instituted during the middle Ming dynasty, in the early 16th century, and then promulgated throughout the empire in 1580 by Zhang Juzheng.[1]The measure aimed primarily to simplify the complex fiscal code under Ming law, by commuting most obligations towards the central government — from land and poll taxes to the labour obligations of the peasantry and the tributes of prefectural and county officials — into a single silver payment, at a level based on the population and cultivated land in each prefecture. Therefore, by reducing complexity, the Single Whip law reduced the costs of tax collection, while also increasing the tax base.The unit of tax collection was changed from rice to silver, which led to an increase in the import of silver into China from Japan and Spanish-controlled America. The Single Whip Law led to a temporary increase in European trade, but in the long term, contributed to the overthrow of the Ming dynasty by destabilizing the tax system.[2] In regions not well integrated into the network of global trade, such as along the Ming northern border, silver was more expensive, making it harder for farmers to deliver upon their tax obligations. Underfunded local governments laid off soldiers and clerks from Northern border garrisons, some of who formed rebel groups which participated in rebellions starting in the Northwest in the 1620s. In order to put down these rebellions, the Ming Court sent eunuchs to wealthy areas, such as silk-weaving Suzhou, to impose new taxes. A tax on looms pushed weavers in Suzhou to revolt, spreading riots and arson to other crowded cities.[3] With the implementation of the isolationist policy of Sakoku in Japan in the 1630s, barring foreign traders who facilitated the import of silver into China by exchanging Chinese manufactured goods such as silk, porcelain, and cotton thread in exchange for Japanese silver, the amount of silver entering China was limited. This was further exacerbated by the 1634-1636 decrease in the Spanish shipment of silver to Manila from Spanish-controlled America, which, coupled with the Ming government's decision to debase copper coinage, greatly increased the price of silver.[3][4] It was one of the factors leading to the fall of the Ming dynasty.","title":"Single whip law"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Flynn and Giraldez. Born with a \"Silver Spoon\": The Origin of World Trade in 1571.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pfeffer, Richard (1973). Understanding Business Contracts in China: 1949 - 1963. ISBN 978-0-674-92095-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingbus0000pfef","url_text":"Understanding Business Contracts in China: 1949 - 1963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92095-8","url_text":"978-0-674-92095-8"}]},{"reference":"Bol, Peter K. \"Global China: From the Mongols to the Ming\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edx.org/course/global-china-from-the-mongols-to-the-ming","url_text":"\"Global China: From the Mongols to the Ming\""}]},{"reference":"Rossabi, Morris (2014). A History of China. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-55786-078-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-078-1","url_text":"978-1-55786-078-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Single+whip+law%22","external_links_name":"\"Single whip law\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Single+whip+law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Single+whip+law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Single+whip+law%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Single+whip+law%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Single+whip+law%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/understandingbus0000pfef","external_links_name":"Understanding Business Contracts in China: 1949 - 1963"},{"Link":"https://www.edx.org/course/global-china-from-the-mongols-to-the-ming","external_links_name":"\"Global China: From the Mongols to the Ming\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_whip_law&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Brodie | Will Brodie | ["1 Early career","2 AFL career","3 Statistics","4 References","5 External links"] | Australian rules footballer
Australian rules footballer
Will Brodie
Brodie playing for Gold Coast in 2019Personal informationFull name
Will BrodieNickname(s)
WizDate of birth
(1998-08-23) 23 August 1998 (age 25)Original team(s)
Murray Bushrangers (TAC Cup)/Shepparton Football ClubDraft
No. 9, 2016 national draftDebut
Round 10, 2017, Gold Coast vs. Melbourne, at TIO Traeger ParkHeight
190 cm (6 ft 3 in)Weight
88 kg (194 lb)Position(s)
MidfielderClub informationCurrent club
FremantleNumber
17Playing career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)2017–2021
Gold Coast
25 (3)2022–
Fremantle
29 (7)Total
54 (10)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of round 7, 2024.
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Will Brodie (born 23 August 1998) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), having been initially drafted to the Gold Coast Suns.
Early career
He grew up in Shepparton before accepting a scholarship to attend Scotch College in Melbourne. He was drafted by Gold Coast with their third selection and ninth overall in the 2016 national draft.
AFL career
He made his debut in the thirty-five point loss against Melbourne at TIO Traeger Park in round ten of the 2017 season.
Brodie started to find some consistency with his football early in the 2019 AFL season, however, a hamstring injury caused him to miss the remainder of the year. Brodie played the first round of the 2020 AFL season but the Covid-19 related shutdown of the competition saw him out of the side and unable to break back in that season.
Brodie played five games for Gold Coast in 2021. Following the 2021 AFL season, Brodie was traded to Fremantle. Brodie made his debut for Fremantle during their one point win over Adelaide at Adelaide Oval in round one of the 2022 AFL season. Brodie played every game of the 2022 season a career best and established himself as an important part of Fremantle's midfield. He finished the season eleventh in the league for total disposals tallying 607 across 22 games.
Brodie played only five games for Fremantle in 2023. He was omitted after round 2. In his first round in the West Australian Football League he racked up 37 disposals for Peel Thunder, leading to their comeback 4 point win over East Fremantle. Following this performance, he returned to Fremantle's AFL team for their round 5 gather round win against Gold Coast, where he started as SUB and replaced Switkowski, who sustained a Calf injury, in the second quarter. With only 48% Time On Ground, he was still able to get 16 disposals. He was omitted for round 8, and played no more AFL games in 2023. 2023 was a disappointing year for Brodie after he played every game in 2022.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of 2023
Legend
G
Goals
K
Kicks
D
Disposals
T
Tackles
B
Behinds
H
Handballs
M
Marks
Season
Team
No.
Games
Totals
Averages (per game)
Votes
G
B
K
H
D
M
T
G
B
K
H
D
M
T
2017
Gold Coast
7
3
0
1
20
21
41
7
18
0.0
0.3
6.7
7.0
13.7
2.3
6.0
0
2018
Gold Coast
7
8
1
1
62
89
151
18
34
0.1
0.1
7.8
11.1
18.9
2.3
4.3
0
2019
Gold Coast
7
8
2
1
77
97
174
34
44
0.3
0.1
9.6
12.1
21.8
4.3
5.5
0
2020
Gold Coast
7
1
0
0
4
10
14
3
1
0.0
0.0
4.0
10.0
14.0
3.0
1.0
0
2021
Gold Coast
7
5
0
1
25
39
64
7
8
0.0
0.2
5.0
7.8
12.8
1.4
1.6
0
2022
Fremantle
17
24
6
7
273
370
643
63
127
0.3
0.3
11.4
15.4
26.8
2.6
5.3
11
2023
Fremantle
17
5
1
1
37
66
103
5
19
0.2
0.2
7.4
13.2
20.6
1.0
3.8
0
Career
54
10
12
498
692
1190
137
251
0.2
0.2
9.2
12.8
22.0
2.5
4.6
11
Notes
^ The 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
^ "I want to be the best player in the draft: Brodie".
^ Hamilton, Andrew (25 November 2016). "Jack Bowes is the first Queensland junior in a decade to be selected in the top 10 of the national draft". The Courier-Mail. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Boswell, Tom (25 May 2017). "Draftee Will Brodie to debut for Gold Coast Suns against Melbourne". Gold Coast Bulletin. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ "PLAYER BIO". Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ @AFL_House (7 October 2021). "Trade paperwork lodged" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 October 2021 – via Twitter.
^ "TABTouch Squad: Freo name line-up, update on Fyfe, Darcy". Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "Brodie itching for finals intensity". fremantlefc.com.au. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
^ "Most Disposals 2022 AFL Statistics". zerohanger.
^ "AFL - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results". afl.com.au. 2 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ https://www.afl.com.au/wafl/matches/5086#player-stats
^ https://www.afl.com.au/afl/matches/4821#match-report
^ "Will Brodie". AFL Tables.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Will Brodie.
Will Brodie's profile on the official website of the Gold Coast Football Club
Will Brodie's playing statistics from AFL Tables
vteFremantle Football Club – current squad
1 Sturt
2 O'Meara
3 Serong
4 Darcy
5 Chapman
6 Clark
7 Fyfe
8 Brayshaw
9 Jackson
10 Walters
11 Aish
12 Davies
13 Ryan
14 Sharp
15 Hughes
17 Brodie
18 Emmett
19 Corbett (inj)
20 Taberner
21 McDonald
22 Knobel
23 Worner*
24 Amiss
25 Pearce (c)
26 Young
27 Jones*
28 Erasmus
29 Simpson
30 O'Driscoll
31 Walker
32 Frederick
33 Murphy
34 Wagner
35 Treacy
36 Cox
37 Draper*
38 Voss*
39 Switkowski
40 Delean
41 Banfield
42 Reidy*
43 Kuek* (inj)
44 Johnson
45 Williams*
46 Stanley*
Coach: Longmuir
(inj) denotes players moved to the inactive list
* denote rookie listed players
vte2016 AFL national draftFirst round
1. Andrew McGrath
2. Tim Taranto
3. Hugh McCluggage
4. Ben Ainsworth
5. Will Setterfield (academy selection)
6. Sam Petrevski-Seton
7. Jack Scrimshaw
8. Griffin Logue
9. Will Brodie
10. Jack Bowes (academy selection)
11. Oliver Florent
12. Jy Simpkin
13. Daniel Venables
14. Harry Perryman (academy selection)
15. Jordan Gallucci
16. Todd Marshall
17. Jarrod Berry
18. Sam Powell-Pepper
19. Tim English
20. Isaac Cumming (academy selection)
21. Will Hayward (PP)
Second round
22. Jordan Ridley
23. Alex Witherden
24. Cedric Cox
25. Ben Long
26. Brandan Parfitt
27. Zac Fisher
28. Patrick Lipinski
29. Shai Bolton
30. Sam McLarty
31. Josh Begley
32. Joe Atley
33. Willem Drew
34. Declan Watson
35. Callum Brown (F/S)
36. Josh Williams
37. Josh Rotham
38. Sean Darcy
39. Josh Battle
40. Tom Stewart
41. Brennan Cox
Third round
42. Kobe Mutch
43. Esava Ratugolea
44. Myles Poholke
45. Jack Maibaum
46. Mitch Hannan
47. Harrison Macreadie
48. Darcy Cameron
49. Lewis Young
50. Kayle Kirby
51. Elliott Himmelberg
52. Willie Rioli
53. Jack Graham
Fourth round
54. Lachlan Tiziani (academy selection)
55. Jacob Allison (academy selection)
56. Ed Phillips
57. Josh Daicos (F/S)
58. Matt de Boer
59. Cameron Polson
60. Quinton Narkle
61. Tom Williamson
62. Matthew Signorello
63. Dylan Clarke
64. Dion Johnstone
65. Pat Kerr
66. Luke Ryan
67. Brad Scheer (academy selection)
68. Timm House
69. Ryan Abbott
70. Fergus Greene
Fifth round
71. Corey Lyons
72. Ryan Garthwaite
73. Nick Larkey
74. Harry Morrison
75. Ben Davis
76. Mitchell Lewis
Sixth round
77. Jake Waterman (F/S)
This Australian rules football biography of a person born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerWill Brodie (born 23 August 1998) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), having been initially drafted to the Gold Coast Suns.","title":"Will Brodie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shepparton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepparton"},{"link_name":"Scotch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2016 national draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AFL_draft#2016_national_draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He grew up in Shepparton before accepting a scholarship to attend Scotch College in Melbourne.[1] He was drafted by Gold Coast with their third selection and ninth overall in the 2016 national draft.[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"TIO Traeger Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traeger_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2019 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"2020 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"Covid-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2021 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"2022 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"West Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Peel Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Thunder_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"East Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"He made his debut in the thirty-five point loss against Melbourne at TIO Traeger Park in round ten of the 2017 season.[3]Brodie started to find some consistency with his football early in the 2019 AFL season, however, a hamstring injury caused him to miss the remainder of the year. Brodie played the first round of the 2020 AFL season but the Covid-19 related shutdown of the competition saw him out of the side and unable to break back in that season.[4]Brodie played five games for Gold Coast in 2021. Following the 2021 AFL season, Brodie was traded to Fremantle.[5] Brodie made his debut for Fremantle during their one point win over Adelaide at Adelaide Oval in round one of the 2022 AFL season.[6] Brodie played every game of the 2022 season a career best and established himself as an important part of Fremantle's midfield.[7] He finished the season eleventh in the league for total disposals tallying 607 across 22 games.[8]Brodie played only five games for Fremantle in 2023. He was omitted after round 2.[9] In his first round in the West Australian Football League he racked up 37 disposals for Peel Thunder, leading to their comeback 4 point win over East Fremantle.[10] Following this performance, he returned to Fremantle's AFL team for their round 5 gather round win against Gold Coast, where he started as SUB and replaced Switkowski, who sustained a Calf injury, in the second quarter.[11] With only 48% Time On Ground, he was still able to get 16 disposals. He was omitted for round 8, and played no more AFL games in 2023. 2023 was a disappointing year for Brodie after he played every game in 2022.","title":"AFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports#Australian_rules_football"}],"text":"Statistics are correct to the end of 2023[12]Notes^ The 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"I want to be the best player in the draft: Brodie\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/161274/i-want-to-be-the-best-player-in-the-draft-brodie","url_text":"\"I want to be the best player in the draft: Brodie\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Andrew (25 November 2016). \"Jack Bowes is the first Queensland junior in a decade to be selected in the top 10 of the national draft\". The Courier-Mail. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/afl/jack-bowes-is-the-first-queensland-junior-in-a-decade-to-be-selected-in-the-top-10-of-the-national-draft/news-story/ed929efd31f5df13fef40b637f8fb8e7","url_text":"\"Jack Bowes is the first Queensland junior in a decade to be selected in the top 10 of the national draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_Australia","url_text":"News Corp Australia"}]},{"reference":"Boswell, Tom (25 May 2017). \"Draftee Will Brodie to debut for Gold Coast Suns against Melbourne\". Gold Coast Bulletin. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/sport/afl/draftee-will-brodie-to-debut-for-gold-coast-suns-against-melbourne/news-story/2b1cc7e83db14c637e5fbe563380c7cf","url_text":"\"Draftee Will Brodie to debut for Gold Coast Suns against Melbourne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Bulletin","url_text":"Gold Coast Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"PLAYER BIO\". Retrieved 13 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neafl.com.au/season/players/998129","url_text":"\"PLAYER BIO\""}]},{"reference":"@AFL_House (7 October 2021). \"Trade paperwork lodged\" (Tweet). Retrieved 7 October 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AFL_House/status/1445912790556823558","url_text":"\"Trade paperwork lodged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"TABTouch Squad: Freo name line-up, update on Fyfe, Darcy\". Retrieved 13 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fremantlefc.com.au/news/1079473/tabtouch-squad-freo-name-line-up-update-on-fyfe-darcy","url_text":"\"TABTouch Squad: Freo name line-up, update on Fyfe, Darcy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brodie itching for finals intensity\". fremantlefc.com.au. Retrieved 28 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fremantlefc.com.au/news/1203675/brodie-itching-for-finals-intensity","url_text":"\"Brodie itching for finals intensity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Disposals 2022 AFL Statistics\". zerohanger.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zerohanger.com/afl/player-stats/2022-afl-top-disposals/","url_text":"\"Most Disposals 2022 AFL Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFL - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results\". afl.com.au. 2 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afl.com.au/afl/matches/4810","url_text":"\"AFL - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Brodie\". AFL Tables.","urls":[{"url":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Brodie.html","url_text":"\"Will Brodie\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Brodie.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Will+Brodie/20086","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/161274/i-want-to-be-the-best-player-in-the-draft-brodie","external_links_name":"\"I want to be the best player in the draft: Brodie\""},{"Link":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/afl/jack-bowes-is-the-first-queensland-junior-in-a-decade-to-be-selected-in-the-top-10-of-the-national-draft/news-story/ed929efd31f5df13fef40b637f8fb8e7","external_links_name":"\"Jack Bowes is the first Queensland junior in a decade to be selected in the top 10 of the national draft\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/sport/afl/draftee-will-brodie-to-debut-for-gold-coast-suns-against-melbourne/news-story/2b1cc7e83db14c637e5fbe563380c7cf","external_links_name":"\"Draftee Will Brodie to debut for Gold Coast Suns against Melbourne\""},{"Link":"https://www.neafl.com.au/season/players/998129","external_links_name":"\"PLAYER BIO\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/AFL_House/status/1445912790556823558","external_links_name":"\"Trade paperwork lodged\""},{"Link":"https://www.fremantlefc.com.au/news/1079473/tabtouch-squad-freo-name-line-up-update-on-fyfe-darcy","external_links_name":"\"TABTouch Squad: Freo name line-up, update on Fyfe, Darcy\""},{"Link":"https://www.fremantlefc.com.au/news/1203675/brodie-itching-for-finals-intensity","external_links_name":"\"Brodie itching for finals intensity\""},{"Link":"https://www.zerohanger.com/afl/player-stats/2022-afl-top-disposals/","external_links_name":"\"Most Disposals 2022 AFL Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/afl/matches/4810","external_links_name":"\"AFL - News, Fixtures, Scores & Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/wafl/matches/5086#player-stats","external_links_name":"https://www.afl.com.au/wafl/matches/5086#player-stats"},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/afl/matches/4821#match-report","external_links_name":"https://www.afl.com.au/afl/matches/4821#match-report"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Brodie.html","external_links_name":"\"Will Brodie\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldcoastfc.com.au/players/1397/Will-Brodie","external_links_name":"Will Brodie's profile"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Brodie.html","external_links_name":"Will Brodie's playing statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Brodie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Espa%C3%B1ol | Central Español | ["1 History","1.1 The F.U.F era","1.2 Merging","1.3 Champions","2 Titles","3 Performance in CONMEBOL competitions","4 Current squad","5 Managers","6 External links"] | Uruguayan football club
Football clubCentral EspañolFull nameCentral Español Fútbol ClubNickname(s)Palermitanos Centralófilos La roja del PalermoFoundedJanuary 5, 1905; 119 years ago (1905-01-05)GroundParque Palermo,Montevideo, UruguayCapacity6,500ChairmanGuillermo Rodriguez MisaCoachMaxi VieraLeagueSegunda División2019Segunda División, 10th
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Central Español Fútbol Club, usually known simply as Central Español is a Uruguayan football club based in Montevideo.
History
The F.U.F era
Together with Peñarol, Central founded FUF (Uruguayan football federation) in 1923 after being expelled from AUF. The FUF even made a parallel Uruguay national team (dissident to AUF) that played several international games based on Peñarol and Central squads. After 3 years of existence the new federation was dissolved and both teams returned to AUF.
Merging
Central append "Español" to its name after an agreement signed with a Spanish group in 1971. Central itself was born from a merge between "Solís Bochas" and "Soriano Polideportivo".
Champions
In 1984 Central Español won their only Uruguayan championship to date. The team was managed by Líber Arispe during campaign.
Titles
Primera División (1)
1984
Torneo Competencia (1)
1944
Segunda División Uruguay: (3)
1961, 1983, 2011–12
Tercera División Uruguay: 1
1928 (as Central FC)
Performance in CONMEBOL competitions
Copa Sudamericana: 1 appearance
2006: First Round
Current squad
As of 18 February 2020
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
GK
URU
Erik Acevedo
—
GK
URU
Axel Amoros
—
GK
URU
Gabriel Araújo
—
GK
URU
Santiago Morandi
—
DF
URU
Diego Amaro
—
DF
URU
Luciano Baeza
—
DF
URU
Pablo Barrios
—
DF
URU
Emanuel Beltrán
—
DF
URU
Matías Cortizas
—
DF
URU
Leonard Costa
—
DF
URU
Ignacio Currais
—
DF
URU
Jonathan Píriz
—
DF
URU
Alejandro Villoldo
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
URU
Emiliano Ahuntchain
—
MF
URU
Daniel Ceballes
—
MF
URU
Gabriel Gotta
—
MF
URU
Franco Martínez
—
MF
URU
Facundo Pérez
—
MF
URU
Pablo Porcile
—
MF
URU
Lionel Silva
—
MF
URU
Fabián Trujillo
—
MF
URU
Mario Zipitría
—
FW
URU
Ignacio Casas
—
FW
ARG
Matías Roskopf
—
FW
BRA
Jeferson Tanque
—
FW
URU
Santiago Ramírez Debali
Managers
Julio Antúnez (July 2005–Dec 06)
Gustavo Díaz (Jan 2008–March 8)
Julio Antúnez (March 2008–June 8)
Mario Saralegui (Dec 2009–March 10)
Daniel Sánchez (March 2010–June 11)
Darlyn Gayol (July 2011–Feb 13)
Julio Acuña (Feb 2013–April 13)
Óscar Pacheco (April 2013–)
Maxi Viera (June 2022)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central Español Fútbol Club.
Official website
vteCentral Español – current squad
1 De León
2 Sanguinetti
4 Rotundo
5 Firpo
6 Burutarán
7 Ramírez
8 Correa
9 Silva
10 Klingender
11 O. Rivero
12 Fuentes
13 Zoryez
14 Souza
15 Pereira
16 Aliberti
17 Tetes
18 S. Pérez
19 Artigas
20 I. Rivero
21 Sosa
22 Rodríguez
23 Lazo
24 Rosa
25 Wanderson
26 C. Pérez
27 E. Fernández
28 Brum
30 A. Fernández
Coach: Pacheco
vteSegunda DivisiónSeasons
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2024 teams
Albion
Atenas
Cerrito
Colón
Cooper
Juventud
La Luz
Montevideo City Torque
Oriental
Plaza Colonia
Rentistas
Sud América
Uruguay Montevideo
Tacuarembó | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"}],"text":"Football clubCentral Español Fútbol Club, usually known simply as Central Español is a Uruguayan football club based in Montevideo.","title":"Central Español"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"Peñarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The F.U.F era","text":"Together with Peñarol, Central founded FUF (Uruguayan football federation) in 1923 after being expelled from AUF. The FUF even made a parallel Uruguay national team (dissident to AUF) that played several international games based on Peñarol and Central squads. After 3 years of existence the new federation was dissolved and both teams returned to AUF.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Merging","text":"Central append \"Español\" to its name after an agreement signed with a Spanish group in 1971. Central itself was born from a merge between \"Solís Bochas\" and \"Soriano Polideportivo\".[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Líber Arispe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADber_Arispe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Champions","text":"In 1984 Central Español won their only Uruguayan championship to date. The team was managed by Líber Arispe during campaign.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Torneo Competencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torneo_Competencia_(Uruguay)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Segunda División Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Uruguayan_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"Tercera División Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Primera División (1)1984Torneo Competencia (1)1944Segunda División Uruguay: (3)1961, 1983, 2011–12Tercera División Uruguay: 11928 (as Central FC)","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana"}],"text":"Copa Sudamericana: 1 appearance2006: First Round","title":"Performance in CONMEBOL competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 18 February 2020Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Julio Antúnez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Ant%C3%BAnez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Julio Antúnez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Ant%C3%BAnez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Mario Saralegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Saralegui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_S%C3%A1nchez_(Uruguayan_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Darlyn Gayol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlyn_Gayol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Julio Acuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Acu%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Óscar Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Julio Antúnez (July 2005–Dec 06)\n Gustavo Díaz (Jan 2008–March 8)\n Julio Antúnez (March 2008–June 8)\n Mario Saralegui (Dec 2009–March 10)\n Daniel Sánchez (March 2010–June 11)\n Darlyn Gayol (July 2011–Feb 13)\n Julio Acuña (Feb 2013–April 13)\n Óscar Pacheco (April 2013–)\nMaxi Viera (June 2022)","title":"Managers"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://central.com.uy/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSE_St._P%C3%B6lten | SKN St. Pölten | ["1 History","2 Honours","3 European record","4 Current squad","4.1 Other players under contract","5 Youth work","6 Sponsors","7 Coaching staff","8 Manager history","9 References","10 External links"] | For the basketball team, see SKN St. Pölten (basketball).
Not to be confused with SKN St. Pölten (women).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SKN St. Pölten" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football clubSKN St. PöltenFull nameSportklub Niederösterreich St. PöltenFoundedJune 2000; 24 years ago (2000-06)GroundNV ArenaCapacity8,000ChairmanHelmut SchwarzlManagerPhilipp SemlicLeague2. Liga2022–232. Liga, 3rd of 16WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is an Austrian football club from Sankt Pölten, capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. St. Pölten currently play in the Austrian Football Second League, the second tier of the Austrian football league system.
History
Historical chart of league performance of SKN St. Pölten and their predecessor
SKN St. Pölten were formed after the dissolution of their unofficial predecessor FCN St. Pölten (formerly VSE St. Pölten) in June 2000. The new club took over all FCN St. Pölten infrastructure, including the stadium and the Bundesliga junior center. Although the normal rules state that new clubs must start in the lowest possible division, due to the acquisition of the academy system, SKN St. Pölten were allowed to participate in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.
In their first season in existence (the 2000–01 season), the team won the 2nd League championship, and were therefore promoted to the fourth tier. In the 2001–02 season, SKN St. Pölten won their second successive title and hence were promoted into the Regional League East. In the same year, they also appeared in the final of the Lower Austria Cup, but were beaten by Theresienfeld.
In the 2002–03 season, the team finished twelfth, but improved the following year to finish in fourth. In the 2004–05 season the club attained sixth place in the league and had a run in the ÖFB Cup which included victories over SV Wörgl (3–0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5–1 victory against Austria Salzburg in the third round. In the quarter-finals, St. Pölten, were soundly beaten by Austria Wien 6–0.
St. Pölten finally achieved their third promotion in the 2007–08 season, going 24 games unbeaten during one period of the season. They have since remained in the Austrian Football First League, finishing four times in 5th (2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15) and three times in 4th (2009–2010, 2012–13, 2013–14).
During the 2013–14 season the club reached the final of the Austrian Cup for the first time in their history. In the final, St. Pölten played Red Bull Salzburg but failed to repeat their stunning third round victory from 2002 to 2003, losing 4–2. However, they qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League as Red Bull Salzburg had already qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League by virtue of winning the Austrian Football Bundesliga. In the second qualifying round they played Botev Plovdiv of Bulgaria, winning 3–2 on aggregate after losing the first leg 2–1. In the third qualifying round they played PSV Eindhoven, losing 2–4 on aggregate, thus ending their first foray into a continental competition.
St. Pölten achieved promotion into the Austrian Bundesliga by winning the First League in 2015–16.
Honours
Austrian Football First League
Winners: 2015–16
Austrian Cup
Runners-up: 2013–14
European record
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Home
Away
Aggregate
2014–15
UEFA Europa League
2Q
Botev Plovdiv
2–0
1–2
3–2
3Q
PSV Eindhoven
2–3
0–1
2–4
Notes
2Q: Second qualifying round
3Q: Third qualifying round
Current squad
As of 3 February 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
2
DF
GER
Stefan Thesker
3
DF
AUT
Thomas Alexiev
4
DF
AUT
Sebastian Bauer
5
DF
CIV
Souleymane Kone
6
MF
AUT
Andree Neumayer
7
FW
CGO
Kévin Monzialo
8
MF
AUT
Christoph Messerer
9
FW
AUT
Bernd Gschweidl
10
MF
AUT
Marcel Ritzmaier
11
MF
GER
Marc Stendera
14
FW
JPN
Rio Nitta
15
DF
AUT
Christian Ramsebner
16
MF
AUT
Nicolas Wisak
17
MF
AUT
Johannes Tartarotti
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
18
MF
AUT
Benedict Scharner
19
DF
AUT
David Riegler
20
MF
AUT
Daniel Schütz
21
GK
AUT
Felix Gschossmann (on loan from Blau-Weiß Linz)
22
MF
AUT
Stefan Nutz
23
DF
LUX
Dirk Carlson
24
FW
AUT
Dario Tadić
25
MF
AUT
Thomas Salamon
26
GK
AUT
Thomas Turner
27
GK
AUT
Pirmin Strasser
37
MF
AUT
Julian Keiblinger
66
DF
SUI
Yannick Scheidegger
70
DF
GER
Gerhard Dombaxi
77
MF
AUT
Din Barlov
Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
Youth work
SKN St. Pölten currently has ten youth teams between for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club have a second team (SKN II), who play their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.
Sponsors
Under the sponsorship of the furniture store Leiner, the club was known as Leiner SKN St. Pölten until 2005. With the introduction of staff24 GmbH, the club changed its name in 2006 to SKN staff24 St. Pölten.
Coaching staff
Position
Name
Manager
Stephan Helm
Assistant coaches
Emanuel Pogatetz
Goalkeeper coaches
Christoph Eglseer
Athletic coaches
Christian Balga
Manager history
As of 24 June 2020
Karl Daxbacher (2000–2002)
Horst Kirasitsch (2002–2003)
Frank Schinkels (2003–2004)
Günther Wessely (2005–2006)
Peter Benes (2006)
Walter Hörmann (2006–2007)
Martin Scherb (2007–2013)
Thomas Nentwich (2013)
Gerald Baumgartner (2013–2014)
Herbert Gager (2014)
Michael Steiner (2014–2015)
Jochen Fallmann (2015) interim
Karl Daxbacher (2015–2016)
Jochen Fallmann (2016–2018)
Ranko Popović (2018–2019)
Alexander Schmidt (2019–2020)
Robert Ibertsberger (2020–2021)
References
^ SKN St Pölten – News, Squad, Results & Fixtures – Soccerway
^ "Kader - Profis". SKN St. Pölten. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ "SKN St. Pölten » Manager history". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SKN St. Pölten.
Official website (in German)
vte2023–24 Austrian Football Second League
Admira Wacker
Amstetten
Ried
Stripfing
Dornbirn
First Vienna
Floridsdorf
Grazer AK
Horn
Kapfenberg
Lafnitz
Liefering
Bregenz
Sturm Graz II
Leoben
St. Pölten | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SKN St. Pölten (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKN_St._P%C3%B6lten_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"SKN St. Pölten (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKN_St._P%C3%B6lten_(women)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sankt Pölten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_P%C3%B6lten"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Football Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Liga_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the basketball team, see SKN St. Pölten (basketball).Not to be confused with SKN St. Pölten (women).Football clubSportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is an Austrian football club from Sankt Pölten, capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. St. Pölten currently play in the Austrian Football Second League, the second tier of the Austrian football league system.[1]","title":"SKN St. Pölten"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_polten_Performance_Graph.png"},{"link_name":"ÖFB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Austria Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Austria Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien"},{"link_name":"Austrian Football First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2009–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Austrian Football Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Botev Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Botev_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"PSV Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Austrian Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Austrian_Football_First_League"}],"text":"Historical chart of league performance of SKN St. Pölten and their predecessorSKN St. Pölten were formed after the dissolution of their unofficial predecessor FCN St. Pölten (formerly VSE St. Pölten) in June 2000. The new club took over all FCN St. Pölten infrastructure, including the stadium and the Bundesliga junior center. Although the normal rules state that new clubs must start in the lowest possible division, due to the acquisition of the academy system, SKN St. Pölten were allowed to participate in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.In their first season in existence (the 2000–01 season), the team won the 2nd League championship, and were therefore promoted to the fourth tier. In the 2001–02 season, SKN St. Pölten won their second successive title and hence were promoted into the Regional League East. In the same year, they also appeared in the final of the Lower Austria Cup, but were beaten by Theresienfeld.In the 2002–03 season, the team finished twelfth, but improved the following year to finish in fourth. In the 2004–05 season the club attained sixth place in the league and had a run in the ÖFB Cup which included victories over SV Wörgl (3–0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5–1 victory against Austria Salzburg in the third round. In the quarter-finals, St. Pölten, were soundly beaten by Austria Wien 6–0.St. Pölten finally achieved their third promotion in the 2007–08 season, going 24 games unbeaten during one period of the season. They have since remained in the Austrian Football First League, finishing four times in 5th (2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15) and three times in 4th (2009–2010, 2012–13, 2013–14).During the 2013–14 season the club reached the final of the Austrian Cup for the first time in their history. In the final, St. Pölten played Red Bull Salzburg but failed to repeat their stunning third round victory from 2002 to 2003, losing 4–2. However, they qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League as Red Bull Salzburg had already qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League by virtue of winning the Austrian Football Bundesliga. In the second qualifying round they played Botev Plovdiv of Bulgaria, winning 3–2 on aggregate after losing the first leg 2–1. In the third qualifying round they played PSV Eindhoven, losing 2–4 on aggregate, thus ending their first foray into a continental competition.St. Pölten achieved promotion into the Austrian Bundesliga by winning the First League in 2015–16.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian Football First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Austrian_Football_First_League"},{"link_name":"Austrian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Austrian_Cup"}],"text":"Austrian Football First League\nWinners: 2015–16\nAustrian Cup\nRunners-up: 2013–14","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notes2Q: Second qualifying round\n3Q: Third qualifying round","title":"European record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 3 February 2024[2]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SKN St. Pölten currently has ten youth teams between for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club have a second team (SKN II), who play their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.","title":"Youth work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Under the sponsorship of the furniture store Leiner, the club was known as Leiner SKN St. Pölten until 2005. With the introduction of staff24 GmbH, the club changed its name in 2006 to SKN staff24 St. Pölten.","title":"Sponsors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Karl Daxbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Daxbacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Horst Kirasitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Kirasitsch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Frank Schinkels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Schinkels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Günther Wessely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Wessely"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Walter Hörmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H%C3%B6rmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Martin Scherb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scherb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nentwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nentwich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Gerald Baumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Baumgartner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Herbert Gager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gager"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Michael Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Steiner_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Jochen Fallmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Fallmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Karl Daxbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Daxbacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Jochen Fallmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Fallmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ranko Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranko_Popovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Alexander Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schmidt_(football_manager)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Robert Ibertsberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ibertsberger"}],"text":"As of 24 June 2020[3]Karl Daxbacher (2000–2002)\n Horst Kirasitsch (2002–2003)\n Frank Schinkels (2003–2004)\n Günther Wessely (2005–2006)\n Peter Benes (2006)\n Walter Hörmann (2006–2007)\n Martin Scherb (2007–2013)\n Thomas Nentwich (2013)\n Gerald Baumgartner (2013–2014)\n Herbert Gager (2014)\n Michael Steiner (2014–2015)\n Jochen Fallmann (2015) interim\n Karl Daxbacher (2015–2016)\n Jochen Fallmann (2016–2018)\n Ranko Popović (2018–2019)\n Alexander Schmidt (2019–2020)\n Robert Ibertsberger (2020–2021)","title":"Manager history"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical chart of league performance of SKN St. Pölten and their predecessor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_polten_Performance_Graph.png/260px-St_polten_Performance_Graph.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kader - Profis\". SKN St. Pölten. Retrieved 30 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skn-stpoelten.at/kader-profis","url_text":"\"Kader - Profis\""}]},{"reference":"\"SKN St. Pölten » Manager history\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/skn-st-poelten/9/","url_text":"\"SKN St. Pölten » Manager history\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22","external_links_name":"\"SKN St. Pölten\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SKN+St.+P%C3%B6lten%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.skn-stpoelten.at/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/teams/austria/skn-sankt-polten/","external_links_name":"SKN St Pölten – News, Squad, Results & Fixtures – Soccerway"},{"Link":"https://www.skn-stpoelten.at/kader-profis","external_links_name":"\"Kader - Profis\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/skn-st-poelten/9/","external_links_name":"\"SKN St. Pölten » Manager history\""},{"Link":"http://www.skn-stpoelten.at/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollaiolo | Pollaiolo | ["1 See also"] | Pollaiolo or Pollaiuolo is the name of several people, including:
Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1429/1433–1498), Italian Renaissance artist in goldsmithing, sculpture and painting
Piero del Pollaiuolo (1443–1496), Italian Renaissance painter, younger brother of Antonio
Simone del Pollaiolo (1457–1508), Italian Renaissance architect, nephew of Antonio and Piero
See also
Carlo Francesco Pollarolo (1653–1723), Italian composer.
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Pollaiolo. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio del Pollaiuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo"},{"link_name":"Piero del Pollaiuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_del_Pollaiuolo"},{"link_name":"Simone del Pollaiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_del_Pollaiolo"}],"text":"Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1429/1433–1498), Italian Renaissance artist in goldsmithing, sculpture and painting\nPiero del Pollaiuolo (1443–1496), Italian Renaissance painter, younger brother of Antonio\nSimone del Pollaiolo (1457–1508), Italian Renaissance architect, nephew of Antonio and Piero","title":"Pollaiolo"}] | [] | [{"title":"Carlo Francesco Pollarolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Francesco_Pollarolo"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pollaiolo&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pollaiolo&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Java_System_Portal_Server | Sun Java System Portal Server | ["1 OpenPortal","2 Partnership with Liferay","3 References","4 External links"] | Component of Java Platform Enterprise Edition
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article. If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Sun Java System Portal Server is a component of the Sun Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, a software system that supports a wide range of enterprise computing needs.
Portal Server allows administrators and delegated administrators to build portal pages and to make them available to individuals throughout an enterprise according to user identities.
Portal Server's core framework supports the Java Specification Request (JSR) 168 and 286 Java Portlet specification standard and the Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) 1.0 standard for portal content. Portlet developers can use the NetBeans IDE or open standard tools to build standards-based portlets. Developers can also use design tools such as Dreamweaver to design new themes and skins. Portal administrators can then leverage portlets, WSRP consumers, or additional portal tools for adding content to portal pages.
The latest version of Portal Server is 7.2. This version provides a framework and a set of software modules that offer the following:
Security
Mobility
Community Features
Enterprise Search
Identity-based content delivery
Collaboration
Business system integration
Secure Remote Access
Desktop Design Tool
Delegated Administration
Enterprise Edition Installer
GlassFish V2 / Application Server 9.1 Support
SharePoint Integrated Services
AES Support for Secure Remote Access
CMS Portlet and CMS Framework
JSR286 / Portlet Container 2.0 Support
WSRP 1.0
Google Gadgets Integration
Workflow API
JSF Portlet Bridge 1.2
NetBeans and Eclipse application development tools
OpenPortal
At JavaOne 2007, the Sun Java System Portal Server team announced the renaming of the portal open source community. It's now called the OpenPortal Community.
Partnership with Liferay
At JavaOne 2008, Sun and Liferay announced a strategic partnership that combines efforts and technologies from both companies' communities to enhance and maintain web aggregation and presentation technologies that are utilized in existing and future products. Liferay Portal 5 and Sun's Project WebSynergy are the first version of the new product families that are a result of this initiative and derived from the same codebase.
References
^ "The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 286". www.jcp.org. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
^ Workflow API
External links
More about Sun Java System Portal Server
Sun Java System Portal Server 7.2 documentation
The Portal Post Blog
The OpenPortal Community
Portal Server SDN Hub
Portal Server Demos Broken link
Sun/Liferay partnership and WebSynergy
Liferay Providing First Year Free for Sun Portal Customers
vteSun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle)Hardware
Sun-1
Sun-2
Sun-3
Sun386i
Sun-4
SPARCstation
1
2
10
20
5
Netra
Ultra
Enterprise
Sun Blade
Sun Fire
SPARC Enterprise
SPARC
JavaStation
Sun Ray
Sun Modular Datacenter
Software
SunOS
Solaris
NIS
NIS+
NFS
ZFS
SunView
NeWS
OpenWindows
Java Desktop System
Studio
Java
StarOffice
iPlanet
Sun Java System
Sun Secure Global Desktop
MySQL
Sun xVM
GlassFish
VirtualBox
Storage
StorageTek
Sun Open Storage
QFS
ZFS
Performance
Sun Cloud
Sun Constellation System
Sun Visualization System
Sun Grid Engine
Lustre
Research
Sun Microsystems Laboratories
picoJava
Fortress
Project Looking Glass
Education
SCPs
BlueJ
Community
Common Development and Distribution License
Java Community Process
NetBeans
OpenOffice.org
OpenSolaris
OpenSPARC
OpenJDK
Open Source University Meetup
People
Bill Joy
Andy Bechtolsheim
Scott McNealy
Vinod Khosla
Slogans
The Network is the Computer
Write once, run anywhere
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Java Platform, Enterprise Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Enterprise_Edition"},{"link_name":"portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal"},{"link_name":"framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_framework"},{"link_name":"Java Specification Request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Specification_Request"},{"link_name":"Java Portlet specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Portlet_specification"},{"link_name":"Web Services for Remote Portlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets"},{"link_name":"Portlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlet"},{"link_name":"NetBeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans"},{"link_name":"Dreamweaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Dreamweaver"},{"link_name":"modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(programming)"},{"link_name":"Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing"},{"link_name":"Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration"},{"link_name":"Business system integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_system_integration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delegated Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegated_administration"},{"link_name":"GlassFish V2 / Application Server 9.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlassFish"},{"link_name":"SharePoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharePoint"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"},{"link_name":"CMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system"},{"link_name":"JSR286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSR286"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"WSRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets"},{"link_name":"Google Gadgets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Gadgets"},{"link_name":"Workflow API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow_APIs_and_interchange_formats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"JSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Faces"},{"link_name":"NetBeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)"}],"text":"The Sun Java System Portal Server is a component of the Sun Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, a software system that supports a wide range of enterprise computing needs.Portal Server allows administrators and delegated administrators to build portal pages and to make them available to individuals throughout an enterprise according to user identities.Portal Server's core framework supports the Java Specification Request (JSR) 168 and 286 Java Portlet specification standard and the Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) 1.0 standard for portal content. Portlet developers can use the NetBeans IDE or open standard tools to build standards-based portlets. Developers can also use design tools such as Dreamweaver to design new themes and skins. Portal administrators can then leverage portlets, WSRP consumers, or additional portal tools for adding content to portal pages.The latest version of Portal Server is 7.2. This version provides a framework and a set of software modules that offer the following:Security\nMobility\nCommunity Features\nEnterprise Search\nIdentity-based content delivery\nCollaboration\nBusiness system integration\nSecure Remote Access\nDesktop Design Tool\nDelegated Administration\nEnterprise Edition Installer\nGlassFish V2 / Application Server 9.1 Support\nSharePoint Integrated Services\nAES Support for Secure Remote Access\nCMS Portlet and CMS Framework\nJSR286 / Portlet Container 2.0 Support[1]\nWSRP 1.0\nGoogle Gadgets Integration\nWorkflow API[2]\nJSF Portlet Bridge 1.2\nNetBeans and Eclipse application development tools","title":"Sun Java System Portal Server"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JavaOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaOne"},{"link_name":"open source community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_community"}],"text":"At JavaOne 2007, the Sun Java System Portal Server team announced the renaming of the portal open source community. It's now called the OpenPortal Community.","title":"OpenPortal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JavaOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaOne"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Liferay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liferay"}],"text":"At JavaOne 2008, Sun and Liferay announced a strategic partnership that combines efforts and technologies from both companies' communities to enhance and maintain web aggregation and presentation technologies that are utilized in existing and future products. Liferay Portal 5 and Sun's Project WebSynergy are the first version of the new product families that are a result of this initiative and derived from the same codebase.","title":"Partnership with Liferay"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 286\". www.jcp.org. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2024-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=286","url_text":"\"The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 286\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160618174158/https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=286","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=286","external_links_name":"\"The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 286\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160618174158/https://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=286","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://saw.dev.java.net/","external_links_name":"Workflow API"},{"Link":"http://sun.com/portal","external_links_name":"More about Sun Java System Portal Server"},{"Link":"http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/coll/1483.2","external_links_name":"Sun Java System Portal Server 7.2 documentation"},{"Link":"http://blogs.sun.com/portal","external_links_name":"The Portal Post Blog"},{"Link":"https://portal.dev.java.net/","external_links_name":"The OpenPortal Community"},{"Link":"http://developers.sun.com/portalserver/","external_links_name":"Portal Server SDN Hub"},{"Link":"http://blogs.sun.com/portal/tags/demo","external_links_name":"Portal Server Demos"},{"Link":"http://glassfish.org/portal","external_links_name":"Sun/Liferay partnership and WebSynergy"},{"Link":"http://www.liferay.com/","external_links_name":"Liferay Providing First Year Free for Sun Portal Customers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Arizona | Flag of Arizona | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Flag of the U.S. state of Arizona
ArizonaUseCivil and state flag Proportion2:3AdoptedFebruary 27, 1917; 107 years ago (1917-02-27)DesignThirteen red and yellow rays on the top half and blue on the lower half, with a copper star in the center.
The flag of Arizona consists of 13 rays of red and weld-yellow on the top half. The red and yellow symbolize the Spanish conquistadores that explored this part of America; this is because the flag is inspired by the current flag of Spain. The center star signifies copper production; Arizona produces more copper than any other state in the US.
The height of the flag is two units high while the width is three units wide. The sun rays at the top are divided into 13 equal segments, starting with red and alternating with gold until the rays are complete. In the center of the flag, the copper star is one unit high, while the rest of the flag is covered by a blue section measuring one unit high and three units wide. The colors of red and blue are the same shade used on the flag of the United States. The suggested flag size is 4 by 6 ft (1.2 by 1.8 m), with the star being 2 ft (0.6 m) tall.
History
The specific colors of the copper-colored star have not been set down in law.
State flag in Slide Rock State Park near Sedona, Arizona
The state of Arizona's website, museum, and official materials cite the following origins of the Arizona flag:
Charles Wilfred Harris, Colonel in the Arizona National Guard, served as the captain of the unit's rifle team in 1910. During the rifle competition at Camp Perry, Ohio, the Arizona team was the only team without an emblem of any kind. Colonel Harris was chiefly responsible for the creation of the rifle team flag that in 1917 became the Arizona State Flag. Blue and gold are the colors of Arizona. Red and gold are the colors carried by Coronado's Expedition of 1540 to the Seven Cities of Cibola. The blue is "liberty blue" identical to the color in the United States flag field of stars. Since Arizona is a western state, the rays of the setting sun seemed appropriate. There are thirteen rays representing the original "thirteen colonies". The large copper star identifies Arizona as the largest producer of copper in the United States.
While Harris is credited with the creation of the Rifle Team flag, several individuals appear to have played a role in the design of the state's first official flag, including Rachael Berry, Arizona's first elected female state representative. W. R. Stewart of Mesa was working in conjunction with Harris, who was the Arizona adjutant general and head of the Arizona National Guard. Stewart, as president of the Mesa Rifle Team, felt compelled to design a flag for competition. Reportedly, Stewart's wife Mae sewed the first flag for competition from a sketch he had made on the back of an envelope. Carl Hayden, Arizona's first U.S. Representative, was reported to have been involved with Harris in designing the first state flag, and his wife, Nan Hayden, was responsible for sewing the first state flag.
Other individuals were also likely involved in its conception, design, and production. The Stewart and Harris version of the competition flag's origin is due to Stewart dropping some copper dye and white material into boiling water and the result was the copper color now seen on the flag. While some sources claim the rising sun of the earlier proposals was thought to resemble the Japanese flag and was therefore changed to the present star, most official sources (including official state documents) cite the Spanish flag and the influence of early Arizona explorers, such as the conquistadores Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, as they searched unsuccessfully for the lost gold city of Cibola as the inspiration for the colors. However, these early explorers never used the current Spanish flag, which is of much more recent design (1785).
The flag was adopted on February 27, 1917, by the 3rd Arizona Legislature. It was passed into law without the signature of Governor Thomas Campbell. The governor did not officially state his reasons for taking no action on the bill.
In a 2001 poll conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, the Arizona flag was identified as one of the "10 best flags on the continent," ranking sixth of 72 North American flags for overall design quality.
See also
Arizona portal
Great Seal of the State of Arizona
List of Arizona state symbols
Flag of the Navajo Nation
References
^ Flags of the World.
^ "Arizona State Flag". Retrieved 5 April 2013.
^ "2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Arizona.
Arizona flag history
https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050514/http://www.mesaaz.gov/planning/RobsonHistoricDistrict.aspx
vteFlags of the U.S. states and territories, federal district, other political divisions
Flags of cities of the United States
Flags of counties of the United States
Timeline of U.S. state flags
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal districtWashington, D.C.Territories
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Other
Associated states
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Tribal nations
Cherokee Nation
Hopi Nation
Iroquois Confederacy
Navajo Nation
Unofficial flags of the USMOI
Historic
Confederate States
Cuba
Philippines (Commonwealth)
California (Republic)
Maine (1901–1909)
Panama Canal Zone
Texas (Republic)
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Ryukyu Islands (1950–1972)
Vermont (Republic)
West Florida (Republic)
Category
Portal
vteState of ArizonaPhoenix (capital)Topics
Agriculture
Geography
Government
Constitution
Governor
Legislature
Index
Congressional Delegations
Senators
Representatives
Museums
Music
Native Americans
People
Symbols
Tourist attractions
Transportation
Society
Abortion
Climate change
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Elections
Gun laws
LGBT rights
Politics
Homelessness
Regions
Arizona Strip
Arizona Sun Corridor
Coconino Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Grand Canyon
Kaibab Plateau
Mogollon Plateau
Mogollon Rim
Mojave Desert
Monument Valley
North Central Arizona
Northeast Arizona
Northern Arizona
Oak Creek Canyon
Phoenix Metropolitan Area
Safford area
San Francisco Volcanic Field
Sonoran Desert
Southern Arizona
Traditional Arizona
Transition zone
Verde Valley
White Mountains
Counties
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
La Paz
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yuma
Cities
Avondale
Buckeye
Bullhead City
Casa Grande
Chandler
Flagstaff
Gilbert
Glendale
Goodyear
Kingman
Lake Havasu City
Mesa
Peoria
Phoenix
Prescott
Scottsdale
Surprise
Sierra Vista
Tempe
Tucson
Yuma
History
Arizona Territory
Aztec Land & Cattle Company
Battle of Ambos Nogales
Hualapai War
Mohave War
Pah-Ute County
Sheep wars
Sitgreaves Expedition
Territorial evolution
Timeline
Mesa
Phoenix
Tucson
World War II
Women's suffrage
Arizona portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"flag of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"copper production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_mining_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"flag of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The flag of Arizona consists of 13 rays of red and weld-yellow on the top half. The red and yellow symbolize the Spanish conquistadores that explored this part of America; this is because the flag is inspired by the current flag of Spain. The center star signifies copper production; Arizona produces more copper than any other state in the US.The height of the flag is two units high while the width is three units wide. The sun rays at the top are divided into 13 equal segments, starting with red and alternating with gold until the rays are complete. In the center of the flag, the copper star is one unit high, while the rest of the flag is covered by a blue section measuring one unit high and three units wide. The colors of red and blue are the same shade used on the flag of the United States. The suggested flag size is 4 by 6 ft (1.2 by 1.8 m), with the star being 2 ft (0.6 m) tall.[1]","title":"Flag of Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entering_Arizona_on_I-10_Westbound.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_Flag_in_Slide_Rock_Park_9-15_(21963280392).jpg"},{"link_name":"Slide Rock State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_Rock_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Sedona, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Camp Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Perry"},{"link_name":"Seven Cities of Cibola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Cibola"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Rachael Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Berry_(legislator)"},{"link_name":"adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"Arizona National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Carl Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azflag-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_flag"},{"link_name":"Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca"},{"link_name":"Francisco Vázquez de Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Spanish flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Thomas Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Campbell"},{"link_name":"North American Vexillological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vexillological_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The specific colors of the copper-colored star have not been set down in law.State flag in Slide Rock State Park near Sedona, ArizonaThe state of Arizona's website, museum, and official materials cite the following origins of the Arizona flag:Charles Wilfred Harris, Colonel in the Arizona National Guard, served as the captain of the unit's rifle team in 1910. During the rifle competition at Camp Perry, Ohio, the Arizona team was the only team without an emblem of any kind. Colonel Harris was chiefly responsible for the creation of the rifle team flag that in 1917 became the Arizona State Flag. Blue and gold are the colors of Arizona. Red and gold are the colors carried by Coronado's Expedition of 1540 to the Seven Cities of Cibola. The blue is \"liberty blue\" identical to the color in the United States flag field of stars. Since Arizona is a western state, the rays of the setting sun seemed appropriate. There are thirteen rays representing the original \"thirteen colonies\". The large copper star identifies Arizona as the largest producer of copper in the United States.While Harris is credited with the creation of the Rifle Team flag, several individuals appear to have played a role in the design of the state's first official flag, including Rachael Berry, Arizona's first elected female state representative. W. R. Stewart of Mesa was working in conjunction with Harris, who was the Arizona adjutant general and head of the Arizona National Guard. Stewart, as president of the Mesa Rifle Team, felt compelled to design a flag for competition. Reportedly, Stewart's wife Mae sewed the first flag for competition from a sketch he had made on the back of an envelope. Carl Hayden, Arizona's first U.S. Representative, was reported to have been involved with Harris in designing the first state flag, and his wife, Nan Hayden, was responsible for sewing the first state flag.[2]Other individuals were also likely involved in its conception, design, and production. The Stewart and Harris version of the competition flag's origin is due to Stewart dropping some copper dye and white material into boiling water and the result was the copper color now seen on the flag. While some sources claim the rising sun of the earlier proposals was thought to resemble the Japanese flag and was therefore changed to the present star, most official sources (including official state documents) cite the Spanish flag and the influence of early Arizona explorers, such as the conquistadores Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, as they searched unsuccessfully for the lost gold city of Cibola as the inspiration for the colors. However, these early explorers never used the current Spanish flag, which is of much more recent design (1785).The flag was adopted on February 27, 1917, by the 3rd Arizona Legislature. It was passed into law without the signature of Governor Thomas Campbell. The governor did not officially state his reasons for taking no action on the bill.In a 2001 poll conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, the Arizona flag was identified as one of the \"10 best flags on the continent,\" ranking sixth of 72 North American flags for overall design quality.[3]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The specific colors of the copper-colored star have not been set down in law.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Entering_Arizona_on_I-10_Westbound.jpg/220px-Entering_Arizona_on_I-10_Westbound.jpg"},{"image_text":"State flag in Slide Rock State Park near Sedona, Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arizona_Flag_in_Slide_Rock_Park_9-15_%2821963280392%29.jpg/220px-Arizona_Flag_in_Slide_Rock_Park_9-15_%2821963280392%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Arizona portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona"},{"title":"Great Seal of the State of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_Arizona"},{"title":"List of Arizona state symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arizona_state_symbols"},{"title":"Flag of the Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Navajo_Nation"}] | [{"reference":"\"Arizona State Flag\". Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/az_flag.htm","url_text":"\"Arizona State Flag\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160814144649/http://nava.org/digital-library/design/surveys/2001-State-Provincial-Flag-Survey.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey\""},{"url":"https://nava.org/digital-library/design/surveys/2001-State-Provincial-Flag-Survey.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-az.html#legal","external_links_name":"Flags of the World"},{"Link":"http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/az_flag.htm","external_links_name":"\"Arizona State Flag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160814144649/http://nava.org/digital-library/design/surveys/2001-State-Provincial-Flag-Survey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey\""},{"Link":"https://nava.org/digital-library/design/surveys/2001-State-Provincial-Flag-Survey.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/az_flag.htm","external_links_name":"Arizona flag history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050514/http://www.mesaaz.gov/planning/RobsonHistoricDistrict.aspx","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050514/http://www.mesaaz.gov/planning/RobsonHistoricDistrict.aspx"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhukar_Narhar_Chandurkar | Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar | ["1 Career","2 References"] | Indian Judge
Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar (14 March 1926 – 28 February 2004) was the former Chief Justice of Bombay and Madras High Court. He was born in a Brahmin family Chandurbazar village, in Amravati district. His father Shri N.B. Chandurkar was a distinguished lawyer and a Sanskrit scholar.
Career
Chandurkar was born in 1926. He studied in Somalwar Academy of Nagpur and Hislop College. He passed Law from the University of Nagpur. Chandurkar enrolled as an Advocate and started practice in the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on Civil, Criminal and Tax matters. He was appointed in the post of Additional Judge of the Bombay High Court on 28 October 1967. In 1968 he became a permanent judge. Justice Chandurkar was elevated in the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court on 2 January 1984. He was transferred to the Madras High Court and served there as the Chief Justice from 2 April 1984 to 13 March 1988.
References
^ "Full Court Conference" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2018.
^ Chandrachud, Abhinav (19 May 2018). "The right man for the job". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
^ Prabhu Chawla (15 November 1987). "Executive succeeds in having its way, imposes its will on the judiciary". India Today. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
^ "MR. M.N. Chandurkar". Retrieved 20 December 2018.
^ "The former Chief Justices". Retrieved 20 December 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Amravati district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amravati_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar (14 March 1926 – 28 February 2004) was the former Chief Justice of Bombay and Madras High Court.[1][2] He was born in a Brahmin family Chandurbazar village, in Amravati district.[3] His father Shri N.B. Chandurkar was a distinguished lawyer and a Sanskrit scholar.","title":"Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Hislop College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hislop_College"},{"link_name":"University of Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Bombay High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Madras High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chandurkar was born in 1926. He studied in Somalwar Academy of Nagpur and Hislop College. He passed Law from the University of Nagpur. Chandurkar enrolled as an Advocate and started practice in the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on Civil, Criminal and Tax matters. He was appointed in the post of Additional Judge of the Bombay High Court on 28 October 1967. In 1968 he became a permanent judge. Justice Chandurkar was elevated in the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court on 2 January 1984.[4] He was transferred to the Madras High Court and served there as the Chief Justice from 2 April 1984 to 13 March 1988.[5]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Full Court Conference\" (PDF). Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/ChandurkarMN.pdf","url_text":"\"Full Court Conference\""}]},{"reference":"Chandrachud, Abhinav (19 May 2018). \"The right man for the job\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-right-man-for-the-job/","url_text":"\"The right man for the job\""}]},{"reference":"Prabhu Chawla (15 November 1987). \"Executive succeeds in having its way, imposes its will on the judiciary\". India Today. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19871115-executive-succeeds-in-having-its-way-imposes-its-will-on-the-judiciary-799516-1987-11-15","url_text":"\"Executive succeeds in having its way, imposes its will on the judiciary\""}]},{"reference":"\"MR. M.N. Chandurkar\". Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?auth=amdldGlkPTE2NyZwYWdlbm89MTc=","url_text":"\"MR. M.N. Chandurkar\""}]},{"reference":"\"The former Chief Justices\". Retrieved 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.html","url_text":"\"The former Chief Justices\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/ChandurkarMN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Full Court Conference\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-right-man-for-the-job/","external_links_name":"\"The right man for the job\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19871115-executive-succeeds-in-having-its-way-imposes-its-will-on-the-judiciary-799516-1987-11-15","external_links_name":"\"Executive succeeds in having its way, imposes its will on the judiciary\""},{"Link":"http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?auth=amdldGlkPTE2NyZwYWdlbm89MTc=","external_links_name":"\"MR. M.N. Chandurkar\""},{"Link":"http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.html","external_links_name":"\"The former Chief Justices\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_by-elections | List of Saskatchewan by-elections | ["1 Causes","2 29th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2020–present)","3 28th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2016–2020)","4 27th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2011–2016)","5 26th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2007–2011)","6 25th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2003–2007)","7 24th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1999–2003)","8 23rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1995–1999)","9 22nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1991–1995)","10 21st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1986–1991)","11 20th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1982–1986)","12 19th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1978–1982)","13 18th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1975–1978)","14 17th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1971–1975)","15 16th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1967–1971)","16 15th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1964–1967)","17 14th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1960–1964)","18 13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1956–1960)","19 12th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1952–1956)","20 11th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1948–1952)","21 10th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1944–1948)","22 9th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1938–1944)","23 8th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1934–1938)","24 7th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1929–1934)","25 6th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1925–1929)","26 5th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1921–1925)","27 4th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1917–1921)","28 3rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1912–1917)","29 2nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1908–1912)","30 1st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1905–1908)","31 See also","32 References"] | The list of Saskatchewan by-elections includes every by-election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly, although an imminent general election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament.
Causes
A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Saskatchewan legislature. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons:
Death of a member.
Resignation of a member.
Voided results
Expulsion from the legislature.
Ineligibility to sit.
Appointment to the cabinet. Incumbent members were required to recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These Ministerial by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was amended in 1930 to exempt members if they were appointed within six months of a general election. This requirement was abolished completely in 1936.
29th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2020–present)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Regina Walsh Acres
August 10, 2023
Derek Meyers
Saskatchewan Party
Jared Clarke
New Democratic
Death
No
Lumsden-Morse
August 10, 2023
Lyle Stewart
Saskatchewan Party
Blaine McLeod
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
Yes
Regina Coronation Park
August 10, 2023
Mark Docherty
Saskatchewan Party
Noor Burki
New Democratic
Resignation
No
Saskatoon Meewasin
September 26, 2022
Ryan Meili
New Democratic
Nathaniel Teed
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Athabasca
February 15, 2022
Buckley Belanger
New Democratic
Jim Lemaigre
Saskatchewan Party
Resigned to run federally in Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River as a Liberal; defeated.
No
28th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2016–2020)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Regina Northeast
September 12, 2018
Kevin Doherty
Saskatchewan Party
Yens Pedersen
New Democratic
Resignation
No
Swift Current
March 1, 2018
Brad Wall
Saskatchewan Party
Everett Hindley
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
Yes
Melfort
March 1, 2018
Kevin Phillips
Saskatchewan Party
Todd Goudy
Saskatchewan Party
Death
Yes
Kindersley
March 1, 2018
Bill Boyd
Independent
Ken Francis
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
No*
Saskatoon Fairview
September 7, 2017
Jennifer Campeau
Saskatchewan Party
Vicki Mowat
New Democratic
Resigned to accept a job with mining company Rio Tinto in British Columbia.
No
Saskatoon Meewasin
March 2, 2017
Roger Parent
Saskatchewan Party
Ryan Meili
New Democratic
Death
No
* Boyd was expelled from Saskatchewan Party caucus due to conflict-of-interest allegations four days before resignation from legislature took effect.
27th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2011–2016)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Lloydminster
November 13, 2014
Tim McMillan
Saskatchewan Party
Colleen Young
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
Yes
26th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2007–2011)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Saskatoon Northwest
October 18, 2010
Serge LeClerc
Independent
Gordon Wyant
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
No*
Saskatoon Riversdale
September 21, 2009
Lorne Calvert
New Democratic
Danielle Chartier
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Regina Douglas Park
September 21, 2009
Harry Van Mulligen
New Democratic
Dwain Lingenfelter
New Democratic
Resignation to provide a seat for Lingenfelter
Yes
Cumberland
June 25, 2008
Joan Beatty
New Democratic
Doyle Vermette
New Democratic
Resignation to run federally
Yes
*LeClerc was a former member of the Saskatchewan Party
25th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2003–2007)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Martensville
March 5, 2007
Ben Heppner
Saskatchewan Party
Nancy Heppner
Saskatchewan Party
Death
Yes
Weyburn-Big Muddy
June 19, 2006
Brenda Bakken-Lackey
Saskatchewan Party
Dustin Duncan
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
Yes
24th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1999–2003)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Carrot River Valley
June 26, 2003
Carl Kwiatkowski
Saskatchewan Party
Allan Kerpan
Saskatchewan Party
Death
Yes
Saskatoon Fairview
March 17, 2003
Chris Axworthy
New Democratic
Andy Iwanchuk
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Battleford-Cut Knife
March 17, 2003
Rudi Peters
Saskatchewan Party
Wally Lorenz
Saskatchewan Party
Death
Yes
Kindersley
October 4, 2002
Bill Boyd
Saskatchewan Party
Jason Dearborn
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
Yes
Saskatoon Idylwyld
November 8, 2001
Janice MacKinnon
New Democratic
David Forbes
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Saskatoon Riversdale
March 19, 2001
Roy Romanow
New Democratic
Lorne Calvert
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Regina Elphinstone
February 26, 2001
Dwain Lingenfelter
New Democratic
Warren McCall
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Wood River
June 26, 2000
Glen McPherson
Liberal
Yogi Huyghebaert
Saskatchewan Party
Void Election
No
23rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1995–1999)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Saskatoon Fairview
June 28, 1999
Bob Mitchell
New Democratic
Chris Axworthy
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Regina Dewdney
June 28, 1999
Edwin Tchorzewski
New Democratic
Kevin Yates
New Democratic
Resignation to become Chief of Staff to Alexa McDonough
Yes
Cypress Hills
June 28, 1999
Jack Goohsen
Independent*
Wayne Elhard
Saskatchewan Party
Resignation
No
Athabasca
October 26, 1998
Buckley Belanger
Liberal
Buckley Belanger
New Democratic
Sought reelection upon change of party affiliation
No
Saskatoon Eastview
June 24, 1998
Bob Pringle
New Democratic
Judy Junor
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
North Battleford
November 19, 1996
Douglas Anguish
New Democratic
Jack Hillson
Liberal
Resignation
No
*Goohsen was a former Progressive Conservative.
22nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1991–1995)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Regina North West
February 4, 1994
John Solomon
New Democratic
Anita Bergman
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
No
21st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1986–1991)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Assiniboia-Gravelbourg
December 15, 1988
Ralph Goodale
Liberal
John Thomas Wolfe
Progressive Conservative
Resignation to run federally
No
Saskatoon Eastview
May 4, 1988
Pierre Raymond Martineau
Progressive Conservative
Bob Pringle
New Democratic
Resignation
No
Regina Elphinstone
May 4, 1988
Allan Blakeney
New Democratic
Dwain Lingenfelter
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
20th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1982–1986)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Regina North East
November 25, 1985
Russell Sutor
Progressive Conservative
Edwin Tchorzewski
New Democratic
Resignation
No
Thunder Creek
March 27, 1985
Colin Thatcher
Progressive Conservative
Richard Swenson
Progressive Conservative
Seat declared vacant following Thatcher's conviction for murder
Yes
Prince Albert-Duck Lake
February 21, 1983
Jerome Hammersmith
New Democratic
Sid Dutchak
Progressive Conservative
Void Election
No
19th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1978–1982)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
The Battlefords
November 26, 1980
Eiling Kramer
New Democratic
David Manly Miner
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
Kelsey-Tisdale
November 26, 1980
John Rissler Messer
New Democratic
Neal Herbert Hardy
Progressive Conservative
Resignation
No
Estevan
November 26, 1980
Robert Austin Larter
Progressive Conservative
John Otho Chapman
New Democratic
Resignation (Ill-health)
No
Regina North West
October 17, 1979
Edward Charles Whelan
New Democratic
John Solomon
New Democratic
Resignation
Yes
18th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1975–1978)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Pelly
June 8, 1977
Leonard Larson
New Democratic
Norm Lusney
New Democratic
Death
Yes
Saskatoon Sutherland
March 2, 1977
Evelyn Edwards
Liberal
Harold Lane
Progressive Conservative
Death
No
Prince Albert-Duck Lake
March 2, 1977
David Steuart
Liberal
Garnet Norman Wipf
Progressive Conservative
Appointed to the Senate
No
17th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1971–1975)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Regina Lakeview
December 5, 1973
Donald Mighton McPherson
Liberal
Edward Cyril Malone
Liberal
Death
Yes
Athabasca
September 27, 1972
Allan Ray Guy
Liberal
Allan Ray Guy
Liberal
Void Election
Yes
Souris-Estevan
December 1, 1971
Russell Brown
New Democratic
Kim Thorson
New Democratic
Death
Yes
Morse
December 1, 1971
Ross Thatcher
Liberal
Jack Wiebe
Liberal
Death
Yes
16th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1967–1971)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Kelvington
June 25, 1969
Bryan Harvey Bjarnason
Liberal
Neil Erland Byers
New Democratic
Void Election
No
15th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1964–1967)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Bengough
February 16, 1966
Samuel Karnarvon Asbell
Liberal
Alexander Mitchell
Liberal
Death
Yes
Moosomin
June 30, 1965
Alexander Hamilton McDonald
Liberal
Ernest Franklin Gardner
Liberal
Appointed to the Senate
Yes
Hanley
December 16, 1964
Robert Alexander Walker
CCF-NDP
Robert Alexander Walker
CCF-NDP
Sought reelection having won seat in a judicial recount by two votes
Yes
14th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1960–1964)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Prince Albert
November 14, 1962
Lachlan Fraser McIntosh
CCF-NDP
David Steuart
Liberal
Death
No
Weyburn
December 13, 1961
Tommy Douglas
CCF
Junior Herbert Staveley
Liberal
Resignation upon being elected first leader of the Federal NDP
No
Turtleford
February 22, 1961
Bob Wooff
CCF
Frank Foley
Liberal
Void Election
No
13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1956–1960)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Kinistino
June 3, 1959
Henry Begrand
CCF
Arthur Thibault
CCF
Death
Yes
12th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1952–1956)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Souris-Estevan
October 28, 1953
John Edward McCormack
Liberal
Robert Kohaly
Progressive Conservative
Death
No
Rosthern
October 28, 1953
Walter Tucker
Liberal
Samuel Henry Carr
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
11th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1948–1952)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Gravelbourg
July 10, 1951
E. M. Culliton
Liberal
Edward Hazen Walker
CCF
Appointed a judge
No
The Battlefords
February 8, 1950
Paul Prince
Liberal
Hugh James Maher
Liberal
Death
Yes
Gull Lake
November 10, 1949
Alvin Cecil Murray
CCF
Thomas John Bentley
CCF
Death
Yes
Cannington
November 10, 1949
William John Patterson
Liberal
Rosscoe Arnold McCarthy
Liberal
Resignation upon appointment to the federal Board of Transport Commissioners
Yes
10th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1944–1948)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Morse
June 27, 1946
Sidney Merlin Spidell
CCF
James William Gibson
CCF
Resignation
Yes
Wadena
November 21, 1945
George Hara Williams
CCF
Frederick Arthur Dewhurst
CCF
Death
Yes
Shellbrook
June 29, 1945
Albert Victor Sterling
CCF
Guy Franklin Van Eaton
CCF
Death
Yes
9th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1938–1944)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Athabasca
July 28, 1941†
Jules Marion
Liberal
Hubert Staines
Liberal
Death
Yes
The Battlefords
June 26, 1940
John Gregory
Liberal
Paul Prince
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
Prince Albert
October 16, 1939†
Thomas Clayton Davis
Liberal
Harold John Fraser
Liberal
Appointed a judge
Yes
Regina City
November 24, 1938
Percy McCuaig Anderson
Liberal
Bernard J. McDaniel
Liberal
Appointed a judge
Yes
Humboldt
August 4, 1938
James Chisholm King
Liberal
Joseph William Burton
CCF
Resignation to provide a seat for CM Dunn
No
† Won by acclamation
8th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1934–1938)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Melville
December 9, 1935†
James Garfield Gardiner
Liberal
Ernest Walter Gerrand
Liberal
Appointed to the federal cabinet
Yes
Regina City
December 2, 1935
William Franklin Kerr
Liberal
William Franklin Kerr
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Natural Resources
Yes
Gravelbourg
November 26, 1935
Benjamin Franklin McGregor
Liberal
E. M. Culliton
Liberal
Death
Yes
Humboldt
November 19, 1935
James Hogan
Liberal
James Chisholm King
Liberal
Death
Yes
† Won by acclamation
7th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1929–1934)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Kinistino
May 22, 1933
Charles McIntosh
Liberal
John Richard Parish Taylor
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Natural Resources
Yes*
Estevan
December 23, 1930
Eleazer Garner
Liberal
David McKnight
Conservative
Resignation
No
David McKnight
Conservative
Norman Leslie McLeod
Liberal
McLeod declared elected due to ballot tampering on February 9, 1931. Results Voided November 7, 1932. No by-election held.
No
Yorkton
October 7, 1929†
Alan Carl Stewart
Independent
Alan Carl Stewart
Independent
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Highways
Yes
Tisdale
October 7, 1929†
Walter Clutterbuck Buckle
Conservative
Walter Clutterbuck Buckle
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Agriculture
Yes
Moosomin
October 7, 1929†
Frederick Dennis Munroe
Conservative
Frederick Dennis Munroe
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Public Health
Yes
Saskatoon City
September 30, 1929†
James Thomas Milton Anderson
Conservative
James Thomas Milton Anderson
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Premier and Minister of Education and Natural Resources
Yes
Howard McConnell
Conservative
Howard McConnell
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Provincial Treasurer and Minister of Municipal Affairs
Yes
Regina City
September 30, 1929†
Murdoch Alexander MacPherson
Conservative
Murdoch Alexander MacPherson
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Attorney General
Yes
Moose Jaw City
September 30, 1929†
John Alexander Merkley
Conservative
John Alexander Merkley
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Railways, Labour and Industries
Yes
Lumsden
September 30, 1929†
James Fraser Bryant
Conservative
James Fraser Bryant
Conservative
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Public Works and Minister of Telephones and Telegraphs
Yes
† Won by acclamation
*McIntosh was a Liberal who became a coalition government supporter in 1932 and was defeated when he sought reelection upon entering the cabinet
6th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1925–1929)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Arm River
October 25, 1928
George Adam Scott
Liberal
Thomas Frederick Waugh
Liberal
Resignation upon appointment as an income tax inspector
Yes
Maple Creek
December 1, 1927
Peter Lawrence Hyde
Liberal
George Spence
Liberal
Resignation
Yes
Morse
August 15, 1927†
William Paris MacLachlan
Liberal
Duncan Morris Robertson
Liberal
Death
Yes
Moose Jaw City
May 17, 1927
William Erskine Knowles
Liberal
William Gladstone Ross
Liberal
Appointed a judge
Yes
Saskatoon City
January 21, 1927
Archibald Peter McNab
Liberal
Howard McConnell
Conservative
Appointed to the local government board
No
Kerrobert
November 9, 1926
John Albert Dowd
Liberal
Donald Laing
Liberal
Resignation
Yes
Notukeu
June 1, 1926
George Spence
Liberal
Alexander Lothian Grant
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
Moose Jaw County
May 25, 1926†
Charles Avery Dunning
Liberal
Thomas Waddell
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
Île-à-la-Crosse
April 26, 1926
Joseph Nolin
Liberal
Jules Marion
Liberal
Death
Yes
Prince Albert
March 18, 1926†
Thomas Clayton Davis
Liberal
Thomas Clayton Davis
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Municipal Affairs
Yes
Pipestone
March 18, 1926†
William John Patterson
Liberal
William John Patterson
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Provincial Treasurer
Yes
Willow Bunch
August 31, 1925†
Abel James Hindle
Liberal
James Albert Cross
Liberal
Resignation to provide a seat for Cross
Yes
† Won by acclamation
5th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1921–1925)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Wynyard
October 20, 1924
George Wilson Robertson
Independent
Wilhelm Paulson
Liberal
Resignation to become Secretary of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
No
Cannington
June 9, 1924†
Robert Douglas
Liberal
Albert Edward Steele
Liberal
Death
Yes
Milestone
October 29, 1923
Bernard Larson
Liberal
Frederick Birthall Lewis
Liberal
Death
Yes
Regina City
September 19, 1922†
William Melville Martin
Liberal
Donald McNiven
Liberal
Appointed a judge
Yes
Cumberland
August 21, 1922
George Langley
Liberal
Deakin Hall
Liberal
Resignation
Yes
Happyland
June 26, 1922
Stephen Morrey
Liberal
Franklin Robert Shortreed
Liberal
Death
Yes
Rosthern
June 5, 1922†
John Michael Uhrich
Liberal
John Michael Uhrich
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Provincial Secretary
Yes
North Qu'Appelle
June 5, 1922†
James Garfield Gardiner
Liberal
James Garfield Gardiner
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Highways
Yes
Regina City
April 25, 1922†
James Albert Cross
Liberal
James Albert Cross
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Attorney General
Yes
† Won by acclamation
4th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1917–1921)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Weyburn
June 15, 1920†
Charles McGill Hamilton
Liberal
Charles McGill Hamilton
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Agriculture
Yes
Kindersley
November 13, 1919†
William Richard Motherwell
Liberal
Wesley Harper Harvey
Independent Farmer
Resignation in protest of the Liberals pro-conscription stance
No
Pelly
July 29, 1919
Max Ramsland
Liberal
Sarah Ramsland
Liberal
Death
Yes
Weyburn
July 22, 1919†
Robert Menzies Mitchell
Liberal
Charles McGill Hamilton
Liberal
Resignation to become superintendent of the provincial mental hospital
Yes
Estevan
October 24, 1918
George Alexander Bell
Liberal
Robert Dunbar
Liberal
Resignation to become chairman of the Local Government Board
Yes
Saltcoats
July 11, 1918
James Alexander Calder
Liberal
George William Sahlmark
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
Moose Jaw City
June 10, 1918
Wellington Willoughby
Conservative
William Erskine Knowles
Liberal
Appointed to the Senate
No
Last Mountain
November 6, 1917†
Samuel John Latta
Liberal
Samuel John Latta
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Highways
Yes
† Won by acclamation
3rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1912–1917)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Moose Jaw County
December 5, 1916
John Albert Sheppard
Liberal
John Edwin Chisholm
Conservative
Sought reelection in order to "give him the opportunity of vindicating his character by an appeal to the people"
No
Regina City
November 13, 1916†
James Franklin Bole
Liberal
William Melville Martin
Liberal
Appointed Saskatchewan liquor commissioner
Yes
Kinistino
November 13, 1916†
Edward Devline
Liberal
Charles Avery Dunning
Liberal
Resignation upon conviction for forgery
Yes
Shellbrook
May 10, 1915
Samuel James Donaldson
Conservative
Edgar Sidney Clinch
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
No
Rosthern
June 25, 1914
Gerhard Ens
Liberal
William Benjamin Bashford
Liberal
Resignation to become Inspector of Public Institutions
Yes
North Qu'Appelle
June 25, 1914
John Archibald McDonald
Conservative
James Garfield Gardiner
Liberal
Resignation after admitting to "corrupt practices on the part of his agent"
No
Cumberland
September 8, 1913
Vacant
n/a
Deakin Hall
Liberal
Void Election
n/a
Hanley
June 28, 1913
James Walter MacNeill
Liberal
Macbeth Malcolm
Liberal
Resignation to travel abroad and study mental diseases
Yes
South Qu'Appelle
December 4, 1912
Frederick W. A. G. Haultain
Conservative
Joseph Glenn
Conservative
Appointed a judge
Yes
Redberry
September 5, 1912†
George Langley
Liberal
George Langley
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Minister of Municipal Affairs
Yes
Estevan
September 5, 1912†
George Alexander Bell
Liberal
George Alexander Bell
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Provincial Treasurer
Yes
† Won by acclamation
2nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1908–1912)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Saskatoon City
December 24, 1908†
Archibald Peter McNab
Liberal
Archibald Peter McNab
Liberal
Sought reelection upon appointment as Commissioner of Municipal Affairs
Yes
Saltcoats
December 7, 1908
Thomas MacNutt
Liberal
James Alexander Calder
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
Humboldt
December 7, 1908
David Bradley Neely
Liberal
William Richard Motherwell
Liberal
Resignation to run federally
Yes
† Won by acclamation
1st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1905–1908)
By-election
Date
Incumbent
Party
Winner
Party
Cause
Retained
Prince Albert City
October 12, 1907
John Henderson Lamont
Liberal
William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon
Liberal
Appointed a judge
Yes
See also
List of federal by-elections in Canada
References
^ "Regina Walsh Acres MLA Derek Meyers dies at the age of 45".
https://web.archive.org/web/20111117101458/http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-by-election-vote-summaries
"Membership of the Legislatures" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
"Ministries" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
"Election Results by Electoral Division" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
vte Elections in SaskatchewanGeneral elections
1905
1908
1912
1917
1921
1925
1929
1934
1938
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1967
1971
1975
1978
1982
1986
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2016
2020
2024
By-electionsList of Saskatchewan by-electionsMunicipal elections
2006
2009
2012
2016
2020
2024
vteElections in CanadaMost recent
2021 federal
2023 Alberta
2020 British Columbia
2023 Manitoba
2020 New Brunswick
2021 Newfoundland and Labrador
2023 Northwest Territories
2021 Nova Scotia
2021 Nunavut
2022 Ontario
2023 Prince Edward Island
2022 Quebec
2020 Saskatchewan
2021 Yukon
Provincial summary
Future elections
Federal
by-elections
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Nunavut
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon
Lists
Amalgamated timeline
Federal
by-elections
AB
by-elections
Senate
BC
by-elections
MB
by-elections
NB
by-elections
NL
by-elections
NT
by-elections
NS
by-elections
NU
by-elections
ON
by-elections
PE
by-elections
QC
by-elections
SK
by-elections
YT
by-elections
Electoral districts
Federal
AB
BC
MB
NB
NL
NS
NT
NU
ON
PE
QC
SK
YT
System
Canadian electoral system
Legislation
Canada Elections Act
Elections Modernization Act
Elections Canada
Chief Electoral Officer of Canada
National Register of Electors
International Register of Electors
Electoral reform
Electoral district
Fixed election dates
Rights and freedoms
Voting
Electronic voting
Fair Vote Canada
Voter turnout
Canada portal Politics portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election"},{"link_name":"dissolution of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"}],"text":"The list of Saskatchewan by-elections includes every by-election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly, although an imminent general election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament.","title":"List of Saskatchewan by-elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministerial by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_by-election"}],"text":"A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Saskatchewan legislature. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons:Death of a member.\nResignation of a member.\nVoided results\nExpulsion from the legislature.\nIneligibility to sit.\nAppointment to the cabinet. Incumbent members were required to recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These Ministerial by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was amended in 1930 to exempt members if they were appointed within six months of a general election. This requirement was abolished completely in 1936.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"29th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2020–present)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"* Boyd was expelled from Saskatchewan Party caucus due to conflict-of-interest allegations four days before resignation from legislature took effect.","title":"28th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2016–2020)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"27th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2011–2016)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"*LeClerc was a former member of the Saskatchewan Party","title":"26th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2007–2011)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"25th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (2003–2007)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"24th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1999–2003)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"*Goohsen was a former Progressive Conservative.","title":"23rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1995–1999)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"22nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1991–1995)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"21st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1986–1991)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"20th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1982–1986)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"19th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1978–1982)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"18th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1975–1978)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"17th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1971–1975)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"16th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1967–1971)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"15th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1964–1967)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"14th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1960–1964)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"13th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1956–1960)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"12th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1952–1956)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"11th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1948–1952)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"10th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1944–1948)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"9th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1938–1944)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"8th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1934–1938)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation*McIntosh was a Liberal who became a coalition government supporter in 1932 and was defeated when he sought reelection upon entering the cabinet","title":"7th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1929–1934)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"6th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1925–1929)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"5th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1921–1925)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"4th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1917–1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"3rd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1912–1917)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclamation"}],"text":"† Won by acclamation","title":"2nd Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1908–1912)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1905–1908)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of federal by-elections in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"\"Regina Walsh Acres MLA Derek Meyers dies at the age of 45\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.620ckrm.com/2023/03/28/regina-walsh-acres-derek-meyers-dies-at-the-age-of-45/","url_text":"\"Regina Walsh Acres MLA Derek Meyers dies at the age of 45\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership of the Legislatures\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2013-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227192150/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf","url_text":"\"Membership of the Legislatures\""},{"url":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ministries\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219111332/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ministries.pdf","url_text":"\"Ministries\""},{"url":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ministries.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Results by Electoral Division\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","url_text":"\"Election Results by Electoral Division\""},{"url":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.620ckrm.com/2023/03/28/regina-walsh-acres-derek-meyers-dies-at-the-age-of-45/","external_links_name":"\"Regina Walsh Acres MLA Derek Meyers dies at the age of 45\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111117101458/http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-by-election-vote-summaries","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111117101458/http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-by-election-vote-summaries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227192150/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Membership of the Legislatures\""},{"Link":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Membership-of-Legislatures.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219111332/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ministries.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ministries\""},{"Link":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ministries.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112235500/http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Election Results by Electoral Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/Elections-Results-by-Electoral-Division.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_in_association_football | 1904 in association football | ["1 Events","2 Winners club national championship","3 International tournaments","4 Births","5 Deaths","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1904 in association football" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Overview of the events of 1904 in association football
Years in association football
← 1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 →
1904 in sports
Air sports
American football
Aquatic sports
Association football
Athletics
Australian rules football
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Canadian football
Chess
Climbing
Combat sports
Sumo
Cricket
1903–4
1904
1904–5
Cycling
Dance sports
Darts
Equestrianism
Esports
Field hockey
Flying disc
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Ice hockey
Ice sports
Korfball
Lumberjack sports
Mind sports
Modern pentathlon
Motorsport
Orienteering
Paralympic sports
Precision sports
Shooting
Racquetball
Roller sports
Sailing
Skiing
Speedway
Rugby league
Rugby union
Snooker
1903–4
1904–5
Strength sports
Weightlifting
Squash
Table tennis
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1904 throughout the world.
Events
28 February: S.L. Benfica is founded.
April - Woolwich Arsenal become the first Southern club to win promotion to the English top flight.
4 May: FC Schalke 04 is founded.
1 July: Bayer 04 Leverkusen is founded.
August: Leeds City is founded.
4 October: IFK Göteborg is founded.
Germany: SC Freiburg is founded.
Winners club national championship
Hungary:
Hungarian National Championship I: MTK, first-time champions
Italy:
Italian Football Championship: Genoa C.F.C.
Scotland:
Scottish Division One – Third Lanark
Scottish Division Two – Hamilton Academical
Scottish Cup – Celtic
International tournaments
1904 British Home Championship (February 29 – April 9, 1904)
England
Olympic Games in St. Louis, United States (November 16–23, 1904)
Canada (Galt Football Club)
United States (Christian Brothers College)
United States (St. Rose Parish)
Births
January 21 – Puck van Heel, Dutch footballer (died 1984)
January 23 – Harry Rowley, English footballer (died 1982)
September 1 – George Biswell, English club footballer (died 1981)
September 13 – Luigi Bertolini, Italian footballer (died 1977)
November 29 – Héctor Castro, Uruguayan footballer (died 1960)
Deaths
Main article: Deaths in 1904
Further information: Category:1904 deaths
References
^ "Scottish Cup Past Winners | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA". www.scottishfa.co.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "Harry Rowley". worldfootball.net. HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
vteAssociation football chronologyOverviews
Professionalism in association football
Geography of men's football
Geography of women's football
Timelines
Football
Capeverdean football
English football
Malian football
Senegalese football
Scottish football
USA soccer
History
Prehistory of football
History of football
History of FIFA
By decade
1820s
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
By year
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"}],"text":"Overview of the events of 1904 in association footballThe following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1904 throughout the world.","title":"1904 in association football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"FC Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Bayer 04 Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Leeds City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"SC Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Freiburg"}],"text":"28 February: S.L. Benfica is founded.\nApril - Woolwich Arsenal become the first Southern club to win promotion to the English top flight.\n4 May: FC Schalke 04 is founded.\n1 July: Bayer 04 Leverkusen is founded.\nAugust: Leeds City is founded.\n4 October: IFK Göteborg is founded.\nGermany: SC Freiburg is founded.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian National Championship I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"MTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Budapest_FC"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Genoa C.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Scottish_Division_One"},{"link_name":"Third Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Lanark_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hungary:\nHungarian National Championship I: MTK, first-time champions\nItaly:\nItalian Football Championship: Genoa C.F.C.\nScotland:\nScottish Division One – Third Lanark\nScottish Division Two – Hamilton Academical\nScottish Cup – Celtic[1]","title":"Winners club national championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1904 British Home Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_British_Home_Championship"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Galt Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galt_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Brothers_College_High_School"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"}],"text":"1904 British Home Championship (February 29 – April 9, 1904)EnglandOlympic Games in St. Louis, United States (November 16–23, 1904)\n Canada (Galt Football Club)\n United States (Christian Brothers College)\n United States (St. Rose Parish)","title":"International tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puck van Heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_van_Heel"},{"link_name":"Harry Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rowley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"George Biswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Biswell"},{"link_name":"Luigi Bertolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Bertolini"},{"link_name":"Héctor Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Castro"}],"text":"January 21 – Puck van Heel, Dutch footballer (died 1984)\nJanuary 23 – Harry Rowley, English footballer (died 1982)[2]\nSeptember 1 – George Biswell, English club footballer (died 1981)\nSeptember 13 – Luigi Bertolini, Italian footballer (died 1977)\nNovember 29 – Héctor Castro, Uruguayan footballer (died 1960)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:1904 deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_deaths"}],"text":"Further information: Category:1904 deaths","title":"Deaths"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Scottish Cup Past Winners | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA\". www.scottishfa.co.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/scottish-cup-winners/","url_text":"\"Scottish Cup Past Winners | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Rowley\". worldfootball.net. HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/harry-rowley/","url_text":"\"Harry Rowley\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221904+in+association+football%22","external_links_name":"\"1904 in association football\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221904+in+association+football%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221904+in+association+football%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221904+in+association+football%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221904+in+association+football%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221904+in+association+football%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/scottish-cup-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Scottish Cup Past Winners | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/harry-rowley/","external_links_name":"\"Harry Rowley\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Myers | Billie Myers | ["1 Biography","2 Growing, Pains (1997)","3 Vertigo (2000)","4 \"Just Sex\" (2005)","5 Tea and Sympathy (2013)","6 Discography","6.1 Studio albums","6.2 Singles","7 Videos","8 References","9 External links"] | British pop singer
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Billie Myers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2023)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Billie MyersBorn (1971-06-14) 14 June 1971 (age 53)Coventry, EnglandGenresPop rockOccupation(s)
Singer
songwriter
Instrument(s)VocalsYears active1997–presentLabels
Universal
Fruitloop
Websitebilliemyers.comMusical artist
Billie Myers (born 14 June 1971) is a British rock singer and songwriter from Coventry, England. She is known principally for her 1997 transatlantic hit "Kiss the Rain".
Biography
Myers was given a Brit Award nomination in 1999 for Best British Female Solo Artist alongside another Billie, Billie Piper (then known only by her first name), but neither won.
She has spoken about her bisexuality and the difficulties "not being gay enough" has caused her in the past.
Myers has also spoken out numerous times publicly about living with depression. As well as being an ambassador for the Jed Foundation, Myers gave her support to the Mindfull initiative that aims to support young people dealing with mental health issues.
Growing, Pains (1997)
Myers's debut album, Growing, Pains, was released in the United States on 18 November 1997. It achieved gold status, thanks in large part to the success of its first single. Myers wrote or co-wrote all songs featured on the record, and although she had not written songs prior to creating Growing, Pains, she had regularly written in journals and diaries for years beforehand, which facilitated the songwriting process.
Her first single, "Kiss the Rain" entered the UK Singles Chart and eventually reached number 4. In the United States, "Kiss the Rain" reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 31 weeks on the chart. The American television series Dawson's Creek (episode #2-02, titled "Crossroads") featured "Kiss the Rain", and it was also used in promotions for Archer Daniels Midland, which were most often seen on both Sunday morning talk shows and ADM's underwriting spot for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.
The dance remix of "Kiss the Rain" was the first number 1 for both Myers and the remix team, Thunderpuss.
A remix, featuring clips from the Kevin Smith film Chasing Amy, was produced by Pablo, then a DJ at WABB-FM in Mobile, Alabama.
The follow-up single, "Tell Me", reached number 25 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. Myers admitted that once "Kiss the Rain" had retreated from charting position, she felt disappointed because "Tell Me" did not match the success of her first single.
After the release of Growing, Pains and before her second album, Myers scored the title track for the Freddie Prinze, Jr. film Down to You.
Vertigo (2000)
In June 2000, Myers released her second record, Vertigo, which featured the single "Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)". The dance remix of "Am I Here Yet?" by DJ Junior Vasquez reached number 1 on the dance charts. "Should I Call You Jesus?" was the album's second single and invited controversy because of Myers's frank, honest questions about religion. Myers was satisfied with her second record because she was more assertive in the production process and more direct lyrically. Billboard called Vertigo's collection of songs "a fearless set that intertwines deft pop hooks, wickedly honest lyrics, and vibrant rhythms". Background vocals were sung by Elisa Fiorillo and Wendy Wright.
"Just Sex" (2005)
In November 2005, Myers released a single, "Just Sex", with Artemis Records' Star Struck compilation album. One year later, Myers was named the closing act for Los Angeles Gay Pride 2006 and a featured act for New York City Pride 2006. She also appeared at the Chicago North Halsted Market Days 25th Anniversary Festival. The remix of "Just Sex" reached number 8 on the Billboard Dance Chart.
Tea and Sympathy (2013)
Following a soft release to fans in 2009, Myers officially released her third album, Tea and Sympathy, in March 2013. Myers discussed the album at length in an electronic press kit video which featured on the official Billie Myers website. The album was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 100,000 copies world wide. This was her most recent studio album.
Discography
Studio albums
Growing, Pains (1997) – UK No. 19, No. 91 US
Vertigo (2000)
Tea & Sympathy (2013)
Singles
Year
Single
Peak positions
Album
UK Singles Chart
AUS
US Billboard Hot 100
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play
US Billboard Adult Contemporary
US Billboard Adult Top 40
US Billboard Top 40 Adult Recurrents
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream
1997
"Kiss the Rain"
4
41
15
–
28
6
1
7
Growing, Pains
1998
"Tell Me"
28
–
–
–
–
25
–
34
1999
"You Send Me Flying"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
"It All Comes Down to You"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Down to You soundtrack
2000
"Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)"
–
92
–
–
–
–
–
–
Vertigo
"Should I Call You Jesus?"
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2005
"Just Sex"
–
–
–
8
–
–
–
–
Non-album single
2010
"Wonderful"
–
–
–
11
–
–
–
–
Tea & Sympathy
Videos
"Kiss the Rain" (1997)
"Tell Me" (1998)
"You Send Me Flying" (1999)
"It All Comes Down to You" (1999)
"Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)" (2000)
"I Hope You're Happy Now" (2009)
"Wonderful" (2010)
References
^ Mrazik, Tina. "Billie Myers biography". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
^ Ross von Metzke (8 September 2009). "Tea & Sympathy with Billie Myers". Advocate.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ "Billie Myers". Epiphany Channel. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ "Billie Myers speaks to So So Gay". Sosogay.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ "Billie Myers". Amazon.com. 14 June 1971. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ Newman, K. (3 July 1998). Tell Me. ABC News. Retrieved 16 June 2009, from LexisNexis database.
^ Top 20 UK Singles Chart. (6 April 1998) The Mirror, p. 17. Retrieved 15 June 2009, from LexisNexis database.
^ Desmond's Top 30 Billboard Hot 100 Hits. (27 November 1999). Billboard. Retrieved 15 June 2009, from LexisNexis database.
^ Charts; Adult Top 40. (8 August 1998). Billboard. Retrieved 15 June 2009, from LexisNexis database.
^ Taylor, C. (17 June 2000). A More Confident Billie Myers Returns with Second Universal Album, 'Vertigo.' Billboard. Retrieved 15 June 2009, from LexisNexis database.
^ "Billie Myers". Myspace.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ "Billie Myers Talks About New Album "Tea and Sympathy"". Billiemyers.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 385. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Peaks in Australia:
"Kiss the Rain": "Discography Billie Myers". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
"Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)": Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 198.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"transatlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transatlantic"},{"link_name":"Kiss the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_the_Rain"}],"text":"Musical artistBillie Myers (born 14 June 1971)[1] is a British rock singer and songwriter from Coventry, England. She is known principally for her 1997 transatlantic hit \"Kiss the Rain\".","title":"Billie Myers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best British Female Solo Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Female_Solo_Artist"},{"link_name":"Billie Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Piper"},{"link_name":"bisexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Myers was given a Brit Award nomination in 1999 for Best British Female Solo Artist alongside another Billie, Billie Piper (then known only by her first name), but neither won.She has spoken about her bisexuality and the difficulties \"not being gay enough\" has caused her in the past.[2]Myers has also spoken out numerous times publicly about living with depression. As well as being an ambassador for the Jed Foundation,[3] Myers gave her support to the Mindfull initiative that aims to support young people dealing with mental health issues.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Growing, Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing,_Pains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Archer Daniels Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland"},{"link_name":"Sunday morning talk shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_shows"},{"link_name":"underwriting spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriting_spot"},{"link_name":"The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Thunderpuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderpuss"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Chasing Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Amy"},{"link_name":"WABB-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLVM"},{"link_name":"Tell Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Me_(Billie_Myers_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Adult_Top_40_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_C._2000-10"},{"link_name":"Freddie Prinze, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Prinze,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Down to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_You"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Myers's debut album, Growing, Pains, was released in the United States on 18 November 1997. It achieved gold status, thanks in large part to the success of its first single.[5] Myers wrote or co-wrote all songs featured on the record, and although she had not written songs prior to creating Growing, Pains, she had regularly written in journals and diaries for years beforehand, which facilitated the songwriting process.[6]Her first single, \"Kiss the Rain\" entered the UK Singles Chart and eventually reached number 4.[7] In the United States, \"Kiss the Rain\" reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 31 weeks on the chart.[8] The American television series Dawson's Creek (episode #2-02, titled \"Crossroads\") featured \"Kiss the Rain\", and it was also used in promotions for Archer Daniels Midland, which were most often seen on both Sunday morning talk shows and ADM's underwriting spot for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.The dance remix of \"Kiss the Rain\" was the first number 1 for both Myers and the remix team, Thunderpuss.A remix, featuring clips from the Kevin Smith film Chasing Amy, was produced by Pablo, then a DJ at WABB-FM in Mobile, Alabama.The follow-up single, \"Tell Me\", reached number 25 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart.[9] Myers admitted that once \"Kiss the Rain\" had retreated from charting position, she felt disappointed because \"Tell Me\" did not match the success of her first single.[10]After the release of Growing, Pains and before her second album, Myers scored the title track for the Freddie Prinze, Jr. film Down to You.[11]","title":"Growing, Pains (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(Billie_Myers_album)"},{"link_name":"Junior Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"In June 2000, Myers released her second record, Vertigo, which featured the single \"Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)\". The dance remix of \"Am I Here Yet?\" by DJ Junior Vasquez reached number 1 on the dance charts. \"Should I Call You Jesus?\" was the album's second single and invited controversy because of Myers's frank, honest questions about religion. Myers was satisfied with her second record because she was more assertive in the production process and more direct lyrically.[citation needed] Billboard called Vertigo's collection of songs \"a fearless set that intertwines deft pop hooks, wickedly honest lyrics, and vibrant rhythms\". Background vocals were sung by Elisa Fiorillo and Wendy Wright.","title":"Vertigo (2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"New York City Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Pride"},{"link_name":"North Halsted Market Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Halsted_Market_Days"}],"text":"In November 2005, Myers released a single, \"Just Sex\", with Artemis Records' Star Struck compilation album. One year later, Myers was named the closing act for Los Angeles Gay Pride 2006 and a featured act for New York City Pride 2006. She also appeared at the Chicago North Halsted Market Days 25th Anniversary Festival. The remix of \"Just Sex\" reached number 8 on the Billboard Dance Chart.","title":"\"Just Sex\" (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Following a soft release to fans in 2009, Myers officially released her third album, Tea and Sympathy, in March 2013. Myers discussed the album at length in an electronic press kit video which featured on the official Billie Myers website.[12] The album was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 100,000 copies world wide. This was her most recent studio album.","title":"Tea and Sympathy (2013)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Growing, Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing,_Pains"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-13"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(Billie_Myers_album)"},{"link_name":"Tea & Sympathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_%26_Sympathy_(Billie_Myers_album)"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Growing, Pains (1997) – UK No. 19,[13] No. 91 US\nVertigo (2000)\nTea & Sympathy (2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Kiss the Rain\" (1997)\n\"Tell Me\" (1998)\n\"You Send Me Flying\" (1999)\n\"It All Comes Down to You\" (1999)\n\"Am I Here Yet? (Return to Sender)\" (2000)\n\"I Hope You're Happy Now\" (2009)\n\"Wonderful\" (2010)","title":"Videos"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mrazik, Tina. \"Billie Myers biography\". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 20 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p290468/biography","url_text":"\"Billie Myers biography\""}]},{"reference":"Ross von Metzke (8 September 2009). \"Tea & Sympathy with Billie Myers\". Advocate.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2009/09/08/tea-amp-sympathy-billie-myers","url_text":"\"Tea & Sympathy with Billie Myers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Myers\". Epiphany Channel. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epiphanychannel.com/people/billie-myers/","url_text":"\"Billie Myers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Myers speaks to So So Gay\". Sosogay.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321023957/http://sosogay.co.uk/2013/the-industry-as-a-business-has-changed-dramatically-billie-myers-speaks-to-so-so-gay/","url_text":"\"Billie Myers speaks to So So Gay\""},{"url":"http://sosogay.co.uk/2013/the-industry-as-a-business-has-changed-dramatically-billie-myers-speaks-to-so-so-gay/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Myers\". Amazon.com. 14 June 1971. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Billie-Myers/e/B000AP6Y2S","url_text":"\"Billie Myers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Myers\". Myspace.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/billiemyers","url_text":"\"Billie Myers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Myers Talks About New Album \"Tea and Sympathy\"\". Billiemyers.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billiemyers.com/musicplayer/epk.html","url_text":"\"Billie Myers Talks About New Album \"Tea and Sympathy\"\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 385. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Billie Myers\". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Billie+Myers","url_text":"\"Discography Billie Myers\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 198.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Billie+Myers%22","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Billie+Myers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Billie+Myers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Billie+Myers%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Billie+Myers%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Billie+Myers%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Myers&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"http://billiemyers.com/","external_links_name":"billiemyers.com"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p290468/biography","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2009/09/08/tea-amp-sympathy-billie-myers","external_links_name":"\"Tea & Sympathy with Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"http://www.epiphanychannel.com/people/billie-myers/","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321023957/http://sosogay.co.uk/2013/the-industry-as-a-business-has-changed-dramatically-billie-myers-speaks-to-so-so-gay/","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers speaks to So So Gay\""},{"Link":"http://sosogay.co.uk/2013/the-industry-as-a-business-has-changed-dramatically-billie-myers-speaks-to-so-so-gay/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Billie-Myers/e/B000AP6Y2S","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/billiemyers","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"http://www.billiemyers.com/musicplayer/epk.html","external_links_name":"\"Billie Myers Talks About New Album \"Tea and Sympathy\"\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Billie+Myers","external_links_name":"\"Discography Billie Myers\""},{"Link":"http://www.billiemyers.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000085731873","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123916652","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWyVTq4PkqyrWvf9kdQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13508542X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00047786","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014843689&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/70093cf8-56ba-4a7d-97ff-d5b9657cf437","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Cat | James the Cat | ["1 Description","2 Home media","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | British animated television series (1984–1998)
James the CatCreated byKate CanningNarrated bySean ArnoldAlistair McGowanCountry of originUnited KingdomScotland (1984)Original languageEnglishNo. of series2No. of episodes52ProductionProducerJan ClaytonRunning time5 minutesProduction companyGrampian TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease10 March 1984 (1984-03-10) –24 December 1998 (1998-12-24)
James the Cat is a 1984 British children's series created by Kate Canning and produced by Jan Clayton with Grampian Television. It chronicles the many events which take place at the Cornerhouse (number 104) between James and his new animal friends. Fellow characters include Mrs. Lavender, a snail; Frieda, a kangaroo; Citroen, a French frog; Rocky, a dimwitted rabbit; and Dennis, a pink fire-breathing Welsh-accented Chinese dragon. There is also a beehive in the garden at the Cornerhouse. Next door are Ma and Pa Rat, and their rat children.
Description
The programme changes quite a bit between the 2 series. In the first, James is a newcomer to the garden at the Cornerhouse, and must learn to live with the other animals there. In the first episode of the second series, James becomes a diplomat (though sometimes he is referred to as a VIP). In subsequent episodes, he and the others travel to distant lands or receive important visitors.
Home media
There were two VHS tapes released by Tempo Video.
VHS Name
Catalogue Number
Release Year
Episodes
James the Catand Friends
V9005
1987
FriendsRock GardenThe Corner HouseThe InventorThe TakeoverArt AttackTreasureThe Greedy Caterpillar
Out and About with James the Cat
V9006
1987
KitesLunchJames G.P.The SeasideArfur MarkThe ThunderstormSumsThe Big Top
Screen Entertainment also released one VHS tape.
VHS Name
Catalogue Number
Release Year
Episodes
James the Cat: Neighbours
SE 9002
1988
NeighboursTea for ToadThe Confused GoosePlaygroundBee BopPa Rat's ProblemWater-worksThe DentistSlim ChanceThe Birthday Party
Reception
Common Sense Media described the series as "Sophisti-catted tales best for older preschoolers".
References
^ James The Cat, retrieved 18 September 2023
^ Cream, T. V. (23 June 2009). "James the Cat – TV Cream". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ "James The Cat". 80s Nostalgia.
^ "James the Cat TV Review | Common Sense Media". commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
External links
The Canning Factory
James the Cat at Toonhound
James the Cat at ClassicKidsTV | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grampian Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampian_Television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"James the Cat is a 1984 British children's series created by Kate Canning and produced by Jan Clayton with Grampian Television.[1][2] It chronicles the many events which take place at the Cornerhouse (number 104) between James and his new animal friends. Fellow characters include Mrs. Lavender, a snail; Frieda, a kangaroo; Citroen, a French frog; Rocky, a dimwitted rabbit; and Dennis, a pink fire-breathing Welsh-accented Chinese dragon. There is also a beehive in the garden at the Cornerhouse. Next door are Ma and Pa Rat, and their rat children.[3]","title":"James the Cat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"}],"text":"The programme changes quite a bit between the 2 series. In the first, James is a newcomer to the garden at the Cornerhouse, and must learn to live with the other animals there. In the first episode of the second series, James becomes a diplomat (though sometimes he is referred to as a VIP). In subsequent episodes, he and the others travel to distant lands or receive important visitors.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There were two VHS tapes released by Tempo Video.Screen Entertainment also released one VHS tape.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Common Sense Media described the series as \"Sophisti-catted tales best for older preschoolers\".[4]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"James The Cat, retrieved 18 September 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/JamesTheCat","url_text":"James The Cat"}]},{"reference":"Cream, T. V. (23 June 2009). \"James the Cat – TV Cream\". Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvcream.co.uk/telly/tv-a-z/a-m/j-is-for/james-the-cat/","url_text":"\"James the Cat – TV Cream\""}]},{"reference":"\"James The Cat\". 80s Nostalgia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.80snostalgia.com/james-the-cat/","url_text":"\"James The Cat\""}]},{"reference":"\"James the Cat TV Review | Common Sense Media\". commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/james-the-cat","url_text":"\"James the Cat TV Review | Common Sense Media\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/JamesTheCat","external_links_name":"James The Cat"},{"Link":"https://www.tvcream.co.uk/telly/tv-a-z/a-m/j-is-for/james-the-cat/","external_links_name":"\"James the Cat – TV Cream\""},{"Link":"https://www.80snostalgia.com/james-the-cat/","external_links_name":"\"James The Cat\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/james-the-cat","external_links_name":"\"James the Cat TV Review | Common Sense Media\""},{"Link":"http://www.canningfactory.com/","external_links_name":"The Canning Factory"},{"Link":"http://www.toonhound.com/jamesthecat.htm","external_links_name":"James the Cat"},{"Link":"http://www.classickidstv.co.uk/wiki/James_The_Cat","external_links_name":"James the Cat"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Arkansas_Infantry | 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States) | ["1 Formation","2 Battle actions","3 Regimental colors","4 Surrender","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army
3rd Arkansas Infantry RegimentRegimental color of the Third Arkansas at theOld State House Museum in Little Rock, ArkansasActive1861–1865DisbandedApril 12, 1865Country Confederate StatesAllegiance ArkansasBranch ArmyTypeRegimentRoleInfantryPart ofTexas BrigadeNickname(s)"Third Arkansas"FacingsLight blueEngagements
American Civil War
Battle of Cheat Mountain
Battle of Hancock
Battle of Seven Pines
Seven Days Battles
Battle of Harpers Ferry
Battle of Antietam
Battle of Fredericksburg
Battle of Gettysburg
Battle of the Wilderness
Battle of Chickamauga
Knoxville Campaign
Battle of Spotsylvania
Battle of Cold Harbor
Siege of Petersburg
Appomattox Campaign
CommandersCommanding officersCol. Albert RustCol. Van. H. ManningLieut. Col. Robert S. Taylor (acting)Military unit
Arkansas Confederate Infantry Regiments
Previous Next 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment
The 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the "Third Arkansas", was a line infantry formation of the Confederate States Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
Mustered into Confederate service in 1861 under Colonel Albert Rust, and later falling under the command of Colonel Van. H. Manning, the Arkansas regiment was part of the Army of Northern Virginia, serving under General Robert E. Lee. The Third Arkansas served for the duration of the war, from the late months of 1861, through to its surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865.
It was the only Arkansas regiment to serve the entire war in the Eastern Theater, where most of the major American Civil War battles were fought, and the only one from the state to initially sign up for the duration of the war, with all other regiments from the state opting for twelve-month enlistments.
Formation
Albert Rust
The regiment was formed in May and June 1861, initially by Dr. W. H. Tebbs, who would be appointed a captain, and Van. H. Manning who would later command the regiment. Early in May, 1861, Dr. W. H. Tebbs, Captain of a volunteer company raised on Bayou Bartholomew, in Ashley county, and Captain Van. H. Manning, the captain of a company organized at Hamburg, in Ashley County, went to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to tender the services of their two companies, for service in the Confederate Army. They contacted Leroy P. Walker, Confederate Secretary of War, at Montgomery, by telegraph and received his reply declining the offer of the two companies, separate from a regiment. They then went to Montgomery, and Manning enlisted the help of Arkansas Confederate Senator Albert Rust. Rust help gain the acceptance as a part of the Confederate Army, conditioned on his raising the remaining companies needed to form a regiment. Rust, returned to Arkansas, and organized nine additional companies, and joined Captain Tebbs and Capt Manning in Virginia, where the regiment was mustered into service for the period of the war. The addition of nine companies made eleven when the regiment was organized. Tebbs' Company and Captain Mannings' were perhaps the first and only companies denied admission into the Confederate service, even for a day, and were the first companies enlisted for the war. When organized, the regiment was composed of 11 companies:
Company A — "The Arkansas Travelers", commanded by Captain W. H. Tebbs, organized at Portland, Ashley county. On September 25, 1862, forty-two members of disbanded Company L—also from Ashley county—were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 147 men served in Company A. Only twenty of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company B — "The Berlin Beauregards", commanded by Captain Capers, organized at Berlin, Ashley county. During its four years of service, 110 men served in Company B, only eight of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company C — "The Confederate Stars", commanded by Captain Thomas M. Whittington, organized at Monticello, Drew county. During its four years of service, 154 men served in Company C, only thirteen of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company D — "The Selma Rifles", commanded by Captain R. S. Taylor, organized at Selma, Drew county. During its four years of service, 83 men served in Company D, only eight of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company E — "The Champagnolle Guards", commanded by Captain Thomas F. Nolan, organized at Champagnolle, Union county. On July 18, 1862, twenty-eight members of disbanded Company C, Second Arkansas Infantry Battalion, which was also from Union county, were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 131 men served in Company E, only twenty of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company F — "The Hot Spring Hornets", commanded by Captain Daniel A. Newman, organized at Rockport, Hot Spring county. On July 18, 1862, thirty-three members of disbanded Company A, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion, were assigned to this company; however, most of them were soon discharged for various wounds and illnesses. During its four years of service, 119 men served in Company F, only ten of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company G — "The Three Creeks Rifles", commanded by Captain, later Major Reedy, organized at Three Creeks, Union county. On July 18, 1862, eighteen members of disbanded Company C, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion—also from Union county—were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 127 men served in Company G, only 23 of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company H — "The Orphan Company", commanded by Captain Reed, a mixed Arkansas/Kentucky company. The fledgling company had only gathered 33 volunteers, only a third of that needed to constitute a full company. Two companies of Arkansas volunteers from Ashley county, passing through Nashville, Tennessee, on their way to Virginia to form the Third Arkansas Infantry, met Samuel V. Reid, of Kentucky, who had brought 30 of his fellow Kentuckians down to Tennessee, looking for a regiment to attach themselves to. It was proposed that the two groups of volunteers join forces to fit out a full company for the Third Arkansas. The commissioned and non-commissioned officer appointments would be equally divided among the two groups, with Reid becoming captain and Gibson becoming First Lieutenant. Accordingly, the Kentuckians enlisted at Nashville on June 10; the Arkansawyers enlisted at Tyro on June 15; and the new company traveled to Lynchburg, Virginia, where it was assigned to the Third Regiment, Arkansas Volunteers, as Company H, July 1861. Colonel Albert Rust, regimental commander, referred to the company as "my orphans", a name which the men adopted as "The Orphan Company". In keeping with its cosmopolitan nature, Company H also recruited quite a few Virginians during the war. During its four years of service, 116 men served in Company H, only nine of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company I — "The Tulip Rifles", commanded by Captain Alexander, organized at Tulip, Dallas county. On July 18, 1862, thirty members of disbanded Company B, Second Arkansas Infantry Battalion, were assigned to this company. Company I was the only company in the Third Arkansas that made significant use of conscripts to reinforce its ranks. In March 1863, thirty farmers and furloughed soldiers from other regiments were conscripted at Camden, Arkansas, and sent to the company in Virginia. During its four years of service, 150 men served in Company I. Only thirteen of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company K — "The Ashley Volunteers", commanded by Captain Wilson Wilkins organized at Hamburg, Ashley county. During its four years of service, 134 men served in Company A, only twenty-four of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Company L — "The Rust Guards", commanded by Captain Joseph H. Bell organized at Latonia, Ashley county (later consolidated with Company A). On September 25, 1862, the company was disbanded. Forty-two of its members were transferred to company A—also from Ashley county. A total of seventy-three men were carried on the rolls of Company L during its existence. Only ten of them remained when the regiment was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.
Albert Rust was appointed Colonel, and the regiment was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia, for military training. While in Virginia, command level officers with formal military training were assigned to the regiment, to include West Point graduate Seth. M. Barton who was assigned as Lieutenant-Colonel, and with Virginia Military Institute graduate Thomas Middleton Semmes assigned as regimental adjutant. The regiment was then attached to General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and deployed to the area of what would soon after become West Virginia. By mid-1862, the regiment was under the command of Van. Manning following Albert Rust's promotion to Brigadier-General, with William H. Tebbs being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel.
Battle actions
Van. H. Manning in 1861
From its induction into the Confederate Army, the Third Arkansas would go on to become one of the most distinguished and well respected Confederate regiments of the war. However, prior to their first battle actions, the first impressions of them by their fellow Confederates were, by written accounts since, not good. In several accounts, relayed by author and historian Mauriel P. Joslyn, the regiment was first seen as a poorly dressed and poorly equipped lot of ignorant country boys. Once proven in combat, however, those opinions of them would change dramatically.
The regiment was ordered to the mountains of West Virginia, where it performed arduous and discouraging service in the campaign on the Gauley and Cheat rivers. The regiment was engaged in the Battle of Cheat Mountain and the Battle of Greenbrier River. This was followed by hard marching under Stonewall Jackson (whom Col Rust later described as "an impracticable old schoolmaster who said grace before he ate and prayed before going to bed") in the Valley Campaign. Under General Jackson at Winchester, in January, 1862, the Third Arkansas marched to Bath and Romney, returned to Winchester, and was ordered thence to Fredericksburg and assigned to the brigade of Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes. Colonel Rust was promoted to Brigadier-General about this time, and was transferred to a command in the western armies. Van. Manning was promoted to the Colonel of the regiment succeeding Rust.
The Third Arkansas was engaged in the battles of White Oak Swamp, June 3, 1862, in J.G. Walker's brigade, on July 1, 1862, participated in the battle of Malvern Hill.
In July, 1862, the ranks of the Third Arkansas was augmented by the addition of nearly 140 soldiers from the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion. The Second Arkansas Battalion had been organized in October, 1861, from three companies of volunteers from El Dorado, Hot Springs and Pine Bluff. In June, 1862, the 2nd Arkansas Battalion was decimated while leading an assault on the Federal position at Beaver Dam Creek, and its commander, Major William Naylor Bronaugh, mortally wounded. The War Department disbanded the battalion and transferred its survivors to the Third Arkansas.
On September 17, 1862, at the Battle of Antietam, Companies A and L of the Third Arkansas were decimated. On September 25 the few survivors of Company L were transferred into Company A and Company L ceased to exist. Thus the regiment was reduced to ten companies, the normal complement for an infantry regiment. Col. Manning was seriously wounded during the battle.
In November, 1862, the Third Arkansas was assigned to the famous Texas Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. The Confederate War Department had determined that the troops would benefit from being brigaded with regiments from their home States. At this time, the standard brigade organization consisted of four regiments. There were three Texas regiments in the Army—the 1st, 4th and 5th—and only one Arkansas regiment. It was therefore decided to group these four western regiments together. The Third Arkansas remained an integral part of Hood's Texas Brigade until the end of the war. The first engagement that the unit participated in as part of the Texas Brigade was the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, 1862. The regiment was not engaged at Chancellorsville, being detached with the rest of Longstreet's Corps at Suffolk.
The Third Arkansas acquired a reputation as tenacious fighters, often finding themselves in the thickest fighting on the battlefield, such as their presence at the "sunken road" during the Battle of Antietam. Their most famous action was while serving as a part of the Texas Brigade during the Battle of Gettysburg, at the Devil's Den, where they took heavy casualties while serving under General John Bell Hood. Its place in the front of Hood's assault meant it was one of the first units, if not the first, to be heavily engaged during the second day of the battle. The regiment was commended for gallantry in that action, while under the direct command of Brigadier General Jerome B. Robertson, fighting in and in the vicinity of the "Devil's Den".
The regiment was transferred with Longstreet's Corps to Tennessee in September, 1863 in time to fight at the Battle of Chickamauga (where Major Reedy was mortally wounded). The unit went on to participate in the battles of Chattanooga, Wauhatchie, and in the siege of Knoxville, Tennessee, returning to the Army of Northern Virginia in the spring of 1864.
The regiment suffered heavy casualties later in the Battle of the Wilderness, during which they lost many of their commanding officers in addition to heavy losses in their ranks. In that battle they lost Colonel Van. H. Manning and Lieutenant-Colonel Robert S. Taylor, both of whom were badly wounded and captured, in addition to Major William K. Wilkins who was killed in action.
The regiment continue the fight at Spotsylvania, and on to Cold Harbor. The regiment was at Deep Run on August 6, 1864; at Petersburg during the siege by Grant, at High Bridge and Farmville during the closing day of the war in 1865.
By the end of the war, the Texas Brigade as a whole, which included the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, and the Third Arkansas, had only 617 men remaining out of a total of 5,353. The 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment is entitled to the following campaign participation credit:
Operations on Cheat Mountain, West Virginia, September 11–17, 1861.
Skirmish, Elkwater, West Virginia, September 11, 1861.
Skirmish, Point Mountain Turnpike, West Virginia, September 11–12, 1861.
Skirmish, Petersburg, West Virginia, September 12, 1861.
Engagement, Greenbrier River, Cheat Mountain, West Virginia, October 3–4, 1861.
Operations in the Valley District and against Romney, West Virginia, November 26, 1861, to February 21, 1862.
Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), Virginia, May 31 to June 1, 1862.
Skirmish, Gill's Bluff, Virginia (Company F), June 20, 1862.
Seven Days Battles, Virginia, June 25 to July 1, 1862.
Engagement, Turkey Bridge (Malvern Cliff), Virginia, June 30, 1862.
Campaign in Northern Virginia (Second Bull Run Campaign), August 16 to September 2, 1862.
Maryland Campaign, September 3–19, 1862.
Siege, Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, September 13, 1862.
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Maryland, September 16–17, 1862.
Action, Bolivar Heights, West Virginia, September 19, 1862.
Operations in Loudoun, Fauquier and Rappahannock Counties, Virginia, October 26 to November 10, 1862.
Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12–15, 1862.
Siege, Suffolk, Virginia, April 11 to May 4, 1863.
Skirmish, Somerton Road, Virginia, April 15, 1863.
Skirmish, Somerton Road, Virginia, April 20, 1863.
Action, Edenton Road, Suffolk, Virginia, April 24, 1863.
Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 to August 1, 1863.
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1–3, 1863.
Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September 19–21, 1863.
Siege, Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 24 to November 1, 1863.
Campaign, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 4 to December 23, 1863.
Siege, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 17 to December 4, 1863.
Assault, Forts Saunders and Loudoun, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 29, 1863.
Operations about Dandridge, Tennessee, January 16 to January 17, 1864.
Operations about Dandridge, Tennessee, January 26–28, 1864.
Wilderness Campaign, May 4 to June 12, 1864.
Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5–7, 1864.
Battles of Spotsylvania Court House, Laurel Hill, Ny River and Fredericksburg Road, Virginia, May 8–21, 1864.
Assault of the Salient, Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, May 12, 1864.
Operations on the line of the North Anna River, Virginia, May 22–26, 1864.
Operations on the line of the Pamunkey River, Virginia, May 26–28, 1864.
Operations on the line of the Totopotomoy River, Virginia, May 28–31, 1864.
Battles about Cold Harbor, Virginia, June 1–12, 1864.
Assault, Petersburg, Virginia, June 15, 1864.
Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.
Assault, Petersburg, Virginia, June 18, 1864.
Engagements at Deep Bottom (Darbytown), Strawberry Plains and New Market Road, Virginia, June 27–29, 1864.
Engagements at Deep Bottom, New Market Road and Darbytown Road, Virginia, August 13–20, 1864.
Engagement, Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, Virginia, October 27–28, 1864.
Appomattox Campaign, March 28 to April 9, 1865.
Assault and capture, Petersburg Lines, Virginia, April 2, 1865.
Surrender, Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9, 1865.
Regimental colors
Regimental colors ofthe Third Arkansas1862–18631863–1865
The 3rd Arkansas is generally understood to have had at least four different regimental colors during the war, and there are at least three surviving examples of the battle flags of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment:
The first flag of the Third Arkansas was probably a First National Confederate Flag issued to either company C, the Confederate Starts, or Company K, the Ashley Volunteers. The unit carried this first flag during the Battle of Sharpsburg. If this flag has survived, it has not been identified.
Author Glenn Dedmondt identifies the second flag which was carried by the Third Arkansas as a three-foot-square flag which is currently in the collection of the Old State House Museum in Little Rock Arkansas. The Old State House Museum, Little Rock, identifies this flag as an artillery guidon. The flag was donated to the Old State House Museum by the family of Private R. Jessie Bailey, 3rd Arkansas Infantry, regimental band. The flag was allegedly made for the unit by the ladies of Fredericksburg, Virginia, while the regiment was stationed there in the winter of 1862. It is likely that regimental color bearer James M. Johnson was killed while carrying this flag at the Battle of Chickamauga, 19 September 1863. The flag, an Army of Northern Virginia Battle Flag, is 35+1⁄2 inches × 35+1⁄2 inches square; orange border; 5-inch stripe of the St. Andrew's cross; and thirteen stars made of bunting and cotton with a canvas lead.
The third flag carried by the Third Arkansas is an Army of Northern Virginia Battle Flag pattern made of bunting and cotton with canvas lead, 47 inches × 46 inches. Glenn Dedmondt identifies the flag as a 3rd bunting issue flag made by the Richmond Depot. The flag was issued to the unit on September 20, 1863, on the field of Chickamauga, and was probably carried until approximately 1 January 1865. Private Spencer Young, who was wounded carrying the flag in the Battle of the Wilderness, saved the flag and carried it back to the state. It remained in his custody until donated to the Old State House Museum, Little Rock in the 1920s.
The fourth and final flag of the Third Arkansas was a Richmond Depot 4th Bunting issue flag which is currently in the collections of the Museum of the Confederacy, in Richmond, Virginia. The 51-inch by 50-inch flag has a red bunting field crossed with 7-inch blue bunting bars in a St. Andrew's Cross with 3⁄8-inch white cotton fimbriation. There are thirteen 5+1⁄2-inch stars on the cross. This flag was surrendered by the regiment at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia and was assigned capture number 411.
Surrender
When General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, only 144 men of the Third Arkansas remained out of the 1,353 mustered into it from the start of the war.
See also
List of Confederate units from Arkansas
References
^ a b Hempstead, Fay, "A Pictorial History of Arkansas" St. Louis and New York, N. D. Thompson publishing company, 1890, Call number: 9197481, Page 382, Accessed 24 August 2011, https://archive.org/stream/pictorialhistory00hemp#page/382/mode/2up
^ a b c d Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 29 August 2011, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company A", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoa.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company B", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcob.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company C", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoc.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company D", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcod.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company E", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoe.html
^ Collier, Calvin (2015). They'll Do to Tie To! The Story of Hood's Arkansas Toothpicks. Little Rock, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. p. 23.
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company F", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcof.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company G", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcog.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company A", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoh.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company I", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoi.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company K", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcok.html
^ Howerton, Bryan, "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, Company L", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcol.html
^ Collier, Calvin L. They'll Do to Tie To! - The Story of the Third Regiment, Arkansas Infantry, C.S.A., Little Rock, AR, CWRT Associates, 1988, reprint of 1959 ed. page 20. E553.5.3rd.C65
^ a b Howerton Bryan R. "Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, CSA, A Brief History ", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 21 March 2012, http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html
^ a b c d e f g h i "Arkansas Confederate Regimental Histories". Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ a b Downey, Brian. "Confederate Regiment 3rd Arkansas Infantry", Antietam on the Web, Accessed 21 March 2012, http://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=656
^ Howerton, Bryan R., "Second Arkansas Infantry Battalion, CSA", Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Page, Accessed 23 November 2011 http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/2ndbnhis.html
^ Joslyn, Mauriel P., For Ninety Nine Years or the War".
^ a b Dedmondt, Glenn "The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas", (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5, page 66
^ Dedmondt, Glenn. The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas, (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5, page 69,
^ Civil War Battle Flags, St. Andrew's Cross, Old State House Museum, Accessed 16 February 2011. http://www.oldstatehouse.com/collections/flags/flagDetail.asp?g=2&img=1
^ Dedmondt, Glenn. The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas, (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5, page 71
^ Dedmondt, Glenn "The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas", (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5, page 73
^ Dedmondt, Glenn "The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas", (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5, page 74
Further reading
Bledsoe, Andrew S. “The Homecircle: Kinship and Community in the Third Arkansas Infantry, Texas Brigade, 1861–1865.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 71 (Spring 2012): 22-43.
Collier, Calvin L. "They'll Do to Tie To!": The Story of the Third Arkansas Infantry, C.S.A." Little Rock, AR, CWRT Associates, 1988, reprint of 1959 ed. 233 p. E553.5.3rd.C65.
Dedmondt, Glenn "The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas", (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5.
Hawkins, Van. Duty Bound: The Hyatt Brothers and Confederates of the Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Army of Northern Virginia, C.S.A. (Jonesboro: Arkansas State University, 2011).
Jones, Alexander. "Arkansas Soldiers in Virginia", Confederate Veteran, Volume 20, 1912, Page 464, Accessed 16 February 2012, https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up
Joslyn, Mauriel P. "'For Ninety Nine Years or the War' The Story of the 3d Arkansas at Gettysburg." Gettysburg Magazine 14 (Jan 1996): pp. 52–63. E475.53E482no14.
Sifakis, Stewart. Compendium of the Confederacy: Florida and Arkansas. NY: Facts on File, 1992. pp. 73 74 E553S53.
Winkler, Angelina V. The Confederate Capital and Hood's Texas Brigade. Austin, TX: E. Von Voeckmann, 1894. 312 p. E580.4H6W55.
Wright, Marcus J. Arkansas in the War, 1861 1865. Batesville, AR: Independence CO Hist Soc, 1963. pp. 27 28. E553W7.
External links
Media related to 3d Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States) at Wikimedia Commons
3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment at Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Home Page
Portals: American Civil War Arkansas
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"line infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_infantry"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mustered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muster_(military)"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Albert Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rust"},{"link_name":"Van. H. Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van._H._Manning"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Appomattox Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign"},{"link_name":"enlistments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"}],"text":"Military unitThe 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the \"Third Arkansas\", was a line infantry formation of the Confederate States Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.Mustered into Confederate service in 1861 under Colonel Albert Rust, and later falling under the command of Colonel Van. H. Manning, the Arkansas regiment was part of the Army of Northern Virginia, serving under General Robert E. Lee. The Third Arkansas served for the duration of the war, from the late months of 1861, through to its surrender at Appomattox Court House in 1865.It was the only Arkansas regiment to serve the entire war in the Eastern Theater, where most of the major American Civil War battles were fought, and the only one from the state to initially sign up for the duration of the war, with all other regiments from the state opting for twelve-month enlistments.","title":"3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Rust_(Arkansas_Congressman).jpg"},{"link_name":"W. H. Tebbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tebbs"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Van. H. Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van._H._Manning"},{"link_name":"Leroy P. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_P._Walker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couchgenweb1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Seth. M. Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Barton"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive1-1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"William H. Tebbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Tebbs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couchgenweb1-2"}],"text":"Albert RustThe regiment was formed in May and June 1861, initially by Dr. W. H. Tebbs, who would be appointed a captain, and Van. H. Manning who would later command the regiment. Early in May, 1861, Dr. W. H. Tebbs, Captain of a volunteer company raised on Bayou Bartholomew, in Ashley county, and Captain Van. H. Manning, the captain of a company organized at Hamburg, in Ashley County, went to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to tender the services of their two companies, for service in the Confederate Army. They contacted Leroy P. Walker, Confederate Secretary of War, at Montgomery, by telegraph and received his reply declining the offer of the two companies, separate from a regiment. They then went to Montgomery, and Manning enlisted the help of Arkansas Confederate Senator Albert Rust. Rust help gain the acceptance as a part of the Confederate Army, conditioned on his raising the remaining companies needed to form a regiment. Rust, returned to Arkansas, and organized nine additional companies, and joined Captain Tebbs and Capt Manning in Virginia, where the regiment was mustered into service for the period of the war. The addition of nine companies made eleven when the regiment was organized. Tebbs' Company and Captain Mannings' were perhaps the first and only companies denied admission into the Confederate service, even for a day, and were the first companies enlisted for the war.[1] When organized, the regiment was composed of 11 companies:[2]Company A — \"The Arkansas Travelers\", commanded by Captain W. H. Tebbs, organized at Portland, Ashley county. On September 25, 1862, forty-two members of disbanded Company L—also from Ashley county—were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 147 men served in Company A. Only twenty of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[3]\nCompany B — \"The Berlin Beauregards\", commanded by Captain Capers, organized at Berlin, Ashley county. During its four years of service, 110 men served in Company B, only eight of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[4]\nCompany C — \"The Confederate Stars\", commanded by Captain Thomas M. Whittington, organized at Monticello, Drew county. During its four years of service, 154 men served in Company C, only thirteen of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[5]\nCompany D — \"The Selma Rifles\", commanded by Captain R. S. Taylor, organized at Selma, Drew county. During its four years of service, 83 men served in Company D, only eight of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[6]\nCompany E — \"The Champagnolle Guards\", commanded by Captain Thomas F. Nolan, organized at Champagnolle, Union county. On July 18, 1862, twenty-eight members of disbanded Company C, Second Arkansas Infantry Battalion, which was also from Union county, were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 131 men served in Company E, only twenty of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[7]\nCompany F — \"The Hot Spring Hornets\", commanded by Captain Daniel A. Newman,[8] organized at Rockport, Hot Spring county. On July 18, 1862, thirty-three members of disbanded Company A, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion, were assigned to this company; however, most of them were soon discharged for various wounds and illnesses. During its four years of service, 119 men served in Company F, only ten of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[9]\nCompany G — \"The Three Creeks Rifles\", commanded by Captain, later Major Reedy, organized at Three Creeks, Union county. On July 18, 1862, eighteen members of disbanded Company C, 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion—also from Union county—were assigned to this company. During its four years of service, 127 men served in Company G, only 23 of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[10]\nCompany H — \"The Orphan Company\", commanded by Captain Reed, a mixed Arkansas/Kentucky company. The fledgling company had only gathered 33 volunteers, only a third of that needed to constitute a full company. Two companies of Arkansas volunteers from Ashley county, passing through Nashville, Tennessee, on their way to Virginia to form the Third Arkansas Infantry, met Samuel V. Reid, of Kentucky, who had brought 30 of his fellow Kentuckians down to Tennessee, looking for a regiment to attach themselves to. It was proposed that the two groups of volunteers join forces to fit out a full company for the Third Arkansas. The commissioned and non-commissioned officer appointments would be equally divided among the two groups, with Reid becoming captain and Gibson becoming First Lieutenant. Accordingly, the Kentuckians enlisted at Nashville on June 10; the Arkansawyers enlisted at Tyro on June 15; and the new company traveled to Lynchburg, Virginia, where it was assigned to the Third Regiment, Arkansas Volunteers, as Company H, July 1861. Colonel Albert Rust, regimental commander, referred to the company as \"my orphans\", a name which the men adopted as \"The Orphan Company\". In keeping with its cosmopolitan nature, Company H also recruited quite a few Virginians during the war. During its four years of service, 116 men served in Company H, only nine of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[11]\nCompany I — \"The Tulip Rifles\", commanded by Captain Alexander, organized at Tulip, Dallas county. On July 18, 1862, thirty members of disbanded Company B, Second Arkansas Infantry Battalion, were assigned to this company. Company I was the only company in the Third Arkansas that made significant use of conscripts to reinforce its ranks. In March 1863, thirty farmers and furloughed soldiers from other regiments were conscripted at Camden, Arkansas, and sent to the company in Virginia. During its four years of service, 150 men served in Company I. Only thirteen of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[12]\nCompany K — \"The Ashley Volunteers\", commanded by Captain Wilson Wilkins organized at Hamburg, Ashley county. During its four years of service, 134 men served in Company A, only twenty-four of them remained when the company was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[13]\nCompany L — \"The Rust Guards\", commanded by Captain Joseph H. Bell organized at Latonia, Ashley county (later consolidated with Company A). On September 25, 1862, the company was disbanded. Forty-two of its members were transferred to company A—also from Ashley county. A total of seventy-three men were carried on the rolls of Company L during its existence. Only ten of them remained when the regiment was surrendered at Appomattox Court House.[14]Albert Rust was appointed Colonel, and the regiment was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia, for military training. While in Virginia, command level officers with formal military training were assigned to the regiment, to include West Point graduate Seth. M. Barton who was assigned as Lieutenant-Colonel, and with Virginia Military Institute graduate Thomas Middleton Semmes assigned as regimental adjutant.[1] The regiment was then attached to General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and deployed to the area of what would soon after become West Virginia. By mid-1862, the regiment was under the command of Van. Manning following Albert Rust's promotion to Brigadier-General, with William H. Tebbs being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel.[2]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonel_Van_H._Manning,_Commander,_3rd_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment.jpg"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cheat Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cheat_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Greenbrier River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greenbrier_River"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"Beaver Dam Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Battle of Antietam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"Texas Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"Devil's Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Den"},{"link_name":"John Bell Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"Jerome B. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkansas_Confederate_Regimental_Histories-17"},{"link_name":"Texas Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couchgenweb1-2"}],"text":"Van. H. Manning in 1861From its induction into the Confederate Army, the Third Arkansas would go on to become one of the most distinguished and well respected Confederate regiments of the war. However, prior to their first battle actions, the first impressions of them by their fellow Confederates were, by written accounts since, not good. In several accounts, relayed by author and historian Mauriel P. Joslyn, the regiment was first seen as a poorly dressed and poorly equipped lot of ignorant country boys.[15] Once proven in combat, however, those opinions of them would change dramatically.[16]The regiment was ordered to the mountains of West Virginia, where it performed arduous and discouraging service in the campaign on the Gauley and Cheat rivers.[17] The regiment was engaged in the Battle of Cheat Mountain and the Battle of Greenbrier River. This was followed by hard marching under Stonewall Jackson (whom Col Rust later described as \"an impracticable old schoolmaster who said grace before he ate and prayed before going to bed\") in the Valley Campaign. Under General Jackson at Winchester, in January, 1862, the Third Arkansas marched to Bath and Romney, returned to Winchester, and was ordered thence to Fredericksburg and assigned to the brigade of Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes. Colonel Rust was promoted to Brigadier-General about this time, and was transferred to a command in the western armies. Van. Manning was promoted to the Colonel of the regiment succeeding Rust.[17]The Third Arkansas was engaged in the battles of White Oak Swamp, June 3, 1862, in J.G. Walker's brigade, on July 1, 1862, participated in the battle of Malvern Hill.[17]In July, 1862, the ranks of the Third Arkansas was augmented by the addition of nearly 140 soldiers from the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Battalion. The Second Arkansas Battalion had been organized in October, 1861, from three companies of volunteers from El Dorado, Hot Springs and Pine Bluff. In June, 1862, the 2nd Arkansas Battalion was decimated while leading an assault on the Federal position at Beaver Dam Creek, and its commander, Major William Naylor Bronaugh, mortally wounded.[18] The War Department disbanded the battalion and transferred its survivors to the Third Arkansas.[19]On September 17, 1862, at the Battle of Antietam, Companies A and L of the Third Arkansas were decimated. On September 25 the few survivors of Company L were transferred into Company A and Company L ceased to exist. Thus the regiment was reduced to ten companies, the normal complement for an infantry regiment.[18] Col. Manning was seriously wounded during the battle.[17]In November, 1862, the Third Arkansas was assigned to the famous Texas Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. The Confederate War Department had determined that the troops would benefit from being brigaded with regiments from their home States. At this time, the standard brigade organization consisted of four regiments. There were three Texas regiments in the Army—the 1st, 4th and 5th—and only one Arkansas regiment. It was therefore decided to group these four western regiments together. The Third Arkansas remained an integral part of Hood's Texas Brigade until the end of the war.[16] The first engagement that the unit participated in as part of the Texas Brigade was the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, 1862.[17] The regiment was not engaged at Chancellorsville, being detached with the rest of Longstreet's Corps at Suffolk.[17]The Third Arkansas acquired a reputation as tenacious fighters, often finding themselves in the thickest fighting on the battlefield, such as their presence at the \"sunken road\" during the Battle of Antietam. Their most famous action was while serving as a part of the Texas Brigade during the Battle of Gettysburg, at the Devil's Den, where they took heavy casualties while serving under General John Bell Hood. Its place in the front of Hood's assault meant it was one of the first units, if not the first, to be heavily engaged during the second day of the battle. The regiment was commended for gallantry in that action, while under the direct command of Brigadier General Jerome B. Robertson, fighting in and in the vicinity of the \"Devil's Den\".[20]The regiment was transferred with Longstreet's Corps to Tennessee in September, 1863 in time to fight at the Battle of Chickamauga (where Major Reedy was mortally wounded). The unit went on to participate in the battles of Chattanooga, Wauhatchie, and in the siege of Knoxville, Tennessee, returning to the Army of Northern Virginia in the spring of 1864.[17]The regiment suffered heavy casualties later in the Battle of the Wilderness, during which they lost many of their commanding officers in addition to heavy losses in their ranks. In that battle they lost Colonel Van. H. Manning and Lieutenant-Colonel Robert S. Taylor, both of whom were badly wounded and captured, in addition to Major William K. Wilkins who was killed in action.[17]The regiment continue the fight at Spotsylvania, and on to Cold Harbor. The regiment was at Deep Run on August 6, 1864; at Petersburg during the siege by Grant, at High Bridge and Farmville during the closing day of the war in 1865.[17]By the end of the war, the Texas Brigade as a whole, which included the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, and the Third Arkansas, had only 617 men remaining out of a total of 5,353. The 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment is entitled to the following campaign participation credit:[2]Operations on Cheat Mountain, West Virginia, September 11–17, 1861.\nSkirmish, Elkwater, West Virginia, September 11, 1861.\nSkirmish, Point Mountain Turnpike, West Virginia, September 11–12, 1861.\nSkirmish, Petersburg, West Virginia, September 12, 1861.\nEngagement, Greenbrier River, Cheat Mountain, West Virginia, October 3–4, 1861.\nOperations in the Valley District and against Romney, West Virginia, November 26, 1861, to February 21, 1862.\nBattle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), Virginia, May 31 to June 1, 1862.\nSkirmish, Gill's Bluff, Virginia (Company F), June 20, 1862.\nSeven Days Battles, Virginia, June 25 to July 1, 1862.\nEngagement, Turkey Bridge (Malvern Cliff), Virginia, June 30, 1862.\nCampaign in Northern Virginia (Second Bull Run Campaign), August 16 to September 2, 1862.\nMaryland Campaign, September 3–19, 1862.\nSiege, Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, September 13, 1862.\nBattle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Maryland, September 16–17, 1862.\nAction, Bolivar Heights, West Virginia, September 19, 1862.\nOperations in Loudoun, Fauquier and Rappahannock Counties, Virginia, October 26 to November 10, 1862.\nBattle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12–15, 1862.\nSiege, Suffolk, Virginia, April 11 to May 4, 1863.\nSkirmish, Somerton Road, Virginia, April 15, 1863.\nSkirmish, Somerton Road, Virginia, April 20, 1863.\nAction, Edenton Road, Suffolk, Virginia, April 24, 1863.\nGettysburg Campaign, June 3 to August 1, 1863.\nBattle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1–3, 1863.\nBattle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September 19–21, 1863.\nSiege, Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 24 to November 1, 1863.\nCampaign, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 4 to December 23, 1863.\nSiege, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 17 to December 4, 1863.\nAssault, Forts Saunders and Loudoun, Knoxville, Tennessee, November 29, 1863.\nOperations about Dandridge, Tennessee, January 16 to January 17, 1864.\nOperations about Dandridge, Tennessee, January 26–28, 1864.\nWilderness Campaign, May 4 to June 12, 1864.\nBattle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5–7, 1864.\nBattles of Spotsylvania Court House, Laurel Hill, Ny River and Fredericksburg Road, Virginia, May 8–21, 1864.\nAssault of the Salient, Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, May 12, 1864.\nOperations on the line of the North Anna River, Virginia, May 22–26, 1864.\nOperations on the line of the Pamunkey River, Virginia, May 26–28, 1864.\nOperations on the line of the Totopotomoy River, Virginia, May 28–31, 1864.\nBattles about Cold Harbor, Virginia, June 1–12, 1864.\nAssault, Petersburg, Virginia, June 15, 1864.\nSiege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865.\nAssault, Petersburg, Virginia, June 18, 1864.\nEngagements at Deep Bottom (Darbytown), Strawberry Plains and New Market Road, Virginia, June 27–29, 1864.\nEngagements at Deep Bottom, New Market Road and Darbytown Road, Virginia, August 13–20, 1864.\nEngagement, Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, Virginia, October 27–28, 1864.\nAppomattox Campaign, March 28 to April 9, 1865.\nAssault and capture, Petersburg Lines, Virginia, April 2, 1865.\nSurrender, Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9, 1865.","title":"Battle actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Arkansas,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia_Flag.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3rd_Arkansas_Battle_Flag,_St_Andrews_Cross.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedmondt_2009_page_66-21"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sharpsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sharpsburg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedmondt_2009_page_66-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Appomattox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Regimental colors ofthe Third Arkansas1862–18631863–1865The 3rd Arkansas is generally understood to have had at least four different regimental colors during the war,[21] and there are at least three surviving examples of the battle flags of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment:The first flag of the Third Arkansas was probably a First National Confederate Flag issued to either company C, the Confederate Starts, or Company K, the Ashley Volunteers. The unit carried this first flag during the Battle of Sharpsburg. If this flag has survived, it has not been identified.[21]Author Glenn Dedmondt[22] identifies the second flag which was carried by the Third Arkansas as a three-foot-square flag which is currently in the collection of the Old State House Museum in Little Rock Arkansas. The Old State House Museum, Little Rock, identifies this flag as an artillery guidon. The flag was donated to the Old State House Museum by the family of Private R. Jessie Bailey, 3rd Arkansas Infantry, regimental band. The flag was allegedly made for the unit by the ladies of Fredericksburg, Virginia, while the regiment was stationed there in the winter of 1862. It is likely that regimental color bearer James M. Johnson was killed while carrying this flag at the Battle of Chickamauga, 19 September 1863. The flag, an Army of Northern Virginia Battle Flag, is 35+1⁄2 inches × 35+1⁄2 inches square; orange border; 5-inch stripe of the St. Andrew's cross; and thirteen stars made of bunting and cotton with a canvas lead.[23]The third flag carried by the Third Arkansas is an Army of Northern Virginia Battle Flag pattern made of bunting and cotton with canvas lead, 47 inches × 46 inches. Glenn Dedmondt[24] identifies the flag as a 3rd bunting issue flag made by the Richmond Depot. The flag was issued to the unit on September 20, 1863, on the field of Chickamauga, and was probably carried until approximately 1 January 1865. Private Spencer Young, who was wounded carrying the flag in the Battle of the Wilderness, saved the flag and carried it back to the state. It remained in his custody until donated to the Old State House Museum, Little Rock in the 1920s.[25]The fourth and final flag of the Third Arkansas was a Richmond Depot 4th Bunting issue flag which is currently in the collections of the Museum of the Confederacy, in Richmond, Virginia. The 51-inch by 50-inch flag has a red bunting field crossed with 7-inch blue bunting bars in a St. Andrew's Cross with 3⁄8-inch white cotton fimbriation. There are thirteen 5+1⁄2-inch stars on the cross. This flag was surrendered by the regiment at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia and was assigned capture number 411.[26]","title":"Regimental colors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Appomattox Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couchgenweb1-2"}],"text":"When General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, only 144 men of the Third Arkansas remained out of the 1,353 mustered into it from the start of the war.[2]","title":"Surrender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58980-190-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-190-5"},{"link_name":"https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up"}],"text":"Bledsoe, Andrew S. “The Homecircle: Kinship and Community in the Third Arkansas Infantry, Texas Brigade, 1861–1865.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 71 (Spring 2012): 22-43.\nCollier, Calvin L. \"They'll Do to Tie To!\": The Story of the Third Arkansas Infantry, C.S.A.\" Little Rock, AR, CWRT Associates, 1988, reprint of 1959 ed. 233 p. E553.5.3rd.C65.\nDedmondt, Glenn \"The Flags Of Civil War Arkansas\", (Pelican Publishing Co., 2009). ISBN 978-1-58980-190-5.\nHawkins, Van. Duty Bound: The Hyatt Brothers and Confederates of the Third Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Army of Northern Virginia, C.S.A. (Jonesboro: Arkansas State University, 2011).\nJones, Alexander. \"Arkansas Soldiers in Virginia\", Confederate Veteran, Volume 20, 1912, Page 464, Accessed 16 February 2012, https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up\nJoslyn, Mauriel P. \"'For Ninety Nine Years or the War' The Story of the 3d Arkansas at Gettysburg.\" Gettysburg Magazine 14 (Jan 1996): pp. 52–63. E475.53E482no14.\nSifakis, Stewart. Compendium of the Confederacy: Florida and Arkansas. NY: Facts on File, 1992. pp. 73 74 E553S53.\nWinkler, Angelina V. The Confederate Capital and Hood's Texas Brigade. Austin, TX: E. Von Voeckmann, 1894. 312 p. E580.4H6W55.\nWright, Marcus J. Arkansas in the War, 1861 1865. Batesville, AR: Independence CO Hist Soc, 1963. pp. 27 28. E553W7.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Albert Rust","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Albert_Rust_%28Arkansas_Congressman%29.jpg/170px-Albert_Rust_%28Arkansas_Congressman%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Van. H. Manning in 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Colonel_Van_H._Manning%2C_Commander%2C_3rd_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment.jpg/170px-Colonel_Van_H._Manning%2C_Commander%2C_3rd_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Confederate units from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_Civil_War_Confederate_units"}] | [{"reference":"Collier, Calvin (2015). They'll Do to Tie To! The Story of Hood's Arkansas Toothpicks. Little Rock, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Confederate Regimental Histories\". Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071212052703/http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/welch/ar_infy.htm","url_text":"\"Arkansas Confederate Regimental Histories\""},{"url":"http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/welch/ar_infy.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/pictorialhistory00hemp#page/382/mode/2up","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/stream/pictorialhistory00hemp#page/382/mode/2up"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoa.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoa.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcob.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcob.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoc.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoc.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcod.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcod.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoe.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoe.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcof.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcof.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcog.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcog.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoh.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoh.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoi.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcoi.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcok.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcok.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcol.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rdcol.html"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071212052703/http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/welch/ar_infy.htm","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Confederate Regimental Histories\""},{"Link":"http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/welch/ar_infy.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=656","external_links_name":"http://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?unit_id=656"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/2ndbnhis.html","external_links_name":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/2ndbnhis.html"},{"Link":"http://www.oldstatehouse.com/collections/flags/flagDetail.asp?g=2&img=1","external_links_name":"http://www.oldstatehouse.com/collections/flags/flagDetail.asp?g=2&img=1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter20conf#page/464/mode/2up"},{"Link":"http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/3rd-his.html","external_links_name":"3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125717717","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008163718","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_(magazine) | Read (magazine) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Children's classroom magazine
READ Magazine was a children's classroom magazine for grades 6–10, published by Weekly Reader Corporation. It included a mix of classic and contemporary fiction and nonfiction, including plays, personal narratives, poetry, and more to help build reading comprehension and verbal skills. The headquarters was in Delran, New Jersey. It was based in Middletown, Connecticut, and was published on a biweekly basis at the end of the 1980s.
READ had 15 printed issues and 3 electronic issues per publishing year, and featured the work of a number of illustrators, including Alex Bradley, Noma Bliss, and many others. The final issue was published May 2012, Vol. 61 No. 10. Weekly Reader Corporation was bought by Scholastic in Spring 2012, and thereafter ceased to exist.
References
^ "READ Magazine Teaching Center". Weekly Reader. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
^ Janet Allen; Christine Landaker (2005). Reading History: A Practical Guide to Improving Literacy. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-516595-1.
^ Mary W. Olson; et al. (May 1989). "Magazines in the Classroom: Beyond Recreational Reading". Journal of Reading. 32 (8): 708–713. JSTOR 40030030.
^ Debbie Nevins, ed. (March 30, 2007), "READ", Weekly Reader Corporation, vol. 56, no. 15
External links
This article about a literary magazine published in the US is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
This children's magazine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weekly Reader Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Reader_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"narratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratives"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Delran, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delran,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Middletown, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"READ Magazine was a children's classroom magazine for grades 6–10, published by Weekly Reader Corporation.[1] It included a mix of classic and contemporary fiction and nonfiction, including plays, personal narratives, poetry, and more to help build reading comprehension and verbal skills. The headquarters was in Delran, New Jersey.[2] It was based in Middletown, Connecticut, and was published on a biweekly basis at the end of the 1980s.[3]READ had 15 printed issues and 3 electronic issues per publishing year, and featured the work of a number of illustrators,[4] including Alex Bradley, Noma Bliss, and many others. The final issue was published May 2012, Vol. 61 No. 10. Weekly Reader Corporation was bought by Scholastic in Spring 2012, and thereafter ceased to exist.","title":"Read (magazine)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"READ Magazine Teaching Center\". Weekly Reader. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.weeklyreader.com/READ-classroom-magazine-online/","url_text":"\"READ Magazine Teaching Center\""}]},{"reference":"Janet Allen; Christine Landaker (2005). Reading History: A Practical Guide to Improving Literacy. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-516595-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QLei6_2lst4C&pg=PA125","url_text":"Reading History: A Practical Guide to Improving Literacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516595-1","url_text":"978-0-19-516595-1"}]},{"reference":"Mary W. Olson; et al. (May 1989). \"Magazines in the Classroom: Beyond Recreational Reading\". Journal of Reading. 32 (8): 708–713. JSTOR 40030030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40030030","url_text":"40030030"}]},{"reference":"Debbie Nevins, ed. (March 30, 2007), \"READ\", Weekly Reader Corporation, vol. 56, no. 15","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://legacy.weeklyreader.com/READ-classroom-magazine-online/","external_links_name":"\"READ Magazine Teaching Center\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QLei6_2lst4C&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Reading History: A Practical Guide to Improving Literacy"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40030030","external_links_name":"40030030"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Read_(magazine)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Read_(magazine)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xisaishan | Xisaishan, Huangshi | ["1 External links","2 References"] | Coordinates: 30°12′19″N 115°06′37″E / 30.2053°N 115.1102°E / 30.2053; 115.1102District in Hubei, People's Republic of ChinaXisaishan
西塞山区DistrictMount XisaiXisaishanLocation in HubeiCoordinates (Xisaishan Bureau of water usage (西塞山区水利局)): 30°12′19″N 115°06′37″E / 30.2053°N 115.1102°E / 30.2053; 115.1102CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceHubeiPrefecture-level cityHuangshiTime zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Website黄石市西塞山区人民政府
Xisaishan District (simplified Chinese: 西塞山区; traditional Chinese: 西塞山區; pinyin: Xīsàishān Qū) is a district of the city of Huangshi, Hubei, People's Republic of China. On April 19, 2012, a major reform of the district's administrative divisions was carried out. The district received the Chang'an Cup award in 2017.
External links
Official website of Xisaishan District (in Chinese)
References
^ 行政区划-黄石市西塞山区人民政府 (in Chinese). Xisaishan District People's Government. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 2012年大部制改革后，辖一个省级开发区和21个社区、15个行政村。
^ 西塞山区历史沿革 (in Chinese). XZQH. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 2012年4月19日，西塞山区撤销临江、澄月、陈家湾、八泉、黄思湾五个街道办事处。
^ 2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西塞山区区 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 统计用区划代码 名称 420203007000 章山街道办事处 420203400000 冶钢农场 420203401000 社区工作管理委员会 420203402000 西塞山工业园区管委会
^ 湖北黄石市西塞山区 (in Chinese). 博雅地名网. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ 好消息！西塞山区喜捧全国综治最高奖“长安杯” (in Chinese). 2017-09-20. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 9月19日，从全国社会治安综合治理表彰大会上传来喜讯，西塞山区被评为全国社会治安综合治理先进集体，同时被授予全国社会治安综合治理工作的最高奖项——"长安杯"。
vteCounty-level divisions of Hubei ProvinceWuhan (capital)Sub-provincial cityWuhan
Jiang'an District
Jianghan District
Qiaokou District
Hanyang District
Wuchang District
Qingshan District
Hongshan District
Dongxihu District
Hannan District
Caidian District
Jiangxia District
Huangpi District
Xinzhou District
Prefecture-level citiesHuangshi
Huangshigang District
Xisaishan District
Xialu District
Tieshan District
Daye city
Yangxin County
Shiyan
Zhangwan District
Maojian District
Yunyang District
Danjiangkou city
Zhushan County
Fang County
Yunxi County
Zhuxi County
Yichang
Xiling District
Wujiagang District
Dianjun District
Xiaoting District
Yiling District
Zhijiang city
Yidu city
Dangyang city
Yuan'an County
Xingshan County
Zigui County
Changyang County
Wufeng County
Xiangyang
Xiangcheng District
Fancheng District
Xiangzhou District
Laohekou city
Zaoyang city
Yicheng city
Nanzhang County
Gucheng County
Baokang County
Ezhou
Echeng District
Liangzihu District
Huarong District
Jingmen
Dongbao District
Duodao District
Zhongxiang city
Jingshan city
Shayang County
Xiaogan
Xiaonan District
Yingcheng city
Anlu city
Hanchuan city
Xiaochang County
Dawu County
Yunmeng County
Jingzhou
Shashi District
Jingzhou District
Honghu city
Jianli city
Shishou city
Songzi city
Jiangling County
Gong'an County
Huanggang
Huangzhou District
Macheng city
Wuxue city
Hong'an County
Luotian County
Yingshan County
Xishui County
Qichun County
Huangmei County
Tuanfeng County
Longganhu Administrative District
Xianning
Xian'an District
Chibi city
Jiayu County
Tongcheng County
Chongyang County
Tongshan County
Suizhou
Zengdu District
Guangshui city
Sui County
Autonomous prefecturesEnshi
Enshi city
Lichuan city
Jianshi County
Badong County
Xuan'en County
Xianfeng County
Laifeng County
Hefeng County
Provincial administeredCounty-level cities
Xiantao city
Tianmen city
Qianjiang city
forestry district
Shennongjia
This Hubei location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Huangshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangshi"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"District in Hubei, People's Republic of ChinaXisaishan District (simplified Chinese: 西塞山区; traditional Chinese: 西塞山區; pinyin: Xīsàishān Qū) is a district of the city of Huangshi, Hubei, People's Republic of China. On April 19, 2012, a major reform of the district's administrative divisions was carried out.[1][2][3][4] The district received the Chang'an Cup award in 2017.[5]","title":"Xisaishan, Huangshi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"行政区划-黄石市西塞山区人民政府 (in Chinese). Xisaishan District People's Government. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 2012年大部制改革后，辖一个省级开发区和21个社区、15个行政村。","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xisaishan.gov.cn/arts.php?classid=301","url_text":"行政区划-黄石市西塞山区人民政府"}]},{"reference":"西塞山区历史沿革 (in Chinese). XZQH. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 2012年4月19日，西塞山区撤销临江、澄月、陈家湾、八泉、黄思湾五个街道办事处。","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15294.html","url_text":"西塞山区历史沿革"}]},{"reference":"2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西塞山区区 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 统计用区划代码 名称 420203007000 章山街道办事处 420203400000 冶钢农场 420203401000 社区工作管理委员会 420203402000 西塞山工业园区管委会","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/42/02/420203.html","url_text":"2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西塞山区区"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China"}]},{"reference":"湖北黄石市西塞山区 (in Chinese). 博雅地名网. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcmap.com.cn/hubei/xisaishan.html","url_text":"湖北黄石市西塞山区"}]},{"reference":"好消息！西塞山区喜捧全国综治最高奖“长安杯” (in Chinese). 2017-09-20. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 9月19日，从全国社会治安综合治理表彰大会上传来喜讯，西塞山区被评为全国社会治安综合治理先进集体，同时被授予全国社会治安综合治理工作的最高奖项——\"长安杯\"。","urls":[{"url":"http://hb.qq.com/a/20170920/005777.htm","url_text":"好消息！西塞山区喜捧全国综治最高奖“长安杯”"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xisaishan,_Huangshi¶ms=30.2053_N_115.1102_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-42_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"30°12′19″N 115°06′37″E / 30.2053°N 115.1102°E / 30.2053; 115.1102"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xisaishan,_Huangshi¶ms=30.2053_N_115.1102_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-42_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"30°12′19″N 115°06′37″E / 30.2053°N 115.1102°E / 30.2053; 115.1102"},{"Link":"http://www.xisaishan.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"黄石市西塞山区人民政府"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429234607/http://www.xisaishan.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Official website of Xisaishan District"},{"Link":"http://www.xisaishan.gov.cn/arts.php?classid=301","external_links_name":"行政区划-黄石市西塞山区人民政府"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hb/15294.html","external_links_name":"西塞山区历史沿革"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2016/42/02/420203.html","external_links_name":"2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西塞山区区"},{"Link":"http://www.tcmap.com.cn/hubei/xisaishan.html","external_links_name":"湖北黄石市西塞山区"},{"Link":"http://hb.qq.com/a/20170920/005777.htm","external_links_name":"好消息！西塞山区喜捧全国综治最高奖“长安杯”"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xisaishan,_Huangshi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_rosefinch | Taiwan rosefinch | ["1 References"] | Species of bird
Taiwan rosefinch
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Fringillidae
Subfamily:
Carduelinae
Genus:
Carpodacus
Species:
C. formosanus
Binomial name
Carpodacus formosanusOgilvie-Grant, 1911
The Taiwan rosefinch (Carpodacus formosanus) is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the vinaceous rosefinch. It is endemic to Taiwan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.
References
Taxon identifiersCarpodacus formosanus
Wikidata: Q15107481
Wikispecies: Carpodacus formosanus
BirdLife: 103834794
BOLD: 857786
BOW: vinros3
CoL: RG9W
eBird: vinros3
GBIF: 9309601
iNaturalist: 367698
ITIS: 997789
IUCN: 103834794
NCBI: 1390223
Xeno-canto: Carpodacus-formosanus
This Fringillidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"Fringillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringillidae"},{"link_name":"vinaceous rosefinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaceous_rosefinch"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"}],"text":"The Taiwan rosefinch (Carpodacus formosanus) is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the vinaceous rosefinch. It is endemic to Taiwan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.","title":"Taiwan rosefinch"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/103834794","external_links_name":"103834794"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=857786","external_links_name":"857786"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/vinros3","external_links_name":"vinros3"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/RG9W","external_links_name":"RG9W"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/vinros3","external_links_name":"vinros3"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9309601","external_links_name":"9309601"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/367698","external_links_name":"367698"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=997789","external_links_name":"997789"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/103834794","external_links_name":"103834794"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1390223","external_links_name":"1390223"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Carpodacus-formosanus","external_links_name":"Carpodacus-formosanus"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_rosefinch&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolimod | Fingolimod | ["1 Medical uses","2 Adverse effects","3 Structure and mechanism","4 History","5 Society and culture","5.1 Legal status","6 Research","7 References"] | Chemical compound
FingolimodClinical dataTrade namesGilenyaAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa611006License data
US DailyMed: Fingolimod
Pregnancycategory
AU: D
Routes ofadministrationBy mouthDrug classImmunosuppressantsATC codeL04AE01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
Identifiers
IUPAC name
2-Amino-2-propane-1,3-diol
CAS Number162359-55-9 NPubChem CID107970IUPHAR/BPS2407DrugBankDB08868 NChemSpider97087 YUNII3QN8BYN5QFKEGGD10001 Nas HCl: D04187ChEBICHEBI:63115 NChEMBLChEMBL314854 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID40167363 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC19H33NO2Molar mass307.478 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCC(CO)(CO)N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H33NO2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-17-9-11-18(12-10-17)13-14-19(20,15-21)16-22/h9-12,21-22H,2-8,13-16,20H2,1H3 YKey:KKGQTZUTZRNORY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Fingolimod, sold under the brand name Gilenya, is an immunomodulating medication, used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction. It has been reported to reduce the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by approximately one-half over a two-year period.
Medical uses
Fingolimod is used in the treatment of the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis. Its effect in those with primary progressive multiple sclerosis is not clear. It may also be used in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
Adverse effects
The most common side effects of fingolimod have been head colds, headache, increased gamma-glutamyl transfer (≤15%), diarrhea (13%), nausea (13%), abdominal pain (11%) and fatigue. A few cases of skin cancer have been reported, which has also been reported in patients taking natalizumab (Tysabri), an approved multiple sclerosis drug. Fingolimod has also been associated with potentially fatal infections, bradycardia and, in 2009, a case of hemorrhaging focal encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain with bleeding. Two people died: one due to brain herpes infection, and a second one due to herpes zoster. It is unclear whether the drug was responsible for the events. At least three cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy had also occurred as of 2015.
Fingolimod has also been known to cause macular edema, resulting in decreased vision. Therefore, frequent surveillance eye examinations are required while taking this medication.
In the United States, fingolimod must be dispensed with a medication guide that contains important information about its uses and risks. Serious risks include slowing of the heart rate, especially after the first dose. Fingolimod may increase the risk of serious infections. Patients should be monitored for infection during treatment and for two months after discontinuation of treatment. A rare brain infection that usually leads to death or severe disability, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been reported in patients being treated with the drug. PML cases usually occur in patients with weakened immune systems. Fingolimod can cause vision problems. It may increase the risk for swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome). Other serious risks include respiratory problems, liver injury, increased blood pressure and skin cancer. Fingolimod may cause harm to a developing fetus; health care professionals should advise women of child-bearing age of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) stated that the multiple sclerosis medicine fingolimod (Gilenya) must not be used in pregnant women and in women able to have children who are not using effective contraception.
Structure and mechanism
It is derived from myriocin (ISP-1), a metabolite of the fungus Isaria sinclairii. It is a structural analogue of sphingosine and is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases in the cell (most importantly sphingosine kinase 2). The molecular biology of phospho-fingolimod is thought to lie in its activity at one of the five sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, S1PR1. Phospho-fingolimod causes the internalization of S1P receptors, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from moving to the central nervous system and causing a relapse of multiple sclerosis.
The unphosphorylated moiety of fingolimod, which is the predominant form of the drug in the body, is also an active molecule. Unphosphorylated fingolimod impairs the ability of cytotoxic CD8 T cells to kill their target cells by a different mechanism, which involves the arachidonic acid pathway, which is unrelated to sphingosine phosphate receptors. This has implications both for increasing susceptibility to viral infections as well as enhancing therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis.
Additionally, fingolimod shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. It modulates their proliferation, morphology, and cytokine release via inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7. (TRPM7).
Finally, fingolimod has also been found to have other molecular targets and functions. Fingolimod has been reported to be a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, a cPLA2 inhibitor and a ceramide synthase inhibitor. It has also been reported to stimulate the repair process of glial cells and glial precursor cells after injury.
History
First synthesized in 1992 by Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals, fingolimod was derived from an immunosuppressive natural product, myriocin (ISP-I) through chemical modification. Myriocin was isolated from the culture broth a type of entomopathogenic fungus (Isaria sinclairii) that was an eternal youth nostrum in traditional Chinese medicine. Showing positive results in both in vitro (mixed lymphocyte reaction) and in vivo screening (prolonging rat skin graft survival time), myriocin was modified through a series of steps to yield fingolimod, code named at the time FTY720. A recent review highlights the synthetic methods, mode of action and potential applications of this molecule.
Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies on myriocin homologs and partially synthetic derivatives showed that the configuration at the carbon bearing the 3-hydroxy group or the 14-ketone, the 6-double bond, and the 4-hydroxy group were not important for its activity and simplification of the structure of ISP-I was done in an attempt to reduce toxicity and improve drug ability.
Elimination of side chain functionalities and removal of chiral centers was part of the simplification process and an intermediate compound (ISP-I-28) with the carboxylic acid of myriocin transformed to a hydroxymethyl group was generated. ISP-I-28 was found to be less toxic and more effective at lengthening rat skin allograft time than ISP-1.
In September 2010, fingolimod became the first oral disease-modifying drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce relapses and delay disability progression in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. In April 2011 Novartis said that the drug would be available in Canadian pharmacies. In March 2011, the European Medicines Agency approved the drug for use in the European Union.
In 2016, a systematic review concluded that treatment of people relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is effective in reducing the probability of acute inflammatory relapses, with potentially little or no effect on disability progression, compared to placebo. The risk/benefit profile compared to other disease-modifiying therapies being unclear due to a lack of direct comparisons.
In December 2019, generic fingolimod was approved in the United States for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis in adults. The FDA granted approvals of generic fingolimod applications to HEC Pharm Co. Limited, Biocon Limited and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited.
On 19 July 2019, fingolimod received fast approval for use in China.
Society and culture
Legal status
In 2015, after a challenge at the US Patent and Trademark Office by a generic competitor, the patent office quashed Novartis's patent claims stating they were obvious. Novartis appealed and the federal circuit upheld the patent office decision in April 2017, leaving a high likelihood of generics coming to market by 2019.
In January 2020, a panel of judges at the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit called into question the validity of the last remaining orange book patent protecting Gilenya.
In October 2022, the Supreme Court turned down a request by Novartis to block the launch of generic versions of Gilenya in the United States.
In April 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Novartis's request to revive a key patent on Gilenya that had been invalidated by a lower court.
Research
Clinical trials are ongoing to prevent neuropathic pain in patients with breast cancer treated with paclitaxel. Recently, the fingolimod molecule has been incorporated in mRNA delivery vehicles to increase targeting of lymphocytes expressing the S1P1 receptor in pre-clinical models.
References
^ "FINGOLIMOD-TEVA/TE-FINGOLIMOD (Teva Pharma Australia Pty Ltd)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 16 February 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
^ "Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021". Health Canada. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
^ a b "Fingolimod Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
^ Sanford M (August 2014). "Fingolimod: a review of its use in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis". Drugs. 74 (12): 1411–33. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0264-y. PMID 25063048. S2CID 42807019.
^ a b "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Good News for Oral MS Drug Fingolimod". Webmd.com. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ Leypoldt F, Münchau A, Moeller F, Bester M, Gerloff C, Heesen C (March 2009). "Hemorrhaging focal encephalitis under fingolimod (FTY720) treatment: a case report". Neurology. 72 (11): 1022–4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3. PMID 19289744. S2CID 8523513.
^ "MS-UK | Multiple Sclerosis Information, Helpline, support, MS news and research". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Brooks M (18 August 2015). "Third Case of PML With Fingolimod (Gilenya) in MS". Medscape. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ Jain N, Bhatti MT (February 2012). "Fingolimod-associated macular edema: incidence, detection, and management". Neurology. 78 (9): 672–80. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea. PMID 22371414. S2CID 11742356.
^ Jain N, Bhatti MT (April 2012). "Macular Edema Associated With Fingolimod" (PDF). EyeNet. 78 (9): 672–80. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea. PMID 22371414. S2CID 11742356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "FDA approves first generics of Gilenya". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Updated restrictions for Gilenya: multiple sclerosis medicine not to be used in pregnancy". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Paugh SW, Payne SG, Barbour SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S (November 2003). "The immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2". FEBS Letters. 554 (1–2): 189–93. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01168-2. PMID 14596938. S2CID 41465940.
^ Billich A, Bornancin F, Dévay P, Mechtcheriakova D, Urtz N, Baumruker T (November 2003). "Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (48): 47408–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307687200. PMID 13129923. Free full text Archived 13 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, et al. (November 2003). "Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (47): 47281–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306896200. PMID 12954648.
^ Hla T, Lee MJ, Ancellin N, Paik JH, Kluk MJ (November 2001). "Lysophospholipids--receptor revelations". Science. 294 (5548): 1875–8. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.1875H. doi:10.1126/science.1065323. PMID 11729304. S2CID 46727063.
^ a b Ntranos A, Hall O, Robinson DP, Grishkan IV, Schott JT, Tosi DM, et al. (May 2014). "FTY720 impairs CD8 T-cell function independently of the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 270 (1–2): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.007. PMID 24680062. S2CID 206276944.
^ Schilling T, Miralles F, Eder C (November 2014). "TRPM7 regulates proliferation and polarisation of macrophages". Journal of Cell Science. 127 (Pt 21): 4561–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.151068. PMC 4215710. PMID 25205764.
^ Paugh SW, Cassidy MP, He H, Milstien S, Sim-Selley LJ, Spiegel S, et al. (July 2006). "Sphingosine and its analog, the immunosuppressant 2-amino-2-(2-ethyl)-1,3-propanediol, interact with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor". Molecular Pharmacology. 70 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1124/mol.105.020552. PMID 16571654. S2CID 11131541.
^ Payne SG, Oskeritzian CA, Griffiths R, Subramanian P, Barbour SE, Chalfant CE, et al. (February 2007). "The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors". Blood. 109 (3): 1077–85. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-03-011437. PMC 1785128. PMID 17008548.
^ Berdyshev EV, Gorshkova I, Skobeleva A, Bittman R, Lu X, Dudek SM, et al. (February 2009). "FTY720 inhibits ceramide synthases and up-regulates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate formation in human lung endothelial cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (9): 5467–77. doi:10.1074/jbc.M805186200. PMC 2645812. PMID 19119142.
^ Lahiri S, Park H, Laviad EL, Lu X, Bittman R, Futerman AH (June 2009). "Ceramide synthesis is modulated by the sphingosine analog FTY720 via a mixture of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition in an Acyl-CoA chain length-dependent manner". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (24): 16090–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M807438200. PMC 2713526. PMID 19357080.
^ Horga A, Montalban X (May 2008). "FTY720 (fingolimod) for relapsing multiple sclerosis". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 8 (5): 699–714. doi:10.1586/14737175.8.5.699. PMID 18457527. S2CID 28071687.
^ a b Adachi K, Chiba K (September 2007). "FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology". Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry. 1: 11–23. doi:10.1177/1177391X0700100002. PMC 2754916. PMID 19812733.
^ Fujita T, Yoneta M, Hirose R, Sasaki S, Inoue K, Kiuchi M, et al. (1995). "Simple compounds, 2-alkyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediols have potent immunosuppressive activity". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5 (8): 847–52. doi:10.1016/0960-894X(95)00126-E.
^ Balasubramaniam S, Sankaran GS, Badle SS (2018). "Perspective on FTY720, an Immunosuppressant". Synthesis. 50 (5): 968–83. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1591877. S2CID 102682294.
^ "FDA approves first oral drug to reduce MS relapses". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ First oral MS treatment approved for Canada https://vancouversun.com/health/First+oral+treatment+approved+Canada+says+drug+company/4420028/story.html Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Novartis new MS treatment receives Notice of Compliance in Canada". NewsMedical.net. 10 March 2011.
^ "EMA approval information about Gilenya". Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
^ a b La Mantia L, Tramacere I, Firwana B, Pacchetti I, Palumbo R, Filippini G (April 2016). "Fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4): CD009371. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009371.pub2. PMC 10401910. PMID 27091121.
^ "Novartis key multiple sclerosis product Gilenya approved in China". Novartis (Press release).
^ Sagonowsky E (13 April 2017). "Novartis' Gilenya patent loss sets MS market up for battle with early generics". FiercePharma.
^ "CAFC Oral Argument Recording".
^ "Search - Supreme Court of the United States". U.S. Supreme Court. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^ Kansteiner F (14 October 2022). "Novartis' blockbuster Gilenya exposed to generics in short term amid Supreme Court appeal". Fierce Pharma. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^ Brittain B (17 April 2023). "US Supreme Court rebuffs Novartis bid to revive MS drug Gilenya patent". Reuters. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "Unlocking the Mystery of "Chemo Brain"". 2 September 2022.
^ Testa S, Haabeth OA, Blake TR, Del Castillo TJ, Czerwinski DK, Rajapaksa R, et al. (July 2022). "Fingolimod-Conjugated Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Efficiently and Specifically Deliver mRNA to Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro". Biomacromolecules. 23 (7): 2976–2988. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00469. PMC 10199726. PMID 35748182. S2CID 249989444.
vteDemyelinating diseases of the central nervous systemSigns and symptoms
Ataxia
Depression
Diplopia
Dysarthria
Dysphagia
Fatigue
Incontinence
Nystagmus
Optic neuritis
Pain
Uhthoff's phenomenon
Investigations and diagnosis
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
McDonald criteria
Poser criteria
Clinical
Clinically isolated syndrome
Expanded Disability Status Scale
Serological and CSF
Oligoclonal bands
Radiological
Radiologically isolated syndrome
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
Dawson's fingers
Frexalimab
Approved treatment
Management of multiple sclerosis
Alemtuzumab
Cladribine
Dimethyl fumarate
Diroximel fumarate
Fingolimod
Glatiramer acetate
Interferon beta-1a
Interferon beta-1b
Laquinimod
Mitoxantrone
Monomethyl fumarate
Natalizumab
Ocrelizumab
Ozanimod
Ponesimod
Siponimod
Teriflunomide
Other treatments
Former
Daclizumab
Research in multiple sclerosis
Demyelinating diseasesAutoimmune
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
MOG antibody disease
Multiple sclerosis
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Inflammatory
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Balo concentric sclerosis
Marburg acute multiple sclerosis
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Hereditary
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Alexander disease
Canavan disease
Krabbe disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
CAMFAK syndrome
Other
Central pontine myelinolysis
Marchiafava–Bignami disease
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
Other
List of multiple sclerosis organizations
List of people with multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
Pathophysiology
vteImmunosuppressive drugs / Immunosuppressants (L04)Intracellular(initiation)Antimetabolites
purine synthesis inhibitors
Azathioprine
Mycophenolic acid
dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors
Leflunomide
Teriflunomide
antifolate
Methotrexate
Macrolides/other IL-2 inhibitors
FKBP/Cyclophilin/Calcineurin
Ciclosporin
Pimecrolimus
Tacrolimus
Voclosporin
Abetimus
Gusperimus
IMiDs
Lenalidomide
Pomalidomide
Thalidomide
PDE4 inhibitor
Apremilast
Intracellular(reception)IL-1 receptor antagonists
Anakinra
mTOR
Sirolimus
Everolimus
Ridaforolimus
Temsirolimus
Umirolimus
Zotarolimus
ExtracellularAntibodiesMonoclonalSerum target(noncellular)
Complement component 5
Eculizumab
TNF
Adalimumab
Afelimomab
Certolizumab pegol
Golimumab
Infliximab
Nerelimomab
Interleukin
Anakinra
Basiliximab
Bimekizumab
Briakinumab
Brodalumab
Canakinumab
Daclizumab
Guselkumab
Ixekizumab
Netakimab
Olokizumab
Rilonacept
Risankizumab
Sarilumab
Satralizumab
Secukinumab
Siltuximab
Sirukumab
Spesolimab
Tildrakizumab
Tocilizumab
Ustekinumab
Interleukin 5
Mepolizumab
Immunoglobulin E
Omalizumab
Interferon
Faralimomab
IL-6
Elsilimomab
IL-12 and IL-23
Lebrikizumab
Ustekinumab
IL-17A
Secukinumab
Cellulartarget
CD3
Muromonab-CD3
Otelixizumab
Teplizumab
Visilizumab
CD4
Clenoliximab
Keliximab
Zanolimumab
CD11a
Efalizumab
CD18
Erlizumab
CD20
Obinutuzumab
Ocrelizumab
Pascolizumab
Rituximab
Ublituximab
CD23
Gomiliximab
Lumiliximab
CD40
Teneliximab
Toralizumab
CD62L/L-selectin
Aselizumab
CD80
Galiximab
CD147/Basigin
Gavilimomab
CD154
Ruplizumab
Frexalimab
BLyS
Belimumab
CAT
Bertilimumab
Lerdelimumab
Metelimumab
Integrin
Natalizumab
Vedolizumab
Interleukin-6 receptor
Tocilizumab
LFA-1
Odulimomab
IL-2 receptor/CD25
Basiliximab
Daclizumab
Inolimomab
T-lymphocyte (Zolimomab aritox)
Unsorted
Alemtuzumab
Anifrolumab
Atorolimumab
Begelomab
Cedelizumab
Emapalumab
Fontolizumab
Inebilizumab
Maslimomab
Morolimumab
Ofatumumab
Pexelizumab
Reslizumab
Rovelizumab
Siplizumab
Talizumab
Telimomab aritox
Teprotumumab
Vapaliximab
Vepalimomab
Polyclonal
Anti-thymocyte globulin
Anti-lymphocyte globulin
-cept (Fusion)
CTLA-4
Abatacept
Belatacept
TNF inhibitor
Etanercept
Opinercept
Aflibercept
Alefacept
Rilonacept
Unsorted
Avacopan
Baricitinib
Bimekizumab
Blisibimod
Briakinumab
Brodalumab
Canakinumab
Crovalimab
Danicopan]
Deucravacitinib
Efgartigimod alfa (+hyaluronidase)
Etrasimod
Filgotinib
Fingolimod
Guselkumab
Iptacopan
Itacitinib
Ixekizumab
Netakimab
Olokizumab
Ozanimod
Peficitinib
Pegcetacoplan
Ponesimod
Ravulizumab
Risankizumab
Ritlecitinib
Rozanolixizumab
Sarilumab
Satralizumab
Siltuximab
Siponimod
Sirukumab
Spesolimab
Sutimlimab
Tildrakizumab
Tofacitinib
Upadacitinib
vteLysophospholipid signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)LPARTooltip Lysophosphatidic acid receptor
Agonists: 1-Oleoyl-LPA
1-Palmitoyl-LPA
GRI-977143
LPA
OMPT
Antagonists: H2L-5186303
H2L-5765834
Ki-16425
TC-LPA5 4
VPC-32183
S1PRTooltip Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor
Agonists: Amiselimod
Cenerimod
Ceralifimod
CS-2100
CYM-5442
CYM-5520
CYM 5541
CYM-50260
CYM-50308
Dihydro-S1P (sphinganine 1-phosphate)
Fingolimod
Fingolimod phosphate
KRP-203
Mocravimod
Ozanimod
Phyto-S1P
Ponesimod
RP-001
RP-002
RPC-1063
SEW-2871
Siponimod
S1P
SPC
TC-G 1006
TC-SP 14
W-061
XAX-162
Antagonists: CS-0777
CYM-50358
JTE-013
TY-52156
VPC-23019
W-146
Unsorted: Etrasimod
Enzyme(inhibitors)SPTTooltip Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
Myriocin
Ceramidase
Ceranib 1
OEA
SphKTooltip Sphingosine kinase
N,N-DMS
Safingol
SKI II
Others
Precursors: LPA: LPC; S1P: Palmitoyl-CoA
Serine
3-Ketosphinganine (dehydrosphingosine)
Dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine)
Dihydroceramide
Ceramide
Sphingosine
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Portal: Medicine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immunomodulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate_receptor_modulator"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Fingolimod, sold under the brand name Gilenya, is an immunomodulating medication, used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.[3] Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction. It has been reported to reduce the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by approximately one-half over a two-year period.[4]","title":"Fingolimod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_inflammatory_demyelinating_polyneuropathy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2015-3"}],"text":"Fingolimod is used in the treatment of the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis. Its effect in those with primary progressive multiple sclerosis is not clear. It may also be used in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.[3]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"natalizumab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalizumab"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"herpes zoster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zoster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"macular edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_edema"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The most common side effects of fingolimod have been head colds,[vague] headache,[5] increased gamma-glutamyl transfer (≤15%), diarrhea (13%), nausea (13%), abdominal pain (11%)[5] and fatigue. A few cases of skin cancer have been reported, which has also been reported in patients taking natalizumab (Tysabri), an approved multiple sclerosis drug.[6] Fingolimod has also been associated with potentially fatal infections, bradycardia and, in 2009, a case of hemorrhaging focal encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain with bleeding.[7] Two people died: one due to brain herpes infection, and a second one due to herpes zoster. It is unclear whether the drug was responsible for the events.[8] At least three cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy had also occurred as of 2015.[9]Fingolimod has also been known to cause macular edema, resulting in decreased vision.[10][11] Therefore, frequent surveillance eye examinations are required while taking this medication.In the United States, fingolimod must be dispensed with a medication guide that contains important information about its uses and risks.[12] Serious risks include slowing of the heart rate, especially after the first dose.[12] Fingolimod may increase the risk of serious infections.[12] Patients should be monitored for infection during treatment and for two months after discontinuation of treatment.[12] A rare brain infection that usually leads to death or severe disability, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been reported in patients being treated with the drug.[12] PML cases usually occur in patients with weakened immune systems.[12] Fingolimod can cause vision problems.[12] It may increase the risk for swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome).[12] Other serious risks include respiratory problems, liver injury, increased blood pressure and skin cancer.[12] Fingolimod may cause harm to a developing fetus; health care professionals should advise women of child-bearing age of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception.[12]The European Medicines Agency (EMA) stated that the multiple sclerosis medicine fingolimod (Gilenya) must not be used in pregnant women and in women able to have children who are not using effective contraception.[13]","title":"Adverse effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myriocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriocin"},{"link_name":"Isaria sinclairii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaria_sinclairii"},{"link_name":"analogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"sphingosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine"},{"link_name":"phosphorylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"sphingosine kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"S1PR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1PR1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"internalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic CD8 T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"TRPM7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cannabinoid receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"cPLA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ceramide synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide_synthase"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cells"},{"link_name":"precursor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_cells"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18457527-24"}],"text":"It is derived from myriocin (ISP-1), a metabolite of the fungus Isaria sinclairii. It is a structural analogue of sphingosine and is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases in the cell (most importantly sphingosine kinase 2).[14][15][16] The molecular biology of phospho-fingolimod is thought to lie in its activity at one of the five sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, S1PR1.[17] Phospho-fingolimod causes the internalization of S1P receptors, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from moving to the central nervous system and causing a relapse of multiple sclerosis.The unphosphorylated moiety of fingolimod, which is the predominant form of the drug in the body, is also an active molecule. Unphosphorylated fingolimod impairs the ability of cytotoxic CD8 T cells to kill their target cells by a different mechanism, which involves the arachidonic acid pathway, which is unrelated to sphingosine phosphate receptors.[18] This has implications both for increasing susceptibility to viral infections as well as enhancing therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis.[18]Additionally, fingolimod shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. It modulates their proliferation, morphology, and cytokine release via inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7. (TRPM7).[19]Finally, fingolimod has also been found to have other molecular targets and functions. Fingolimod has been reported to be a cannabinoid receptor antagonist,[20] a cPLA2 inhibitor[21] and a ceramide synthase inhibitor.[22][23] It has also been reported to stimulate the repair process of glial cells and glial precursor cells after injury.[24]","title":"Structure and mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Tanabe_Pharma"},{"link_name":"myriocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriocin"},{"link_name":"entomopathogenic fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus"},{"link_name":"Isaria sinclairii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaria_sinclairii"},{"link_name":"eternal youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_youth"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adachi2007-25"},{"link_name":"skin graft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_graft"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Structure activity relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_activity_relationship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adachi2007-25"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Novartis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapsing_remitting_MS"},{"link_name":"acute inflammatory relapses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis_signs_and_symptoms"},{"link_name":"placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"risk/benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio"},{"link_name":"disease-modifiying therapies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis#Disease-modifying_treatments"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-12"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"First synthesized in 1992 by Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals, fingolimod was derived from an immunosuppressive natural product, myriocin (ISP-I) through chemical modification. Myriocin was isolated from the culture broth a type of entomopathogenic fungus (Isaria sinclairii) that was an eternal youth nostrum in traditional Chinese medicine.[25] Showing positive results in both in vitro (mixed lymphocyte reaction) and in vivo screening (prolonging rat skin graft survival time), myriocin was modified through a series of steps to yield fingolimod, code named at the time FTY720.[26] A recent review highlights the synthetic methods, mode of action and potential applications of this molecule.[27]\nStructure activity relationship (SAR) studies on myriocin homologs and partially synthetic derivatives showed that the configuration at the carbon bearing the 3-hydroxy group or the 14-ketone, the 6-double bond, and the 4-hydroxy group were not important for its activity and simplification of the structure of ISP-I was done in an attempt to reduce toxicity and improve drug ability.[25]Elimination of side chain functionalities and removal of chiral centers was part of the simplification process and an intermediate compound (ISP-I-28) with the carboxylic acid of myriocin transformed to a hydroxymethyl group was generated. ISP-I-28 was found to be less toxic and more effective at lengthening rat skin allograft time than ISP-1.In September 2010, fingolimod became the first oral disease-modifying drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce relapses and delay disability progression in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.[28][29] In April 2011 Novartis said that the drug would be available in Canadian pharmacies.[30][31] In March 2011, the European Medicines Agency approved the drug for use in the European Union.[32]In 2016, a systematic review concluded that treatment of people relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is effective in reducing the probability of acute inflammatory relapses, with potentially little or no effect on disability progression, compared to placebo.[33] The risk/benefit profile compared to other disease-modifiying therapies being unclear due to a lack of direct comparisons.[33]In December 2019, generic fingolimod was approved in the United States for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis in adults.[12] The FDA granted approvals of generic fingolimod applications to HEC Pharm Co. Limited, Biocon Limited and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited.[12]On 19 July 2019, fingolimod received fast approval for use in China.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Legal status","text":"In 2015, after a challenge at the US Patent and Trademark Office by a generic competitor, the patent office quashed Novartis's patent claims stating they were obvious. Novartis appealed and the federal circuit upheld the patent office decision in April 2017, leaving a high likelihood of generics coming to market by 2019.[35]In January 2020, a panel of judges at the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit called into question the validity of the last remaining orange book patent protecting Gilenya.[36]In October 2022, the Supreme Court turned down a request by Novartis to block the launch of generic versions of Gilenya in the United States.[37][38]In April 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Novartis's request to revive a key patent on Gilenya that had been invalidated by a lower court.[39]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"neuropathic pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"paclitaxel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Clinical trials are ongoing to prevent neuropathic pain in patients with breast cancer treated with paclitaxel.[40] Recently, the fingolimod molecule has been incorporated in mRNA delivery vehicles to increase targeting of lymphocytes expressing the S1P1 receptor in pre-clinical models.[41]","title":"Research"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FINGOLIMOD-TEVA/TE-FINGOLIMOD (Teva Pharma Australia Pty Ltd)\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 16 February 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/fingolimod-tevate-fingolimod-teva-pharma-australia-pty-ltd","url_text":"\"FINGOLIMOD-TEVA/TE-FINGOLIMOD (Teva Pharma Australia Pty Ltd)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021\". Health Canada. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/health-product-highlights-2021/appendices.html","url_text":"\"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada","url_text":"Health Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Fingolimod Hydrochloride\". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 9 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fingolimod-hydrochloride.html","url_text":"\"Fingolimod Hydrochloride\""}]},{"reference":"Sanford M (August 2014). \"Fingolimod: a review of its use in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis\". Drugs. 74 (12): 1411–33. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0264-y. PMID 25063048. S2CID 42807019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40265-014-0264-y","url_text":"10.1007/s40265-014-0264-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25063048","url_text":"25063048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42807019","url_text":"42807019"}]},{"reference":"\"UpToDate\". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fingolimod-drug-information?search=fingolimod&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F10829804","url_text":"\"UpToDate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good News for Oral MS Drug Fingolimod\". Webmd.com. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/news/20080416/good-news-for-oral-ms-drug-fingolimod","url_text":"\"Good News for Oral MS Drug Fingolimod\""}]},{"reference":"Leypoldt F, Münchau A, Moeller F, Bester M, Gerloff C, Heesen C (March 2009). \"Hemorrhaging focal encephalitis under fingolimod (FTY720) treatment: a case report\". Neurology. 72 (11): 1022–4. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3. PMID 19289744. S2CID 8523513.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3","url_text":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19289744","url_text":"19289744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8523513","url_text":"8523513"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-UK | Multiple Sclerosis Information, Helpline, support, MS news and research\". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319050553/http://www.ms-uk.org/dmd?flap=6#6","url_text":"\"MS-UK | Multiple Sclerosis Information, Helpline, support, MS news and research\""},{"url":"http://www.ms-uk.org/dmd?flap=6#6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brooks M (18 August 2015). \"Third Case of PML With Fingolimod (Gilenya) in MS\". Medscape. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/849677","url_text":"\"Third Case of PML With Fingolimod (Gilenya) in MS\""}]},{"reference":"Jain N, Bhatti MT (February 2012). \"Fingolimod-associated macular edema: incidence, detection, and management\". Neurology. 78 (9): 672–80. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea. PMID 22371414. S2CID 11742356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318248deea","url_text":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371414","url_text":"22371414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11742356","url_text":"11742356"}]},{"reference":"Jain N, Bhatti MT (April 2012). \"Macular Edema Associated With Fingolimod\" (PDF). EyeNet. 78 (9): 672–80. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea. PMID 22371414. S2CID 11742356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175309/http://development.aao.org/publications/eyenet/201204/upload/Fingolimod-Associated-Macular-Edema-PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"Macular Edema Associated With Fingolimod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318248deea","url_text":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371414","url_text":"22371414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11742356","url_text":"11742356"},{"url":"http://development.aao.org/publications/eyenet/201204/upload/Fingolimod-Associated-Macular-Edema-PDF.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves first generics of Gilenya\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-generics-gilenya","url_text":"\"FDA approves first generics of Gilenya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205230407/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-generics-gilenya","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Updated restrictions for Gilenya: multiple sclerosis medicine not to be used in pregnancy\". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/updated-restrictions-gilenya-multiple-sclerosis-medicine-not-be-used-pregnancy","url_text":"\"Updated restrictions for Gilenya: multiple sclerosis medicine not to be used in pregnancy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"Paugh SW, Payne SG, Barbour SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S (November 2003). \"The immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2\". FEBS Letters. 554 (1–2): 189–93. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01168-2. PMID 14596938. S2CID 41465940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901168-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01168-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596938","url_text":"14596938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41465940","url_text":"41465940"}]},{"reference":"Billich A, Bornancin F, Dévay P, Mechtcheriakova D, Urtz N, Baumruker T (November 2003). \"Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (48): 47408–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307687200. PMID 13129923.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M307687200","url_text":"\"Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M307687200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M307687200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13129923","url_text":"13129923"}]},{"reference":"Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, et al. (November 2003). \"Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (47): 47281–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306896200. PMID 12954648.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306896200","url_text":"\"Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306896200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M306896200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954648","url_text":"12954648"}]},{"reference":"Hla T, Lee MJ, Ancellin N, Paik JH, Kluk MJ (November 2001). \"Lysophospholipids--receptor revelations\". Science. 294 (5548): 1875–8. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.1875H. doi:10.1126/science.1065323. PMID 11729304. S2CID 46727063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...294.1875H","url_text":"2001Sci...294.1875H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1065323","url_text":"10.1126/science.1065323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11729304","url_text":"11729304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46727063","url_text":"46727063"}]},{"reference":"Ntranos A, Hall O, Robinson DP, Grishkan IV, Schott JT, Tosi DM, et al. (May 2014). \"FTY720 impairs CD8 T-cell function independently of the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway\". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 270 (1–2): 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.007. PMID 24680062. S2CID 206276944.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260760061","url_text":"\"FTY720 impairs CD8 T-cell function independently of the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneuroim.2014.03.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680062","url_text":"24680062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206276944","url_text":"206276944"}]},{"reference":"Schilling T, Miralles F, Eder C (November 2014). \"TRPM7 regulates proliferation and polarisation of macrophages\". Journal of Cell Science. 127 (Pt 21): 4561–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.151068. PMC 4215710. PMID 25205764.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215710","url_text":"\"TRPM7 regulates proliferation and polarisation of macrophages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.151068","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.151068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215710","url_text":"4215710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205764","url_text":"25205764"}]},{"reference":"Paugh SW, Cassidy MP, He H, Milstien S, Sim-Selley LJ, Spiegel S, et al. (July 2006). \"Sphingosine and its analog, the immunosuppressant 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol, interact with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor\". Molecular Pharmacology. 70 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1124/mol.105.020552. PMID 16571654. S2CID 11131541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.105.020552","url_text":"10.1124/mol.105.020552"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16571654","url_text":"16571654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11131541","url_text":"11131541"}]},{"reference":"Payne SG, Oskeritzian CA, Griffiths R, Subramanian P, Barbour SE, Chalfant CE, et al. (February 2007). \"The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors\". Blood. 109 (3): 1077–85. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-03-011437. PMC 1785128. PMID 17008548.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785128","url_text":"\"The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-03-011437","url_text":"10.1182/blood-2006-03-011437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785128","url_text":"1785128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008548","url_text":"17008548"}]},{"reference":"Berdyshev EV, Gorshkova I, Skobeleva A, Bittman R, Lu X, Dudek SM, et al. (February 2009). \"FTY720 inhibits ceramide synthases and up-regulates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate formation in human lung endothelial cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (9): 5467–77. doi:10.1074/jbc.M805186200. PMC 2645812. PMID 19119142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645812","url_text":"\"FTY720 inhibits ceramide synthases and up-regulates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate formation in human lung endothelial cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M805186200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M805186200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645812","url_text":"2645812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119142","url_text":"19119142"}]},{"reference":"Lahiri S, Park H, Laviad EL, Lu X, Bittman R, Futerman AH (June 2009). \"Ceramide synthesis is modulated by the sphingosine analog FTY720 via a mixture of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition in an Acyl-CoA chain length-dependent manner\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (24): 16090–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M807438200. PMC 2713526. PMID 19357080.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713526","url_text":"\"Ceramide synthesis is modulated by the sphingosine analog FTY720 via a mixture of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition in an Acyl-CoA chain length-dependent manner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M807438200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M807438200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713526","url_text":"2713526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19357080","url_text":"19357080"}]},{"reference":"Horga A, Montalban X (May 2008). \"FTY720 (fingolimod) for relapsing multiple sclerosis\". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 8 (5): 699–714. doi:10.1586/14737175.8.5.699. PMID 18457527. S2CID 28071687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14737175.8.5.699","url_text":"10.1586/14737175.8.5.699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18457527","url_text":"18457527"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28071687","url_text":"28071687"}]},{"reference":"Adachi K, Chiba K (September 2007). \"FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology\". Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry. 1: 11–23. doi:10.1177/1177391X0700100002. PMC 2754916. PMID 19812733.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754916","url_text":"\"FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1177391X0700100002","url_text":"10.1177/1177391X0700100002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754916","url_text":"2754916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812733","url_text":"19812733"}]},{"reference":"Fujita T, Yoneta M, Hirose R, Sasaki S, Inoue K, Kiuchi M, et al. (1995). \"Simple compounds, 2-alkyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediols have potent immunosuppressive activity\". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5 (8): 847–52. doi:10.1016/0960-894X(95)00126-E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0960-894X%2895%2900126-E","url_text":"10.1016/0960-894X(95)00126-E"}]},{"reference":"Balasubramaniam S, Sankaran GS, Badle SS (2018). \"Perspective on FTY720, an Immunosuppressant\". Synthesis. 50 (5): 968–83. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1591877. S2CID 102682294.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0036-1591877","url_text":"10.1055/s-0036-1591877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102682294","url_text":"102682294"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves first oral drug to reduce MS relapses\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214051915/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm226755.htm","url_text":"\"FDA approves first oral drug to reduce MS relapses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm226755.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022527Orig1s000TOC.cfm","url_text":"\"Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205234449/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022527Orig1s000TOC.cfm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Novartis new MS treatment receives Notice of Compliance in Canada\". NewsMedical.net. 10 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110310/Novartis-new-MS-treatment-receives-Notice-of-Compliance-in-Canada.aspx","url_text":"\"Novartis new MS treatment receives Notice of Compliance in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"EMA approval information about Gilenya\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091554/http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Fmedicines%2F002202%2Fhuman_med_001433.jsp&murl=menus%2Fmedicines%2Fmedicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125","url_text":"\"EMA approval information about Gilenya\""},{"url":"http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Fmedicines%2F002202%2Fhuman_med_001433.jsp&murl=menus%2Fmedicines%2Fmedicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"La Mantia L, Tramacere I, Firwana B, Pacchetti I, Palumbo R, Filippini G (April 2016). \"Fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4): CD009371. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009371.pub2. PMC 10401910. PMID 27091121.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401910","url_text":"\"Fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009371.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD009371.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401910","url_text":"10401910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27091121","url_text":"27091121"}]},{"reference":"\"Novartis key multiple sclerosis product Gilenya approved in China\". Novartis (Press release).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-key-multiple-sclerosis-product-gilenya-approved-china","url_text":"\"Novartis key multiple sclerosis product Gilenya approved in China\""}]},{"reference":"Sagonowsky E (13 April 2017). \"Novartis' Gilenya patent loss sets MS market up for battle with early generics\". FiercePharma.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-loses-gilenya-patent-appeal-knocking-off-years-protection","url_text":"\"Novartis' Gilenya patent loss sets MS market up for battle with early generics\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAFC Oral Argument Recording\".","urls":[{"url":"http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2018-2209.mp3","url_text":"\"CAFC Oral Argument Recording\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search - Supreme Court of the United States\". U.S. Supreme Court. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22a272.html","url_text":"\"Search - Supreme Court of the United States\""}]},{"reference":"Kansteiner F (14 October 2022). \"Novartis' blockbuster Gilenya exposed to generics in short term amid Supreme Court appeal\". Fierce Pharma. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-28b-ms-med-gilenya-exposed-generics-short-term-larger-supreme-court-decision-looms","url_text":"\"Novartis' blockbuster Gilenya exposed to generics in short term amid Supreme Court appeal\""}]},{"reference":"Brittain B (17 April 2023). \"US Supreme Court rebuffs Novartis bid to revive MS drug Gilenya patent\". Reuters. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-supreme-court-rebuffs-novartis-bid-revive-ms-drug-gilenya-patent-2023-04-17/","url_text":"\"US Supreme Court rebuffs Novartis bid to revive MS drug Gilenya patent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unlocking the Mystery of \"Chemo Brain\"\". 2 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://neurosciencenews.com/chemo-brain-drug-21353/","url_text":"\"Unlocking the Mystery of \"Chemo Brain\"\""}]},{"reference":"Testa S, Haabeth OA, Blake TR, Del Castillo TJ, Czerwinski DK, Rajapaksa R, et al. (July 2022). \"Fingolimod-Conjugated Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Efficiently and Specifically Deliver mRNA to Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro\". Biomacromolecules. 23 (7): 2976–2988. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00469. PMC 10199726. PMID 35748182. S2CID 249989444.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10199726","url_text":"\"Fingolimod-Conjugated Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Efficiently and Specifically Deliver mRNA to Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.biomac.2c00469","url_text":"10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00469"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10199726","url_text":"10199726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748182","url_text":"35748182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249989444","url_text":"249989444"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fingolimod-hydrochloride.html","external_links_name":"Monograph"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611006.html","external_links_name":"a611006"},{"Link":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fingolimod","external_links_name":"Fingolimod"},{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L04AE01","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=162359-55-9","external_links_name":"162359-55-9"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/107970","external_links_name":"107970"},{"Link":"https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2407","external_links_name":"2407"},{"Link":"https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08868","external_links_name":"DB08868"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.97087.html","external_links_name":"97087"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/3QN8BYN5QF","external_links_name":"3QN8BYN5QF"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D10001","external_links_name":"D10001"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04187","external_links_name":"D04187"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:63115","external_links_name":"CHEBI:63115"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL314854","external_links_name":"ChEMBL314854"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID40167363","external_links_name":"DTXSID40167363"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCCCCCCCC1%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC1%29CCC%28CO%29%28CO%29N","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477167308&page2=Fingolimod","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/fingolimod-tevate-fingolimod-teva-pharma-australia-pty-ltd","external_links_name":"\"FINGOLIMOD-TEVA/TE-FINGOLIMOD (Teva Pharma Australia Pty Ltd)\""},{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/health-product-highlights-2021/appendices.html","external_links_name":"\"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fingolimod-hydrochloride.html","external_links_name":"\"Fingolimod Hydrochloride\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40265-014-0264-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s40265-014-0264-y"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25063048","external_links_name":"25063048"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42807019","external_links_name":"42807019"},{"Link":"https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fingolimod-drug-information?search=fingolimod&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F10829804","external_links_name":"\"UpToDate\""},{"Link":"http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/news/20080416/good-news-for-oral-ms-drug-fingolimod","external_links_name":"\"Good News for Oral MS Drug Fingolimod\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3","external_links_name":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000344567.51394.e3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19289744","external_links_name":"19289744"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8523513","external_links_name":"8523513"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319050553/http://www.ms-uk.org/dmd?flap=6#6","external_links_name":"\"MS-UK | Multiple Sclerosis Information, Helpline, support, MS news and research\""},{"Link":"http://www.ms-uk.org/dmd?flap=6#6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/849677","external_links_name":"\"Third Case of PML With Fingolimod (Gilenya) in MS\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318248deea","external_links_name":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371414","external_links_name":"22371414"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11742356","external_links_name":"11742356"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175309/http://development.aao.org/publications/eyenet/201204/upload/Fingolimod-Associated-Macular-Edema-PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Macular Edema Associated With Fingolimod\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318248deea","external_links_name":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248deea"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371414","external_links_name":"22371414"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11742356","external_links_name":"11742356"},{"Link":"http://development.aao.org/publications/eyenet/201204/upload/Fingolimod-Associated-Macular-Edema-PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-generics-gilenya","external_links_name":"\"FDA approves first generics of Gilenya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205230407/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-generics-gilenya","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/updated-restrictions-gilenya-multiple-sclerosis-medicine-not-be-used-pregnancy","external_links_name":"\"Updated restrictions for Gilenya: multiple sclerosis medicine not to be used in pregnancy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901168-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01168-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596938","external_links_name":"14596938"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41465940","external_links_name":"41465940"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M307687200","external_links_name":"\"Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M307687200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M307687200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13129923","external_links_name":"13129923"},{"Link":"http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/48/47408","external_links_name":"Free full text"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613020334/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/48/47408","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306896200","external_links_name":"\"Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306896200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M306896200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954648","external_links_name":"12954648"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...294.1875H","external_links_name":"2001Sci...294.1875H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1065323","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1065323"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11729304","external_links_name":"11729304"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46727063","external_links_name":"46727063"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260760061","external_links_name":"\"FTY720 impairs CD8 T-cell function independently of the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneuroim.2014.03.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680062","external_links_name":"24680062"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206276944","external_links_name":"206276944"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215710","external_links_name":"\"TRPM7 regulates proliferation and polarisation of macrophages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.151068","external_links_name":"10.1242/jcs.151068"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215710","external_links_name":"4215710"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205764","external_links_name":"25205764"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.105.020552","external_links_name":"10.1124/mol.105.020552"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16571654","external_links_name":"16571654"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11131541","external_links_name":"11131541"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785128","external_links_name":"\"The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-03-011437","external_links_name":"10.1182/blood-2006-03-011437"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785128","external_links_name":"1785128"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008548","external_links_name":"17008548"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645812","external_links_name":"\"FTY720 inhibits ceramide synthases and up-regulates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate formation in human lung endothelial cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M805186200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M805186200"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645812","external_links_name":"2645812"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119142","external_links_name":"19119142"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713526","external_links_name":"\"Ceramide synthesis is modulated by the sphingosine analog FTY720 via a mixture of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition in an Acyl-CoA chain length-dependent manner\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M807438200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M807438200"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713526","external_links_name":"2713526"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19357080","external_links_name":"19357080"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1586%2F14737175.8.5.699","external_links_name":"10.1586/14737175.8.5.699"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18457527","external_links_name":"18457527"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28071687","external_links_name":"28071687"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754916","external_links_name":"\"FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1177391X0700100002","external_links_name":"10.1177/1177391X0700100002"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754916","external_links_name":"2754916"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812733","external_links_name":"19812733"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0960-894X%2895%2900126-E","external_links_name":"10.1016/0960-894X(95)00126-E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0036-1591877","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-0036-1591877"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102682294","external_links_name":"102682294"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214051915/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm226755.htm","external_links_name":"\"FDA approves first oral drug to reduce MS relapses\""},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm226755.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022527Orig1s000TOC.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205234449/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022527Orig1s000TOC.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/health/First+oral+treatment+approved+Canada+says+drug+company/4420028/story.html","external_links_name":"https://vancouversun.com/health/First+oral+treatment+approved+Canada+says+drug+company/4420028/story.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427213431/http://www.vancouversun.com/health/First+oral+treatment+approved+Canada+says+drug+company/4420028/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110310/Novartis-new-MS-treatment-receives-Notice-of-Compliance-in-Canada.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Novartis new MS treatment receives Notice of Compliance in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091554/http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Fmedicines%2F002202%2Fhuman_med_001433.jsp&murl=menus%2Fmedicines%2Fmedicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125","external_links_name":"\"EMA approval information about Gilenya\""},{"Link":"http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Fmedicines%2F002202%2Fhuman_med_001433.jsp&murl=menus%2Fmedicines%2Fmedicines.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401910","external_links_name":"\"Fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009371.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD009371.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10401910","external_links_name":"10401910"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27091121","external_links_name":"27091121"},{"Link":"https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-key-multiple-sclerosis-product-gilenya-approved-china","external_links_name":"\"Novartis key multiple sclerosis product Gilenya approved in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-loses-gilenya-patent-appeal-knocking-off-years-protection","external_links_name":"\"Novartis' Gilenya patent loss sets MS market up for battle with early generics\""},{"Link":"http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2018-2209.mp3","external_links_name":"\"CAFC Oral Argument Recording\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22a272.html","external_links_name":"\"Search - Supreme Court of the United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-28b-ms-med-gilenya-exposed-generics-short-term-larger-supreme-court-decision-looms","external_links_name":"\"Novartis' blockbuster Gilenya exposed to generics in short term amid Supreme Court appeal\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-supreme-court-rebuffs-novartis-bid-revive-ms-drug-gilenya-patent-2023-04-17/","external_links_name":"\"US Supreme Court rebuffs Novartis bid to revive MS drug Gilenya patent\""},{"Link":"https://neurosciencenews.com/chemo-brain-drug-21353/","external_links_name":"\"Unlocking the Mystery of \"Chemo Brain\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10199726","external_links_name":"\"Fingolimod-Conjugated Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Efficiently and Specifically Deliver mRNA to Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.biomac.2c00469","external_links_name":"10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00469"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10199726","external_links_name":"10199726"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748182","external_links_name":"35748182"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249989444","external_links_name":"249989444"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorohucza | Dorohucza | ["1 World War II","2 References"] | Coordinates: 51°10′N 23°1′E / 51.167°N 23.017°E / 51.167; 23.017Village in Lublin Voivodeship, PolandDorohuczaVillageChurch of Saint Jude Thaddeus the Apostle in DorohuczaDorohuczaCoordinates: 51°10′N 23°1′E / 51.167°N 23.017°E / 51.167; 23.017Country PolandVoivodeshipLublinCountyŚwidnikGminaTrawnikiPopulation • Total753
Dorohucza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trawniki, within Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Świdnik and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.
World War II
During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II Dorohucza was the location of a forced labor camp of the Lublin Reservation complex. According to historian Jules Schelvis, at least 700 Dutch Jews were imprisoned there building latifundia of Generalplan Ost for the German settlers. They were transferred to Dorohucza directly upon arrival in Sobibór extermination camp. The Dorohucza camp was located just east of the village, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the Trawniki concentration camp, used as training base for the Trawniki men from Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The camp was liquidated at the start of Aktion Erntefest of 3 November 1943.
War memorial near former camp Dorohucza
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
^ Sobiborinterviews.nl. "Jules Schelvis (Amsterdam, 7 January 1921 – 3 April 2016, Amstelveen)". Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). Dutch Jews who survived Sobibor.
vteGmina TrawnikiSeat
Trawniki
Other villages
Biskupice
Bonów
Dorohucza
Ewopole
Majdan Siostrzytowski
Oleśniki
Pełczyn
Siostrzytów
Struża
Struża-Kolonia
Trawniki-Kolonia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dɔrɔˈxut͡ʂa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Trawniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Trawniki"},{"link_name":"Świdnik County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik_County"},{"link_name":"Lublin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Świdnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"}],"text":"Village in Lublin Voivodeship, PolandDorohucza [dɔrɔˈxut͡ʂa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trawniki, within Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Świdnik and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.[1]","title":"Dorohucza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occupation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lublin Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Jules Schelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Schelvis"},{"link_name":"latifundia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifundia"},{"link_name":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"Sobibór extermination camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"Trawniki concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Trawniki men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_men"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Aktion Erntefest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoInt-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_604_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a_par._p.w.%C5%9Bw.Tadeusza_Judy_z_drzewostanem_Dorohucza_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_604_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a_par._p.w.%C5%9Bw.Tadeusza_Judy_z_drzewostanem_Dorohucza_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_604_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a_par._p.w.%C5%9Bw.Tadeusza_Judy_z_drzewostanem_Dorohucza_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_603_Dorohucza_stara_karczma_02.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oorlogsmonument_nabij_voormalig_kamp_Dorohucza.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorohucza.JPG"}],"text":"During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II Dorohucza was the location of a forced labor camp of the Lublin Reservation complex. According to historian Jules Schelvis, at least 700 Dutch Jews were imprisoned there building latifundia of Generalplan Ost for the German settlers. They were transferred to Dorohucza directly upon arrival in Sobibór extermination camp. The Dorohucza camp was located just east of the village, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the Trawniki concentration camp, used as training base for the Trawniki men from Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The camp was liquidated at the start of Aktion Erntefest of 3 November 1943.[2]War memorial near former camp Dorohucza","title":"World War II"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]},{"reference":"Sobiborinterviews.nl. \"Jules Schelvis (Amsterdam, 7 January 1921 – 3 April 2016, Amstelveen)\". Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). Dutch Jews who survived Sobibor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sobiborinterviews.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14","url_text":"\"Jules Schelvis (Amsterdam, 7 January 1921 – 3 April 2016, Amstelveen)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dorohucza¶ms=51_10_N_23_1_E_region:PL_type:city(753)","external_links_name":"51°10′N 23°1′E / 51.167°N 23.017°E / 51.167; 23.017"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dorohucza¶ms=51_10_N_23_1_E_region:PL_type:city(753)","external_links_name":"51°10′N 23°1′E / 51.167°N 23.017°E / 51.167; 23.017"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://www.sobiborinterviews.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14","external_links_name":"\"Jules Schelvis (Amsterdam, 7 January 1921 – 3 April 2016, Amstelveen)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verziau_of_Gargantua | Verziau of Gargantua | ["1 Description","2 Location","3 History","4 Appendices","4.1 See also","4.2 References"] | Coordinates: 49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529Le Verziau de Gargantua at Bois-lès-Pargny
The verziau of Gargantua (or vierzeux of Gargantua), also known as Haute-Borne, is a menhir at Bois-lès-Pargny in Aisne, France.
Description
This is a monolith of hard sandstone 4.35 meters high and 1.50 m wide.
This stone is chipped at the top, retains its base width to about half of its height, and tapers to its upper end, just over a meter wide
Location
The menhir is north of the town of Bois-lès-Pargny, a few meters from a small copse, near Sons-et-Ronchères.
History
At the beginning of the 19th century, the menhir had a twin sister, which was destroyed to extract a large amount of sandstone. It is claimed that the depth of the menhir below the ground is the same as its above-ground height, giving a total height of 9 meters. It is likely that this menhir came from the nearby forest of Berjaumont, where the blocks of sandstone are quite numerous. It must have been rolled onto this hill by a large number of men. Legend has it that a man of immense size was using it to sharpen his scythe, and left the rock on the site in a gesture of anger.
The monument was listed as a monument historique in 1889.
Appendices
See also
Gargantua
References
^ a b Base Mérimée: Menhir dit Le Verziau de Gargantua, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
^ a b Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Vervins et de la Thiérache, Volume 21, page 28.
vteEuropean megalithsArmenia
Metsamor
Zorats Karer
Azerbaijan
Gobustan Rocks
Bulgaria
Beglik Tash
Garlo
France
Barnenez
Tumulus of Bougon
Caixa de Rotllan
Carnac
Menhir de Champ-Dolent
Dolmen de Bagneux
Broken Menhir of Er Grah
Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned
Filitosa
Gallardet Dolmen
Gavrinis
Harrespil
Hotié de Viviane
Kerzérho
Locmariaquer megaliths
Mane Braz
Paddaghju
Peyre-Brune
Tombeau de Merlin
Tremeca
Verziau of Gargantua
Germany
Altendorf
Denghoog
Fraubillen cross
Harhoog
Lancken-Granitz dolmens
Lohra
Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Niedertiefenbach
Oldendorfer Totenstatt
Riesenstein
Route of Megalithic Culture
Sieben Steinhäuser
Wotanstein
Züschen
Guernsey
Castel Menhir
Le Creux ès Faïes
Déhus Dolmen
Les Fouillages
La Gran'mère du Chimquière
Le Trépied
La Varde
Ireland
List of five-stone circles
List of multiple-stone circles
Ardgroom
Ardristan standing stones
Beltany stone circle
Bohonagh
Brownshill dolmen
Brú na Bóinne
Carrigagulla
Carrowmore
Castlenalacht Stone Row
Castlestrange Stone
Creevykeel Court Tomb
Drombeg
Gaulstown Portal Tomb
Glantane East
Grange stone circle
High cross
Kealkill
Knocknakilla
Meehambee Dolmen
Piper's Stones
Poulnabrone dolmen
Reask
Templebryan Stone Circle
Turoe Stone
Uragh Stone Circle
Jersey
Jersey dolmens
La Hougue Bie
Malta
Megalithic Temples (Borġ l-Imramma
Borġ in-Nadur
Buġibba
Debdieba
Ġgantija
Ħaġar Qim
Ħal Ġinwi
Kordin
Mnajdra
Qortin l-Imdawwar
Santa Verna
Skorba
Ta' Ħaġrat
Ta' Marżiena
Ta' Raddiena
Tal-Qadi
Tarxien
Tas-Silġ
Xemxija
Xrobb l-Għaġin)
Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum
Xagħra Stone Circle
Netherlands
Hunebed
Poland
Brąchnówko
Grzybnica
Odry
Węsiory
Portugal
Almendres Cromlech
Anta de Adrenunes
Anta de Agualva
Anta do Alto da Toupeira
Antas do Barrocal
Anta de Carcavelos
Anta da Estria
Antas da Valeira
Anta do Monte Abraão
Antas do Olival da Pêga
Anta da Pedra dos Mouros
Anta das Pedras Grandes
Anta da Vidigueira
Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro
Barreira Megalithic Complex
Dolmen of Cunha Baixa
Dolmen of Carapito I
Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja
Menhir of Outeiro
Menhir of Bulhoa
Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech
Xerez Cromlech
Russia
Dolmens of North Caucasus
Thunder Stone
Megaliths in the Urals
Russian geoglyph
Scandinavia
Picture stones
Runestones
Stone circles
Stone ships
Spain
Antequera Dolmens Site
La chabola de la Hechicera
Cova d'en Daina
Dolmen de Axeitos
Dolmen of Guadalperal
Dolmen of Menga
Dolmen de la Pastora
Dolmen del prado de Lácara
Dolmen de Soto
Dolmen de Viera
La Torre–La Janera
Son Matge
Turkey
Obelisk of Theodosius
Ukraine
Boundary Stones
UnitedKingdomEngland
Arbor Low
Avebury
Barbrook One
Birkrigg
Boscawen-Un
Boskednan
Bridestones
Brown Willy Cairns
Bull Ring
Burnmoor stone circles
Castlerigg
Craddock Moor
Devil's Arrows
Doll Tor
Drizzlecombe
Duloe
Fernacre
Five Wells
Gardom's Edge
Goodaver
Grey Wethers
Hoarstones
Hordron Edge
Hurlers
Leper Stone
Long Meg and Her Daughters
Mên-an-Tol
Merry Maidens
Mitchell's Fold
Mulfra Quoit
Nine Ladies
Nine Stones, Altarnun
Nine Stones Close
Pipers
Rollright
Rudston Monolith
Scorhill
Stannon
Stanton Drew
Stonehenge
Stripple
Swinside
Trethevy Quoit
Trippet
Northern Ireland
Aughlish
Ballynoe
Beaghmore
Corick
Drumskinny
Legananny
Giant's Ring
Scotland
List of recumbent stone circles
Auld Bourtreebush
Balquhain
Callanish
I
II
III
IV
VIII
X
Carlin
Cat Stane
Clach an Trushal
Colmeallie
Dunnideer
Drybridge
Easter Aquhorthies
Kirkton of Bourtie
Loanhead of Daviot
Lochmaben Stone
Pictish
Ring of Brodgar
Sheldon
Stenness
Steinacleit
Strichen
Sunhoney
Tomnaverie
Tyrebagger
Yonder Bognie
Wales
Barclodiad y Gawres
Bedd Arthur
Bedd Taliesin
Bodowyr
Bryn Cader Faner
Bryn Celli Ddu
Bryn Gwyn stones
Capel Garmon
Carreg Coetan Arthur
Carreg Samson
Coetan Arthur
Foel Chwern
Llanfechell
Lligwy Burial Chamber
Maen Llia
Maen Madoc
Meini Hirion
Moel Tŷ Uchaf
Parc Cwm long cairn
Penrhos Feilw
Pentre Ifan
St Lythans burial chamber
Trefignath
Tinkinswood
Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber
Whetstones
Isle of Man
Manx runestones
General
Axial stone circle
Chambered cairn
Concentric stone circle
Dolmen
Henge
Harrespil
Menhir
Standing stone
Stone circle
Stone row
Recumbent stone circle
Photographs of stone circles
Middle Eastern megaliths
Authority control databases: Geographic
Mérimée
49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verziau_de_Gargantua,_Bois-l%C3%A8s-Pargny.jpg"},{"link_name":"menhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir"},{"link_name":"Bois-lès-Pargny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois-l%C3%A8s-Pargny"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e-1"}],"text":"Le Verziau de Gargantua at Bois-lès-PargnyThe verziau of Gargantua (or vierzeux of Gargantua), also known as Haute-Borne, is a menhir at Bois-lès-Pargny in Aisne, France.[1]","title":"Verziau of Gargantua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHVT-2"}],"text":"This is a monolith of hard sandstone 4.35 meters high and 1.50 m wide.[2]\nThis stone is chipped at the top, retains its base width to about half of its height, and tapers to its upper end, just over a meter wide","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bois-lès-Pargny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois-l%C3%A8s-Pargny"},{"link_name":"Sons-et-Ronchères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons-et-Ronch%C3%A8res"}],"text":"The menhir is north of the town of Bois-lès-Pargny, a few meters from a small copse, near Sons-et-Ronchères.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHVT-2"},{"link_name":"scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe"},{"link_name":"monument historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e-1"}],"text":"At the beginning of the 19th century, the menhir had a twin sister, which was destroyed to extract a large amount of sandstone. It is claimed that the depth of the menhir below the ground is the same as its above-ground height, giving a total height of 9 meters.[2] It is likely that this menhir came from the nearby forest of Berjaumont, where the blocks of sandstone are quite numerous. It must have been rolled onto this hill by a large number of men. Legend has it that a man of immense size was using it to sharpen his scythe, and left the rock on the site in a gesture of anger.The monument was listed as a monument historique in 1889.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appendices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gargantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua"}],"sub_title":"See also","text":"Gargantua","title":"Appendices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_1-1"},{"link_name":"Base Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Menhir dit Le Verziau de Gargantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00115541"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAHVT_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAHVT_2-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:European_megaliths"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:European_megaliths"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_megaliths"},{"link_name":"megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Metsamor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsamor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Zorats Karer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorats_Karer"},{"link_name":"Gobustan Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Beglik Tash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglik_Tash"},{"link_name":"Garlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_pit_of_Garlo"},{"link_name":"Barnenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnenez"},{"link_name":"Tumulus of Bougon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon"},{"link_name":"Caixa de Rotllan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_de_Rotllan"},{"link_name":"Carnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac_stones"},{"link_name":"Menhir de Champ-Dolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir_de_Champ-Dolent"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Bagneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Bagneux"},{"link_name":"Broken Menhir of Er Grah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Menhir_of_Er_Grah"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolmen_de_Man%C3%A9-Kerioned&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filitosa"},{"link_name":"Gallardet Dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallardet_Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Gavrinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrinis"},{"link_name":"Harrespil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrespil"},{"link_name":"Hotié de Viviane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoti%C3%A9_de_Viviane"},{"link_name":"Kerzérho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerz%C3%A9rho"},{"link_name":"Locmariaquer megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths"},{"link_name":"Mane Braz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mane_Braz"},{"link_name":"Paddaghju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddaghju"},{"link_name":"Peyre-Brune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyre-Brune"},{"link_name":"Tombeau de Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombeau_de_Merlin"},{"link_name":"Tremeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremeca"},{"link_name":"Verziau of Gargantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Altendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altendorf_(megalithic_tomb)"},{"link_name":"Denghoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denghoog"},{"link_name":"Fraubillen cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraubillen_cross"},{"link_name":"Harhoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harhoog"},{"link_name":"Lancken-Granitz dolmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancken-Granitz_dolmens"},{"link_name":"Lohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohra_(megalithic_tomb)"},{"link_name":"Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliths_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Niedertiefenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedertiefenbach_(megalithic_tomb)"},{"link_name":"Oldendorfer Totenstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldendorfer_Totenstatt"},{"link_name":"Riesenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesenstein_(Wolfershausen)"},{"link_name":"Route of Megalithic Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_Megalithic_Culture"},{"link_name":"Sieben Steinhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieben_Steinh%C3%A4user"},{"link_name":"Wotanstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotanstein_(Hesse)"},{"link_name":"Züschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCschen_(megalithic_tomb)"},{"link_name":"Castel Menhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castel_Menhir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Creux ès Faïes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Creux_%C3%A8s_Fa%C3%AFes"},{"link_name":"Déhus Dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9hus_Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Les Fouillages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Fouillages&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Gran'mère du Chimquière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Le Trépied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Tr%C3%A9pied&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Varde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Varde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"List of five-stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_five-stone_circles"},{"link_name":"List of multiple-stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multiple-stone_circles"},{"link_name":"Ardgroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardgroom"},{"link_name":"Ardristan standing stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardristan_standing_stones"},{"link_name":"Beltany stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltany_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Bohonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohonagh"},{"link_name":"Brownshill dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownshill_dolmen"},{"link_name":"Brú na Bóinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne"},{"link_name":"Carrigagulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrigagulla"},{"link_name":"Carrowmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrowmore"},{"link_name":"Castlenalacht Stone Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlenalacht_Stone_Row"},{"link_name":"Castlestrange Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlestrange_Stone"},{"link_name":"Creevykeel Court Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creevykeel_Court_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Drombeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drombeg_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Gaulstown Portal Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulstown_Portal_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Glantane East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glantane_East"},{"link_name":"Grange stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"High cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_cross"},{"link_name":"Kealkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kealkill_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Knocknakilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocknakilla"},{"link_name":"Meehambee Dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meehambee_Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Piper's Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper%27s_Stones"},{"link_name":"Poulnabrone dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen"},{"link_name":"Reask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reask"},{"link_name":"Templebryan Stone Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templebryan_Stone_Circle"},{"link_name":"Turoe Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turoe_Stone"},{"link_name":"Uragh Stone Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragh_Stone_Circle"},{"link_name":"Jersey dolmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_dolmens"},{"link_name":"La Hougue Bie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie"},{"link_name":"Megalithic Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Borġ l-Imramma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_l-Imramma"},{"link_name":"Borġ in-Nadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_in-Nadur"},{"link_name":"Buġibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%A1ibba_Temple"},{"link_name":"Debdieba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debdieba"},{"link_name":"Ġgantija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0gantija"},{"link_name":"Ħaġar Qim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim"},{"link_name":"Ħal Ġinwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6al_%C4%A0inwi_temple"},{"link_name":"Kordin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordin_Temples"},{"link_name":"Mnajdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnajdra"},{"link_name":"Qortin l-Imdawwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qortin_l-Imdawwar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Verna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Verna"},{"link_name":"Skorba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorba_Temples"},{"link_name":"Ta' Ħaġrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_%C4%A6a%C4%A1rat_Temples"},{"link_name":"Ta' Marżiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Mar%C5%BCiena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ta' Raddiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Raddiena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tal-Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal-Qadi_Temple"},{"link_name":"Tarxien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarxien_Temples"},{"link_name":"Tas-Silġ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1"},{"link_name":"Xemxija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xemxija_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xrobb l-Għaġin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrobb_l-G%C4%A7a%C4%A1in_Temple"},{"link_name":"Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6al_Saflieni_Hypogeum"},{"link_name":"Xagħra Stone Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xag%C4%A7ra_Stone_Circle"},{"link_name":"Hunebed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunebed"},{"link_name":"Brąchnówko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%85chn%C3%B3wko"},{"link_name":"Grzybnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzybnica"},{"link_name":"Odry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odry,_Poland"},{"link_name":"Węsiory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99siory"},{"link_name":"Almendres Cromlech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech"},{"link_name":"Anta de Adrenunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_de_Adrenunes"},{"link_name":"Anta de Agualva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_de_Agualva"},{"link_name":"Anta do Alto da Toupeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_do_Alto_da_Toupeira"},{"link_name":"Antas do Barrocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antas_do_Barrocal"},{"link_name":"Anta de Carcavelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_de_Carcavelos"},{"link_name":"Anta da Estria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_da_Estria"},{"link_name":"Antas da Valeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antas_da_Valeira"},{"link_name":"Anta do Monte Abraão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_do_Monte_Abra%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Antas do Olival da Pêga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antas_do_Olival_da_P%C3%AAga"},{"link_name":"Anta da Pedra dos Mouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_da_Pedra_dos_Mouros"},{"link_name":"Anta das Pedras Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_das_Pedras_Grandes"},{"link_name":"Anta da Vidigueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_da_Vidigueira"},{"link_name":"Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Zambujeiro"},{"link_name":"Barreira Megalithic Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barreira_Megalithic_Complex"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Cunha Baixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Cunha_Baixa"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Carapito I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Carapito_I"},{"link_name":"Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Comenda_da_Igreja"},{"link_name":"Menhir of Outeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir_of_Outeiro"},{"link_name":"Menhir of Bulhoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir_of_Bulhoa"},{"link_name":"Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Maria_do_Meio_Cromlech"},{"link_name":"Xerez Cromlech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerez_Cromlech"},{"link_name":"Dolmens of North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmens_of_North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Thunder Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Horseman#Thunder_Stone"},{"link_name":"Megaliths in the Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliths_in_the_Urals"},{"link_name":"Russian geoglyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_geoglyph"},{"link_name":"Picture stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_stone"},{"link_name":"Runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone"},{"link_name":"Stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle_(Iron_Age)"},{"link_name":"Stone ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_ship"},{"link_name":"Antequera Dolmens Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site"},{"link_name":"La chabola de la Hechicera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_chabola_de_la_Hechicera"},{"link_name":"Cova d'en Daina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova_d%27en_Daina"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Axeitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Axeitos"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Guadalperal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Guadalperal"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Menga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de la Pastora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_la_Pastora"},{"link_name":"Dolmen del prado de Lácara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_del_prado_de_L%C3%A1cara"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Soto"},{"link_name":"Dolmen de Viera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera"},{"link_name":"La Torre–La Janera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Torre-La_Janera_megalithic_site"},{"link_name":"Son Matge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Matge"},{"link_name":"Obelisk of Theodosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius"},{"link_name":"Boundary Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Arbor Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Low"},{"link_name":"Avebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avebury"},{"link_name":"Barbrook One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbrook_One"},{"link_name":"Birkrigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkrigg_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Boscawen-Un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscawen-Un"},{"link_name":"Boskednan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskednan_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Bridestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridestones"},{"link_name":"Brown Willy Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Willy_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Bull Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bull_Ring"},{"link_name":"Burnmoor stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnmoor_stone_circles"},{"link_name":"Castlerigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlerigg_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Craddock Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craddock_Moor_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Devil's Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Arrows"},{"link_name":"Doll Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll_Tor"},{"link_name":"Drizzlecombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlecombe"},{"link_name":"Duloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloe_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Fernacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernacre"},{"link_name":"Five Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Wells"},{"link_name":"Gardom's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardom%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"Goodaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodaver_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Grey Wethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wethers"},{"link_name":"Hoarstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarstones"},{"link_name":"Hordron Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordron_Edge_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Hurlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hurlers_(stone_circles)"},{"link_name":"Leper Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_Stone"},{"link_name":"Long Meg and Her Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Meg_and_Her_Daughters"},{"link_name":"Mên-an-Tol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol"},{"link_name":"Merry Maidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Maidens"},{"link_name":"Mitchell's Fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%27s_Fold"},{"link_name":"Mulfra Quoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulfra_Quoit"},{"link_name":"Nine Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Ladies"},{"link_name":"Nine Stones, Altarnun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Stones,_Altarnun"},{"link_name":"Nine Stones Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Stones_Close"},{"link_name":"Pipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pipers"},{"link_name":"Rollright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollright_Stones"},{"link_name":"Rudston Monolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudston_Monolith"},{"link_name":"Scorhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorhill"},{"link_name":"Stannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannon_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Stanton Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Drew_stone_circles"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Stripple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripple_stones"},{"link_name":"Swinside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinside"},{"link_name":"Trethevy Quoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trethevy_Quoit"},{"link_name":"Trippet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippet_stones"},{"link_name":"Aughlish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aughlish"},{"link_name":"Ballynoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballynoe_Stone_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beaghmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaghmore"},{"link_name":"Corick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corick"},{"link_name":"Drumskinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumskinny"},{"link_name":"Legananny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legananny_Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Giant's Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s_Ring"},{"link_name":"List of recumbent stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recumbent_stone_circles"},{"link_name":"Auld Bourtreebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Bourtreebush"},{"link_name":"Balquhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balquhain"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_Stones"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_II"},{"link_name":"III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_III"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_IV"},{"link_name":"VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_VIII"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_X"},{"link_name":"Carlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlin_stone"},{"link_name":"Cat Stane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Stane"},{"link_name":"Clach an Trushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach_an_Trushal"},{"link_name":"Colmeallie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmeallie_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Dunnideer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnideer_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Drybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drybridge#Standing_stone"},{"link_name":"Easter Aquhorthies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Aquhorthies_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Kirkton of Bourtie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkton_of_Bourtie_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Loanhead of Daviot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhead_of_Daviot_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Lochmaben Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochmaben_Stone"},{"link_name":"Pictish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stone"},{"link_name":"Ring of Brodgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar"},{"link_name":"Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Stenness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness"},{"link_name":"Steinacleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinacleit"},{"link_name":"Strichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strichen_Stone_Circle"},{"link_name":"Sunhoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhoney"},{"link_name":"Tomnaverie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomnaverie_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Tyrebagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrebagger_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Yonder Bognie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonder_Bognie"},{"link_name":"Barclodiad y Gawres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclodiad_y_Gawres"},{"link_name":"Bedd Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedd_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Bedd Taliesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedd_Taliesin"},{"link_name":"Bodowyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodowyr"},{"link_name":"Bryn Cader Faner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Cader_Faner"},{"link_name":"Bryn Celli Ddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu"},{"link_name":"Bryn Gwyn stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Gwyn_stones"},{"link_name":"Capel Garmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel_Garmon"},{"link_name":"Carreg Coetan Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreg_Coetan_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Carreg Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreg_Samson"},{"link_name":"Coetan Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coetan_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Foel Chwern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foel_Chwern"},{"link_name":"Llanfechell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfechell"},{"link_name":"Lligwy Burial Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lligwy_Burial_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Maen Llia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maen_Llia"},{"link_name":"Maen Madoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maen_Madoc"},{"link_name":"Meini Hirion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penmaenmawr#Prehistory"},{"link_name":"Moel Tŷ Uchaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel_T%C5%B7_Uchaf"},{"link_name":"Parc Cwm long cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn"},{"link_name":"Penrhos Feilw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrhos_Feilw_Standing_Stones"},{"link_name":"Pentre Ifan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentre_Ifan"},{"link_name":"St Lythans burial chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lythans_burial_chamber"},{"link_name":"Trefignath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefignath"},{"link_name":"Tinkinswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkinswood"},{"link_name":"Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Newydd_Burial_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Whetstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstones_(stone_circle)"},{"link_name":"Manx runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_runestones"},{"link_name":"Axial stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Chambered cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambered_cairn"},{"link_name":"Concentric stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Henge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henge"},{"link_name":"Harrespil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrespil"},{"link_name":"Menhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir"},{"link_name":"Standing stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_stone"},{"link_name":"Stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Stone row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_row"},{"link_name":"Recumbent stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbent_stone_circle"},{"link_name":"Photographs of stone circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stone_circles"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_megaliths"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3556312#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00115541"},{"link_name":"49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verziau_of_Gargantua¶ms=49.750991_N_3.654529_E_type:landmark_region:FR"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Base Mérimée: Menhir dit Le Verziau de Gargantua, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\n^ a b Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique de Vervins et de la Thiérache, Volume 21, page 28.vteEuropean megalithsArmenia\nMetsamor\nZorats Karer\nAzerbaijan\nGobustan Rocks\nBulgaria\nBeglik Tash\nGarlo\nFrance\nBarnenez\nTumulus of Bougon\nCaixa de Rotllan\nCarnac\nMenhir de Champ-Dolent\nDolmen de Bagneux\nBroken Menhir of Er Grah\nDolmen de Mané-Kerioned\nFilitosa\nGallardet Dolmen\nGavrinis\nHarrespil\nHotié de Viviane\nKerzérho\nLocmariaquer megaliths\nMane Braz\nPaddaghju\nPeyre-Brune\nTombeau de Merlin\nTremeca\nVerziau of Gargantua\nGermany\nAltendorf\nDenghoog\nFraubillen cross\nHarhoog\nLancken-Granitz dolmens\nLohra\nMegaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern\nNiedertiefenbach\nOldendorfer Totenstatt\nRiesenstein\nRoute of Megalithic Culture\nSieben Steinhäuser\nWotanstein\nZüschen\nGuernsey\nCastel Menhir\nLe Creux ès Faïes\nDéhus Dolmen\nLes Fouillages\nLa Gran'mère du Chimquière\nLe Trépied\nLa Varde\nIreland\nList of five-stone circles\nList of multiple-stone circles\nArdgroom\nArdristan standing stones\nBeltany stone circle\nBohonagh\nBrownshill dolmen\nBrú na Bóinne\nCarrigagulla\nCarrowmore\nCastlenalacht Stone Row\nCastlestrange Stone\nCreevykeel Court Tomb\nDrombeg\nGaulstown Portal Tomb\nGlantane East\nGrange stone circle\nHigh cross\nKealkill\nKnocknakilla\nMeehambee Dolmen\nPiper's Stones\nPoulnabrone dolmen\nReask\nTemplebryan Stone Circle\nTuroe Stone\nUragh Stone Circle\nJersey\nJersey dolmens\nLa Hougue Bie\nMalta\nMegalithic Temples (Borġ l-Imramma\nBorġ in-Nadur\nBuġibba\nDebdieba\nĠgantija\nĦaġar Qim\nĦal Ġinwi\nKordin\nMnajdra\nQortin l-Imdawwar\nSanta Verna\nSkorba\nTa' Ħaġrat\nTa' Marżiena\nTa' Raddiena\nTal-Qadi\nTarxien\nTas-Silġ\nXemxija\nXrobb l-Għaġin)\nĦal Saflieni Hypogeum\nXagħra Stone Circle\nNetherlands\nHunebed\nPoland\nBrąchnówko\nGrzybnica\nOdry\nWęsiory\nPortugal\nAlmendres Cromlech\nAnta de Adrenunes\nAnta de Agualva\nAnta do Alto da Toupeira\nAntas do Barrocal\nAnta de Carcavelos\nAnta da Estria\nAntas da Valeira\nAnta do Monte Abraão\nAntas do Olival da Pêga\nAnta da Pedra dos Mouros\nAnta das Pedras Grandes\nAnta da Vidigueira\nGreat Dolmen of Zambujeiro\nBarreira Megalithic Complex\nDolmen of Cunha Baixa\nDolmen of Carapito I\nGreat Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja\nMenhir of Outeiro\nMenhir of Bulhoa\nVale Maria do Meio Cromlech\nXerez Cromlech\nRussia\nDolmens of North Caucasus\nThunder Stone\nMegaliths in the Urals\nRussian geoglyph\nScandinavia\nPicture stones\nRunestones\nStone circles\nStone ships\nSpain\nAntequera Dolmens Site\nLa chabola de la Hechicera\nCova d'en Daina\nDolmen de Axeitos\nDolmen of Guadalperal\nDolmen of Menga\nDolmen de la Pastora\nDolmen del prado de Lácara\nDolmen de Soto\nDolmen de Viera\nLa Torre–La Janera\nSon Matge\nTurkey\nObelisk of Theodosius\nUkraine\nBoundary Stones\nUnitedKingdomEngland\nArbor Low\nAvebury\nBarbrook One\nBirkrigg\nBoscawen-Un\nBoskednan\nBridestones\nBrown Willy Cairns\nBull Ring\nBurnmoor stone circles\nCastlerigg\nCraddock Moor\nDevil's Arrows\nDoll Tor\nDrizzlecombe\nDuloe\nFernacre\nFive Wells\nGardom's Edge\nGoodaver\nGrey Wethers\nHoarstones\nHordron Edge\nHurlers\nLeper Stone\nLong Meg and Her Daughters\nMên-an-Tol\nMerry Maidens\nMitchell's Fold\nMulfra Quoit\nNine Ladies\nNine Stones, Altarnun\nNine Stones Close\nPipers\nRollright\nRudston Monolith\nScorhill\nStannon\nStanton Drew\nStonehenge\nStripple\nSwinside\nTrethevy Quoit\nTrippet\nNorthern Ireland\nAughlish\nBallynoe\nBeaghmore\nCorick\nDrumskinny\nLegananny\nGiant's Ring\nScotland\nList of recumbent stone circles\nAuld Bourtreebush\nBalquhain\nCallanish\nI\nII\nIII\nIV\nVIII\nX\nCarlin\nCat Stane\nClach an Trushal\nColmeallie\nDunnideer\nDrybridge\nEaster Aquhorthies\nKirkton of Bourtie\nLoanhead of Daviot\nLochmaben Stone\nPictish\nRing of Brodgar\nSheldon\nStenness\nSteinacleit\nStrichen\nSunhoney\nTomnaverie\nTyrebagger\nYonder Bognie\nWales\nBarclodiad y Gawres\nBedd Arthur\nBedd Taliesin\nBodowyr\nBryn Cader Faner\nBryn Celli Ddu\nBryn Gwyn stones\nCapel Garmon\nCarreg Coetan Arthur\nCarreg Samson\nCoetan Arthur\nFoel Chwern\nLlanfechell\nLligwy Burial Chamber\nMaen Llia\nMaen Madoc\nMeini Hirion\nMoel Tŷ Uchaf\nParc Cwm long cairn\nPenrhos Feilw\nPentre Ifan\nSt Lythans burial chamber\nTrefignath\nTinkinswood\nTŷ Newydd Burial Chamber\nWhetstones\nIsle of Man\nManx runestones\nGeneral\nAxial stone circle\nChambered cairn\nConcentric stone circle\nDolmen\nHenge\nHarrespil\nMenhir\nStanding stone\nStone circle\nStone row\nRecumbent stone circle\nPhotographs of stone circles\nMiddle Eastern megalithsAuthority control databases: Geographic \nMérimée49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529","title":"Appendices"}] | [{"image_text":"Le Verziau de Gargantua at Bois-lès-Pargny","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Verziau_de_Gargantua%2C_Bois-l%C3%A8s-Pargny.jpg/220px-Verziau_de_Gargantua%2C_Bois-l%C3%A8s-Pargny.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verziau_of_Gargantua¶ms=49.750991_N_3.654529_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00115541","external_links_name":"Menhir dit Le Verziau de Gargantua"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00115541","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verziau_of_Gargantua¶ms=49.750991_N_3.654529_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"49°45′04″N 3°39′16″E / 49.750991°N 3.654529°E / 49.750991; 3.654529"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approbation_(Germany) | Medical license | ["1 Canada","1.1 Criticism","2 China","3 Colombia","4 Germany","5 India","6 UK","7 United States","7.1 History","7.2 Criticism","7.3 Patient protection","8 References","9 External links"] | Occupational license that permits a person to legally practice medicine
Part of a series onMedical law
Principles
Medical ethics
Professional ethics
Fitness to practise
Qualification
Expertise
Public health
Informed consent
Negligence
Patient's rights
Medical treatment
Involuntary treatment
Mental health tribunal
Drug court
Regulation
Medical license (regulating Medical Profession)
Administrative law
Public health law
Mental health law
Criminal law
Manslaughter
Tort
Medical malpractice
Health court
Applications of medicine to law
Expert witness
Forensic medicine
Studied by
Medical sociology
Law
Categoryvte
A medical license is an occupational license that permits a person to legally practice medicine. In most countries, a person must have a medical license bestowed either by a specified government-approved professional association or a government agency before they can practice medicine. Licenses are not granted automatically to all people with medical degrees. A medical school graduate must receive a license to practice medicine to legally be called a physician. The process typically requires testing by a medical board. The medical license is the documentation of authority to practice medicine within a certain locality. An active license is also required to practice medicine as an assistant physician, a physician assistant or a clinical officer in jurisdictions with authorizing legislation.
A professional may have their license removed due to if they are not deemed fit to practise, such as due to a lack of competence, health reasons, or ethical violations.: 6 The license will limit a professional's scope of practice.
Canada
Canada requires that applicants have graduated from a school registered in the World Directory of Medical Schools, and apply to sit the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination. Licenses are issued by Provincial bodies. A brief history of medical licensing in Ontario and Quebec, with a list of physicians licensed prior to 1867, is available at David Crawford's website.
Criticism
An article from 2013 says of the road to licensing in Canada, "The path through immigration, residency training, licensure and employment promises to remain a difficult road to navigate," and emphasizes that the current and future demand for healthcare. This emphasizes that there are a number of barriers that doctors face when it comes to practicing, yet there is a very high demand for doctors.
China
Medical practitioners in China started to be licensed for the first time when Law of the People's Republic of China on Medical Practitioners passed on June 26, 1998. The law, which came into effect May 1, 1999, requires all newly graduated medical students to sit the National Medical Licensing Examination, regulated by the National Medical Examination Center, and then register with the local regulatory body. The two-part exam includes a Clinical Skill (CS) test and a General Written (GW) test. The candidates must pass the CS test to take the GW test. Each year, the CS is held in July, followed by the GW in September. The medical practitioners on the job who had obtained a primary medical qualification (i.e., Bachelor of Medicine) prior to law are not required to sit the exam and can directly be licensed.
Colombia
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the "obligatory social service" (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g., orphan children), which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, a doctor obtains a "medical registration" at the governor's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province/state) where they served the obligatory term. This registration is the same as a license in other countries, and authorizes the physician to practice medicine anywhere in the national territory. However, to practice in other departments requires an inscription from that department. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated to medical schools that have permission to confer medical degrees.
Germany
In Germany, licensing of doctors ("Approbation") is the responsibility of the state governments. Licensed doctors are compulsory members of "Ärztekammern" (literally: "Physician chambers"), which are medical associations organized on state level. Criteria for licensing of doctors are regulated in the Approbationsordnung für Ärzte, which is a piece of federal law. According to the licensing regulations, the physician must have successfully completed his medical studies and passed the (final) examination. He or she must not have engaged in negative behavior that would raise clear concerns about his or her suitability (e.g., practicing a criminal offense). Furthermore, the physician must meet the health requirements and have sufficient German language skills to be able to perform the profession.
Physicians who have not studied medicine in Germany, among others, must prove their language skills by means of a German B2 certificate and a successfully completed Fachsprachprüfung. In addition, doctors who have not studied in the EU, EEA or Switzerland must prove that their studies are equivalent. For this purpose, they usually have to pass a Kenntnisprüfung (test of competence).
India
In India, certification requires that a medical school graduate pass the final MBBS examination and undergo a one-year internship in a hospital recognised by the National Medical Commission erstwhile Medical Council of India. Foreign medical graduates must take the Foreign Medical Graduates Examination (FMGE), conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE). They can practice medicine throughout the country after certifying themselves as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Doctors registered with any one state medical council are automatically included in the Indian Medical Register and thereby entitled to practice medicine anywhere in India.
The MCI Ethics Committee observed in a meeting held on September 2, 2004, that, "There is no necessity of registration in more than one state medical council because any doctor, who has registered with any state medical council is automatically registered in the Indian Medical Register and also by virtue of Section 27 of the IMC Act, 1956, a person, whose name is included in the IMR, can practice anywhere in India." The Registered Doctors with various State Medical Councils across India up to the year 2019 can be checked in the Medical Council of India's Indian Medical Registry official website.
UK
The term "Medical License" is US-centric terminology. In the UK and in other Commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e., being on the register or being/getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: "Provisional Registration" and "Full Registration", and two types of specialty registration: "Specialist Registration" and "GP registration". In November 2009, the GMC introduced the "licence to practise", and it is required by law that to practice medicine in the UK, all doctors must be registered and hold a license to practice. The registration information for all doctors holding a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.
United States
In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools are permitted to apply for medical licensure. Board certification is a separate process.
The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and/or an Indigenous Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of "tele-medicine" has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this. The licensure process for most physicians takes between three and six months, due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications.
History
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution became the underpinning for the entire medical licensing system. Following several years of discussion and debate, the states' ratification of this amendment as part of the Bill of Rights concluded on December 15, 1791. It explicitly avowed that powers not granted to the federal government, nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution. The Tenth Amendment remains a living codification of states rights and is routinely cited by state medical boards today to justify the authority delegated to them by their state legislatures. In 1811, Ohio passed legislation licensing physicians but repealed these laws in 1833. In 1817, Illinois legislated the medical practice, but had repealed these laws by 1826.: 40
The American Medical Association when formed in 1847, proposed that the state legislate medicine (rather than each of the different medical schools). Horowitz argues that this suggestion was made in order to gain greater control over medical education.: 38
In the 1870s, almost all U.S. physicians were still unlicensed. The majority of physicians had M.D. degrees earned in American medical schools. The rest were mostly either homeopaths or eclectics. Homeopaths were trained in a pseudoscientific system known as homeopathy that had been developed by Samuel Hahnemann. Eclectics physicians also attended medical schools, but their practice mixed mainstream medicine with Thomsonsianism, a system of herbalism. Each of these groups was organized into both national and state medical societies across the United States.
In 1877, the Illinois legislature passed the Illinois medical licensing law, which led to the aggressive prosecution of physicians that were perceived as illegal or unethical. Medical boards of other states (often composed of both regular and irregular physicians) followed suit. Some authors claim that these efforts allowed organized regular and irregular physicians to exclude not only fraudulent practitioners, but other groups, including midwives, clairvoyants, osteopaths, Christian Scientists, and magnetic healers.
In 1889, Dent v. West Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court for the first time upheld a state physician licensing law. A practitioner with insufficient credentials to obtain a medical license sued West Virginia, claiming a violation of his rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld the statute noting that, while each citizen had a right to follow any lawful calling, they were subject to reasonable state restrictions. Because of the nature of medical training, the large amount of knowledge required, and the life-and-death circumstances with which physicians dealt, patients needed to rely on the assurance of a license requiring physicians to meet a minimum set of standards.
In 1956, the Federation of State Medical Boards released "A Guide to the Essentials of a Modern Medical Practice Act." The report distilled a series of recommendations that addressed five core areas: the definition of the practice of medicine; eligibility standards for licensure; licensing examinations; licensure endorsement; and the bases for probation, suspension, or revocation of a license. Since its initial publication in 1956, the Essentials of a Modern Medical Practice Act has passed through thirteen updated editions, with the most recent in 2012.
By the beginning of the 20th century most states had implemented licensing laws.: 44 During the 20th century, medical boards sought to eliminate diploma mills by expanding their requirements for medical schools. They started to dictate the length and type of education required for licensing. As early as 1910, all but 12 states excluded physicians from medical practice if their schools were not found to be in "good standing". Between 1910 and 1935, more than half of all American medical schools merged or closed, in some part due to all state medical boards gradually adopting and enforcing the Flexner Report's recommendations on having all schools connected to universities.
Today, physicians are amongst the most highly regulated professionals with detailed criteria for licensing established by medical boards in each state, however, lack of discretionary action against physician misconduct by state medical boards has been criticized in recent years for their failure to discipline physicians, despite several consumer concerns and complaints.
Further information: Federation of State Medical Boards
Criticism
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
According to a 1979 article in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, the enactment of U.S. state medical licensing laws in the late 1800s was for the primary purpose of reducing competition and allowing physicians to make more money.
The added benefit of public safety made restrictive licensure laws more appealing to both physicians and legislators. Infrequently mentioned in the literature, is that the "public safety" that is created by reducing the number of practitioners only extends to the patients who receive medical care. Thus, the overall effect is more expensive and higher-quality medical care for fewer patients.
Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the United States Department of Health and Human Services said that medical boards took "strikingly few disciplinary actions" for physician misconduct.
There have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened. State medical boards have increased the number of disciplinary actions against physicians since the 1980s.
Also, it has been said that because hospitals have had more legal burden placed on them in recent decades, they have more of an incentive to require that their physicians be competent. Thus, the process whereby physicians are reviewed and licensed by the state medical board results in some duplicate evaluations. The physician is evaluated both in the licensure process and then again by the hospital for the purpose of credentialing and granting hospital privileges.
Laws in some states prohibit interstate telemedicine without a license to practice in the state where the patient is located. This reduces access to care.
Patient protection
State medical boards cannot assure a high standard of care, they do not review physicians on a regular basis, nor do they evaluate clinicians at the point of care. It is provider liability that results in oversight that protects consumers, and even that is imperfect. Before they employ or associate with individual physicians, via credentialing and privileging, providers confirm the training, knowledge and skills needed to take on relevant tasks. They review any sanctions and malpractice claims. There are cases where physician liability has been stripped by federal regulations, with adverse impacts, as on an Indian Reservation. Medical professional liability insurance companies deny problem physicians malpractice insurance or limit their practice.
References
^ Horsley, Tanya; Lockyer, Jocelyn; Cogo, Elise; Zeiter, Jeanie; Bursey, Ford; Campbell, Craig (April 1, 2016). "National programmes for validating physician competence and fitness for practice: a scoping review". BMJ Open. 6 (4): e010368. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010368. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 4838739. PMID 27084276.
^ White, Debbie; Oelke, Nelly; Besner, Jeanne; Doran, Diane; Hall, Linda; Giovannetti, Phyllis (March 15, 2008). "Nursing Scope of Practice: Descriptions and Challenges". Nursing Leadership. 21 (1): 44–57. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2008.19690. PMID 18448890.
^ "StackPath". Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. retrieved 15/03/2017
^ Campbell–Page, R. M., Tepper, J., Klei, A. G., Hodges, B., Alsuwaidan, M., Bayoumy, D. H., … Cole, D. C. (2013). Foreign–trained medical professionals: Wanted or not?A case study of Canada. Journal of Global Health, 3(2), 020304. http://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.020304
^ "中华人民共和国执业医师法". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (Licensing regulation for physicians)". www.gesetze-im-internet.de (in German). Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ "Approbation for foreign doctors in Germany". www.approbatio.de (in German). Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^ "Indian Medical Register". Medical Council of India.
^ "General information about registration and licensing". General Medical Council. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
^ "The licence to practise". www.gmc-uk.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "List of Registered Medical Practitioners". www.gmc-uk.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "ECFMG 2021 Information Booklet". ECFMG.
^ a b c d "ISBN 9780739174395 - Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards". isbnsearch.org. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ a b c Horowitz, Ruth (2013). In the public interest : medical licensing and the disciplinary process. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5428-0. OCLC 830022784.
^ a b c d e f g Sandvick, C. (2009). "Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877-1890". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 82 (2): 67–74. PMC 2701151. PMID 19562006.
^ a b Sandvick, Clinton, (2016). "What was the dominant medical sect in the United States during the 19th Century?" DailyHistory.org. https://dailyhistory.org/What_was_the_dominant_medical_sect_in_the_United_States_during_the_19th_Century%3F
^ Sandvick, Clinton. "Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois:1877-1890" Yale J. Bio. Med. June 2009, volume 82, issue 2, pages 67.
^ "Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114, 9 S. Ct. 231, 32 L. Ed. 623, 1889 U.S. LEXIS 1669 – CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ https://medicallicensedirect.com/files/A_Guide_to_the_Essentials_of_a_Modern_Medical_Practice_Act.pdf
^ McAlister, Vivian; Claydon, Emily (2012). "The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report". World Journal of Surgery. 36 (3): 684–8. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x. PMC 3279636. PMID 22270978.
^ "State Specific Requirements for Initial Medical Licensure". FSMB.org. Federation of State Medical Boards. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ "Doctors who put lives at risk with covid misinformation rarely punished". Washington Post. July 26, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ Staff, Los Angeles Times (January 14, 2022). "California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
^ Hamowy, R. (1979). "The early development of medical licensing laws in the United States, 1875-1900". The Journal of Libertarian Studies. 3 (1): 73–119. ISSN 0363-2873. PMID 11614768.
^ Camenisch, Paul F. (August 1978). "On the matter of good moral character". The Linacre Quarterly. 45 (3): 273–283. ISSN 0024-3639. PMID 11661606.
^ a b "Thousands of doctors practicing despite errors, misconduct". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Feinstein, Richard Jay (March 21, 1985). "The ethics of professional regulation". New England Journal of Medicine. 312 (12): 801–804. doi:10.1056/NEJM198503213121231. PMID 3974661.
^ "Does Physician Licensing Serve a Useful Purpose? | Shirley V. Svorny". The Independent Institute. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "Liberating Telemedicine: Options to Eliminate the State-Licensing Roadblock | Cato Institute".
^ "States waiving licensure requirements for telehealth in response to COVID 19" (PDF). fsmb.org. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
^ "Regulation" (PDF). CATO. March 15, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
^ "Could Mandatory Caps on Medical Malpractice Damages Harm Consumers? | Cato Institute".
External links
USA Medical License Lookup
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occupational license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_licensing"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"professional association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association"},{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"medical degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"assistant physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Physician"},{"link_name":"physician assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_assistant"},{"link_name":"clinical officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_officer"},{"link_name":"fit to practise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_to_practise"},{"link_name":"ethical violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ethics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"scope of practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_of_practice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A medical license is an occupational license that permits a person to legally practice medicine. In most countries, a person must have a medical license bestowed either by a specified government-approved professional association or a government agency before they can practice medicine. Licenses are not granted automatically to all people with medical degrees. A medical school graduate must receive a license to practice medicine to legally be called a physician. The process typically requires testing by a medical board. The medical license is the documentation of authority to practice medicine within a certain locality. An active license is also required to practice medicine as an assistant physician, a physician assistant or a clinical officer in jurisdictions with authorizing legislation.A professional may have their license removed due to if they are not deemed fit to practise, such as due to a lack of competence, health reasons, or ethical violations.[1]: 6 The license will limit a professional's scope of practice.[2]","title":"Medical license"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Directory of Medical Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools"},{"link_name":"Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Council_of_Canada_Qualifying_Examination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"David Crawford's website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//internatlibs.mcgill.ca/Licences/Medical%20Licences.htm"}],"text":"Canada requires that applicants have graduated from a school registered in the World Directory of Medical Schools, and apply to sit the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination.[3] Licenses are issued by Provincial bodies. A brief history of medical licensing in Ontario and Quebec, with a list of physicians licensed prior to 1867, is available at David Crawford's website.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"An article from 2013 says of the road to licensing in Canada, \"The path through immigration, residency training, licensure and employment promises to remain a difficult road to navigate,\" and emphasizes that the current and future demand for healthcare.[4] This emphasizes that there are a number of barriers that doctors face when it comes to practicing, yet there is a very high demand for doctors.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Medical practitioners in China started to be licensed for the first time when Law of the People's Republic of China on Medical Practitioners passed on June 26, 1998.[5] The law, which came into effect May 1, 1999, requires all newly graduated medical students to sit the National Medical Licensing Examination, regulated by the National Medical Examination Center, and then register with the local regulatory body. The two-part exam includes a Clinical Skill (CS) test and a General Written (GW) test. The candidates must pass the CS test to take the GW test. Each year, the CS is held in July, followed by the GW in September.[6] The medical practitioners on the job who had obtained a primary medical qualification (i.e., Bachelor of Medicine) prior to law are not required to sit the exam and can directly be licensed.","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the \"obligatory social service\" (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g., orphan children), which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, a doctor obtains a \"medical registration\" at the governor's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province/state) where they served the obligatory term. This registration is the same as a license in other countries, and authorizes the physician to practice medicine anywhere in the national territory. However, to practice in other departments requires an inscription from that department. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated to medical schools that have permission to confer medical degrees.","title":"Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Germany, licensing of doctors (\"Approbation\") is the responsibility of the state governments. Licensed doctors are compulsory members of \"Ärztekammern\" (literally: \"Physician chambers\"), which are medical associations organized on state level. Criteria for licensing of doctors are regulated in the Approbationsordnung für Ärzte, which is a piece of federal law.[7] According to the licensing regulations, the physician must have successfully completed his medical studies and passed the (final) examination. He or she must not have engaged in negative behavior that would raise clear concerns about his or her suitability (e.g., practicing a criminal offense). Furthermore, the physician must meet the health requirements and have sufficient German language skills to be able to perform the profession.Physicians who have not studied medicine in Germany, among others, must prove their language skills by means of a German B2 certificate and a successfully completed Fachsprachprüfung. In addition, doctors who have not studied in the EU, EEA or Switzerland must prove that their studies are equivalent. For this purpose, they usually have to pass a Kenntnisprüfung (test of competence).[8]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medical Council of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Council_of_India"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMC_2013-9"}],"text":"In India, certification requires that a medical school graduate pass the final MBBS examination and undergo a one-year internship in a hospital recognised by the National Medical Commission erstwhile Medical Council of India. Foreign medical graduates must take the Foreign Medical Graduates Examination (FMGE), conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE). They can practice medicine throughout the country after certifying themselves as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Doctors registered with any one state medical council are automatically included in the Indian Medical Register and thereby entitled to practice medicine anywhere in India.\nThe MCI Ethics Committee observed in a meeting held on September 2, 2004, that, \"There is no necessity of registration in more than one state medical council because any doctor, who has registered with any state medical council is automatically registered in the Indian Medical Register and also by virtue of Section 27 of the IMC Act, 1956, a person, whose name is included in the IMR, can practice anywhere in India.\" The Registered Doctors with various State Medical Councils across India up to the year 2019 can be checked in the Medical Council of India's Indian Medical Registry official website.[9]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"General Medical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The term \"Medical License\" is US-centric terminology. In the UK and in other Commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e., being on the register or being/getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: \"Provisional Registration\" and \"Full Registration\", and two types of specialty registration: \"Specialist Registration\" and \"GP registration\".[10] In November 2009, the GMC introduced the \"licence to practise\", and it is required by law that to practice medicine in the UK, all doctors must be registered and hold a license to practice.[11] The registration information for all doctors holding a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.[12]","title":"UK"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"World Directory of Medical Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Board certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_certification"}],"text":"In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools are permitted to apply for medical licensure.[13] Board certification is a separate process.The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and/or an Indigenous Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of \"tele-medicine\" has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this. The licensure process for most physicians takes between three and six months, due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenth Amendment to the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sects-17"},{"link_name":"homeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hahnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hahnemann"},{"link_name":"Thomsonsianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thomson"},{"link_name":"herbalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sects-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dent v. West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_v._West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"due process clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process_clause"},{"link_name":"14th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Federation of State Medical Boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"Flexner Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexner_Report"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC2701151-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Federation of State Medical Boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution became the underpinning for the entire medical licensing system. Following several years of discussion and debate, the states' ratification of this amendment as part of the Bill of Rights concluded on December 15, 1791.[14] It explicitly avowed that powers not granted to the federal government, nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution. The Tenth Amendment remains a living codification of states rights and is routinely cited by state medical boards today to justify the authority delegated to them by their state legislatures.[14] In 1811, Ohio passed legislation licensing physicians but repealed these laws in 1833. In 1817, Illinois legislated the medical practice, but had repealed these laws by 1826.[15]: 40The American Medical Association when formed in 1847, proposed that the state legislate medicine (rather than each of the different medical schools). Horowitz argues that this suggestion was made in order to gain greater control over medical education.[15]: 38In the 1870s, almost all U.S. physicians were still unlicensed.[16] The majority of physicians had M.D. degrees earned in American medical schools. The rest were mostly either homeopaths or eclectics.[17] Homeopaths were trained in a pseudoscientific system known as homeopathy that had been developed by Samuel Hahnemann. Eclectics physicians also attended medical schools, but their practice mixed mainstream medicine with Thomsonsianism, a system of herbalism. Each of these groups was organized into both national and state medical societies across the United States.[17]In 1877, the Illinois legislature passed the Illinois medical licensing law, which led to the aggressive prosecution of physicians that were perceived as illegal or unethical.[16] Medical boards of other states (often composed of both regular and irregular physicians) followed suit.[16] Some authors claim that these efforts allowed organized regular and irregular physicians to exclude not only fraudulent practitioners, but other groups, including midwives, clairvoyants, osteopaths, Christian Scientists, and magnetic healers.[18]In 1889, Dent v. West Virginia,[19] the U.S. Supreme Court for the first time upheld a state physician licensing law. A practitioner with insufficient credentials to obtain a medical license sued West Virginia, claiming a violation of his rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld the statute noting that, while each citizen had a right to follow any lawful calling, they were subject to reasonable state restrictions. Because of the nature of medical training, the large amount of knowledge required, and the life-and-death circumstances with which physicians dealt, patients needed to rely on the assurance of a license requiring physicians to meet a minimum set of standards.In 1956, the Federation of State Medical Boards released \"A Guide to the Essentials of a Modern Medical Practice Act.\"[20] The report distilled a series of recommendations that addressed five core areas: the definition of the practice of medicine; eligibility standards for licensure; licensing examinations; licensure endorsement; and the bases for probation, suspension, or revocation of a license.[14] Since its initial publication in 1956, the Essentials of a Modern Medical Practice Act has passed through thirteen updated editions, with the most recent in 2012.[14]By the beginning of the 20th century most states had implemented licensing laws.[15]: 44 During the 20th century, medical boards sought to eliminate diploma mills by expanding their requirements for medical schools.[16] They started to dictate the length and type of education required for licensing.[16] As early as 1910, all but 12 states excluded physicians from medical practice if their schools were not found to be in \"good standing\".[16] Between 1910 and 1935, more than half of all American medical schools merged or closed, in some part due to all state medical boards gradually adopting and enforcing the Flexner Report's recommendations on having all schools connected to universities.[21]Today, physicians are amongst the most highly regulated professionals with detailed criteria for licensing established by medical boards in each state, however, lack of discretionary action against physician misconduct by state medical boards has been criticized in recent years for their failure to discipline physicians, despite several consumer concerns and complaints.[16][22][23][24]Further information: Federation of State Medical Boards","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Libertarian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"occupational licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_licensing"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday2013-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday2013-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indepednent2000-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"According to a 1979 article in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, the enactment of U.S. state medical licensing laws in the late 1800s was for the primary purpose of reducing competition and allowing physicians to make more money.[25] \nThe added benefit of public safety made restrictive licensure laws more appealing to both physicians and legislators. Infrequently mentioned in the literature, is that the \"public safety\" that is created by reducing the number of practitioners only extends to the patients who receive medical care. Thus, the overall effect is more expensive and higher-quality medical care for fewer patients.[26]Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the United States Department of Health and Human Services said that medical boards took \"strikingly few disciplinary actions\" for physician misconduct.[27]\nThere have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened.[27][28] State medical boards have increased the number of disciplinary actions against physicians since the 1980s.[29]Also, it has been said that because hospitals have had more legal burden placed on them in recent decades, they have more of an incentive to require that their physicians be competent. Thus, the process whereby physicians are reviewed and licensed by the state medical board results in some duplicate evaluations. The physician is evaluated both in the licensure process and then again by the hospital for the purpose of credentialing and granting hospital privileges.[30]Laws in some states prohibit interstate telemedicine without a license to practice in the state where the patient is located. This reduces access to care.[31][32]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Patient protection","text":"State medical boards cannot assure a high standard of care, they do not review physicians on a regular basis, nor do they evaluate clinicians at the point of care. It is provider liability that results in oversight that protects consumers, and even that is imperfect. Before they employ or associate with individual physicians, via credentialing and privileging, providers confirm the training, knowledge and skills needed to take on relevant tasks. They review any sanctions and malpractice claims.[33] There are cases where physician liability has been stripped by federal regulations, with adverse impacts, as on an Indian Reservation. Medical professional liability insurance companies deny problem physicians malpractice insurance or limit their practice.[34]","title":"United States"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Horsley, Tanya; Lockyer, Jocelyn; Cogo, Elise; Zeiter, Jeanie; Bursey, Ford; Campbell, Craig (April 1, 2016). \"National programmes for validating physician competence and fitness for practice: a scoping review\". BMJ Open. 6 (4): e010368. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010368. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 4838739. PMID 27084276.","urls":[{"url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/4/e010368","url_text":"\"National programmes for validating physician competence and fitness for practice: a scoping review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2015-010368","url_text":"10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055","url_text":"2044-6055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4838739","url_text":"4838739"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27084276","url_text":"27084276"}]},{"reference":"White, Debbie; Oelke, Nelly; Besner, Jeanne; Doran, Diane; Hall, Linda; Giovannetti, Phyllis (March 15, 2008). \"Nursing Scope of Practice: Descriptions and Challenges\". Nursing Leadership. 21 (1): 44–57. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2008.19690. PMID 18448890.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longwoods.com/content/19690","url_text":"\"Nursing Scope of Practice: Descriptions and Challenges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12927%2Fcjnl.2008.19690","url_text":"10.12927/cjnl.2008.19690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18448890","url_text":"18448890"}]},{"reference":"\"StackPath\". Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcc.ca/examinations/mccee/application-information/","url_text":"\"StackPath\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170321021434/http://mcc.ca/examinations/mccee/application-information/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"中华人民共和国执业医师法\". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18970.htm","url_text":"\"中华人民共和国执业医师法\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170925052728/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18970.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmec.org.cn/EnglishEdition.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011940/http://www.nmec.org.cn/EnglishEdition.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (Licensing regulation for physicians)\". www.gesetze-im-internet.de (in German). Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/_appro_2002/BJNR240500002.html","url_text":"\"Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (Licensing regulation for physicians)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172026/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/_appro_2002/BJNR240500002.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Medical Register\". Medical Council of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/indian-medical-register/","url_text":"\"Indian Medical Register\""}]},{"reference":"\"General information about registration and licensing\". General Medical Council. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/information_for_you/registration_factsheet.asp#Types","url_text":"\"General information about registration and licensing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council","url_text":"General Medical Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020192530/http://www.gmc-uk.org/information_for_you/registration_factsheet.asp#Types","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The licence to practise\". www.gmc-uk.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/licensing.asp","url_text":"\"The licence to practise\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112214630/https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/licensing.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Registered Medical Practitioners\". www.gmc-uk.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp","url_text":"\"List of Registered Medical Practitioners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032916/https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ECFMG 2021 Information Booklet\". ECFMG.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecfmg.org/2021ib/certification-requirements.html","url_text":"\"ECFMG 2021 Information Booklet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECFMG","url_text":"ECFMG"}]},{"reference":"\"ISBN 9780739174395 - Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards\". isbnsearch.org. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0739174398","url_text":"\"ISBN 9780739174395 - Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Ruth (2013). In the public interest : medical licensing and the disciplinary process. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5428-0. OCLC 830022784.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830022784","url_text":"In the public interest : medical licensing and the disciplinary process"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-5428-0","url_text":"978-0-8135-5428-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830022784","url_text":"830022784"}]},{"reference":"Sandvick, C. (2009). \"Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877-1890\". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 82 (2): 67–74. PMC 2701151. PMID 19562006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701151","url_text":"\"Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877-1890\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701151","url_text":"2701151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562006","url_text":"19562006"}]},{"reference":"\"Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114, 9 S. Ct. 231, 32 L. Ed. 623, 1889 U.S. LEXIS 1669 – CourtListener.com\". CourtListener. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/92392/dent-v-west-virginia/?q=%22129%20U.S.%20%22&type=o&order_by=dateFiled%20asc&stat_Precedential=on&filed_after=01%2F01%2F1889&filed_before=01%2F01%2F1890&court=scotus","url_text":"\"Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114, 9 S. Ct. 231, 32 L. Ed. 623, 1889 U.S. LEXIS 1669 – CourtListener.com\""}]},{"reference":"McAlister, Vivian; Claydon, Emily (2012). \"The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report\". World Journal of Surgery. 36 (3): 684–8. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x. PMC 3279636. PMID 22270978.","urls":[{"url":"https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172","url_text":"\"The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00268-011-1407-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279636","url_text":"3279636"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22270978","url_text":"22270978"}]},{"reference":"\"State Specific Requirements for Initial Medical Licensure\". FSMB.org. Federation of State Medical Boards. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fsmb.org/step-3/state-licensure/","url_text":"\"State Specific Requirements for Initial Medical Licensure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards","url_text":"Federation of State Medical Boards"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctors who put lives at risk with covid misinformation rarely punished\". Washington Post. July 26, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/07/26/covid-misinformation-doctor-discipline/","url_text":"\"Doctors who put lives at risk with covid misinformation rarely punished\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Los Angeles Times (January 14, 2022). \"California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors","url_text":"\"California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"Hamowy, R. (1979). \"The early development of medical licensing laws in the United States, 1875-1900\". The Journal of Libertarian Studies. 3 (1): 73–119. ISSN 0363-2873. PMID 11614768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-2873","url_text":"0363-2873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614768","url_text":"11614768"}]},{"reference":"Camenisch, Paul F. (August 1978). \"On the matter of good moral character\". The Linacre Quarterly. 45 (3): 273–283. ISSN 0024-3639. PMID 11661606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3639","url_text":"0024-3639"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11661606","url_text":"11661606"}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands of doctors practicing despite errors, misconduct\". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/20/doctors-licenses-medical-boards/2655513/","url_text":"\"Thousands of doctors practicing despite errors, misconduct\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011228/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/20/doctors-licenses-medical-boards/2655513/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/team-10/critics-complain-the-california-medical-board-takes-too-long-to-discipline-doctors","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722071627/http://www.10news.com/news/team-10/critics-complain-the-california-medical-board-takes-too-long-to-discipline-doctors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feinstein, Richard Jay (March 21, 1985). \"The ethics of professional regulation\". New England Journal of Medicine. 312 (12): 801–804. doi:10.1056/NEJM198503213121231. PMID 3974661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198503213121231","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM198503213121231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3974661","url_text":"3974661"}]},{"reference":"\"Does Physician Licensing Serve a Useful Purpose? | Shirley V. Svorny\". The Independent Institute. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=266","url_text":"\"Does Physician Licensing Serve a Useful Purpose? | Shirley V. Svorny\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073215/http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=266","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberating Telemedicine: Options to Eliminate the State-Licensing Roadblock | Cato Institute\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/liberating-telemedicine-options-eliminate-state-licensing-roadblock","url_text":"\"Liberating Telemedicine: Options to Eliminate the State-Licensing Roadblock | Cato Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"States waiving licensure requirements for telehealth in response to COVID 19\" (PDF). fsmb.org. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/advocacy/pdf/states-waiving-licensure-requirements-for-telehealth-in-response-to-covid-19.pdf","url_text":"\"States waiving licensure requirements for telehealth in response to COVID 19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regulation\" (PDF). CATO. March 15, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2015/3/regulation-v38n1-6.pdf","url_text":"\"Regulation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Could Mandatory Caps on Medical Malpractice Damages Harm Consumers? | Cato Institute\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/could-mandatory-caps-medical-malpractice-damages-harm-consumers","url_text":"\"Could Mandatory Caps on Medical Malpractice Damages Harm Consumers? | Cato Institute\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://internatlibs.mcgill.ca/Licences/Medical%20Licences.htm","external_links_name":"David Crawford's website"},{"Link":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/4/e010368","external_links_name":"\"National programmes for validating physician competence and fitness for practice: a scoping review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2015-010368","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010368"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055","external_links_name":"2044-6055"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4838739","external_links_name":"4838739"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27084276","external_links_name":"27084276"},{"Link":"http://www.longwoods.com/content/19690","external_links_name":"\"Nursing Scope of Practice: Descriptions and Challenges\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12927%2Fcjnl.2008.19690","external_links_name":"10.12927/cjnl.2008.19690"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18448890","external_links_name":"18448890"},{"Link":"http://mcc.ca/examinations/mccee/application-information/","external_links_name":"\"StackPath\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170321021434/http://mcc.ca/examinations/mccee/application-information/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.020304","external_links_name":"http://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.020304"},{"Link":"http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18970.htm","external_links_name":"\"中华人民共和国执业医师法\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170925052728/http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_18970.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nmec.org.cn/EnglishEdition.html","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011940/http://www.nmec.org.cn/EnglishEdition.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/_appro_2002/BJNR240500002.html","external_links_name":"\"Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (Licensing regulation for physicians)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172026/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/_appro_2002/BJNR240500002.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://approbatio.de/approbation-for-foreign-doctors-in-germany/","external_links_name":"Approbation for foreign doctors in Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/indian-medical-register/","external_links_name":"\"Indian Medical Register\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/information_for_you/registration_factsheet.asp#Types","external_links_name":"\"General information about registration and licensing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020192530/http://www.gmc-uk.org/information_for_you/registration_factsheet.asp#Types","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/licensing.asp","external_links_name":"\"The licence to practise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112214630/https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/licensing.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp","external_links_name":"\"List of Registered Medical Practitioners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032916/https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ecfmg.org/2021ib/certification-requirements.html","external_links_name":"\"ECFMG 2021 Information Booklet\""},{"Link":"https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0739174398","external_links_name":"\"ISBN 9780739174395 - Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830022784","external_links_name":"In the public interest : medical licensing and the disciplinary process"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830022784","external_links_name":"830022784"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701151","external_links_name":"\"Enforcing Medical Licensing in Illinois: 1877-1890\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701151","external_links_name":"2701151"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19562006","external_links_name":"19562006"},{"Link":"https://dailyhistory.org/What_was_the_dominant_medical_sect_in_the_United_States_during_the_19th_Century%3F","external_links_name":"https://dailyhistory.org/What_was_the_dominant_medical_sect_in_the_United_States_during_the_19th_Century%3F"},{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/92392/dent-v-west-virginia/?q=%22129%20U.S.%20%22&type=o&order_by=dateFiled%20asc&stat_Precedential=on&filed_after=01%2F01%2F1889&filed_before=01%2F01%2F1890&court=scotus","external_links_name":"\"Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114, 9 S. Ct. 231, 32 L. Ed. 623, 1889 U.S. LEXIS 1669 – CourtListener.com\""},{"Link":"https://medicallicensedirect.com/files/A_Guide_to_the_Essentials_of_a_Modern_Medical_Practice_Act.pdf","external_links_name":"https://medicallicensedirect.com/files/A_Guide_to_the_Essentials_of_a_Modern_Medical_Practice_Act.pdf"},{"Link":"https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172","external_links_name":"\"The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00268-011-1407-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279636","external_links_name":"3279636"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22270978","external_links_name":"22270978"},{"Link":"https://www.fsmb.org/step-3/state-licensure/","external_links_name":"\"State Specific Requirements for Initial Medical Licensure\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/07/26/covid-misinformation-doctor-discipline/","external_links_name":"\"Doctors who put lives at risk with covid misinformation rarely punished\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors","external_links_name":"\"California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-2873","external_links_name":"0363-2873"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614768","external_links_name":"11614768"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3639","external_links_name":"0024-3639"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11661606","external_links_name":"11661606"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/20/doctors-licenses-medical-boards/2655513/","external_links_name":"\"Thousands of doctors practicing despite errors, misconduct\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011228/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/20/doctors-licenses-medical-boards/2655513/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.10news.com/news/team-10/critics-complain-the-california-medical-board-takes-too-long-to-discipline-doctors","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722071627/http://www.10news.com/news/team-10/critics-complain-the-california-medical-board-takes-too-long-to-discipline-doctors","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198503213121231","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJM198503213121231"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3974661","external_links_name":"3974661"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=266","external_links_name":"\"Does Physician Licensing Serve a Useful Purpose? | Shirley V. Svorny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073215/http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=266","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/liberating-telemedicine-options-eliminate-state-licensing-roadblock","external_links_name":"\"Liberating Telemedicine: Options to Eliminate the State-Licensing Roadblock | Cato Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/advocacy/pdf/states-waiving-licensure-requirements-for-telehealth-in-response-to-covid-19.pdf","external_links_name":"\"States waiving licensure requirements for telehealth in response to COVID 19\""},{"Link":"https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2015/3/regulation-v38n1-6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regulation\""},{"Link":"https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/could-mandatory-caps-medical-malpractice-damages-harm-consumers","external_links_name":"\"Could Mandatory Caps on Medical Malpractice Damages Harm Consumers? | Cato Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.healthguideusa.org/medical_license_lookup.htm","external_links_name":"USA Medical License Lookup"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4323097-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564262","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Strikers:_Battle_League | Mario Strikers: Battle League | ["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","3.1 Sales","4 References","5 Notes","6 External links"] | 2022 video game
2022 video gameMario Strikers: Battle LeagueHome menu iconDeveloper(s)Next Level GamesPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Devon BlanchetProducer(s)Carmine CarpinoKerry McGaffneyKelsey PrimarTom SzymanskiKensuke TanabeDesigner(s)Matt SmitsArtist(s)Barret ChapmanComposer(s)Chad YorkDarren RadtkeSeriesMario StrikersPlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchReleaseJune 10, 2022Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Mario Strikers: Battle League is a 2022 sports video game developed by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It was released worldwide on June 10, 2022. It is the third game in the Mario Strikers series. The game received mixed reviews, with critics praising its gameplay mechanics, multiplayer, and presentation, though it received criticism for its scarce launch character roster as well as lack of single player content.
Gameplay
Mario Strikers: Battle League is a five versus five Association football video game. The game shies away from realism, in favor of chaotic, over-the-top gameplay. The game maintains the main premise of the sport, where players maneuver players around a field in efforts to pass and shoot a ball into a goal to score points, with the team with the most points at the end of a game winning the game. However, the game takes many liberties with the sport. Aggressive tackles and attacks are completely allowed, though they give the opposing player "items" to use at their disposal. Items often function in the same way as Mario Kart or Mario Tennis - banana peels can be placed on the field and characters will slip on them, while shells can be shot at characters to temporarily knock them over. No "out of bounds" exists on the field, instead, an electric fence is placed around the field; players can check and knock opponents into this fence to stun them. Additionally, collecting a glowing orb that appears on the field allows the player to perform a "Hyper Strike" and score a 2-point goal if the move is charged up without interruption.
In the game, the player picks a major Mario franchise character like Mario or Princess Peach - and a team of three other characters to round out the rest of the team. All characters have various strengths and weaknesses, and Battle League additionally allows for the customization of equipment on characters as well, affecting character's stats for things like speed, strength, and pass accuracy.
Up to eight players can play local multiplayer matches, with players using just one Joy-Con each, allowing for four versus four game, with the computer handling goalkeeping. Online multiplayer is also available, including a "Club Mode" where groups of up to 20 players can create their own game season, with leaderboards tracking scores.
Development
The game was first announced during a Nintendo Direct on February 9, 2022. It is the third entry in the series, and the first new entry in almost 15 years, following a lengthy gap in releases after Super Mario Strikers (2005) for the GameCube and Mario Strikers Charged (2007) for the Wii. The game was developed by Next Level Games.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic73/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10Game Informer7.5/10GameRevolutionGameSpot7/10GamesRadar+HobbyConsolas87/100IGN8/10Jeuxvideo.com16/20Nintendo LifeShacknews7/10The Games Machine (Italy)9/10VG247
Mario Strikers: Battle League received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator website Metacritic.
Destructoid praised the game's balance between maintaining depth while still remaining accessible for more casual players, and further praised the longevity added through the online and local co-op modes. Game Informer wrote favorably on the customization present in the Strikers Club mode and criticized the AI on harder difficulties for being inconsistent and frustrating to contend with. GameSpot liked Battle League's technically complex mechanics, visual personality, game-balancing Hyper Shots, and the Striker Club's sense of personalization, but took issue with imperceptible gear system upgrades and overwhelming tutorials. GamesRadar+ lauded the game's personality but disliked the limitations of the gameplay's realistic elements, the field's lack of visual clarity, and the static nature of the stages. IGN praised the addition of the online mode, saying, "the leap forward in supporting a competitive landscape is a massively unexpected delight," but criticized the lack of innovation upon prior entries. Nintendo Life gave Battle League 9 stars out of 10 and called it "a masterclass in competitive game design" while heavily lauding the core gameplay and the title's accessibility, depth, and visuals. Shacknews similarly gave praise to the game but lamented the disappointing unlockables, small character roster, and the regressive nature of mechanics that had carried over from prior entries.
However, it was criticized for its lack of content upon release. Destructoid found the game more suitable for those who were able to easily participate in local multiplayer matches, writing, "The core loop is great, but confirmed solo players should keep an eye on post-launch content and keep this in mind before picking up the game early." GameRevolution called the lack of 4 vs 4 online matches a "glaring omission" and deemed the single-player modes "woefully undercooked" while expressing discontent over the lack of variety between matches. GameSpot and GamesRadar+ called Battle League a "slim" and a "thin" package, respectively, with GamesRadar+ in particular noting that, "The game mechanics don't change, it doesn't alter how you play, and 95% of the time you can't even see the Stadium you've chosen because you're looking solely at the pitch via a top-down perspective." IGN thought similarly, stating, "If you’ve played any games in the series before, there won’t be many surprises in store for you and the small roster of characters and game modes is definitely disappointing..." Shacknews thought Battle League was "merely an average Sunday game that's playing on Univision: good for a few hours of entertainment and little more than that."
Despite the mixed reception, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mario Strikers: Battle League for "Sports Game of the Year" during the 26th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards.
Sales
Mario Strikers: Battle League sold 32,173 copies within its first week of release in Japan, making it the second bestselling retail game of the week in the country.As of March 2023 the game has sold 2.54 million copies worldwide.
References
^ a b Diaz, Ana (9 February 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Nintendo Switch". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ Peters, Jay (9 February 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League comes to the Switch in June". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ a b c Winslow, Jeremy (9 February 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Coming To Nintendo Switch June 10". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ a b Scullion, Chris (9 February 2022). "Mario Strikers Battle League is coming to Switch | VGC". Video Games Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ a b c d e Wales, Matt (9 February 2022). "Mario Strikers is back in Battle League, coming to Switch this June • Eurogamer.net". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ a b Carr, James. "Mario Strikers: Battle League Announced For Nintendo Switch". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ Grubb, Jeff (10 February 2022). "Devil's bargain: Gamers get new Mario Strikers without Daisy". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ a b Naudus, Kris. "'Mario Strikers Battle League' hits the Switch June 10th". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ Grubb, Jeff (February 9, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League is the soccer game we need". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
^ Romano, Sal (February 9, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Switch". Gematsu. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
^ Doolan, Liam (22 February 2022). "It's Official, Next Level Games Is Developing The New Mario Strikers For Switch". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
^ Theriault, Donald (14 February 2022). "Next Level Games Confirmed To Be Developing Mario Strikers: Battle League - News". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
^ a b "Mario Strikers: Battle League for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b c Carter, Chris (June 8, 2022). "Review: Mario Strikers: Battle League". Destructoid. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b Stadnik, Alex (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Review - Just off the Post". Game Informer. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b c Watts, Steve (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b c Franey, Joel (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League review: "A slightly thin experience overall"". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b c Northup, Travis (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Review". IGN. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b Olney, Alex (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Review (Switch)". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b c Mejia, Ozzie (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League review: Soccer riot". Shacknews. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ Donaldson, Alex (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers Battle League review: perfect play, but somewhat light on content". VG247. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ a b Tamburro, Paul (June 14, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Review: 'An Own Goal for the Nintendo Switch'". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Escribano, Javier (June 8, 2022). "Análisis de Mario Strikers Battle League Football en Nintendo Switch: ¡cómo no te voy a querer!". HobbyConsolas. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ Cucchiarelli, Daniele (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers: Battle League Football – Recensione". The Games Machine (Italy). Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ TheXSable, Jeuxvideo (June 8, 2022). "Mario Strikers Battle League Football : La Nintendo Switch accueille l'un de ses meilleurs jeux multijoueur !". Jeuxvideo.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ "2023 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ Romano, Sal (June 16, 2022). "Famitsu Sales: 6/6/22 – 6/12/22". Gematsu. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
^ "Financial Results Explanatory Material" (PDF). Nintendo. May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
Notes
^ known in Europe and Australia as Mario Strikers: Battle League Football
External links
Official website
vteMario sports games
Mario franchise
TennisConsole
Tennis
Mario Tennis
Mario Power Tennis
Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash
Mario Tennis Aces
Handheld
Mario's Tennis
Mario Tennis: Power Tour
Mario Tennis Open
GolfConsole
Golf
NES Open Tournament Golf
Mario Golf
Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour
Mario Golf: Super Rush
Handheld
Mario Golf: Advance Tour
Mario Golf: World Tour
Soccer/Football
Super Mario Strikers
Mario Strikers Charged
Mario Strikers: Battle League
Baseball
Mario Superstar Baseball
Mario Super Sluggers
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic GamesSummer Olympic Games
Olympic Games
London 2012 Olympic Games
Rio 2016 Olympic Games
Olympic Games Tokyo 2020
Winter Olympic Games
Olympic Winter Games
Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games
Sports compilation
Mario Sports Mix
Mario Sports Superstars
Other
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix
Mario Hoops 3-on-3
Super Mario Spikers (Cancelled)
Related
SSX on Tour
NBA Street V3
Wii Sports
Mario racing games
vteNext Level GamesNintendoLuigi's Mansion
Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon
Luigi's Mansion 3
Mario Strikers
Super Mario Strikers
Mario Strikers Charged
Mario Strikers: Battle League
Punch-Out!!
Punch-Out!!
Doc Louis's Punch-Out!!
Other games
NHL Hitz Pro
The Suffering
Spider-Man: Friend or Foe
Ticket to Ride
Jungle Speed
Transformers: Cybertron Adventures
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
Captain America: Super Soldier
Metroid Prime: Federation Force | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sports video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_video_game"},{"link_name":"Next Level Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Level_Games"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"Mario Strikers series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mario_sports_games#Mario_Strikers_games"}],"text":"2022 video gameMario Strikers: Battle League[a] is a 2022 sports video game developed by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It was released worldwide on June 10, 2022. It is the third game in the Mario Strikers series. The game received mixed reviews, with critics praising its gameplay mechanics, multiplayer, and presentation, though it received criticism for its scarce launch character roster as well as lack of single player content.","title":"Mario Strikers: Battle League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGC1-5"},{"link_name":"Mario Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart"},{"link_name":"Mario Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tennis"},{"link_name":"banana peels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_peels"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer1-6"},{"link_name":"electric fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot1-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot1-7"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario"},{"link_name":"Princess Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Peach"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venturebeat-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget1-9"},{"link_name":"Joy-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy-Con"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer1-6"}],"text":"Mario Strikers: Battle League is a five versus five Association football video game.[1] The game shies away from realism, in favor of chaotic, over-the-top gameplay.[1] The game maintains the main premise of the sport, where players maneuver players around a field in efforts to pass and shoot a ball into a goal to score points, with the team with the most points at the end of a game winning the game.[2] However, the game takes many liberties with the sport.[3] Aggressive tackles and attacks are completely allowed, though they give the opposing player \"items\" to use at their disposal.[4] Items often function in the same way as Mario Kart or Mario Tennis - banana peels can be placed on the field and characters will slip on them, while shells can be shot at characters to temporarily knock them over.[3][5] No \"out of bounds\" exists on the field, instead, an electric fence is placed around the field; players can check and knock opponents into this fence to stun them.[6] Additionally, collecting a glowing orb that appears on the field allows the player to perform a \"Hyper Strike\" and score a 2-point goal if the move is charged up without interruption.[3][6]In the game, the player picks a major Mario franchise character like Mario or Princess Peach - and a team of three other characters to round out the rest of the team.[7] All characters have various strengths and weaknesses, and Battle League additionally allows for the customization of equipment on characters as well, affecting character's stats for things like speed, strength, and pass accuracy.[5][8]Up to eight players can play local multiplayer matches, with players using just one Joy-Con each, allowing for four versus four game, with the computer handling goalkeeping.[5] Online multiplayer is also available, including a \"Club Mode\" where groups of up to 20 players can create their own game season, with leaderboards tracking scores.[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo Direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Direct"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Strikers"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Mario Strikers Charged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Strikers_Charged"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGC1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer1-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget1-9"},{"link_name":"Next Level Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Level_Games"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR-13"}],"text":"The game was first announced during a Nintendo Direct on February 9, 2022. It is the third entry in the series, and the first new entry in almost 15 years, following a lengthy gap in releases after Super Mario Strikers (2005) for the GameCube and Mario Strikers Charged (2007) for the Wii.[4][5][8] The game was developed by Next Level Games.[9][10][11][12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-14"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-15"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-16"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRev-23"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-17"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar-18"},{"link_name":"HobbyConsolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyConsolas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-24"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-19"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JXV-26"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-20"},{"link_name":"Shacknews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-21"},{"link_name":"The Games Machine (Italy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Games_Machine_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGMIt-25"},{"link_name":"VG247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-14"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-15"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-16"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-17"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar-18"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-19"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-20"},{"link_name":"Shacknews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-15"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRev-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-19"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN-21"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Sports Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Sports_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"26th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Annual_D.I.C.E._Awards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic73/100[13]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10[14]Game Informer7.5/10[15]GameRevolution[22]GameSpot7/10[16]GamesRadar+[17]HobbyConsolas87/100[23]IGN8/10[18]Jeuxvideo.com16/20[25]Nintendo Life[19]Shacknews7/10[20]The Games Machine (Italy)9/10[24]VG247[21]Mario Strikers: Battle League received \"mixed or average\" reviews according to review aggregator website Metacritic.[13]Destructoid praised the game's balance between maintaining depth while still remaining accessible for more casual players, and further praised the longevity added through the online and local co-op modes.[14] Game Informer wrote favorably on the customization present in the Strikers Club mode and criticized the AI on harder difficulties for being inconsistent and frustrating to contend with.[15] GameSpot liked Battle League's technically complex mechanics, visual personality, game-balancing Hyper Shots, and the Striker Club's sense of personalization, but took issue with imperceptible gear system upgrades and overwhelming tutorials.[16] GamesRadar+ lauded the game's personality but disliked the limitations of the gameplay's realistic elements, the field's lack of visual clarity, and the static nature of the stages.[17] IGN praised the addition of the online mode, saying, \"the leap forward in supporting a competitive landscape is a massively unexpected delight,\" but criticized the lack of innovation upon prior entries.[18] Nintendo Life gave Battle League 9 stars out of 10 and called it \"a masterclass in competitive game design\" while heavily lauding the core gameplay and the title's accessibility, depth, and visuals.[19] Shacknews similarly gave praise to the game but lamented the disappointing unlockables, small character roster, and the regressive nature of mechanics that had carried over from prior entries.[20]However, it was criticized for its lack of content upon release. Destructoid found the game more suitable for those who were able to easily participate in local multiplayer matches, writing, \"The core loop is great, but confirmed solo players should keep an eye on post-launch content and keep this in mind before picking up the game early.\"[14] GameRevolution called the lack of 4 vs 4 online matches a \"glaring omission\" and deemed the single-player modes \"woefully undercooked\" while expressing discontent over the lack of variety between matches.[22] GameSpot and GamesRadar+ called Battle League a \"slim\" and a \"thin\" package, respectively, with GamesRadar+ in particular noting that, \"The game mechanics don't change, it doesn't alter how you play, and 95% of the time you can't even see the Stadium you've chosen because you're looking solely at the pitch via a top-down perspective.\"[16][17] IGN thought similarly, stating, \"If you’ve played any games in the series before, there won’t be many surprises in store for you and the small roster of characters and game modes is definitely disappointing...\"[18] Shacknews thought Battle League was \"merely an average Sunday game that's playing on Univision: good for a few hours of entertainment and little more than that.\"[20]Despite the mixed reception, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mario Strikers: Battle League for \"Sports Game of the Year\" during the 26th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards.[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Mario Strikers: Battle League sold 32,173 copies within its first week of release in Japan, making it the second bestselling retail game of the week in the country.[27]As of March 2023 the game has sold 2.54 million copies worldwide.[28]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ known in Europe and Australia as Mario Strikers: Battle League Football","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Diaz, Ana (9 February 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Nintendo Switch\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/22926111/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-direct-announcemenr","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Nintendo Switch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209235346/https://www.polygon.com/22926111/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-direct-announcemenr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Jay (9 February 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League comes to the Switch in June\". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/9/22926105/mario-strikers-battle-league-soccer-release-date","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League comes to the Switch in June\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209232347/https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/9/22926105/mario-strikers-battle-league-soccer-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Winslow, Jeremy (9 February 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Coming To Nintendo Switch June 10\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-soccer-lui-1848510311","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Coming To Nintendo Switch June 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209233314/https://kotaku.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-soccer-lui-1848510311","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scullion, Chris (9 February 2022). \"Mario Strikers Battle League is coming to Switch | VGC\". Video Games Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-coming-to-switch/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League is coming to Switch | VGC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001235/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-coming-to-switch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wales, Matt (9 February 2022). \"Mario Strikers is back in Battle League, coming to Switch this June • Eurogamer.net\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2022-02-09-mario-strikers-is-back-in-battle-league-coming-to-switch-this-june","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers is back in Battle League, coming to Switch this June • Eurogamer.net\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003602/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2022-02-09-mario-strikers-is-back-in-battle-league-coming-to-switch-this-june","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carr, James. \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Announced For Nintendo Switch\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/amp-articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-nintendo-switch/1100-6500519/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Announced For Nintendo Switch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001844/https://www.gamespot.com/amp-articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-nintendo-switch/1100-6500519/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grubb, Jeff (10 February 2022). \"Devil's bargain: Gamers get new Mario Strikers without Daisy\". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/devils-bargain-gamers-get-new-mario-strikers-without-daisy/amp/","url_text":"\"Devil's bargain: Gamers get new Mario Strikers without Daisy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Naudus, Kris. \"'Mario Strikers Battle League' hits the Switch June 10th\". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/nintendo-mario-strikers-battle-league-222613837.html","url_text":"\"'Mario Strikers Battle League' hits the Switch June 10th\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210002318/https://www.engadget.com/nintendo-mario-strikers-battle-league-222613837.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grubb, Jeff (February 9, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League is the soccer game we need\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-the-soccer-game-we-need/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League is the soccer game we need\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220305190148/https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-the-soccer-game-we-need/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (February 9, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Switch\". Gematsu. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/02/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-switch","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Switch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084525/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/02/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-switch","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doolan, Liam (22 February 2022). \"It's Official, Next Level Games Is Developing The New Mario Strikers For Switch\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/its-official-next-level-games-is-developing-the-new-mario-strikers-for-switch","url_text":"\"It's Official, Next Level Games Is Developing The New Mario Strikers For Switch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222013220/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/its-official-next-level-games-is-developing-the-new-mario-strikers-for-switch","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Theriault, Donald (14 February 2022). \"Next Level Games Confirmed To Be Developing Mario Strikers: Battle League - News\". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved 2022-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/59691/next-level-games-confirmed-to-be-developing-mario-strikers-battle-league","url_text":"\"Next Level Games Confirmed To Be Developing Mario Strikers: Battle League - News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mario-strikers-battle-league/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112034/https://www.metacritic.com/game/switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Chris (June 8, 2022). \"Review: Mario Strikers: Battle League\". Destructoid. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-mario-strikers-battle-league/","url_text":"\"Review: Mario Strikers: Battle League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112046/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-mario-strikers-battle-league/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stadnik, Alex (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review - Just off the Post\". Game Informer. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/mario-strikers-battle-league/just-off-the-post","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review - Just off the Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"Watts, Steve (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-review/1900-6417891/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112034/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-review/1900-6417891/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Franey, Joel (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: \"A slightly thin experience overall\"\". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-a-slightly-thin-experience-overall/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: \"A slightly thin experience overall\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar","url_text":"GamesRadar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112046/https://www.gamesradar.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-a-slightly-thin-experience-overall/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Northup, Travis (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112044/https://www.ign.com/articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Olney, Alex (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review (Switch)\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review (Switch)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112044/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mejia, Ozzie (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: Soccer riot\". Shacknews. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/130746/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-soccer-riot","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: Soccer riot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"}]},{"reference":"Donaldson, Alex (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers Battle League review: perfect play, but somewhat light on content\". VG247. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg247.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League review: perfect play, but somewhat light on content\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112057/https://www.vg247.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tamburro, Paul (June 14, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review: 'An Own Goal for the Nintendo Switch'\". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/708570-mario-strikers-battle-league-review-nintendo-switch-worth-buying","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review: 'An Own Goal for the Nintendo Switch'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112056/https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/708570-mario-strikers-battle-league-review-nintendo-switch-worth-buying","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Escribano, Javier (June 8, 2022). \"Análisis de Mario Strikers Battle League Football en Nintendo Switch: ¡cómo no te voy a querer!\". HobbyConsolas. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-analisis-nintendo-switch-1072117","url_text":"\"Análisis de Mario Strikers Battle League Football en Nintendo Switch: ¡cómo no te voy a querer!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyConsolas","url_text":"HobbyConsolas"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112102/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-analisis-nintendo-switch-1072117","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cucchiarelli, Daniele (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers: Battle League Football – Recensione\". The Games Machine (Italy). Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegamesmachine.it/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-recensione/","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Football – Recensione\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Games_Machine_(Italy)","url_text":"The Games Machine (Italy)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112055/https://www.thegamesmachine.it/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-recensione/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"TheXSable, Jeuxvideo (June 8, 2022). \"Mario Strikers Battle League Football : La Nintendo Switch accueille l'un de ses meilleurs jeux multijoueur !\". Jeuxvideo.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1583375/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-la-nintendo-switch-accueille-l-un-de-ses-meilleurs-jeux-multijoueur.htm","url_text":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League Football : La Nintendo Switch accueille l'un de ses meilleurs jeux multijoueur !\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com","url_text":"Jeuxvideo.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112100/https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1583375/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-la-nintendo-switch-accueille-l-un-de-ses-meilleurs-jeux-multijoueur.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year\". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2023&idGameAwardType=126","url_text":"\"2023 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (June 16, 2022). \"Famitsu Sales: 6/6/22 – 6/12/22\". Gematsu. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/06/famitsu-sales-6-6-22-6-12-22","url_text":"\"Famitsu Sales: 6/6/22 – 6/12/22\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084346/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/06/famitsu-sales-6-6-22-6-12-22","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Financial Results Explanatory Material\" (PDF). Nintendo. May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2023/230509_3e.pdf","url_text":"\"Financial Results Explanatory Material\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/22926111/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-direct-announcemenr","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Nintendo Switch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209235346/https://www.polygon.com/22926111/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-direct-announcemenr","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/9/22926105/mario-strikers-battle-league-soccer-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League comes to the Switch in June\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209232347/https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/9/22926105/mario-strikers-battle-league-soccer-release-date","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-soccer-lui-1848510311","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Coming To Nintendo Switch June 10\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209233314/https://kotaku.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-nintendo-switch-soccer-lui-1848510311","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-coming-to-switch/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League is coming to Switch | VGC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001235/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-coming-to-switch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2022-02-09-mario-strikers-is-back-in-battle-league-coming-to-switch-this-june","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers is back in Battle League, coming to Switch this June • Eurogamer.net\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003602/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2022-02-09-mario-strikers-is-back-in-battle-league-coming-to-switch-this-june","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/amp-articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-nintendo-switch/1100-6500519/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Announced For Nintendo Switch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001844/https://www.gamespot.com/amp-articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-nintendo-switch/1100-6500519/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/devils-bargain-gamers-get-new-mario-strikers-without-daisy/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Devil's bargain: Gamers get new Mario Strikers without Daisy\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/nintendo-mario-strikers-battle-league-222613837.html","external_links_name":"\"'Mario Strikers Battle League' hits the Switch June 10th\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210002318/https://www.engadget.com/nintendo-mario-strikers-battle-league-222613837.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-the-soccer-game-we-need/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League is the soccer game we need\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220305190148/https://venturebeat.com/2022/02/09/mario-strikers-battle-league-is-the-soccer-game-we-need/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/02/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-switch","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League announced for Switch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084525/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/02/mario-strikers-battle-league-announced-for-switch","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/its-official-next-level-games-is-developing-the-new-mario-strikers-for-switch","external_links_name":"\"It's Official, Next Level Games Is Developing The New Mario Strikers For Switch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220222013220/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/02/its-official-next-level-games-is-developing-the-new-mario-strikers-for-switch","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/59691/next-level-games-confirmed-to-be-developing-mario-strikers-battle-league","external_links_name":"\"Next Level Games Confirmed To Be Developing Mario Strikers: Battle League - News\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/mario-strikers-battle-league/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League for Switch Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112034/https://www.metacritic.com/game/switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-mario-strikers-battle-league/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Mario Strikers: Battle League\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112046/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-mario-strikers-battle-league/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/mario-strikers-battle-league/just-off-the-post","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review - Just off the Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-review/1900-6417891/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112034/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-review/1900-6417891/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-a-slightly-thin-experience-overall/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: \"A slightly thin experience overall\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112046/https://www.gamesradar.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-a-slightly-thin-experience-overall/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112044/https://www.ign.com/articles/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review (Switch)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112044/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/130746/mario-strikers-battle-league-review-soccer-riot","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League review: Soccer riot\""},{"Link":"https://www.vg247.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League review: perfect play, but somewhat light on content\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112057/https://www.vg247.com/mario-strikers-battle-league-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/708570-mario-strikers-battle-league-review-nintendo-switch-worth-buying","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Review: 'An Own Goal for the Nintendo Switch'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112056/https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/708570-mario-strikers-battle-league-review-nintendo-switch-worth-buying","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-analisis-nintendo-switch-1072117","external_links_name":"\"Análisis de Mario Strikers Battle League Football en Nintendo Switch: ¡cómo no te voy a querer!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112102/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-analisis-nintendo-switch-1072117","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegamesmachine.it/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-recensione/","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers: Battle League Football – Recensione\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112055/https://www.thegamesmachine.it/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-switch/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-recensione/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1583375/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-la-nintendo-switch-accueille-l-un-de-ses-meilleurs-jeux-multijoueur.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mario Strikers Battle League Football : La Nintendo Switch accueille l'un de ses meilleurs jeux multijoueur !\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222112100/https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1583375/mario-strikers-battle-league-football-la-nintendo-switch-accueille-l-un-de-ses-meilleurs-jeux-multijoueur.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2023&idGameAwardType=126","external_links_name":"\"2023 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/06/famitsu-sales-6-6-22-6-12-22","external_links_name":"\"Famitsu Sales: 6/6/22 – 6/12/22\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084346/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/06/famitsu-sales-6-6-22-6-12-22","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2023/230509_3e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Financial Results Explanatory Material\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/mario-strikers-battle-league-switch/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazza_II | Gazza II | ["1 References","2 External links"] | 1990 football game by Empire Interactive
1990 video gameDeveloper(s)Empire InteractivePublisher(s)Empire InteractivePlatform(s)ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Amstrad GX4000, Amiga, Commodore 64, Atari ST, IBM PCRelease1990Genre(s)SportsMode(s)1 or 2 players
Gazza II is a football video game released for the Amstrad CPC, Amstrad GX4000 in 1990 for the ZX Spectrum, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and IBM PC compatible platforms. It was created by Empire Interactive and named after the popular English footballer Paul Gascoigne.
It is a sequel to Gazza's Superstar Soccer, and is a complete new game as opposed to being simply an update, this time adopting an overhead horizontally scrolling display. The game was later included in the compilation Soccer Stars.
References
^ Comment on 14 May 2007 about Gazza II cartridge version Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine at cpcmania.com
^ Gazza II at mobygames.com
^ Gazza II at hol.abime.net
^ Gazza II at worldofspectrum.org
External links
Gazza II at ysrnry.co.uk
Stadium64 Reviews Archive: Gazza II
CPC Games review – G at cpcgamereviews.com
Gazza II at www.zee-3.com/pickfordbros
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This association football video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Amstrad GX4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_GX4000"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"IBM PC compatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"Empire Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Paul Gascoigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gazza's Superstar Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazza%27s_Superstar_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1990 video gameGazza II is a football video game released for the Amstrad CPC, Amstrad GX4000 in 1990[1] for the ZX Spectrum, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and IBM PC compatible platforms. It was created by Empire Interactive and named after the popular English footballer Paul Gascoigne.[2]It is a sequel to Gazza's Superstar Soccer,[3] and is a complete new game as opposed to being simply an update, this time adopting an overhead horizontally scrolling display. The game was later included in the compilation Soccer Stars.[4]","title":"Gazza II"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.cpcmania.com/main.htm","external_links_name":"Comment on 14 May 2007 about Gazza II cartridge version"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009193134/http://www.cpcmania.com/main.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mobygames.com/game/gazza-ii","external_links_name":"Gazza II"},{"Link":"http://hol.abime.net/2706","external_links_name":"Gazza II"},{"Link":"http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0001996","external_links_name":"Gazza II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001102175143/http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/gazzaii.htm","external_links_name":"Gazza II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715064805/http://s64.emuunlim.com/reviews/gazza22.htm","external_links_name":"Stadium64 Reviews Archive: Gazza II"},{"Link":"http://www.cpcgamereviews.com/g/index2.html","external_links_name":"CPC Games review – G"},{"Link":"http://www.zee-3.com/pickfordbros/games/oldgame.php?game=gazza2","external_links_name":"Gazza II"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17161159q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17161159q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazza_II&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Isle_wren | Fair Isle wren | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","4 Status","5 References"] | Subspecies of bird
Fair Isle wren
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Troglodytidae
Genus:
Troglodytes
Species:
T. troglodytes
Subspecies:
T. t. fridariensis
Trinomial name
Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensisWilliamson, 1951
The Fair Isle wren (Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis) is a small passerine bird in the wren family. It is a subspecies of the Eurasian wren endemic to Fair Isle, Shetland, Scotland, an island about halfway between mainland Shetland and Orkney. It was first described by the British ornithologist Kenneth Williamson in 1951.
Description
The Fair Isle wren is darker and larger than the mainland form of the winter wren, though not as dark as another insular subspecies, the Shetland wren, T. t. zetlandicus.
Distribution and habitat
This wren is endemic to Fair Isle, an island about halfway between mainland Shetland and Orkney. The St Kilda wren on the island of Hirta is often found nesting in crevices on the cliffs, and in association with puffin colonies, but that is not the case with the Fair Isle wren, where the low red sandstone cliffs are rather bare, with friable rock and earth slides, and small patches of tufted vegetation. The main breeding habitat of Fair Isle wrens is boulder beaches at the tip of long inlets. The boulders provide the shelter lacking on the cliffs, but even so, the windswept south-west of the island hosts few wrens. No breeding seems to occur in the crofting area, although the birds may feed here later in the year when the young are independent.
Ecology
The Fair Isle wren spends much time feeding on the foreshore among the dead seaweed cast up by the tide. Their diet includes sandhoppers and other crustaceans, and the larvae of flies.
Status
Fair Isle is a small island, 7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi) in area, and the population of the wren is tiny, varying from ten to fifty pairs, breeding mainly on boulder beaches.
References
^ Williamson, Kenneth. (1951). The wrens of Fair Isle. Ibis 93(4): 599-601.
^ a b "Nature in Shetland". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
^ a b Williamson, Kenneth (1958). "Population and breeding environment of the St Kilda and Fair Isle Wrens" (PDF). British Birds. LI (10).
vteEndemic biota of Scotland
Fauna of Scotland
Flora of Scotland
VertebratesMammals
Orkney vole
Sorex araneus grantii
St. Kilda field mouse
St. Kilda house mouse (extinct)
Birds
Fair Isle wren
Scottish crossbill
Shetland wren
St. Kilda wren
Fish
Haddy charr
Orkney charr
Powan
FloraFlowers & ferns
Newman's lady-fern
Scottish primrose
Shetland mouse-ear
St. Kilda dandelion
Arran whitebeams
Arran service tree
Arran whitebeam
Catacol whitebeam
Mosses
Dixon's thread-moss
Perthshire beard-moss
Scottish beard-moss
Scottish thread-moss
Liverworts
Northern prongwort
MycotaLichens
White script lichen
Fungi
See also
European wildcat
Flame shell
Hippasteria phrygiana
Jamesiella scotica
Lopheliella rockallensis
Syringammina fragilissima
Vendace
Portals: Birds Animals Biology Scotland
Taxon identifiersTroglodytes troglodytes fridariensis
Wikidata: Q4051795
BOW: eurwre5
CoL: 5LMQF
eBird: eurwre5
Fauna Europaea (new): 9278ea8c-2e6d-40c3-bec0-f4332727aa44
GBIF: 5739334
iNaturalist: 719043
ITIS: 925921
NBN: NHMSYS0001596569
NCBI: 1390186
Open Tree of Life: 5560976 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren"},{"link_name":"Eurasian wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wren"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Fair Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Isle"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Fair Isle wren (Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis) is a small passerine bird in the wren family. It is a subspecies of the Eurasian wren endemic to Fair Isle, Shetland, Scotland, an island about halfway between mainland Shetland and Orkney. It was first described by the British ornithologist Kenneth Williamson in 1951.[1]","title":"Fair Isle wren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shetland wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland_wren"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nis-2"}],"text":"The Fair Isle wren is darker and larger than the mainland form of the winter wren, though not as dark as another insular subspecies, the Shetland wren, T. t. zetlandicus.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"St Kilda wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_wren"},{"link_name":"Hirta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirta"},{"link_name":"puffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffin"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB1958-3"}],"text":"This wren is endemic to Fair Isle, an island about halfway between mainland Shetland and Orkney. The St Kilda wren on the island of Hirta is often found nesting in crevices on the cliffs, and in association with puffin colonies, but that is not the case with the Fair Isle wren, where the low red sandstone cliffs are rather bare, with friable rock and earth slides, and small patches of tufted vegetation. The main breeding habitat of Fair Isle wrens is boulder beaches at the tip of long inlets. The boulders provide the shelter lacking on the cliffs, but even so, the windswept south-west of the island hosts few wrens. No breeding seems to occur in the crofting area, although the birds may feed here later in the year when the young are independent.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"sandhoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talitridae"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB1958-3"}],"text":"The Fair Isle wren spends much time feeding on the foreshore among the dead seaweed cast up by the tide. Their diet includes sandhoppers and other crustaceans, and the larvae of flies.[3]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nis-2"}],"text":"Fair Isle is a small island, 7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi) in area, and the population of the wren is tiny, varying from ten to fifty pairs, breeding mainly on boulder beaches.[2]","title":"Status"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nature in Shetland\". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013245/http://www.nature-shetland.co.uk/nature/endemverts.htm","url_text":"\"Nature in Shetland\""},{"url":"http://www.nature-shetland.co.uk/nature/endemverts.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Kenneth (1958). \"Population and breeding environment of the St Kilda and Fair Isle Wrens\" (PDF). British Birds. LI (10).","urls":[{"url":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V51/V51_N10/V51_N10_P369_393_A066.pdf","url_text":"\"Population and breeding environment of the St Kilda and Fair Isle Wrens\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120605021225/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119785912/abstract","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013245/http://www.nature-shetland.co.uk/nature/endemverts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nature in Shetland\""},{"Link":"http://www.nature-shetland.co.uk/nature/endemverts.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V51/V51_N10/V51_N10_P369_393_A066.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population and breeding environment of the St Kilda and Fair Isle Wrens\""},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eurwre5","external_links_name":"eurwre5"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5LMQF","external_links_name":"5LMQF"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/eurwre5","external_links_name":"eurwre5"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9278ea8c-2e6d-40c3-bec0-f4332727aa44","external_links_name":"9278ea8c-2e6d-40c3-bec0-f4332727aa44"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5739334","external_links_name":"5739334"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/719043","external_links_name":"719043"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=925921","external_links_name":"925921"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001596569","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0001596569"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1390186","external_links_name":"1390186"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5560976","external_links_name":"5560976"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard%27s_rat | Millard's rat | ["1 References"] | Species of rodent
Millard's ratTemporal range: Recent
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Family:
Muridae
Tribe:
Rattini
Genus:
DacnomysThomas, 1916
Species:
D. millardi
Binomial name
Dacnomys millardiThomas, 1916
Millard's rat (Dacnomys millardi) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is the only species in the genus Dacnomys.
It is found in China, India, Laos, and Nepal.
References
^ Molur, S. (2016). "Dacnomys millardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6219A22466747. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1314. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
vteExtant species of subfamily Murinae (Colomys–Golunda)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
ColomysDivisionColomys
African wading rat (C. goslingi)
Nilopegamys
Ethiopian amphibious rat (N. plumbeus)
Zelotomys(Stink mice)
Hildegarde's broad-headed mouse (Z. hildegardeae)
Woosnam's broad-headed mouse (Z. woosnami)
CrunomysDivisionCrunomys
Celebes shrew-rat (C. celebensis)
Northern Luzon shrew-rat (C. fallax)
Mindanao shrew-rat (C. melanius)
Katanglad shrew-mouse (C. suncoides)
Sommeromys
Sommer's Sulawesi rat (S. macrorhinos)
DacnomysDivisionAnonymomys
Mindoro climbing rat (A. mindorensis)
Chiromyscus
Fea's tree rat (C. chiropus)
Dacnomys
Millard's rat (D. millardi)
Leopoldamys(Long-tailedgiant rats)
Sundaic mountain leopoldamys (L. ciliatus)
Diwangkara's long-tailed giant rat (L. diwangkarai)
Edwards's long-tailed giant rat (L. edwardsi)
Millet's leopoldamys (L. milleti)
Neill's long-tailed giant rat (L. neilli)
Long-tailed giant rat (L. sabanus)
Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (L. siporanus)
Niviventer(White-bellied rats)
Anderson's white-bellied rat (N. andersoni)
Brahma white-bellied rat (N. brahma)
Cameron Highlands white-bellied rat (N. cameroni)
Chinese white-bellied rat (N. confucianus)
Coxing's white-bellied rat (N. coninga)
Dark-tailed tree rat (N. cremoriventer)
Oldfield white-bellied rat (N. culturatus)
Smoke-bellied rat (N. eha)
Large white-bellied rat (N. excelsior)
Montane Sumatran white-bellied rat (N. fraternus)
Chestnut white-bellied rat (N. fulvescens)
Limestone rat (N. hinpoon)
Lang Bian white-bellied rat (N. langbianis)
Narrow-tailed white-bellied rat (N. lepturus)
Hainan white-bellied rat (N. lotipes)
White-bellied rat (N. niviventer)
Long-tailed mountain rat (N. rapit)
Tenasserim white-bellied rat (N. tenaster)
Saxatilomys
Paulina's limestone rat (S. paulinae)
Srilankamys
Ohiya rat (S. ohiensis)
Tonkinomys
Daovantien's limestone rat (T. daovantieni)
DasymysDivisionDasymys(Shaggyswamp rats)
Glover Allen's dasymys (D. alleni)
Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat (D. cabrali)
Fox's shaggy rat (D. foxi)
African marsh rat (D. incomtus)
Montane shaggy rat (D. montanus)
Angolan marsh rat (D. nudipes)
Robert's shaggy rat (D. robertsii)
West African shaggy rat (D. rufulus)
Rwandan shaggy rat (D. rwandae)
D. shortridgei
Tanzanian shaggy rat (D. sua)
EchiothrixDivisionEchiothrix
Central Sulawesi echiothrix (E. centrosa)
Northern Sulawesi echiothrix (E. leucura)
GolundaDivisionGolunda
Indian bush rat (G. ellioti)
See also
Aethomys–Chrotomys
Hadromys–Maxomys
Melasmothrix–Mus
Oenomys–Pithecheir
Pogonomys–Pseudomys
Rattus
Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
Otomys
Others
Taxon identifiersDacnomys millardi
Wikidata: Q301320
Wikispecies: Dacnomys millardi
ADW: Dacnomys
BOLD: 796305
CoL: 33SZV
EoL: 1179061
GBIF: 2438329
iNaturalist: 45646
IRMNG: 11112560
ITIS: 585213
IUCN: 6219
MDD: 1003526
MSW: 13001317
NCBI: 332664
Open Tree of Life: 1085685
This Murinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Muridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae"},{"link_name":"only species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"}],"text":"Millard's rat (Dacnomys millardi) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is the only species in the genus Dacnomys.\nIt is found in China, India, Laos, and Nepal.","title":"Millard's rat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Molur, S. (2016). \"Dacnomys millardi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6219A22466747. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6219/22466747","url_text":"\"Dacnomys millardi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en"}]},{"reference":"Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). \"Superfamily Muroidea\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1314. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Musser","url_text":"Musser, G.G."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13001317","url_text":"\"Superfamily Muroidea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1314","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6219/22466747","external_links_name":"\"Dacnomys millardi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6219A22466747.en"},{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13001317","external_links_name":"\"Superfamily Muroidea\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1314","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dacnomys/","external_links_name":"Dacnomys"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=796305","external_links_name":"796305"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/33SZV","external_links_name":"33SZV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1179061","external_links_name":"1179061"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2438329","external_links_name":"2438329"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/45646","external_links_name":"45646"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11112560","external_links_name":"11112560"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=585213","external_links_name":"585213"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/6219","external_links_name":"6219"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1003526","external_links_name":"1003526"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13001317","external_links_name":"13001317"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=332664","external_links_name":"332664"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1085685","external_links_name":"1085685"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millard%27s_rat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Bay_and_Port_Phillip_Bay_Islands_Important_Bird_Area | Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area | ["1 Description","2 Birds","3 Other animals","4 References"] | Coordinates: 38°14′15″S 144°40′02″E / 38.23750°S 144.66722°E / -38.23750; 144.66722Map of Swan Bay showing the position of Edwards Point with Duck, Swan and Rabbit Islands
Map of the southern end of Swan Bay and the entrance to Port Phillip from Bass Strait (The Rip), showing the positions of Lake Victoria and Pope's Eye
The area is important for red-necked stints...
...and for straw-necked ibises.
The Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area comprises a cluster of disparate sites centred at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula, and the southern end of Port Phillip, in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. As well as providing core wintering habitat for orange-bellied parrots, it is important for waders, or shorebirds, and seabirds.
Description
Sites included in the Important Bird Area (IBA) are:
Swan Bay area wetlands and barrier islands
Portarlington sewage treatment works
Swan Bay - 30 km2 marine embayment with intertidal flats fringed by saltmarsh
Edwards Point - 4 km sandspit with coastal woodland, heathland and saltmarsh
Duck Island - small sand and saltmarsh island
Swan Island - 140 ha sand island, with coastal scrub and saltmarsh
Rabbit Island - small saltmarsh island
Freshwater Lake - small ephemeral lake, fringed by herbland
Lake Victoria - 139 ha shallow saline lake with extensive mudflats bordered by saltmarsh and sedgeland
Port Phillip islands and structures
Mud Islands - tight group of three low, sandy islands, with a total area of 50 ha, with shrubland, saltmarsh and mudflats
Pope's Eye - small artificial island with timber platform and navigation beacon
South Channel Island - small artificial island
Wedge Light - timber platform with adjacent navigation beacon
Swan Bay and Mud Islands are within the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site. Swan Bay, Mud Islands and Pope's Eye are in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park.
Birds
The group of sites has been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it supports significant numbers of critically endangered orange-bellied parrots and vulnerable fairy terns, and over 1% of the world populations of blue-billed ducks, chestnut teals, Australian white and straw-necked ibises, red-necked stints and silver gulls.
The IBA regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds, including 4000 to 15,000 waders and over 10,000 nesting seabirds. The largest Victorian colonies of white-faced storm petrels comprise some 12,400 nesting burrows on Mud Islands and South Channel Island. Mud Islands also has important breeding colonies of Australian pelicans, silver gulls, greater crested and Caspian terns, and ibises. Australasian gannets nest on artificial structures such as Pope's Eye and Wedge Light. The waders move regularly between the various sites to feed and roost but rarely move to the other areas of Port Phillip, which are identified as separate IBAs.
Other animals
The marine waters adjacent to the IBA contain populations of Australian fur seals and Burrunan dolphins. Australian sea lions are also present in the area. Coastal whales such as southern right and southern humpback entering the Port Phillip Bay may appear off the reserve as well.
References
^ a b c d BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2011-10-27.
^ "IBA: Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands". Birdata. Birds Australia. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
^ Smissen I.,2012 A whale of a time.... A passion for birds.... retrieved on 02 June 2014
^ Fowles S., 2012 Spectators have a whale of a time. Apollo's View Accommodation. retrieved on 02 June 2014
vteCoastal bays and inlets of Victoria, Australia
Anderson
Apollo
Beaumaris
Corio
Corner
Daveys
Dinosaur
Discovery
Half Moon
Hobsons
Limeburners
Port Phillip
Portland
Shallow
Swan
Waratah
Western Port
Bay of Islands Coastal Park
Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site
Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area
Category
38°14′15″S 144°40′02″E / 38.23750°S 144.66722°E / -38.23750; 144.66722 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swan_bay_map.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_The_Rip.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calidris_ruficollis_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Threskiornis_spinicollis_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bellarine Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellarine_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"orange-bellied parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_parrot"},{"link_name":"waders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wader"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"}],"text":"Map of Swan Bay showing the position of Edwards Point with Duck, Swan and Rabbit IslandsMap of the southern end of Swan Bay and the entrance to Port Phillip from Bass Strait (The Rip), showing the positions of Lake Victoria and Pope's EyeThe area is important for red-necked stints......and for straw-necked ibises.The Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area comprises a cluster of disparate sites centred at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula, and the southern end of Port Phillip, in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. As well as providing core wintering habitat for orange-bellied parrots, it is important for waders, or shorebirds, and seabirds.","title":"Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-1"},{"link_name":"Portarlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portarlington,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"sewage treatment works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"Swan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Bay"},{"link_name":"intertidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"saltmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Edwards Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Point_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"sandspit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(landform)"},{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath"},{"link_name":"Duck Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Island_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Swan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Island_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"herbland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"mudflats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"sedgeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"Mud Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pope's Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%27s_Eye"},{"link_name":"South Channel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Channel_Fort"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay_(Western_Shoreline)_and_Bellarine_Peninsula_Ramsar_Site"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-1"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Heads_Marine_National_Park"}],"text":"Sites included in the Important Bird Area (IBA) are:[1]Swan Bay area wetlands and barrier islandsPortarlington sewage treatment works\nSwan Bay - 30 km2 marine embayment with intertidal flats fringed by saltmarsh\nEdwards Point - 4 km sandspit with coastal woodland, heathland and saltmarsh\nDuck Island - small sand and saltmarsh island\nSwan Island - 140 ha sand island, with coastal scrub and saltmarsh\nRabbit Island - small saltmarsh island\nFreshwater Lake - small ephemeral lake, fringed by herbland\nLake Victoria - 139 ha shallow saline lake with extensive mudflats bordered by saltmarsh and sedgelandPort Phillip islands and structuresMud Islands - tight group of three low, sandy islands, with a total area of 50 ha, with shrubland, saltmarsh and mudflats\nPope's Eye - small artificial island with timber platform and navigation beacon\nSouth Channel Island - small artificial island\nWedge Light - timber platform with adjacent navigation beaconSwan Bay and Mud Islands are within the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site.[1] Swan Bay, Mud Islands and Pope's Eye are in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"fairy terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tern"},{"link_name":"blue-billed ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-billed_duck"},{"link_name":"chestnut teals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_teal"},{"link_name":"Australian white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_white_ibis"},{"link_name":"straw-necked ibises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-necked_ibis"},{"link_name":"red-necked stints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked_stint"},{"link_name":"silver gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_gull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"waterbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbird"},{"link_name":"colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird_colony"},{"link_name":"white-faced storm petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_storm_petrel"},{"link_name":"Australian pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pelican"},{"link_name":"silver gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_gull"},{"link_name":"greater crested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_crested_tern"},{"link_name":"Caspian terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tern"},{"link_name":"ibises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis"},{"link_name":"Australasian gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_gannet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-1"}],"text":"The group of sites has been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it supports significant numbers of critically endangered orange-bellied parrots and vulnerable fairy terns, and over 1% of the world populations of blue-billed ducks, chestnut teals, Australian white and straw-necked ibises, red-necked stints and silver gulls.[2]The IBA regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds, including 4000 to 15,000 waders and over 10,000 nesting seabirds. The largest Victorian colonies of white-faced storm petrels comprise some 12,400 nesting burrows on Mud Islands and South Channel Island. Mud Islands also has important breeding colonies of Australian pelicans, silver gulls, greater crested and Caspian terns, and ibises. Australasian gannets nest on artificial structures such as Pope's Eye and Wedge Light. The waders move regularly between the various sites to feed and roost but rarely move to the other areas of Port Phillip, which are identified as separate IBAs.[1]","title":"Birds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian fur seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_fur_seal"},{"link_name":"Burrunan dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrunan_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-1"},{"link_name":"Australian sea lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"southern right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_right_whale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"southern humpback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The marine waters adjacent to the IBA contain populations of Australian fur seals and Burrunan dolphins.[1] Australian sea lions are also present in the area. Coastal whales such as southern right[3] and southern humpback[4] entering the Port Phillip Bay may appear off the reserve as well.","title":"Other animals"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Swan Bay showing the position of Edwards Point with Duck, Swan and Rabbit Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Swan_bay_map.PNG/250px-Swan_bay_map.PNG"},{"image_text":"Map of the southern end of Swan Bay and the entrance to Port Phillip from Bass Strait (The Rip), showing the positions of Lake Victoria and Pope's Eye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_The_Rip.PNG/250px-Map_of_The_Rip.PNG"},{"image_text":"The area is important for red-necked stints...","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Calidris_ruficollis_2.jpg/250px-Calidris_ruficollis_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"...and for straw-necked ibises.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Threskiornis_spinicollis_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg/250px-Threskiornis_spinicollis_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"IBA: Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands\". Birdata. Birds Australia. Retrieved 2011-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm","url_text":"\"IBA: Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swan_Bay_and_Port_Phillip_Bay_Islands_Important_Bird_Area¶ms=38_14_15_S_144_40_02_E_region:AU-VIC_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"38°14′15″S 144°40′02″E / 38.23750°S 144.66722°E / -38.23750; 144.66722"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.birdlife.org"},{"Link":"http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm","external_links_name":"\"IBA: Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands\""},{"Link":"http://smissen.blogspot.jp/2012/09/a-whale-of-time.html","external_links_name":"A whale of a time..."},{"Link":"http://apollosview.com/whale_watch.html","external_links_name":"Spectators have a whale of a time"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swan_Bay_and_Port_Phillip_Bay_Islands_Important_Bird_Area¶ms=38_14_15_S_144_40_02_E_region:AU-VIC_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"38°14′15″S 144°40′02″E / 38.23750°S 144.66722°E / -38.23750; 144.66722"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Dom%C3%A8nech_i_Sampere | Xavier Domènech | ["1 References"] | Xavier DomènechMPMember of the Parliament of CataloniaIn office17 January 2018 – 4 September 2018ConstituencyBarcelonaMember of the Congress of DeputiesIn office13 January 2016 – 17 January 2018ConstituencyBarcelona
Personal detailsBornXavier Domènech i Sampere (1974-12-02) 2 December 1974 (age 49)Sabadell, SpainPolitical partyPodemos (since 2014)Catalunya en Comú (since 2017)Other politicalaffiliationsProcés ConstituentOccupationpolitician, writer, historian, essayist
Xavier Domenech i Sampere (born 1974, Sabadell), is a Spanish historian, activist and politician. He led the En Comú Podem (Together We Can) electoral ticket that stood in Catalonia at the Spanish General Elections on 20 December 2015.
In June 2015, Domènech was appointed Commissioner for Strategic Studies and Historical Memory at Barcelona City Hall by the government of Barcelona en Comú. Barcelona en Comú's historical memory policies under Domenech have included removing the bust of former King of Spain, Juan Carlos, from the city council chamber, and denying the use of Monjuic Castle for a service in memory of executed Nationalist supporters.
He is the author of a number of history books, including Quan el carrer va deixar de ser seu. Moviment obrer, societat civil i canvi polític a Sabadell (Barcelona, 2002), Temps d'Interseccions. Una història de la Joventut Comunista de Catalunya (Barcelona, 2007), Quan plovien Bombes. La Guerra Civil i els bombardeigs de Barcelona (Barcelona 2007), Clase Obrera, antifranquismo y cambio político (2008), Lucha de clases, dictadura y democracia (1939–1977), and Political Change and the Labor Movement under Francoism. Class Struggle, Dictatorship and Democracy 1939–1977 (Madrid, 2012).
References
^ Domènech, Xavier. "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Ajuntament de Barcelona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ "Barcelona en Comú assembly passes motion to stand in the Spanish general elections on the ticket "En Comú Podem"". BComú Global. Medium. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "City Council extends resources to ensure children's basic food needs are covered". El Digital. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ Kassam, Ashifa (24 July 2015). "Barcelona council removes bust of former king of Spain from city hall". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ Antón, Jacinto (2015-07-16). "Barcelona bans Montjuïc Castle Mass held for executed Franco supporters". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
^ Domènech, Xavier (2013). "The Workers' Movement and Political Change in Spain, 1956–1977". International Labor and Working-Class History. 83. Cambridge: 70–85. doi:10.1017/S014754791300015X. S2CID 144342580. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
2
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"En Comú Podem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Com%C3%BA_Podem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Barcelona en Comú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_en_Com%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nationalist supporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Xavier Domenech i Sampere (born 1974, Sabadell),[1] is a Spanish historian, activist and politician. He led the En Comú Podem (Together We Can) electoral ticket that stood in Catalonia at the Spanish General Elections on 20 December 2015.[2]In June 2015, Domènech was appointed Commissioner for Strategic Studies and Historical Memory at Barcelona City Hall by the government of Barcelona en Comú.[3] Barcelona en Comú's historical memory policies under Domenech have included removing the bust of former King of Spain, Juan Carlos, from the city council chamber,[4] and denying the use of Monjuic Castle for a service in memory of executed Nationalist supporters.[5]He is the author of a number of history books, including Quan el carrer va deixar de ser seu. Moviment obrer, societat civil i canvi polític a Sabadell (Barcelona, 2002), Temps d'Interseccions. Una història de la Joventut Comunista de Catalunya (Barcelona, 2007), Quan plovien Bombes. La Guerra Civil i els bombardeigs de Barcelona (Barcelona 2007), Clase Obrera, antifranquismo y cambio político (2008), Lucha de clases, dictadura y democracia (1939–1977), and Political Change and the Labor Movement under Francoism. Class Struggle, Dictatorship and Democracy 1939–1977 (Madrid, 2012).[6]","title":"Xavier Domènech"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Domènech, Xavier. \"Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF). Ajuntament de Barcelona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100502/http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/sites/default/files/xavier_domenech_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vitae\""},{"url":"http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/sites/default/files/xavier_domenech_0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona en Comú assembly passes motion to stand in the Spanish general elections on the ticket \"En Comú Podem\"\". BComú Global. Medium. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@BComuGlobal/barcelona-en-com%C3%BA-assembly-passes-motion-to-stand-in-the-spanish-general-elections-on-the-ticket-6f996bee1770#.pdn634s27","url_text":"\"Barcelona en Comú assembly passes motion to stand in the Spanish general elections on the ticket \"En Comú Podem\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082214/https://medium.com/@BComuGlobal/barcelona-en-com%C3%BA-assembly-passes-motion-to-stand-in-the-spanish-general-elections-on-the-ticket-6f996bee1770#.pdn634s27","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"City Council extends resources to ensure children's basic food needs are covered\". El Digital. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eldigital.barcelona.cat/en/city-council-extends-resources-to-ensure-childrens-basic-food-needs-are-covered_212515.html","url_text":"\"City Council extends resources to ensure children's basic food needs are covered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072503/http://eldigital.barcelona.cat/en/city-council-extends-resources-to-ensure-childrens-basic-food-needs-are-covered_212515.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kassam, Ashifa (24 July 2015). \"Barcelona council removes bust of former king of Spain from city hall\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/barcelona-remove-bust-former-king-spain-juan-carlos","url_text":"\"Barcelona council removes bust of former king of Spain from city hall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151023073438/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/barcelona-remove-bust-former-king-spain-juan-carlos","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Antón, Jacinto (2015-07-16). \"Barcelona bans Montjuïc Castle Mass held for executed Franco supporters\". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/16/inenglish/1437038375_388997.html","url_text":"\"Barcelona bans Montjuïc Castle Mass held for executed Franco supporters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804013713/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/16/inenglish/1437038375_388997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Domènech, Xavier (2013). \"The Workers' Movement and Political Change in Spain, 1956–1977\". International Labor and Working-Class History. 83. Cambridge: 70–85. doi:10.1017/S014754791300015X. S2CID 144342580. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8961883&fileId=S014754791300015X","url_text":"\"The Workers' Movement and Political Change in Spain, 1956–1977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS014754791300015X","url_text":"10.1017/S014754791300015X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144342580","url_text":"144342580"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428222715/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-labor-and-working-class-history/article/abs/workers-movement-and-political-change-in-spain-19561977/F717618ED14F55558AE96C91B9E8572D","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100502/http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/sites/default/files/xavier_domenech_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae\""},{"Link":"http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/sites/default/files/xavier_domenech_0.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@BComuGlobal/barcelona-en-com%C3%BA-assembly-passes-motion-to-stand-in-the-spanish-general-elections-on-the-ticket-6f996bee1770#.pdn634s27","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona en Comú assembly passes motion to stand in the Spanish general elections on the ticket \"En Comú Podem\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082214/https://medium.com/@BComuGlobal/barcelona-en-com%C3%BA-assembly-passes-motion-to-stand-in-the-spanish-general-elections-on-the-ticket-6f996bee1770#.pdn634s27","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eldigital.barcelona.cat/en/city-council-extends-resources-to-ensure-childrens-basic-food-needs-are-covered_212515.html","external_links_name":"\"City Council extends resources to ensure children's basic food needs are covered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072503/http://eldigital.barcelona.cat/en/city-council-extends-resources-to-ensure-childrens-basic-food-needs-are-covered_212515.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/barcelona-remove-bust-former-king-spain-juan-carlos","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona council removes bust of former king of Spain from city hall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151023073438/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/barcelona-remove-bust-former-king-spain-juan-carlos","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/16/inenglish/1437038375_388997.html","external_links_name":"\"Barcelona bans Montjuïc Castle Mass held for executed Franco supporters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804013713/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/16/inenglish/1437038375_388997.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8961883&fileId=S014754791300015X","external_links_name":"\"The Workers' Movement and Political Change in Spain, 1956–1977\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS014754791300015X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S014754791300015X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144342580","external_links_name":"144342580"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240428222715/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-labor-and-working-class-history/article/abs/workers-movement-and-political-change-in-spain-19561977/F717618ED14F55558AE96C91B9E8572D","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000005926452X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/201193807","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMkkw7f3VFrWTJHrDg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1598528","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1108802","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16235294w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16235294w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525968306706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142293490","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010005210","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/146974980","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_St._Louis_(1894) | SS St. Louis (1894) | ["1 Service history","1.1 Spanish–American War","1.2 World War I","2 Destruction","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | For other ships of the same name, see List of ships named SS St. Louis, USS St. Louis, and USS Louisville
St. Louis seen off New York in 1900.
History
United States
NameSt. Louis
OwnerInternational Navigation Company
OperatorAmerican Line
Route
New York City–Southampton
New York City–Liverpool
BuilderWilliam Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia
Yard number277
Launched12 November 1894
In service1895
Out of service1918
HomeportNew York City
Fate
Destroyed by fire, January 1920
Scrapped, 1925
United States
NameUSS St. Louis
Commissioned24 April 1898
Decommissioned2 September 1898
FateReturned to owners, 1898
United States
NameUSS Louisville
Acquired17 April 1918
Commissioned24 April 1918
Decommissioned9 September 1919
FateReturned to owners, 1919. Scrapped 1924
General characteristics
TypePassenger ship / Auxiliary cruiser / Troopship
Displacement14,910 long tons (15,149 t)
Length554 ft (169 m)
Beam63 ft (19 m)
Draft30 ft (9.1 m)
Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Complement377
Armament
In 1898 :
4 × 5 in (130 mm) rapid fire guns
8 × 6-pounder guns
In 1918 :
3 × 6 in (150 mm) guns
Service record
Operations:
Spanish–American War
Battle of Santiago de Cuba
World War I
Action of 30 May 1917
SS St. Louis was a passenger liner built in 1894 and sponsored by the wife of U.S. President Grover Cleveland. She entered merchant service in 1895, operating between New York and Southampton, England. St. Louis was registered in the United States and owned by the International Navigation Company of New York City. She was acquired by the U.S. Navy during both the Spanish–American War (when she was renamed USS St. Louis) and World War I (when she was renamed USS Louisville). After the ship reverted to its original name in 1919, she caught fire and was scrapped in Genoa in 1924.
Service history
Quadruple expansion engines of St. Louis in the Cramp workshop where they were built
Spanish–American War
On a later voyage following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, St. Louis was chartered for Naval service while at Southampton and returned to New York on 22 April 1898. Armed with four 5-inch rapid fire guns and eight 6-pounders, she was commissioned as an auxiliary cruiser in the United States Navy on 24 April, Capt. Caspar F. Goodrich in command. St. Louis, crewed by 27 officers and 350 men, departed on 30 April for the Caribbean.
St. Louis was specially outfitted with heavy drag lines in order to destroy undersea cable communications in the West Indies and to the mainland of South America. On 13 May, the ship severed a cable between St. Thomas and San Juan, and on 18 May engaged in gunfire with the Morro Castle batteries at Santiago de Cuba while cutting another cable. When Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet sailed into Santiago Harbor, the Spanish warships found themselves cut off from direct communications with Spain.
St. Louis next severed the cable between Guantanamo Bay and Haiti; then cut the cable off Cienfuegos to isolate Cuba from outside communications. She joined in the bombardment of fortifications at Caimanera in Guantanamo Bay on 3 June; captured a Spanish merchant ship on the 10th; intercepted two British ships bound for Cuba - the Twickenham on 10 June and Wary on 1 July; and was present at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July when the Spanish Fleet was destroyed while trying to force its way to sea.
St. Louis received many prisoners of war, including Admiral Cervera, for internment in the United States and landed them at Portsmouth, N.H., on 11 July. She steamed south from Norfolk on the 28th to cruise among ports of Puerto Rico and Cuba until 10 August; then sailed for New York where she arrived on the 14th. She shifted to Philadelphia on 24 August to enter the Cramp shipyard for preparation for return to her owners. St. Louis was decommissioned on 2 September and was turned over to Mr. J. Parker, a representative of the American Lines.
World War I
For many years, SS St. Louis was prominent as a passenger liner between New York and Liverpool. For example, in June 1906, the newly married Alice Roosevelt Longworth sailed on the ship for her first trip to Europe. On 17 March 1917, she was provided with an armed guard of 26 sailors and equipped with three 6-inch guns to defend against enemy attack on her New York-to-Liverpool service route. On 30 May, while proceeding up the Irish Sea and skirting the coast of England, she responded rapidly to the orders, "Hard Starboard," at the sighting of a periscope, and succeeded in dodging a torpedo while apparently striking the submarine which fired it. Later dry-dock examination revealed that 18 feet of her keel rubbing strake had been torn away. On 25 July, her gunners exchanged fire with a surfaced U-boat, some three miles away, and sighted many near misses.
351st Field Artillery troops on the deck of the Louisville, Feb. 17, 1919
On 17 April 1918, St. Louis was delivered to the Navy at New York to be wholly manned and operated by the Navy as a troop transport. She was renamed Louisville (SP-1644) to avoid confusion with the heavy cruiser St. Louis. Louisville was commissioned on 24 April.
Louisville first put to sea on 12 October bound for Portland and Southampton, England, and returned to New York on 7 January 1919. From then until 19 August of that year, she made six voyages from New York to Liverpool or to Brest, France, to return American soldiers from the Great War. On 20 August, she shifted to Norfolk and was decommissioned there on 9 September 1919. She was returned to her owner on the 11th and resumed her original name, St. Louis.
Destruction
On 8 January 1920, while St. Louis was being reconditioned as a passenger liner in Hoboken, N.J., a workman's blowtorch ignited a fire. The fire raged into the next day, 9 January. When the fire could not be controlled, the ship was scuttled at the dock and allowed to burn. The only thing left after the fire was her steel hull. Damages were estimated at $1 million. She was later refloated and taken over by insurance underwriters. Over the next five years, under ownership of various investors, she lay at docks in different parts of New York Harbor. Finally, she was sold in 1925; and two Dutch tugs towed her to Italy where she was scrapped by an Italian salvage company.
Notes
^ Louisville was chosen as a name so as not to confuse this ship with the cruiser USS St. Louis (C-20).
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
"The New American Atlantic Liner St. Louis", Scientific American, 11 August 1894
A detailed report on the ship and experiences of an agent from a rival company (1902)
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1920Shipwrecks
8 Jan: St. Louis
12 Jan: Afrique, Serbier
26 Jan: Mielero
29 Jan: Novara
January (unknown date): HMS A2, USC&GS Isis
12 Feb: West Aleta
February (unknown date) Zante
10 Mar: Jutland
13 Mar: Olockson
18 Mar: USS Althea
22 Mar: Rock Island Bridge
24 Mar: USS H-1, Mutlah
March (unknown date): USS Brown, Kerowlee
1 Apr: USFS Murre
2 Apr: USCGC Leader
18 Apr: William O'Brien
9 May: USAT Northern Pacific
25 May: USFS Osprey
20 Aug: Superior City
7 Jun: U-151, UC-97
11 Jun: St. Boswells
12 Jul: Lake Frampton
1 Sep: USS S-5
3 Sep: USS S-5
6 Sep: Berwyn
8 Sep: Comboyne
20 Sep Prince Rupert
24 Sep USS Cushing
September (unknown date): Southern Cross
10 Oct: Benicia
October (unknown date): Gromoboi
1 Nov: USS Coast Battleship No. 1
3 Nov: Hastier
14 Nov: Ferret
15 Nov: HMS Amethyst
16 Nov: HMS Tyne
27 Nov: Comboyne
November (unknown date): Rostislav
10 Dec: Yellowstone
20 Dec: Dora
27 Dec: Lakeside Bridge
Unknown date: UB-21, Varyag
Other incidents
9 Jan: West Avenal
1 Feb: Berrima
15 Feb: Regina
6 Mar: Pisa
8 Mar: USS H-1
12 Mar: O'Higgins
25 May: Equity
20 Jul: Alice Dollar
21 Jul: Alice Dollar, USS Monocacy
28 Jul: Niki
July (various dates): USS Princess Matoika ("mutiny")
24 Aug: O'Higgins
25 Aug: Wardha
9 Sep: Siboney
10 Sep: USS Pittsburgh
27 Oct: Hastier
6–7 Dec: Pilade Bronzetti
16 Dec: Inca
25 Dec: Kwinana
29 Dec: Nieuw Amsterdam
1919 1921
^ Longworth, Alice Roosevelt (1980). Crowded hours. Signal lives. New York: Arno Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-405-12846-2.
^ United Press, “Fire Damage To Liner Is Put At $1,000,000,” Riverside Daily Press, Riverside, California, Saturday 10 January 1920, Volume XXXV, Number 9, page 1. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ships named SS St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_named_SS_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"USS St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Southampton, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_England"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"}],"text":"For other ships of the same name, see List of ships named SS St. Louis, USS St. Louis, and USS LouisvilleSS St. Louis was a passenger liner built in 1894 and sponsored by the wife of U.S. President Grover Cleveland. She entered merchant service in 1895, operating between New York and Southampton, England. St. Louis was registered in the United States and owned by the International Navigation Company of New York City. She was acquired by the U.S. Navy during both the Spanish–American War (when she was renamed USS St. Louis) and World War I (when she was renamed USS Louisville).[Note 1] After the ship reverted to its original name in 1919, she caught fire and was scrapped in Genoa in 1924.","title":"SS St. Louis (1894)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_St._Louis_(1894)_engines.jpg"}],"text":"Quadruple expansion engines of St. Louis in the Cramp workshop where they were built","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"6-pounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6-pounder_Hotchkiss#American_service"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Caspar F. Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_F._Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Admiral Pascual Cervera's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Cervera"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Cienfuegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienfuegos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"Spanish–American War","text":"On a later voyage following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, St. Louis was chartered for Naval service while at Southampton and returned to New York on 22 April 1898. Armed with four 5-inch rapid fire guns and eight 6-pounders, she was commissioned as an auxiliary cruiser in the United States Navy on 24 April, Capt. Caspar F. Goodrich in command. St. Louis, crewed by 27 officers and 350 men, departed on 30 April for the Caribbean.St. Louis was specially outfitted with heavy drag lines in order to destroy undersea cable communications in the West Indies and to the mainland of South America. On 13 May, the ship severed a cable between St. Thomas and San Juan, and on 18 May engaged in gunfire with the Morro Castle batteries at Santiago de Cuba while cutting another cable. When Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet sailed into Santiago Harbor, the Spanish warships found themselves cut off from direct communications with Spain.St. Louis next severed the cable between Guantanamo Bay and Haiti; then cut the cable off Cienfuegos to isolate Cuba from outside communications. She joined in the bombardment of fortifications at Caimanera in Guantanamo Bay on 3 June; captured a Spanish merchant ship on the 10th; intercepted two British ships bound for Cuba - the Twickenham on 10 June and Wary on 1 July; and was present at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July when the Spanish Fleet was destroyed while trying to force its way to sea.St. Louis received many prisoners of war, including Admiral Cervera, for internment in the United States and landed them at Portsmouth, N.H., on 11 July. She steamed south from Norfolk on the 28th to cruise among ports of Puerto Rico and Cuba until 10 August; then sailed for New York where she arrived on the 14th. She shifted to Philadelphia on 24 August to enter the Cramp shipyard for preparation for return to her owners. St. Louis was decommissioned on 2 September and was turned over to Mr. J. Parker, a representative of the American Lines.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"strake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:351st_Field_Artillery_(African_American)_Troops_on_the_Deck_of_the_%22Louisville.%22_Part_of_the_Squadr_._._._-_NARA_-_533486.tif"},{"link_name":"heavy cruiser St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(C-20)"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"For many years, SS St. Louis was prominent as a passenger liner between New York and Liverpool. For example, in June 1906, the newly married Alice Roosevelt Longworth sailed on the ship for her first trip to Europe.[1] On 17 March 1917, she was provided with an armed guard of 26 sailors and equipped with three 6-inch guns to defend against enemy attack on her New York-to-Liverpool service route. On 30 May, while proceeding up the Irish Sea and skirting the coast of England, she responded rapidly to the orders, \"Hard Starboard,\" at the sighting of a periscope, and succeeded in dodging a torpedo while apparently striking the submarine which fired it. Later dry-dock examination revealed that 18 feet of her keel rubbing strake had been torn away. On 25 July, her gunners exchanged fire with a surfaced U-boat, some three miles away, and sighted many near misses.351st Field Artillery troops on the deck of the Louisville, Feb. 17, 1919On 17 April 1918, St. Louis was delivered to the Navy at New York to be wholly manned and operated by the Navy as a troop transport. She was renamed Louisville (SP-1644) to avoid confusion with the heavy cruiser St. Louis. Louisville was commissioned on 24 April.Louisville first put to sea on 12 October bound for Portland and Southampton, England, and returned to New York on 7 January 1919. From then until 19 August of that year, she made six voyages from New York to Liverpool or to Brest, France, to return American soldiers from the Great War. On 20 August, she shifted to Norfolk and was decommissioned there on 9 September 1919. She was returned to her owner on the 11th and resumed her original name, St. Louis.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"On 8 January 1920, while St. Louis was being reconditioned as a passenger liner in Hoboken, N.J., a workman's blowtorch ignited a fire. The fire raged into the next day, 9 January. When the fire could not be controlled, the ship was scuttled at the dock and allowed to burn. The only thing left after the fire was her steel hull. Damages were estimated at $1 million.[2] She was later refloated and taken over by insurance underwriters. Over the next five years, under ownership of various investors, she lay at docks in different parts of New York Harbor. Finally, she was sold in 1925; and two Dutch tugs towed her to Italy where she was scrapped by an Italian salvage company.","title":"Destruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"USS St. Louis (C-20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(C-20)"}],"text":"^ Louisville was chosen as a name so as not to confuse this ship with the cruiser USS St. Louis (C-20).","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Quadruple expansion engines of St. Louis in the Cramp workshop where they were built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SS_St._Louis_%281894%29_engines.jpg/220px-SS_St._Louis_%281894%29_engines.jpg"},{"image_text":"351st Field Artillery troops on the deck of the Louisville, Feb. 17, 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/351st_Field_Artillery_%28African_American%29_Troops_on_the_Deck_of_the_%22Louisville.%22_Part_of_the_Squadr_._._._-_NARA_-_533486.tif/lossy-page1-150px-351st_Field_Artillery_%28African_American%29_Troops_on_the_Deck_of_the_%22Louisville.%22_Part_of_the_Squadr_._._._-_NARA_-_533486.tif.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Longworth, Alice Roosevelt (1980). Crowded hours. Signal lives. New York: Arno Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-405-12846-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=17577&recCount=25&recPointer=7&bibId=1808081","url_text":"Crowded hours"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-12846-2","url_text":"978-0-405-12846-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/st-louis-iii.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201890%20to%201899/5/lg/sci8111894.htm","external_links_name":"\"The New American Atlantic Liner St. Louis\", Scientific American, 11 August 1894"},{"Link":"http://www.oceanliner.org/st_louis.htm","external_links_name":"A detailed report on the ship and experiences of an agent from a rival company (1902)"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=17577&recCount=25&recPointer=7&bibId=1808081","external_links_name":"Crowded hours"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Brooks_(Lord_Lieutenant) | Timothy Brooks (Lord Lieutenant) | ["1 References"] | English landowner, farmer, politician and public servant
Sir Timothy Gerald Martin Brooks, KCVO (1929–2014) was an English landowner, farmer, politician and public servant.
Brooks' father, the Hon. Herbert William Brooks (1890–1974), was a younger son of the 2nd Baron Crawshaw. After Eton College, he attended the Royal Agricultural College, completing a National Diploma in Agriculture in 1951. That year, he married the Hon. Ann Fremantle, daughter of the 4th Baron Cottesloe; when Lord Cottesloe died in 1958, she inherited Wistow Hall and its connected estate.
The couple spent many years renovating the hall, improving the estate's farms and organising the Wistow Rural Centre (which Brooks had established in 1953). Brooks became involved in local affairs, becoming a magistrate in 1960 and serving as the High Sheriff of Leicestershire for the 1979–80 year. He sat on Harborough District Council from 1975 to 1989 and chaired it in the 1983–84 year. In 1989, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire. Between then and his retirement in 2003, he received two honorary degrees (from De Montfort University and the University of Leicester) and was appointed a Knight of the Order of Saint John.
On retiring, Brooks was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. He died in 2014. His son Richard served as High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 2012.
References
^ Charles Mosley (ed.), Burke's Peerage (2003), vol. 1, p. 961.
^ a b "History of Wistow", Wistow. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
^ "Sir Timothy Brooks KCVO", Kibworth and District Chronicle, issue 363 (June 2014). Retrieved 6 June 2019.
^ a b "Brooks, Sir Timothy (Gerald Martin)", Who's Who (online ed., Oxford University Press, December 2018). Retrieved 6 June 2019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"2nd Baron Crawshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooks,_2nd_Baron_Crawshaw"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"National Diploma in Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Diploma_in_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th Baron Cottesloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fremantle,_4th_Baron_Cottesloe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wistow Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistow_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Harborough District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborough_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"De Montfort University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort_University"},{"link_name":"University of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Sir Timothy Gerald Martin Brooks, KCVO (1929–2014) was an English landowner, farmer, politician and public servant.Brooks' father, the Hon. Herbert William Brooks (1890–1974), was a younger son of the 2nd Baron Crawshaw. After Eton College, he attended the Royal Agricultural College, completing a National Diploma in Agriculture in 1951. That year, he married the Hon. Ann Fremantle, daughter of the 4th Baron Cottesloe;[1] when Lord Cottesloe died in 1958, she inherited Wistow Hall and its connected estate.[2]The couple spent many years renovating the hall, improving the estate's farms and organising the Wistow Rural Centre[3] (which Brooks had established in 1953). Brooks became involved in local affairs, becoming a magistrate in 1960 and serving as the High Sheriff of Leicestershire for the 1979–80 year. He sat on Harborough District Council from 1975 to 1989 and chaired it in the 1983–84 year. In 1989, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire. Between then and his retirement in 2003, he received two honorary degrees (from De Montfort University and the University of Leicester) and was appointed a Knight of the Order of Saint John.[4]On retiring, Brooks was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. He died in 2014.[4] His son Richard served as High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 2012.[2]","title":"Timothy Brooks (Lord Lieutenant)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.wistow.com/history-of-wistow/","external_links_name":"\"History of Wistow\""},{"Link":"http://www.kibworthchronicle.com/articles/363brooks.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sir Timothy Brooks KCVO\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-8912","external_links_name":"\"Brooks, Sir Timothy (Gerald Martin)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Wagons-_und_Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik_AG_Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich | Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Schweizerische Wagons- Und Aufzugefabrik AG Schlieren-ZurichCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryRail transportFounded1895; 129 years ago (1895)Defunct1997FateAcquired By Stadler RailHeadquartersZürich, SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwideProductsLocomotivesHigh-speed trainsIntercity and commuter trainsTramsPeople moversSignalling systems
Wagi Schlieren builders plate on heritage tramcar Ce 2/2 ("Lisbethli") from 1900 (Tram-Museum Zürich).
Share of the Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG, issued 20. January 1902
A carriage built in 1920
The Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG (SWS, Swiss Railcar and Lift Factory Corporation, known colloquially as "Wagi"), which was based at Schlieren in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, was a manufacturer of railway rolling stock and lifts.
The company was founded in 1895 as Firma Geissberger & Cie., which opened a wagon factory at Schlieren railway station. In 1899, the company became Schweizerische Wagen- und Wagons-Fabrik AG, based in Zürich. Just one year later, the company moved its base back to Schlieren, and in 1901, there was another renaming, to Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG in Schlieren-Zürich (SWS).
In 1903, the newly formed Swiss Federal Railways (SBB-CFF-FFS) ordered passenger cars from SWS. As early as 1906, the 1,000th item of rolling stock left the SWS workshop, and in 1909 the 2,000th vehicle was delivered to SBB-CFF-FFS.
In 1917, SWS took over the lift manufacturing business from the firm Aufzüge- und Räderfabrik Seebach AG and in 1928 the firm name was changed to Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG, Schlieren-Zürich.
In 1956 it was announced that Pars Finanz AG – the then holding company of the Schindler Group, which was involved in lift manufacturing and wagon building – had purchased 30% of SWS's share capital. In 1958, Schlieren installed the fastest lift at the time - with speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s), in Atomium building in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. The Schindler Group took the "Wagi" over completely in 1960, and integrated the company into the group as a subsidiary company.
When the Swiss rolling stock manufacturing industry was restructured in 1980–1981, SWS changed its rolling stock specialisation to component manufacturing, as well as alterations and revisions. In lift manufacture, the company focused on standard doors and standard cabins. In 1983, Schindler Group announced that SWS would be closed. At the end of August 1985, the closure took place, amidst vehement protests by employees and the public.
At the former premises of SWS, which were demolished very soon afterwards, a large new building was constructed, to house a new printing works for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ). Other new buildings constructed on the site were, for the most part, taken up by new small businesses.
Schindler continues to manufacture lifts today, and is the core product of that company, along with escalators and moving walkways. Railway division was divested in 1997 and acquired by Stadler Rail.
References
^ "Firma Geissberger & Cie - Firmengeschichte" . WAGI Museum (in German). Retrieved August 19, 2021.
^ "Schindler Group – Our History". Schindler Group. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
External links
WAGI Museum Website Archived 2021-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
Official Heritage Website
bahnarchiv.ch – Image database with partial SWS- photo archive
This article was translated from the German-language version as at August 2010.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagi_schlieren_lisbethli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tram-Museum Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram-Museum_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schweiz_Wagons-Fabrik_AG_1902.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagsttalbahn_Bi_15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schlieren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"Schlieren railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"Schindler Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler_Group"},{"link_name":"Atomium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Neue Zürcher Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"escalators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalator"},{"link_name":"moving walkways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_walkway"},{"link_name":"Stadler Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_Rail"}],"text":"Wagi Schlieren builders plate on heritage tramcar Ce 2/2 (\"Lisbethli\") from 1900 (Tram-Museum Zürich).Share of the Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG, issued 20. January 1902A carriage built in 1920The Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG (SWS, Swiss Railcar and Lift Factory Corporation, known colloquially as \"Wagi\"), which was based at Schlieren in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, was a manufacturer of railway rolling stock and lifts.The company was founded in 1895 as Firma Geissberger & Cie., which opened a wagon factory at Schlieren railway station.[1] In 1899, the company became Schweizerische Wagen- und Wagons-Fabrik AG, based in Zürich. Just one year later, the company moved its base back to Schlieren, and in 1901, there was another renaming, to Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG in Schlieren-Zürich (SWS).In 1903, the newly formed Swiss Federal Railways (SBB-CFF-FFS) ordered passenger cars from SWS. As early as 1906, the 1,000th item of rolling stock left the SWS workshop, and in 1909 the 2,000th vehicle was delivered to SBB-CFF-FFS.In 1917, SWS took over the lift manufacturing business from the firm Aufzüge- und Räderfabrik Seebach AG and in 1928 the firm name was changed to Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG, Schlieren-Zürich.In 1956 it was announced that Pars Finanz AG – the then holding company of the Schindler Group, which was involved in lift manufacturing and wagon building – had purchased 30% of SWS's share capital. In 1958, Schlieren installed the fastest lift at the time - with speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s), in Atomium building in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. The Schindler Group took the \"Wagi\" over completely in 1960, and integrated the company into the group as a subsidiary company.[2]When the Swiss rolling stock manufacturing industry was restructured in 1980–1981, SWS changed its rolling stock specialisation to component manufacturing, as well as alterations and revisions. In lift manufacture, the company focused on standard doors and standard cabins. In 1983, Schindler Group announced that SWS would be closed. At the end of August 1985, the closure took place, amidst vehement protests by employees and the public.At the former premises of SWS, which were demolished very soon afterwards, a large new building was constructed, to house a new printing works for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ). Other new buildings constructed on the site were, for the most part, taken up by new small businesses.Schindler continues to manufacture lifts today, and is the core product of that company, along with escalators and moving walkways. Railway division was divested in 1997 and acquired by Stadler Rail.","title":"Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich"}] | [{"image_text":"Wagi Schlieren builders plate on heritage tramcar Ce 2/2 (\"Lisbethli\") from 1900 (Tram-Museum Zürich).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wagi_schlieren_lisbethli.jpg/220px-Wagi_schlieren_lisbethli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Share of the Schweizerische Wagons-Fabrik AG, issued 20. January 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Schweiz_Wagons-Fabrik_AG_1902.jpg/220px-Schweiz_Wagons-Fabrik_AG_1902.jpg"},{"image_text":"A carriage built in 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jagsttalbahn_Bi_15.jpg/220px-Jagsttalbahn_Bi_15.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Firma Geissberger & Cie - Firmengeschichte\" [Firma Geissberger & Cie - Company History]. WAGI Museum (in German). Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wagimuseum.ch/firmengeschichte.html","url_text":"\"Firma Geissberger & Cie - Firmengeschichte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schindler Group – Our History\". Schindler Group. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.schindler.com/com/internet/en/about-schindler/schindler-history.html","url_text":"\"Schindler Group – Our History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler_Group","url_text":"Schindler Group"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22","external_links_name":"\"Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Schweizerische+Wagons-+und+Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik+AG+Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://wagimuseum.ch/firmengeschichte.html","external_links_name":"\"Firma Geissberger & Cie - Firmengeschichte\""},{"Link":"https://www.schindler.com/com/internet/en/about-schindler/schindler-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Schindler Group – Our History\""},{"Link":"https://wagimuseum.ch/","external_links_name":"WAGI Museum Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509074857/https://wagimuseum.ch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://historicschlieren.com/","external_links_name":"Official Heritage Website"},{"Link":"http://www.bahnarchiv.ch/","external_links_name":"bahnarchiv.ch – Image database with partial SWS- photo archive"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144861106","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1085970353","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041824","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_(company) | Circle (company) | ["1 Funding","2 History","3 Services and features","4 Acquisitions","5 Licenses","6 References","7 External links"] | Peer-to-peer payments technology company
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Circle" company – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Circle Internet Financial LimitedType of businessPrivateType of sitePeer to peer paymentsHeadquartersBoston, Massachusetts, United StatesFounder(s)Jeremy Allaire, Sean NevilleKey peopleJeremy Allaire (CEO)URLcircle.comLaunchedOctober 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10)
Circle (legally Circle Internet Financial Limited) is a peer-to-peer payments technology company that now manages stablecoin USDC, a cryptocurrency the value of which is pegged to the U.S. dollar. It was founded by Jeremy Allaire and Sean Neville in October 2013. Circle is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. USDC, the second largest stablecoin worldwide, is designed to hold at or near a stable price of $1. The majority of its stablecoin collateral is held in short-term U.S. government securities.
Funding
The company has received over US$135 million in venture capital from 4 rounds of investments from 2013 to 2016, including US$50 million led by Goldman Sachs. In April 2015 The New York Times reporter Nathaniel Popper wrote that the Goldman Sachs investment "should help solidify Bitcoin’s reputation as a technology that serious financial firms can work with." In June 2016, Circle raised US$60 million in Series D funding backed by new and existing partners. On May 15, 2018, Circle raised US$110 million in venture capital to create USD Coin, an Ethereum coin they claim is backed by USD. Today, each USDC token is backed by USD.
In November 2021 Circle led a US$13.5 million funding round in crowdfunding platform Crowdcube.
In April 2022, Circle Internet Financial announced an agreement for a US$400M funding round with investments from BlackRock, Fidelity Investments, Marshall Wace LLP, Fin Capital and Clidenor Capital expected to close in the second quarter.
In January 2024, the company filed for a U.S. Initial public offering.
History
In September 2015, Circle received the first BitLicense issued from the New York State Department of Financial Services. In April 2016, the British government approved the first virtual currency licensure to Circle.
Circle's mobile payment platform, Circle Pay, allowed users to hold, send, and receive traditional fiat currencies, until being slated for discontinuation in 2019. Up until December 2016, Circle Pay also operated as a Bitcoin wallet service to buy and sell Bitcoins. It has since ceased to provide such service.
In September 2018, Circle, along with Coinbase Global, released a consortium called Centre, which launched digital USDC pegged to the dollar. Centre was intended to serve as a platform for users to make deposits from traditional bank accounts and convert fiat currency into tokens. Centre would also provide the ability to shift back to banknotes. In August 2023, Coinbase and Circle closed the Centre Consortium, giving Circle sole governance of USDC.
In February 2020, Circle sold its digital asset trading platform to Voyager Digital.
In July 2021, Circle announced a plan to merge with a special-purpose acquisition company called Concord Acquisition Corp in a $4.5 billion deal that would make Circle a public company. However, in December 2022 this deal was terminated.
In 2023, at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Allaire said the United States needs new statutory definitions of digital assets to provide regulatory clarity. He also said he hoped Circle will be regulated by the U.S. Federal Reserve and become an established financial player in order to distinguish the company from recent implosions in the crypto industry.
On March 10, 2023, USDC Stablecoin announced that $3.3 billion of its US$40 billion Coin reserves were held at Silicon Valley Bank when it collapsed. All of the cash held as reserve has since been parked with The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. In late 2023, the company announced it had a $1 billion cash cushion. In the same month, the company announced that it had chosen Paris to develop its commercial activities in Europe.
In 2023, CEO Jeremy Allaire began lobbying the U.S. Congress to provide clear rules for stablecoins. Analysts have suggested that well-regulated stablecoins would invite competition from mainstream banks and have the potential to disrupt the current remittance, payments, and peer-to-peer transfer system. In late, 2023, Coinbase took an equity stake in the company which also announced that USDC will be available on six additional blockchains. Visa also announced it was expanding a pilot program that uses USDC on the Solana blockchain to help pay some merchants in cryptocurrency.
In February 2024, Circle announced it would stop supporting USDC token on the Tron network.
Services and features
As of 2015, a Circle account could be funded in USD via "US-issued Visa and MasterCard credit and debit cards" and US bank accounts. As of 2016, European customers can also use Circle in EUR and GBP. Circle plans to peg the conversion rate to the US Dollar. Britain's Financial Conduct Authority granted Circle an electronic money license in April 2016, expanding the use of Circle's services to the United Kingdom and broadening Circle's relationship with UK bank Barclays. In June 2016, Circle announced it will begin expanding its services to China.
In December 2016 the Circle app stopped supporting the exchange of bitcoin but still allows money transfers. In October 2017, Circle launched a new service for group payments and cash transfers to US accounts.
In June 2019 it was announced that the Circle Pay mobile and web apps would be discontinued on September 30, 2019.
In 2023, the company released a protocol that enables users to move USDC between blockchains. It also unveiled a programmable Web3 wallet platform that will enable applications to store, send, and receive cryptocurrencies.
Acquisitions
On February 26, 2018, Circle announced that they purchased the Poloniex cryptocurrency exchange for $400 million.
In October 2018 it was announced that Circle planned to acquire SeedInvest, subject to FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) approval. The acquisition was finalized in March 2019.
In October 2019, Circle and Poloniex announced they were splitting and Poloniex announced itself as a new company, “Polo Digital Asset". It was revealed one month later that Justin Sun, the founder of Tron, led the acquisition of Poloniex.
Economics portalCompanies portal
Licenses
The company has licenses in 49 U.S. states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia and does most of its banking with regulated U.S. institutions. in 2023, the company received a Major Payment Institution license from the Monetary Authority of Singapore.
References
^ "Circle Internet Financial, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
^ a b Pressman, Aaron (December 17, 2022). "Amid crypto crash, Boston's Jeremy Allaire may be the last person standing". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ a b c Bambysheva, Nina. "Circle Begs Congress: Please Regulate Us". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
^ Alden, William (March 26, 2014). "Dealbook: Startup Unveils Bitcoin Payments Product". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ Schroeder, Stan (April 30, 2015). "Bitcoin startup Circle raises $50 million from Goldman Sachs and IDG". Mashable. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Casey, Michael J. (April 30, 2015). "Goldman a Lead Investor in Funding Round for Bitcoin Startup Circle". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.(subscription required)
^ Popper, Nathaniel (April 30, 2015). "Dealbook: Goldman and IDG Put $50 Million to Work in a Bitcoin Company". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Wang, Selina (2016-06-23). "Circle Raises $60 Million in Funding Round Backed by Baidu, IDG". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Castillo, Michael del (15 May 2018). "Cryptocurrency Startup Circle Raised $110M For Ethereum Coin Backed By U.S. Dollars". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
^ a b Kate Rooney (15 May 2018). "Goldman Sachs-backed start-up Circle introducing a crypto version of the US dollar". CNBC. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018.
^ "Crowdcube raises £10m to power European expansion". AltFi. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
^ "Circle Announces $400M Funding Round". www.prnewswire.com. 12 April 2022.
^ "Circle confidentially files for US IPO". Reuters.
^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (2024-01-11). "Circle confidentially files for IPO following banner year for crypto stocks". CNBC. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
^ Vigna, Paul (September 22, 2015). "Moneybeat: Circle Gets First 'BitLicense,' Releases CirclePay, New Service". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.(subscription required)
^ Woodward, Curt (September 22, 2015). "Circle gets first bitcoin license from New York regulators". beta Boston. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ NYDFS (September 22, 2015). "NYDFS Announces Approval of First BitLicense Application from a Virtual Currency From a Virtual Currency Firm". ny.gov (press release). Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Popper, Nathaniel (2016-04-06). "Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Nidhi Subbaraman (25 Sep 2015). "Circle's bitcoin app now lets you send cash". beta Boston. Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
^ Alba, Davey (April 30, 2015). "This Digital Wallet Could Finally Get You Into Bitcoin". WIRED. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.
^ Alspach, Kyle (March 27, 2014). "Digital currency firm gets $17m in financing". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ Swisher, Kara (March 26, 2014). "Still More Bitcoin Investing: Circle Internet Financial Raises $17 Million from Oak, Others". re/code. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ Sean Neville; Jeremy Allaire (2016-12-06). "Spark, New Markets, App Messaging, and Bitcoin Changes". The Circle Blog. Archived from the original on 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
^ "Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it's losing the stablecoin wars to Tether". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ a b Anna Irrera (15 May 2018). "Circle raises $110 million, plans to create dollar-pegged cryptocurrency". Reuters. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018.
^ "Circle Joins Ranks of Stable Crypto Coins With Dollar Token". Bloomberg.com. 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ a b c "USDC to be available on 15 blockchains after adding 6—including Base, Optimism, and Polygon PoS—over next 2 months". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
^ "Circle Spins Out More Business, Sells 'Invest' to Voyager Digital". Financial and Business News | Finance Magnates. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
^ "Circle Sells Crypto Investing App Business to Voyager Digital". Bloomberg.com. 12 February 2020.
^ Vigna, Paul (2021-07-08). "Cryptocurrency Operator Circle to Go Public in $4.5 Billion SPAC Merger". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
^ "Crypto group Circle ends $9bn deal to go public through Bob Diamond's Spac". Financial Times. 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
^ "Crypto Presence Endures at Davos". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
^ Chowdhury, Divya; Mattackal, Lisa Pauline (2023-01-16). "Davos 2023 New regulatory definitions needed for digital assets -Circle CEO". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
^ Stablecoin Firm Circle Reveals $3.3 Billion Exposure to Silicon Valley Bank. Bloomberg News, 10 March 2023.
^ "US Bank Crisis Prompts Stablecoin Backer's Flight to Big Lenders". Bloomberg.com. 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ "Circle Says $1 Billion in Cash Serves as Buffer While Market Share Declines". Bloomberg.com. 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
^ "" Le géant des stablecoins Circle choisit Paris pour établir son siège européen "". bfmtv.com (in French). 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
^ "Circle Picks Crypto-Friendly France for European Headquarters". 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
^ "Visa to send stablecoin USDC over Solana to help pay merchants in crypto". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
^ "Stablecoin USDC Ditches Tron Network, Cites Risk Management". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
^ Wilson, Tom (2024-02-21). "Crypto firm Circle to end support for USDC stablecoin on Tron blockchai".
^ "Which debit and credit cards can I use?". Circle FAQ. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ "Circle and British Pound Sterling, Social Payment App Updates, Limitless Spends and Withdrawals". The Circle Blog. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
^ Popper, Nathaniel (2016-04-06). "Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
^ "Dublin-listed Circle gets €54m for China expansion".
^ Fitz Tepper (12 Jul 2016). "Circle removes ability to buy and sell Bitcoin as it doubles down on mobile payments". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ Adrian Weckler (19 Oct 2017). "Dublin payments firm debuts group transfers - Independent.ie". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
^ Kennedy, John (2017-10-19). "Circle reveals group payments and fast, free cash transfers to US accounts". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
^ "Circle Pay Pulls Out of the Mobile Payments Market". 17 June 2019.
^ Robert Hackett (26 Feb 2018). "This Big Cryptocurrency Acquisition Could Create a Wall Street-Style Financial Giant". Fortune. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
^ Romain Dillet (February 26, 2018). "Circle acquires cryptocurrency exchange Poloniex". TechCrunch. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ Lily Katz (5 Oct 2018). "Circle to Buy SeedInvest to Help Startups Raise Cash With Crypto". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Crypto Payments Firm Circle Closes Acquisition of Crowdfunding Platform SeedInvest". Yahoo News. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
^ PYMNTS (2019-03-04). "Circle Pay Closes On Acquisition Of SeedInvest". PYMNTS.com. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
^ "Circle spinning out Poloniex; new exchange plans to spend $100M and not serve US clients". uk.movies.yahoo.com. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
^ "Poloniex Exchange on Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ "Circle Singapore Gets Digital Payment Token License From MAS". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
External links
Official website
vteMobile payment softwareActive
2C2P
Adyen
Alipay
Amazon Pay
Apple Cash
Apple Pay
Atom Technologies
Bancomat Pay
bKash
Blik
Boku
Carta Worldwide
Cash App
CDS Global
Circle
Easypaisa
EnStream
Ensygnia
EServGlobal
Fitbit Pay
FreeCharge
Garmin Pay
GCash
Google Pay
Google Pay app
Google Wallet
Gopay
iDEAL
Interac e-Transfer
JazzCash
Jumio
KakaoPay
Line Pay
Maya
Mercado Pago
Mir Pay
MobiKwik
Mobile Suica
MobilePay
Mopay
M-Pesa
Nagad
NPCI
IMPS
UPI
BHIM
Naver Pay
NEFT
Orange Money
Osaifu-Keitai
Oxigen Services
PayAnywhere
PayMate
PayMe
Paytm
PayPal
Braintree
iZettle
Paydiant
Venmo
Pix
PayNow
PayPay
Payworld
PhonePe
Qiwi
Revolut
Samsung Pay
Samsung Wallet
Spice Digital
Swish
Touch 'n Go eWallet
UnionPay app
Vipps
Wave Money
WeChat Pay
Wizzit
YooMoney
Zelle
Defunct
AirTag
Bell ID
CurrentC
Fortumo
Google Wallet (2011-2018)
Kuapay
Lemon Wallet
LG Pay
Microsoft Pay
Paym
Pingit
Simpay
Softcard
Tagpay
Tez
vcash
Zapp
Znap
Category
vteCryptocurrenciesTechnology
Blockchain
Cryptocurrency tumbler
Cryptocurrency wallet
Cryptographic hash function
Decentralized exchange
Decentralized finance
Distributed ledger
Fork
Lightning Network
MetaMask
Non-fungible token
Smart contract
Web3
Consensus mechanisms
Proof of authority
Proof of space
Proof of stake
Proof of work
Proof of work currenciesSHA-256-based
Bitcoin
Bitcoin Cash
Counterparty
LBRY
MazaCoin
Namecoin
Peercoin
Titcoin
Ethash-based
Ethereum (1.0)
Ethereum Classic
Scrypt-based
Auroracoin
Bitconnect
Coinye
Dogecoin
Litecoin
Equihash-based
Bitcoin Gold
Zcash
RandomX-based
Monero
X11-based
Dash
Petro
Other
AmbaCoin
Firo
IOTA
Nervos Network
Primecoin
Verge
Vertcoin
Proof of stake currencies
Algorand
Avalanche
Cardano
EOS.IO
Ethereum (2.0)
Gridcoin
Kin
Nxt
Peercoin
Polkadot
Solana
Steem
Tezos
TRON
ERC-20 tokens
Augur
Aventus
Basic Attention Token
Chainlink
Kin
KodakCoin
Minds
Polygon
Shiba Inu
The DAO
TRON
Stablecoins
Dai
Diem
First Digital USD
Pax
Terra
Tether
USD Coin
Other currencies
Chia
Filecoin
HBAR (Hashgraph)
Helium
Luna
MobileCoin
Nano
NEO
Ripple
SafeMoon
Stellar
WhopperCoin
Inactive currencies
BitConnect
Coinye
KodakCoin
OneCoin
Petro
Cryptocurrency exchanges
Abra
Binance
Bitfinex
bitFlyer
Bitkub
Bitpanda
Bithumb
BitMEX
Bitso
Bitstamp
BTCC
BUX
Circle
Coinbase
Coincheck
Crypto.com
EDX Markets
eToro
Gemini
Genesis
Huobi
ItBit (Paxos)
Kraken
Kuna
LocalBitcoins
OKX
ShapeShift
Uniswap
Upbit
Defunct
BTC-e
FTX
bankruptcy
Mt. Gox
QuadrigaCX
Thodex
Crypto service companies
Hyperledger
IQ.Wiki
Initiative Q
Related topics
Airdrop
BitLicense
Blockchain game
Complementary currency
Crypto-anarchism
Cryptocurrency bubble
Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
Cryptocurrency scams
Digital currency
Decentralized autonomous organization
Decentralized application
Distributed ledger technology law
Double-spending
Environmental impact
Initial coin offering
Initial exchange offering
List of cryptocurrencies
Token money
Virtual currency
Category
Commons
List
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stablecoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablecoin"},{"link_name":"USDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD_Coin"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"pegged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Allaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Allaire"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Circle (legally Circle Internet Financial Limited) is a peer-to-peer payments technology company that now manages stablecoin USDC, a cryptocurrency the value of which is pegged to the U.S. dollar. It was founded by Jeremy Allaire and Sean Neville in October 2013. Circle is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.[1][2] USDC, the second largest stablecoin worldwide, is designed to hold at or near a stable price of $1. The majority of its stablecoin collateral is held in short-term U.S. government securities.[3]","title":"Circle (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USD Coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD_Coin"},{"link_name":"Ethereum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Crowdcube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdcube"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BlackRock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock"},{"link_name":"Fidelity Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Management_and_Research"},{"link_name":"Marshall Wace LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Wace"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The company has received over US$135 million in venture capital from 4 rounds of investments from 2013 to 2016, including US$50 million led by Goldman Sachs.[4][5][6] In April 2015 The New York Times reporter Nathaniel Popper wrote that the Goldman Sachs investment \"should help solidify Bitcoin’s reputation as a technology that serious financial firms can work with.\"[7] In June 2016, Circle raised US$60 million in Series D funding backed by new and existing partners.[8] On May 15, 2018, Circle raised US$110 million in venture capital to create USD Coin, an Ethereum coin they claim is backed by USD.[9][10] Today, each USDC token is backed by USD.[2]In November 2021 Circle led a US$13.5 million funding round in crowdfunding platform Crowdcube.[11]In April 2022, Circle Internet Financial announced an agreement for a US$400M funding round with investments from BlackRock, Fidelity Investments, Marshall Wace LLP, Fin Capital and Clidenor Capital expected to close in the second quarter.[12]In January 2024, the company filed for a U.S. Initial public offering.[13][14]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BitLicense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitLicense"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"virtual currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_currency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin wallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin_wallet"},{"link_name":"Bitcoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_Globe-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re/code-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Coinbase Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbase"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"Voyager Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Digital"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"special-purpose acquisition company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Bank"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_of_New_York_Mellon_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Coinbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbase"},{"link_name":"USDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD_Coin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"Visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc."},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Tron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"In September 2015, Circle received the first BitLicense issued from the New York State Department of Financial Services.[15][16][17] In April 2016, the British government approved the first virtual currency licensure to Circle.[18]Circle's mobile payment platform, Circle Pay, allowed users to hold, send, and receive traditional fiat currencies,[19] until being slated for discontinuation in 2019. Up until December 2016, Circle Pay also operated as a Bitcoin wallet service to buy and sell Bitcoins.[20][21][22] It has since ceased to provide such service.[23]In September 2018, Circle, along with Coinbase Global,[24] released a consortium called Centre, which launched digital USDC pegged to the dollar.[25] Centre was intended to serve as a platform for users to make deposits from traditional bank accounts and convert fiat currency into tokens. Centre would also provide the ability to shift back to banknotes.[26] In August 2023, Coinbase and Circle closed the Centre Consortium, giving Circle sole governance of USDC.[27]In February 2020, Circle sold its digital asset trading platform to Voyager Digital.[28][29]In July 2021, Circle announced a plan to merge with a special-purpose acquisition company called Concord Acquisition Corp in a $4.5 billion deal that would make Circle a public company.[30] However, in December 2022 this deal was terminated.[31]In 2023, at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Allaire said the United States needs new statutory definitions of digital assets to provide regulatory clarity. He also said he hoped Circle will be regulated by the U.S. Federal Reserve and become an established financial player in order to distinguish the company from recent implosions in the crypto industry.[32][33]On March 10, 2023, USDC Stablecoin announced that $3.3 billion of its US$40 billion Coin reserves were held at Silicon Valley Bank when it collapsed.[34] All of the cash held as reserve has since been parked with The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation.[35] In late 2023, the company announced it had a $1 billion cash cushion.[36] In the same month, the company announced that it had chosen Paris to develop its commercial activities in Europe.[37][38]In 2023, CEO Jeremy Allaire began lobbying the U.S. Congress to provide clear rules for stablecoins. Analysts have suggested that well-regulated stablecoins would invite competition from mainstream banks and have the potential to disrupt the current remittance, payments, and peer-to-peer transfer system.[3] In late, 2023, Coinbase took an equity stake in the company which also announced that USDC will be available on six additional blockchains.[27] Visa also announced it was expanding a pilot program that uses USDC on the Solana blockchain to help pay some merchants in cryptocurrency.[39]In February 2024, Circle announced it would stop supporting USDC token on the Tron network.[40][41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc."},{"link_name":"MasterCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-10"},{"link_name":"Financial Conduct Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Web3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"}],"text":"As of 2015, a Circle account could be funded in USD via \"US-issued Visa and MasterCard credit and debit cards\" and US bank accounts.[42] As of 2016, European customers can also use Circle in EUR and GBP.[43] Circle plans to peg the conversion rate to the US Dollar.[25][10] Britain's Financial Conduct Authority granted Circle an electronic money license in April 2016, expanding the use of Circle's services to the United Kingdom and broadening Circle's relationship with UK bank Barclays.[44] In June 2016, Circle announced it will begin expanding its services to China.[45]In December 2016 the Circle app stopped supporting the exchange of bitcoin but still allows money transfers.[46] In October 2017, Circle launched a new service for group payments and cash transfers to US accounts.[47][48]In June 2019 it was announced that the Circle Pay mobile and web apps would be discontinued on September 30, 2019.[49]In 2023, the company released a protocol that enables users to move USDC between blockchains. It also unveiled a programmable Web3 wallet platform that will enable applications to store, send, and receive cryptocurrencies.[27]","title":"Services and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"SeedInvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeedInvest"},{"link_name":"Financial Industry Regulatory Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Justin Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Sun"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"link_name":"Economics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Economics"},{"link_name":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"}],"text":"On February 26, 2018, Circle announced that they purchased the Poloniex cryptocurrency exchange for $400 million.[50][51]In October 2018 it was announced that Circle planned to acquire SeedInvest, subject to FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) approval.[52] The acquisition was finalized in March 2019.[53][54]In October 2019, Circle and Poloniex announced they were splitting and Poloniex announced itself as a new company, “Polo Digital Asset\".[55] It was revealed one month later that Justin Sun, the founder of Tron, led the acquisition of Poloniex.[56]Economics portalCompanies portal","title":"Acquisitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"The company has licenses in 49 U.S. states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia and does most of its banking with regulated U.S. institutions.[3] in 2023, the company received a Major Payment Institution license from the Monetary Authority of Singapore.[57]","title":"Licenses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Circle Internet Financial, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=249292386","url_text":"\"Circle Internet Financial, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek\""}]},{"reference":"Pressman, Aaron (December 17, 2022). \"Amid crypto crash, Boston's Jeremy Allaire may be the last person standing\". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/12/17/business/amid-crypto-crash-bostons-jeremy-allaire-may-be-last-person-standing/","url_text":"\"Amid crypto crash, Boston's Jeremy Allaire may be the last person standing\""}]},{"reference":"Bambysheva, Nina. \"Circle Begs Congress: Please Regulate Us\". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ninabambysheva/2023/06/07/circle-begs-congress-please-regulate-us/","url_text":"\"Circle Begs Congress: Please Regulate Us\""}]},{"reference":"Alden, William (March 26, 2014). \"Dealbook: Startup Unveils Bitcoin Payments Product\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/start-up-unveils-bitcoin-payments-product-and-additional-financing/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","url_text":"\"Dealbook: Startup Unveils Bitcoin Payments Product\""}]},{"reference":"Schroeder, Stan (April 30, 2015). \"Bitcoin startup Circle raises $50 million from Goldman Sachs and IDG\". Mashable. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2015/04/30/bitcoin-startup-circle-raises-50-million-dollars","url_text":"\"Bitcoin startup Circle raises $50 million from Goldman Sachs and IDG\""}]},{"reference":"Casey, Michael J. (April 30, 2015). \"Goldman a Lead Investor in Funding Round for Bitcoin Startup Circle\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-a-lead-investor-in-funding-round-for-bitcoin-startup-circle-1430363042","url_text":"\"Goldman a Lead Investor in Funding Round for Bitcoin Startup Circle\""}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (April 30, 2015). \"Dealbook: Goldman and IDG Put $50 Million to Work in a Bitcoin Company\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/business/dealbook/goldman-and-idg-put-50-million-to-work-in-a-bitcoin-company.html","url_text":"\"Dealbook: Goldman and IDG Put $50 Million to Work in a Bitcoin Company\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Selina (2016-06-23). \"Circle Raises $60 Million in Funding Round Backed by Baidu, IDG\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-23/circle-raises-60-million-in-funding-round-backed-by-baidu-idg","url_text":"\"Circle Raises $60 Million in Funding Round Backed by Baidu, IDG\""}]},{"reference":"Castillo, Michael del (15 May 2018). \"Cryptocurrency Startup Circle Raised $110M For Ethereum Coin Backed By U.S. Dollars\". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2018/05/15/circle-raised-110m-to-build-ethereum-coin-backed-by-dollars/#59ec4b3c1ee1","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency Startup Circle Raised $110M For Ethereum Coin Backed By U.S. Dollars\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Rooney (15 May 2018). \"Goldman Sachs-backed start-up Circle introducing a crypto version of the US dollar\". CNBC. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/15/goldman-sachs-backed-start-up-circle-introducing-a-crypto-us-dollar.html","url_text":"\"Goldman Sachs-backed start-up Circle introducing a crypto version of the US dollar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crowdcube raises £10m to power European expansion\". AltFi. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altfi.com/article/8573_crowdcube-raises-10m","url_text":"\"Crowdcube raises £10m to power European expansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Announces $400M Funding Round\". www.prnewswire.com. 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/circle-announces-400m-funding-round-301523647.html","url_text":"\"Circle Announces $400M Funding Round\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle confidentially files for US IPO\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/stablecoin-firm-circle-confidentially-files-us-ipo-2024-01-11/","url_text":"\"Circle confidentially files for US IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Sigalos, MacKenzie (2024-01-11). \"Circle confidentially files for IPO following banner year for crypto stocks\". CNBC. Retrieved 2024-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/11/circle-confidentially-files-for-ipo-following-banner-year-for-crypto-.html","url_text":"\"Circle confidentially files for IPO following banner year for crypto stocks\""}]},{"reference":"Vigna, Paul (September 22, 2015). \"Moneybeat: Circle Gets First 'BitLicense,' Releases CirclePay, New Service\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitlicense-releases-circlepay-new-service/","url_text":"\"Moneybeat: Circle Gets First 'BitLicense,' Releases CirclePay, New Service\""}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Curt (September 22, 2015). \"Circle gets first bitcoin license from New York regulators\". beta Boston. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173720/http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitcoin-license-from-new-york-regulators/","url_text":"\"Circle gets first bitcoin license from New York regulators\""},{"url":"http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitcoin-license-from-new-york-regulators/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NYDFS (September 22, 2015). \"NYDFS Announces Approval of First BitLicense Application from a Virtual Currency From a Virtual Currency Firm\". ny.gov (press release). Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023602/http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press/pr1509221.htm","url_text":"\"NYDFS Announces Approval of First BitLicense Application from a Virtual Currency From a Virtual Currency Firm\""},{"url":"http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press/pr1509221.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (2016-04-06). \"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/business/dealbook/bitcoin-start-up-gets-an-electronic-money-license-in-britain.html","url_text":"\"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Nidhi Subbaraman (25 Sep 2015). \"Circle's bitcoin app now lets you send cash\". beta Boston. Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2016-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929013206/http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/25/circles-bitcoin-app-now-lets-you-send-cash/","url_text":"\"Circle's bitcoin app now lets you send cash\""},{"url":"http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/25/circles-bitcoin-app-now-lets-you-send-cash/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alba, Davey (April 30, 2015). \"This Digital Wallet Could Finally Get You Into Bitcoin\". WIRED. Retrieved 23 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Alba","url_text":"Alba, Davey"},{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2015/04/circle-bitcoin-digital-wallet/","url_text":"\"This Digital Wallet Could Finally Get You Into Bitcoin\""}]},{"reference":"Alspach, Kyle (March 27, 2014). \"Digital currency firm gets $17m in financing\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/03/26/circle-internet-financial-ltd-gets-financing/jpvDrHbV9H3GgNpNJJdUjN/story.html","url_text":"\"Digital currency firm gets $17m in financing\""}]},{"reference":"Swisher, Kara (March 26, 2014). \"Still More Bitcoin Investing: Circle Internet Financial Raises $17 Million from Oak, Others\". re/code. Retrieved April 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Swisher","url_text":"Swisher, Kara"},{"url":"http://recode.net/2014/03/26/still-more-bitcoin-investing-circle-internet-financial-raises-17-million-from-oak-others/","url_text":"\"Still More Bitcoin Investing: Circle Internet Financial Raises $17 Million from Oak, Others\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Neville; Jeremy Allaire (2016-12-06). \"Spark, New Markets, App Messaging, and Bitcoin Changes\". The Circle Blog. Archived from the original on 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2017-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161208151207/http://blog.circle.com/2016/12/06/spark-new-markets-app-messaging-and-bitcoin-changes/","url_text":"\"Spark, New Markets, App Messaging, and Bitcoin Changes\""},{"url":"http://blog.circle.com/2016/12/06/spark-new-markets-app-messaging-and-bitcoin-changes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it's losing the stablecoin wars to Tether\". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/09/06/circle-financial-revolution-tether-stablecoin-usdc-banking-crisis/","url_text":"\"Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it's losing the stablecoin wars to Tether\""}]},{"reference":"Anna Irrera (15 May 2018). \"Circle raises $110 million, plans to create dollar-pegged cryptocurrency\". Reuters. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-circle/circle-raises-110-million-plans-to-create-dollar-pegged-cryptocurrency-idUSKCN1IG38R","url_text":"\"Circle raises $110 million, plans to create dollar-pegged cryptocurrency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Joins Ranks of Stable Crypto Coins With Dollar Token\". Bloomberg.com. 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2023-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-26/circle-joins-ranks-of-stable-crypto-coins-with-dollar-token","url_text":"\"Circle Joins Ranks of Stable Crypto Coins With Dollar Token\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDC to be available on 15 blockchains after adding 6—including Base, Optimism, and Polygon PoS—over next 2 months\". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/08/23/usdc-base-cosmos-near-optimism-polkadot-polygon-pos-circle/","url_text":"\"USDC to be available on 15 blockchains after adding 6—including Base, Optimism, and Polygon PoS—over next 2 months\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Spins Out More Business, Sells 'Invest' to Voyager Digital\". Financial and Business News | Finance Magnates. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2024-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/circle-spins-out-more-business-sells-invest-to-voyager-digital/","url_text":"\"Circle Spins Out More Business, Sells 'Invest' to Voyager Digital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Sells Crypto Investing App Business to Voyager Digital\". Bloomberg.com. 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-12/circle-sells-crypto-investing-app-business-to-voyager-digital","url_text":"\"Circle Sells Crypto Investing App Business to Voyager Digital\""}]},{"reference":"Vigna, Paul (2021-07-08). \"Cryptocurrency Operator Circle to Go Public in $4.5 Billion SPAC Merger\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/cryptocurrency-operator-circle-to-go-public-in-4-5-billion-spac-merger-11625754758","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency Operator Circle to Go Public in $4.5 Billion SPAC Merger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Crypto group Circle ends $9bn deal to go public through Bob Diamond's Spac\". Financial Times. 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/c414257e-a917-4e2b-a022-572268d77515","url_text":"\"Crypto group Circle ends $9bn deal to go public through Bob Diamond's Spac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crypto Presence Endures at Davos\". WSJ. Retrieved 2023-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/davos2023/card/crypto-presence-endures-at-davos-vIXWDYVKv3FF8Jn1r9zE","url_text":"\"Crypto Presence Endures at Davos\""}]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, Divya; Mattackal, Lisa Pauline (2023-01-16). \"Davos 2023 New regulatory definitions needed for digital assets -Circle CEO\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/davos-2023-new-regulatory-definitions-needed-digital-assets-circle-ceo-2023-01-16/","url_text":"\"Davos 2023 New regulatory definitions needed for digital assets -Circle CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Bank Crisis Prompts Stablecoin Backer's Flight to Big Lenders\". Bloomberg.com. 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-16/us-bank-crisis-prompts-stablecoin-usdc-backer-s-flight-to-big-lenders","url_text":"\"US Bank Crisis Prompts Stablecoin Backer's Flight to Big Lenders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Says $1 Billion in Cash Serves as Buffer While Market Share Declines\". Bloomberg.com. 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-10/circle-usdc-stablecoin-issuer-says-1-billion-cash-to-counter-paypal-binance","url_text":"\"Circle Says $1 Billion in Cash Serves as Buffer While Market Share Declines\""}]},{"reference":"\"\" Le géant des stablecoins Circle choisit Paris pour établir son siège européen \"\". bfmtv.com (in French). 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfmtv.com/crypto/le-geant-des-stablecoins-circle-choisit-paris-pour-etablir-son-siege-europeen_AV-202303210413.html","url_text":"\"\" Le géant des stablecoins Circle choisit Paris pour établir son siège européen \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Picks Crypto-Friendly France for European Headquarters\". 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/circle-picks-crypto-friendly-france-for-european-headquarters?sref=gu9RiAAZ#xj4y7vzkg","url_text":"\"Circle Picks Crypto-Friendly France for European Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visa to send stablecoin USDC over Solana to help pay merchants in crypto\". Fortune Crypto. Retrieved 2023-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/09/05/visa-stablecoin-usdc-solana-worldpay-nuvei-merchants-payments/","url_text":"\"Visa to send stablecoin USDC over Solana to help pay merchants in crypto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stablecoin USDC Ditches Tron Network, Cites Risk Management\". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2024-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-21/circle-stablecoin-usdc-ditches-tron-network-cites-risk-management","url_text":"\"Stablecoin USDC Ditches Tron Network, Cites Risk Management\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Tom (2024-02-21). \"Crypto firm Circle to end support for USDC stablecoin on Tron blockchai\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/crypto-firm-circle-end-support-usdc-stablecoin-tron-blockchain-2024-02-21/","url_text":"\"Crypto firm Circle to end support for USDC stablecoin on Tron blockchai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Which debit and credit cards can I use?\". Circle FAQ. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092944/https://support.circle.com/hc/en-us/articles/205382324-Which-debit-and-credit-cards-can-I-use-","url_text":"\"Which debit and credit cards can I use?\""},{"url":"https://support.circle.com/hc/en-us/articles/205382324-Which-debit-and-credit-cards-can-I-use-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Circle and British Pound Sterling, Social Payment App Updates, Limitless Spends and Withdrawals\". The Circle Blog. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2017-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.circle.com/2016/04/05/circle-and-british-pound-sterling-social-payment-app-updates-limitless-spends-and-withdrawals/","url_text":"\"Circle and British Pound Sterling, Social Payment App Updates, Limitless Spends and Withdrawals\""}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (2016-04-06). \"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/business/dealbook/bitcoin-start-up-gets-an-electronic-money-license-in-britain.html","url_text":"\"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Dublin-listed Circle gets €54m for China expansion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/dublinlisted-circle-gets-54m-for-china-expansion-34838867.html","url_text":"\"Dublin-listed Circle gets €54m for China expansion\""}]},{"reference":"Fitz Tepper (12 Jul 2016). \"Circle removes ability to buy and sell Bitcoin as it doubles down on mobile payments\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2017-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/07/circle-removes-ability-to-buy-and-sell-bitcoin-as-it-doubles-down-on-mobile-payments/","url_text":"\"Circle removes ability to buy and sell Bitcoin as it doubles down on mobile payments\""}]},{"reference":"Adrian Weckler (19 Oct 2017). \"Dublin payments firm debuts group transfers - Independent.ie\". Independent.ie. Retrieved 2017-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/dublin-payments-firm-debuts-group-transfers-36240386.html","url_text":"\"Dublin payments firm debuts group transfers - Independent.ie\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, John (2017-10-19). \"Circle reveals group payments and fast, free cash transfers to US accounts\". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2017-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/circle_us_p2p_fintech_payments","url_text":"\"Circle reveals group payments and fast, free cash transfers to US accounts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Pay Pulls Out of the Mobile Payments Market\". 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://paymentweek.com/2019-6-17-circle-pay-pulls-out-of-the-mobile-payments-market/","url_text":"\"Circle Pay Pulls Out of the Mobile Payments Market\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Hackett (26 Feb 2018). \"This Big Cryptocurrency Acquisition Could Create a Wall Street-Style Financial Giant\". Fortune. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226142013/http://fortune.com/2018/02/26/circle-cryptocurrency-trade-bitcoin/","url_text":"\"This Big Cryptocurrency Acquisition Could Create a Wall Street-Style Financial Giant\""},{"url":"http://fortune.com/2018/02/26/circle-cryptocurrency-trade-bitcoin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Romain Dillet (February 26, 2018). \"Circle acquires cryptocurrency exchange Poloniex\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/26/circle-acquires-cryptocurrency-exchange-poloniex/","url_text":"\"Circle acquires cryptocurrency exchange Poloniex\""}]},{"reference":"Lily Katz (5 Oct 2018). \"Circle to Buy SeedInvest to Help Startups Raise Cash With Crypto\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-05/circle-to-buy-seedinvest-to-help-startups-raise-cash-with-crypto","url_text":"\"Circle to Buy SeedInvest to Help Startups Raise Cash With Crypto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crypto Payments Firm Circle Closes Acquisition of Crowdfunding Platform SeedInvest\". Yahoo News. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2024-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/crypto-payments-firm-circle-closes-174400738.html","url_text":"\"Crypto Payments Firm Circle Closes Acquisition of Crowdfunding Platform SeedInvest\""}]},{"reference":"PYMNTS (2019-03-04). \"Circle Pay Closes On Acquisition Of SeedInvest\". PYMNTS.com. Retrieved 2024-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pymnts.com/news/partnerships-acquisitions/2019/circle-payments-startup-acquires-seedinvest/","url_text":"\"Circle Pay Closes On Acquisition Of SeedInvest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle spinning out Poloniex; new exchange plans to spend $100M and not serve US clients\". uk.movies.yahoo.com. 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/circle-spinning-poloniex-plans-invest-160852416.html","url_text":"\"Circle spinning out Poloniex; new exchange plans to spend $100M and not serve US clients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poloniex Exchange on Twitter\". twitter.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Poloniex/status/1194282581908447232","url_text":"\"Poloniex Exchange on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circle Singapore Gets Digital Payment Token License From MAS\". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2023-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/crypto/circle-singapore-gets-digital-payment-token-license-from-mas","url_text":"\"Circle Singapore Gets Digital Payment Token License From MAS\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circle_(company)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Circle%22+company","external_links_name":"\"Circle\" company"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Circle%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Circle%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Circle%22+company+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Circle%22+company","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Circle%22+company&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://circle.com/","external_links_name":"circle.com"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=249292386","external_links_name":"\"Circle Internet Financial, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/12/17/business/amid-crypto-crash-bostons-jeremy-allaire-may-be-last-person-standing/","external_links_name":"\"Amid crypto crash, Boston's Jeremy Allaire may be the last person standing\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ninabambysheva/2023/06/07/circle-begs-congress-please-regulate-us/","external_links_name":"\"Circle Begs Congress: Please Regulate Us\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/start-up-unveils-bitcoin-payments-product-and-additional-financing/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Dealbook: Startup Unveils Bitcoin Payments Product\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2015/04/30/bitcoin-startup-circle-raises-50-million-dollars","external_links_name":"\"Bitcoin startup Circle raises $50 million from Goldman Sachs and IDG\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-a-lead-investor-in-funding-round-for-bitcoin-startup-circle-1430363042","external_links_name":"\"Goldman a Lead Investor in Funding Round for Bitcoin Startup Circle\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/business/dealbook/goldman-and-idg-put-50-million-to-work-in-a-bitcoin-company.html","external_links_name":"\"Dealbook: Goldman and IDG Put $50 Million to Work in a Bitcoin Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-23/circle-raises-60-million-in-funding-round-backed-by-baidu-idg","external_links_name":"\"Circle Raises $60 Million in Funding Round Backed by Baidu, IDG\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2018/05/15/circle-raised-110m-to-build-ethereum-coin-backed-by-dollars/#59ec4b3c1ee1","external_links_name":"\"Cryptocurrency Startup Circle Raised $110M For Ethereum Coin Backed By U.S. Dollars\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/15/goldman-sachs-backed-start-up-circle-introducing-a-crypto-us-dollar.html","external_links_name":"\"Goldman Sachs-backed start-up Circle introducing a crypto version of the US dollar\""},{"Link":"https://www.altfi.com/article/8573_crowdcube-raises-10m","external_links_name":"\"Crowdcube raises £10m to power European expansion\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/circle-announces-400m-funding-round-301523647.html","external_links_name":"\"Circle Announces $400M Funding Round\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/stablecoin-firm-circle-confidentially-files-us-ipo-2024-01-11/","external_links_name":"\"Circle confidentially files for US IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/11/circle-confidentially-files-for-ipo-following-banner-year-for-crypto-.html","external_links_name":"\"Circle confidentially files for IPO following banner year for crypto stocks\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitlicense-releases-circlepay-new-service/","external_links_name":"\"Moneybeat: Circle Gets First 'BitLicense,' Releases CirclePay, New Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173720/http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitcoin-license-from-new-york-regulators/","external_links_name":"\"Circle gets first bitcoin license from New York regulators\""},{"Link":"http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/22/circle-gets-first-bitcoin-license-from-new-york-regulators/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023602/http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press/pr1509221.htm","external_links_name":"\"NYDFS Announces Approval of First BitLicense Application from a Virtual Currency From a Virtual Currency Firm\""},{"Link":"http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press/pr1509221.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/business/dealbook/bitcoin-start-up-gets-an-electronic-money-license-in-britain.html","external_links_name":"\"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929013206/http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/25/circles-bitcoin-app-now-lets-you-send-cash/","external_links_name":"\"Circle's bitcoin app now lets you send cash\""},{"Link":"http://www.betaboston.com/news/2015/09/25/circles-bitcoin-app-now-lets-you-send-cash/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2015/04/circle-bitcoin-digital-wallet/","external_links_name":"\"This Digital Wallet Could Finally Get You Into Bitcoin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/03/26/circle-internet-financial-ltd-gets-financing/jpvDrHbV9H3GgNpNJJdUjN/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Digital currency firm gets $17m in financing\""},{"Link":"http://recode.net/2014/03/26/still-more-bitcoin-investing-circle-internet-financial-raises-17-million-from-oak-others/","external_links_name":"\"Still More Bitcoin Investing: Circle Internet Financial Raises $17 Million from Oak, Others\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161208151207/http://blog.circle.com/2016/12/06/spark-new-markets-app-messaging-and-bitcoin-changes/","external_links_name":"\"Spark, New Markets, App Messaging, and Bitcoin Changes\""},{"Link":"http://blog.circle.com/2016/12/06/spark-new-markets-app-messaging-and-bitcoin-changes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/09/06/circle-financial-revolution-tether-stablecoin-usdc-banking-crisis/","external_links_name":"\"Circle wanted to create a financial revolution. Instead, it's losing the stablecoin wars to Tether\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-circle/circle-raises-110-million-plans-to-create-dollar-pegged-cryptocurrency-idUSKCN1IG38R","external_links_name":"\"Circle raises $110 million, plans to create dollar-pegged cryptocurrency\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-26/circle-joins-ranks-of-stable-crypto-coins-with-dollar-token","external_links_name":"\"Circle Joins Ranks of Stable Crypto Coins With Dollar Token\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/08/23/usdc-base-cosmos-near-optimism-polkadot-polygon-pos-circle/","external_links_name":"\"USDC to be available on 15 blockchains after adding 6—including Base, Optimism, and Polygon PoS—over next 2 months\""},{"Link":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/circle-spins-out-more-business-sells-invest-to-voyager-digital/","external_links_name":"\"Circle Spins Out More Business, Sells 'Invest' to Voyager Digital\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-12/circle-sells-crypto-investing-app-business-to-voyager-digital","external_links_name":"\"Circle Sells Crypto Investing App Business to Voyager Digital\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/cryptocurrency-operator-circle-to-go-public-in-4-5-billion-spac-merger-11625754758","external_links_name":"\"Cryptocurrency Operator Circle to Go Public in $4.5 Billion SPAC Merger\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/c414257e-a917-4e2b-a022-572268d77515","external_links_name":"\"Crypto group Circle ends $9bn deal to go public through Bob Diamond's Spac\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/davos2023/card/crypto-presence-endures-at-davos-vIXWDYVKv3FF8Jn1r9zE","external_links_name":"\"Crypto Presence Endures at Davos\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/davos-2023-new-regulatory-definitions-needed-digital-assets-circle-ceo-2023-01-16/","external_links_name":"\"Davos 2023 New regulatory definitions needed for digital assets -Circle CEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-10/binance-tether-say-no-svb-exposure-while-circle-stays-mum","external_links_name":"Stablecoin Firm Circle Reveals $3.3 Billion Exposure to Silicon Valley Bank"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-16/us-bank-crisis-prompts-stablecoin-usdc-backer-s-flight-to-big-lenders","external_links_name":"\"US Bank Crisis Prompts Stablecoin Backer's Flight to Big Lenders\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-10/circle-usdc-stablecoin-issuer-says-1-billion-cash-to-counter-paypal-binance","external_links_name":"\"Circle Says $1 Billion in Cash Serves as Buffer While Market Share Declines\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfmtv.com/crypto/le-geant-des-stablecoins-circle-choisit-paris-pour-etablir-son-siege-europeen_AV-202303210413.html","external_links_name":"\"\" Le géant des stablecoins Circle choisit Paris pour établir son siège européen \"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/circle-picks-crypto-friendly-france-for-european-headquarters?sref=gu9RiAAZ#xj4y7vzkg","external_links_name":"\"Circle Picks Crypto-Friendly France for European Headquarters\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/crypto/2023/09/05/visa-stablecoin-usdc-solana-worldpay-nuvei-merchants-payments/","external_links_name":"\"Visa to send stablecoin USDC over Solana to help pay merchants in crypto\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-21/circle-stablecoin-usdc-ditches-tron-network-cites-risk-management","external_links_name":"\"Stablecoin USDC Ditches Tron Network, Cites Risk Management\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/crypto-firm-circle-end-support-usdc-stablecoin-tron-blockchain-2024-02-21/","external_links_name":"\"Crypto firm Circle to end support for USDC stablecoin on Tron blockchai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092944/https://support.circle.com/hc/en-us/articles/205382324-Which-debit-and-credit-cards-can-I-use-","external_links_name":"\"Which debit and credit cards can I use?\""},{"Link":"https://support.circle.com/hc/en-us/articles/205382324-Which-debit-and-credit-cards-can-I-use-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.circle.com/2016/04/05/circle-and-british-pound-sterling-social-payment-app-updates-limitless-spends-and-withdrawals/","external_links_name":"\"Circle and British Pound Sterling, Social Payment App Updates, Limitless Spends and Withdrawals\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/business/dealbook/bitcoin-start-up-gets-an-electronic-money-license-in-britain.html","external_links_name":"\"Bitcoin Start-Up Gets an Electronic Money License in Britain\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/dublinlisted-circle-gets-54m-for-china-expansion-34838867.html","external_links_name":"\"Dublin-listed Circle gets €54m for China expansion\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/07/circle-removes-ability-to-buy-and-sell-bitcoin-as-it-doubles-down-on-mobile-payments/","external_links_name":"\"Circle removes ability to buy and sell Bitcoin as it doubles down on mobile payments\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/dublin-payments-firm-debuts-group-transfers-36240386.html","external_links_name":"\"Dublin payments firm debuts group transfers - Independent.ie\""},{"Link":"https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/circle_us_p2p_fintech_payments","external_links_name":"\"Circle reveals group payments and fast, free cash transfers to US accounts\""},{"Link":"https://paymentweek.com/2019-6-17-circle-pay-pulls-out-of-the-mobile-payments-market/","external_links_name":"\"Circle Pay Pulls Out of the Mobile Payments Market\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180226142013/http://fortune.com/2018/02/26/circle-cryptocurrency-trade-bitcoin/","external_links_name":"\"This Big Cryptocurrency Acquisition Could Create a Wall Street-Style Financial Giant\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/2018/02/26/circle-cryptocurrency-trade-bitcoin/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/26/circle-acquires-cryptocurrency-exchange-poloniex/","external_links_name":"\"Circle acquires cryptocurrency exchange Poloniex\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-05/circle-to-buy-seedinvest-to-help-startups-raise-cash-with-crypto","external_links_name":"\"Circle to Buy SeedInvest to Help Startups Raise Cash With Crypto\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/crypto-payments-firm-circle-closes-174400738.html","external_links_name":"\"Crypto Payments Firm Circle Closes Acquisition of Crowdfunding Platform SeedInvest\""},{"Link":"https://www.pymnts.com/news/partnerships-acquisitions/2019/circle-payments-startup-acquires-seedinvest/","external_links_name":"\"Circle Pay Closes On Acquisition Of SeedInvest\""},{"Link":"https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/circle-spinning-poloniex-plans-invest-160852416.html","external_links_name":"\"Circle spinning out Poloniex; new exchange plans to spend $100M and not serve US clients\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Poloniex/status/1194282581908447232","external_links_name":"\"Poloniex Exchange on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/crypto/circle-singapore-gets-digital-payment-token-license-from-mas","external_links_name":"\"Circle Singapore Gets Digital Payment Token License From MAS\""},{"Link":"https://www.circle.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000113390755","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125690619","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080491863","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_unknown_function | Domain of unknown function | ["1 History","2 Characterisation","3 Frequency and conservation","4 Role in biology","5 Essential DUFs","6 External links","7 References"] | A domain of unknown function (DUF) is a protein domain that has no characterised function. These families have been collected together in the Pfam database using the prefix DUF followed by a number, with examples being DUF2992 and DUF1220. As of 2019, there are almost 4,000 DUF families within the Pfam database representing over 22% of known families. Some DUFs are not named using the nomenclature due to popular usage but are nevertheless DUFs.
The DUF designation is tentative, and such families tend to be renamed to a more specific name (or merged to an existing domain) after a function is identified.
History
The DUF naming scheme was introduced by Chris Ponting, through the addition of DUF1 and DUF2 to the SMART database. These two domains were found to be widely distributed in bacterial signaling proteins. Subsequently, the functions of these domains were identified and they have since been renamed as the GGDEF domain and EAL domain respectively.
Characterisation
Structural genomics programmes have attempted to understand the function of DUFs through structure determination. The structures of over 250 DUF families have been solved. This (2009) work showed that about two thirds of DUF families had a structure similar to a previously solved one and therefore likely to be divergent members of existing protein superfamilies, whereas about one third possessed a novel protein fold.
Some DUF families share remote sequence homology with domains that has characterized function. Computational work can be used to link these relationships. A 2015 work was able to assign 20% of the DUFs to characterized structural superfamilies. Pfam also continuously perform the (manually-verified) assignment in "clan" superfamily entries.
Frequency and conservation
Protein domains and DUFs in different domains of life. Left: Annotated domains. Right: domains of unknown function. Not all overlaps shown.
More than 20% of all protein domains were annotated as DUFs in 2013. About 2,700 DUFs are found in bacteria compared with just over 1,500 in eukaryotes. Over 800 DUFs are shared between bacteria and eukaryotes, and about 300 of these are also present in archaea. A total of 2,786 bacterial Pfam domains even occur in animals, including 320 DUFs.
Role in biology
Many DUFs are highly conserved, indicating an important role in biology. However, many such DUFs are not essential, hence their biological role often remains unknown. For instance, DUF143 is present in most bacteria and eukaryotic genomes. However, when it was deleted in Escherichia coli no obvious phenotype was detected. Later it was shown that the proteins that contain DUF143, are ribosomal silencing factors that block the assembly of the two ribosomal subunits. While this function is not essential, it helps the cells to adapt to low nutrient conditions by shutting down protein biosynthesis. As a result, these proteins and the DUF only become relevant when the cells starve. It is thus believed that many DUFs (or proteins of unknown function, PUFs) are only required under certain conditions.
Essential DUFs
Goodacre et al. identified 238 DUFs in 355 essential proteins (in 16 model bacterial species), most of which represent single-domain proteins, clearly establishing the biological essentiality of DUFs. These DUFs are called "essential DUFs" or eDUFs.
External links
List of Pfam families beginning with the letter D, including DUF families
References
^ a b El-Gebali S, Mistry J, Bateman A, Eddy SR, Luciani A, Potter SC, Qureshi M, Richardson LJ, Salazar GA, Smart A, Sonnhammer EL, Hirsh L, Paladin L, Piovesan D, Tosatto SC, Finn RD (January 2019). "The Pfam protein families database in 2019". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (D1): D427–D432. doi:10.1093/nar/gky995. PMC 6324024. PMID 30357350.
^ a b Bateman A, Coggill P, Finn RD (October 2010). "DUFs: families in search of function". Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 66 (Pt 10): 1148–52. doi:10.1107/S1744309110001685. PMC 2954198. PMID 20944204.
^ Punta M, Coggill PC, Eberhardt RY, Mistry J, Tate J, Boursnell C, Pang N, Forslund K, Ceric G, Clements J, Heger A, Holm L, Sonnhammer EL, Eddy SR, Bateman A, Finn RD (January 2012). "The Pfam protein families database". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D290-301. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1065. PMC 3245129. PMID 22127870.
^ Schultz J, Milpetz F, Bork P, Ponting CP (May 1998). "SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool: identification of signaling domains". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (11): 5857–64. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5857S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.5857. PMC 34487. PMID 9600884.
^ Jaroszewski L, Li Z, Krishna SS, Bakolitsa C, Wooley J, Deacon AM, Wilson IA, Godzik A (September 2009). "Exploration of uncharted regions of the protein universe". PLOS Biology. 7 (9): e1000205. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000205. PMC 2744874. PMID 19787035.
^ Mudgal R, Sandhya S, Chandra N, Srinivasan N (July 2015). "De-DUFing the DUFs: Deciphering distant evolutionary relationships of Domains of Unknown Function using sensitive homology detection methods". Biology Direct. 10 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0069-2. PMC 4520260. PMID 26228684.
^ a b c Goodacre NF, Gerloff DL, Uetz P (December 2013). "Protein domains of unknown function are essential in bacteria". mBio. 5 (1): e00744-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00744-13. PMC 3884060. PMID 24381303.
^ a b c Häuser R, Pech M, Kijek J, Yamamoto H, Titz B, Naeve F, Tovchigrechko A, Yamamoto K, Szaflarski W, Takeuchi N, Stellberger T, Diefenbacher ME, Nierhaus KH, Uetz P (2012). Hughes D (ed.). "RsfA (YbeB) proteins are conserved ribosomal silencing factors". PLOS Genetics. 8 (7): e1002815. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002815. PMC 3400551. PMID 22829778.
vteProtein domains
3H
ABM
ACDC
ACT
ADF-H
ANTH
ARID
BAR
BEN
BESS
BIR
BMC
BPS
BTB/POZ
BZIP
C1
C2
Cache
CBS
CGI-121
CRM
CUB
CUT
CVHN
Death
DD
DED
CARD
Pyrin
DEP
DHHC
DHR1
DHR2
DM
EcoEI_R_C
EF1
ENTH
FGGY
FYVE
HEAT
Kringle
LIM
LRR
NACHT
PAS
LOV
PDZ
PH
PX
SH2
SH3
SUN
TRIO
WD40
X8
YTH
zinc finger | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20944204-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The DUF designation is tentative, and such families tend to be renamed to a more specific name (or merged to an existing domain) after a function is identified.[2][3]","title":"Domain of unknown function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMART database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_(database)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9600884-4"},{"link_name":"GGDEF domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGDEF_domain"},{"link_name":"EAL domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAL_domain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20944204-2"}],"text":"The DUF naming scheme was introduced by Chris Ponting, through the addition of DUF1 and DUF2 to the SMART database.[4] These two domains were found to be widely distributed in bacterial signaling proteins. Subsequently, the functions of these domains were identified and they have since been renamed as the GGDEF domain and EAL domain respectively.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Structural genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19787035-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfam19-1"}],"text":"Structural genomics programmes have attempted to understand the function of DUFs through structure determination. The structures of over 250 DUF families have been solved. This (2009) work showed that about two thirds of DUF families had a structure similar to a previously solved one and therefore likely to be divergent members of existing protein superfamilies, whereas about one third possessed a novel protein fold.[5]Some DUF families share remote sequence homology with domains that has characterized function. Computational work can be used to link these relationships. A 2015 work was able to assign 20% of the DUFs to characterized structural superfamilies.[6] Pfam also continuously perform the (manually-verified) assignment in \"clan\" superfamily entries.[1]","title":"Characterisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_domains_and_DUFs_in_different_domains_of_life.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodacre-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodacre-7"}],"text":"Protein domains and DUFs in different domains of life. Left: Annotated domains. Right: domains of unknown function. Not all overlaps shown.[7]More than 20% of all protein domains were annotated as DUFs in 2013. About 2,700 DUFs are found in bacteria compared with just over 1,500 in eukaryotes. Over 800 DUFs are shared between bacteria and eukaryotes, and about 300 of these are also present in archaea. A total of 2,786 bacterial Pfam domains even occur in animals, including 320 DUFs.[7]","title":"Frequency and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4user-8"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"ribosomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4user-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4user-8"}],"text":"Many DUFs are highly conserved, indicating an important role in biology. However, many such DUFs are not essential, hence their biological role often remains unknown. For instance, DUF143 is present in most bacteria and eukaryotic genomes.[8] However, when it was deleted in Escherichia coli no obvious phenotype was detected. Later it was shown that the proteins that contain DUF143, are ribosomal silencing factors that block the assembly of the two ribosomal subunits.[8] While this function is not essential, it helps the cells to adapt to low nutrient conditions by shutting down protein biosynthesis. As a result, these proteins and the DUF only become relevant when the cells starve.[8] It is thus believed that many DUFs (or proteins of unknown function, PUFs) are only required under certain conditions.","title":"Role in biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodacre-7"}],"text":"Goodacre et al. identified 238 DUFs in 355 essential proteins (in 16 model bacterial species), most of which represent single-domain proteins, clearly establishing the biological essentiality of DUFs. These DUFs are called \"essential DUFs\" or eDUFs.[7]","title":"Essential DUFs"}] | [{"image_text":"Protein domains and DUFs in different domains of life. Left: Annotated domains. Right: domains of unknown function. Not all overlaps shown.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Protein_domains_and_DUFs_in_different_domains_of_life.png/300px-Protein_domains_and_DUFs_in_different_domains_of_life.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"El-Gebali S, Mistry J, Bateman A, Eddy SR, Luciani A, Potter SC, Qureshi M, Richardson LJ, Salazar GA, Smart A, Sonnhammer EL, Hirsh L, Paladin L, Piovesan D, Tosatto SC, Finn RD (January 2019). \"The Pfam protein families database in 2019\". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (D1): D427–D432. doi:10.1093/nar/gky995. PMC 6324024. PMID 30357350.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324024","url_text":"\"The Pfam protein families database in 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky995","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gky995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324024","url_text":"6324024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30357350","url_text":"30357350"}]},{"reference":"Bateman A, Coggill P, Finn RD (October 2010). \"DUFs: families in search of function\". Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications. 66 (Pt 10): 1148–52. doi:10.1107/S1744309110001685. PMC 2954198. PMID 20944204.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954198","url_text":"\"DUFs: families in search of function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1744309110001685","url_text":"10.1107/S1744309110001685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954198","url_text":"2954198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20944204","url_text":"20944204"}]},{"reference":"Punta M, Coggill PC, Eberhardt RY, Mistry J, Tate J, Boursnell C, Pang N, Forslund K, Ceric G, Clements J, Heger A, Holm L, Sonnhammer EL, Eddy SR, Bateman A, Finn RD (January 2012). \"The Pfam protein families database\". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (Database issue): D290-301. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1065. PMC 3245129. PMID 22127870.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245129","url_text":"\"The Pfam protein families database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1065","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkr1065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245129","url_text":"3245129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22127870","url_text":"22127870"}]},{"reference":"Schultz J, Milpetz F, Bork P, Ponting CP (May 1998). \"SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool: identification of signaling domains\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (11): 5857–64. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.5857S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.5857. PMC 34487. PMID 9600884.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34487","url_text":"\"SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool: identification of signaling domains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.5857S","url_text":"1998PNAS...95.5857S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.11.5857","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.95.11.5857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34487","url_text":"34487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600884","url_text":"9600884"}]},{"reference":"Jaroszewski L, Li Z, Krishna SS, Bakolitsa C, Wooley J, Deacon AM, Wilson IA, Godzik A (September 2009). \"Exploration of uncharted regions of the protein universe\". PLOS Biology. 7 (9): e1000205. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000205. PMC 2744874. PMID 19787035.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744874","url_text":"\"Exploration of uncharted regions of the protein universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000205","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1000205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744874","url_text":"2744874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787035","url_text":"19787035"}]},{"reference":"Mudgal R, Sandhya S, Chandra N, Srinivasan N (July 2015). \"De-DUFing the DUFs: Deciphering distant evolutionary relationships of Domains of Unknown Function using sensitive homology detection methods\". Biology Direct. 10 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0069-2. PMC 4520260. PMID 26228684.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520260","url_text":"\"De-DUFing the DUFs: Deciphering distant evolutionary relationships of Domains of Unknown Function using sensitive homology detection methods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13062-015-0069-2","url_text":"10.1186/s13062-015-0069-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520260","url_text":"4520260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228684","url_text":"26228684"}]},{"reference":"Goodacre NF, Gerloff DL, Uetz P (December 2013). \"Protein domains of unknown function are essential in bacteria\". mBio. 5 (1): e00744-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00744-13. PMC 3884060. PMID 24381303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884060","url_text":"\"Protein domains of unknown function are essential in bacteria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.00744-13","url_text":"10.1128/mBio.00744-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884060","url_text":"3884060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24381303","url_text":"24381303"}]},{"reference":"Häuser R, Pech M, Kijek J, Yamamoto H, Titz B, Naeve F, Tovchigrechko A, Yamamoto K, Szaflarski W, Takeuchi N, Stellberger T, Diefenbacher ME, Nierhaus KH, Uetz P (2012). Hughes D (ed.). \"RsfA (YbeB) proteins are conserved ribosomal silencing factors\". PLOS Genetics. 8 (7): e1002815. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002815. PMC 3400551. PMID 22829778.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400551","url_text":"\"RsfA (YbeB) proteins are conserved ribosomal silencing factors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002815","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1002815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400551","url_text":"3400551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22829778","url_text":"22829778"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/?search=DUF#table","external_links_name":"List of Pfam families beginning with the letter D, including DUF families"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324024","external_links_name":"\"The Pfam protein families database in 2019\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky995","external_links_name":"10.1093/nar/gky995"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324024","external_links_name":"6324024"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30357350","external_links_name":"30357350"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954198","external_links_name":"\"DUFs: families in search of function\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS1744309110001685","external_links_name":"10.1107/S1744309110001685"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954198","external_links_name":"2954198"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20944204","external_links_name":"20944204"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245129","external_links_name":"\"The Pfam protein families database\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1065","external_links_name":"10.1093/nar/gkr1065"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245129","external_links_name":"3245129"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22127870","external_links_name":"22127870"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34487","external_links_name":"\"SMART, a simple modular architecture research tool: identification of signaling domains\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.5857S","external_links_name":"1998PNAS...95.5857S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.11.5857","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.95.11.5857"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34487","external_links_name":"34487"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9600884","external_links_name":"9600884"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744874","external_links_name":"\"Exploration of uncharted regions of the protein universe\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000205","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1000205"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744874","external_links_name":"2744874"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787035","external_links_name":"19787035"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520260","external_links_name":"\"De-DUFing the DUFs: Deciphering distant evolutionary relationships of Domains of Unknown Function using sensitive homology detection methods\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13062-015-0069-2","external_links_name":"10.1186/s13062-015-0069-2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520260","external_links_name":"4520260"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228684","external_links_name":"26228684"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884060","external_links_name":"\"Protein domains of unknown function are essential in bacteria\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.00744-13","external_links_name":"10.1128/mBio.00744-13"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884060","external_links_name":"3884060"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24381303","external_links_name":"24381303"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400551","external_links_name":"\"RsfA (YbeB) proteins are conserved ribosomal silencing factors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002815","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1002815"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400551","external_links_name":"3400551"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22829778","external_links_name":"22829778"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Poland | Capital punishment in Poland | ["1 History","2 Politics","3 Execution procedure","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Legal penalty in Poland
Europe holds the greatest concentration of abolitionist states (blue). Map current as of 2022 Abolished for all offences Abolished in practice Retains capital punishment
Capital punishment remained in Polish law until September 1, 1998, but from 1989 executions were suspended, the last one taking place one year earlier. No death penalty is envisaged in the current Polish penal law.
History
According to its first Penal Code, of 1818, executions would be carried out by beheading by the sword or, in exceptional cases, by hanging. The latter was allowed only for male prisoners convicted of heinous crimes. This Penal Code was in force until integration into Russia in 1867.
Since regaining independence in 1918, Polish law allowed the death penalty for murder and treason in time of peace, and a number of other offences during wartime. For example, during the Polish-Soviet War (later to become famous) writer Sergiusz Piasecki was sentenced to death for armed robbery in the war zone, although his sentence was later commuted.
From 1918 to 1928 firing squad was the only method of execution. Through a presidential decree in 1927, hanging became the main method of execution, with firing squad retained for soldiers or people who had committed crimes against state security. Stefan Maciejowski served as the first civil executioner and was a well-known public figure until his firing for alcoholism. Probably the most notable execution by firing squad during the time of the Second Polish Republic was the execution of Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter and far right-wing extremist, who assassinated President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz in December 1922.
Execution of former Polish and German Nazi guards and soldiers on Biskupia Górka Hill near Gdańsk in 1946. The execution was short drop hanging.
For a number of years, criminal law in interwar Poland was considered less severe than in Western Europe; this was true for capital punishment as well. When in 1931 a criminal code was passed, the death penalty was incorporated into it by a majority of only a single vote. However, attitudes changed and in 1932 even 17-year-old convicts were allowed to receive the death sentence.
For a brief period during the Second Republic in the 1930s special military courts were introduced in present-day Ukraine. A number of people were hanged based upon decisions by these tribunals for crimes against state security.
Until 1950, the Minister of Interior could order a public execution. There were never such ones in the Second Polish Republic, but after World War II some notable Nazi war criminals were hanged in public. Former Auschwitz concentration camp commandant Rudolf Höss was executed before a large crowd of witnesses in the former camp area. Also former President of the Senate of the Free City of Danzig and gauleiter of Reichsgau Wartheland, SS officer Arthur Greiser was hanged in public in Poznań on July 14, 1946. This was the last public execution in Poland.
During the Stalinist era (1945–1956), the death penalty was a common instrument of political repression. The archetypal method was shooting a single bullet up into the base of the skull from behind; among people executed that way was Witold Pilecki, a hero of Auschwitz. The exact number of people executed until 1956 is unknown, but some sources estimated these numbers as about 3500.
After 1956 (events of Polish October) executions of political prisoners ended, and most executions were related to the crime of murder. The only exception was the case of Stanisław Wawrzecki, who was sentenced to death and hanged for economic crimes under pressure from communist leader Władysław Gomułka. The method authorized for soldiers and people who committed crimes against state security remained the firing squad.
The most recent confirmed execution of a female took place on September 21, 1949. Halina Żurowska , a former Home Army soldier, was executed by a single shot to the back of the head for espionage (almost certainly politically motivated charge) at Rakowiecka Prison in Warsaw. The last execution for an ordinary crime took place on April 7, 1922, when Józefina Paśnik was executed, along with her husband, by firing squad at the Citadel of Warsaw for murder.
From 1969 to 1995 344 people were sentenced to death and 183 were executed (all of sentenced and executed were males). In contrast to other states of the Soviet Bloc, the number of executions in Poland was relatively low.
The last execution took place on April 21, 1988 in Kraków, when murderer and rapist Andrzej Czabański was hanged.
After the collapse of communism in 1989 only a few death sentences were imposed:
1989 – Mariusz Trynkiewicz, sentenced for four counts of murder
1991 – Henryk Więckowski, sentenced for murder.
1992 – Eugeniusz Mazur , sentenced for four counts of murder
1993 – Henryk Moruś, sentenced for seven counts of murder
1994 – Janusz Kulmatycki, sentenced for murder of a police officer and Grzegorz Płociniak; sentenced for double murder
1995 – Tomasz Ciepielewski, sentenced for murder and Zenon Gliwa sentenced for double murder.
1996 – Zbigniew B., sentenced for double murder. Last death sentence in Poland.
None of them were carried out.
Protocol 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which Poland has ratified, restricts the application of the death penalty to times of war or "imminent threat of war". In 2014, Poland ratified Protocol 13 of the Convention, which provides for the total abolition of the death penalty. The penal code of 1997 abolished the death penalty for all crimes; the code passed into Polish law on September 1, 1998. Poland has also ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on 25 April 2014.
Politics
Today, most political circles are opposed to the idea of reintroducing the death penalty, although it has had support from some members of the former (2005–2007) right-wing government, namely former President Lech Kaczyński. He had expressed his desire to reinstate the death penalty, clashing with the European Union over the issue. The national-conservative League of Polish Families (LPR) and the agrarian Self-Defense (Samoobrona RP) also showed some support for the death penalty for a short period of time. Some politicians of the centre-right Citizens' Platform (PO) stated that they would support death penalty if it was legal in the EU.
To support the move, Kaczyński has stated that the death penalty remains popular with most Poles and that abolishing the death penalty gives criminals advantages over victims. A poll by CBOS, a publicly funded Polish research institute, showed that 63% favored reinstating the death penalty. Both the Catholic Church hierarchy, as well as former Presidents Lech Wałęsa and Aleksander Kwaśniewski had expressed their opposition to such a measure. Another poll, in 2007 by Angus Reid Global Monitor, showed that Poles were divided on the issue. 52 per cent of respondents said they opposed the death penalty while 46 per cent said they supported it, with a margin of error at 4.5 per cent.
Currently, the only party in the Sejm that supports bringing back the death penalty is the Confederation.
In 2023, Polish PM Mateusz Morawiecki said he supported the death penalty.
Execution procedure
During the years in which the death penalty existed in Poland, execution by hanging was carried out in eight prisons in the country. Typically, executions would take place around 6.00 p.m., when there were the most prison guards present.
The prisoner was unaware of the fact that the execution was imminent: he was not informed of the date and time when it would take place. Prisoners were only informed at the last moment, as they entered the death chamber. Death chambers were usually located alongside toilets and reportedly many of the condemned may have thought they were taken to wash themselves. A final meeting with their family (or the presence at the execution of a family representative) was not allowed. Families of condemned prisoners were not told in advance of the execution date. They only learned of the execution after it had taken place and their relative was dead.
Any person sentenced to death could write a plea for pardon and submit it to the President or, in the Polish People's Republic, to the Council of State. Even if they did not do that, case files after exhausting all of the possible remedies had to be immediately submitted to the head of state with an attached proposal stating whether the convicted deserved to be pardoned, drawn up by the Public Prosecutor General.
Except for the prison guards, medical team and executioner, the only persons present during the execution were the prosecutor (not the judges) and, if the prisoner wished, a priest and his lawyer.
After having his hands tied the prisoner was escorted to the death chamber. The execution chamber had two rooms – one for final preparations and the second containing the gallows. Then prosecutor read the verdict and informed the condemned prisoner that the President / Council of State did not use the right to pardon and therefore the penalty would be executed.
The prisoner had a right to a last wish – e.g. cigarette, simple last meal or writing a letter to their family.
There were two professional executioners in Poland (both of them members of the prison guard) who received a fee for performing an execution. Their names were kept secret to protect them from reprisals. Both were guards in Warsaw and, if the execution was to be carried out in another place, they travelled to the relevant prison before the execution.
Executions using firing squads were carried out in the military camp in Rembertów. From 1970 to 1988 three soldiers were shot for the crime of murder and rape.
Number of executions in Poland
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
16
5
6
4
10
5
6
7
8
7
10
9
6
27
7
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
10
16
13
12
12
4
6
2
8
9
10
10
6
1
See also
A Short Film About Killing and its original version, Dekalog: Five
References
^ a b c Podemski, Stanisław. "Stryczek i kula". Retrieved April 6, 2013.
^ "Europe's last female executions". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org.
^ pl:Lista osób skazanych na karę śmierci w Polsce po roku 1945
^ "Full list". Treaty Office.
^ "UNTC". Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
^ "Polish leader backs death penalty". July 28, 2006.
^ "Polish leader angers EU with call to restore death penalty". TheGuardian.com. August 3, 2006.
^ "Anger over new death penalty call". August 5, 2006.
^ Poles Divided on Death Penalty Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. September 26, 2007
^ "Konfederacja prezentuje program. Jest mowa o homopropagandzie, karze śmierci i żydowskich roszczeniach". June 18, 2019.
^ "Poland's conservative premier in favor of death penalty". ABC News.
^ "Poland risks new clash with EU over the death penalty". January 5, 2023.
^ "Poland's Catholic premier sparks outrage with death penalty support". Independent.co.uk. January 3, 2023.
^ Ostatnia egzekucja w Polsce(pl)
External links
History and procedure (Polish)
Kronika darowanej śmierci, Polityka (April 19, 2008)
vteCapital punishmentCurrent judicial methods
Hanging
Shooting
firing squad
Lethal injection
Nitrogen hypoxia
Electrocution
Gas chamber
Beheading
Stoning
Ancient andPost-classical methods
Damnatio ad bestias
Blood eagle
Blowing from a gun
Brazen bull
Boiling
Breaking wheel
Burial
Burning
Crucifixion
Crushing
Decimation
Disembowelment
Dismemberment
Drowning
Republican marriage
Elephant
Falling
Flaying
Garrote
Gibbeting
Guillotine
Hanged, drawn and quartered
Immurement
Impalement
Ishikozume
Mazzatello
Sawing
Scaphism
Slow slicing
Stoning
Suffocation in ash
Upright jerker
Waist chop
Related topics
Enforcement or use by country
Most recent executions by country
Crime
Death row
Final statement
Last meal
Penology
List of methods
Religion and capital punishment
Wrongful execution
Botched execution
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
Capital punishment for drug trafficking
Capital punishment for homosexuality
vteCapital punishment in Europe Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies andother entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Death_Penalty_laws_in_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"Capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"text":"Europe holds the greatest concentration of abolitionist states (blue). Map current as of 2022 Abolished for all offences Abolished in practice Retains capital punishmentCapital punishment remained in Polish law until September 1, 1998, but from 1989 executions were suspended, the last one taking place one year earlier. No death penalty is envisaged in the current Polish penal law.","title":"Capital punishment in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integration into Russia in 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Polish law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_law"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Sergiusz Piasecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiusz_Piasecki"},{"link_name":"armed robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robbery"},{"link_name":"firing squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad"},{"link_name":"hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"Stefan Maciejowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Maciejowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Maciejowski"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eligiusz_Niewiadomski"},{"link_name":"President of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Narutowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann,_Paradies,_Becker,_Klaff,_Steinhoff_(left_to_right).jpg"},{"link_name":"Biskupia Górka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskupia_G%C3%B3rka"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podemski-1"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Minister of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"war criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminal"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Höss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss"},{"link_name":"Free City of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Reichsgau Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Arthur Greiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Greiser"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"political repression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression"},{"link_name":"Witold Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podemski-1"},{"link_name":"Polish October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_October"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Wawrzecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wawrzecki"},{"link_name":"Władysław Gomułka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Halina Żurowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halina_%C5%BBurowska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halina_%C5%BBurowska"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa"},{"link_name":"Rakowiecka Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakowiecka_Prison"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Józefina Paśnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zefina_Pa%C5%9Bnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Citadel of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podemski-1"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Czabański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Czaba%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Trynkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Trynkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Eugeniusz Mazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugeniusz_Mazur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Mazur"},{"link_name":"Henryk Moruś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Moru%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Optional_Protocol_to_the_International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to its first Penal Code, of 1818, executions would be carried out by beheading by the sword or, in exceptional cases, by hanging. The latter was allowed only for male prisoners convicted of heinous crimes. This Penal Code was in force until integration into Russia in 1867.Since regaining independence in 1918, Polish law allowed the death penalty for murder and treason in time of peace, and a number of other offences during wartime. For example, during the Polish-Soviet War (later to become famous) writer Sergiusz Piasecki was sentenced to death for armed robbery in the war zone, although his sentence was later commuted.From 1918 to 1928 firing squad was the only method of execution. Through a presidential decree in 1927, hanging became the main method of execution, with firing squad retained for soldiers or people who had committed crimes against state security. Stefan Maciejowski [pl] served as the first civil executioner and was a well-known public figure until his firing for alcoholism. Probably the most notable execution by firing squad during the time of the Second Polish Republic was the execution of Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter and far right-wing extremist, who assassinated President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz in December 1922.Execution of former Polish and German Nazi guards and soldiers on Biskupia Górka Hill near Gdańsk in 1946. The execution was short drop hanging.For a number of years, criminal law in interwar Poland was considered less severe than in Western Europe; this was true for capital punishment as well. When in 1931 a criminal code was passed, the death penalty was incorporated into it by a majority of only a single vote. However, attitudes changed and in 1932 even 17-year-old convicts were allowed to receive the death sentence.[1]For a brief period during the Second Republic in the 1930s special military courts were introduced in present-day Ukraine. A number of people were hanged based upon decisions by these tribunals for crimes against state security.Until 1950, the Minister of Interior could order a public execution. There were never such ones in the Second Polish Republic, but after World War II some notable Nazi war criminals were hanged in public. Former Auschwitz concentration camp commandant Rudolf Höss was executed before a large crowd of witnesses in the former camp area. Also former President of the Senate of the Free City of Danzig and gauleiter of Reichsgau Wartheland, SS officer Arthur Greiser was hanged in public in Poznań on July 14, 1946. This was the last public execution in Poland.During the Stalinist era (1945–1956), the death penalty was a common instrument of political repression. The archetypal method was shooting a single bullet up into the base of the skull from behind; among people executed that way was Witold Pilecki, a hero of Auschwitz. The exact number of people executed until 1956 is unknown, but some sources estimated these numbers as about 3500.[1]After 1956 (events of Polish October) executions of political prisoners ended, and most executions were related to the crime of murder. The only exception was the case of Stanisław Wawrzecki, who was sentenced to death and hanged for economic crimes under pressure from communist leader Władysław Gomułka. The method authorized for soldiers and people who committed crimes against state security remained the firing squad.The most recent confirmed execution of a female took place on September 21, 1949. Halina Żurowska [pl], a former Home Army soldier, was executed by a single shot to the back of the head for espionage (almost certainly politically motivated charge) at Rakowiecka Prison in Warsaw. The last execution for an ordinary crime took place on April 7, 1922, when Józefina Paśnik was executed, along with her husband, by firing squad at the Citadel of Warsaw for murder.[2]From 1969 to 1995 344 people were sentenced to death and 183 were executed (all of sentenced and executed were males). In contrast to other states of the Soviet Bloc, the number of executions in Poland was relatively low.[1]The last execution took place on April 21, 1988 in Kraków, when murderer and rapist Andrzej Czabański was hanged.After the collapse of communism in 1989 only a few death sentences were imposed:[3]1989 – Mariusz Trynkiewicz, sentenced for four counts of murder1991 – Henryk Więckowski, sentenced for murder.1992 – Eugeniusz Mazur [pl], sentenced for four counts of murder1993 – Henryk Moruś, sentenced for seven counts of murder1994 – Janusz Kulmatycki, sentenced for murder of a police officer and Grzegorz Płociniak; sentenced for double murder1995 – Tomasz Ciepielewski, sentenced for murder and Zenon Gliwa sentenced for double murder.1996 – Zbigniew B., sentenced for double murder. Last death sentence in Poland.None of them were carried out.Protocol 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which Poland has ratified, restricts the application of the death penalty to times of war or \"imminent threat of war\". In 2014, Poland ratified Protocol 13 of the Convention, which provides for the total abolition of the death penalty.[4] The penal code of 1997 abolished the death penalty for all crimes; the code passed into Polish law on September 1, 1998. Poland has also ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on 25 April 2014.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"right-wing government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Lech Kaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lech Wałęsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Kwaśniewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"},{"link_name":"Angus Reid Global Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Reid_Global_Monitor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Freedom_and_Independence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mateusz Morawiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Today, most political circles are opposed to the idea of reintroducing the death penalty,[citation needed] although it has had support from some members of the former (2005–2007) right-wing government, namely former President Lech Kaczyński. He had expressed his desire to reinstate the death penalty, clashing with the European Union over the issue.[6][7][8] The national-conservative League of Polish Families (LPR) and the agrarian Self-Defense (Samoobrona RP) also showed some support for the death penalty for a short period of time. Some politicians of the centre-right Citizens' Platform (PO) stated that they would support death penalty if it was legal in the EU.To support the move, Kaczyński has stated that the death penalty remains popular with most Poles and that abolishing the death penalty gives criminals advantages over victims. A poll by CBOS, a publicly funded Polish research institute, showed that 63% favored reinstating the death penalty. Both the Catholic Church hierarchy, as well as former Presidents Lech Wałęsa and Aleksander Kwaśniewski had expressed their opposition to such a measure. Another poll, in 2007 by Angus Reid Global Monitor, showed that Poles were divided on the issue. 52 per cent of respondents said they opposed the death penalty while 46 per cent said they supported it, with a margin of error at 4.5 per cent.[9]Currently, the only party in the Sejm that supports bringing back the death penalty is the Confederation.[10]In 2023, Polish PM Mateusz Morawiecki said he supported the death penalty.[11][12][13]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State"},{"link_name":"remedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy"},{"link_name":"Public Prosecutor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate"},{"link_name":"gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Council_of_State"},{"link_name":"Rembertów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert%C3%B3w"}],"text":"During the years in which the death penalty existed in Poland, execution by hanging was carried out in eight prisons in the country. Typically, executions would take place around 6.00 p.m., when there were the most prison guards present.The prisoner was unaware of the fact that the execution was imminent: he was not informed of the date and time when it would take place. Prisoners were only informed at the last moment, as they entered the death chamber. Death chambers were usually located alongside toilets and reportedly many of the condemned may have thought they were taken to wash themselves. A final meeting with their family (or the presence at the execution of a family representative) was not allowed. Families of condemned prisoners were not told in advance of the execution date. They only learned of the execution after it had taken place and their relative was dead.Any person sentenced to death could write a plea for pardon and submit it to the President or, in the Polish People's Republic, to the Council of State. Even if they did not do that, case files after exhausting all of the possible remedies had to be immediately submitted to the head of state with an attached proposal stating whether the convicted deserved to be pardoned, drawn up by the Public Prosecutor General.Except for the prison guards, medical team and executioner, the only persons present during the execution were the prosecutor (not the judges) and, if the prisoner wished, a priest and his lawyer.After having his hands tied the prisoner was escorted to the death chamber. The execution chamber had two rooms – one for final preparations and the second containing the gallows. Then prosecutor read the verdict and informed the condemned prisoner that the President / Council of State did not use the right to pardon and therefore the penalty would be executed.The prisoner had a right to a last wish – e.g. cigarette, simple last meal or writing a letter to their family.There were two professional executioners in Poland (both of them members of the prison guard) who received a fee for performing an execution. Their names were kept secret to protect them from reprisals. Both were guards in Warsaw and, if the execution was to be carried out in another place, they travelled to the relevant prison before the execution.Executions using firing squads were carried out in the military camp in Rembertów. From 1970 to 1988 three soldiers were shot for the crime of murder and rape.","title":"Execution procedure"}] | [{"image_text":"Europe holds the greatest concentration of abolitionist states (blue). Map current as of 2022 Abolished for all offences Abolished in practice Retains capital punishment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Death_Penalty_laws_in_Europe.svg/400px-Death_Penalty_laws_in_Europe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Execution of former Polish and German Nazi guards and soldiers on Biskupia Górka Hill near Gdańsk in 1946. The execution was short drop hanging.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg/220px-Biskupia_Gorka_executions_-_14_-_Barkmann%2C_Paradies%2C_Becker%2C_Klaff%2C_Steinhoff_%28left_to_right%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"A Short Film About Killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_Film_About_Killing"},{"title":"Dekalog: Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekalog:_Five"}] | [{"reference":"Podemski, Stanisław. \"Stryczek i kula\". Retrieved April 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiwum.wyborcza.pl/Archiwum/1,0,1318809,20010113RP-DGW,Stryczek_i_kula,.html","url_text":"\"Stryczek i kula\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europe's last female executions\". www.capitalpunishmentuk.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/eurofem.html","url_text":"\"Europe's last female executions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full list\". Treaty Office.","urls":[{"url":"http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=187&CM=8&CL=ENG","url_text":"\"Full list\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNTC\". Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212752/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en","url_text":"\"UNTC\""},{"url":"https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DIV-12%26chapter%3D4%26lang%3Den","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish leader backs death penalty\". July 28, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5225406.stm","url_text":"\"Polish leader backs death penalty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polish leader angers EU with call to restore death penalty\". TheGuardian.com. August 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/04/eu.poland","url_text":"\"Polish leader angers EU with call to restore death penalty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Anger over new death penalty call\". August 5, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/world/anger-over-new-death-penalty-call-20060805-ge2uzx.html","url_text":"\"Anger over new death penalty call\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konfederacja prezentuje program. Jest mowa o homopropagandzie, karze śmierci i żydowskich roszczeniach\". June 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dorzeczy.pl/kraj/106072/konfederacja-prezentuje-program-jest-mowa-o-homopropagandzie-karze-smierci-i-zydowskich-roszczeniach.html","url_text":"\"Konfederacja prezentuje program. Jest mowa o homopropagandzie, karze śmierci i żydowskich roszczeniach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poland's conservative premier in favor of death penalty\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/polands-conservative-premier-favor-death-penalty-96107900","url_text":"\"Poland's conservative premier in favor of death penalty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Poland risks new clash with EU over the death penalty\". January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/news/world/poland-risks-clash-eu-death-penalty-2068064","url_text":"\"Poland risks new clash with EU over the death penalty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poland's Catholic premier sparks outrage with death penalty support\". Independent.co.uk. January 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/poland-death-penalty-catholic-mateusz-morawiecki-b2255203.html","url_text":"\"Poland's Catholic premier sparks outrage with death penalty support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.archiwum.wyborcza.pl/Archiwum/1,0,1318809,20010113RP-DGW,Stryczek_i_kula,.html","external_links_name":"\"Stryczek i kula\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/eurofem.html","external_links_name":"\"Europe's last female executions\""},{"Link":"http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=187&CM=8&CL=ENG","external_links_name":"\"Full list\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212752/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"UNTC\""},{"Link":"https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DIV-12%26chapter%3D4%26lang%3Den","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5225406.stm","external_links_name":"\"Polish leader backs death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/04/eu.poland","external_links_name":"\"Polish leader angers EU with call to restore death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/world/anger-over-new-death-penalty-call-20060805-ge2uzx.html","external_links_name":"\"Anger over new death penalty call\""},{"Link":"http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/poles_divided_on_death_penalty/","external_links_name":"Poles Divided on Death Penalty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007181644/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/poles_divided_on_death_penalty/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dorzeczy.pl/kraj/106072/konfederacja-prezentuje-program-jest-mowa-o-homopropagandzie-karze-smierci-i-zydowskich-roszczeniach.html","external_links_name":"\"Konfederacja prezentuje program. Jest mowa o homopropagandzie, karze śmierci i żydowskich roszczeniach\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/polands-conservative-premier-favor-death-penalty-96107900","external_links_name":"\"Poland's conservative premier in favor of death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://inews.co.uk/news/world/poland-risks-clash-eu-death-penalty-2068064","external_links_name":"\"Poland risks new clash with EU over the death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/poland-death-penalty-catholic-mateusz-morawiecki-b2255203.html","external_links_name":"\"Poland's Catholic premier sparks outrage with death penalty support\""},{"Link":"http://kalendarium.polska.pl/wydarzenia/article.htm?id=298138","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetawyborcza.pl/1,75480,4660532.html?as=2&ias=3&startsz=x","external_links_name":"History and procedure (Polish)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:98.60.23.170 | User talk:98.60.23.170 | ["1 October 2023"] | October 2023
Hello, I'm AntiDionysius. I noticed that you recently removed content from Annie Duke without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. AntiDionysius (talk) 16:57, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
This is the discussion page for an IP user, identified by the user's IP address. Many IP addresses change periodically, and are often shared by several users. If you are an IP user, you may create an account or log in to avoid future confusion with other IP users. Registering also hides your IP address.
(WHOIS (alt • old)
Geolocate (Alternate)
Proxy Checker
Current blocks
XTools
Global contributions)
(RIRs: Africa
America
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Latin America/Caribbean) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"AntiDionysius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AntiDionysius"},{"link_name":"removed content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal"},{"link_name":"Annie Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Duke"},{"link_name":"edit summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary"},{"link_name":"sandbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandbox"},{"link_name":"my talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:AntiDionysius"},{"link_name":"AntiDionysius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AntiDionysius"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:AntiDionysius"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"shared IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"creating an account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F"},{"link_name":"logging in with an existing account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin"}],"text":"Hello, I'm AntiDionysius. I noticed that you recently removed content from Annie Duke without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. AntiDionysius (talk) 16:57, 30 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.","title":"User talk:98.60.23.170"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://whois-referral.toolforge.org/gateway.py?lookup=true&ip=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"WHOIS"},{"Link":"https://www.robtex.com/ip-lookup/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/whois/gateway.py?lookup=true&ip=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"old"},{"Link":"https://whatismyipaddress.com/ip/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Geolocate"},{"Link":"https://db-ip.com/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Alternate"},{"Link":"https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Proxy Checker"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BlockList&ip=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Current blocks"},{"Link":"https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"XTools"},{"Link":"https://guc.toolforge.org/index.php?user=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Global contributions"},{"Link":"https://rdap.afrinic.net/rdap/ip/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Africa"},{"Link":"https://whois.arin.net/rest/ip/98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"America"},{"Link":"https://wq.apnic.net/apnic-bin/whois.pl?searchtext=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Asia-Pacific"},{"Link":"https://apps.db.ripe.net/db-web-ui/query?searchtext=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Europe"},{"Link":"https://query.milacnic.lacnic.net/search?id=98.60.23.170","external_links_name":"Latin America/Caribbean"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatremere_de_Quincy | Quatremère de Quincy | ["1 Life","2 Notes","3 Sources"] | French archaeologist, architect and writer (1755–1849)
Quatremère de Quincy, stipple engraving by François Bonneville
Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (21 October 1755 – 28 December 1849) was a French armchair archaeologist and architectural theorist, a Freemason, and an effective arts administrator and influential writer on art.
Life
Born in Paris, Quatremère de Quincy trained for the law, then followed courses in art and history at the Collège Louis-le-Grand and apprenticed for a time in the atelier of Guillaume Coustou the Younger and Pierre Julien, getting some practical experience in the art of sculpture. A trip to Naples in the company of Jacques-Louis David sparked his interest in Greek and Roman architecture.
He was involved in the troubles of the French Revolution. He was a royalist in the National Legislative Assembly of 1791–1792, and his politics were monarchist and Catholic. As a member of the Revolutionary Committee of Public Instruction his set of three Considerations on the arts of design in France was offered before the Assemblée Nationale at a time (1791) when the continuation of the former academies was under question; he offered a program for their reform. in part by opening up the Paris salons. In 1791–1792 he orchestrated the conversion of the Church of Ste-Geneviève in Paris (under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Rondelet) into the Panthéon, infilling the windows to give it the character of a mausoleum. In 1795 he was accused of taking part in the preparations for the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire and condemned to death, but subsequently acquitted.
In July 1796, he wrote a pseudo-epistolary treatise against the French plans to seize works of art from Rome, arguing that European powers should instead contribute a sum to the papacy for protecting art and knowledge. Quatremère was hiding when he wrote the Letters because he was sentenced to death for his role in the royalist uprising of 13 Vendémiaire. He argued that ‘displacing the monuments of Italy’ and ‘dismantling its schools and museums’ would destroy ‘civilization’ . He wrote to show that ‘it would be in the interests of the arts to insist that we do not export from Italy different masterpieces’ and to render ‘the justice to the pontifical government in merits from the zeal and care it has constantly demonstrated toward research into the arts and their conservation’ . According to Gilks, Quatremère wrote in a contrived manner that he intended to appeal to republican readers: he therefore aped Condorcet’s Sketch and its notion of civilization that was then dear to the Directorial regime and cited writers approved by the Directory .
Shortly afterward, he was behind a petition signed by forty-seven Parisian artists including Jacques-Louis David which questioned the benefits of displacing art from Rome; although prudently worded, there was a vituperative official response.
In 1797, he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred for the Seine department, then went into hiding after the Fructidor coup. In exile in Germany, he read Immanuel Kant and Gotthold Lessing, whose philosophy informed his own theories of aesthetics. In 1800, back in Paris, he was appointed secretary general of the Seine council. From 1816 until 1839 he was perpetual secretary to the Académie des Beaux-Arts, which gave him great influence upon official architecture, and in 1818 he became a professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale. He briefly returned to politics in 1820. In 1826 he became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands.
Quatremère de Quincy was the author of numerous articles and books. From 1788 to 1825, he wrote the three Architecture volumes of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. His Dictionnaire historique de l'Architecture was published in 1832–1833. He wrote biographies of several artists: Antonio Canova (1823), Raphael (1824) and Michelangelo (1835).
He transformed the simple metaphor of architecture as language into a framework for reconceptualizing the structure of architecture; modern writers describing "vernacular" architecture, or the Baroque "idiom" or the "vocabulary" of Classicism owe a debt to Quatremère de Quincy.
His essay De l'Architecture Égyptienne, written for a competition posed by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1785 and published in 1803, just as the Description de l'Egypte was in preparation, nevertheless was an important influence on the Egyptian Revival phase of Neoclassical architecture, for its theoretical observations concerning the origins of architecture rather than for its historical naiveté. He was among the first to point out the use of polychromy in Greek sculpture and architecture. Though he insisted that landscape gardening could not be admitted among the fine arts, he was a key figure in the establishment of the first landscaped cemeteries, and his essay, translated into English as The Nature, the End and the Means of Imitation in the Fine Arts influenced J. C. Loudon.
Notes
^ "Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome". Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
^ Lavin 1992, "The Republic of the arts", esp. pp. 158–75.
^ James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, s.v. "Quatremère de Quincy".
^ Translated as Letters to Miranda and Canova on the Abduction of Antiquities from Rome and Athens (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2012).
^ See Gilks, David (2012). "Art and politics during the 'First' Directory: artists' petitions and the quarrel over the confiscation of works of art from Italy in 1796". French History. 26: 53–78. doi:10.1093/fh/crr098.
^ "Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ Some passages translated and edited with an introduction by Samir Younés, The True, the Fictive and the Real: The Historical Dictionary of Architecture of Quatremère de Quincy (Papadakis) 1999.
^ Lavin 1992.
^ Lavin, Sylvia (1991). "In the names of history: Quatremère de Quincy and the literature of Egyptian architecture". Journal of Architectural Education. 44 (3): 131–137. while the name of history was increasingly invoked to lend an impersonal and hence authoritative voice to studies of the past, the individual voices continued to speak in the ideologically motivated language of the present"
^ Le Jupiter olympien, 1814.
^ Garden Visits: Quatremère de Quincy.
Sources
Lavin, Sylvia (1992). Quatremère de Quincy and the Invention of a Modern Language of Architecture. MIT Press.
Gilks, David (2022) “Civilization and Its Discontents: Quatremère de Quincy and Directorial Political Culture,” French Historical Studies 45.3.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Sycomore
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine_Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy_by_F_Bonneville.jpg"},{"link_name":"stipple engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"architectural theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_theory"},{"link_name":"Freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Quatremère de Quincy, stipple engraving by François BonnevilleAntoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (21 October 1755 – 28 December 1849) was a French armchair archaeologist and architectural theorist, a Freemason, and an effective arts administrator and influential writer on art.[1]","title":"Quatremère de Quincy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Collège Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Coustou the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Coustou_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Pierre Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Julien"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"National Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Assemblée Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale"},{"link_name":"Paris salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_salon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Rondelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rondelet"},{"link_name":"Panthéon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"13 Vendémiaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Council of Five Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Seine department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_(department)"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"Gotthold Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Lessing"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"Académie des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie Méthodique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_M%C3%A9thodique"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres"},{"link_name":"Description de l'Egypte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_de_l%27Egypte"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"landscape gardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardening"},{"link_name":"fine arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts"},{"link_name":"J. C. Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Loudon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Born in Paris, Quatremère de Quincy trained for the law, then followed courses in art and history at the Collège Louis-le-Grand and apprenticed for a time in the atelier of Guillaume Coustou the Younger and Pierre Julien, getting some practical experience in the art of sculpture. A trip to Naples in the company of Jacques-Louis David sparked his interest in Greek and Roman architecture.He was involved in the troubles of the French Revolution. He was a royalist in the National Legislative Assembly of 1791–1792, and his politics were monarchist and Catholic. As a member of the Revolutionary Committee of Public Instruction his set of three Considerations on the arts of design in France was offered before the Assemblée Nationale at a time (1791) when the continuation of the former academies was under question; he offered a program for their reform. in part by opening up the Paris salons.[2] In 1791–1792 he orchestrated the conversion of the Church of Ste-Geneviève in Paris (under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Rondelet) into the Panthéon, infilling the windows to give it the character of a mausoleum.[3] In 1795 he was accused of taking part in the preparations for the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire and condemned to death, but subsequently acquitted.In July 1796, he wrote a pseudo-epistolary treatise against the French plans to seize works of art from Rome, arguing that European powers should instead contribute a sum to the papacy for protecting art and knowledge.[4] Quatremère was hiding when he wrote the Letters because he was sentenced to death for his role in the royalist uprising of 13 Vendémiaire. He argued that ‘displacing the monuments of Italy’ and ‘dismantling its schools and museums’ would destroy ‘civilization’ [Gilks 2022: 489, 492]. He wrote to show that ‘it would be in the interests of the arts to insist that we do not export from Italy different masterpieces’ and to render ‘the justice to the pontifical government in merits from the zeal and care it has constantly demonstrated toward research into the arts and their conservation’ [Gilks 2022: 491]. According to Gilks, Quatremère wrote in a contrived manner that he intended to appeal to republican readers: he therefore aped Condorcet’s Sketch and its notion of civilization that was then dear to the Directorial regime and cited writers approved by the Directory [Gilks 2022: 497].Shortly afterward, he was behind a petition signed by forty-seven Parisian artists including Jacques-Louis David which questioned the benefits of displacing art from Rome; although prudently worded, there was a vituperative official response.[5]In 1797, he was elected to the Council of Five Hundred for the Seine department, then went into hiding after the Fructidor coup. In exile in Germany, he read Immanuel Kant and Gotthold Lessing, whose philosophy informed his own theories of aesthetics. In 1800, back in Paris, he was appointed secretary general of the Seine council. From 1816 until 1839 he was perpetual secretary to the Académie des Beaux-Arts, which gave him great influence upon official architecture, and in 1818 he became a professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Nationale. He briefly returned to politics in 1820. In 1826 he became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands.[6]Quatremère de Quincy was the author of numerous articles and books. From 1788 to 1825, he wrote the three Architecture volumes of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. His Dictionnaire historique de l'Architecture was published in 1832–1833.[7] He wrote biographies of several artists: Antonio Canova (1823), Raphael (1824) and Michelangelo (1835).He transformed the simple metaphor of architecture as language into a framework for reconceptualizing the structure of architecture; modern writers describing \"vernacular\" architecture, or the Baroque \"idiom\" or the \"vocabulary\" of Classicism owe a debt to Quatremère de Quincy.[8]His essay De l'Architecture Égyptienne, written for a competition posed by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1785 and published in 1803, just as the Description de l'Egypte was in preparation, nevertheless was an important influence on the Egyptian Revival phase of Neoclassical architecture, for its theoretical observations concerning the origins of architecture rather than for its historical naiveté.[9] He was among the first to point out the use of polychromy in Greek sculpture and architecture.[10] Though he insisted that landscape gardening could not be admitted among the fine arts, he was a key figure in the establishment of the first landscaped cemeteries, and his essay, translated into English as The Nature, the End and the Means of Imitation in the Fine Arts influenced J. C. Loudon.[11]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101127122252/http://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/fh/crr098","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrr098"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002450"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Garden Visits: Quatremère de Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gardenvisit.com/biography/antoine-chrysostome_quatremere_de_quincy"}],"text":"^ \"Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2009-03-25.\n\n^ Lavin 1992, \"The Republic of the arts\", esp. pp. 158–75.\n\n^ James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, s.v. \"Quatremère de Quincy\".\n\n^ Translated as Letters to Miranda and Canova on the Abduction of Antiquities from Rome and Athens (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2012).\n\n^ See Gilks, David (2012). \"Art and politics during the 'First' Directory: artists' petitions and the quarrel over the confiscation of works of art from Italy in 1796\". French History. 26: 53–78. doi:10.1093/fh/crr098.\n\n^ \"Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n\n^ Some passages translated and edited with an introduction by Samir Younés, The True, the Fictive and the Real: The Historical Dictionary of Architecture of Quatremère de Quincy (Papadakis) 1999.\n\n^ Lavin 1992.\n\n^ Lavin, Sylvia (1991). \"In the names of history: Quatremère de Quincy and the literature of Egyptian architecture\". Journal of Architectural Education. 44 (3): 131–137. while the name of history was increasingly invoked to lend an impersonal and hence authoritative voice to studies of the past, the individual voices continued to speak in the ideologically motivated language of the present\"\n\n^ Le Jupiter olympien, 1814.\n\n^ Garden Visits: Quatremère de Quincy.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519044#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/54938/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108830461"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/29539526"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90749582"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1392800"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920830d"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920830d"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508873206706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118866737"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272923105171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14303807"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80059796"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621328"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009511598&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35757848"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record148204"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068534035"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675474305606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15322"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03963937?l=en"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/462906"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500033639"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118866737.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/14886"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1073978"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027085473"}],"text":"Lavin, Sylvia (1992). Quatremère de Quincy and the Invention of a Modern Language of Architecture. MIT Press.Gilks, David (2022) “Civilization and Its Discontents: Quatremère de Quincy and Directorial Political Culture,” French Historical Studies 45.3.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nSycomore\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Quatremère de Quincy, stipple engraving by François Bonneville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antoine_Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy_by_F_Bonneville.jpg/220px-Antoine_Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy_by_F_Bonneville.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2009-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127122252/http://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome\""},{"url":"http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilks, David (2012). \"Art and politics during the 'First' Directory: artists' petitions and the quarrel over the confiscation of works of art from Italy in 1796\". French History. 26: 53–78. doi:10.1093/fh/crr098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrr098","url_text":"10.1093/fh/crr098"}]},{"reference":"\"Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)\". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002450","url_text":"\"Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)\""}]},{"reference":"Lavin, Sylvia (1991). \"In the names of history: Quatremère de Quincy and the literature of Egyptian architecture\". Journal of Architectural Education. 44 (3): 131–137. while the name of history was increasingly invoked to lend an impersonal and hence authoritative voice to studies of the past, the individual voices continued to speak in the ideologically motivated language of the present\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lavin, Sylvia (1992). Quatremère de Quincy and the Invention of a Modern Language of Architecture. MIT Press.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127122252/http://dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Art Historians: Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysôthome\""},{"Link":"http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/quatremeredequincya.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/","external_links_name":"James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrr098","external_links_name":"10.1093/fh/crr098"},{"Link":"https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002450","external_links_name":"\"Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (1755–1849)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gardenvisit.com/biography/antoine-chrysostome_quatremere_de_quincy","external_links_name":"Garden Visits: Quatremère de Quincy"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54938/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108830461","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29539526","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90749582","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1392800","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920830d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920830d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508873206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118866737","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272923105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14303807","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80059796","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621328","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2009511598&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35757848","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record148204","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068534035","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675474305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15322","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03963937?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/462906","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500033639","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118866737.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/14886","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1073978","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027085473","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channels_Television | Channels TV | ["1 History","1.1 2008 closure","2 Production","2.1 2012 Nigerian bombing","3 Awards and recognition","4 Partnership","5 Programs","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | 24-hour overseas news channel from Nigeria
This article is about the Nigerian TV channel. For TV channel, see TV channel. For other uses, see Channel (disambiguation).
Television channel
Channels TelevisionChannels Television logoCountryNigeriaBroadcast areaUKAfricaHeadquartersLagos, Lagos State, NigeriaProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishOwnershipOwnerJohn Momoh (Executive Chairman)Olusola Momoh (Executive Vice-Chairman)HistoryLaunched1992 (1992)LinksWebsitechannelstv.comAvailabilityTerrestrialUHFChannel 26 (Benin)UHFChannel 31 (Abuja)UHFChannel 39 (Lagos)UHFChannel 45 (Kano)Streaming mediachannelstv.com/liveWatch live(Available worldwide)TVPlayerWatch live (UK only)
Channels Television is a Nigerian independent 24-hour news and media television channel based in Lagos, Nigeria. The parent company, Channels Incorporated, was founded in 1992, a year before the Nigerian government deregulated the broadcast media. It began broadcasting in 1995. Its primary focus is producing news and current affairs programs on Nigerian domestic issues. The Channel's mission is to act as a watchdog on governmental policies and activities.
History
Channels Television was founded in 1995 as a private television station with only 15 employees by Nigerian veteran broadcaster and entrepreneur John Momoh and Sola Momoh, also a broadcaster. The company commenced operations in Lagos, south western Nigeria and has since grown to include three other stations in Abuja, Edo and Kano states. It also has bureaus in almost every state in Nigeria, including stringers and affiliates in other parts in Africa, as well as strong relationships with international media organizations which allows access to information around the world.
The channel was licensed in June 1993 and allocated a frequency on UHF (Channel 39). It began transmission two years later under the name, "Channels Television", and the first terrestrial broadcast was on the 1st of July 1995, with John Momoh reading the first news bulletin. Channels TV currently broadcasts to an audience of over 20 million people.
The channel was an affiliate of TVAfrica. In 2000, it wanted to broadcast UEFA Euro 2000, but it and other interested broadcasters in Nigeria faced legal issues from the Nigerian Broadcasting Commission over the legality of the network, which, according to the regulator, wasn't registered in Nigeria.
2008 closure
In September 2008, Channels Television was shut down by President Yar'Adua, who sent Nigeria's State Security Service (SSS) to shut down the station and to arrest its senior staff due to channel's report of Yar'Adua's bad health. The report by Channels Television was attributed to information received from News Agency of Nigeria (NAN). However, after the investigation, NAN announced that the channel did not issue any statement regarding the President stepping down, but instead, its computer was hacked into. In protest, Channels TV discontinued its use of the NAN wire service up to this date. It was proven that the e-mail received by Channels TV was a hoax sent from a computer in the Ivory Coast. Nigeria's Minister of Information, John Odey, gave the statement to the BBC emphasizing the government was angered by the report.
Production
Channels Television's team has produced feature programs, which have received commendation throughout the country. Video footage of events and happenings in Nigeria, shot by the Channels Television news crews have been used widely by broadcast organizations such as BBC, CNN and ITN. Its flagship program, "News at Ten", is considered as the most popular and most watched news in Nigeria.
Since 2009, Channels Television organizes and hosts "Channels National Kids Cup", a sport event for school children from sixteen Nigerian states held in Teslim Balogun Stadium in Lagos. General Manager of Channels Television, Steve Judo, stated that Channels Television is socially responsible media and as such chose to engage in the development of football from the roots.
2012 Nigerian bombing
Main article: January 2012 Nigeria attacks
In January 2012, journalist Enenche Akogwu, who worked as a correspondent in Kano for Channels Television, was shot and killed while reporting on coordinated attacks there claimed by the radical Islamist sect known as Boko Haram. According to his colleagues, Akogwu had shown up after a bombing and began filming a crowd gathered there without knowing they were armed sect members.
Channels TV headquarters
Awards and recognition
Named "Best Station of the Year" twelve times (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016) by The Federal Republic of Nigeria's Media Merit Award Trust
2013: Awarded "Best TV Station in Africa" by African Achievers Awards, Achievers Media
2013: Named "Most Compliant Television Station In Media Category" by Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria
2013: Awarded Lagos State Ministry of Education's "Jam Feast" award for its contribution towards youth invention and educational development
2013: "Best Report On Maternal Health" by the Society of Gynaecology And Obstetrics Of Nigeria (Sogon)
2013: Customer Service Excellence Award in Media
Partnership
On 22 March 2014, Tezuka Productions partnership with Channels TV to broadcast 8 episode spin-off series of Astro Boy, Little Astro Boy, which was aimed for preschoolers on Channels TV's children's block.
On Friday, 14 August 2015, Deutsche Welle said it had signed a partnership agreement with "Channels TV" to demonstrates the long tradition of airing a positive view of Africa.
Peter Limbourg, the Director-General of Deutsche Welle describe Channels TV as a great television station and a perfect partner for Deutsche Welle. Limbourg said "We at Deutsche Welle think that we have to report the great things that happen in Africa, especially in Nigeria.
John Momoh, the Chief Executive Officer of Channels TV described the partnership as "Made from heaven".
He said, "This is part of our strategy to tell the African story, especially that of Nigeria, from the African perspective so that we do not leave this key element of definition of who we are, what we do and why, to other people to tell on our behalf".
In August 2015, Channels TV signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations on News coverage. The United Nations was represented by Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Programs
Program
Air days
Time
Presenters
Sunrise Daily
Weekdays
7 a.m.
Chamberlain UsohMaupe OgunBukola Samuel-Wemimo
Kayode Okikiolu
Ayo Makinde
Sunrise Saturday
Saturdays
9 a.m.
Ayo MakindeAlero Edu
Business Morning
Weekdays
10 a.m.
Ini John-Mekwa/Ladi Williams
Politics Today
Sundays
8 p.m.
Seun Okinbaloye
Sport This Morning
Weekdays
9 a.m.
Cecilia OmorogbeAustin Okon-AkpanYemi Adebayo
Community Report
Fridays
12:30 p.m.
Dare Idowu
Channels Book Club
Tuesdays
3:30 p.m.
Olakunle Kasunmu
Diplomatic Channels
Mondays
8:30 p.m.
Amarachi Ubani
Aviation This week
Sundays
9 p.m.
Bukola Joe-Oketumbi
See also
List of television stations in Nigeria
List of news channels
List of television networks by country
References
^ "Channels TV wins best Nigerian TV award for the eighth time". APO Source. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "Nigerian jet crashes with 100 on board". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
^ "Once upon some glamour TV gals". The punch News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
^ "Broadcasting Regulation and Broadcasting In Nigeria: An Overview Of The Approaches" (PDF). International Institute for Science, Technology and Education. 2013 (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2024. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
^ "Channels TV Shut Down by Yar'Adua". Nigerian Curiosity. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ "The Drama Behind Closure of Channels Television". Sahara Reporters. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Ajom, Jacob (20 May 2013). "16 schools for Channels National Kids cup". Vanguard. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Busari, Kazeem (21 May 2014). "Channels National Kids Cup kicks off". Punch. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Gambrell, Jon (21 January 2012). "2 journalists killed in Nigeria amid unrest". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
^ "Channels TV once again wins best Nigerian TV award". Biz Community. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "Channels TV Wins Best Nigerian TV Award for the 8th Time". Nigeria Communications Week. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "africanachieversawards.net". www.africanachieversawards.net. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
^ "Nigeria's Channel Television partners Deutsche Welle". Communicatio. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "DW and Nigeria's Channels TV announce major cooperation". dw.com. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements". Thisdaylive. Archived from the original on 2015-08-19. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Channels TV, Deutsche Welle partner for better, balanced reporting on Africa". The Guardian News. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Channels TV Signs MoU With United Nations". News Africa Now. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "United Nations, Channels Television Sign Broadcast Agreement". Channels TV. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_channel"},{"link_name":"Channel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_channel"},{"link_name":"television channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_channel"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"watchdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_journalism"}],"text":"This article is about the Nigerian TV channel. For TV channel, see TV channel. For other uses, see Channel (disambiguation).Television channelChannels Television is a Nigerian independent 24-hour news and media television channel based in Lagos, Nigeria. The parent company, Channels Incorporated, was founded in 1992, a year before the Nigerian government deregulated the broadcast media. It began broadcasting in 1995. Its primary focus is producing news and current affairs programs on Nigerian domestic issues. The Channel's mission is to act as a watchdog on governmental policies and activities.","title":"Channels TV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_television"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_State"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_State"},{"link_name":"TVAfrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVAfrica"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Channels Television was founded in 1995 as a private television station[2] with only 15 employees by Nigerian veteran broadcaster and entrepreneur John Momoh and Sola Momoh, also a broadcaster.[3] The company commenced operations in Lagos, south western Nigeria and has since grown to include three other stations in Abuja, Edo and Kano states. It also has bureaus in almost every state in Nigeria, including stringers and affiliates in other parts in Africa, as well as strong relationships with international media organizations which allows access to information around the world.The channel was licensed in June 1993 and allocated a frequency on UHF (Channel 39). It began transmission two years later under the name, \"Channels Television\", and the first terrestrial broadcast was on the 1st of July 1995, with John Momoh reading the first news bulletin. Channels TV currently broadcasts to an audience of over 20 million people.The channel was an affiliate of TVAfrica. In 2000, it wanted to broadcast UEFA Euro 2000, but it and other interested broadcasters in Nigeria faced legal issues from the Nigerian Broadcasting Commission over the legality of the network, which, according to the regulator, wasn't registered in Nigeria.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"State Security Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"News Agency of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Agency_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"John Odey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Odey"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2008 closure","text":"In September 2008, Channels Television was shut down by President Yar'Adua, who sent Nigeria's State Security Service (SSS) to shut down the station and to arrest its senior staff due to channel's report of Yar'Adua's bad health. The report by Channels Television was attributed to information received from News Agency of Nigeria (NAN). However, after the investigation, NAN announced that the channel did not issue any statement regarding the President stepping down, but instead, its computer was hacked into. In protest, Channels TV discontinued its use of the NAN wire service up to this date. It was proven that the e-mail received by Channels TV was a hoax sent from a computer in the Ivory Coast. Nigeria's Minister of Information, John Odey, gave the statement to the BBC emphasizing the government was angered by the report.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"Teslim Balogun Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teslim_Balogun_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Channels Television's team has produced feature programs, which have received commendation throughout the country. Video footage of events and happenings in Nigeria, shot by the Channels Television news crews have been used widely by broadcast organizations such as BBC, CNN and ITN. Its flagship program, \"News at Ten\", is considered as the most popular and most watched news in Nigeria.Since 2009, Channels Television organizes and hosts \"Channels National Kids Cup\", a sport event for school children from sixteen Nigerian states held in Teslim Balogun Stadium in Lagos.[7] General Manager of Channels Television, Steve Judo, stated that Channels Television is socially responsible media and as such chose to engage in the development of football from the roots.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enenche Akogwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enenche_Akogwu"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Channels_TV_headquarters.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2012 Nigerian bombing","text":"In January 2012, journalist Enenche Akogwu, who worked as a correspondent in Kano for Channels Television, was shot and killed while reporting on coordinated attacks there claimed by the radical Islamist sect known as Boko Haram. According to his colleagues, Akogwu had shown up after a bombing and began filming a crowd gathered there without knowing they were armed sect members.[9]Channels TV headquarters","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ctvoaw-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ctv8-11"},{"link_name":"African Achievers Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Achievers_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lagos State Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State_Ministry_of_Education"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Named \"Best Station of the Year\" twelve times (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 & 2016) by The Federal Republic of Nigeria's Media Merit Award Trust[10][11]\n2013: Awarded \"Best TV Station in Africa\" by African Achievers Awards, Achievers Media[12]\n2013: Named \"Most Compliant Television Station In Media Category\" by Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria[citation needed]\n2013: Awarded Lagos State Ministry of Education's \"Jam Feast\" award for its contribution towards youth invention and educational development[citation needed]\n2013: \"Best Report On Maternal Health\" by the Society of Gynaecology And Obstetrics Of Nigeria (Sogon)[citation needed]\n2013: Customer Service Excellence Award in Media[citation needed]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tezuka Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezuka_Productions"},{"link_name":"Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy"},{"link_name":"Little Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Astro_Boy"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peter Limbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Limbourg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John Momoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Momoh"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On 22 March 2014, Tezuka Productions partnership with Channels TV to broadcast 8 episode spin-off series of Astro Boy, Little Astro Boy, which was aimed for preschoolers on Channels TV's children's block.On Friday, 14 August 2015, Deutsche Welle said it had signed a partnership agreement with \"Channels TV\" to demonstrates the long tradition of airing a positive view of Africa.[13] \nPeter Limbourg, the Director-General of Deutsche Welle describe Channels TV as a great television station and a perfect partner for Deutsche Welle. Limbourg said \"We at Deutsche Welle think that we have to report the great things that happen in Africa, especially in Nigeria.[14]John Momoh, the Chief Executive Officer of Channels TV described the partnership as \"Made from heaven\".[15] \nHe said, \"This is part of our strategy to tell the African story, especially that of Nigeria, from the African perspective so that we do not leave this key element of definition of who we are, what we do and why, to other people to tell on our behalf\".[16][17]In August 2015, Channels TV signed a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations on News coverage. The United Nations was represented by Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations.[18][19]","title":"Partnership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs"}] | [{"image_text":"Channels TV headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Channels_TV_headquarters.jpg/300px-Channels_TV_headquarters.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of television stations in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Nigeria"},{"title":"List of news channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_news_channels"},{"title":"List of television networks by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_networks_by_country"}] | [{"reference":"\"Channels TV wins best Nigerian TV award for the eighth time\". APO Source. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://appablog.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/channels-tv-wins-best-nigerian-tv-award-for-the-eighth-time/","url_text":"\"Channels TV wins best Nigerian TV award for the eighth time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigerian jet crashes with 100 on board\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/nigerian-jet-crashes-with-100-on-board/2006/10/30/1162056875447.html?from=rss","url_text":"\"Nigerian jet crashes with 100 on board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Once upon some glamour TV gals\". The punch News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133411/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/once-upon-some-glamour-tv-gals/","url_text":"\"Once upon some glamour TV gals\""},{"url":"http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/once-upon-some-glamour-tv-gals/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting Regulation and Broadcasting In Nigeria: An Overview Of The Approaches\" (PDF). International Institute for Science, Technology and Education. 2013 (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240108150948/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234673396.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting Regulation and Broadcasting In Nigeria: An Overview Of The Approaches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV Shut Down by Yar'Adua\". Nigerian Curiosity. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nigeriancuriosity.com/2008/09/channels-tv-shut-down-by-yaradua.html","url_text":"\"Channels TV Shut Down by Yar'Adua\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Drama Behind Closure of Channels Television\". Sahara Reporters. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://saharareporters.com/2008/09/17/drama-behind-closure-channels-television","url_text":"\"The Drama Behind Closure of Channels Television\""}]},{"reference":"Ajom, Jacob (20 May 2013). \"16 schools for Channels National Kids cup\". Vanguard. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/16-schools-for-channels-national-kids-cup/","url_text":"\"16 schools for Channels National Kids cup\""}]},{"reference":"Busari, Kazeem (21 May 2014). \"Channels National Kids Cup kicks off\". Punch. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025224844/http://www.punchng.com/sports/channels-national-kids-cup-kicks-off/","url_text":"\"Channels National Kids Cup kicks off\""},{"url":"http://www.punchng.com/sports/channels-national-kids-cup-kicks-off/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gambrell, Jon (21 January 2012). \"2 journalists killed in Nigeria amid unrest\". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/2-journalists-killed-nigeria-amid-unrest-104842430.html","url_text":"\"2 journalists killed in Nigeria amid unrest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV once again wins best Nigerian TV award\". Biz Community. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/157/66/107278.html","url_text":"\"Channels TV once again wins best Nigerian TV award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV Wins Best Nigerian TV Award for the 8th Time\". Nigeria Communications Week. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/broadcasting/channels-tv-wins-best-nigerian-tv-award-for-the-8th-time","url_text":"\"Channels TV Wins Best Nigerian TV Award for the 8th Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"africanachieversawards.net\". www.africanachieversawards.net. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2014-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150406012513/http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/","url_text":"\"africanachieversawards.net\""},{"url":"http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nigeria's Channel Television partners Deutsche Welle\". Communicatio. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.communicationsafrica.com/broadcast/nigeria-s-channel-television-partners","url_text":"\"Nigeria's Channel Television partners Deutsche Welle\""}]},{"reference":"\"DW and Nigeria's Channels TV announce major cooperation\". dw.com. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/dw-and-nigerias-channels-tv-announce-major-cooperation/a-18592296","url_text":"\"DW and Nigeria's Channels TV announce major cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906115000/http://tribuneonlineng.com/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-dw-sign-strategic-partnership-deal#","url_text":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\""},{"url":"http://tribuneonlineng.com/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-dw-sign-strategic-partnership-deal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\". Thisdaylive. Archived from the original on 2015-08-19. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150819040659/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/channels-tv-deutch-welle-in-content-sharing-arrangement/214941/#","url_text":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\""},{"url":"http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/channels-tv-deutch-welle-in-content-sharing-arrangement/214941/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle partner for better, balanced reporting on Africa\". The Guardian News. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/07/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-partner-for-better-balanced-reporting-on-africa/","url_text":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle partner for better, balanced reporting on Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Channels TV Signs MoU With United Nations\". News Africa Now. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906131921/http://newsafricanow.com/2015/08/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations-3/","url_text":"\"Channels TV Signs MoU With United Nations\""},{"url":"http://newsafricanow.com/2015/08/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations-3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations, Channels Television Sign Broadcast Agreement\". Channels TV. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channelstv.com/2015/08/25/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations/","url_text":"\"United Nations, Channels Television Sign Broadcast Agreement\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://channelstv.com/","external_links_name":"channelstv.com"},{"Link":"http://www.channelstv.com/live/","external_links_name":"Watch live"},{"Link":"http://www.tvplayer.com/watch/channels24","external_links_name":"Watch live"},{"Link":"http://appablog.wordpress.com/2014/01/08/channels-tv-wins-best-nigerian-tv-award-for-the-eighth-time/","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV wins best Nigerian TV award for the eighth time\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/nigerian-jet-crashes-with-100-on-board/2006/10/30/1162056875447.html?from=rss","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian jet crashes with 100 on board\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133411/http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/once-upon-some-glamour-tv-gals/","external_links_name":"\"Once upon some glamour TV gals\""},{"Link":"http://www.punchng.com/spice/society/once-upon-some-glamour-tv-gals/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240108150948/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234673396.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Regulation and Broadcasting In Nigeria: An Overview Of The Approaches\""},{"Link":"http://www.nigeriancuriosity.com/2008/09/channels-tv-shut-down-by-yaradua.html","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV Shut Down by Yar'Adua\""},{"Link":"http://saharareporters.com/2008/09/17/drama-behind-closure-channels-television","external_links_name":"\"The Drama Behind Closure of Channels Television\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/16-schools-for-channels-national-kids-cup/","external_links_name":"\"16 schools for Channels National Kids cup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025224844/http://www.punchng.com/sports/channels-national-kids-cup-kicks-off/","external_links_name":"\"Channels National Kids Cup kicks off\""},{"Link":"http://www.punchng.com/sports/channels-national-kids-cup-kicks-off/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/2-journalists-killed-nigeria-amid-unrest-104842430.html","external_links_name":"\"2 journalists killed in Nigeria amid unrest\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/157/66/107278.html","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV once again wins best Nigerian TV award\""},{"Link":"http://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/broadcasting/channels-tv-wins-best-nigerian-tv-award-for-the-8th-time","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV Wins Best Nigerian TV Award for the 8th Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150406012513/http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/","external_links_name":"\"africanachieversawards.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.communicationsafrica.com/broadcast/nigeria-s-channel-television-partners","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria's Channel Television partners Deutsche Welle\""},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/dw-and-nigerias-channels-tv-announce-major-cooperation/a-18592296","external_links_name":"\"DW and Nigeria's Channels TV announce major cooperation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906115000/http://tribuneonlineng.com/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-dw-sign-strategic-partnership-deal#","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\""},{"Link":"http://tribuneonlineng.com/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-dw-sign-strategic-partnership-deal","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150819040659/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/channels-tv-deutch-welle-in-content-sharing-arrangement/214941/#","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle signed partnership agreements\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/channels-tv-deutch-welle-in-content-sharing-arrangement/214941/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/07/channels-tv-deutsche-welle-partner-for-better-balanced-reporting-on-africa/","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV, Deutsche Welle partner for better, balanced reporting on Africa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906131921/http://newsafricanow.com/2015/08/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations-3/","external_links_name":"\"Channels TV Signs MoU With United Nations\""},{"Link":"http://newsafricanow.com/2015/08/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations-3/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.channelstv.com/2015/08/25/channels-tv-signs-mou-with-united-nations/","external_links_name":"\"United Nations, Channels Television Sign Broadcast Agreement\""},{"Link":"http://www.channelstv.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_of_Arms | Choice of Arms | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Choice of Arms" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1981 French filmChoice of ArmsDirected byAlain CorneauWritten byMichel GrisoliaAlain CorneauProduced byLarry NesisAlain SardeStarringYves MontandGérard DepardieuCatherine DeneuveCinematographyPierre-William GlennEdited byThierry DeroclesMusic byPhilippe SardeProductioncompaniesSara Films Parafrance FilmsAntenne 2R.M.C.Distributed byParafrance FilmsRelease date
1981 (1981)
Running time135 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench
Choice of Arms (French: Le Choix des armes) is a 1981 French crime film directed by Alain Corneau. The main roles are played by Yves Montand, Catherine Deneuve and Gerard Depardieu. Although in structure a crime film, it is as much a character study of people under stress and an examination of aspects of French society.
Plot
Noël, a former gangster now breeding horses on his large estate outside Paris with his beautiful wife Nicole, has his quiet life turned upside down when two wanted crooks arrive in a stolen car. One is an old accomplice called Serge, fatally shot, while the other is a young psychotic called Mickey. When Serge dies, Noël buries him. Mickey goes into Paris and on his return finds two police detectives, Bonnardot and Sarlat, at Noël's house. After threatening them, he escapes and holes up with Dany, a friend in Paris.
Thinking that Noël had betrayed him to the police, he turns up one evening as a dinner party is in progress and terrorises everybody. Realising that Mickey must be stopped, Noël sends Nicole to a hotel for safety and calls on two old accomplices to help him find the madman. But, learning that a prize mare is sick, Nicole breaks cover and slips back home one night. Mickey is waiting there and takes her captive. However, the police have been trailing her and Sarlat challenges Mickey. In an exchange of fire, Sarlat kills Nicole while Mickey gets away.
Eventually, Noël and his friends locate Mickey's hideout and it is Noël on watch one morning when Mickey and Dany sortie out to rob the local bank. The bank guard shoots Mickey and, picking up the wounded man, Noël takes him to a safe house to die. However, the police have located the safe house and, in an exchange of fire, Sarlat kills Mickey. Then, considering Noël equally culpable, he empties the rest of his magazine without managing to hit him. After the last shot, Noël takes him captive and drives away. On a lonely road, he empties the rest of his magazine at Sarlat, deliberately not hitting him, and leaves him there in shock. In a postscript, we see Noël adopt the little daughter of Mickey, whose mother had committed suicide.
Cast
Yves Montand as Noel Durieux
Gérard Depardieu as Mickey
Catherine Deneuve as Nicole Durieux
Michel Galabru as Bonnardot
Jean-Claude Dauphin as Ricky
Gérard Lanvin as Sarlat
Christian Marquand as Jean
Étienne Chicot as Roland Davout
Richard Anconina as Dany
References
^ "Le Choix des armes". cinematheque.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-06.
External links
Choice of Arms at IMDb
Choice of Arms at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Alain Corneau
Police Python 357 (1975)
La Menace (1977)
Série noire (1979)
Choice of Arms (1981)
Fort Saganne (1984)
Nocturne Indien (1989)
Tous les Matins du Monde (1991)
New World (1995)
Lumière and Company (1995)
Le cousin (1997)
Le Prince du Pacifique (2000)
Fear and Trembling (2003)
Words in Blue (2005)
Love Crime (2010)
This article related to a French film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1981"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Alain Corneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Corneau"},{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Montand"},{"link_name":"Catherine Deneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve"},{"link_name":"Gerard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1981 French filmChoice of Arms (French: Le Choix des armes) is a 1981 French crime film directed by Alain Corneau. The main roles are played by Yves Montand, Catherine Deneuve and Gerard Depardieu.[1] Although in structure a crime film, it is as much a character study of people under stress and an examination of aspects of French society.","title":"Choice of Arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Noël, a former gangster now breeding horses on his large estate outside Paris with his beautiful wife Nicole, has his quiet life turned upside down when two wanted crooks arrive in a stolen car. One is an old accomplice called Serge, fatally shot, while the other is a young psychotic called Mickey. When Serge dies, Noël buries him. Mickey goes into Paris and on his return finds two police detectives, Bonnardot and Sarlat, at Noël's house. After threatening them, he escapes and holes up with Dany, a friend in Paris.Thinking that Noël had betrayed him to the police, he turns up one evening as a dinner party is in progress and terrorises everybody. Realising that Mickey must be stopped, Noël sends Nicole to a hotel for safety and calls on two old accomplices to help him find the madman. But, learning that a prize mare is sick, Nicole breaks cover and slips back home one night. Mickey is waiting there and takes her captive. However, the police have been trailing her and Sarlat challenges Mickey. In an exchange of fire, Sarlat kills Nicole while Mickey gets away.Eventually, Noël and his friends locate Mickey's hideout and it is Noël on watch one morning when Mickey and Dany sortie out to rob the local bank. The bank guard shoots Mickey and, picking up the wounded man, Noël takes him to a safe house to die. However, the police have located the safe house and, in an exchange of fire, Sarlat kills Mickey. Then, considering Noël equally culpable, he empties the rest of his magazine without managing to hit him. After the last shot, Noël takes him captive and drives away. On a lonely road, he empties the rest of his magazine at Sarlat, deliberately not hitting him, and leaves him there in shock. In a postscript, we see Noël adopt the little daughter of Mickey, whose mother had committed suicide.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Montand"},{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"Catherine Deneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve"},{"link_name":"Michel Galabru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Galabru"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"Gérard Lanvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lanvin"},{"link_name":"Christian Marquand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Marquand"},{"link_name":"Étienne Chicot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Chicot"},{"link_name":"Richard Anconina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Anconina"}],"text":"Yves Montand as Noel Durieux\nGérard Depardieu as Mickey\nCatherine Deneuve as Nicole Durieux\nMichel Galabru as Bonnardot\nJean-Claude Dauphin as Ricky\nGérard Lanvin as Sarlat\nChristian Marquand as Jean\nÉtienne Chicot as Roland Davout\nRichard Anconina as Dany","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Le Choix des armes\". cinematheque.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinematheque.fr/film/47817.html","url_text":"\"Le Choix des armes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Choice+of+Arms%22","external_links_name":"\"Choice of Arms\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Choice+of+Arms%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Choice+of+Arms%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Choice+of+Arms%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Choice+of+Arms%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Choice+of+Arms%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.cinematheque.fr/film/47817.html","external_links_name":"\"Le Choix des armes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082173/","external_links_name":"Choice of Arms"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/le_choix_des_armes","external_links_name":"Choice of Arms"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choice_of_Arms&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Spearman | Pat Spearman | ["1 Early life and career","2 Nevada Senate","2.1 2012 election","2.2 First term (2012-2016)","2.3 2016 election and second term","2.4 Committee membership","3 Personal life","4 Electoral history","4.1 2012","4.2 2016","5 References","6 External links"] | American politician
Pat SpearmanPresident pro tempore of the Nevada SenateIncumbentAssumed office February 6, 2023Preceded byMo DenisMember of the Nevada Senatefrom the 1st districtIncumbentAssumed office November 7, 2012Preceded byJohn Jay Lee
Personal detailsBorn1955 (age 68–69)Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationNorfolk State University (BA)Seminary of the Southwest (MDiv)Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States ArmyYears of service1977–2007RankLieutenant ColonelUnitMilitary Police Corps
Patricia Ann Spearman (born 1955) is an American cleric, veteran, and Democratic politician from North Las Vegas, Nevada. She was elected in November 2012 to the Nevada Senate representing District 1, that is composed of the northern section of North Las Vegas and slivers of neighboring jurisdictions, after defeating incumbent John Jay Lee in the primary, and winning the general election. Spearman became the first openly lesbian member of the Nevada Legislature. She was re-elected in November 2016, and serves as co-majority whip since. Regarded as one of the most liberal members of the Nevada Senate, Spearman has introduced bills that provide equal pay for women, support LGBT rights, and support veterans. Spearman is also a supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment. Moreover, she was involved in the process of establishing the Nevada Revenue Plan during the 2015 session. On October 6, 2021, Spearman entered the 2022 race for Mayor of North Las Vegas, Nevada.
Before being elected senator, Spearman served in the United States Army for 29 years, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel, was a pastor, and held several public service positions, including president of the school district of San Marcos, Texas.
Early life and career
Born in 1955 in Indianapolis, Indiana, Spearman was the daughter of a traveling evangelist. Because of that, she moved a lot during her childhood. Spearman earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Norfolk State University in Norfolk, Virginia, and attended the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest in Austin, Texas, where she graduated with a Master of Divinity (M.Div.). Moreover, she attended the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute and the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, while serving in the army. When Spearman was running for Senate in 2012, she was pursuing a Doctor of Business Administration at Walden University, an online college.
Spearman spent 29 years (1977–2007) in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. While serving in the military in 2004, she received the title Kentucky colonel. Furthermore, she held different public service positions in San Marcos, Texas in the 1980s and 1990s, starting as chair of the advisory council of a local district of the Department of Health and Human Services for two years. Thereafter, she was simultaneously member of the board of directors of a local charitable organization, member of the 17th Congressional District Selection Committee for Military Academies, and president of the San Marcos Consolidated Independent School District. She reached the board of the school district in 1991 after receiving 1,136 votes, and was chosen board president six months later. She did not seek re-election to a second term in 1994. In the early 1990s, she also served as pastor of the Jackson Chapel, a United Methodist church in San Marcos.
Between 2001 and 2005, Spearman served as faculty at the University of Louisville, where she was a lecturer in Pan American studies and director of the multicultural center. After moving to the Las Vegas Valley in 2005, she founded the Resurrection Faith Community Ministries, a church in North Las Vegas, and became pastor of the church. Spearman also volunteered for Barack Obama's presidential campaign in 2008, and was member of the advisory boards for Harry Reid and Steven Horsford in 2010 and 2011 respectively.
Nevada Senate
2012 election
In 2012, Spearman challenged two-term incumbent Nevada Senator John Jay Lee, who was endorsed by the Senate Democratic Caucus, to represent the 1st district in the Nevada Senate. Spearman argued Lee was too moderate, since he opposed abortion and gay marriage. For that reason, she was supported by a coalition of liberal-leaning social and environmental groups. Spearman, who is lesbian herself, supported gay marriage and abortion. Furthermore, Spearman said Lee was not doing enough for his constituents. On her campaign website and in press releases, she stated she had worked as a professor at the University of Louisville, but the Las Vegas Review-Journal found out she technically had not been a professor. Lee criticized Spearman during his campaign for the falsehood, saying she was lying about her background in order to win the primary. Besides, Lee said that " opponent been encouraged to run by supporters of single issues like gay rights," and that the voters needed "the seniority and maturity of a senator."
Spearman won the primary, that was held on June 12, with 63% of the votes. She called it "a victory for the people." Spearman had spent about $12,000 on her primary campaign, which was only a fifteenth of the amount Lee had spent. However, an additional $80,000 was spent on her campaign by other political groups that were campaigning against Lee. An analysis by Lee's opponents, found out 54% of the voters were female, and a third of them had never voted in a primary before. During the general election, she was only challenged by Independent American Gregory Hughes, as no Republican had filed for the office. During the campaign for the general election, Spearman said it was important for Nevada to raise funding for education, since the current education system makes the state unattractive to new businesses and industries. She argued the wages of teachers had to be raised, and classes had to become smaller. In order to accomplish that, Spearman wanted to review the state's tax system. Spearman defeated her opponent on November 6 with 69% of the votes, having raised $108,000 for her general election campaign. Her term as a senator started the following day.
First term (2012-2016)
During the 2013 regular session, Spearman sponsored multiple bills that passed the Legislature, including one that lists gender identity as a motivating factor for hate crimes. Besides, she supported a constitutional amendment to legalize gay marriage, and introduced an amendment to it that would allow religious organizations and clergy to refuse to marry people in order to take away concerns, and to guarantee religious protections. In May, Spearman supported an assembly bill extending the deadline for voter registration, arguing she knew as a veteran that it would help military personnel. The bill, however, was vetoed by Governor Brian Sandoval after being approved by both houses.
In 2014, multiple Democrats asked Spearman to run for governor as no popular Democrats filed for the office, but she decided not to do so. Later that year, the members of the Legislature convened for a special session in order to approve proposed tax abatements for Tesla Motors, that would then build a battery factory in Nevada. Although Spearman criticized the proposal, because it would eliminate a program that helped small businesses, she voted for it.
During the 2015 regular session, Spearman among other things introduced on behalf of absent Senator Debbie Smith a bill that would have prohibited people convicted of domestic violence and stalking to own guns. However, the bill did not pass the Legislature. Besides, she advocated for legislation that provided equal pay for women and minorities. Spearman did so rallying together with other Democrats in front of the Nevada Legislative Building surrounded by supporters. She argued another bill sponsored by Republican Michael Roberson did not go far enough, but later decided to support it in a bipartisan effort. It came no further than passing the Senate. She also tried to provide equal rights for women by introducing a senate joint resolution that would ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, of which the ratification deadline had expired in 1982. The resolution never came to a vote.
Furthermore, Spearman helped establish the tax plan for the biennial budget. After Governor Sandoval had revealed his tax plan, Spearman introduced an alternative on March 17. Her tax plan would repeal the payroll tax (also called modified business tax), keep the business license fee at $200 for most companies, and impose a 0.47% gross receipts tax for businesses with a quarterly gross revenue of over $25,000. Spearman wanted to repeal the payroll tax in order to not punish the hiring of people. She said the plan was not meant to undermine the governor's plan, but to trigger debate, and to provide a choice. The Republican leadership proposed its own tax plan subsequently. Spearman voted in favor of the final plan, that combined all three plans, and was signed into law on June 9. The so-called Nevada Revenue Plan included Spearman's gross receipts tax (under the name Commerce Tax), but the conditions and rates differed: the tax has to be paid by businesses with a gross revenue of over $4 million, and the tax rates differ between 0.051% and 0.331% depending on the business sector. The Tax Foundation criticized such taxes, because they carry a pyramid effect – meaning that products are being taxed on multiple levels – and also tax loss-making businesses. That organization disapproved of the rates as well, since they are based on a one-year study of the economy of Texas.
In December 2015, a special session was called to give tax breaks to Faraday Future, that would in turn build a factory near North Las Vegas. Spearman voted in favor of the tax breaks, and called it a "watershed moment" for her constituents, as the area was hard hit by the recession. During the last year of her term, 2016, she organized a ceremony as a reaction to the Orlando nightclub shooting at the Gay and Lesbian Community Center of Southern Nevada. Later that year, Spearman was named member of the newly created New Energy Industry Task Force. The task force was created by Governor Sandoval in order to advise his administration on ways to promote renewable energy.
2016 election and second term
Spearman sought re-election in 2016, when her first term ended. She was challenged by Republican Arsen Ter-Petrosyan, who had never run for office before. During the campaign season, Spearman supported presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, and held a speech at the Democratic National Convention on July 25, talking about LGBT rights, and saying how the Republican presidential ticket would threaten those rights. During her own campaign, Spearman said schools had to adapt to the available career opportunities. Moreover, she supported Ballot Question 2, a voter initiative to legalize cannabis. During a council meeting of the League of Women Voters of Las Vegas, she said she would introduce bills concerning equal pay, the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, and voter registration. She won the election, that was held on November 8, with 65% of the votes. She had raised over $235,000.
After her re-election, she became part of the leadership as co-majority whip together with Joyce Woodhouse.
Committee membership
2013 session:
Senate Committee on Legislative Operations and Elections - chair
Senate Committee on Government Affairs - vice chair
Senate Committee on Transportation
2015 session:
Senate Committee on Commerce, Labor and Energy
Senate Committee on Revenue and Economic Development
Senate Committee on Health and Human Services (substituting for Debbie Smith when she was treated for a brain tumor)
2017 session:
Senate Committee on Health and Human Services - chair
Senate Committee on Commerce, Labor and Energy - vice chair
Senate Committee on Education
2019 session:
Senate Committee on Commerce and Labor - chair
Senate Committee on Health and Human Services - vice chair
Senate Committee on Growth and Infrastructure
Personal life
Spearman is African-American, and she was the first openly lesbian member of the Nevada Legislature. State senator David Parks was previously the only openly LGBT senator in Nevada. Two decades earlier – in 1992 – Spearman married Donald Brewington, who was a pastor as well, in San Antonio.
Electoral history
2012
Nevada State Senate, District 1 Primary Election, 2012
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Pat Spearman
2,244
63.0
Democratic
John Jay Lee
1,318
37.0
Nevada State Senate, District 1 General Election, 2012
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Pat Spearman
29,026
68.7
Independent American
Gregory Hughes
13,221
31.3
2016
Nevada State Senate, District 1 General Election, 2016
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Pat Spearman
33,688
65.4
Republican
Arsen Ter-Petrosyan
17,800
34.6
References
^ Spillman, Benjamin (18 January 2017). "Nevada lawmakers push tax break for lithium development". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ Newsmakers, Ray Hagar Nevada. "Spearman, LGBTQ+ champion, pushes ERA, sees current time as 'revelation'". www.nevadaappeal.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
^ "Nevada State Senator Pat Spearman announces run for North Las Vegas Mayor". news3lv.com. 6 October 2021.
^ a b "Senator Pat Spearman". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Myers, Laura (11 January 2015). "Shift to GOP control in Carson City could boost voter ID law". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b "Bethel United Methodist Church holding revival". San Antonio Register. 13 August 1992. p. 11. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via The Portal to Texas History.
^ "Meet Spearman". Spearman for Nevada Senate 1. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "Speaker Biographies" (PDF). Women in Government. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ "About Patricia". Patricia Spearman for Senate. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ "Elections: Hays County". San Antonio Express-News. 5 May 1991. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via NewsLibrary.
^ "Pat Spearman has never taken the easy road or avoided a problem simply because it was too difficult. She has lived a life based in public service because it challenged her to do more for her country and for her community". Nevada Senate Democrats. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ MacCormack, Zeke (5 May 1994). "School board candidates in San Marcos talk issues". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via NewsLibrary.
^ a b Vogel, Ed (26 May 2012). "'Professor' claim challenged in state Senate race". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Vogel, Ed (22 March 2012). "State senator Lee faces primary challenge". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Lead Servant". Resurrection Faith Community Ministries. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Patricia Spearman's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ a b c d Vogel, Ed (13 June 2012). "Spearman trounces state Sen. Lee". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b Dewan, Shaila (7 August 2012). "In Weak Economy, an Opening to Court Votes of Single Women". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Vogel, Ed (27 May 2012). "2012 PRIMARY ELECTION: STATE SENATE DISTRICT 1". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b "State Senate". Nevada Secretary of State. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Vogel, Ed (10 June 2012). "Lee, St. Martin top local fundraising for primaries". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b c "State Senate". Nevada Secretary of State. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Haynes, Brian (21 October 2012). "2012 Voter Guide: Nevada Senate District 1". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "2012 Contributions & Expenses Report #5". Secretary of State of Nevada. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
^ "The Constitution of the State of Nevada". Nevada Legislature. 28 July 1864. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ Dornan, Geoff (28 March 2013). "Nevada Senate passes transgender protection bill, 20-1". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "SB139". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "SJR13". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra (20 April 2013). "Nevada gay marriage bill amended to protect churches". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra (10 May 2013). "Ross Miller pushes later voter registration deadlines". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "AB440". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Myers, Laura (28 June 2014). "In Nevada governor's race Democrats learned resistance is futile". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Dornan, Geoff (12 September 2014). "Tesla package passes Nevada Legislature without dissent". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Dornan, Geoff (7 February 2015). "Nevada Legislature: Bill to restrict gun ownership introduced in Senate". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "SB187". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Snyder, Riley (24 February 2015). "Nevada Legislature: Lawmakers introduce competing equal pay bills". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Snyder, Riley (3 March 2015). "Nevada Legislature: Republicans pushing equal pay proposal". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "SB167". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra; Whaley, Sean (16 March 2015). "More than 120 bills introduced in Legislature today – so far". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "SJR16". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Medical marijuana to sick pets? Tick Segerblom's bill would make it possible". Nevada Appeal. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ a b Rindels, Michelle; Snyder, Riley (23 March 2015). "Nevada Legislature: 3 tax plans on the table". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra (17 March 2015). "Democratic state senators propose Nevada gross receipts tax". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "SB483". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Rindels, Michelle (26 May 2015). "Nevada Legislature Week 17: Big decisions as time runs out". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Walczak, Jared (8 June 2015). "Nevada Approves Commerce Tax, A New Tax on Business Gross Receipts". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Rindels, Michelle (19 December 2015). "Nevada governor approves $335M Faraday deal". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ Kudialis, Chris (12 June 2016). "Hundreds gather in Las Vegas to mourn tragedy in Orlando". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra (23 February 2016). "Sandoval reactivates renewable energy task force". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b Munks, Jamie (25 October 2016). "State Senate District 1". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Sebelius, Steve (27 July 2015). "Who's for whom in Nevada?". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Schedule: Who will speak in Philadelphia during the 2016 Democratic National Convention". The Washington Post. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Democratic National Convention. "State Senator Pat Spearman at DNC 2016". YouTube. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Digiovanna, Gina Rose (4 August 2016). "League of Women Voters strives to create nonpartisan progress in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ a b "State Senate". Silver State Election. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "2016 Contributions & Expenses Report #5". Secretary of State of Nevada. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
^ "Jason Frierson named Assembly speaker for 2017 Nevada Legislature; Aaron Ford named Majority Leader". Nevada Appeal. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "77th (2013) Session: Senate Legislative Operations and Elections". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "77th (2013) Session: Senate Government Affairs". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "77th (2013) Session: Senate Transportation". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CL)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Senate Revenue and Economic Development (REV)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Chereb, Sandra (5 February 2015). "3 state senators to fill in while Sen. Smith undergoes brain surgery". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CLE)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Senate Education (EDU)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Senate Commerce and Labor (CL)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
^ "Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
^ "Senate Growth and Infrastructure (GRI)". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
^ Vogel, Ed; Whaley, Sean (4 February 2013). "Nevada Legislature opens with tears and harmony". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Vogel, Ed; Whaley, Sean (28 April 2013). "Gay marriage views shifting in Nevada Legislature". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "Ministers Wed". Jet. Vol. 81, no. 23. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company. 30 March 1992. p. 31. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
External links
United States portalPolitics portal
Profile at the Nevada Senate
Campaign website
Appearances on C-SPAN
Nevada Senate
Preceded byMo Denis
President pro tempore of the Nevada Senate 2023–present
Incumbent
vteStatewide political officials of NevadaU.S. senators
Catherine Cortez Masto
Jacky Rosen
State government
Joe Lombardo, Governor
Stavros Anthony, Lieutenant Governor
Aaron Ford, Attorney General
Cisco Aguilar, Secretary of State
Zach Conine, Treasurer
Andy Matthews, Controller
Senate
Stavros Anthony, President
Pat Spearman, President pro tempore
Nicole Cannizzaro, Majority Leader
Robin Titus, Minority Leader
Assembly
Steve Yeager, Speaker
Daniele Monroe-Moreno, Speaker pro tempore
Sandra Jauregui, Majority Leader
P. K. O'Neill, Minority Leader
Supreme Court
Elissa F. Cadish, Chief Justice
Ron Parraguirre
Kristina Pickering
Lidia S. Stiglich
Douglas W. Herndon
Patricia Lee
Linda M. Bell, Associate Justices
vtePresidents of state senatesUnited States Senate: ▌Kamala Harris (D), ▌Patty Murray (D)
AL ▌Ainsworth (R), ▌Reed (R)
AK ▌Stevens (R)
AZ ▌Petersen (R), ▌Shope (R)
AR ▌Rutledge (R), ▌Hester (R)
CA ▌Kounalakis (D), ▌McGuire (D)
CO ▌Fenberg (D), ▌Coleman (D)
CT ▌Bysiewicz (D), ▌Looney (D)
DE ▌Hall-Long (D), ▌Sokola (D)
FL ▌Passidomo (R), ▌Baxley (R)
GA ▌Jones (R), ▌Kennedy (R)
HI ▌Kouchi (D)
ID ▌Bedke (R), ▌Winder (R)
IL ▌Harmon (D), ▌Cunningham (D)
IN ▌Crouch (R), ▌Bray (R)
IA ▌Sinclair (R), ▌Zaun (R)
KS ▌Masterson (R)
KY ▌Stivers (R), ▌Givens (R)
LA ▌Henry (R), ▌Barrow (D)
ME ▌Jackson (D)
MD ▌Ferguson (D), ▌Augustine (D)
MA ▌Spilka (D), ▌Brownsberger (D)
MI ▌Gilchrist (D), ▌Moss (D)
MN ▌Champion (DFL), ▌Rest (DFL)
MS ▌Hosemann (R), ▌Kirby (R)
MO ▌Kehoe (R), ▌Rowden (R)
MT ▌Ellsworth (R), ▌Bogner (R)
NE ▌Kelly (R), ▌Arch (R)*
NV ▌Anthony (R), ▌Spearman (D)
NH ▌Bradley (R), ▌Gray (R)
NJ ▌Scutari (D), ▌Turner (D)
NM ▌Morales (D), ▌Stewart (D)
NY ▌Delgado (D), ▌Stewart-Cousins (D)
NC ▌Robinson (R), ▌Berger (R)
ND ▌Miller (R), ▌Schaible (R)
OH ▌Huffman (R), ▌Schuring (R)
OK ▌Pinnell (R), ▌Treat (R)
OR ▌Wagner (D), ▌Manning (D)
PA ▌Davis (D), ▌Ward (R)
RI ▌Ruggerio (D), ▌Gallo (D)
SC ▌Alexander (R)
SD ▌Rhoden (R), ▌Schoenbeck (R)
TN ▌McNally (R), ▌Haile (R)
TX ▌Patrick (R), ▌Schwertner (R)
UT ▌Adams (R)
VT ▌Zuckerman (D), ▌Baruth (D)
VA ▌Sears (R), ▌Lucas (D)
WA ▌Heck (D), ▌Keiser (D)
WV ▌Blair (R), ▌Boley (R)
WI ▌Kapenga (R), ▌Testin (R)
WY ▌Driskill (R)
Federal districts:
DC ▌Mendelson (D)*Territories:
AS ▌Fruean (I)
GU ▌Terlaje (D)*
MP ▌DeLeon Guerrero (D)
PR ▌Dalmau (PPD), ▌González (PPD)
VI ▌Francis (D)*
Italics indicate presidents pro tempore*Unicameral body
vteMembers of the Nevada State Senate82nd Legislature (2023)
President of the Senate
Stavros Anthony (R)
President pro tempore
Pat Spearman (D)
Majority Leader
Nicole Cannizzaro (D)
Minority Leader
Robin Titus (R)
▌Pat Spearman (D)
▌Edgar Flores (D)
▌Rochelle Nguyen (D)
▌Dina Neal (D)
▌Carrie Buck (R)
▌Nicole Cannizzaro (D)
▌Roberta Lange (D)
▌Marilyn Dondero Loop (D)
▌Melanie Scheible (D)
▌Fabian Doñate (D)
▌Dallas Harris (D)
▌Julie Pazina (D)
▌Skip Daly (D)
▌Ira Hansen (R)
▌Heidi Gansert (R)
▌Lisa Krasner (R)
▌Robin Titus (R)
▌Vacant
▌Pete Goicoechea (R)
▌Jeff Stone (R)
▌James Ohrenschall (D)
▌Democratic (13)
▌Republican (7)
▌Vacant (1)
Nevada Legislature
Nevada Assembly
Nevada Senate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cleric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"North Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nevada Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Senate"},{"link_name":"District 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%27s_1st_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"North Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"John Jay Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Lee"},{"link_name":"Nevada Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Legislature"},{"link_name":"co-majority whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"San Marcos, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"}],"text":"Patricia Ann Spearman (born 1955) is an American cleric, veteran, and Democratic politician from North Las Vegas, Nevada. She was elected in November 2012 to the Nevada Senate representing District 1, that is composed of the northern section of North Las Vegas and slivers of neighboring jurisdictions, after defeating incumbent John Jay Lee in the primary, and winning the general election. Spearman became the first openly lesbian member of the Nevada Legislature. She was re-elected in November 2016, and serves as co-majority whip since. Regarded as one of the most liberal members of the Nevada Senate, Spearman has introduced bills that provide equal pay for women, support LGBT rights, and support veterans.[1] Spearman is also a supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment.[2] Moreover, she was involved in the process of establishing the Nevada Revenue Plan during the 2015 session. On October 6, 2021, Spearman entered the 2022 race for Mayor of North Las Vegas, Nevada.[3]Before being elected senator, Spearman served in the United States Army for 29 years, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel, was a pastor, and held several public service positions, including president of the school district of San Marcos, Texas.","title":"Pat Spearman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legislature-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Norfolk State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_State_University"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Theological_Seminary_of_the_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Master of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Antonio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Equal_Opportunity_Management_Institute"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Command and General Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Walden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-9"},{"link_name":"Military Police Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_colonel"},{"link_name":"San Marcos, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"San Marcos Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legislature-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United Methodist church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Antonio-6"},{"link_name":"University of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama's presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Harry Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid"},{"link_name":"Steven Horsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Horsford"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Born in 1955 in Indianapolis, Indiana,[4] Spearman was the daughter of a traveling evangelist. Because of that, she moved a lot during her childhood.[5] Spearman earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Norfolk State University in Norfolk, Virginia, and attended the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest in Austin, Texas, where she graduated with a Master of Divinity (M.Div.).[6][7] Moreover, she attended the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute and the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, while serving in the army.[8] When Spearman was running for Senate in 2012, she was pursuing a Doctor of Business Administration at Walden University, an online college.[9]Spearman spent 29 years (1977–2007) in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. While serving in the military in 2004, she received the title Kentucky colonel. Furthermore, she held different public service positions in San Marcos, Texas in the 1980s and 1990s, starting as chair of the advisory council of a local district of the Department of Health and Human Services for two years. Thereafter, she was simultaneously member of the board of directors of a local charitable organization, member of the 17th Congressional District Selection Committee for Military Academies, and president of the San Marcos Consolidated Independent School District.[4] She reached the board of the school district in 1991 after receiving 1,136 votes, and was chosen board president six months later.[10][11] She did not seek re-election to a second term in 1994.[12] In the early 1990s, she also served as pastor of the Jackson Chapel, a United Methodist church in San Marcos.[6]Between 2001 and 2005, Spearman served as faculty at the University of Louisville, where she was a lecturer in Pan American studies and director of the multicultural center.[13] After moving to the Las Vegas Valley in 2005, she founded the Resurrection Faith Community Ministries, a church in North Las Vegas, and became pastor of the church.[14][15] Spearman also volunteered for Barack Obama's presidential campaign in 2008, and was member of the advisory boards for Harry Reid and Steven Horsford in 2010 and 2011 respectively.[16]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nevada Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Jay Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Lee"},{"link_name":"1st district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada%27s_1st_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Nevada Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Senate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ2-17"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Review-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ1-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primary-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ2-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-18"},{"link_name":"Independent American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_American_Party_of_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2012 election","text":"In 2012, Spearman challenged two-term incumbent Nevada Senator John Jay Lee, who was endorsed by the Senate Democratic Caucus, to represent the 1st district in the Nevada Senate. Spearman argued Lee was too moderate, since he opposed abortion and gay marriage.[17] For that reason, she was supported by a coalition of liberal-leaning social and environmental groups.[17][18] Spearman, who is lesbian herself, supported gay marriage and abortion. Furthermore, Spearman said Lee was not doing enough for his constituents.[17] On her campaign website and in press releases, she stated she had worked as a professor at the University of Louisville, but the Las Vegas Review-Journal found out she technically had not been a professor. Lee criticized Spearman during his campaign for the falsehood, saying she was lying about her background in order to win the primary.[13] Besides, Lee said that \"[his] opponent [had] been encouraged to run by supporters of single issues like gay rights,\" and that the voters needed \"the seniority and maturity of a senator.\"[19]Spearman won the primary, that was held on June 12, with 63% of the votes.[20] She called it \"a victory for the people.\"[17] Spearman had spent about $12,000 on her primary campaign, which was only a fifteenth of the amount Lee had spent. However, an additional $80,000 was spent on her campaign by other political groups that were campaigning against Lee.[21] An analysis by Lee's opponents, found out 54% of the voters were female, and a third of them had never voted in a primary before.[18] During the general election, she was only challenged by Independent American Gregory Hughes, as no Republican had filed for the office.[22] During the campaign for the general election, Spearman said it was important for Nevada to raise funding for education, since the current education system makes the state unattractive to new businesses and industries. She argued the wages of teachers had to be raised, and classes had to become smaller. In order to accomplish that, Spearman wanted to review the state's tax system.[23] Spearman defeated her opponent on November 6 with 69% of the votes, having raised $108,000 for her general election campaign.[22][24] Her term as a senator started the following day.[25]","title":"Nevada Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"hate crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Brian Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Tesla Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motors"},{"link_name":"battery factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigafactory_1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Debbie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Smith_(Nevada_politician)"},{"link_name":"domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nevada Legislative Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Legislative_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Michael Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roberson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"senate joint resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_resolution"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"payroll tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payroll_tax"},{"link_name":"business license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_license"},{"link_name":"gross receipts tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appeal-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appeal-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tax Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Faraday Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_Future"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Orlando nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"First term (2012-2016)","text":"During the 2013 regular session, Spearman sponsored multiple bills that passed the Legislature, including one that lists gender identity as a motivating factor for hate crimes.[26][27] Besides, she supported a constitutional amendment to legalize gay marriage, and introduced an amendment to it that would allow religious organizations and clergy to refuse to marry people in order to take away concerns, and to guarantee religious protections.[28][29] In May, Spearman supported an assembly bill extending the deadline for voter registration, arguing she knew as a veteran that it would help military personnel.[30] The bill, however, was vetoed by Governor Brian Sandoval after being approved by both houses.[31]In 2014, multiple Democrats asked Spearman to run for governor as no popular Democrats filed for the office, but she decided not to do so.[32] Later that year, the members of the Legislature convened for a special session in order to approve proposed tax abatements for Tesla Motors, that would then build a battery factory in Nevada. Although Spearman criticized the proposal, because it would eliminate a program that helped small businesses, she voted for it.[33]During the 2015 regular session, Spearman among other things introduced on behalf of absent Senator Debbie Smith a bill that would have prohibited people convicted of domestic violence and stalking to own guns.[34] However, the bill did not pass the Legislature.[35] Besides, she advocated for legislation that provided equal pay for women and minorities. Spearman did so rallying together with other Democrats in front of the Nevada Legislative Building surrounded by supporters.[36] She argued another bill sponsored by Republican Michael Roberson did not go far enough, but later decided to support it in a bipartisan effort.[37] It came no further than passing the Senate.[38] She also tried to provide equal rights for women by introducing a senate joint resolution that would ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, of which the ratification deadline had expired in 1982.[39] The resolution never came to a vote.[40]Furthermore, Spearman helped establish the tax plan for the biennial budget. After Governor Sandoval had revealed his tax plan, Spearman introduced an alternative on March 17.[41] Her tax plan would repeal the payroll tax (also called modified business tax), keep the business license fee at $200 for most companies, and impose a 0.47% gross receipts tax for businesses with a quarterly gross revenue of over $25,000.[42] Spearman wanted to repeal the payroll tax in order to not punish the hiring of people.[43] She said the plan was not meant to undermine the governor's plan, but to trigger debate, and to provide a choice.[42] The Republican leadership proposed its own tax plan subsequently. Spearman voted in favor of the final plan, that combined all three plans, and was signed into law on June 9.[44][45] The so-called Nevada Revenue Plan included Spearman's gross receipts tax (under the name Commerce Tax), but the conditions and rates differed: the tax has to be paid by businesses with a gross revenue of over $4 million, and the tax rates differ between 0.051% and 0.331% depending on the business sector. The Tax Foundation criticized such taxes, because they carry a pyramid effect – meaning that products are being taxed on multiple levels – and also tax loss-making businesses. That organization disapproved of the rates as well, since they are based on a one-year study of the economy of Texas.[46]In December 2015, a special session was called to give tax breaks to Faraday Future, that would in turn build a factory near North Las Vegas. Spearman voted in favor of the tax breaks, and called it a \"watershed moment\" for her constituents, as the area was hard hit by the recession.[47] During the last year of her term, 2016, she organized a ceremony as a reaction to the Orlando nightclub shooting at the Gay and Lesbian Community Center of Southern Nevada.[48] Later that year, Spearman was named member of the newly created New Energy Industry Task Force. The task force was created by Governor Sandoval in order to advise his administration on ways to promote renewable energy.[49]","title":"Nevada Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ3-50"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ballot Question 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Question_2_(2016)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LVRJ3-50"},{"link_name":"voter registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general2-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Joyce Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Woodhouse"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"2016 election and second term","text":"Spearman sought re-election in 2016, when her first term ended. She was challenged by Republican Arsen Ter-Petrosyan, who had never run for office before.[50] During the campaign season, Spearman supported presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, and held a speech at the Democratic National Convention on July 25, talking about LGBT rights, and saying how the Republican presidential ticket would threaten those rights.[51][52][53] During her own campaign, Spearman said schools had to adapt to the available career opportunities. Moreover, she supported Ballot Question 2, a voter initiative to legalize cannabis.[50] During a council meeting of the League of Women Voters of Las Vegas, she said she would introduce bills concerning equal pay, the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, and voter registration.[54] She won the election, that was held on November 8, with 65% of the votes.[55] She had raised over $235,000.[56]After her re-election, she became part of the leadership as co-majority whip together with Joyce Woodhouse.[57]","title":"Nevada Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Debbie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Smith_(Nevada_politician)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Committee membership","text":"2013 session:\nSenate Committee on Legislative Operations and Elections - chair[58]\nSenate Committee on Government Affairs - vice chair[59]\nSenate Committee on Transportation[60]\n2015 session:\nSenate Committee on Commerce, Labor and Energy[61]\nSenate Committee on Revenue and Economic Development[62]\nSenate Committee on Health and Human Services (substituting for Debbie Smith when she was treated for a brain tumor)[63]\n2017 session:\nSenate Committee on Health and Human Services - chair[64]\nSenate Committee on Commerce, Labor and Energy - vice chair[65]\nSenate Committee on Education[66]\n2019 session:\nSenate Committee on Commerce and Labor - chair[67]\nSenate Committee on Health and Human Services - vice chair[68]\nSenate Committee on Growth and Infrastructure[69]","title":"Nevada Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"David Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parks_(politician)"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Spearman is African-American, and she was the first openly lesbian member of the Nevada Legislature.[70] State senator David Parks was previously the only openly LGBT senator in Nevada.[71] Two decades earlier – in 1992 – Spearman married Donald Brewington, who was a pastor as well, in San Antonio.[72]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Electoral history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Spillman, Benjamin (18 January 2017). \"Nevada lawmakers push tax break for lithium development\". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2017/01/18/nevada-lawmakers-push-tax-break-lithium-development/96748908/","url_text":"\"Nevada lawmakers push tax break for lithium development\""}]},{"reference":"Newsmakers, Ray Hagar Nevada. \"Spearman, LGBTQ+ champion, pushes ERA, sees current time as 'revelation'\". www.nevadaappeal.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/2021/may/10/spearman-lgbtq-champion-pushes-era-sees-current-ti/","url_text":"\"Spearman, LGBTQ+ champion, pushes ERA, sees current time as 'revelation'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada State Senator Pat Spearman announces run for North Las Vegas Mayor\". news3lv.com. 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news3lv.com/news/local/senate-pat-spearman-announces-run-for-north-las-vegas-mayor","url_text":"\"Nevada State Senator Pat Spearman announces run for North Las Vegas Mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senator Pat Spearman\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://leg.state.nv.us/App/Legislator/A/Senate/Current/1","url_text":"\"Senator Pat Spearman\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Laura (11 January 2015). \"Shift to GOP control in Carson City could boost voter ID law\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/shift-gop-control-carson-city-could-boost-voter-id-law","url_text":"\"Shift to GOP control in Carson City could boost voter ID law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bethel United Methodist Church holding revival\". San Antonio Register. 13 August 1992. p. 11. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via The Portal to Texas History.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth399664/m1/11/?q=Spearman","url_text":"\"Bethel United Methodist Church holding revival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Spearman\". Spearman for Nevada Senate 1. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185601/https://www.votepatspearman.com/meet-spearman","url_text":"\"Meet Spearman\""},{"url":"http://www.votepatspearman.com/meet-spearman","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Speaker Biographies\" (PDF). Women in Government. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.womeningovernment.org/sites/default/files/documents/events/SanDiegoSpeakerBios.pdf","url_text":"\"Speaker Biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Patricia\". Patricia Spearman for Senate. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016080925/http://www.spearmanforsenate.com/#!about","url_text":"\"About Patricia\""},{"url":"http://www.spearmanforsenate.com/#!about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elections: Hays County\". San Antonio Express-News. 5 May 1991. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via NewsLibrary.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F22301F092B79C6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Elections: Hays County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News","url_text":"San Antonio Express-News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsLibrary","url_text":"NewsLibrary"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Spearman has never taken the easy road or avoided a problem simply because it was too difficult. She has lived a life based in public service because it challenged her to do more for her country and for her community\". Nevada Senate Democrats. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvsenatedems.com/senators/31-pat-spearman","url_text":"\"Pat Spearman has never taken the easy road or avoided a problem simply because it was too difficult. She has lived a life based in public service because it challenged her to do more for her country and for her community\""}]},{"reference":"MacCormack, Zeke (5 May 1994). \"School board candidates in San Marcos talk issues\". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 4 February 2017 – via NewsLibrary.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95CE5B0D1CE7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"School board candidates in San Marcos talk issues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsLibrary","url_text":"NewsLibrary"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed (26 May 2012). \"'Professor' claim challenged in state Senate race\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lvrj.com/news/-professor-claim-challenged-in-state-senate-race-154395995.html","url_text":"\"'Professor' claim challenged in state Senate race\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed (22 March 2012). \"State senator Lee faces primary challenge\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/state-senator-lee-faces-primary-challenge","url_text":"\"State senator Lee faces primary challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead Servant\". Resurrection Faith Community Ministries. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104041/http://rfcmint.wix.com/resurrection#!pastor-pat-spearman","url_text":"\"Lead Servant\""},{"url":"http://rfcmint.wix.com/resurrection#!pastor-pat-spearman","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patricia Spearman's Biography\". Vote Smart. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/137684/patricia-spearman#","url_text":"\"Patricia Spearman's Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart","url_text":"Vote Smart"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed (13 June 2012). \"Spearman trounces state Sen. Lee\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/spearman-trounces-state-sen-lee","url_text":"\"Spearman trounces state Sen. Lee\""}]},{"reference":"Dewan, Shaila (7 August 2012). \"In Weak Economy, an Opening to Court Votes of Single Women\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/us/politics/in-weak-economy-an-opening-to-court-votes-of-single-women.html","url_text":"\"In Weak Economy, an Opening to Court Votes of Single Women\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed (27 May 2012). \"2012 PRIMARY ELECTION: STATE SENATE DISTRICT 1\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/2012-primary-election-state-senate-district-1","url_text":"\"2012 PRIMARY ELECTION: STATE SENATE DISTRICT 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Senate\". Nevada Secretary of State. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvsos.gov/SilverState2012Pri/stateSenate.aspx","url_text":"\"State Senate\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed (10 June 2012). \"Lee, St. Martin top local fundraising for primaries\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/lee-st-martin-top-local-fundraising-primaries","url_text":"\"Lee, St. Martin top local fundraising for primaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Senate\". Nevada Secretary of State. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvsos.gov/silverstate2012gen/NVSenate/","url_text":"\"State Senate\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, Brian (21 October 2012). \"2012 Voter Guide: Nevada Senate District 1\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/2012-voter-guide-nevada-senate-district-1","url_text":"\"2012 Voter Guide: Nevada Senate District 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\". Secretary of State of Nevada. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nvsos.gov/SOSCandidateServices/AnonymousAccess/ViewCCEReport.aspx?syn=ro7wkCUnIJ8DvsdNEQxDzQ%253d%253d","url_text":"\"2012 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Constitution of the State of Nevada\". Nevada Legislature. 28 July 1864. Retrieved 4 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/const/nvconst.html","url_text":"\"The Constitution of the State of Nevada\""}]},{"reference":"Dornan, Geoff (28 March 2013). \"Nevada Senate passes transgender protection bill, 20-1\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-senate-passes-transgender-protection-bill-20-1/#","url_text":"\"Nevada Senate passes transgender protection bill, 20-1\""}]},{"reference":"\"SB139\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=370","url_text":"\"SB139\""}]},{"reference":"\"SJR13\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=908","url_text":"\"SJR13\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra (20 April 2013). \"Nevada gay marriage bill amended to protect churches\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-gay-marriage-bill-amended-to-protect-churches/","url_text":"\"Nevada gay marriage bill amended to protect churches\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra (10 May 2013). \"Ross Miller pushes later voter registration deadlines\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/ross-miller-pushes-later-voter-registration-deadlines/","url_text":"\"Ross Miller pushes later voter registration deadlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"AB440\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=1001","url_text":"\"AB440\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Laura (28 June 2014). \"In Nevada governor's race Democrats learned resistance is futile\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/nevada-governor-s-race-democrats-learned-resistance-futile","url_text":"\"In Nevada governor's race Democrats learned resistance is futile\""}]},{"reference":"Dornan, Geoff (12 September 2014). \"Tesla package passes Nevada Legislature without dissent\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/tesla-package-passes-nevada-legislature-without-dissent/","url_text":"\"Tesla package passes Nevada Legislature without dissent\""}]},{"reference":"Dornan, Geoff (7 February 2015). \"Nevada Legislature: Bill to restrict gun ownership introduced in Senate\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-legislature-bill-to-restrict-gun-ownership-introduced-in-senate/","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature: Bill to restrict gun ownership introduced in Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"SB187\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=429","url_text":"\"SB187\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Riley (24 February 2015). \"Nevada Legislature: Lawmakers introduce competing equal pay bills\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-lawmakers-introduce-competing-equal-pay-bills/","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature: Lawmakers introduce competing equal pay bills\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Riley (3 March 2015). \"Nevada Legislature: Republicans pushing equal pay proposal\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-republicans-pushing-equal-pay-proposal/","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature: Republicans pushing equal pay proposal\""}]},{"reference":"\"SB167\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=381","url_text":"\"SB167\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra; Whaley, Sean (16 March 2015). \"More than 120 bills introduced in Legislature today – so far\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/more-120-bills-introduced-legislature-today-so-far","url_text":"\"More than 120 bills introduced in Legislature today – so far\""}]},{"reference":"\"SJR16\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=726","url_text":"\"SJR16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medical marijuana to sick pets? Tick Segerblom's bill would make it possible\". Nevada Appeal. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/medical-marijuana-to-sick-pets-tick-segerbloms-bill-would-make-it-possible/","url_text":"\"Medical marijuana to sick pets? Tick Segerblom's bill would make it possible\""}]},{"reference":"Rindels, Michelle; Snyder, Riley (23 March 2015). \"Nevada Legislature: 3 tax plans on the table\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-3-tax-plans-on-the-table/","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature: 3 tax plans on the table\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra (17 March 2015). \"Democratic state senators propose Nevada gross receipts tax\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/taxes/democratic-state-senators-propose-nevada-gross-receipts-tax","url_text":"\"Democratic state senators propose Nevada gross receipts tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"SB483\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=1034","url_text":"\"SB483\""}]},{"reference":"Rindels, Michelle (26 May 2015). \"Nevada Legislature Week 17: Big decisions as time runs out\". Nevada Appeal. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-week-17-big-decisions-as-time-runs-out/","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature Week 17: Big decisions as time runs out\""}]},{"reference":"Walczak, Jared (8 June 2015). \"Nevada Approves Commerce Tax, A New Tax on Business Gross Receipts\". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://taxfoundation.org/article/nevada-approves-commerce-tax-new-tax-business-gross-receipts","url_text":"\"Nevada Approves Commerce Tax, A New Tax on Business Gross Receipts\""}]},{"reference":"Rindels, Michelle (19 December 2015). \"Nevada governor approves $335M Faraday deal\". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2015/12/19/nevada-lawmakers-approve-faraday-deal/77644134/","url_text":"\"Nevada governor approves $335M Faraday deal\""}]},{"reference":"Kudialis, Chris (12 June 2016). \"Hundreds gather in Las Vegas to mourn tragedy in Orlando\". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 5 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://lasvegassun.com/news/2016/jun/12/hundreds-gather-in-las-vegas-to-mourn-tragedy-in-o/","url_text":"\"Hundreds gather in Las Vegas to mourn tragedy in Orlando\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra (23 February 2016). \"Sandoval reactivates renewable energy task force\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/energy/sandoval-reactivates-renewable-energy-task-force","url_text":"\"Sandoval reactivates renewable energy task force\""}]},{"reference":"Munks, Jamie (25 October 2016). \"State Senate District 1\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/election-2016/state-senate-district-1","url_text":"\"State Senate District 1\""}]},{"reference":"Sebelius, Steve (27 July 2015). \"Who's for whom in Nevada?\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/slash-politics/whos-whom-nevada","url_text":"\"Who's for whom in Nevada?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule: Who will speak in Philadelphia during the 2016 Democratic National Convention\". The Washington Post. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/democratic-national-convention-speaker-schedule/","url_text":"\"Schedule: Who will speak in Philadelphia during the 2016 Democratic National Convention\""}]},{"reference":"Democratic National Convention. \"State Senator Pat Spearman at DNC 2016\". YouTube. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orQQqhCEFMg","url_text":"\"State Senator Pat Spearman at DNC 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Digiovanna, Gina Rose (4 August 2016). \"League of Women Voters strives to create nonpartisan progress in Las Vegas\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/view/league-women-voters-strives-create-nonpartisan-progress-las-vegas","url_text":"\"League of Women Voters strives to create nonpartisan progress in Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Senate\". Silver State Election. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://silverstateelection.com/NVSenate/","url_text":"\"State Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\". Secretary of State of Nevada. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nvsos.gov/SOSCandidateServices/AnonymousAccess/ViewCCEReport.aspx?syn=z4lXTbuwMvL4MRLqWUnNug%253d%253d","url_text":"\"2016 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Frierson named Assembly speaker for 2017 Nevada Legislature; Aaron Ford named Majority Leader\". Nevada Appeal. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/jason-frierson-named-assembly-speaker-for-2017-nevada-legislature/#","url_text":"\"Jason Frierson named Assembly speaker for 2017 Nevada Legislature; Aaron Ford named Majority Leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Legislative Operations and Elections\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/LOE.cfm","url_text":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Legislative Operations and Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Government Affairs\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/GA.cfm","url_text":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Government Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Transportation\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/TRN.cfm","url_text":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Transportation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CL)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/78th2015/Committee/68/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Revenue and Economic Development (REV)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/78th2015/Committee/53/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Revenue and Economic Development (REV)\""}]},{"reference":"Chereb, Sandra (5 February 2015). \"3 state senators to fill in while Sen. Smith undergoes brain surgery\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/3-state-senators-fill-while-sen-smith-undergoes-brain-surgery","url_text":"\"3 state senators to fill in while Sen. Smith undergoes brain surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/180/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CLE)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/187/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CLE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Education (EDU)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/185/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Education (EDU)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Commerce and Labor (CL)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/215/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Commerce and Labor (CL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/221/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Growth and Infrastructure (GRI)\". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/231/Overview","url_text":"\"Senate Growth and Infrastructure (GRI)\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed; Whaley, Sean (4 February 2013). \"Nevada Legislature opens with tears and harmony\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/nevada-legislature-opens-tears-and-harmony","url_text":"\"Nevada Legislature opens with tears and harmony\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Ed; Whaley, Sean (28 April 2013). \"Gay marriage views shifting in Nevada Legislature\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/gay-marriage-views-shifting-nevada-legislature","url_text":"\"Gay marriage views shifting in Nevada Legislature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministers Wed\". Jet. Vol. 81, no. 23. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company. 30 March 1992. p. 31. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4MADAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Ministers Wed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(magazine)","url_text":"Jet"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2017/01/18/nevada-lawmakers-push-tax-break-lithium-development/96748908/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada lawmakers push tax break for lithium development\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/2021/may/10/spearman-lgbtq-champion-pushes-era-sees-current-ti/","external_links_name":"\"Spearman, LGBTQ+ champion, pushes ERA, sees current time as 'revelation'\""},{"Link":"https://news3lv.com/news/local/senate-pat-spearman-announces-run-for-north-las-vegas-mayor","external_links_name":"\"Nevada State Senator Pat Spearman announces run for North Las Vegas Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://leg.state.nv.us/App/Legislator/A/Senate/Current/1","external_links_name":"\"Senator Pat Spearman\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/shift-gop-control-carson-city-could-boost-voter-id-law","external_links_name":"\"Shift to GOP control in Carson City could boost voter ID law\""},{"Link":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth399664/m1/11/?q=Spearman","external_links_name":"\"Bethel United Methodist Church holding revival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185601/https://www.votepatspearman.com/meet-spearman","external_links_name":"\"Meet Spearman\""},{"Link":"http://www.votepatspearman.com/meet-spearman","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.womeningovernment.org/sites/default/files/documents/events/SanDiegoSpeakerBios.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Speaker Biographies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016080925/http://www.spearmanforsenate.com/#!about","external_links_name":"\"About Patricia\""},{"Link":"http://www.spearmanforsenate.com/#!about","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F22301F092B79C6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Elections: Hays County\""},{"Link":"http://www.nvsenatedems.com/senators/31-pat-spearman","external_links_name":"\"Pat Spearman has never taken the easy road or avoided a problem simply because it was too difficult. She has lived a life based in public service because it challenged her to do more for her country and for her community\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95CE5B0D1CE7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"School board candidates in San Marcos talk issues\""},{"Link":"http://www.lvrj.com/news/-professor-claim-challenged-in-state-senate-race-154395995.html","external_links_name":"\"'Professor' claim challenged in state Senate race\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/state-senator-lee-faces-primary-challenge","external_links_name":"\"State senator Lee faces primary challenge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104041/http://rfcmint.wix.com/resurrection#!pastor-pat-spearman","external_links_name":"\"Lead Servant\""},{"Link":"http://rfcmint.wix.com/resurrection#!pastor-pat-spearman","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/137684/patricia-spearman#","external_links_name":"\"Patricia Spearman's Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/spearman-trounces-state-sen-lee","external_links_name":"\"Spearman trounces state Sen. Lee\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/us/politics/in-weak-economy-an-opening-to-court-votes-of-single-women.html","external_links_name":"\"In Weak Economy, an Opening to Court Votes of Single Women\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/2012-primary-election-state-senate-district-1","external_links_name":"\"2012 PRIMARY ELECTION: STATE SENATE DISTRICT 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.nvsos.gov/SilverState2012Pri/stateSenate.aspx","external_links_name":"\"State Senate\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/lee-st-martin-top-local-fundraising-primaries","external_links_name":"\"Lee, St. Martin top local fundraising for primaries\""},{"Link":"http://www.nvsos.gov/silverstate2012gen/NVSenate/","external_links_name":"\"State Senate\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/elections/2012-voter-guide-nevada-senate-district-1","external_links_name":"\"2012 Voter Guide: Nevada Senate District 1\""},{"Link":"http://nvsos.gov/SOSCandidateServices/AnonymousAccess/ViewCCEReport.aspx?syn=ro7wkCUnIJ8DvsdNEQxDzQ%253d%253d","external_links_name":"\"2012 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/const/nvconst.html","external_links_name":"\"The Constitution of the State of Nevada\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-senate-passes-transgender-protection-bill-20-1/#","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Senate passes transgender protection bill, 20-1\""},{"Link":"http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=370","external_links_name":"\"SB139\""},{"Link":"http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=908","external_links_name":"\"SJR13\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-gay-marriage-bill-amended-to-protect-churches/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada gay marriage bill amended to protect churches\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/ross-miller-pushes-later-voter-registration-deadlines/","external_links_name":"\"Ross Miller pushes later voter registration deadlines\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Reports/history.cfm?ID=1001","external_links_name":"\"AB440\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/nevada-governor-s-race-democrats-learned-resistance-futile","external_links_name":"\"In Nevada governor's race Democrats learned resistance is futile\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/tesla-package-passes-nevada-legislature-without-dissent/","external_links_name":"\"Tesla package passes Nevada Legislature without dissent\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/nevada-legislature-bill-to-restrict-gun-ownership-introduced-in-senate/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature: Bill to restrict gun ownership introduced in Senate\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=429","external_links_name":"\"SB187\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-lawmakers-introduce-competing-equal-pay-bills/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature: Lawmakers introduce competing equal pay bills\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-republicans-pushing-equal-pay-proposal/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature: Republicans pushing equal pay proposal\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=381","external_links_name":"\"SB167\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/more-120-bills-introduced-legislature-today-so-far","external_links_name":"\"More than 120 bills introduced in Legislature today – so far\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=726","external_links_name":"\"SJR16\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/medical-marijuana-to-sick-pets-tick-segerbloms-bill-would-make-it-possible/","external_links_name":"\"Medical marijuana to sick pets? Tick Segerblom's bill would make it possible\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-3-tax-plans-on-the-table/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature: 3 tax plans on the table\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/taxes/democratic-state-senators-propose-nevada-gross-receipts-tax","external_links_name":"\"Democratic state senators propose Nevada gross receipts tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Reports/history.cfm?ID=1034","external_links_name":"\"SB483\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/nevada-legislature-week-17-big-decisions-as-time-runs-out/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature Week 17: Big decisions as time runs out\""},{"Link":"http://taxfoundation.org/article/nevada-approves-commerce-tax-new-tax-business-gross-receipts","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Approves Commerce Tax, A New Tax on Business Gross Receipts\""},{"Link":"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2015/12/19/nevada-lawmakers-approve-faraday-deal/77644134/","external_links_name":"\"Nevada governor approves $335M Faraday deal\""},{"Link":"https://lasvegassun.com/news/2016/jun/12/hundreds-gather-in-las-vegas-to-mourn-tragedy-in-o/","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds gather in Las Vegas to mourn tragedy in Orlando\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/energy/sandoval-reactivates-renewable-energy-task-force","external_links_name":"\"Sandoval reactivates renewable energy task force\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/election-2016/state-senate-district-1","external_links_name":"\"State Senate District 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/politics/slash-politics/whos-whom-nevada","external_links_name":"\"Who's for whom in Nevada?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/democratic-national-convention-speaker-schedule/","external_links_name":"\"Schedule: Who will speak in Philadelphia during the 2016 Democratic National Convention\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orQQqhCEFMg","external_links_name":"\"State Senator Pat Spearman at DNC 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/view/league-women-voters-strives-create-nonpartisan-progress-las-vegas","external_links_name":"\"League of Women Voters strives to create nonpartisan progress in Las Vegas\""},{"Link":"http://silverstateelection.com/NVSenate/","external_links_name":"\"State Senate\""},{"Link":"http://nvsos.gov/SOSCandidateServices/AnonymousAccess/ViewCCEReport.aspx?syn=z4lXTbuwMvL4MRLqWUnNug%253d%253d","external_links_name":"\"2016 Contributions & Expenses Report #5\""},{"Link":"http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/jason-frierson-named-assembly-speaker-for-2017-nevada-legislature/#","external_links_name":"\"Jason Frierson named Assembly speaker for 2017 Nevada Legislature; Aaron Ford named Majority Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/LOE.cfm","external_links_name":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Legislative Operations and Elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/GA.cfm","external_links_name":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Government Affairs\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/77th2013/Committees/S_Committees/TRN.cfm","external_links_name":"\"77th (2013) Session: Senate Transportation\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/78th2015/Committee/68/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/78th2015/Committee/53/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Revenue and Economic Development (REV)\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/3-state-senators-fill-while-sen-smith-undergoes-brain-surgery","external_links_name":"\"3 state senators to fill in while Sen. Smith undergoes brain surgery\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/180/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/187/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy (CLE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/79th2017/Committee/185/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Education (EDU)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/215/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Commerce and Labor (CL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/221/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Health and Human Services (HHS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/NELIS/REL/80th2019/Committee/231/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Senate Growth and Infrastructure (GRI)\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/nevada-legislature-opens-tears-and-harmony","external_links_name":"\"Nevada Legislature opens with tears and harmony\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada-legislature/gay-marriage-views-shifting-nevada-legislature","external_links_name":"\"Gay marriage views shifting in Nevada Legislature\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4MADAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Ministers Wed\""},{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.nv.us/App/Legislator/A/Senate/Current/1","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.patspearman.com/","external_links_name":"Campaign website"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?103380","external_links_name":"Appearances"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_(people) | Mohave people | ["1 Culture","1.1 Language","1.2 Religion","2 History","2.1 Ancestral lands","2.2 19th–20th centuries","3 Population","4 Current status","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Indigenous people to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert
Ethnic group
Mojave PeopleHenry Welshe, Mojave tribal chairman of Colorado River Indian Reservation council, c. 1944–46Total population2,000 (Golla, 2007); 967 (1990)Regions with significant populations United States ( Arizona)LanguagesMojave, EnglishReligiontraditional tribal religionRelated ethnic groupsMaricopa, Walapai, Havasupai, and Yavapai
Mohave or Mojave (Mojave: 'Aha Makhav) are a Native American people indigenous to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert. The Fort Mojave Indian Reservation includes territory within the borders of California, Arizona, and Nevada. The Colorado River Indian Reservation includes parts of California and Arizona and is shared by members of the Chemehuevi, Hopi, and Navajo peoples.
The original Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations were established in 1865 and 1870, respectively. Both reservations include substantial senior water rights in the Colorado River; water is drawn for use in irrigated farming.
The four combined tribes sharing the Colorado River Indian Reservation function today as one geo-political unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities.
Culture
Mohave ceramic figurine with red slip and earrings, pre-1912, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
In the 1930s, George Devereux, a Hungarian-French anthropologist, did fieldwork and lived among the Mohave for an extended period of study. He published extensively about their culture and incorporated psychoanalytic thinking in his interpretation of their culture.
Language
The Mojave language belongs to the River Yuman branch of the Yuman language family. In 1994 approximately 75 people in total on the Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations spoke the language, according to linguist Leanne Hinton. The tribe has published language materials, and there are new efforts to teach the language to their children.
Religion
The Mohave creator is Matevilya, who gave the people their names and their commandments. His son is Mastamho, who gave them the River and taught them how to plant. Historically this was an agrarian culture; they planted in the fertile floodplain of the untamed river, following the age-old customs of the Aha cave. They have traditionally used the indigenous plant Datura as a deliriant hallucinogen in a religious sacrament. A Mohave who is coming of age must consume the plant in a rite of passage, in order to enter a new state of consciousness.
History
1851 drawing of Mohavi men and women made by Lorenzo Sitgreaves' topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.
Chiefs Irataba and Cairook, with Mohave woman, by Balduin Möllhausen (1856)
Much of early Mojave history remains unrecorded in writing, since the Mojave language was not written in precolonial times. They depended on oral communication to transmit their history and culture from one generation to the next. Disease, outside cultures and encroachment on their territory disrupted their social organization. Together with having to adapt to a majority culture of another language, this resulted in interrupting the Mojave transmission of their stories and songs to the following generations.
The tribal name has been spelled in Spanish and English transliteration in more than 50 variations, such as Hamock avi, Amacava, A-mac-ha ves, A-moc-ha-ve, Jamajabs, and Hamakhav. This has led to misinterpretations of the tribal name, also partly traced to a translation error in Frederick W. Hodge's 1917 Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico (1917). This incorrectly defined the name Mohave as being derived from hamock, (three), and avi, (mountain). According to this source, the name refers to the mountain peaks known as The Needles in English, located near the Colorado River. (The city of Needles, California is located a few miles north from here). But, the Mojave call these peaks Huukyámpve, which means "where the battle took place," referring to the battle in which the God-son, Mastamho, slew the sea serpent.
Ancestral lands
Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa (Mohave), 1872
The Mojave held lands along the river that stretched from Black Canyon, where the tall pillars of First House of Mutavilya loomed above the river, past Avi kwame or Spirit Mountain, the center of spiritual things, to the Quechan Valley, where the lands of other tribes began. As related to contemporary landmarks, their lands began in the north at Hoover Dam and ended about one hundred miles below Parker Dam on the Colorado River, or aha kwahwat in Mojave. The most famous incident in the 19th century was the adoption of Olive Oatman after her family was massacred by another tribe, all prior to them living on the reservation.
19th–20th centuries
Mosa (Mojave girl), 1903, photograph by Edward Curtis
In mid-April 1859, United States troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman, on the Expedition of the Colorado, moved upriver into Mojave country with the well-publicized objective of establishing a military post. By this time, white immigrants and settlers had begun to encroach on Mojave lands and the post was intended to protect east-west European-American emigrants from attack by the Mojave. Hoffman sent couriers among the tribes, warning that the post would be gained by force if they or their allies chose to resist. During this period, several members of the Rose-Baley Party were massacred by the Mojave. The Mojave warriors withdrew as Hoffman's armada approached and the army, without conflict, occupied land near the future Fort Mojave. Hoffman ordered the Mojave men to assemble on April 23, 1859 at the armed stockade adjacent to his headquarters, to hear Hoffman' terms of peace. Hoffman gave them the choice of submission or extermination and the Mojave chose submission. At that time the Mojave population was estimated to be about 4,000, which composed 22 clans identified by totems.
Two Mojave girls standing in front of a small dwelling with a thatched roof, 1900
Under American law the Mohave were to live on the Colorado River Reservation after its establishment in 1865. However, many refused to leave their ancestral homes in the Mojave Valley. At this time, under jurisdiction of the War Department, officials declined to try to force them onto the reservation and the Mojave in the area were relatively free to follow their tribal ways. In the midsummer of 1890, after the end of the Indian Wars, the War Department withdrew its troops and the post was transferred to the Office of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior.
Beginning in August 1890, the Office of Indian Affairs began an intensive program of assimilation where Mohave, and other native children living on reservations, were forced into boarding schools in which they learned to speak, write, and read English. This assimilation program, which was Federal policy, was based on the belief that this was the only way native peoples could survive. Fort Mojave was converted into a boarding school for local children and other "non-reservation" Indians. Until 1931, forty-one years later, all Fort Mojave boys and girls between the ages of six and eighteen were compelled to live at this school or to attend an advanced Indian boarding school far removed from Fort Mojave.
Two Mojave Indian women playing a game (fortune-telling with bones?), c. 1900
The assimilation helped to break up tribal culture and governments. In addition to English, schools taught American culture and customs and insisted that the children follow them; students were required to adopt European-American hairstyles (which included hair cutting), clothing, habits of eating, sleeping, toiletry, manners, industry, and language. Use of their own language or customs was a punishable offense; at Fort Mojave five lashes of the whip were issued for the first offense. Such corporal punishment of children scandalized the Mojave, who did not discipline their children in that way.
As part of the assimilation the administrators assigned English names to the children and registered as members of one of two tribes, the Mojave Tribe on the Colorado River Reservation and the Fort Mojave Indian Tribe on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. These divisions did not reflect the traditional Mojave clan and kinship system. By the late 1960s, thirty years after the end of the assimilation program 18 of the 22 traditional clans had survived.
Population
The Cremating the Dead, Mojave Indians, Southern California diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum
Estimates of the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Mohave at 3,000 and Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan missionary-explorer, also estimated the population at 3,000 in 1776 (Garcés 1900(2):450).
A.L. Kroeber estimate of the population in 1910 was 1,050. By 1963 Lorraine M. Sherer's research revealed the population had shrunk to approximately 988, with 438 at Fort Mojave and 550 of the Colorado River Reservation.
Current status
The Mohave, along with the Chemehuevi, some Hopi, and some Navajo, share the Colorado River Indian Reservation and function today as one geopolitical unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. The Colorado River Indian Tribes headquarters, library and museum are in Parker, Arizona, about 40 miles (64 km) north of I-10. The Colorado River Indian Tribes Native American Days Fair & Expo is held annually in Parker, from Thursday through Sunday during the first week of October. The Megathrow Traditional Bird Singing & Dancing social event is also celebrated annually, on the third weekend of March. RV facilities are available along the Colorado River.
See also
Mohave traditional narratives
Blythe geoglyphs
Fort Mohave, Arizona
Bullhead City, Arizona
Population of Native California
Hi-wa itck, a syndrome triggered by separation from a loved one
References
^ a b c d "Mohave." Ethnologue. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
^ Pritzker 47
^ "Sacred Datura". Angelfire. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Munro, Pamela; Brown, Nellie; Crawford, Judith G. (1992). A Mojave Dictionary. p. 80.
^ Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
^ Sherer 1965
Further reading
Devereux, George. 1935. "Sexual Life of the Mohave Indians", unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
Devereux, George. 1937. "Institutionalized Homosexuality of the Mohave Indians". Human Biology 9:498–527.
Devereux, George. 1939. "Mohave Soul Concepts," American Anthropologist 39:417–422.
Devereux, George. 1939. "Mohave Culture and Personality". Character and Personality 8:91–109, 1939.
Devereux, George. 1938. "L'envoûtement chez les Indiens Mohave. Journal de la Société des Americanistes de Paris 29:405–412.
Devereux, George. 1939. "The Social and Cultural Implications of Incest among the Mohave Indians". Psychoanalytic Quarterly 8:510–533.
Devereux, George. 1941. "Mohave Beliefs Concerning Twins". American Anthropologist 43:573–592.
Devereux, George. 1942. "Primitive Psychiatry (Part II)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine 11:522–542.
Devereux, George. 1947. "Mohave Orality". Psychoanalytic Quarterly 16:519–546.
Devereux, George. 1948. The Mohave Indian Kamalo:y. Journal of Clinical Psychopathology.
Devereux, George. 1950. "Heterosexual Behavior of the Mohave Indians". Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 2(1):85–128.
Devereux, George. 1948. "Mohave Pregnancy". Acta Americana 6:89–116.
Fathauer, George, H.. 1951. "Religion in Mohave Social Structure", The Ohio Journal of Science, 51(5), September 1951, pp. 273–276.
Forde, C. Daryll. 1931. "Ethnography of the Yuma Indians". University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology 28:83–278.
Garcés, Francisco. 1900. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés. Edited by Elliott Coues. 2 vols. Harper, New York. (on-line)
Hall, S. H. 1903. "The Burning of a Mohave Chief," Out West 18:60–65.
Hodge, Frederick W. (ed.) Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1917), I, 919
Ives, Lt. Joseph C. 1861. Report Upon the Colorado River of the West, 36th Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. Pt. I, 71. Washington, D.C.
Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
Sherer, Lorraine M. 1966. "Great Chieftains of the Mohave Indians". Southern California Quarterly 48(1):1–35. Los Angeles, California.
Sherer, Lorraine M. 1967. "The Name Mojave, Mohave: A History of its Origin and Meaning". Southern California Quarterly 49(4):1–36. Los Angeles, California.
Sherer, Lorraine M. and Frances Stillman. 1994. Bitterness Road: The Mojave, 1604–1860, Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press.
Stewart, Kenneth M. 1947. "An Account of the Mohave Mourning Ceremony". American Anthropologist 49:146–148.
Whipple, Lt. Amiel Weeks. 1854. "Corps of Topographical Engineers Report". Pt. I, 114.
White, Helen C. 1947. Dust on the King's Highway. Macmillan, New York.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1890–1891, II, vi
Reports of the Secretary of the Interior, 1891–1930, containing the annual reports of the superintendents of the Fort Mojave School from 1891 through 1930.
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0195138771.
Sherer, Lorraine Miller. 1965. "The Clan System of the Fort Mojave Indians: A Contemporary Survey." Southern California Quarterly 47(1):1–72. Los Angeles, California.
Zappia, Natale A. (2014). Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohave.
Fort Mojave Indian Tribe, official website
Colorado River Indian Tribes, official website
Colorado River Indian Tribes Public Library/Archive
National Park Service: History & Culture
"Creation Songs of the Mohave people", NPR audio documentary
vte Indigenous peoples of ArizonaContemporary peoples native to Arizona
Chemehuevi
Chiricahua
Cocopah
Halchidhoma
Havasupai
Hopi
Hualapai
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Southern Paiute
Pima
Quechan
Tewa
Hopi-Tewa
Oʼodham
Tohono Oʼodham
Akimel O'odham
Tonto Apache
Southern Ute
Western Apache
Yaqui
Yavapai
Zuni
Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
Ancestral Pueblo
dwellings
Basketmaker
Hohokam
Mogollon
Patayan
Salado
Sinagua
See also: List of Indian reservations in Arizona
vte Indigenous peoples of California
Achomawi
Acjachemen
Ahwahnechee
Atsugewi
Bay Miwok (Saklan)
Cahuilla
Chemehuevi
Chimariko
Chumash
Coast Miwok
Cupeño
Eel River Athapaskans (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
Esselen
Halchidhoma
Hupa (Chilula, Whilkut)
Karuk
Cahto
Kawaiisu
Kitanemuk
Kizh
Kucadikadi
Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
Lake Miwok
Luiseño
Maidu
Mattole (Bear River)
Mechoopda
Modoc (Klamath)
Mohave
Mono (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
Nisenan
Nomlaki
Northern Paiute
Ohlone
Costanoan
Ramaytush
Patwin
Pomo
Quechan (Yuma)
Salinan
Serrano
Shasta (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
Tataviam (Fernandeño)
Timbisha
Tolowa
Tongva (Gabrieliño)
Tübatulabal
Plains and Sierra Miwok
Vanyume
Wappo
Washoe
Wintu
Wiyot
Wukchumni
Yana
Yokuts
Yuki
Yurok
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mojave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_language"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Fort Mojave Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mojave_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Colorado River Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Chemehuevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemehuevi"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi"},{"link_name":"Navajo peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"water rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law"},{"link_name":"Colorado River Indian Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes"}],"text":"Ethnic groupMohave or Mojave (Mojave: 'Aha Makhav) are a Native American people indigenous to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert. The Fort Mojave Indian Reservation includes territory within the borders of California, Arizona, and Nevada. The Colorado River Indian Reservation includes parts of California and Arizona and is shared by members of the Chemehuevi, Hopi, and Navajo peoples.The original Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations were established in 1865 and 1870, respectively. Both reservations include substantial senior water rights in the Colorado River; water is drawn for use in irrigated farming.The four combined tribes sharing the Colorado River Indian Reservation function today as one geo-political unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities.","title":"Mohave people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doll,_Mohave,_acquired_in_1912_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05514.JPG"},{"link_name":"Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology"},{"link_name":"George Devereux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devereux"}],"text":"Mohave ceramic figurine with red slip and earrings, pre-1912, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and EthnologyIn the 1930s, George Devereux, a Hungarian-French anthropologist, did fieldwork and lived among the Mohave for an extended period of study. He published extensively about their culture and incorporated psychoanalytic thinking in his interpretation of their culture.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mojave language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_language"},{"link_name":"River Yuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Yuman"},{"link_name":"Yuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuman_languages"},{"link_name":"Leanne Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Hinton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethno-1"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The Mojave language belongs to the River Yuman branch of the Yuman language family. In 1994 approximately 75 people in total on the Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations spoke the language, according to linguist Leanne Hinton. The tribe has published language materials, and there are new efforts to teach the language to their children.[1]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mastamho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastamho"},{"link_name":"Datura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura"},{"link_name":"hallucinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"state of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The Mohave creator is Matevilya, who gave the people their names and their commandments. His son is Mastamho, who gave them the River and taught them how to plant. Historically this was an agrarian culture; they planted in the fertile floodplain of the untamed river, following the age-old customs of the Aha cave. They have traditionally used the indigenous plant Datura as a deliriant hallucinogen in a religious sacrament. A Mohave who is coming of age must consume the plant in a rite of passage, in order to enter a new state of consciousness.[3][better source needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_64_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_(11041216516)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Sitgreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Sitgreaves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irataba_and_Cairook_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Irataba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irataba"},{"link_name":"Cairook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairook"},{"link_name":"Balduin Möllhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balduin_M%C3%B6llhausen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Hodge"},{"link_name":"The Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Needles_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Needles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needles,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1851 drawing of Mohavi men and women made by Lorenzo Sitgreaves' topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.Chiefs Irataba and Cairook, with Mohave woman, by Balduin Möllhausen (1856)Much of early Mojave history remains unrecorded in writing, since the Mojave language was not written in precolonial times. They depended on oral communication to transmit their history and culture from one generation to the next. Disease, outside cultures and encroachment on their territory disrupted their social organization. Together with having to adapt to a majority culture of another language, this resulted in interrupting the Mojave transmission of their stories and songs to the following generations.[citation needed]The tribal name has been spelled in Spanish and English transliteration in more than 50 variations, such as Hamock avi, Amacava, A-mac-ha ves, A-moc-ha-ve, Jamajabs, and Hamakhav. This has led to misinterpretations of the tribal name, also partly traced to a translation error in Frederick W. Hodge's 1917 Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico (1917). This incorrectly defined the name Mohave as being derived from hamock, (three), and avi, (mountain). According to this source, the name refers to the mountain peaks known as The Needles in English, located near the Colorado River. (The city of Needles, California is located a few miles north from here). But, the Mojave call these peaks Huukyámpve[4], which means \"where the battle took place,\" referring to the battle in which the God-son, Mastamho, slew the sea serpent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa._Mohave,_1872_-_NARA_-_518966.tif"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Black Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Spirit Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Mountain,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Hoover Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam"},{"link_name":"Parker Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Dam"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Olive Oatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oatman"}],"sub_title":"Ancestral lands","text":"Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa (Mohave), 1872[This quote needs a citation]The Mojave held lands along the river that stretched from Black Canyon, where the tall pillars of First House of Mutavilya loomed above the river, past Avi kwame or Spirit Mountain, the center of spiritual things, to the Quechan Valley, where the lands of other tribes began. As related to contemporary landmarks, their lands began in the north at Hoover Dam and ended about one hundred miles below Parker Dam on the Colorado River, or aha kwahwat in Mojave. The most famous incident in the 19th century was the adoption of Olive Oatman after her family was massacred by another tribe, all prior to them living on the reservation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosa,_Mohave_girl,_by_Edward_S._Curtis,_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Curtis"},{"link_name":"William Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoffman_(U.S._Army)"},{"link_name":"Rose-Baley Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-Baley_Party"},{"link_name":"Fort Mojave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mojave_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"totems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Mojave_Indians_girls_standing_in_front_of_a_small_dwelling_with_a_thatched_roof,_1900_(CHS-1241).jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_boarding_school"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Mojave_Indian_woman_playing_a_game_(fortune-telling_with_bones%3F),_ca.1900_(CHS-3410).jpg"}],"sub_title":"19th–20th centuries","text":"Mosa (Mojave girl), 1903, photograph by Edward CurtisIn mid-April 1859, United States troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman, on the Expedition of the Colorado, moved upriver into Mojave country with the well-publicized objective of establishing a military post. By this time, white immigrants and settlers had begun to encroach on Mojave lands and the post was intended to protect east-west European-American emigrants from attack by the Mojave. Hoffman sent couriers among the tribes, warning that the post would be gained by force if they or their allies chose to resist. During this period, several members of the Rose-Baley Party were massacred by the Mojave. The Mojave warriors withdrew as Hoffman's armada approached and the army, without conflict, occupied land near the future Fort Mojave. Hoffman ordered the Mojave men to assemble on April 23, 1859 at the armed stockade adjacent to his headquarters, to hear Hoffman' terms of peace. Hoffman gave them the choice of submission or extermination and the Mojave chose submission. At that time the Mojave population was estimated to be about 4,000, which composed 22 clans identified by totems.Two Mojave girls standing in front of a small dwelling with a thatched roof, 1900Under American law the Mohave were to live on the Colorado River Reservation after its establishment in 1865. However, many refused to leave their ancestral homes in the Mojave Valley. At this time, under jurisdiction of the War Department, officials declined to try to force them onto the reservation and the Mojave in the area were relatively free to follow their tribal ways. In the midsummer of 1890, after the end of the Indian Wars, the War Department withdrew its troops and the post was transferred to the Office of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior.Beginning in August 1890, the Office of Indian Affairs began an intensive program of assimilation where Mohave, and other native children living on reservations, were forced into boarding schools in which they learned to speak, write, and read English. This assimilation program, which was Federal policy, was based on the belief that this was the only way native peoples could survive. Fort Mojave was converted into a boarding school for local children and other \"non-reservation\" Indians. Until 1931, forty-one years later, all Fort Mojave boys and girls between the ages of six and eighteen were compelled to live at this school or to attend an advanced Indian boarding school far removed from Fort Mojave.Two Mojave Indian women playing a game (fortune-telling with bones?), c. 1900The assimilation helped to break up tribal culture and governments. In addition to English, schools taught American culture and customs and insisted that the children follow them; students were required to adopt European-American hairstyles (which included hair cutting), clothing, habits of eating, sleeping, toiletry, manners, industry, and language. Use of their own language or customs was a punishable offense; at Fort Mojave five lashes of the whip were issued for the first offense. Such corporal punishment of children scandalized the Mojave, who did not discipline their children in that way.As part of the assimilation the administrators assigned English names to the children and registered as members of one of two tribes, the Mojave Tribe on the Colorado River Reservation and the Fort Mojave Indian Tribe on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. These divisions did not reflect the traditional Mojave clan and kinship system. By the late 1960s, thirty years after the end of the assimilation program 18 of the 22 traditional clans had survived.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_039_(Land_of_Sun-_The_Southwest--Cremating_the_Dead,_Mojave_Indians,_Southern_California).jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Public Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Kroeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber"},{"link_name":"Francisco Garcés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"A.L. Kroeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.L._Kroeber"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Cremating the Dead, Mojave Indians, Southern California diorama at the Milwaukee Public MuseumEstimates of the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Mohave at 3,000 and Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan missionary-explorer, also estimated the population at 3,000 in 1776 (Garcés 1900(2):450).A.L. Kroeber estimate of the population in 1910 was 1,050.[5] By 1963 Lorraine M. Sherer's research revealed the population had shrunk to approximately 988, with 438 at Fort Mojave and 550 of the Colorado River Reservation.[6]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemehuevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemehuevi"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo"},{"link_name":"Colorado River Indian Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Parker, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle"}],"text":"The Mohave, along with the Chemehuevi, some Hopi, and some Navajo, share the Colorado River Indian Reservation and function today as one geopolitical unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. The Colorado River Indian Tribes headquarters, library and museum are in Parker, Arizona, about 40 miles (64 km) north of I-10. The Colorado River Indian Tribes Native American Days Fair & Expo is held annually in Parker, from Thursday through Sunday during the first week of October. The Megathrow Traditional Bird Singing & Dancing social event is also celebrated annually, on the third weekend of March. RV facilities are available along the Colorado River.","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Biology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"American Anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"Psychoanalytic Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"American Anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Psychoanalytic Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"\"Religion in Mohave Social Structure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/3865/1/V51N05_273.pdf"},{"link_name":"(on-line)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061016025752/http://anza.uoregon.edu/siteindex.html"},{"link_name":"Bureau of American Ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195138771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195138771"}],"text":"Devereux, George. 1935. \"Sexual Life of the Mohave Indians\", unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California.\nDevereux, George. 1937. \"Institutionalized Homosexuality of the Mohave Indians\". Human Biology 9:498–527.\nDevereux, George. 1939. \"Mohave Soul Concepts,\" American Anthropologist 39:417–422.\nDevereux, George. 1939. \"Mohave Culture and Personality\". Character and Personality 8:91–109, 1939.\nDevereux, George. 1938. \"L'envoûtement chez les Indiens Mohave. Journal de la Société des Americanistes de Paris 29:405–412.\nDevereux, George. 1939. \"The Social and Cultural Implications of Incest among the Mohave Indians\". Psychoanalytic Quarterly 8:510–533.\nDevereux, George. 1941. \"Mohave Beliefs Concerning Twins\". American Anthropologist 43:573–592.\nDevereux, George. 1942. \"Primitive Psychiatry (Part II)\". Bulletin of the History of Medicine 11:522–542.\nDevereux, George. 1947. \"Mohave Orality\". Psychoanalytic Quarterly 16:519–546.\nDevereux, George. 1948. The Mohave Indian Kamalo:y. Journal of Clinical Psychopathology.\nDevereux, George. 1950. \"Heterosexual Behavior of the Mohave Indians\". Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 2(1):85–128.\nDevereux, George. 1948. \"Mohave Pregnancy\". Acta Americana 6:89–116.\nFathauer, George, H.. 1951. \"Religion in Mohave Social Structure\", The Ohio Journal of Science, 51(5), September 1951, pp. 273–276.\nForde, C. Daryll. 1931. \"Ethnography of the Yuma Indians\". University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology 28:83–278.\nGarcés, Francisco. 1900. On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés. Edited by Elliott Coues. 2 vols. Harper, New York. (on-line)\nHall, S. H. 1903. \"The Burning of a Mohave Chief,\" Out West 18:60–65.\nHodge, Frederick W. (ed.) Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1917), I, 919\nIves, Lt. Joseph C. 1861. Report Upon the Colorado River of the West, 36th Cong., 1st Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. Pt. I, 71. Washington, D.C.\nKroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.\nSherer, Lorraine M. 1966. \"Great Chieftains of the Mohave Indians\". Southern California Quarterly 48(1):1–35. Los Angeles, California.\nSherer, Lorraine M. 1967. \"The Name Mojave, Mohave: A History of its Origin and Meaning\". Southern California Quarterly 49(4):1–36. Los Angeles, California.\nSherer, Lorraine M. and Frances Stillman. 1994. Bitterness Road: The Mojave, 1604–1860, Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press.\nStewart, Kenneth M. 1947. \"An Account of the Mohave Mourning Ceremony\". American Anthropologist 49:146–148.\nWhipple, Lt. Amiel Weeks. 1854. \"Corps of Topographical Engineers Report\". Pt. I, 114.\nWhite, Helen C. 1947. Dust on the King's Highway. Macmillan, New York.\nReport of the Secretary of the Interior, 1890–1891, II, vi\nReports of the Secretary of the Interior, 1891–1930, containing the annual reports of the superintendents of the Fort Mojave School from 1891 through 1930.\nPritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0195138771.\nSherer, Lorraine Miller. 1965. \"The Clan System of the Fort Mojave Indians: A Contemporary Survey.\" Southern California Quarterly 47(1):1–72. Los Angeles, California.\nZappia, Natale A. (2014). Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Mohave ceramic figurine with red slip and earrings, pre-1912, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Doll%2C_Mohave%2C_acquired_in_1912_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05514.JPG/220px-Doll%2C_Mohave%2C_acquired_in_1912_-_Native_American_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05514.JPG"},{"image_text":"1851 drawing of Mohavi men and women made by Lorenzo Sitgreaves' topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Image_taken_from_page_64_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%2811041216516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Image_taken_from_page_64_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_%2811041216516%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chiefs Irataba and Cairook, with Mohave woman, by Balduin Möllhausen (1856)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irataba_and_Cairook_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Irataba_and_Cairook_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa (Mohave), 1872","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa._Mohave%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_518966.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa._Mohave%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_518966.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosa (Mojave girl), 1903, photograph by Edward Curtis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mosa%2C_Mohave_girl%2C_by_Edward_S._Curtis%2C_1903.jpg/220px-Mosa%2C_Mohave_girl%2C_by_Edward_S._Curtis%2C_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two Mojave girls standing in front of a small dwelling with a thatched roof, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Two_Mojave_Indians_girls_standing_in_front_of_a_small_dwelling_with_a_thatched_roof%2C_1900_%28CHS-1241%29.jpg/300px-Two_Mojave_Indians_girls_standing_in_front_of_a_small_dwelling_with_a_thatched_roof%2C_1900_%28CHS-1241%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two Mojave Indian women playing a game (fortune-telling with bones?), c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Two_Mojave_Indian_woman_playing_a_game_%28fortune-telling_with_bones%3F%29%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-3410%29.jpg/300px-Two_Mojave_Indian_woman_playing_a_game_%28fortune-telling_with_bones%3F%29%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-3410%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cremating the Dead, Mojave Indians, Southern California diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_039_%28Land_of_Sun-_The_Southwest--Cremating_the_Dead%2C_Mojave_Indians%2C_Southern_California%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_April_2023_039_%28Land_of_Sun-_The_Southwest--Cremating_the_Dead%2C_Mojave_Indians%2C_Southern_California%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Mohave traditional narratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_traditional_narratives"},{"title":"Blythe geoglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_geoglyphs"},{"title":"Fort Mohave, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mohave,_Arizona"},{"title":"Bullhead City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona"},{"title":"Population of Native California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_of_Native_California"},{"title":"Hi-wa itck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-wa_itck"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sacred Datura\". Angelfire. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.angelfire.com/indie/anna_jones1/datura.html","url_text":"\"Sacred Datura\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelfire","url_text":"Angelfire"}]},{"reference":"Munro, Pamela; Brown, Nellie; Crawford, Judith G. (1992). A Mojave Dictionary. p. 80.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mov","external_links_name":"\"Mohave.\""},{"Link":"https://www.angelfire.com/indie/anna_jones1/datura.html","external_links_name":"\"Sacred Datura\""},{"Link":"https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/3865/1/V51N05_273.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Religion in Mohave Social Structure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061016025752/http://anza.uoregon.edu/siteindex.html","external_links_name":"(on-line)"},{"Link":"http://mojaveindiantribe.com/","external_links_name":"Fort Mojave Indian Tribe"},{"Link":"http://www.crit-nsn.gov/","external_links_name":"Colorado River Indian Tribes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114054018/http://critonline.com/critlibrary/","external_links_name":"Colorado River Indian Tribes Public Library/Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/moja/historyculture/index.htm","external_links_name":"National Park Service: History & Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/stories/000225.stories.html","external_links_name":"\"Creation Songs of the Mohave people\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541153005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086497","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalide | Phthalide | ["1 Phthalides","2 Examples","3 References"] | Phthalide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Benzofuran-1(3H)-one
Other names
Phthalolactone
Identifiers
CAS Number
87-41-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:38085
ChemSpider
6621
ECHA InfoCard
100.001.586
PubChem CID
6885
UNII
8VV922U86J
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID0052594
InChI
InChI=1S/C8H6O2/c9-8-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)5-10-8/h1-4H,5H2Key: WNZQDUSMALZDQF-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C8H6O2/c9-8-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)5-10-8/h1-4H,5H2Key: WNZQDUSMALZDQF-UHFFFAOYAW
SMILES
O=C1OCc2ccccc12
Properties
Chemical formula
C8H6O2
Molar mass
134.134 g·mol−1
Melting point
75 to 77 °C (167 to 171 °F; 348 to 350 K)
Boiling point
290 °C (554 °F; 563 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Phthalide is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H6O2. It is a white solid and the simplest benzo lactone. It is prepared from hydroxymethylbenzoic acid.
Phthalides
The phthalide core is found a variety of more complex chemical compounds including dyes (such as phenolphthalein), fungicides (such as tetrachlorophthalide, often referred to simply as "phthalide"), and natural oils (such as butylphthalide).
Examples
Phenolphthalein
Tetrachlorophthalide
Butylphthalide
References
^ Kumar, R. Arun; Maheswari, C. Uma; Ghantasala, Satheesh; Jyothi, C.; Reddy, K. Rajender (2011). "Synthesis of 3H-Quinazolin-4-ones and 4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-ones via Benzylic Oxidation and Oxidative Dehydrogenation using Potassium Iodide-tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide". Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 353 (2+3): 401–410. doi:10.1002/adsc.201000580.
^ Kus, Nermin Simsek (2008). "Some oxidation reactions with molecular oxygen in subcritical water". Asian Journal of Chemistry. 20 (2): 1226–1230.
^ J. H. Gardner, C. A. Naylor, Jr (1936). "Phthalide". Organic Syntheses. 16: 71. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.016.0071.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"lactone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundPhthalide is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H6O2. It is a white solid and the simplest benzo lactone. It is prepared from hydroxymethylbenzoic acid.[3]","title":"Phthalide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"phenolphthalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein"},{"link_name":"fungicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide"},{"link_name":"tetrachlorophthalide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrachlorophthalide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"butylphthalide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylphthalide"}],"text":"The phthalide core is found a variety of more complex chemical compounds including dyes (such as phenolphthalein), fungicides (such as tetrachlorophthalide, often referred to simply as \"phthalide\"), and natural oils (such as butylphthalide).","title":"Phthalides"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phenolphthalein.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrachlorophthalide.svg"},{"link_name":"Tetrachlorophthalide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrachlorophthalide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butylphthalide.svg"},{"link_name":"Butylphthalide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylphthalide"}],"text":"Phenolphthalein\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTetrachlorophthalide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tButylphthalide","title":"Examples"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kumar, R. Arun; Maheswari, C. Uma; Ghantasala, Satheesh; Jyothi, C.; Reddy, K. Rajender (2011). \"Synthesis of 3H-Quinazolin-4-ones and 4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-ones via Benzylic Oxidation and Oxidative Dehydrogenation using Potassium Iodide-tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide\". Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 353 (2+3): 401–410. doi:10.1002/adsc.201000580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadsc.201000580","url_text":"10.1002/adsc.201000580"}]},{"reference":"Kus, Nermin Simsek (2008). \"Some oxidation reactions with molecular oxygen in subcritical water\". Asian Journal of Chemistry. 20 (2): 1226–1230.","urls":[]},{"reference":"J. H. Gardner, C. A. Naylor, Jr (1936). \"Phthalide\". Organic Syntheses. 16: 71. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.016.0071.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.016.0071","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.016.0071"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=87-41-2","external_links_name":"87-41-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1OCc2ccccc12","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=38085","external_links_name":"CHEBI:38085"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.6621.html","external_links_name":"6621"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.001.586","external_links_name":"100.001.586"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6885","external_links_name":"6885"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/8VV922U86J","external_links_name":"8VV922U86J"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0052594","external_links_name":"DTXSID0052594"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadsc.201000580","external_links_name":"10.1002/adsc.201000580"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.016.0071","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.016.0071"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandro_Chagas_Institute | Evandro Chagas Institute | ["1 History","2 Research","3 References","4 External links"] | Non-profit organization
The Evandro Chagas Institute (Portuguese Instituto Evandro Chagas, or IEC) is a non-profit organization which promotes public health in Brazil named after Evandro Chagas.
History
In the 1940s fisherman Henrique Penna from the Rockefeller Foundation in Rio de Janeiro reported that he had discovered cases of leishmaniasis in Brazil's countryside. The disease had not been previously detected in Brazil, and as a response, Carlos Chagas of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute organized a commission leishmaniasis to be headed by his son Evandro Chagas.
In 1938 this commission became the Instituto de Pathologia Experimental do Norte, or Northern Institution for Experimental Pathology (IPEN), with a mission to study leishmaniasis and other regional diseases. In 1940 Evandro Chagas died in a plane crash. To acknowledge his work as a scientist, the government changed the name of the former IPEN into the Evandro Chagas Institute.
Research
The IEC organized local volunteers to participate in the iPrEx study, which was a clinical trial testing the efficacy of a drug used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV infection.
References
^ Benchimol, Jaime Larry. "Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 27: 95–122. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006. ISSN 0104-5970.
^ "History". About IEC. Evandro Chagas Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
External links
Evandro Chagas Institute
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
This article about an organisation in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a medical organization or association is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Evandro Chagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandro_Chagas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Evandro Chagas Institute (Portuguese Instituto Evandro Chagas, or IEC) is a non-profit organization which promotes public health in Brazil named after Evandro Chagas.[citation needed]","title":"Evandro Chagas Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockefeller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Chagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Chagas"},{"link_name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswaldo_Cruz_Institute"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"In the 1940s fisherman Henrique Penna from the Rockefeller Foundation in Rio de Janeiro reported that he had discovered cases of leishmaniasis in Brazil's countryside.[1] The disease had not been previously detected in Brazil, and as a response, Carlos Chagas of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute organized a commission leishmaniasis to be headed by his son Evandro Chagas.[citation needed]In 1938 this commission became the Instituto de Pathologia Experimental do Norte, or Northern Institution for Experimental Pathology (IPEN), with a mission to study leishmaniasis and other regional diseases. In 1940 Evandro Chagas died in a plane crash. To acknowledge his work as a scientist, the government changed the name of the former IPEN into the Evandro Chagas Institute.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPrEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPrEx"},{"link_name":"clinical trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"pre-exposure prophylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The IEC organized local volunteers to participate in the iPrEx study, which was a clinical trial testing the efficacy of a drug used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV infection.[citation needed]","title":"Research"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Benchimol, Jaime Larry. \"Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s\". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos. 27: 95–122. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006. ISSN 0104-5970.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0104-59702020000900095&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en","url_text":"\"Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0104-59702020000300006","url_text":"10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0104-5970","url_text":"0104-5970"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". About IEC. Evandro Chagas Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160229/http://www.iec.pa.gov.br/en/iechistory.htm","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.iec.pa.gov.br/en/iechistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0104-59702020000900095&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en","external_links_name":"\"Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0104-59702020000300006","external_links_name":"10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0104-5970","external_links_name":"0104-5970"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160229/http://www.iec.pa.gov.br/en/iechistory.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.iec.pa.gov.br/en/iechistory.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117061937/http://www.iec.pa.gov.br/","external_links_name":"Evandro Chagas Institute"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406204442","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156035366","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87875626","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evandro_Chagas_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evandro_Chagas_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.