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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Flames_baseball | Liberty Flames baseball | ["1 Year-by-year results","2 Liberty in the NCAA Tournament","3 Major League Baseball","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | For information on all Liberty University sports, see Liberty Flames.
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Liberty Flames baseball" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American college baseball team
Liberty Flames baseball 2024 Liberty Flames baseball teamFounded1974 (1974)UniversityLiberty UniversityHead coachScott Jackson (8th season)ConferenceC-USALocationLynchburg, VirginiaHome stadiumLiberty Baseball Stadium (Capacity: 2,500)NicknameFlamesColorsRed, white, and blue NCAA Tournament appearances1993, 1998, 2000, 2013, 2014, 2019, 2021, 2022Conference tournament championsBig South: 2013Atlantic Sun: 2019Regular season conference championsAtlantic Sun: 2021
The Liberty Flames baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. The team is a member of Conference USA, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Liberty's first baseball team was fielded in 1974. The team plays its home games at Liberty Baseball Stadium in Lynchburg, Virginia. The Flames are coached by Scott Jackson. The team colors are red, white and blue.
Year-by-year results
Statistics overview
Season
Coach
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason
NAIA Independent (1974–1983)
D1 Independent (1984–1991)
1984
Al Worthington
23-19
1985
Al Worthington
25-17
1986
Al Worthington
26-14
Al Worthington:
343-189-1
1987
Bobby Richardson
12-26
1988
Bobby Richardson
18-32
1989
Bobby Richardson
25-24
1990
Bobby Richardson
23-24-1
Bobby Richardson:
78-106-1
1991
Johnny Hunton
32-14-1
Big South Conference (1992–2018)
1992
Johnny Hunton
20-27-1
5-11-1
1993
Johnny Hunton
23-25
10-11
NCAA Regional
1994
Johnny Hunton
21-30-1
9-18
1995
Johnny Hunton
33-20
15-9
1996
Johnny Hunton
21-27
8-13
1997
Johnny Hunton
25-32
11-10
Johnny Hunton:
175-175-3
58-72
1998
Dave Pastors
32-29
13-5
NCAA Regional
1999
Dave Pastors
26-28
7-8
2000
Dave Pastors
36-23
14-5
1st
NCAA Regional
2001
Dave Pastors
35-21
13-7
2002
Dave Pastors
33-24-2
11-9
Dave Pastors:
162-125-2
58-34
2003
Matt Royer
17-37
7-12
2004
Matt Royer
25-30
9-15
2005
Matt Royer
36-19
14-10
2006
Matt Royer
39–21
13–11
2007
Matt Royer
36–25
14–7
Matt Royer:
153-132
57-55
2008
Jim Toman
35–26–1
14–7
2009
Jim Toman
33–21
17–9
2010
Jim Toman
42–19
19–8
2011
Jim Toman
35–24
18–9
2012
Jim Toman
41–19
14–10
2013
Jim Toman
36–29
13–10
NCAA Regional
2014
Jim Toman
41–18
23–3
1st (North)
NCAA Regional
2015
Jim Toman
33–23
16–8
2016
Jim Toman
31–28
12–12
Jim Toman:
329-205-1
100-76
2017
Scott Jackson
32–23
16–8
2nd
2018
Scott Jackson
32–26
17–10
3rd
Big South:
830-672-6
306-255
ASUN Conference (2019–2023)
2019
Scott Jackson
40–19
15–9
NCAA Regional
2020
Scott Jackson
10–7
Season canceled on March 12 due to COVID-19
2021
Scott Jackson
41–16
19–2
1st (North)
NCAA Regional
2022
Scott Jackson
37–23
19–12
1st (East)
NCAA Regional
2023
Scott Jackson
27–31
16–14
6th
ASUN:
155–68
69–37
Conference USA (2024–present)
2024
Scott Jackson
Total:
1,132–915
National champion
Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion
Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion
Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion
Liberty in the NCAA Tournament
Year
Record
Pct
Notes
1993
0–2
.000
Atlantic Regional
1998
0–2
.000
Atlantic II Regional
2000
1–2
.333
Columbia Regional
2013
2–2
.500
Columbia Regional
2014
0–2
.000
Charlottesville Regional
2019
1–2
.333
Chapel Hill Regional
2021
2–2
.500
Knoxville Regional
2022
0–2
.000
Gainesville Regional
TOTALS
6–16
.273
Major League Baseball
As of the 2022 Major League Baseball season, 79 former Flames have been drafted by MLB teams. Seven players have made it to the majors: Sid Bream, Randy Tomlin, Doug Brady, Lee Guetterman, Josh Rupe, Ian Parmley, and most recently, Ryan Cordell. Additionally, Tony Beasley, a former infielder with the Flames, served as the interim manager of the Texas Rangers during the 2022 season.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball programs
References
^ "Brand Colors" (PDF). Liberty University Branding Guide. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
^ "Liberty Flames". D1baseball.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
^ Robertson, Mark D. (July 18, 2016). "Flames introduce Jackson as head baseball coach". The News & Advance. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
^ "Web Content Team | Web Policy | Liberty University". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
^ "Liberty – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. 2008-05-25. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. 2009-05-23. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "Liberty – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "Liberty – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Statistics". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Schedule". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Schedule". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
^ "LIBERTY – Season Schedule". Liberty.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
^ "ASUN Conference Cancels Intercollegiate Competitions for Remainder of Academic Year". 12 March 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
^ "Liberty University - Draft Pick History - the Baseball Cube".
^ "Liberty University - Major Leaguers - the Baseball Cube".
^ "Former Flames baseball player Tony Beasley named Texas Rangers' interim manager » Liberty News". 15 August 2022.
External links
Official website
vteLiberty UniversityAcademics
Law
Medicine
Facilities
Al Worthington Stadium
LaHaye Ice Center
Liberty Arena
Liberty Baseball Stadium
Vines Center
Williams Stadium
Athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Men
Women
Football
Men's soccer
Softball
Media
WBOP
WQLU
WRVL
WVRA
WVRD
WVRH
WVRI
WVRL
WVRP
WZBJ-CD
Liberty Flames Sports Network
Related
List of Liberty University people
Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24
Category
vteLiberty Flames baseballVenues
Al Worthington Stadium (1979-2012)
Liberty Baseball Stadium (2013-present)
People
Head coaches
Seasons
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
vteConference USA baseballCurrent teams
Dallas Baptist Patriots
FIU Panthers
Jacksonville State Gamecocks
Liberty Flames
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
New Mexico State Aggies
Sam Houston Bearkats
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers
Future teams
Kennesaw State Owls (joining in 2024)
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens (joining in 2025)
Missouri State Bears (joining in 2025)
Championships
Tournament
This article about a baseball team in Virginia is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_North_Macedonia | Armenians in North Macedonia | ["1 People","2 See also","3 References"] | Ethnic group
Ethnic group
Armenians in North MacedoniaTotal population300Regions with significant populationsLanguagesArmenian, Macedonian, RussianReligionArmenian ApostolicRelated ethnic groupsArmenian diaspora
Part of a series onArmenians
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By country or region
Armenia
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Subgroups
Hamshenis
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Armenian: Eastern
Zok
WesternSign languages: Armenian Sign
Caucasian SignPersian: Armeno-TatArmenian–Lom: Lomavren
Persecution
Genocide
Hamidian massacresAdana massacre
Anti-ArmenianismHidden Armenians
vte
Armenians in North Macedonia (Macedonian: Ерменци во Македонија, romanized: Ermenci vo Makedonija, Armenian: Հայերը Հյուսիսային Մակեդոնիայում, romanized: Hayery Hyusisayin Makedoniayum) are the ethnic Armenians in North Macedonia. The number of Armenians is about 300 people.
People
Garabet Tavitjan, musician, member of Leb i Sol
Diran Tavitjan, musician
Garo Tavitjan, Jr., musician
Kosta Balabanov, scientist and honorary consul of Japan in Macedonia
Artur Surmejan, Macedonian tenor,
Hazaros Surmejan, ballet dancer and choreographer
Tigran Kandikjan, football player
Vladimir Kandikjan, university professor
Tatjana Kandikjan, university professor
Vortik Stefan Knalijan, Master of Geographic Sciences and merchant. Owner of trading company since 1990 in manufacturing, agriculture, trade and services
See also
Armenians in Greece
Armenians in Serbia
Armenians in Bulgaria
References
^ a b (in Armenian) Մակեդոնիայի հայ համայնքը հոկտեմբերից կունենա հայկական շաբաթօրյա դպրոց Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine in Armenians Today
^ a b c "Tavitjan Brothers-Macedonian Ethno Jazz". Meetup. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
^ "КОСТА БАЛАБАНОВ, НАУЧНИК И ПОЧЕСЕН КОНЗУЛ НА ЈАПОНИЈА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА Тешкотиите се пребродуваат со оптимизам" (in Macedonian). Matica na iselenicite. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
^ a b Risteski, Blaže (2010). Encyclopaedia Macedonica (in Macedonian). Vol. 2 (I ed.). Skopje: MANU. p. 1460. ISBN 978-608-203-023-4.
vteArmenian diaspora
Population by country
historical
Population by urban area
Ethnic enclaves
Historic areas of Armenian settlement
Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh)
Javakhk
Nakhichevan
Turkey
Bolis/Istanbul
Cilicia
Hidden Armenians
Western Armenia
Caucasus
Azerbaijan
Baku
Zoks
Georgia
Abkhazia
Tbilisi
Former Soviet Union
Baltic states
Lithuania
Belarus
Central Asia
Moldova
Russia
Circassia
Ukraine
Crimea
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Mexico
United States
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Boston
Uruguay
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Greece
Hayhurum
Hungary
Italy
Malta
The Netherlands
North Macedonia
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Middle East
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Qatar
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
China
India
Indonesia
Surabaya
Myanmar
Pakistan
Singapore
Africa
Ethiopia
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
vte Ethnic groups in North Macedonia
Macedonians (1,297,981)
Officially recognised minorities
Albanians (509,083)
Turks (77,959)
Romani (53,879)
Serbs (35,939)
Bosniaks (17,018)
Aromanians (9,695)
Ethnic map of North Macedonia (2002)Other minority groups
Arabs (6,300)
Balkan Egyptians (3,713)
Croats (2,686)
Montenegrins (2,003)
Bulgarians (1,417)
Megleno-Romanians (< 1,000)
Greeks (422)
Armenians (~ 300)
Jews (~ 200)
Portuguese (18)
Demographics of North Macedonia
Portal: North Macedonia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupArmenians in North Macedonia (Macedonian: Ерменци во Македонија, romanized: Ermenci vo Makedonija, Armenian: Հայերը Հյուսիսային Մակեդոնիայում, romanized: Hayery Hyusisayin Makedoniayum) are the ethnic Armenians in North Macedonia. The number of Armenians is about 300 people.[1]","title":"Armenians in North Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garabet Tavitjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garabet_Tavitjan"},{"link_name":"Leb i Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leb_i_Sol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tav-2"},{"link_name":"Diran Tavitjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diran_Tavitjan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tav-2"},{"link_name":"Garo Tavitjan, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garo_Tavitjan,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tav-2"},{"link_name":"Kosta Balabanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosta_Balabanov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Artur Surmejan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Surmejan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surme-4"},{"link_name":"Hazaros Surmejan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazaros_Surmejan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surme-4"},{"link_name":"Tigran Kandikjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigran_Kandikjan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kandikjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Kandikjan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tatjana Kandikjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatjana_Kandikjan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vortik Stefan Knalijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vortik_Stefan_Knalijan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Garabet Tavitjan, musician, member of Leb i Sol[2]\nDiran Tavitjan, musician[2]\nGaro Tavitjan, Jr., musician[2]\nKosta Balabanov, scientist and honorary consul of Japan in Macedonia[3]\nArtur Surmejan, Macedonian tenor,[4]\nHazaros Surmejan, ballet dancer and choreographer[4]\nTigran Kandikjan, football player\nVladimir Kandikjan, university professor\nTatjana Kandikjan, university professor\nVortik Stefan Knalijan, Master of Geographic Sciences and merchant. Owner of trading company since 1990 in manufacturing, agriculture, trade and services","title":"People"}] | [{"image_text":"Ethnic map of North Macedonia (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Makedonija_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif/120px-Makedonija_-_Etnicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif"}] | [{"title":"Armenians in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece"},{"title":"Armenians in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Serbia"},{"title":"Armenians in Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tavitjan Brothers-Macedonian Ethno Jazz\". Meetup. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meetup.com/London-European-Club/events/14961551/","url_text":"\"Tavitjan Brothers-Macedonian Ethno Jazz\""}]},{"reference":"\"КОСТА БАЛАБАНОВ, НАУЧНИК И ПОЧЕСЕН КОНЗУЛ НА ЈАПОНИЈА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА Тешкотиите се пребродуваат со оптимизам\" (in Macedonian). Matica na iselenicite. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727152520/http://www.maticanaiselenici.com/?page=read_news&id=9503","url_text":"\"КОСТА БАЛАБАНОВ, НАУЧНИК И ПОЧЕСЕН КОНЗУЛ НА ЈАПОНИЈА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА Тешкотиите се пребродуваат со оптимизам\""},{"url":"http://www.maticanaiselenici.com/?page=read_news&id=9503","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Risteski, Blaže (2010). Encyclopaedia Macedonica (in Macedonian). Vol. 2 (I ed.). Skopje: MANU. p. 1460. ISBN 978-608-203-023-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-203-023-4","url_text":"978-608-203-023-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hayernaysor.am/news.php?p=11&c=g&t=0&r=0&year=2009&month=07&day=24&shownews=2404&LangID=4#2404","external_links_name":"Մակեդոնիայի հայ համայնքը հոկտեմբերից կունենա հայկական շաբաթօրյա դպրոց"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152838/http://www.hayernaysor.am/news.php?p=11&c=g&t=0&r=0&year=2009&month=07&day=24&shownews=2404&LangID=4#2404","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.meetup.com/London-European-Club/events/14961551/","external_links_name":"\"Tavitjan Brothers-Macedonian Ethno Jazz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727152520/http://www.maticanaiselenici.com/?page=read_news&id=9503","external_links_name":"\"КОСТА БАЛАБАНОВ, НАУЧНИК И ПОЧЕСЕН КОНЗУЛ НА ЈАПОНИЈА ВО МАКЕДОНИЈА Тешкотиите се пребродуваат со оптимизам\""},{"Link":"http://www.maticanaiselenici.com/?page=read_news&id=9503","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_%E2%80%93_Synod_of_Reformed_Churches_in_Bavaria_and_Northwestern_Germany | Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany | ["1 Practices","2 References","3 External links"] | Christian denomination
The Evangelical Reformed Church (German: Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche), until 2009 Evangelical Reformed Church – Synod of Reformed Churches in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany (German: Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche – Synode evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen in Bayern und Nordwestdeutschland) is a Calvinist member church of the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD).
The Great Church in Leer
It has its seat in Leer (East Frisia). The church has 165,798 parish members in 142 parishes (December 2020) and is one of the two reformed churches within the EKD. Member of the Reformed Alliance. It belonged also to the Confederation of Evangelical Churches in Lower Saxony, and joined 2003 of the Union of Evangelical Churches in Germany. It is also a member of the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe. The main church of the Evangelical Reformed Church is the Große Kirche ("great church") in Leer.
Since 2021 Susanne Bei der Wieden is bishop of Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany.
Practices
Ordination of women and blessing of same-sex marriages are allowed.
References
^ Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2020 EKD, November 2021
^ "Geschichte". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. www.reformierter-bund.de/side.php?news_id=113&part_id=0&navi=1
^ Grafschafter Nachrichten:Die Kirche hat ein Zeichen gesetzt
^ "Reformiert.de: Trauordnung auch für homosexuelle Paare". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
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This article about a Christian denomination is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This East Frisia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_in_Leer_(Ostfriesland),_Ansicht_von_S%C3%BCdosten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer,_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"reformed churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_church"},{"link_name":"Reformed Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Union of Evangelical Churches in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Evangelischer_Kirchen"},{"link_name":"Community of Protestant Churches in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Susanne Bei der Wieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Bei_der_Wieden&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Evangelical Reformed Church (German: Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche), until 2009 Evangelical Reformed Church – Synod of Reformed Churches in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany (German: Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche – Synode evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen in Bayern und Nordwestdeutschland) is a Calvinist member church of the Protestant Church in Germany (EKD).The Great Church in LeerIt has its seat in Leer (East Frisia). The church has 165,798 parish members in 142 parishes (December 2020)[1] and is one of the two reformed churches within the EKD. Member of the Reformed Alliance.[2] It belonged also to the Confederation of Evangelical Churches in Lower Saxony, and joined 2003 of the Union of Evangelical Churches in Germany. It is also a member of the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe. The main church of the Evangelical Reformed Church is the Große Kirche (\"great church\") in Leer.\nSince 2021 Susanne Bei der Wieden is bishop of Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany.","title":"Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordination of women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women"},{"link_name":"blessing of same-sex marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_of_same-sex_unions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ordination of women and blessing of same-sex marriages are allowed.[3][4]","title":"Practices"}] | [{"image_text":"The Great Church in Leer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_in_Leer_%28Ostfriesland%29%2C_Ansicht_von_S%C3%BCdosten.jpg/220px-Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_in_Leer_%28Ostfriesland%29%2C_Ansicht_von_S%C3%BCdosten.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Geschichte\". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124639/http://www.reformierter-bund.de/side.php?news_id=113&part_id=0&navi=1","url_text":"\"Geschichte\""},{"url":"http://www.reformierter-bund.de/side.php?news_id%3D113%26part_id%3D0%26navi%3D1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reformiert.de: Trauordnung auch für homosexuelle Paare\". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032804/http://www.reformiert.de/nachricht/items/trauordnung-auch-fuer-homosexuelle-paare.html","url_text":"\"Reformiert.de: Trauordnung auch für homosexuelle Paare\""},{"url":"http://www.reformiert.de/nachricht/items/trauordnung-auch-fuer-homosexuelle-paare.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124639/http://www.reformierter-bund.de/side.php?news_id=113&part_id=0&navi=1","external_links_name":"\"Geschichte\""},{"Link":"http://www.reformierter-bund.de/side.php?news_id%3D113%26part_id%3D0%26navi%3D1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gn-online.de/Nachrichten/Die-Kirche-hat-ein-Zeichen-gesetzt-69932.html","external_links_name":"Grafschafter Nachrichten:Die Kirche hat ein Zeichen gesetzt"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032804/http://www.reformiert.de/nachricht/items/trauordnung-auch-fuer-homosexuelle-paare.html","external_links_name":"\"Reformiert.de: Trauordnung auch für homosexuelle Paare\""},{"Link":"http://www.reformiert.de/nachricht/items/trauordnung-auch-fuer-homosexuelle-paare.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.reformiert.de/","external_links_name":"Evangelical Reformed Church"},{"Link":"https://www.ekd.de/en/index.htm","external_links_name":"Protestant Church in Germany"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121088652","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159309183","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126452531","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10203560-X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88075660","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008416845&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eymirli,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe | Eymirli, Kızıltepe | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°10′12″N 40°41′13″E / 37.170°N 40.687°E / 37.170; 40.687Village in Mardin Province, Turkey
Neighbourhood in Kızıltepe, Mardin, TurkeyEymirliNeighbourhoodEymirliLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°10′12″N 40°41′13″E / 37.170°N 40.687°E / 37.170; 40.687CountryTurkeyProvinceMardinDistrictKızıltepePopulation (2021)687Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Eymirli (Kurdish: Tîbyat) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kîkan tribe and had a population of 933 in 2021.
References
^ a b "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). p. 313. ISBN 9789944360944.
vteNeighbourhoods of Kızıltepe District
Akalın
Akça
Akçapınar
Akdoğan
Akkoç
Aktepe
Aktulga
Akyazı
Akyüz
Akziyaret
Alakuş
Alemdar
Alipaşa
Altıntoprak
Arakapı
Araköy
Arıklı
Arıtepe
Aşağıazıklı
Aslanlı
Ataköy
Atatürk
Atmaca
Ayaz
Bağrıbütün
Bahçelievler
Barış
Başak
Başdeğirmen
Bektaş
Belli
Beşevler
Beşik
Bozhüyük
Büyükayrık
Büyükboğaziye
Büyükdere
Büyüktepe
Çağıl
Çakır
Çamlıca
Çamlıdere
Çanaklı
Cantaşı
Çatalca
Çaybaşı
Çetinkaya
Çetinler
Çimenli
Çınarcık
Çıplak
Çitlibağ
Cumhuriyet
Damlalı
Demet
Demirci
Demirkapı
Demirler
Dikmen
Doğanlı
Dörtyol
Doyuran
Düğürk
Dunaysır
Dura
Ekinlik
Elbeyli
Elmalı
Erdem
Erikli
Eroğlu
Ersoylu
Esenli
Eskin
Eşme
Eymirli
Fındıktepe
Fırat
Göllü
Gözlüce
Güçlü
Gümüşdere
Güneştepe
Güngören
Günlüce
Gürmeşe
Hacıhasan
Hacıyusuf
Hakverdi
Halkalı
Harmandüzü
Haznedar
Hocaköy
İkikuyu
İkizler
Ilıcak
İnandı
İpek
Işıklar
Işıkören
Kahraman
Kalaycık
Karabent
Karakulak
Karakuyu
Karaman
Kaşıklı
Katarlı
Kayapınar
Kaynarca
Kengerli
Kılduman
Kilimli
Kırkkuyu
Kocalar
Koçhisar
Koçlu
Konuklu
Köprübaşı
Körsu
Küçükayrık
Küçükboğaziye
Küplüce
Mevlana
Mezopotamya
Odaköy
Ofis
Örencik
Ortaköy
Otluk
Rıhani
Şahkulubey
Sanayi
Sancarlı
Sandıklı
Sarıca
Saruhan
Selahattin Eyyubi
Şenyurt
Sevimli
Soğanlı
Sürekli
Tanrıverdi
Tarlabaşı
Taşlıca
Tatlıca
Tepebaşı
Timurçiftliği
Tıraşlı
Tosunlu
Turgut Özal
Tuzlaköy
Tuzluca
Üçevler
Ulaşlı
Ülkerköy
Uluköy
Uzunkaya
Yalınkılıç
Yamaç
Yamanlar
Yarımca
Yaşarköy
Yayıklı
Yaylım
Yedikardeş
Yeni Mahalle
Yenikent
Yeşilköy
Yeşiller
Yolaldı
Yoldere
Yolüstü
Yoncalı
Yüceli
Yukarıazıklı
Yüksektepe
Yumrucuk
Yumrutaş
Yurtderi
Yurtözü
Zergan
Ziyaret | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Kızıltepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Mardin Province, TurkeyNeighbourhood in Kızıltepe, Mardin, TurkeyEymirli (Kurdish: Tîbyat) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey.[2] The village is populated by Kurds of the Kîkan tribe and had a population of 933 in 2021.[1][3]","title":"Eymirli, Kızıltepe"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""}]},{"reference":"Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). p. 313. ISBN 9789944360944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789944360944","url_text":"9789944360944"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eymirli,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe¶ms=37.17_N_40.687_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°10′12″N 40°41′13″E / 37.170°N 40.687°E / 37.170; 40.687"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eymirli,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe¶ms=37.17_N_40.687_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°10′12″N 40°41′13″E / 37.170°N 40.687°E / 37.170; 40.687"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia | Kalgoorlie | ["1 History","2 Population","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Industry and commerce","4.1 Mining","4.2 Sex work","5 Culture","5.1 Arts","5.2 Sports","5.3 Attractions","5.4 Historic hotels","6 Suburbs","7 Transport","7.1 Rail","7.2 Buses","7.3 Air","7.4 Road","8 Media","9 Education","9.1 Primary schools","9.2 High schools","9.3 Universities","10 Notable people","11 Images","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"] | Coordinates: 30°44′56″S 121°27′57″E / 30.74889°S 121.46583°E / -30.74889; 121.46583For other uses, see Kalgoorlie (disambiguation).
City in Western AustraliaKalgoorlie–BoulderWestern AustraliaKalgoorlie Court House and Post OfficeKalgoorlie–BoulderCoordinates30°44′56″S 121°27′57″E / 30.74889°S 121.46583°E / -30.74889; 121.46583Population29,068 (2021 census - UCL) • Density387.06/km2 (1,002.5/sq mi)Established1893Elevation383 m (1,257 ft)Area75.1 km2 (29.0 sq mi) (2011 urban)Time zoneAWST (UTC+8)Location 595 km (370 mi) E of Perth 391 km (243 mi) N of Esperance LGA(s)City of Kalgoorlie–BoulderState electorate(s)KalgoorlieFederal division(s)O'Connor
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
25.2 °C 77 °F
11.6 °C 53 °F
265.6 mm 10.5 in
Kalgoorlie is a city in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia, located 595 km (370 mi) east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway. It is sometimes referred to as Kalgoorlie–Boulder, as the surrounding urban area includes the historic townsite of Boulder and the local government area is the City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder.
Kalgoorlie–Boulder lies on the traditional lands of the Wangkatja group of peoples. The name "Kalgoorlie" is derived from the Wangai word Karlkurla or Kulgooluh, meaning "place of the silky pears". The city was established in 1893 during the Western Australian gold rushes. It soon replaced Coolgardie as the largest settlement on the Eastern Goldfields. Kalgoorlie is the ultimate destination of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme and the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail. The nearby Super Pit gold mine was Australia's largest open-cut gold mine for many years.
During August 2021, Kalgoorlie–Boulder had an estimated urban population of 29,068, a slight decline from the recent peak of 32,966 in 2013.
History
Since 1897, a tree has marked the spot where gold was found on 14 June 1893.
Kalgoorlie-Boulder lies on the traditional lands of the Wangkatja people. Languages including Wangkatja, part of the Wati language family, continue to be spoken there today.
In the winter of 1893, prospectors Patrick (Paddy) Hannan, Tom Flanagan, and Dan Shea were travelling to Mount Youle, when one of their horses cast a shoe. During the halt in their journey, the men noticed signs of gold in the area around the foot of what is now the Mount Charlotte gold mine, located on a small hill north of the current city, and decided to stay and investigate. On 17 June 1893, Hannan filed a Reward Claim, leading to hundreds of men swarming to the area in search of gold, and Kalgoorlie, originally called Hannan's Find, was born.
The population of the town was 2,018 (1,516 males and 502 females) in 1898.
The mining of gold, along with other metals such as nickel, has been a major industry in Kalgoorlie ever since, and today employs about one-quarter of Kalgoorlie's workforce and generates a significant proportion of its income. The concentrated area of large gold mines surrounding the original Hannan's find is often referred to as the Golden Mile, and was sometimes referred to as the world's richest square mile of earth.York and Oriental Hotels, c. 1900In 1901, the population of Kalgoorlie was 4,793 (3,087 males and 1,706 females) which increased to 6,790 (3,904 males and 2,886 females) by 1903.
The 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge Government Eastern Goldfields Railway line reached Kalgoorlie station in 1896, and the main named railway service from Perth was the overnight sleeper train The Westland, which ran until the 1970s. In 1917, a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge railway line was completed, connecting Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta, South Australia, across 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) of desert, and consequently the rest of the eastern states. The standardisation of the railway connecting Perth (which changed route from the narrow-gauge route) in 1968 completed the Sydney–Perth railway, making rail travel from Perth to Sydney possible; the Indian Pacific rail service commenced soon after. During the 1890s, the Goldfields area boomed as a whole, with an area population exceeding 200,000, composed mainly of prospectors. The area gained a reputation for being a "wild west", notorious for its bandits and prostitutes. This rapid increase in population and claims of neglect by the state government in Perth led to the proposition of the new state of Auralia, but with the sudden diaspora after the Gold Rush, these plans fell through.
Hannan Street in September 1930; the Exchange Hotel is at the centre, with the Palace Hotel on the right.
Places, famous or infamous, for which Kalgoorlie is noted include its water pipeline, designed by C. Y. O'Connor and bringing in fresh water from Mundaring Weir near Perth, its Hay Street brothels, its two-up school, the goldfields railway loopline, the Kalgoorlie Town Hall, the Paddy Hannan statue/drinking fountain, the Super Pit, and Mount Charlotte lookout. Its main street is Hannan Street, named after the town's founder. One of the infamous brothels also serves as a museum and is a major national attraction.
Kalgoorlie and the surrounding district were served by an extensive collection of suburban railways and tramways, providing for both passenger and freight traffic.
In 1989, the Town of Kalgoorlie and Shire of Boulder formally amalgamated to create the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, adjoining the two towns into what is now the fifth most populous city in Western Australia.
On 20 April 2010, Kalgoorlie was shaken by an earthquake that reached 5.0 on the Richter scale. The epicentre was 30 km north east of the town. The quake caused damage to a number of commercial hotels and historic buildings along Burt Street in Boulder. The entire Burt St. precinct was evacuated until 23 April. Work in the Superpit and many other mines around Kalgoorlie was stopped. Two people suffered minor injuries as a result of the quake.
Population
Kalgoorlie Town Hall
According to the 2016 census, there were 29,873 people in the Kalgoorlie - Boulder Significant Urban Area:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.3% of the population.
65.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand (7.9%), England (2.4%), Philippines (2.2%), South Africa (1.9%) and India (1.2%).
78.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Afrikaans (1.3%), Tagalog (1.1%), Filipino (0.7%), Mandarin (0.7%) and Hindi (0.5%).
The most common responses for religion were No Religion (33.4%) and Catholic (22.1%).
Geography
Panorama of Kalgoorlie, with the Airport visible behind and Boulder present behind the headframe
Climate
Kalgoorlie has a semi-arid climate (BSk) with hot summers and mild winters. The average annual rainfall is 260 mm (10 in) on an average of 68 days and, while the average rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, there is considerable variation from year to year.
January is the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F), but temperatures above 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) occur nearly once a week when hot, dry, north to northeasterly winds arrive. Such high temperatures are usually followed by a cool change from the south, and occasionally with a thunderstorm.
By contrast, winters are cool, with July average maximum and minimum temperatures being 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) and 4.8 °C (40.6 °F), respectively. Cold, wet days with a maximum below 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) occur about once every winter. The lowest maximum temperature recorded is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F), on 19 July 1961. Overnight temperatures fall below freezing about four times in a typical winter. Such events occur on clear nights following a day of cold southerly winds.
Climate data for Kalgoorlie
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
46.5(115.7)
44.9(112.8)
44.5(112.1)
40.1(104.2)
33.4(92.1)
27.6(81.7)
28.7(83.7)
32.0(89.6)
36.8(98.2)
40.9(105.6)
42.9(109.2)
45.0(113.0)
46.5(115.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
33.6(92.5)
32.1(89.8)
29.5(85.1)
25.3(77.5)
20.6(69.1)
17.5(63.5)
16.7(62.1)
18.6(65.5)
22.3(72.1)
25.8(78.4)
28.9(84.0)
31.9(89.4)
25.2(77.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
18.2(64.8)
17.8(64.0)
16.0(60.8)
12.8(55.0)
8.7(47.7)
6.2(43.2)
5.0(41.0)
5.5(41.9)
8.0(46.4)
11.0(51.8)
14.0(57.2)
16.5(61.7)
11.6(52.9)
Record low °C (°F)
8.8(47.8)
8.5(47.3)
5.7(42.3)
1.7(35.1)
−1.8(28.8)
−3.0(26.6)
−3.4(25.9)
−2.4(27.7)
−0.6(30.9)
−1.0(30.2)
3.1(37.6)
5.5(41.9)
−3.4(25.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
23.6(0.93)
31.2(1.23)
24.0(0.94)
20.0(0.79)
26.5(1.04)
28.9(1.14)
24.9(0.98)
21.4(0.84)
14.0(0.55)
14.8(0.58)
17.8(0.70)
16.4(0.65)
264.8(10.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2mm)
3.9
4.5
4.3
3.2
7.1
8.7
9.2
7.5
5.6
4.3
4.1
3.8
68.3
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)
24
30
32
38
44
48
46
39
31
27
25
24
34
Average dew point °C (°F)
8(46)
10(50)
9(48)
8(46)
6(43)
5(41)
4(39)
3(37)
3(37)
3(37)
5(41)
6(43)
6(42)
Mean daily sunshine hours
11.4
11.2
9.9
7.1
7.0
6.6
6.5
6.6
8.6
10.9
11.6
11.7
9.1
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints 1985-2015)
Weather Atlas (sun hours)
Industry and commerce
Kalgoorlie City Markets
Kalgoorlie-Boulder is a regional centre and has a Chamber of Commerce and a Chamber of Minerals and Energy.
Mining
Since 1992, Kalgoorlie has been home to the Diggers & Dealers conference, held annually in August. It is Australia's premier international mining conference.
The Fimiston Open Pit (Super Pit) is an open-cut gold mine about 3.6 km (2.2 mi) long, 1.6 km (1.0 mi) wide, and over 600 m (1,969 ft) deep. Originally consisting of a large number of underground mines, including the Paringa, Oroya, Brown Hill, Chaffers, and Hainault mines, they were consolidated into a single open pit mine in 1989. A visitor centre overlooks the mine, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The mine blasts at 1:00 pm every day, unless winds would carry dust over the town. Each of the massive trucks carries 225 tonnes of rock and the round trip takes about 35 minutes, most of that time being the slow uphill haul. Employees must live in Kalgoorlie; there's no fly-in, fly-out operation. The current life of mine plan covers operation until 2035, with investigations for mine extension ongoing.
Gold mines in the Kalgoorlie region
The Super Pit that gives the mine its name appears in the centre of this image.
Sex work
Further information: Hay Street, Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie once had a thriving sex industry, with parts of Hay Street once being considered Kalgoorlie's red-light district. Originally, brothels were only allowed to operate in Hay Street. While there were once a number of brothels in Kalgoorlie, this has since decreased.
Prostitutes from all over the world moved to Kalgoorlie for employment in the town's sex work industry.
Today, only one brothel remains in Kalgoorlie: Questa Casa (Italian for "This House"; locally known as the "Pink House"). Questa Casa claims to be Australia's oldest operating brothel, having began operations in 1904. Questa Casa now only employs two sex workers, but also serves as an adult tourist attraction.
The demise of the red light district has largely been attributed to the rescinding of the Containment Policy in 1994. The Containment Policy was an informal policy that restricted all sex work in Kalgoorlie to one street: Hay Street. Nevertheless, "skimpy barmaids" (female bartenders who wear sexually provocative clothing, usually flying into Kalgoorlie from elsewhere) are known to occasionally sell sex.
Culture
Hannan Street; Kalgoorlie's main street
Kalgoorlie-Boulder has a dynamic and diverse cultural scene.
Arts
Kalgoorlie-Boulder has many arts organisations and practising artists.
Sports
Kalgoorlie-Boulder's location, being roughly 600 km from Perth, enjoys high levels of participation in Australian rules football (the Goldfields Football League), netball, basketball, rugby league, soccer, field hockey, and cricket. Other popular sports in Kalgoorlie include tennis, lawn bowls, roller derby, rugby union, and swimming.
Kalgoorlie also has an international squash tournament held every year at the YMCA.
In a statewide sense, the semiprofessional Goldfields Giants basketball team competes in the State Basketball League, and were league champions in 2007 and 2008.
The Goldfields Titans play in the Western Australia Rugby League Harvey Norman Premiership state rugby league competition. Home games are at the Oasis playing fields on Saturday afternoons.
Horse racing is also very popular in the city, and Kalgoorlie-Boulder is home to the internationally recognised annual "Race Round".
Attractions
Palace Chambers
Given the wealth of its yesteryear, Kalgoorlie features many elaborate heritage buildings that have been retained. Kalgoorlie-Boulder – the largest settlement for many hundreds of kilometres, with many employees at the Super Pit – is the centre of the area's social life. Of particular interest is the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Racecourse, a horse racing venue. Two grass sports ovals and a cinema showing recent international releases are in the area.
Well known in the area are the Kalgoorlie, Geraldton, Perth, and Albany skimpy barmaids, mostly flown in, employed by pubs like Exchange Hotel, who walk around "scantily clad" in bikini, lingerie or burlesque outfits to attract punters and who expect a fee in return.
The landmark Exchange Hotel
York Hotel
Historic hotels
Kalgoorlie has historical hotels still in operation:
Broken Hill Hotel – iconic venue in Boulder
Exchange Hotel, Kalgoorlie – situated at Kalgoorlie's main intersection
Kalgoorlie Hotel opposite the Kalgoorlie town hall
Palace Hotel – also situated at Kalgoorlie's main intersection
Piccadilly Hotel – suburban pub north of the Kalgoorlie CBD
Recreation Hotel – a two-storied hotel in Boulder
Many hotels have been put to private use, including:
Cornwall Hotel, Boulder, extensively damaged during 1934 riots
Mount Lyall (refurbished as a restaurant 2004, currently a Nando's restaurant)
Hotels that have disappeared from the city include:
Boulder Block (demolished 1991) (Removed due to Super Pit expansion. This pub had a mine shaft so underground workers could access it.)
Commercial Hotel (burnt down 3 November 1978)
Fimiston Hotel (demolished February 1980)
Foundry Hotel (closed 2005 – damaged by fire 3 July 2008, deliberately lit on fire in 2009, Burnt to the ground 2012)
Glendevon Hotel (burnt down 1986)
Golden Eagle (The collapsed balcony of the Golden Eagle hotel on the corner of Lane and Wittenoom St in Boulder.) Damaged by fire then demolished in 2012
Home from Home Family hotel (burnt in the riots of 1934)
Oriental Hotel (demolished July 1972)
Suburbs
The Kalgoorlie-Boulder metropolitan area consists of the following suburbs:
Boulder
Main article: Boulder, Western Australia
Known as the home of the Super Pit, it is one of Kalgoorlie-Boulder's historical suburbs featuring many buildings and landmarks dating as far back as 1882. It was once the central business district for the Town of Boulder, but since amalgamation with Kalgoorlie, it is now more of a historical local centre. Boulder has its own post office, town hall and many hotels along its main thoroughfare, Burt Street. A significant refurbishment has been commenced as part of the 'Royalties for Regions' initiative.
Broadwood (aka – Hampton Heights)
A new housing suburb located next to the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport, which was recently expanded.
Fairways
This area derives its name from the golf course that once occupied the area. It was released to provide affordable property to a growing population in Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Fairways features a private primary school, church, caravan park and small business.
Golden Grove (formerly Adeline)
Adeline was originally constructed around 1970 by the State Housing Commission. The suburb was built on the "Radburn concept", with houses facing away from the street and common pathways linking homes. The area has been plagued by antisocial problems. In 2003, a significant urban renewal project was commenced, including the renaming of the suburb to Golden Grove and re-aligning of homes. The project has seen some success but has yet to fully eliminate antisocial problems within the area.
Hampton Heights
See Broadwood.
Finnerty Park, HannansHannans
Located in Kalgoorlie's far north. Hannans was the first suburb to have its own independent shopping centre ("Hannans Boulevard") which includes a Coles Supermarket. The area also has a primary school and an 18-hole golf course. The original course was not formally grassed but was recently refurbished. Several surrounding golf clubs joined together to form one club known as 'The Goldfields Golf Club'. A dam has been constructed to service what is now a luxury desert golf course and club. Alongside the golf course project has been the development and release of Greenview estate. It lies on the western border of Hannans. This ongoing project has been designed as an environmentally friendly estate, and will eventually consist of over 2000 homes, apartments and facilities such as parks and schools. As one of Kalgoorlie's highest growth areas there has been a proposal for a new alternative route, out of the suburb onto the Kalgoorlie Bypass, to avoid traffic problems on the already heavily used Graeme Street which is a direct route to the city centre. Other developments include 'Karkurla Rise' and 'Karkurla View' which have added an additional 400 homes to the area.
Kalgoorlie
Main article: Kalgoorlie (suburb)
The central business district. Hannan Street, named after Paddy Hannan, is Kalgoorlie's main street and stretches the length of the suburb. The western side of the suburb consists of housing and some light industry. The eastern side contains retail chains, banks, the police station, court house, restaurants, hotels, tourist attractions, schools, university, and a TAFE.
Lamington
One of Kalgoorlie's oldest suburbs. Much like other older suburbs, almost every street is parallel with Hannan Street in Central Kalgoorlie. Streets are noticeably wide. It houses North Kalgoorlie Primary School, small businesses, a medical practice, a hotel, tavern and a non-maintained 18-hole golf course.
Mullingar
Much smaller today than it originally was before the Super Pit expansion, Mullingar is located at the far east end of Lamington, between the northern Goldfields railway and Goldfields Highway.
O'Connor
Officially O'Connor is the south-east section of the suburb of Somerville. Much of the area is increasingly now known as O'Connor. It is home to a primary school (O'Connor Primary School), a private high school (Goldfields Baptist College), and shopping facilities. It also houses the city's only recreation centre.
Piccadilly
A narrow suburb following Piccadilly street between Central Kalgoorlie and Lamington. It features the city's regional hospital, small businesses, a hotel, sporting arena and two grassed ovals.
Somerville
Somerville marks the end of Great Eastern Highway that stretches between Kalgoorlie-Boulder and Perth. Much of the area is now referred to locally as O'Connor. Somerville contains a residential area, schools, retail shops, light industry and some horse stables. In the past it also contained market gardens.
South Kalgoorlie
Stretching from Boundary Street, Kalgoorlie to Holmes Street, Golden Grove and bordering with Central Kalgoorlie, O'Connor and Golden Grove, South Kalgoorlie is mostly residential but also contains the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Racecourse, schools, some light industrial and small businesses. The suburb was expanded in the mid-1990s to include a sub-division named "Sport of Kings" on Maxwell Street, using a surplus of land from the racecourse.
Victory Heights
A residential-only subdivision within Fairways estate along Burt Street.
West Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie's main industrial area, it is the first suburb as you approach Kalgoorlie on the Great Eastern Highway. It features the city's airport, as well as small, medium, and heavy industrial areas. Currently under expansion further west (ANZAC Drive Industrial Estate).
West Lamington
The western tip of Lamington was built in the 1980s. It includes one shop, sporting facilities and an arboretum nature reserve.
Williamstown
This small existing area features mostly housing with one small primary school. It is also home to the Mount Charlotte gold mine (past production of about 5,000,000 ounces of gold), the Cassidy Shaft and Nanny Goat Hill (Mt Gleddon). Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines, owner of the Super Pit to the south on the Golden Mile, from 2015 mined the Hidden Secret orebody, between 215 metres (705 ft) and 440 metres (1,440 ft) below the surface of Williamstown, using Mount Charlotte's Cassidy Shaft as access.
Transport
Kalgoorlie railway station
Rail
See also: Timber railway lines of Western Australia § Firewood Industry, and Kalgoorlie railway station
The town is located on the main East-West rail corridor across Australia. The Transwa Prospector operates once to twice daily passenger train services from Kalgoorlie to Perth. The Indian Pacific train also stops here, operating weekly in each direction.
Buses
Town bus services are provided by TransGoldfields, there are three town routes as well as school services. Transwa also operates road coaches that service the town.
Air
Commercial air services connect Kalgoorlie-Boulder with Melbourne and Perth, operating out of the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport. Airlines that provide regular flights include Alliance Airlines, Qantas, QantasLink and Virgin Australia. There is a locally owned and operated charter company with a flight school, Goldfields Air Services.
Road
Kalgoorlie is linked to Perth by the Great Eastern Highway, and is also on the Goldfields Highway.
Media
Radio
Radio Services available in Kalgoorlie:
ABC Goldfields-Esperance: 6GF 648 AM \ 94.3 FM (Part of the ABC Local Radio network)
ABC Classic FM: 6ABCFM 95.5 FM;
ABC Radio National: 6ABCRN 97.1 FM
ABC Triple J: 6JJJ 93.5 FM \ 98.7 FM
ABC News: 6PNN 100.3 FM
Hit 97.9 (Commercial Station) 6KAR: 91.9 \ 97.9 FM – Contemporary hit radio format
Triple M (Commercial Station) 6KG: 981 AM \ 92.7 FM – Adult Contemporary / Classic Hits / Talk radio format
Vision Radio Network 1431 AM: Community Narrowcast Station – Christian praise, worship music and talk.
Tjuma Pulka (Media) Aboriginal Corporation: 96.3 FM (Aboriginal Community radio service)
6TAB Racing Radio – 88FM (Live broadcasts of Horse Racing, Greyhound Racing and Harness Racing, with talkback and music played at other times).
Television
Television services available include:
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) – ABC TV, ABC TV Plus/ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News (digital channels)
The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) – SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, SBS Food, NITV (digital channels)
Seven Network
WIN Television, an affiliate station of the Nine Network
West Digital Television, an affiliate station of the Network 10 (provided jointly by Seven West Media and WIN Television)
The programming schedule is mainly the same as the Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Perth with variations for news bulletins, sport telecasts such as the Australian Football League and National Rugby League, children's and lifestyle programs and infomercials or paid programming.
Seven maintains a newsroom in the city. The Seven bureau provides coverage of the surrounding area for the station's nightly 30-minute news program, Seven News, at 5:30pm on weeknights.
A Foxtel subscription television service is available via satellite.
Newspapers
The local newspaper for the Kalgoorlie-Boulder and Goldfields region is The Kalgoorlie Miner.
Newspapers from Perth, including The West Australian and The Sunday Times, are also available, as well as national newspapers such as The Australian and the Australian Financial Review.
Education
There are 10 primary schools, four high schools and one university in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area.
Primary schools
Boulder Primary School
East Kalgoorlie Primary School
Goldfields Baptist College (private)
Hannans Primary School
Kalgoorlie Primary School
Kalgoorlie School of the Air
North Kalgoorlie Primary School
O'Connor Primary School
O'Connor Education Support Centre
Saint Joseph's Primary School (private)
Saint Mary's Primary School (Kalgoorlie Catholic Primary School) (private)
South Kalgoorlie Primary School
High schools
Eastern Goldfields College (formerly the Eastern Goldfields Senior High School Senior Campus)
Eastern Goldfields Education Support Centre
John Paul College (formerly Prendiville College & Christian Brothers College (amalgamated)) (private)
Kalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School (formerly the Eastern Goldfields Senior High School Middle School Campus)
Goldfields Baptist College (Year K–10) (private)
Universities
Curtin University of Technology – Kalgoorlie Campus (includes the Western Australian School of Mines Archived 8 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine and Curtin VTEC; formerly Kalgoorlie College)
University of Western Australia and University of Notre Dame Australia – Rural Clinical School of Western Australia Archived 30 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Notable people
Notable people from or who have lived in Kalgoorlie include:
Kate Atkinson, actress, voice artist, theatre actor
Thomas Axford, VC, First World War recipient of the Victoria Cross
Matt Birney, former WA Leader of the Opposition
John Bowler, Australian politician from Western Australia
Leonard Casley, founder of the Hutt River Province.
John Carroll, VC, First World War recipient of the Victoria Cross
John Cornell, actor and movie producer, best known for playing Strop on The Paul Hogan Show
Wendy Duncan, Australian politician from Western Australia
Rica Erickson, historian, botanist and author
Dean Fiore, V8 supercar driver
Brian Hayes, British radio personality
Royce Hunt, rugby league player
Steve Johnston, speedway rider
Sophie Garbin, Netball player for the Australian Diamonds and Collingwood Magpies
Eileen Joyce, pianist
Dean Kemp, former Australian rules footballer
Wallace Kyle, Air Marshall, last leader of RAF Bomber Command
Walter Lindrum, champion professional billiards player
Ron Manners, prominent ex–local businessperson
Barry Marshall, Nobel Prize winner
Bob Marshall, champion billiards player
Anthony Martin, racing driver
Zaneta Mascarenhas, Labor member for Swan
Bert Nankiville, swimmer
Gladys Agness Newton (1901–1988) was born here at Paddington. Founded the Slow Learning Children’s Group of Western Australia.
Michael Patrizi, V8 supercar driver
James del Piano, businessman, Italian diaspora aficionado
Melissa Price, Liberal member for Durack
Tim Rogers, singer/songwriter
Dom Sheed, Australian rules footballer
Grant Stewart, cricketer
Jenny Talia, singer/songwriter
Ian Taylor, Deputy Premier of Western Australia 1990–1993
Elizabeth Truswell, former Chief Scientist at the Australian Geological Survey Organisation
Christian de Vietri, artist
Terry Walsh, field hockey striker and coach
Kevin Bloody Wilson, singer and comedian
Lydia Williams, Australian soccer player
Images
Exchange Hotel.
Mt Charlotte Mine and Cassidy Shaft, Williamstown
York Hotel.
The Super Pit, Australia's largest open-cut gold mine until 2016.
The Kalgoorlie Courthouse, previously the Post Office.
The Kalgoorlie Hotel/Judds Pub.
See also
Auralia (proposed Australian state with its capital in Kalgoorlie)
Yilgarn Craton
Notes
^ "2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ "2011 Census Community Profiles: Kalgoorlie – Boulder". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ Eastern Goldfields Historical Society, Kalgoorlie http://www.kalgoorliehistory.org.au/kalgoorlie.html Retrieved 4 July 2016
^ "2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
^ Anonymous (26 July 2019). "A103: Wangkatja". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ Anonymous (26 July 2019). "A12: Wangkatha". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ Hanson, Sue (2017). "Languages and Dialects of the Goldfields Region" (PDF).
^ "Wangkatja :: Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre". Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ Raymond Radclyffe, Wealth and Wildcats, Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian (1898, reprinted 2004), p.15.
^ "Population of Western Australia". Western Mail. Perth, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 22 April 1898. p. 23. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ "West Australia". Kalgoorlie Western Argus. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 9 June 1903. p. 32. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
^ Railways and roads of Kalgoorlie Singleton, C.C. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March/April 1954 pp33-36/40-44
^ "Media Statements – Report into Kalgoorlie-Boulder council amalgamation released". www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ "Government to help Kalgoorlie quake victims". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
^ Burke, Louise; O'Connell, Ronan; Pownall, Angela (20 April 2010). "Earthquake strikes Goldfields". Yahoo7. The West Australian. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Kalgoolie-Boulder (Significant Urban Areas)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 August 2019. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml
^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate in Kalgoorlie, Australia". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
^ "Kalgoorlie climate statistics".
^ Industry, Kalgoorlie-Boulder Chamber of Commerce &. "Kalgoorlie-Boulder Chamber of Commerce & Industry Inc". www.kalgoorliecci.asn.au.
^ "The Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia". www.cmewa.com.
^ Diggers and Dealers 2010 – The Song Remains The Same ABC Rural, author: Babs McHugh , published: 2 August 2010, accessed: 26 October 2010
^ "History of the Super Pit". KCGM. Kalgoorlie , WA. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
^ Mulligan, David, ed. (1996). Environmental Management in the Australian Minerals and Energy Industries. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 322. ISBN 9780868403830. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ "KCGM About Us". Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ a b https://amp.abc.net.au/article/11289954
^ a b c https://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/wikb/sexwork.html
^ Kalgoorlie-Boulder Pure Gold, Arts and Cultural Experience, 2015 http://www.kalgoorlietourism.com/Arts-Culture-Experience-Kalgoorlie Archived 13 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ ABC, The multicultural faces of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, 5 May 2014, http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/05/05/3998198.htm.
^ Web, Design Sense Graphics &. "Artgold Inc". www.artgold.net.au.
^ Mayes, Robyn; Pini, Barbara; Boyer, Kate. "Becoming Kalgoorlie". Griffith Review. Retrieved 5 February 2023. Kalgoorlie...wouldn't exist if it wasn't for mining and... brothels
^ "Skimpy ban would 'take away workers' entertainment'". Geraldton Guardian. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "'Skimpy' barmaids ordered to cover up". independent.ie. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "Tavern owner stands up for skimpies on sexism charge". The Albany Advertiser. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "Is this outfit too skimpy for a beer?". The West Australian. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Hastie, Hamish (16 October 2020). "'I don't get it': Skimpy debate fires up after mining boss attacks sexism". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Orr, Aleisha (19 September 2011). "'Overpriced' Kalgoorlie watering hole bites the dust". WAtoday. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "Skimpies return to Kalgoorlie as dresscode fails". NZ Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Wahlquist, Calla (27 March 2017). "'Skimpies' night: the Western Australia pub tradition that refuses to die". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Newton-Small, Jay (10 March 2014). "Treasure Down Under". Time. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ The Western Australian on a famous Skimpie Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 7 July 2012
^ Le Souef, Leslie (1934), The Cornwall Hotel, Boulder owned by one of the Jordans best friends Jack Osmetti. Looted and destroyed by fire. This hotel will be well remembered by the Walsh, Pitman-Coulter, Treffene murder cases, retrieved 22 March 2012
^ Damage to the Cornwall Hotel from riots, 1900, retrieved 22 March 2012
^ "Nando's restaurants near Kalgoorlie".
^ "Kalgoorlie Miner" Fire Guts Top Floor of Commercial. 4 November 1978. p1.
^ Kalgoorlie Miner "Famous old Hotel being pulled down". 1 February 1980. p3.
^ "Photo Galleries - the West Australian". au.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
^ Kalgoorlie Miner "Oriental Hotel demolition starts amid protests". 29 June 1972. p1.
^ Greater Perth street directory (54th ed.), Ausway Digital, 2012, retrieved 26 January 2014 The Melway Perth suburban map has a series of maps at the rear of Kalgoorlie suburbs K1 to K6, Western Australia. Dept. of Land Information (2006), Travellers atlas of Western Australia (9th ed.), Dept. of Land Information, ISBN 978-1-921048-13-5the travellers atlas has K2 to K7 – each of these map series are almost identical and show suburb boundaries.
^ "HOMESWEST HOUSING, KALGOORLIE, ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR" (PDF). Government Western Australia. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ Aerial Surveys Australia; HRRC (1969), Aerial photograph of Kalgoorlie looking south west across the cemetery, the suburb of Piccadilly and the town, 18 Dec. 1969 , retrieved 26 January 2014
^ Lucas, Jarrod (16 July 2015). "Super Pit to reveal Hidden Secret". The West Australian. Perth, WA. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ "Underground Mining". KCGM. Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
^ "Home". Goldfields Air Services.
^ "College Facilities". Goldfields Baptist College. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ a b Lucas, Jarrod (5 May 2018). "Mystery remains unsolved as Victoria Cross hero's family searches for forgotten daughter". ABC News. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ a b
"KEMP, MR DEAN, RETIREMENT" (PDF). Western Australia Hansard. 23 August 2001. p. 2923. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "Family Notices". Western Argus. Vol. 32, no. 1646. Western Australia. 8 September 1925. p. 15. Retrieved 4 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
^
"Rica Erickson". State Library of Western Australia. 1 September 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "Brian Hayes". BBC Press Office. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "Kyle, Sir Wallace Hart (1910–1988)". Kyle, Sir Wallace Hart. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^
Lindrum, Walter Albert (1898–1960). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 17 February 2008. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Helen Wolfenden (4 October 2005). "From Kalgoorlie ward to Nobel award". ABC Radio Goldfields Esperance WA. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "Swimming in Perth | Nankville defeats Crawford in 440". The Argus. 17 February 1936. p. 4. Retrieved 8 August 2021 – via Trove.
^ Bolton, G. C.; Byrne, Geraldine, "Gertrude Winifred Ruston (1897–1985)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 28 December 2023
^ Trinca, Mathew. "del Piano, James Andrew (Jim) (1916–1981)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
^ "George Negus Tonight:Tim Rogers". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Hunter, Brooke (2 July 2014). "Jenny Talia F.O.C.U.S. Interview". femail.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^
"Olympic Landcare Project". Kalgoorlie-Boulder Urban Landcare Group. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "WTF is Kev??". Kevin Bloody Wilson official site. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Ross, Julius (12 November 2020). "💬 In My Words: Lydia Williams". Professional Footballers Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
References
Casey, Gavin and Mayman, Ted.(1964) The Mile That Midas Touched Rigby, Adelaide..
Further reading
100th anniversary of rail link (History of the Eastern Goldfields railway, officially completed on 1 January 1897, to the present, including introduction of the Prospector train on 29 November 1971) Kalgoorlie Miner 1 January 1997, p. 2
Early Railways in the Kalgoorlie Area, Shepley, W.H. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, November 1965
External links
Kalgoorlie-Boulder travel guide from Wikivoyage
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.
City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder official website
Kalgoorlie official tourism website
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Goldfields–Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields%E2%80%93Esperance"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Kalgoorlie%E2%80%93Boulder"},{"link_name":"Wangkatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangkatha"},{"link_name":"Wangai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangai"},{"link_name":"silky pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsdenia_australis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Western Australian gold rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Goldfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Water Supply Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Water_Supply_Scheme"},{"link_name":"Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Pipeline_Heritage_Trail"},{"link_name":"Super Pit gold mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine"},{"link_name":"open-cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-cut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSSUA-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kalgoorlie (disambiguation).City in Western AustraliaKalgoorlie is a city in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia, located 595 km (370 mi) east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway. It is sometimes referred to as Kalgoorlie–Boulder, as the surrounding urban area includes the historic townsite of Boulder and the local government area is the City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder.Kalgoorlie–Boulder lies on the traditional lands of the Wangkatja group of peoples. The name \"Kalgoorlie\" is derived from the Wangai word Karlkurla or Kulgooluh, meaning \"place of the silky pears\".[3] The city was established in 1893 during the Western Australian gold rushes. It soon replaced Coolgardie as the largest settlement on the Eastern Goldfields. Kalgoorlie is the ultimate destination of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme and the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail. The nearby Super Pit gold mine was Australia's largest open-cut gold mine for many years.During August 2021, Kalgoorlie–Boulder had an estimated urban population of 29,068,[4] a slight decline from the recent peak of 32,966 in 2013.[5]","title":"Kalgoorlie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannan%27s_Tree_Kalgoorlie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wangkatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangkatha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Patrick (Paddy) Hannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Hannan"},{"link_name":"Tom Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Flanagan_(prospector)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_Orient_and_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"3 ft 6 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Government_Railways"},{"link_name":"Eastern Goldfields Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"The Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Westland"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta_railway_station"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"standardisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion"},{"link_name":"Sydney–Perth railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%E2%80%93Perth_railway"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Indian Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Auralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auralia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KalgoorliePanoramaSep1930_WEFretwellCollection.jpg"},{"link_name":"water pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Water_Supply_Scheme"},{"link_name":"C. Y. O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Y._O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Mundaring Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring_Weir"},{"link_name":"Hay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Street,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"two-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-up"},{"link_name":"Super Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine"},{"link_name":"Hannan Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannan_Street,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Town of Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"Shire of Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Boulder"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kalgoorlie-Boulder_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Richter scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Since 1897, a tree has marked the spot where gold was found on 14 June 1893.Kalgoorlie-Boulder lies on the traditional lands of the Wangkatja people. Languages including Wangkatja,[6][7] part of the Wati language family,[8] continue to be spoken there today.[9]In the winter of 1893, prospectors Patrick (Paddy) Hannan, Tom Flanagan, and Dan Shea were travelling to Mount Youle, when one of their horses cast a shoe. During the halt in their journey, the men noticed signs of gold in the area around the foot of what is now the Mount Charlotte gold mine, located on a small hill north of the current city, and decided to stay and investigate. On 17 June 1893, Hannan filed a Reward Claim, leading to hundreds of men swarming to the area in search of gold, and Kalgoorlie, originally called Hannan's Find, was born.[10]The population of the town was 2,018 (1,516 males and 502 females) in 1898.[11]The mining of gold, along with other metals such as nickel, has been a major industry in Kalgoorlie ever since, and today employs about one-quarter of Kalgoorlie's workforce and generates a significant proportion of its income. The concentrated area of large gold mines surrounding the original Hannan's find is often referred to as the Golden Mile, and was sometimes referred to as the world's richest square mile of earth.York and Oriental Hotels, c. 1900In 1901, the population of Kalgoorlie was 4,793 (3,087 males and 1,706 females) which increased to 6,790 (3,904 males and 2,886 females) by 1903.[12]The 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge Government Eastern Goldfields Railway line reached Kalgoorlie station in 1896, and the main named railway service from Perth was the overnight sleeper train The Westland, which ran until the 1970s. In 1917, a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge railway line was completed, connecting Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta, South Australia, across 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) of desert, and consequently the rest of the eastern states. The standardisation of the railway connecting Perth (which changed route from the narrow-gauge route) in 1968 completed the Sydney–Perth railway, making rail travel from Perth to Sydney possible; the Indian Pacific rail service commenced soon after. During the 1890s, the Goldfields area boomed as a whole, with an area population exceeding 200,000, composed mainly of prospectors. The area gained a reputation for being a \"wild west\", notorious for its bandits and prostitutes. This rapid increase in population and claims of neglect by the state government in Perth led to the proposition of the new state of Auralia, but with the sudden diaspora after the Gold Rush, these plans fell through.Hannan Street in September 1930; the Exchange Hotel is at the centre, with the Palace Hotel on the right.Places, famous or infamous, for which Kalgoorlie is noted include its water pipeline, designed by C. Y. O'Connor and bringing in fresh water from Mundaring Weir near Perth, its Hay Street brothels, its two-up school, the goldfields railway loopline, the Kalgoorlie Town Hall, the Paddy Hannan statue/drinking fountain, the Super Pit, and Mount Charlotte lookout. Its main street is Hannan Street, named after the town's founder. One of the infamous brothels also serves as a museum and is a major national attraction.Kalgoorlie and the surrounding district were served by an extensive collection of suburban railways and tramways, providing for both passenger and freight traffic.[13]In 1989, the Town of Kalgoorlie and Shire of Boulder formally amalgamated to create the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, adjoining the two towns into what is now the fifth most populous city in Western Australia.[14]On 20 April 2010, Kalgoorlie was shaken by an earthquake that reached 5.0 on the Richter scale. The epicentre was 30 km north east of the town.[15] The quake caused damage to a number of commercial hotels and historic buildings along Burt Street in Boulder. The entire Burt St. precinct was evacuated until 23 April. Work in the Superpit and many other mines around Kalgoorlie was stopped. Two people suffered minor injuries as a result of the quake.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_Town_Hall,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-17"}],"text":"Kalgoorlie Town HallAccording to the 2016 census, there were 29,873 people in the Kalgoorlie - Boulder Significant Urban Area:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.3% of the population.\n65.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand (7.9%), England (2.4%), Philippines (2.2%), South Africa (1.9%) and India (1.2%).\n78.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Afrikaans (1.3%), Tagalog (1.1%), Filipino (0.7%), Mandarin (0.7%) and Hindi (0.5%).\nThe most common responses for religion were No Religion (33.4%) and Catholic (22.1%).[17]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"headframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headframe"}],"text":"Panorama of Kalgoorlie, with the Airport visible behind and Boulder present behind the headframe","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"BSk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Kalgoorlie has a semi-arid climate (BSk) with hot summers and mild winters. The average annual rainfall is 260 mm (10 in) on an average of 68 days and, while the average rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, there is considerable variation from year to year.January is the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F), but temperatures above 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) occur nearly once a week when hot, dry, north to northeasterly winds arrive. Such high temperatures are usually followed by a cool change from the south, and occasionally with a thunderstorm.By contrast, winters are cool, with July average maximum and minimum temperatures being 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) and 4.8 °C (40.6 °F), respectively. Cold, wet days with a maximum below 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) occur about once every winter. The lowest maximum temperature recorded is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F), on 19 July 1961. Overnight temperatures fall below freezing about four times in a typical winter. Such events occur on clear nights following a day of cold southerly winds.Climate data for Kalgoorlie\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n46.5(115.7)\n\n44.9(112.8)\n\n44.5(112.1)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n40.9(105.6)\n\n42.9(109.2)\n\n45.0(113.0)\n\n46.5(115.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n23.6(0.93)\n\n31.2(1.23)\n\n24.0(0.94)\n\n20.0(0.79)\n\n26.5(1.04)\n\n28.9(1.14)\n\n24.9(0.98)\n\n21.4(0.84)\n\n14.0(0.55)\n\n14.8(0.58)\n\n17.8(0.70)\n\n16.4(0.65)\n\n264.8(10.43)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.2mm)\n\n3.9\n\n4.5\n\n4.3\n\n3.2\n\n7.1\n\n8.7\n\n9.2\n\n7.5\n\n5.6\n\n4.3\n\n4.1\n\n3.8\n\n68.3\n\n\nAverage afternoon relative humidity (%)\n\n24\n\n30\n\n32\n\n38\n\n44\n\n48\n\n46\n\n39\n\n31\n\n27\n\n25\n\n24\n\n34\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n8(46)\n\n10(50)\n\n9(48)\n\n8(46)\n\n6(43)\n\n5(41)\n\n4(39)\n\n3(37)\n\n3(37)\n\n3(37)\n\n5(41)\n\n6(43)\n\n6(42)\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n11.4\n\n11.2\n\n9.9\n\n7.1\n\n7.0\n\n6.6\n\n6.5\n\n6.6\n\n8.6\n\n10.9\n\n11.6\n\n11.7\n\n9.1\n\n\nSource 1: Bureau of Meteorology[18]\n\n\nSource 2: Time and Date (dewpoints 1985-2015)[19]\nWeather Atlas (sun hours)[20]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_City_Markets.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Kalgoorlie City MarketsKalgoorlie-Boulder is a regional centre and has a Chamber of Commerce[22] and a Chamber of Minerals and Energy.[23]","title":"Industry and commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diggers & Dealers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggers_%26_Dealers"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Song-24"},{"link_name":"Fimiston Open Pit (Super Pit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine"},{"link_name":"open-cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining"},{"link_name":"underground mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-surface_mining"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"fly-in, fly-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-in_fly-out"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_mines_Kalgoorlie_2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_Pit_Mine,_Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Super Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine"}],"sub_title":"Mining","text":"Since 1992, Kalgoorlie has been home to the Diggers & Dealers conference, held annually in August. It is Australia's premier international mining conference.[24]The Fimiston Open Pit (Super Pit) is an open-cut gold mine about 3.6 km (2.2 mi) long, 1.6 km (1.0 mi) wide, and over 600 m (1,969 ft) deep. Originally consisting of a large number of underground mines, including the Paringa, Oroya, Brown Hill, Chaffers, and Hainault mines, they were consolidated into a single open pit mine in 1989.[25][26] A visitor centre overlooks the mine, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The mine blasts at 1:00 pm every day, unless winds would carry dust over the town. Each of the massive trucks carries 225 tonnes of rock and the round trip takes about 35 minutes, most of that time being the slow uphill haul. Employees must live in Kalgoorlie; there's no fly-in, fly-out operation. The current life of mine plan covers operation until 2035, with investigations for mine extension ongoing.[27]Gold mines in the Kalgoorlie region\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Super Pit that gives the mine its name appears in the centre of this image.","title":"Industry and commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hay Street, Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Street,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"Hay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Street,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"brothels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brothel-28"},{"link_name":"Prostitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-women-29"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brothel-28"},{"link_name":"sex workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_worker"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-women-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-women-29"}],"sub_title":"Sex work","text":"Further information: Hay Street, KalgoorlieKalgoorlie once had a thriving sex industry, with parts of Hay Street once being considered Kalgoorlie's red-light district. Originally, brothels were only allowed to operate in Hay Street. While there were once a number of brothels in Kalgoorlie, this has since decreased.[28]Prostitutes from all over the world moved to Kalgoorlie for employment in the town's sex work industry.[29]Today, only one brothel remains in Kalgoorlie: Questa Casa (Italian for \"This House\"; locally known as the \"Pink House\"). Questa Casa claims to be Australia's oldest operating brothel, having began operations in 1904.[28] Questa Casa now only employs two sex workers, but also serves as an adult tourist attraction.[29]The demise of the red light district has largely been attributed to the rescinding of the Containment Policy in 1994. The Containment Policy was an informal policy that restricted all sex work in Kalgoorlie to one street: Hay Street. Nevertheless, \"skimpy barmaids\" (female bartenders who wear sexually provocative clothing, usually flying into Kalgoorlie from elsewhere) are known to occasionally sell sex.[29]","title":"Industry and commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannan_Street,_Kalgoorlie,_2018_(04).jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Hannan Street; Kalgoorlie's main streetKalgoorlie-Boulder has a dynamic and diverse cultural scene.[30][31]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Arts","text":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder has many arts organisations and practising artists.[32]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Football_League"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"lawn bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"roller derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_derby"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Giants"},{"link_name":"State Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Titans"},{"link_name":"Western Australia Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder's location, being roughly 600 km from Perth, enjoys high levels of participation in Australian rules football (the Goldfields Football League), netball, basketball, rugby league, soccer, field hockey, and cricket. Other popular sports in Kalgoorlie include tennis, lawn bowls, roller derby, rugby union, and swimming.Kalgoorlie also has an international squash tournament held every year at the YMCA.In a statewide sense, the semiprofessional Goldfields Giants basketball team competes in the State Basketball League, and were league champions in 2007 and 2008.The Goldfields Titans play in the Western Australia Rugby League Harvey Norman Premiership state rugby league competition. Home games are at the Oasis playing fields on Saturday afternoons.Horse racing is also very popular in the city, and Kalgoorlie-Boulder is home to the internationally recognised[citation needed] annual \"Race Round\".","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_Chambers,_Kalgoorlie,_WA,_2023,_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-griffithreview/kalgoorlie-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geraldtonguardian/skimpy-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent/skimpy-cover-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albanyadvertiser/skimpies-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thewest/kalgoorlie-too-skimpy-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh/skimpy-debate-38"},{"link_name":"Exchange Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watoday/overpriced-kalgoorlie-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzherald/skimpies-return-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian/skimpies-nights-41"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time/Treasure-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exchange_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie,_2018_(04).jpg"},{"link_name":"Exchange Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie,_2016.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Attractions","text":"Palace ChambersGiven the wealth of its yesteryear, Kalgoorlie features many elaborate heritage buildings that have been retained. Kalgoorlie-Boulder – the largest settlement for many hundreds of kilometres, with many employees at the Super Pit – is the centre of the area's social life. Of particular interest is the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Racecourse, a horse racing venue. Two grass sports ovals and a cinema showing recent international releases are in the area.Well known in the area are the Kalgoorlie,[33] Geraldton,[34] Perth,[35] and Albany[36] skimpy barmaids,[37] mostly flown in,[38] employed by pubs like Exchange Hotel,[39] who walk around \"scantily clad\"[40] in bikini, lingerie[41] or burlesque outfits to attract punters and who expect a fee[42] in return.[43]The landmark Exchange HotelYork Hotel","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exchange Hotel, Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kalgoorliehotel.com.au"},{"link_name":"Palace Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Home from Home Family hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_from_Home_Family_hotel,_Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Historic hotels","text":"Kalgoorlie has historical hotels still in operation:Broken Hill Hotel – iconic venue in Boulder\nExchange Hotel, Kalgoorlie – situated at Kalgoorlie's main intersection\nKalgoorlie Hotel opposite the Kalgoorlie town hall\nPalace Hotel – also situated at Kalgoorlie's main intersection\nPiccadilly Hotel – suburban pub north of the Kalgoorlie CBD\nRecreation Hotel – a two-storied hotel in BoulderMany hotels have been put to private use, including:Cornwall Hotel, Boulder, extensively damaged during 1934 riots[44][45]\nMount Lyall (refurbished as a restaurant 2004, currently a Nando's restaurant)[46]Hotels that have disappeared from the city include:Boulder Block (demolished 1991) (Removed due to Super Pit expansion. This pub had a mine shaft so underground workers could access it.)\nCommercial Hotel (burnt down 3 November 1978)[47]\nFimiston Hotel (demolished February 1980)[48]\nFoundry Hotel (closed 2005 – damaged by fire 3 July 2008, deliberately lit on fire in 2009, Burnt to the ground 2012)\nGlendevon Hotel (burnt down 1986)\nGolden Eagle (The collapsed balcony of the Golden Eagle hotel on the corner of Lane and Wittenoom St in Boulder.)[49] Damaged by fire then demolished in 2012\nHome from Home Family hotel (burnt in the riots of 1934)\nOriental Hotel (demolished July 1972)[50]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie-Boulder_Airport"},{"link_name":"Radburn concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radburn_concept"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hannans_-_Finnerty_Park_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coles Supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"The Kalgoorlie-Boulder metropolitan area consists of the following suburbs:[51]BoulderKnown as the home of the Super Pit, it is one of Kalgoorlie-Boulder's historical suburbs featuring many buildings and landmarks dating as far back as 1882. It was once the central business district for the Town of Boulder, but since amalgamation with Kalgoorlie, it is now more of a historical local centre. Boulder has its own post office, town hall and many hotels along its main thoroughfare, Burt Street. A significant refurbishment has been commenced as part of the 'Royalties for Regions' initiative.Broadwood (aka – Hampton Heights)A new housing suburb located next to the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport, which was recently expanded.FairwaysThis area derives its name from the golf course that once occupied the area. It was released to provide affordable property to a growing population in Kalgoorlie-Boulder. Fairways features a private primary school, church, caravan park and small business.Golden Grove (formerly Adeline)Adeline was originally constructed around 1970 by the State Housing Commission. The suburb was built on the \"Radburn concept\", with houses facing away from the street and common pathways linking homes. The area has been plagued by antisocial problems. In 2003, a significant urban renewal project was commenced, including the renaming of the suburb to Golden Grove and re-aligning of homes. The project has seen some success but has yet to fully eliminate antisocial problems within the area.[52]Hampton HeightsSee Broadwood.Finnerty Park, HannansHannansLocated in Kalgoorlie's far north. Hannans was the first suburb to have its own independent shopping centre (\"Hannans Boulevard\") which includes a Coles Supermarket. The area also has a primary school and an 18-hole golf course. The original course was not formally grassed but was recently refurbished. Several surrounding golf clubs joined together to form one club known as 'The Goldfields Golf Club'. A dam has been constructed to service what is now a luxury desert golf course and club. Alongside the golf course project has been the development and release of Greenview estate. It lies on the western border of Hannans. This ongoing project has been designed as an environmentally friendly estate, and will eventually consist of over 2000 homes, apartments and facilities such as parks and schools. As one of Kalgoorlie's highest growth areas there has been a proposal for a new alternative route, out of the suburb onto the Kalgoorlie Bypass, to avoid traffic problems on the already heavily used Graeme Street which is a direct route to the city centre. Other developments include 'Karkurla Rise' and 'Karkurla View' which have added an additional 400 homes to the area.KalgoorlieThe central business district. Hannan Street, named after Paddy Hannan, is Kalgoorlie's main street and stretches the length of the suburb. The western side of the suburb consists of housing and some light industry. The eastern side contains retail chains, banks, the police station, court house, restaurants, hotels, tourist attractions, schools, university, and a TAFE.LamingtonOne of Kalgoorlie's oldest suburbs. Much like other older suburbs, almost every street is parallel with Hannan Street in Central Kalgoorlie. Streets are noticeably wide. It houses North Kalgoorlie Primary School, small businesses, a medical practice, a hotel, tavern and a non-maintained 18-hole golf course.MullingarMuch smaller today than it originally was before the Super Pit expansion, Mullingar is located at the far east end of Lamington, between the northern Goldfields railway and Goldfields Highway.O'ConnorOfficially O'Connor is the south-east section of the suburb of Somerville. Much of the area is increasingly now known as O'Connor. It is home to a primary school (O'Connor Primary School), a private high school (Goldfields Baptist College), and shopping facilities. It also houses the city's only recreation centre.Piccadilly[53]A narrow suburb following Piccadilly street between Central Kalgoorlie and Lamington. It features the city's regional hospital, small businesses, a hotel, sporting arena and two grassed ovals.SomervilleSomerville marks the end of Great Eastern Highway that stretches between Kalgoorlie-Boulder and Perth. Much of the area is now referred to locally as O'Connor. Somerville contains a residential area, schools, retail shops, light industry and some horse stables. In the past it also contained market gardens.South KalgoorlieStretching from Boundary Street, Kalgoorlie to Holmes Street, Golden Grove and bordering with Central Kalgoorlie, O'Connor and Golden Grove, South Kalgoorlie is mostly residential but also contains the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Racecourse, schools, some light industrial and small businesses. The suburb was expanded in the mid-1990s to include a sub-division named \"Sport of Kings\" on Maxwell Street, using a surplus of land from the racecourse.Victory HeightsA residential-only subdivision within Fairways estate along Burt Street.West KalgoorlieKalgoorlie's main industrial area, it is the first suburb as you approach Kalgoorlie on the Great Eastern Highway. It features the city's airport, as well as small, medium, and heavy industrial areas. Currently under expansion further west (ANZAC Drive Industrial Estate).West LamingtonThe western tip of Lamington was built in the 1980s. It includes one shop, sporting facilities and an arboretum nature reserve.WilliamstownThis small existing area features mostly housing with one small primary school. It is also home to the Mount Charlotte gold mine (past production of about 5,000,000 ounces of gold), the Cassidy Shaft and Nanny Goat Hill (Mt Gleddon). Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines, owner of the Super Pit to the south on the Golden Mile, from 2015 mined the Hidden Secret orebody, between 215 metres (705 ft) and 440 metres (1,440 ft) below the surface of Williamstown, using Mount Charlotte's Cassidy Shaft as access.[54][55]","title":"Suburbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prospector,_Kalgoorlie,_2016_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station"}],"text":"Kalgoorlie railway station","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timber railway lines of Western Australia § Firewood Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_railway_lines_of_Western_Australia#Firewood_Industry"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"East-West rail corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_rail_corridor,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Transwa Prospector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_Prospector"},{"link_name":"Indian Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pacific"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"See also: Timber railway lines of Western Australia § Firewood Industry, and Kalgoorlie railway stationThe town is located on the main East-West rail corridor across Australia. The Transwa Prospector operates once to twice daily passenger train services from Kalgoorlie to Perth. The Indian Pacific train also stops here, operating weekly in each direction.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TransGoldfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransGoldfields"},{"link_name":"Transwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa"}],"sub_title":"Buses","text":"Town bus services are provided by TransGoldfields, there are three town routes as well as school services. Transwa also operates road coaches that service the town.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie-Boulder_Airport"},{"link_name":"Alliance Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"QantasLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QantasLink"},{"link_name":"Virgin Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Australia_Regional_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Commercial air services connect Kalgoorlie-Boulder with Melbourne and Perth, operating out of the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport. Airlines that provide regular flights include Alliance Airlines, Qantas, QantasLink and Virgin Australia. There is a locally owned and operated charter company with a flight school, Goldfields Air Services.[56]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Eastern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields_Highway"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Kalgoorlie is linked to Perth by the Great Eastern Highway, and is also on the Goldfields Highway.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Goldfields-Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Goldfields-Esperance"},{"link_name":"ABC Local Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Local_Radio"},{"link_name":"ABC Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Classic"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_National"},{"link_name":"ABC Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio"},{"link_name":"Hit 97.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Triple M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_M"},{"link_name":"Vision Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Christian_Radio"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Special Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"WIN Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"West Digital Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Digital_Television"},{"link_name":"Network 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_10"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Foxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel"},{"link_name":"The Kalgoorlie Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kalgoorlie_Miner"},{"link_name":"The West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"Australian Financial Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review"}],"text":"RadioRadio Services available in Kalgoorlie:ABC Goldfields-Esperance: 6GF 648 AM \\ 94.3 FM (Part of the ABC Local Radio network)\nABC Classic FM: 6ABCFM 95.5 FM;\nABC Radio National: 6ABCRN 97.1 FM\nABC Triple J: 6JJJ 93.5 FM \\ 98.7 FM\nABC News: 6PNN 100.3 FM\nHit 97.9 (Commercial Station) 6KAR: 91.9 \\ 97.9 FM – Contemporary hit radio format\nTriple M (Commercial Station) 6KG: 981 AM \\ 92.7 FM – Adult Contemporary / Classic Hits / Talk radio format\nVision Radio Network 1431 AM: Community Narrowcast Station – Christian praise, worship music and talk.\nTjuma Pulka (Media) Aboriginal Corporation: 96.3 FM (Aboriginal Community radio service)\n6TAB Racing Radio – 88FM (Live broadcasts of Horse Racing, Greyhound Racing and Harness Racing, with talkback and music played at other times).Television\nTelevision services available include:The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) – ABC TV, ABC TV Plus/ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News (digital channels)\nThe Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) – SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, SBS Food, NITV (digital channels)\nSeven Network\nWIN Television, an affiliate station of the Nine Network\nWest Digital Television, an affiliate station of the Network 10 (provided jointly by Seven West Media and WIN Television)The programming schedule is mainly the same as the Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Perth with variations for news bulletins, sport telecasts such as the Australian Football League and National Rugby League, children's and lifestyle programs and infomercials or paid programming.Seven maintains a newsroom in the city. The Seven bureau provides coverage of the surrounding area for the station's nightly 30-minute news program, Seven News, at 5:30pm on weeknights.A Foxtel subscription television service is available via satellite.NewspapersThe local newspaper for the Kalgoorlie-Boulder and Goldfields region is The Kalgoorlie Miner.Newspapers from Perth, including The West Australian and The Sunday Times, are also available, as well as national newspapers such as The Australian and the Australian Financial Review.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are 10 primary schools, four high schools and one university in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primary schools","text":"Boulder Primary School\nEast Kalgoorlie Primary School\nGoldfields Baptist College (private)\nHannans Primary School\nKalgoorlie Primary School\nKalgoorlie School of the Air\nNorth Kalgoorlie Primary School\nO'Connor Primary School\nO'Connor Education Support Centre\nSaint Joseph's Primary School (private)\nSaint Mary's Primary School (Kalgoorlie Catholic Primary School) (private)\nSouth Kalgoorlie Primary School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Goldfields College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields_College"},{"link_name":"John Paul College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_College_(Kalgoorlie)"},{"link_name":"Prendiville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prendiville_College"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie-Boulder_Community_High_School"},{"link_name":"Goldfields Baptist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldfields_Baptist_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Eastern Goldfields College (formerly the Eastern Goldfields Senior High School Senior Campus)\nEastern Goldfields Education Support Centre\nJohn Paul College (formerly Prendiville College & Christian Brothers College (amalgamated)) (private)\nKalgoorlie-Boulder Community High School (formerly the Eastern Goldfields Senior High School Middle School Campus)\nGoldfields Baptist College (Year K–10) (private)[57]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Australian School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wasm.curtin.edu.au"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151108071702/http://wasm.curtin.edu.au/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Curtin VTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120723060751/http://kalg.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rcs.uwa.edu.au"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180930222409/http://www.rcs.uwa.edu.au/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"sub_title":"Universities","text":"Curtin University of Technology – Kalgoorlie Campus (includes the Western Australian School of Mines Archived 8 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine and Curtin VTEC; formerly Kalgoorlie College)\nUniversity of Western Australia and University of Notre Dame Australia – Rural Clinical School of Western Australia [1] Archived 30 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kate Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Axford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Axford"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paver-58"},{"link_name":"Matt Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Birney"},{"link_name":"WA Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard-59"},{"link_name":"John Bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowler_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Leonard Casley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Casley"},{"link_name":"Hutt River Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_River_Province"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"John Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(VC)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paver-58"},{"link_name":"John Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornell"},{"link_name":"The Paul Hogan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paul_Hogan_Show"},{"link_name":"Wendy Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Rica Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rica_Erickson"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Dean Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Fiore"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Royce Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Steve Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Sophie Garbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Garbin"},{"link_name":"Australian Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Magpies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Magpies"},{"link_name":"Eileen Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Dean Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Australian rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard-59"},{"link_name":"Wallace Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Kyle"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Walter 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Australian politician from Western Australia\nRica Erickson, historian, botanist and author[61]\nDean Fiore, V8 supercar driver\nBrian Hayes, British radio personality[62]\nRoyce Hunt, rugby league player\nSteve Johnston, speedway rider\nSophie Garbin, Netball player for the Australian Diamonds and Collingwood Magpies\nEileen Joyce, pianist\nDean Kemp, former Australian rules footballer[59]\nWallace Kyle, Air Marshall, last leader of RAF Bomber Command[63]\nWalter Lindrum, champion professional billiards player[64]\nRon Manners, prominent ex–local businessperson\nBarry Marshall, Nobel Prize winner[65]\nBob Marshall, champion billiards player\nAnthony Martin, racing driver\nZaneta Mascarenhas, Labor member for Swan\nBert Nankiville, swimmer[66]\nGladys Agness Newton (1901–1988) was born here at Paddington. Founded the Slow Learning Children’s Group of Western Australia.[67]\nMichael Patrizi, V8 supercar driver\nJames del Piano, businessman, Italian diaspora aficionado[68]\nMelissa Price, Liberal member for Durack\nTim Rogers, singer/songwriter[69]\nDom Sheed, Australian rules footballer\nGrant Stewart, cricketer\nJenny Talia, singer/songwriter[70]\nIan Taylor, Deputy Premier of Western Australia 1990–1993\nElizabeth Truswell, former Chief Scientist at the Australian Geological Survey Organisation\nChristian de Vietri, artist\nTerry Walsh, field hockey striker and coach[71]\nKevin Bloody Wilson, singer and comedian[72]\nLydia Williams, Australian soccer player[73]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_Exchange_Hotel_DSC04484.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_Gold_Mine.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Hotel,_Kalgoorlie.jpg"},{"link_name":"York 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Nankville defeats Crawford in 440\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11883015"},{"link_name":"The Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"\"Gertrude Winifred Ruston (1897–1985)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ruston-gertrude-winifred-14186"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"\"del Piano, James Andrew (Jim) (1916–1981)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/del-piano-james-andrew-jim-12413"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"\"George Negus Tonight:Tim 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Kev??\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070829074056/http://www.kevinbloodywilson.com/site/wtf-is-kev/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kevinbloodywilson.com/site/wtf-is-kev/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"\"💬 In My Words: Lydia Williams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pfa.net.au/in-my-words/in-my-words-lydia-williams/"}],"text":"^ \"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".\n\n^ \"2011 Census Community Profiles: Kalgoorlie – Boulder\". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 15 September 2016.\n\n^ Eastern Goldfields Historical Society, Kalgoorlie http://www.kalgoorliehistory.org.au/kalgoorlie.html Retrieved 4 July 2016\n\n^ \"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".\n\n^ \"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.\n\n^ Anonymous (26 July 2019). \"A103: Wangkatja\". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 June 2021.\n\n^ Anonymous (26 July 2019). \"A12: Wangkatha\". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 June 2021.\n\n^ Hanson, Sue (2017). \"Languages and Dialects of the Goldfields Region\" (PDF).\n\n^ \"Wangkatja :: Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre\". Retrieved 1 June 2021.\n\n^ Raymond Radclyffe, Wealth and Wildcats, Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian (1898, reprinted 2004), p.15.\n\n^ \"Population of Western Australia\". Western Mail. Perth, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 22 April 1898. p. 23. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\n\n^ \"West Australia\". Kalgoorlie Western Argus. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 9 June 1903. p. 32. Retrieved 27 March 2014.\n\n^ Railways and roads of Kalgoorlie Singleton, C.C. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, March/April 1954 pp33-36/40-44\n\n^ \"Media Statements – Report into Kalgoorlie-Boulder council amalgamation released\". www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Government to help Kalgoorlie quake victims\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n\n^ Burke, Louise; O'Connell, Ronan; Pownall, Angela (20 April 2010). \"Earthquake strikes Goldfields\". Yahoo7. The West Australian. Retrieved 22 April 2010.\n\n^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Kalgoolie-Boulder (Significant Urban Areas)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 1 August 2019. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.\n\n^ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml[bare URL]\n\n^ \"Climate & Weather Averages in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia\". Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Monthly weather forecast and climate in Kalgoorlie, Australia\". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 9 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Kalgoorlie climate statistics\".\n\n^ Industry, Kalgoorlie-Boulder Chamber of Commerce &. \"Kalgoorlie-Boulder Chamber of Commerce & Industry Inc\". www.kalgoorliecci.asn.au.\n\n^ \"The Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia\". www.cmewa.com.\n\n^ Diggers and Dealers 2010 – The Song Remains The Same ABC Rural, author: Babs McHugh , published: 2 August 2010, accessed: 26 October 2010\n\n^ \"History of the Super Pit\". KCGM. Kalgoorlie , WA. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.\n\n^ Mulligan, David, ed. (1996). Environmental Management in the Australian Minerals and Energy Industries. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 322. ISBN 9780868403830. Retrieved 9 April 2019.\n\n^ \"KCGM About Us\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. 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The Albany Advertiser. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Is this outfit too skimpy for a beer?\". The West Australian. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ Hastie, Hamish (16 October 2020). \"'I don't get it': Skimpy debate fires up after mining boss attacks sexism\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ Orr, Aleisha (19 September 2011). \"'Overpriced' Kalgoorlie watering hole bites the dust\". WAtoday. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Skimpies return to Kalgoorlie as dresscode fails\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ Wahlquist, Calla (27 March 2017). \"'Skimpies' night: the Western Australia pub tradition that refuses to die\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\n^ Newton-Small, Jay (10 March 2014). \"Treasure Down Under\". Time. 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Retrieved 14 July 2014.\n\n^ Aerial Surveys Australia; HRRC (1969), Aerial photograph of Kalgoorlie looking south west across the cemetery, the suburb of Piccadilly and the town, 18 Dec. 1969 [picture], retrieved 26 January 2014\n\n^ Lucas, Jarrod (16 July 2015). \"Super Pit to reveal Hidden Secret\". The West Australian. Perth, WA. Retrieved 26 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Underground Mining\". KCGM. Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines. Retrieved 9 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Home\". Goldfields Air Services.\n\n^ \"College Facilities\". Goldfields Baptist College. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.\n\n^ a b Lucas, Jarrod (5 May 2018). \"Mystery remains unsolved as Victoria Cross hero's family searches for forgotten daughter\". ABC News. Retrieved 2 August 2018.\n\n^ a b \n\"KEMP, MR DEAN, RETIREMENT\" (PDF). Western Australia Hansard. 23 August 2001. p. 2923. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Family Notices\". Western Argus. Vol. 32, no. 1646. Western Australia. 8 September 1925. p. 15. Retrieved 4 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ \n\"Rica Erickson\". State Library of Western Australia. 1 September 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Brian Hayes\". BBC Press Office. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Kyle, Sir Wallace Hart (1910–1988)\". Kyle, Sir Wallace Hart. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \nLindrum, Walter Albert (1898–1960). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 17 February 2008. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Helen Wolfenden (4 October 2005). \"From Kalgoorlie ward to Nobel award\". ABC Radio Goldfields Esperance WA. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Swimming in Perth | Nankville defeats Crawford in 440\". The Argus. 17 February 1936. p. 4. Retrieved 8 August 2021 – via Trove.\n\n^ Bolton, G. C.; Byrne, Geraldine, \"Gertrude Winifred Ruston (1897–1985)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 28 December 2023\n\n^ Trinca, Mathew. \"del Piano, James Andrew (Jim) (1916–1981)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 7 August 2021.\n\n^ \"George Negus Tonight:Tim Rogers\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Hunter, Brooke (2 July 2014). \"Jenny Talia F.O.C.U.S. Interview\". femail.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2016.\n\n^ \n\"Olympic Landcare Project\". Kalgoorlie-Boulder Urban Landcare Group. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"WTF is Kev??\". Kevin Bloody Wilson official site. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Ross, Julius (12 November 2020). \"💬 In My Words: Lydia Williams\". Professional Footballers Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prospector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_Prospector"},{"link_name":"Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Railway_History"}],"text":"100th anniversary of rail link (History of the Eastern Goldfields railway, officially completed on 1 January 1897, to the present, including introduction of the Prospector train on 29 November 1971) Kalgoorlie Miner 1 January 1997, p. 2\nEarly Railways in the Kalgoorlie Area, Shepley, W.H. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, November 1965","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Since 1897, a tree has marked the spot where gold was found on 14 June 1893.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hannan%27s_Tree_Kalgoorlie.jpg/220px-Hannan%27s_Tree_Kalgoorlie.jpg"},{"image_text":"York and Oriental Hotels, c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kalgoorlie_Orient_and_York.jpg/150px-Kalgoorlie_Orient_and_York.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hannan Street in September 1930; the Exchange Hotel is at the centre, with the Palace Hotel on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/KalgoorliePanoramaSep1930_WEFretwellCollection.jpg/220px-KalgoorliePanoramaSep1930_WEFretwellCollection.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalgoorlie Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kalgoorlie_Town_Hall%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Kalgoorlie_Town_Hall%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalgoorlie City Markets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kalgoorlie_City_Markets.jpg/220px-Kalgoorlie_City_Markets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hannan Street; Kalgoorlie's main street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hannan_Street%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Hannan_Street%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palace Chambers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Palace_Chambers%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_WA%2C_2023%2C_01.jpg/220px-Palace_Chambers%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_WA%2C_2023%2C_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The landmark Exchange Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Exchange_Hotel%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Exchange_Hotel%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"York Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/York_Hotel%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2016.jpg/220px-York_Hotel%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finnerty Park, Hannans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hannans_-_Finnerty_Park_3.jpg/220px-Hannans_-_Finnerty_Park_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kalgoorlie railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Prospector%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2016_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Prospector%2C_Kalgoorlie%2C_2016_%2801%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Auralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auralia"},{"title":"Yilgarn Craton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilgarn_Craton"}] | [{"reference":"\"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL512004","url_text":"\"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census Community Profiles: Kalgoorlie – Boulder\". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/communityprofile/5007","url_text":"\"2011 Census Community Profiles: Kalgoorlie – Boulder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL512004","url_text":"\"2021 Kalgoorlie - Boulder, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18","url_text":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (26 July 2019). \"A103: Wangkatja\". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/a103","url_text":"\"A103: Wangkatja\""}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (26 July 2019). \"A12: Wangkatha\". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomonok,_Queens | Pomonok, Queens | ["1 History","2 Electchester housing complex","3 Health","4 Education","5 Transportation","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References"] | Coordinates: 40°44′0″N 73°48′45″W / 40.73333°N 73.81250°W / 40.73333; -73.81250Electchester Union Building – Local 3
Pomonok is a working class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. This large public housing development in South Flushing was built in 1949 on the former site of Pomonok Country Club. The name comes from the Algonquian name for Long Island, and means either "land of tribute" or "land where there is travelling by water".
Pomonok is part of Queens Community District 8.
History
Map of Pomonok
The Pomonok Country Club was a golf course in Pomonok between 1886 and 1949. The golf course was located between Kissena Boulevard and 164th Street, just to the south of Horace Harding Boulevard (now the Long Island Expressway) and to the east of Queens College. The club was established in 1886 by members of the Flushing Athletic Club in Flushing and moved to the Kissena Boulevard location in 1921. Devereux Emmet designed the golf course. The golf course hosted the PGA Championship in 1939, which Henry Picard won. The members disbanded and sold the course in 1949. Part of the site today contains the Electchester cooperative housing development, Pomonok public housing and an extension of Parsons Boulevard.
In 1992, New York City settled a lawsuit brought on behalf of 100,000 families who claimed that the city had steered all white families applying for public housing into Pomonok and had provided that project with higher standards of care and maintenance than projects inhabited by majority Black and Hispanic families.
Electchester housing complex
In Pomonok, there is also Electchester, a cooperative housing complex at Jewel Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Pomonok, which was established by Harry Van Arsdale, Jr. and Local 3 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in 1949, when Van Arsdale worked with the Joint Industry Board of the Electrical Industry to purchase 103 acres (0.42 km2) of the former Pomonok Country Club and build apartment buildings. 5,550 people live in about 2,500 units in 38 buildings, many of which are six-story brick structures. It is served by Public School 200, which is on land donated by Electchester. The union provided the majority of the mortgage. New York state offered tax abatements. Electchester was classified as a "limited dividend nonprofit", subject to state regulations. The first families paid $475 per room for equity shares, and carrying charges of $26 per month per room, on apartments ranging from three and a half to five and a half rooms.
Both housing complexes are patrolled by the NYPD's 107th Precinct. There is also an NYPD PSA-9 Housing Police Unit station located in the Pomonok Houses.
Health
The nearest hospitals are Queens Hospital Center and New York–Presbyterian Hospital Queens.
Education
Nearby are major facilities such as Queens College, St. John's University, Touro College, Rabbinical Seminary of America, and many public and private schools. CUNY Law School, formerly in this area, moved to the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens in May 2012.
Queens Public Library has a branch in Pomonok.
Transportation
MTA Bus Company routes Q25, Q34, Q64 and Q65 serve Pomonok. The QM4 and QM44 run express from Pomonok to Midtown. The Whitestone Expressway connects Flushing north to the Bronx, south to the Van Wyck Expressway to John F. Kennedy International Airport, and to the Grand Central Parkway and LaGuardia Airport. Main Street is a major commercial street, as is Kissena Boulevard.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Pomonok (including the Pomonok and Electchester houses) include:
Gary Ackerman (born 1942), former U.S. Representative from New York, serving from 1983 to 2013.
Barry Grodenchik (born 1960), council member representing the 23rd District of the New York City Council.
Michael Simanowitz (1971–2017), member of the New York State Assembly.
Harry Van Arsdale Jr. (1905-1986), labor, civil rights and community leader in New York City, who was behind the development of Electchester.
Bob Weinstein (born 1954), film producer.
Harvey Weinstein (born 1952), film producer.
See also
List of Queens neighborhoods
Paumanok
Paumanok Path
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pomonok, Queens.
^ NYCHA Archived 2009-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Pomonok Houses
^ Bright, William (2004), Native American Placenames of the United States, p. 373
^ The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition.
^ Queens Community Board 8
^ a b "Pomonok". Forgotten NY. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Quirin, William L. (2002). America's Linksland: A Century of Long Island Golf. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear Press. p. 199. ISBN 1-58536-087-2.
^ Steven Lee Myers (July 5, 1992). "Worlds Apart in Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ Harry Van Arsdale Jr.: Labor's Champion (M.E. Sharpe, 2002)
^ "Pomonok | Queens Public Library".
^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
^ Colangelo, Lisa L. "New documentary on Queens' Pomonok Houses recalls fond memories and 'what worked' in public housing", New York Daily News, June 27, 2015. Accessed September 5, 2017. "Terry Katz and Al Stark spent almost four years interviewing more than 140 current and former residents of the Pomonok Houses, including television weatherman Irv Gikofsky — known as Mr. G — and former U.S. Rep. Gary Ackerman (D-Queens)."
^ Barry Grodenchik, New York City Council. Accessed September 5, 2017. "A lifelong Queens resident, Barry grew up in NYCHA’s Pomonok Houses in Flushing, where he developed a deep understanding of the concerns that working and middle class families face in New York."
^ Taylor, Kate. "Friends Recall Selflessness That Embodied Queens Assemblyman", The New York Times, September 3, 2017. Accessed September 5, 2017. "Mr. Simanowitz grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, and lived in Electchester, a cooperative in Flushing of 38 buildings and roughly 2,500 units built in the mid-20th century by Local 3 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers."
^ Chen, David W. "Electchester Getting Less Electrical; Queens Co-op for Trade Workers Slowly Departs From Its Roots", The New York Times, March 15, 2004. Accessed September 14, 2017. "As recently as perhaps two decades ago, about 90 percent of Electchester's units were occupied by Local 3 members. This percentage far exceeded the one-quarter or one-third that was typical of other union cooperatives, and was due largely to the power of Mr. Van Arsdale, who lived there himself, and the fact that Electchester, privately funded, could choose its residents."
^ a b Weinstein, Bob. "All Thanks to Max", Vanity Fair, February 7, 2011. Accessed September 14, 2017. "They moved to Queens, and my brother was born in 1952; I came along in 1954. We grew up in a small two-bedroom apartment in a lower-middle-class housing development called Elechester ."
40°44′0″N 73°48′45″W / 40.73333°N 73.81250°W / 40.73333; -73.81250
vteNeighborhoods in the New York City borough of Queens
Addisleigh Park
Arverne
Astoria
Auburndale
Bayside
Bay Terrace
Bayswater
Beechhurst
Belle Harbor
Bellerose
Breezy Point
Briarwood
Broad Channel
Broadway–Flushing
Cambria Heights
Chinatown
College Point
Corona
Douglaston–Little Neck
East Elmhurst
Edgemere
Elmhurst
Far Rockaway
Floral Park
Flushing
Forest Hills
Fresh Meadows
Fresh Pond
Glendale
Glen Oaks
Hammels
Hillside
Hollis
Holliswood
Howard Beach
Jackson Heights
Jamaica
Jamaica Estates
Jamaica Hills
Kew Gardens
Kew Gardens Hills
Koreatown
Laurelton
Locust Manor
Long Island City
Maspeth
Meadowmere
Middle Village
Neponsit
Ozone Park
Pomonok
Queensboro Hill
Queensbridge
Queens Village
Rego Park
Richmond Hill
Ridgewood
Rochdale Village
Rockaway
Rockaway Beach
Rockaway Park
Rosedale
Roxbury
St. Albans
Seaside
South Jamaica
South Ozone Park
Springfield Gardens
Sunnyside
Sunnyside Gardens
The Hole
Whitestone
Willets Point
Woodhaven
Woodside
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There is also an NYPD PSA-9 Housing Police Unit station located in the Pomonok Houses.","title":"Electchester housing complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens Hospital Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Hospital_Center"},{"link_name":"New York–Presbyterian Hospital Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewYork%E2%80%93Presbyterian_Queens"}],"text":"The nearest hospitals are Queens Hospital Center and New York–Presbyterian Hospital Queens.","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Touro College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touro_College"},{"link_name":"Rabbinical Seminary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinical_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"CUNY Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City"},{"link_name":"Queens Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Nearby are major facilities such as Queens College, St. John's University, Touro College, Rabbinical Seminary of America, and many public and private schools. CUNY Law School, formerly in this area, moved to the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens in May 2012.Queens Public Library has a branch in Pomonok.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTA Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Bus_Company"},{"link_name":"Q25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q25_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"Q34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q34_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"Q64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q64_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"Q65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q65_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM4_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"QM44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM44_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Whitestone Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitestone_Expressway"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Van Wyck Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wyck_Expressway"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Grand Central Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Parkway"},{"link_name":"LaGuardia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport"},{"link_name":"Main Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_(Queens)"}],"text":"MTA Bus Company routes Q25, Q34, Q64 and Q65 serve Pomonok. The QM4 and QM44 run express from Pomonok to Midtown.[10] The Whitestone Expressway connects Flushing north to the Bronx, south to the Van Wyck Expressway to John F. Kennedy International Airport, and to the Grand Central Parkway and LaGuardia Airport. Main Street is a major commercial street, as is Kissena Boulevard.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ackerman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Barry Grodenchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Grodenchik"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Simanowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Simanowitz"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Van Arsdale Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Van_Arsdale_Jr."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bob Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VFWeinstein-15"},{"link_name":"Harvey Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VFWeinstein-15"}],"text":"People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Pomonok (including the Pomonok and Electchester houses) include:Gary Ackerman (born 1942), former U.S. Representative from New York, serving from 1983 to 2013.[11]\nBarry Grodenchik (born 1960), council member representing the 23rd District of the New York City Council.[12]\nMichael Simanowitz (1971–2017), member of the New York State Assembly.[13]\nHarry Van Arsdale Jr. (1905-1986), labor, civil rights and community leader in New York City, who was behind the development of Electchester.[14]\nBob Weinstein (born 1954), film producer.[15]\nHarvey Weinstein (born 1952), film producer.[15]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Electchester Union Building – Local 3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ibewbuilding.jpg/300px-Ibewbuilding.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Queens neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Queens_neighborhoods"},{"title":"Paumanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paumanok"},{"title":"Paumanok Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paumanok_Path"}] | [{"reference":"Bright, William (2004), Native American Placenames of the United States, p. 373","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanpl0000brig/page/372/mode/2up","url_text":"Native American Placenames of the United States"}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT4743&dq=pomonok+queens+land+of+tribute&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii-NDi7bSEAxWXSvEDHbwSAh0Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=pomonok%20queens%20land%20of%20tribute&f=false","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"Pomonok\". Forgotten NY. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 2014-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://forgotten-ny.com/2006/01/pomonok-queens/","url_text":"\"Pomonok\""}]},{"reference":"Quirin, William L. (2002). America's Linksland: A Century of Long Island Golf. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear Press. p. 199. ISBN 1-58536-087-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58536-087-2","url_text":"1-58536-087-2"}]},{"reference":"Steven Lee Myers (July 5, 1992). \"Worlds Apart in Queens\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/nyregion/worlds-apart-in-queens.html","url_text":"\"Worlds Apart in Queens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pomonok | Queens Public Library\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queenslibrary.org/about-us/locations/pomonok/?filters=ev_loc:94500000","url_text":"\"Pomonok | Queens Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queens Bus Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5371","url_text":"\"Queens Bus Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pomonok,_Queens¶ms=40_44_0_N_73_48_45_W_","external_links_name":"40°44′0″N 73°48′45″W / 40.73333°N 73.81250°W / 40.73333; -73.81250"},{"Link":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/queenspomonok.shtml","external_links_name":"NYCHA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090823024751/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/queenspomonok.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanpl0000brig/page/372/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Native American Placenames of the United States"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT4743&dq=pomonok+queens+land+of+tribute&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii-NDi7bSEAxWXSvEDHbwSAh0Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=pomonok%20queens%20land%20of%20tribute&f=false","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition"},{"Link":"http://www.queenscb8.org/","external_links_name":"Queens Community Board 8"},{"Link":"http://forgotten-ny.com/2006/01/pomonok-queens/","external_links_name":"\"Pomonok\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/nyregion/worlds-apart-in-queens.html","external_links_name":"\"Worlds Apart in Queens\""},{"Link":"https://www.queenslibrary.org/about-us/locations/pomonok/?filters=ev_loc:94500000","external_links_name":"\"Pomonok | Queens Public Library\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/map/5371","external_links_name":"\"Queens Bus Map\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/new-doc-pomonok-houses-recalls-fond-memories-article-1.2273800","external_links_name":"\"New documentary on Queens' Pomonok Houses recalls fond memories and 'what worked' in public housing\""},{"Link":"https://council.nyc.gov/district-23/","external_links_name":"Barry Grodenchik"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/03/nyregion/assemblyman-michael-simanowitz-dies.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Friends Recall Selflessness That Embodied Queens Assemblyman\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/nyregion/electchester-getting-less-electrical-queens-op-for-trade-workers-slowly-departs.html","external_links_name":"\"Electchester Getting Less Electrical; Queens Co-op for Trade Workers Slowly Departs From Its Roots\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/04/max-weinstein-200304","external_links_name":"\"All Thanks to Max\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pomonok,_Queens¶ms=40_44_0_N_73_48_45_W_","external_links_name":"40°44′0″N 73°48′45″W / 40.73333°N 73.81250°W / 40.73333; -73.81250"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagmati,_Lalitpur | Bagmati Rural Municipality, Lalitpur | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Coordinates: 27°31′N 85°18′E / 27.51°N 85.30°E / 27.51; 85.30Rural Municipality in Bagmati Province, Nepal
Rural Municipality in Bagmati Province, NepalBagmati Rural Municipality
बागमती गाउँपालिकाRural MunicipalityNickname: BagmatiBagmati Rural MunicipalityLocation in NepalShow map of Bagmati ProvinceBagmati Rural MunicipalityBagmati Rural Municipality (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates: 27°31′N 85°18′E / 27.51°N 85.30°E / 27.51; 85.30CountryNepalProvinceBagmati ProvinceDistrictLalitpur DistrictEstablishedMarch 2017Government • ChairpersonBir Bahadur Lopchan (Nepali Congress) • Vice ChairpersonBhakta Bahadur Darlami Magar (Nishan)Area • Total111.49 km2 (43.05 sq mi)Population (2011 Nepal census) • Total13,049 • Density117.04/km2 (303.1/sq mi)Websitehttp://bagmatimunlalitpur.gov.np/
Bagmati is a Rural Municipality in Lalitpur District in Bagmati Province of Nepal that was established in 2017 by merging the former Village development committees Ashrang, Ghusel, Malta, Bhattedanda, Pyutar, Ikudol and Gimdi in March 2017. The center of this rural municipality is located in Old-Bhattedanda.
Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bagmati Rural Municipality had a population of 13,049. Of these, 58.3% spoke Tamang, 40.2% Nepali, 0.9% Magar, 0.2% Maithili, 0.1% Bhojpuri and 0.3% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 58.6% were Tamang, 23.2% Hill Brahmin, 7.3% Chhetri, 5.9% Magar, 1.9% Kami, 1.4% Ghale, 0.5% Damai/Dholi, 0.3% Brahmu/Baramo, 0.2% other Dalit, 0.2% Newar, 0.1% other Terai and 0.4% others.
In terms of religion, 59.3% were Buddhist, 39.5% Hindu, 1.1% Christian and 0.1% others.
In terms of literacy, 69.0% could read and write, 2.1% could only read and 28.8% could neither read nor write.
References
^ "Government announces dissolution of VDCs, birth of village councils". March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
^ NepalMap Language
^ NepalMap Caste
^ NepalMap Religion
^ NepalMap Literacy
vteLalitpur DistrictHeadquarters: Lalitpur Metropolitan City
Lalitpur Metropolitan City
Mahalaxmi Municipality
Godawari Municipality
Konjyoson Rural Municipality
Bagmati Rural Municipality
Mahankal Rural Municipality
Former VDCs:
Ashrang
Badikhel
Bhardev
Bhattedanda
Bisankhunarayan
Bukhel
Bungamati
Chandanpur
Chapagaun
Chaughare
Chhampi
Dalchoki
Devichaur
Dhapakhel
Dukuchhap
Ghusel
Gimdi
Godamchaur
Godawari
Gotikhel
Harisiddhi
Ikudol
Imadol
Jharuwarasi
Kaleshwar
Khokana
Lamatar
Lele
Lubhu
Malta
Manikhel
Nallu
Pyutar
Sainbu
Sankhu
Siddhipur
Sunakothi
Thaiba
Thecho
Thuladurlung
Tikathali | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rural Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunpalika"},{"link_name":"Lalitpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bagmati Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagmati_Province"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Village development committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_development_committee_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Ghusel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghusel"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta,_Bagmati"},{"link_name":"Bhattedanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattedanda"},{"link_name":"Pyutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyutar"},{"link_name":"Ikudol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikudol"},{"link_name":"Gimdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimdi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Old-Bhattedanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/maps/place/Bagmati+Gaupalika+Office/@27.4977437,85.3043351,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xfaf95a019481f8b2?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjykeT3iNHdAhXNV30KHZdFBYgQ_BIwGHoECAsQCw"}],"text":"Rural Municipality in Bagmati Province, NepalRural Municipality in Bagmati Province, NepalBagmati is a Rural Municipality in Lalitpur District in Bagmati Province of Nepal that was established in 2017 by merging the former Village development committees Ashrang, Ghusel, Malta, Bhattedanda, Pyutar, Ikudol and Gimdi in March 2017.[1] The center of this rural municipality is located in Old-Bhattedanda.","title":"Bagmati Rural Municipality, Lalitpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Maithili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Hill Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhetri"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magars"},{"link_name":"Kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Ghale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghale"},{"link_name":"Damai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damai"},{"link_name":"Dalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"Newar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bagmati Rural Municipality had a population of 13,049. Of these, 58.3% spoke Tamang, 40.2% Nepali, 0.9% Magar, 0.2% Maithili, 0.1% Bhojpuri and 0.3% other languages as their first language.[2]In terms of ethnicity/caste, 58.6% were Tamang, 23.2% Hill Brahmin, 7.3% Chhetri, 5.9% Magar, 1.9% Kami, 1.4% Ghale, 0.5% Damai/Dholi, 0.3% Brahmu/Baramo, 0.2% other Dalit, 0.2% Newar, 0.1% other Terai and 0.4% others.[3]In terms of religion, 59.3% were Buddhist, 39.5% Hindu, 1.1% Christian and 0.1% others.[4]In terms of literacy, 69.0% could read and write, 2.1% could only read and 28.8% could neither read nor write.[5]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Government announces dissolution of VDCs, birth of village councils\". March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005413/http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/03/10/397069.html","url_text":"\"Government announces dissolution of VDCs, birth of village councils\""},{"url":"http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/03/10/397069.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagmati_Rural_Municipality,_Lalitpur¶ms=27.51_N_85.3_E_type:city(13049)_region:NP-P3","external_links_name":"27°31′N 85°18′E / 27.51°N 85.30°E / 27.51; 85.30"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bagmati_Rural_Municipality,_Lalitpur¶ms=27.51_N_85.3_E_type:city(13049)_region:NP-P3","external_links_name":"27°31′N 85°18′E / 27.51°N 85.30°E / 27.51; 85.30"},{"Link":"http://bagmatimunlalitpur.gov.np/","external_links_name":"http://bagmatimunlalitpur.gov.np/"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagmati+Gaupalika+Office/@27.4977437,85.3043351,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xfaf95a019481f8b2?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjykeT3iNHdAhXNV30KHZdFBYgQ_BIwGHoECAsQCw","external_links_name":"Old-Bhattedanda"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005413/http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/03/10/397069.html","external_links_name":"\"Government announces dissolution of VDCs, birth of village councils\""},{"Link":"http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/03/10/397069.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LANGUAGE&primary_geo_id=local-25001&geo_ids=local-25001,district-38,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=CASTE&primary_geo_id=local-25001&geo_ids=local-25001,district-38,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=RELIGION&primary_geo_id=local-25001&geo_ids=local-25001,district-38,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LITERACY_SEX&primary_geo_id=local-25001&geo_ids=local-25001,district-38,province-3,country-NP","external_links_name":"[4]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Township,_Jefferson_County,_Indiana | Madison Township, Jefferson County, Indiana | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Cities and towns","2.2 Extinct towns","2.3 Adjacent townships","2.4 Cemeteries","2.5 Major highways","2.6 Airports and landing strips","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°46′45″N 85°23′06″W / 38.77917°N 85.38500°W / 38.77917; -85.38500
Township in Indiana, United StatesMadison TownshipTownshipLocation in Jefferson CountyCoordinates: 38°46′45″N 85°23′06″W / 38.77917°N 85.38500°W / 38.77917; -85.38500CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyJeffersonGovernment • TypeIndiana townshipArea • Total58 sq mi (150 km2) • Land57.41 sq mi (148.7 km2) • Water0.59 sq mi (1.5 km2) 1.02%Elevation915 ft (279 m)Population (2010) • Total17,415 • Density303.4/sq mi (117.1/km2)GNIS feature ID0453593
Madison Township is one of ten townships in Jefferson County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 17,415 and it contained 8,087 housing units.
History
It was one of three townships created when Jefferson County began operation on Feb. 11, 1811. Prior to that, the area was part of Madison Township Clark County. It has the largest population of any of Jefferson County's 10 townships as it includes the city of Madison.
Outside of the City of Madison, the township has the following active churches: Ryker's Ridge Baptist Church, which was founded in 1840, and Wirt Baptist Church, founded in 1818 as Harbert's Creek Baptist Church. Extinct churches in the country include Bee Camp Baptist (1872-ca.1879), Center Presbyterian (1831-ca. 1850), Graysville Methodist (ca. 1837-ca. 1870?), Mt. Zion Methodist (1868–1972), Olive Branch Methodist (1835–1938), Otterbein Chapel United Brethren (1867-after 1916), Ryker's Ridge Presbyterian (1831-ca. 1837)
There is one public school outside of the city, Ryker's Ridge Elementary School. It was originally the Central School, a 1-12 school, which had its first high school graduation in 1878 and last in 1961, when it was consolidated with the Madison system.
The township has two active post offices, Madison and North Madison. Madison was established in 1812 and North Madison on Jan. 13,1848.
Madison has also had the following post offices: Bee Camp, (Feb. 18, 1880-Feb. 15, 1905) China: Madison/Shelby Twp. Jan. 30, 1833-Nov. 29, 1838. Moses H. Wilder; Feb., 3, 1879-May 2, 1881, Feb. 23, 1882-Feb. 28, 1902 (to Madison) postmaster, Jacob Thiennes. The first post office was likely in Madison Twp. The next two renditions were in Shelby Twp. Eagle Springs (Oct. 19, 1868-Dec. 5, 1870); Stoney Point (July 26, 1853 – May 31, 1906); Waldinger (Dec. 30, 1897-Apr. 15, 1902); Wirt (Dec. 22, 1834-June 19, 1839) and (June 24, 1856 – June 30, 1950; Zion (Sept. 13, 1895–July 15, 1899).
Lemuel Allen Farm and Mathias Wolf Farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 58 square miles (150 km2), of which 57.41 square miles (148.7 km2) (or 98.98%) is land and 0.59 square miles (1.5 km2) (or 1.02%) is water. The streams of Bee Camp Creek, Big Clifty Creek, Crooked Creek, Deans Branch, Dry Fork, Eagle Hollow Creek, Little Clifty Creek, Little Crooked Creek, Razor's Fork, Schnapps Creek, Turkey Run (usually called Turkey Branch locally), West Fork of the Indian-Kentuck Creek and Wolf Run run through this township.
Cities and towns
Madison (the county seat)
Extinct towns
North Madison
Ringwald
Wirt
Wirt Station
Adjacent townships
Monroe Township (north)
Shelby Township (northeast)
Milton Township (east)
Hanover Township (southwest)
Republican Township (west)
Smyrna Township (west)
Lancaster Township (northwest)
Cemeteries
The township contains these cemeteries: Booth, Craig, Bramwell, Brisbane, Brown-Bacon, Bryner, Fairmount, Graysville (Miller), Higbie, Indiana Veterans Memorial Cemetery, Jewish, Lund, Minor, Monroe, Olive Branch, Olive Branch, Paul, Pleasant Ridge (Reul), Rykers Ridge Baptist (Old and New), Saint Anthony Roman Catholic, Saint Josephs Roman Catholic, Saint Patricks Roman Catholic, Springdale, Thomas, Underwood, Wirt Baptist and Woodfill.
The Baxter, Bayless, Big Creek, Craig (another Craig Cemetery), Marble Corner, Marble Valley, Monroe and Mt. Monroe cemeteries were relocated to an area just south of Fairmount Cemetery in 1941 when the former Jefferson Proving Ground was created. Bayless was originally in the northern part of the township. The Baxter, Big Creek, Marble Valley, Monroe and Mt. Monroe cemeteries had been in Monroe Township. Marble Corner was relocated from Shelby Township, Ripley County. Some graves from St. Magdalene cemetery were moved from the original site in the same township to St. Patrick's cemetery. The Lund family cemetery, originally located near the Ohio River was moved to the Bayless Cemetery about 1951 during the construction of the Indiana-Kentucky Electric Corp. power plant. Many of the graves in the Old Third Street Cemetery in downtown Madison relocated to Fairmount Cemetery on the Madison hilltop in the 1800s.
Major highways
U.S. Route 421
Indiana State Road 7
Indiana State Road 56
Indiana State Road 62
Airports and landing strips
Madison Municipal Airport
References
U.S. Board on Geographic Names (GNIS)
United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files
^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/06/16 through 6/10/16. National Park Service. June 17, 2016.
Baker, J. David, The Postal History of Indiana, 1976, Philatelic Bibliophile, P.O. Box 213971, Louisville, Ky. 1976.
Gresham, John M. & Co., 1889. Biographical & Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott and Washington.
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: MadisonCity
Madison
Map of Indiana highlighting Jefferson CountyTowns
Brooksburg
Dupont
Hanover
Townships
Graham
Hanover
Lancaster
Madison
Milton
Monroe
Republican
Saluda
Shelby
Smyrna
CDPs
Canaan
Deputy
Kent
Othercommunities
Barbersville
Belleview
Bryantsburg
Chelsea
China
Hanover Beach
Lancaster
Manville
Marble Hill
Middlefork
Midway
North Madison
Paris‡
Paynesville
Saluda
Smyrna
Swanville
Volga
Wakefield
Wirt
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Indiana portal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga_(footballer,_born_1978) | Formiga (footballer, born 1978) | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Sweden","1.3 Brazil","1.4 United States","1.5 Back to Brazil","1.6 France","1.7 Later career","2 International career","2.1 International goals","3 Style of play","4 Personal life","5 Honours","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Brazilian footballer
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Maciel and the second or paternal family name is Mota.
Formiga
Formiga in 2016Personal informationFull name
Miraildes Maciel MotaDate of birth
(1978-03-03) 3 March 1978 (age 45)Place of birth
Salvador, Bahia, BrazilHeight
1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1993–1995
Euroexport
1996
Saad
1997–1998
São Paulo
1999
Portuguesa
2000
São Paulo
2001
Santa Isabel
2002
Santa Cruz
2002
Santos
2003
Independente
2004–2005
Malmö FF Dam
2006–2007
Saad
2006
→ New Jersey Wildcats (loan)
12
(13)2007
→ Jersey Sky Blue (loan)
6
(1)2008
Botucatu
2009
FC Gold Pride
16
(0)2010
Chicago Red Stars
23
(0)2011
São José
2012
América de Natal
2013–2015
São José
20
(2)2016
São Francisco do Conde
6
(2)2017–2021
Paris Saint-Germain
68
(2)2022
São Paulo
13
(0)International career‡1995–2021
Brazil
234
(29)
Medal record
Women's football
Representing Brazil
FIFA Women's World Cup
1999 United States
Team
2007 China
Team
Olympic Games
2004 Athens
Team
2008 Beijing
Team
South American Women's Football Championship
1995 Brazil
Team
1998 Argentina
Team
2003 Peru
Team
2010 Ecuador
Team
2014 Ecuador
Team
2018 Chile
Team
Pan American Games
2003 Santo Domingo
Team
2007 Rio de Janeiro
Team
2011 Guadalajara
Team
2015 Toronto
Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 6 November 2022‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 26 November 2021
Miraildes Maciel Mota (born 3 March 1978), commonly known as Formiga (Portuguese: ant), is a Brazilian footballer who last played as a midfielder for São Paulo FC. She previously played for professional clubs in Sweden, the United States and France. Formiga holds many international records as a member of the Brazil national team, being the only player present in all Olympic Games tournaments of women's football since the first edition at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and a record for appearing at seven different FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments.
Formiga was a member of the Brazil national team for 26 years (the longest in football history) and is the most capped football player in the history of the Brazil national teams (men's or women's), gaining her 234th and final cap in a 6–1 win over India at the 2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus. She is the only football player in history (men's or women's) to play in seven World Cups and seven Olympic Games.
Club career
Early career
Born in Salvador, Formiga was born during a period when it had become illegal for women to play football in Brazil. The family moved to nearby Camaçari when she was nine years old. Formiga began playing football at the age of 12, although she was sometimes beaten up by her brothers who did not want her to join in. She was supported by her mother, Dona Celeste, who took her to play futsal for the nearby Euroexport club.
Formiga performed well at Euroexport and had a good relationship with the coach Dilma Mendes. She came to the notice of national team selectors while at Euroexport, but when national team players were encouraged to move to São Paulo-based clubs in preparation for the 1996 Olympics, coach Mendes helped her to sign for Saad. In 1997 Formiga joined newly-formed São Paulo FC where she won state and national titles. São Paulo FC closed their women's section in 2000 and Formiga did not play in the controversial 2001 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino.
She was among six Brazilian players reported to have engaged a FIFA-licensed agent with a view to joining the nascent Women's United Soccer Association in the United States. However she was not included in the 2000 WUSA Foreign Player Allocation and instead played the 2001 season with Santa Isabel of Ubá, Minas Gerais. She joined a competitive team assembled under Formiga's former Saad and national team coach Dema, which won the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro as hosts.
In 2002 Formiga spent a brief period with Santos, joining alongside Valeria and playing under future national team coach Kleiton Lima. She was restricted to local friendly appearances as the São Paulo state and national competitions had collapsed. Also in 2002, Formiga was part of Santa Cruz's Minas Gerais state championship-winning team.
Sweden
Immediately after playing at the 2004 Athens Olympics, Formiga joined the Swedish Damallsvenskan as a member of Malmö FF Dam. She had been playing indoor football for the previous two years. Formiga made a favourable impression in her first two months with the club, who were pleased when she agreed to extend her contract in December 2004. Private sponsors agreed to cover her substantial 75,000kr salary for the first half of the 2005 season. She helped Malmö finish second in 2005, but the club could not afford to extend her contract again, describing her as "an expensive solution".
Brazil
At the inaugural 2007 edition of the Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino, Formiga helped Saad (playing under the banner of Mato Grosso do Sul) beat Botucatu on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the final at Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in Brasília. She left the field in an ambulance before the shootout having fallen ill, but later returned to join in the celebrations. In 2008, she played for Botucatu and scored in the second leg of their Campeonato Paulista final victory over Saad. Formiga enjoyed playing for Botucatu and rejoined the team for their 2009 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino campaign. She missed a late penalty kick in the 3–0 final defeat by Santos.
United States
With the New Jersey Wildcats in the 2006 USL W-League season, Formiga was deployed as a forward, scoring 13 goals in 12 games. She returned to the USL W-League in 2007 with Jersey Sky Blue, where she was less prolific in front of goal: scoring once in six appearances but serving five assists.
Formiga was the first overall pick for the newly inaugurated Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) league in the United States in the 2008 WPS International Draft, selected by FC Gold Pride of Santa Clara, California. She joined a Brazilian enclave at the club, alongside teammates Érika and Adriane, as well as assistant coach Sissi (who made a playing comeback in the second half of the season). Formiga started 15 of her 16 games for Gold Pride, who finished seventh of seven teams in their inaugural season in 2009. She was a late selection for the 2009 WPS All-Star Game as a replacement for five English and French players who were absent at UEFA Women's Euro 2009, but was herself ruled out with a knee sprain.
The following season, Formiga played for Chicago Red Stars, alongside compatriot Cristiane. In the 2010 Chicago Red Stars season the club finished sixth of seven teams, then withdrew from the WPS at the end of the campaign.
Back to Brazil
In 2011, Formiga returned to her home country to play for São José. She helped her new club win the 2011 edition of the Copa Libertadores as tournament hosts, scoring in the 2–1 semi-final win over holders Santos. The following year she helped São José win the 2012 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino and Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino, beating Centro Olímpico in both finals. However they lost their Copa Libertadores title after a penalty shootout defeat by Foz Cataratas in the 2012 semi-final. In 2012 Formiga also played for América de Natal in their undefeated Rio Grande do Norte state title-winning campaign.
São José remained competitive on all fronts in 2013, and in May Formiga scored in the 5–1 aggregate final win over Vitória das Tabocas to secure the 2013 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino. She also equalised in São José's drawn Campeonato Paulista final with Ferroviária, but the competition rules saw their opponents win the title due to a better record in the first phase. In November São José recaptured the Copa Libertadores, defeating Formas Íntimas 3–1 in the 2013 final. The following month São José were beaten by Centro Olímpico in the inaugural Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino final, after which Formiga reflected: "We're not going to win everything".
Formiga played as São José narrowly failed to win a third consecutive Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino in June 2014, losing the 2014 final on penalties to Ferroviária. She was absent when São José turned the tables on Ferroviária to win back the Campeonato Paulista in August 2014, but was back in the team which thrashed Caracas FC to collect a third Copa Libertadores title in November 2014. In December Formiga featured for São José at the 2014 International Women's Club Championship, which they won by beating English wild card entrant Arsenal Ladies 2–0 in the final at Nishigaoka Soccer Stadium, Tokyo.
Shortly after that success the São José team broke up and the entire coaching staff departed. Several leading players, including "símbolo da equipe" (English: symbol of the team) Formiga, were given central contracts by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and called into a new "seleção permanente" (English: permanent national team) intended as preparation for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada and the 2016 Rio Olympics.
Formiga briefly returned to São José in late 2015, when the club's new coach Emily Lima picked her in a draft which assigned the permanent national team players to clubs in the knockout stages of the Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino. In the final she assisted Chú Santos's goal which leveled the second leg, but São José lost 2–1 to Rio Preto on aggregate. In 2016 the seleção permanente player draft sent Formiga to São Francisco do Conde, a team from her native Bahia.
France
In January 2017, following the expiry of her CBF contract, she signed for French Division 1 Féminine club Paris Saint-Germain. In 2016–17 she appeared in 16 games across Division 1, Coupe de France Féminine and the UEFA Women's Champions League. She made 24 appearances in 2017–18, and captained the team to their 1–0 Coupe de France final win over rivals Lyon. Although Formiga had turned 40 years old, missed part of the club season at the 2018 Copa América Femenina, and required a knee operation, she was well regarded at the Parisien club, who extended her contract in August 2018.
Having extended her contract by another year in May 2019, Formiga became the UEFA Women's Champions League's oldest ever goal scorer in Paris Saint-Germain's 7–0 Round of 32 win at Braga. A few weeks later she broke her own record by scoring in a 4–0 Round of 16 win over Breiðablik, at 41 years and 227 days old. A further one-year contract was agreed in May 2020.
In April 2021 Formiga took great satisfaction from contributing to Paris Saint-Germain's hard-fought 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final win over dominant Lyon. Her 100th and final Paris Saint-Germain appearance came in June 2021; as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Dijon which secured the club's first 2020–21 Division 1 Féminine title and denied Lyon a 15th consecutive championship.
Later career
Formiga agreed a return to São Paulo FC in June 2021, 21 years after her last successful spell with the club. She also had an offer from Flamengo. She announced her departure from São Paulo in December 2022, aged 44, after defeat in the Campeonato Paulista semi-final by Santos. She played 25 games in her second spell at the club, scoring once. She subsequently criticised São Paulo for its "disrespectful" policy of demanding that outgoing players return all their used club sportswear.
In January 2023 she was reported to be in negotiations with Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, but the Belo Horizonte club were unable to match her salary demands.
International career
Formiga first played for the Brazil national team at the age of 17, as part of the squad for the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing as a substitute. The following year, during the inaugural tournament for women's football at the 1996 Summer Olympics, she became a regular starter in the Brazilian team. Formiga and Pretinha were the only two Brazilian players who participated in the first four Olympic Games tournaments of women's football, winning the silver medal in both 2004 and 2008 – both finals lost to the United States. She returned in the 2012 and 2016 tournaments, setting an outright record as the only player present in the first six editions of the Olympics tournament. She participated at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, as well.
The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup was Formiga's record-breaking seventh consecutive major tournament appearance; Lothar Matthäus, Antonio Carbajal, and Rafael Márquez share the record of five consecutive appearances in the men's competition. Along the way, Formiga's Brazil reached third place in 1999 and were runners-up to Birgit Prinz's Germany in 2007. Formiga became the competition's oldest goalscorer with a goal against South Korea on 9 June 2015. She was 37 years, three months and six days old.
Formiga also won the gold medal in three editions of the Pan American Games, 2003, 2007 and 2015, and winning the silver in 2011 when Brazil was beaten by Canada. She scored in the 2003 final as Brazil beat Canada 2–1 with a golden goal to secure their first Pan American Games title.
Honestly, I would prefer to be at home right now, playing for a club, watching a new and exciting young Seleção, had any sort of renovation process actually taken place. We have to be here still, you know? For me to be here, though, defending this shirt, that gives me great pride and huge satisfaction, no doubt about it.
— Formiga in 2019
Formiga retired from the Brazil national team in 2016 but returned in 2018 to compete in the Copa América Femenina in Chile. She also appeared for Brazil at the 2019 World Cup, becoming the oldest player in the tournament's history at the age of 41.
On 1 December 2020, Formiga played her 200th match with Brazil in an 8–0 win over Ecuador. Formiga played in the 2020 Summer Olympics, to become the first female player to participate in seven Olympic Games.
In November 2021, she announced her second retirement from the Brazil national team. On 26 November 2021, Formiga played her last match for Brazil in their 6–1 win over India at the 2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus, officially retiring from the national team.
International goals
This sports-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2023)
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1.
15 March 1998
Estadio José María Minella, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Argentina
2–0
7–1
1998 South American Women's Football Championship
2.
25 April 2003
Estadio Monumental "U", Lima, Peru
Peru
1–0
3–0
2003 South American Women's Football Championship
3.
27 April 2003
Colombia
3–0
12–0
4.
20 August 2004
Pankritio Stadium, Heraklio, Greece
Mexico
2–0
5–0
2004 Summer Olympics
5.
4–0
6.
23 September 2007
Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Tianjin, China
Australia
1–0
3–2
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup
7.
18 August 2008
Shanghai Stadium, Shanghai, China
Germany
1–1
4–1
2008 Summer Olympics
8.
12 September 2014
Estadio Federativo Reina del Cisne, Loja, Ecuador
Bolivia
1–0
6–0
2014 Copa América Femenina
9.
5–0
10.
9 June 2015
Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Canada
South Korea
1–0
2–0
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
11.
7 April 2018
Estadio Municipal Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso, Coquimbo, Chile
Ecuador
4–0
8–0
2018 Copa América Femenina
Style of play
She has cited Dunga, captain of the male Brazil national team team that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup as the biggest influence on her playing style. She earned the nickname Formiga, which means ant in Portuguese, as a teenager because of her unselfish style of play which reminded fellow players of the way ants worked together as a colony.
Personal life
Formiga married her female partner Erica Jesus in January 2023. The couple first met in 1996, but drifted apart due to the limited progress of LGBT rights in Brazil making out lesbian relationships difficult to maintain at that time. They met again in 2017.
A strong advocate of women's football in Brazil, Formiga is an activist athlete who has fought prejudice: "I had to work hard to conquer my space and prove who I was. Not only as a player, but also as... Miraildes Maciel Mota. Woman. Black. Northeast. Lesbian. And, above all, as a person who never thought of doing anything other than playing football."
Honours
São Paulo
Campeonato Brasileiro Feminino: 1997
Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 1997, 1999
Torneio da Primavera Rio-São Paulo: 1997
Brasil Ladies Cup: 2021
Botucatu
Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 2008
São José
Copa Libertadores: 2011, 2013, 2014
Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino: 2012, 2013
International Women's Club Championship: 2014
Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 2012, 2014, 2015
Paris Saint-Germain
Division 1 Féminine: 2020–21
Coupe de France Féminine: 2017–18
Brazil
Pan American Games: 2003, 2007, 2015
Sudamericano Femenino: 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010, 2014, 2018
Summer Olympics silver medal: 2004, 2008
Individual
IFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020
Trophées FFF D1 Féminine Team of the Year: 2017–2018
See also
List of women's footballers with 100 or more international caps
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
References
^ "Women's Olympic Football Tournament London 2012 – List of Players Brazil" (PDF). FIFA. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
^ "Formiga". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Formiga (footballer, born 1978).
Formiga at Soccerway
Formiga – FIFA competition record (archived)
FC Gold Pride player profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 April 2009)
New Jersey Wildcats player profile at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 November 2007)
Saad player profile (in Portuguese)
FORMIGA Miraildes at the Toronto 2015 Pan American Games (archived)
Brazil squads
vteBrazil squad – 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Meg
2 Valeria
3 Elane
4 Solange
5 Leda Maria
6 Fanta
7 Pretinha
8 Cenira (c)
9 Michael Jackson
10 Sissi
11 Roseli
12 Eliane
13 Nenê
14 Márcia Taffarel
15 Nalvinha
16 Formiga
17 Yara
18 Kátia
19 Suzy
20 Tânia
Coach: Ademar Fonseca
vteBrazil women's football squad – 1996 Summer Olympics – Fourth place
1 Meg
2 Nenê
3 Suzy
4 Fanta
5 Márcia Taffarel
6 Elane
7 Pretinha
8 Formiga
9 Michael Jackson
10 Sissi (c)
11 Roseli
12 Didi
13 Marisa
14 Tânia
15 Nilda
16 Sônia
18 Leda Maria
19 Kátia
Coach: Duarte
vteBrazil squad – 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup third place
1 Maravilha
2 Nenê
3 Elane (c)
4 Tânia
5 Cidinha
6 Juliana
7 Maycon
8 Formiga
9 Kátia
10 Sissi
11 Suzana
12 Andréia
13 Fanta
14 Grazielle
15 Raquel
16 Marisa
17 Pretinha
18 Priscila
19 Valeria
20 Deva
Coach: Wilsinho
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2000 Summer Olympics – Fourth place
1 Andréia
2 Nenê
3 Juliana
4 Mônica
5 Daniela
6 Tânia
7 Formiga
8 Cidinha
9 Kátia
10 Sissi
11 Roseli
12 Pretinha
13 Maycon
14 Raquel
15 Simone
16 Rosana
17 Suzana
18 Maravilha
Coach: Duarte
vteBrazil squad – 2003 South American Women's Football Championship winners (4th title)
1 Andreia
2 Simone
3 Juliana
4 Mônica
5 Daniela
6 Rosana
7 Pretinha
8 Renata Costa
9 Kátia Cilene
10 Marta
11 Formiga
12 Maravilha
13 Tatiana
14 Tânia Maranhão
15 Rafaela
16 Kelly
17 Maycon
18 Cristiane
Coach: Gonçalves
vteBrazil squad – 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Andréia
2 Simone
3 Juliana (c)
4 Tânia
5 Renata Costa
6 Michele
7 Formiga
8 Rafaela
9 Kelly
10 Marta
11 Cristiane
12 Giselle
13 Mônica
14 Rosana
15 Renata Diniz
16 Maycon
17 Kátia
18 Daniela
19 Priscila
20 Milene
Coach: Gonçalves
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2004 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists
1 Maravilha
2 Grazielle
3 Mônica
4 Tânia
5 Juliana
6 Renata Costa
7 Formiga
8 Daniela
9 Pretinha
10 Marta
11 Rosana
12 Cristiane
13 Aline
14 Elaine
15 Maycon
16 Kelly
17 Roseli
18 Andréia
21 Dayane
Coach: René Simões
vteBrazil squad – 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup runners-up
1 Andréia
2 Elaine
3 Aline (c)
4 Tânia
5 Renata Costa
6 Rosana
7 Daniela
8 Formiga
9 Maycon
10 Marta
11 Cristiane
12 Bárbara
13 Mônica
14 Grazielle
15 Kátia
16 Simone
17 Bagé
18 Pretinha
19 Michele
20 Ester
21 Thaís
Coach: Barcellos
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2008 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists
1 Andréia
2 Simone
3 Andréia Rosa
4 Tânia
5 Renata Costa
6 Maycon
7 Daniela
8 Formiga
9 Ester
10 Marta
11 Cristiane
12 Bárbara
13 Francielle
14 Pretinha
15 Fabiana
16 Érika
17 Maurine
18 Rosana
Coach: Barcellos
vteBrazil squad – 2010 South American Women's Football Championship winners (5th title)
1 Andreia
2 Marina
3 Aline
4 Renata Costa
5 Ester
6 Rosana
7 Maurine
8 Formiga
9 Grazielle
10 Marta
11 Cristiane
12 Thaís
13 Andréia Rosa
14 Leah
15 Stephane
16 Gabi
17 Fabiana
18 Daiane Moretti
19 Daniele
20 Érika
Coach: Kleiton Lima
vteBrazil squad – 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Andréia
2 Maurine
3 Bagé
4 Aline (c)
5 Renata Costa
6 Rosana
7 Ester
8 Formiga
9 Beatriz
10 Marta
11 Cristiane
12 Bárbara
13 Érika
14 Fabiana
15 Francielle
16 Elaine
17 Daniele
18 Thaís Guedes
19 Grazielle
20 Roseane
21 Thaís Picarte
Coach: Lima
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2012 Summer Olympics
1 Andréia
2 Fabiana
3 Bagé
4 Aline
5 Érika
6 Maurine
7 Ester
8 Formiga
9 Thaís Guedes
10 Marta (c)
11 Cristiane
12 Rosana
13 Francielle
14 Bruna
15 Danielli
16 Renata Costa
17 Grazielle
18 Bárbara
Coach: Barcellos
vteBrazil squad – 2014 Copa América Femenina winners (6th title)
1 Luciana
2 Fabiana
3 Bruna (c)
4 Tayla
5 Formiga
6 Rilany
7 Maurine
8 Thaisa
9 Chú
10 Andressa Alves
11 Cristiane
12 Thaís
13 Poliana
14 Calan
15 Mônica
16 Tamires
17 Bia
18 Andressinha
19 Darlene
20 Giovânia
21 Raquel
22 Andréia
Coach: Vadão
vteBrazil squad – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Luciana
2 Fabiana
3 Mônica
4 Rafinha
5 Andressinha
6 Tamires
7 Beatriz
8 Thaisa
9 Andressa Alves
10 Marta (c)
11 Cristiane
12 Bárbara
13 Poliana
14 Géssica
15 Tayla
16 Rafaelle
17 Rosana
18 Raquel
19 Maurine
20 Formiga
21 Gabi Zanotti
22 Darlene
23 Letícia Izidoro
Coach: Vadão
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Fourth place
1 Bárbara
2 Fabiana
3 Mônica
4 Rafaelle
5 Thaisa
6 Tamires
7 Debinha
8 Formiga
9 Andressa Alves
10 Marta (c)
11 Cristiane
12 Poliana
13 Érika
14 Bruna
15 Raquel
16 Beatriz
17 Andressinha
18 Aline
Coach: Vadão
vteBrazil squad – 2018 Copa América Femenina winners (7th title)
1 Bárbara
2 Millene Karine
3 Daiane
4 Rafaelle
5 Thaisa
6 Tamires
7 Andressa Alves
8 Formiga
9 Debinha
10 Marta (c)
11 Cristiane
12 Aline
13 Rilany
14 Poliana
15 Érika
16 Bia Zaneratto
17 Andressinha
18 Thaís Guedes
19 Aline Milene
20 Letícia Izidoro
21 Mônica
22 Raquel
Coach: Vadão
vteBrazil squad – 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Bárbara
2 Poliana
3 Daiane
4 Tayla
5 Thaisa
6 Tamires
7 Andressa
8 Formiga
9 Debinha
10 Marta (c)
11 Cristiane
12 Aline
13 Letícia Santos
14 Kathellen
15 Camila
16 Beatriz
17 Andressinha
18 Luana
19 Ludmila
20 Raquel
21 Mônica
22 Letícia Izidoro
23 Geyse
Coach: Vadão
vteBrazil women's football squad – 2020 Summer Olympics
1 Bárbara
2 Poliana
3 Érika
4 Rafaelle
5 Julia
6 Tamires
7 Duda
8 Formiga
9 Debinha
10 Marta (c)
11 Angelina
12 Ludmila
13 Bruna
14 Jucinara
15 Geyse
16 Beatriz
17 Andressinha
18 Letícia Izidoro
19 Letícia Santos
20 Giovana
21 Andressa
22 Aline
Coach: Sundhage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"São Paulo FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sports)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_International_Women%27s_Football_Tournament_of_Manaus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Personalidades_do_mundo_do_futebol_homenageiam_Formiga_em_sua_despedida_da_Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aos_43_anos,_Formiga_%C3%A9_convocada_para_%C3%BAltimos_jogos_pela_Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aos_43_anos,_Formiga_se_aposenta_da_sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_brasileira-4"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Maciel and the second or paternal family name is Mota.Miraildes Maciel Mota (born 3 March 1978), commonly known as Formiga (Portuguese: ant), is a Brazilian footballer who last played as a midfielder for São Paulo FC. She previously played for professional clubs in Sweden, the United States and France. Formiga holds many international records as a member of the Brazil national team, being the only player present in all Olympic Games tournaments of women's football since the first edition at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and a record for appearing at seven different FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments.Formiga was a member of the Brazil national team for 26 years (the longest in football history)[7] and is the most capped football player in the history of the Brazil national teams (men's or women's), gaining her 234th and final cap in a 6–1 win over India at the 2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus.[8] She is the only football player in history (men's or women's) to play in seven World Cups and seven Olympic Games.[6][5][4]","title":"Formiga (footballer, born 1978)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Camaçari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cama%C3%A7ari"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camacari-10"},{"link_name":"beaten up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"futsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"Euroexport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroexport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eternal-12"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camacari-10"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Saad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"São Paulo FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2001 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"Women's United Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_United_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2000 WUSA Foreign Player Allocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_WUSA_Foreign_Player_Allocation"},{"link_name":"Ubá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Dema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademar_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_women%27s_football_champions"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Valeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria_(footballer,_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Kleiton Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiton_Lima"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube_(Minas_Gerais)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Born in Salvador, Formiga was born during a period when it had become illegal for women to play football in Brazil.[9] The family moved to nearby Camaçari when she was nine years old.[10] Formiga began playing football at the age of 12, although she was sometimes beaten up by her brothers who did not want her to join in. She was supported by her mother, Dona Celeste, who took her to play futsal for the nearby Euroexport club.[11][12]Formiga performed well at Euroexport and had a good relationship with the coach Dilma Mendes. She came to the notice of national team selectors while at Euroexport,[10] but when national team players were encouraged to move to São Paulo-based clubs in preparation for the 1996 Olympics, coach Mendes helped her to sign for Saad.[13] In 1997 Formiga joined newly-formed São Paulo FC where she won state and national titles.[14] São Paulo FC closed their women's section in 2000 and Formiga did not play in the controversial 2001 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino.She was among six Brazilian players reported to have engaged a FIFA-licensed agent with a view to joining the nascent Women's United Soccer Association in the United States.[15] However she was not included in the 2000 WUSA Foreign Player Allocation and instead played the 2001 season with Santa Isabel of Ubá, Minas Gerais. She joined a competitive team assembled under Formiga's former Saad and national team coach Dema,[16] which won the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro as hosts.[17]In 2002 Formiga spent a brief period with Santos, joining alongside Valeria and playing under future national team coach Kleiton Lima. She was restricted to local friendly appearances as the São Paulo state and national competitions had collapsed.[18] Also in 2002, Formiga was part of Santa Cruz's Minas Gerais state championship-winning team.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 Athens Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Roseng%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"indoor football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"sponsors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"kr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_krona"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"Immediately after playing at the 2004 Athens Olympics, Formiga joined the Swedish Damallsvenskan as a member of Malmö FF Dam.[20][21] She had been playing indoor football for the previous two years.[22] Formiga made a favourable impression in her first two months with the club, who were pleased when she agreed to extend her contract in December 2004.[23] Private sponsors agreed to cover her substantial 75,000kr salary for the first half of the 2005 season.[24] She helped Malmö finish second in 2005, but the club could not afford to extend her contract again, describing her as \"an expensive solution\".[25]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino_2007"},{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Botucatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botucatu_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Nacional_Man%C3%A9_Garrincha"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulista2008-27"},{"link_name":"2009 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"At the inaugural 2007 edition of the Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino, Formiga helped Saad (playing under the banner of Mato Grosso do Sul) beat Botucatu on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the final at Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in Brasília. She left the field in an ambulance before the shootout having fallen ill, but later returned to join in the celebrations.[26] In 2008, she played for Botucatu and scored in the second leg of their Campeonato Paulista final victory over Saad.[27] Formiga enjoyed playing for Botucatu and rejoined the team for their 2009 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino campaign.[28] She missed a late penalty kick in the 3–0 final defeat by Santos.[29]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"2006 USL W-League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_USL_W-League_season"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"USL W-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_W-League_(1995%E2%80%932015)"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_USL_W-League_season"},{"link_name":"Jersey Sky Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley_Quickstrike_Lady_Blues"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Women's Professional Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer"},{"link_name":"2008 WPS International Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_WPS_International_Draft"},{"link_name":"FC Gold Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gold_Pride"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Érika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rika"},{"link_name":"Adriane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriane_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissi_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"inaugural season in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FC_Gold_Pride_season"},{"link_name":"2009 WPS All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_WPS_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2009"},{"link_name":"sprain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chicago Red Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Red_Stars"},{"link_name":"Cristiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiane_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"2010 Chicago Red Stars season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Chicago_Red_Stars_season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"With the New Jersey Wildcats in the 2006 USL W-League season, Formiga was deployed as a forward, scoring 13 goals in 12 games.[30] She returned to the USL W-League in 2007 with Jersey Sky Blue, where she was less prolific in front of goal: scoring once in six appearances but serving five assists.[31]Formiga was the first overall pick for the newly inaugurated Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) league in the United States in the 2008 WPS International Draft, selected by FC Gold Pride of Santa Clara, California.[32] She joined a Brazilian enclave at the club, alongside teammates Érika and Adriane,[33] as well as assistant coach Sissi (who made a playing comeback in the second half of the season).[34] Formiga started 15 of her 16 games for Gold Pride, who finished seventh of seven teams in their inaugural season in 2009. She was a late selection for the 2009 WPS All-Star Game as a replacement for five English and French players who were absent at UEFA Women's Euro 2009, but was herself ruled out with a knee sprain.[35]The following season, Formiga played for Chicago Red Stars, alongside compatriot Cristiane.[36] In the 2010 Chicago Red Stars season the club finished sixth of seven teams, then withdrew from the WPS at the end of the campaign.[37]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_Esporte_Clube_(women)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utz-38"},{"link_name":"2012 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Centro Olímpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_Centro_Ol%C3%ADmpico"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_vence_Centro_Ol%C3%ADmpico_e_conquista_Copa_do_Brasil_Feminina-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout"},{"link_name":"Foz Cataratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foz_Cataratas_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"aggregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"Vitória das Tabocas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Acad%C3%AAmica_e_Desportiva_Vit%C3%B3ria_das_Tabocas"},{"link_name":"2013 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ferroviária","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ferrovi%C3%A1ria_de_Esportes_(women)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Formas Íntimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formas_%C3%8Dntimas"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Caracas FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"2014 International Women's Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_International_Women%27s_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"Nishigaoka Soccer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajinomoto_Field_Nishigaoka"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016 Rio Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Emily Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Lima"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Chú Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA_Santos"},{"link_name":"Rio Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Preto_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Back to Brazil","text":"In 2011, Formiga returned to her home country to play for São José. She helped her new club win the 2011 edition of the Copa Libertadores as tournament hosts, scoring in the 2–1 semi-final win over holders Santos.[38] The following year she helped São José win the 2012 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino and Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino, beating Centro Olímpico in both finals.[39][40] However they lost their Copa Libertadores title after a penalty shootout defeat by Foz Cataratas in the 2012 semi-final.[41] In 2012 Formiga also played for América de Natal in their undefeated Rio Grande do Norte state title-winning campaign.[42]São José remained competitive on all fronts in 2013, and in May Formiga scored in the 5–1 aggregate final win over Vitória das Tabocas to secure the 2013 Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino.[43] She also equalised in São José's drawn Campeonato Paulista final with Ferroviária, but the competition rules saw their opponents win the title due to a better record in the first phase.[44] In November São José recaptured the Copa Libertadores, defeating Formas Íntimas 3–1 in the 2013 final.[45] The following month São José were beaten by Centro Olímpico in the inaugural Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino final, after which Formiga reflected: \"We're not going to win everything\".[46]Formiga played as São José narrowly failed to win a third consecutive Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino in June 2014, losing the 2014 final on penalties to Ferroviária.[47] She was absent when São José turned the tables on Ferroviária to win back the Campeonato Paulista in August 2014,[48] but was back in the team which thrashed Caracas FC to collect a third Copa Libertadores title in November 2014.[49] In December Formiga featured for São José at the 2014 International Women's Club Championship, which they won by beating English wild card entrant Arsenal Ladies 2–0 in the final at Nishigaoka Soccer Stadium, Tokyo.[50][51]Shortly after that success the São José team broke up and the entire coaching staff departed. Several leading players, including \"símbolo da equipe\" (English: symbol of the team) Formiga, were given central contracts by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) and called into a new \"seleção permanente\" (English: permanent national team) intended as preparation for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada and the 2016 Rio Olympics.[52]Formiga briefly returned to São José in late 2015, when the club's new coach Emily Lima picked her in a draft which assigned the permanent national team players to clubs in the knockout stages of the Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino.[53] In the final she assisted Chú Santos's goal which leveled the second leg, but São José lost 2–1 to Rio Preto on aggregate.[54] In 2016 the seleção permanente player draft sent Formiga to São Francisco do Conde,[55] a team from her native Bahia.[56]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine_season"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fof-58"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fof-58"},{"link_name":"captained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"2018 Copa América Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Round of 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_knockout_phase#Round_of_32"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga_(women)"},{"link_name":"Round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_knockout_phase#Round_of_16"},{"link_name":"Breiðablik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brei%C3%B0ablik_women%27s_football"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_knockout_phase"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_FCO_(women)"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"In January 2017, following the expiry of her CBF contract, she signed for French Division 1 Féminine club Paris Saint-Germain.[57] In 2016–17 she appeared in 16 games across Division 1, Coupe de France Féminine and the UEFA Women's Champions League.[58] She made 24 appearances in 2017–18,[58] and captained the team to their 1–0 Coupe de France final win over rivals Lyon.[59] Although Formiga had turned 40 years old, missed part of the club season at the 2018 Copa América Femenina, and required a knee operation, she was well regarded at the Parisien club, who extended her contract in August 2018.[60]Having extended her contract by another year in May 2019,[61] Formiga became the UEFA Women's Champions League's oldest ever goal scorer in Paris Saint-Germain's 7–0 Round of 32 win at Braga. A few weeks later she broke her own record by scoring in a 4–0 Round of 16 win over Breiðablik, at 41 years and 227 days old.[62] A further one-year contract was agreed in May 2020.[63]In April 2021 Formiga took great satisfaction from contributing to Paris Saint-Germain's hard-fought 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final win over dominant Lyon.[64] Her 100th and final Paris Saint-Germain appearance came in June 2021; as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Dijon which secured the club's first 2020–21 Division 1 Féminine title and denied Lyon a 15th consecutive championship.[65]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo_(women)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"sportswear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Cruzeiro Esporte Clube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube_(women)"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Formiga agreed a return to São Paulo FC in June 2021, 21 years after her last successful spell with the club.[66] She also had an offer from Flamengo.[67] She announced her departure from São Paulo in December 2022, aged 44, after defeat in the Campeonato Paulista semi-final by Santos. She played 25 games in her second spell at the club, scoring once.[68] She subsequently criticised São Paulo for its \"disrespectful\" policy of demanding that outgoing players return all their used club sportswear.[69]In January 2023 she was reported to be in negotiations with Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, but the Belo Horizonte club were unable to match her salary demands.[70]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1995 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_1995"},{"link_name":"inaugural tournament for women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics#Women"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pretinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretinha"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics#Women"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics#Women"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uol08-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2019 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Lothar Matthäus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us"},{"link_name":"Antonio Carbajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carbajal"},{"link_name":"Rafael Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_1999"},{"link_name":"Birgit Prinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Prinz"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_2007"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uol08-71"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uol08-71"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"2003 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament#Gold_medal_match"},{"link_name":"golden goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_goal"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eternal-12"},{"link_name":"Copa América Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"2019 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_International_Women%27s_Football_Tournament_of_Manaus"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formiga_se_despede_e_Brasil_estreia_com_goleada_no_Torneio_Internacional_em_Manaus-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formiga_se_despede_da_sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_brasileira_com_goleada_em_Manaus-86"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aos_43_anos,_Formiga_se_aposenta_da_sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_brasileira-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aos_43_anos,_Formiga_%C3%A9_convocada_para_%C3%BAltimos_jogos_pela_Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Personalidades_do_mundo_do_futebol_homenageiam_Formiga_em_sua_despedida_da_Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira-6"}],"text":"Formiga first played for the Brazil national team at the age of 17, as part of the squad for the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing as a substitute. The following year, during the inaugural tournament for women's football at the 1996 Summer Olympics, she became a regular starter in the Brazilian team. Formiga and Pretinha were the only two Brazilian players who participated in the first four Olympic Games tournaments of women's football, winning the silver medal in both 2004 and 2008 – both finals lost to the United States.[71] She returned in the 2012 and 2016 tournaments, setting an outright record as the only player present in the first six editions of the Olympics tournament.[72][73] She participated at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, as well.[74]The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup was Formiga's record-breaking seventh consecutive major tournament appearance;[75] Lothar Matthäus, Antonio Carbajal, and Rafael Márquez share the record of five consecutive appearances in the men's competition.[76] Along the way, Formiga's Brazil reached third place in 1999 and were runners-up to Birgit Prinz's Germany in 2007.[71] Formiga became the competition's oldest goalscorer with a goal against South Korea on 9 June 2015.[77] She was 37 years, three months and six days old.[78]Formiga also won the gold medal in three editions of the Pan American Games, 2003, 2007 and 2015,[71] and winning the silver in 2011 when Brazil was beaten by Canada. She scored in the 2003 final as Brazil beat Canada 2–1 with a golden goal to secure their first Pan American Games title.[79]Honestly, I would prefer to be at home right now, playing for a club, watching a new and exciting young Seleção, had any sort of renovation process actually taken place. We have to be here still, you know? For me to be here, though, defending this shirt, that gives me great pride and huge satisfaction, no doubt about it.\n\n\n— Formiga in 2019[12]Formiga retired from the Brazil national team in 2016 but returned in 2018 to compete in the Copa América Femenina in Chile.[80] She also appeared for Brazil at the 2019 World Cup, becoming the oldest player in the tournament's history at the age of 41.[81]On 1 December 2020, Formiga played her 200th match with Brazil in an 8–0 win over Ecuador.[82] Formiga played in the 2020 Summer Olympics, to become the first female player to participate in seven Olympic Games.[83]In November 2021, she announced her second retirement from the Brazil national team.[84] On 26 November 2021, Formiga played her last match for Brazil in their 6–1 win over India at the 2021 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus,[85][86] officially retiring from the national team.[4][5][6]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunga"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Brazil national team team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1994 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uol08-71"},{"link_name":"ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"She has cited Dunga, captain of the male Brazil national team team that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup as the biggest influence on her playing style.[71] She earned the nickname Formiga, which means ant in Portuguese, as a teenager because of her unselfish style of play which reminded fellow players of the way ants worked together as a colony.[87]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"women's football in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"activist athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete_activism"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"Formiga married her female partner Erica Jesus in January 2023.[88] The couple first met in 1996, but drifted apart due to the limited progress of LGBT rights in Brazil making out lesbian relationships difficult to maintain at that time. They met again in 2017.[89]A strong advocate of women's football in Brazil, Formiga is an activist athlete who has fought prejudice: \"I had to work hard to conquer my space and prove who I was. Not only as a player, but also as... Miraildes Maciel Mota. Woman. Black. Northeast. Lesbian. And, above all, as a person who never thought of doing anything other than playing football.\"[90]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_women%27s_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Brasil Ladies Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Ladies_Cup"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Copa_do_Brasil_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"International Women's Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_International_Women%27s_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_de_Futebol_Feminino"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2007_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Sudamericano Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Sudamericano_Femenino"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Femenina"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"IFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of the Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Football_History_%26_Statistics#IFFHS_CONMEBOL_Woman_Team_of_the_Decade_2011%E2%80%932020"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"2017–2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fff1718-93"}],"text":"São PauloCampeonato Brasileiro Feminino: 1997\nCampeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 1997, 1999\nTorneio da Primavera Rio-São Paulo: 1997\nBrasil Ladies Cup: 2021BotucatuCampeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 2008São JoséCopa Libertadores: 2011, 2013, 2014\nCopa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino: 2012, 2013\nInternational Women's Club Championship: 2014\nCampeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino: 2012, 2014, 2015Paris Saint-GermainDivision 1 Féminine: 2020–21[91]\nCoupe de France Féminine: 2017–18BrazilPan American Games: 2003, 2007, 2015\nSudamericano Femenino: 1995, 1998, 2003, 2010, 2014, 2018\nSummer Olympics silver medal: 2004, 2008IndividualIFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020[92]\nTrophées FFF D1 Féminine Team of the Year: 2017–2018[93]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of women's footballers with 100 or more international caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_international_caps"},{"title":"List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_athletes_with_the_most_appearances_at_Olympic_Games"}] | [{"reference":"\"Women's Olympic Football Tournament London 2012 – List of Players Brazil\" (PDF). FIFA. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002100/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/66/36/85/woft-final-lop-2012-07-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Women's Olympic Football Tournament London 2012 – List of Players Brazil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/66/36/85/woft-final-lop-2012-07-24.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Formiga\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. 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Seis jogadoras já foram sondadas (Sissi, Roseli, Kátia, Pretinha, Maycon e Formiga) e contrataram um empresário com credenciais da Fifa para trocar o anonimato no Brasil pela promessa de fama nos EUA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u4599.shtml","url_text":"\"EUA assediam seleção feminina de futebol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo","url_text":"Folha de S.Paulo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230108005434/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u4599.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mathias, Alexandre (11 July 2001). \"Club Santa Isabel MG of Brazil has new coach\". Women's Soccer World. Archived from the original on 12 November 2001. 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Antes do apito final, o Botucatu teve uma chance de diminuir, mas a experiente atacante Formiga perdeu um pênalti - a bola bateu na trave direita da goleira santista Andréia.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091203122331/https://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,santos-bate-botucatu-e-fatura-a-copa-do-brasil-feminina,475189,0.htm","url_text":"\"Santos bate Botucatu e fatura a Copa do Brasil feminina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo","url_text":"O Estado de S. Paulo"},{"url":"https://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes%2Csantos-bate-botucatu-e-fatura-a-copa-do-brasil-feminina%2C475189%2C0.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey Wildcats\". United Soccer League. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Creek,_Pennsylvania | Maiden Creek, Pennsylvania | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 40°26′53″N 75°53′54″W / 40.44806°N 75.89833°W / 40.44806; -75.89833
Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United StatesMaiden Creek, PennsylvaniaUnincorporated communityMaiden CreekShow map of PennsylvaniaMaiden CreekShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 40°26′53″N 75°53′54″W / 40.44806°N 75.89833°W / 40.44806; -75.89833CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyBerksTownshipMaidencreekElevation348 ft (106 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes19510, 19605Area code(s)610 and 484GNIS feature ID1204086
Maiden Creek is an unincorporated community in Maidencreek Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Maiden Creek is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 222 and Pennsylvania Route 73.
References
^ "Maiden Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Berks County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: ReadingCity
Reading
Boroughs
Adamstown‡
Bally
Bechtelsville
Bernville
Birdsboro
Boyertown
Centerport
Fleetwood
Hamburg
Kenhorst
Kutztown
Laureldale
Leesport
Lenhartsville
Lyons
Mohnton
Mount Penn
New Morgan
Robesonia
St. Lawrence
Shillington
Shoemakersville
Sinking Spring
Topton
Wernersville
West Reading
Womelsdorf
Wyomissing
Townships
Albany
Alsace
Amity
Bern
Bethel
Brecknock
Caernarvon
Centre
Colebrookdale
Cumru
District
Douglass
Earl
Exeter
Greenwich
Heidelberg
Hereford
Jefferson
Longswamp
Lower Alsace
Lower Heidelberg
Maidencreek
Marion
Maxatawny
Muhlenberg
North Heidelberg
Oley
Ontelaunee
Penn
Perry
Pike
Richmond
Robeson
Rockland
Ruscombmanor
South Heidelberg
Spring
Tilden
Tulpehocken
Union
Upper Bern
Upper Tulpehocken
Washington
Windsor
CDPs
Alleghenyville
Alsace Manor
Amity Gardens
Baumstown
Bethel
Blandon
Bowers
Colony Park
Dauberville
Douglassville
Dryville
Edenburg
Flying Hills
Fox Chase
Frystown
Gibraltar
Gouglersville
Greenfields
Grill
Hereford
Hyde Park
Jacksonwald
Kempton
Kutztown University
Lincoln Park
Lorane
Maxatawny
Mertztown
Mohrsville
Montrose Manor
Morgantown‡
Mount Aetna
Muhlenberg Park
New Berlinville
New Jerusalem
New Schaefferstown
Oley
Penn State Berks
Pennside
Pennwyn
Rehrersburg
Reiffton
Riverview Park
Schubert
Shartlesville
South Temple
Spring Ridge
Springmont
Stony Creek Mills
Stouchsburg
Strausstown
Temple
Virginville
Walnuttown
West Hamburg
West Lawn
West Wyomissing
Whitfield
Othercommunities
Albany
Amityville
Barto
Basket
Beckersville
Berne
Boyers Junction
Breezy Corner
Brownsville
Cacoosing
Chapel‡
Clayton
Dale
Earlville
Dreibelbis
Eagle Point
Eckville
Eshbach
Evansville
Five Points
Fredericksville
Fritztown
Geigertown
Greenawald
Green Hills
Grimville
Hancock
Harlem
Henningsville
Hinterleiter
Host
Huffs Church
Jalappa
Joanna
Joanna Heights
Kempville
Kirbyville
Klinesville
Knauers
Krumsville
Kulptown
Landis Store
Leinbachs
Limekiln
Lobachsville
Longswamp
Maiden Creek
Manatawny
Maple Grove
Molltown
Monocacy Station
Montello
Monterey
Morysville
Moselem
Moselem Springs
New Hensingersville‡
North Heidelberg
Pikeville
Pine Forge
Pleasant Valley
Pleasantville
Plowville
Pricetown
Quaker City
Rittenhouse Gap
Sally Ann
Scarlets Mill
Seisholtzville
State Hill
Stony Run
Trexler
Tuckerton
Unionville
Vinemont
Weavertown
Windsor Castle
Wintersville
Woodchoppertown
Wyomissing Hills
Yellow House
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
This Berks County, Pennsylvania state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Maidencreek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidencreek_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Berks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_222_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_73"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PennDOTBerks-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United StatesMaiden Creek is an unincorporated community in Maidencreek Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Maiden Creek is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 222 and Pennsylvania Route 73.[2]","title":"Maiden Creek, Pennsylvania"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Berks_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Berks_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Maiden Creek\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1204086","url_text":"\"Maiden Creek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map (PDF) (Map). PennDOT. 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","url_text":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maiden_Creek,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_26_53_N_75_53_54_W_region:US-PA_type:city","external_links_name":"40°26′53″N 75°53′54″W / 40.44806°N 75.89833°W / 40.44806; -75.89833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maiden_Creek,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_26_53_N_75_53_54_W_region:US-PA_type:city","external_links_name":"40°26′53″N 75°53′54″W / 40.44806°N 75.89833°W / 40.44806; -75.89833"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1204086","external_links_name":"\"Maiden Creek\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/berks_GHSN.PDF","external_links_name":"Berks County, Pennsylvania Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maiden_Creek,_Pennsylvania&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippo_Manufacturing_Co._v._Zippo_Dot_Com,_Inc. | Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. | ["1 Background","2 \"Sliding Scale\" test for Internet jurisdiction","3 Opinion","4 Impact","5 See also","6 References"] | U.S. District Court ruling establishing the Zippo "Sliding Scale" test
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.CourtUnited States District Court for the Western District of PennsylvaniaDecidedJan. 16, 1997Citation(s)952 F. Supp. 1119HoldingThe Court denied Zippo Dot Com's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction finding that its contacts with Pennsylvania residents and ISPs constituted purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State.Court membershipJudge(s) sittingSean J. McLaughlinKeywordsPersonal Jurisdiction
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997), was a decision by the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania finding that a court has personal jurisdiction over a website originating in a different territory, if the website is accessible to Internet users in the court's territory. The case is a landmark opinion regarding personal jurisdiction for courts deciding Internet-oriented disputes, and it is one of the most frequently cited Internet law precedents.
Background
Zippo Manufacturing Company, a Pennsylvania corporation, makes the well-known Zippo pocket lighters. Zippo.com was a California corporation that operated an Internet website that offered access to USENET newsgroups. The Zippo.com company registered the domain names "zippo.com," "zippo.net" and "zipponews.com," without regard for the prior use of that name by the lighter company.
Zippo Manufacturing filed a complaint in its own Pennsylvania district court against Zippo.com, alleging trademark dilution, trademark infringement, and false designation under the Lanham Act and state law trademark dilution statutes. Zippo.com countered that the Pennsylvania court did not have personal jurisdiction over them because the company had no minimum contacts in Pennsylvania, and moved for the case to be dismissed.
Zippo.com's contacts with any user in Pennsylvania occurred exclusively over the Internet, and its online content was as visible for all Internet users as it was for those in Pennsylvania. That company did not maintain any offices, employees or agents in Pennsylvania. However, Zippo.com had approximately 140,000 paying subscribers worldwide, and about two percent (3,000) of those were Pennsylvania residents. Zippo.com had entered into agreements with seven Internet access providers in Pennsylvania to permit their subscribers to access its USENET database, including two providers within the Western District of Pennsylvania.
"Sliding Scale" test for Internet jurisdiction
The court established a three-prong test for determining whether a court has jurisdiction over a website, with a sliding scale of minimum contacts in a territory outside that of the site's origin. Under the sliding scale, "the likelihood that personal jurisdiction can be constitutionally exercised is directly proportionate to the nature and quality of the commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet."
At the "strong" end of the scale is a defendant that clearly does business over the Internet, via a website that is visible for users in other territories, with contracts or other agreements in which "foreign" users consent to receiving the content and conducting business. At the "weak" end of the scale is a passive website that merely posts text with no opportunity for interactivity or business transactions. That type of website does not establish personal jurisdiction in other territories, but any website that does more and approaches the other end of the sliding scale has established enough contacts in the "foreign" territory to establish personal jurisdiction for that territory's courts. Thus, personal jurisdiction is more likely with an increase of interactivity at the website in question.
Opinion
The Court stated that Zippo.com had established business contacts with enough subscribers in Pennsylvania to allow personal jurisdiction, so Pennsylvania courts could hold hearings and issue opinions in disputes concerning that website. Thus, the District Court denied Zippo.com's motion to dismiss the suit, enabling a full trial for the manufacturing company's trademark claim. Zippo.com settled the case in December 1998, on confidential terms, before the trademark dispute could go to trial. The "zippo.com" domain name and related domain names were returned to the ownership of the manufacturing company.
Impact
The "Sliding Scale" doctrine used in the Zippo ruling has played an important role in Internet jurisdiction. At least five federal appellate courts have expressly adopted the Zippo test. However, some other courts have rejected that test, criticizing the matter of casual Internet usage by citizens as a factor in determining jurisdiction.
The Zippo case has been cited as a crucial early precedent in Internet law, establishing that a court has personal jurisdiction over a website and its owners if any person within the court's geographic territory has access to that site. Given the fact that most websites are equally accessible to all users of the World Wide Web, the Zippo case has had a wide impact on the ability of American citizens to initiate suits against website creators.
See also
Personal jurisdiction in Internet cases in the United States
References
^ a b c d e f Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F.Supp. 1119, 1121 (W.D. Pa. 1997).
^ a b c Id. at 1124.
^ Id. at 1126.
^ California Secretary of State Debra Bowen, Results Detail for Zippo Dot Com (visited Nov. 20, 2009) <https://businessfilings.sos.ca.gov>, and PACER Service Center, Case Summary for Zippo Manufacturing v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. (visited Nov. 5, 2009) <https://ecf.pawd.uscourts.gov>
^ Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A, 318 F.3d 446 Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (3rd Cir. 2003).
^ ALS Scan, Inc. v. Digital Serv. Consultants, Inc., 293 F.3d 707 Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (4th Cir. 2002).
^ Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC, 190 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 1999).
^ Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414 Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (9th Cir. 1997).
^ Soma Med. Int'l v. Std. Chtd. Bank, 196 F.3d 1292 Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (10th Cir. 1999).
^ Hy Cite Corp. v. Badbusinessbureau.com, 297 F. Supp. 2d 1154, 1160 (W.D. Wis. 2004); Howard v. Mo. Bone & Joint Ctr., Inc., 373 Ill. App, 3d 738, 743 (2007).
^ Dutta, Anindita (1998). "Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 13 (1): 289–303.
vteZippoSubsidiaries
Ronson
W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.
People
Louis Vincent Aronson
George Grant Blaisdell
Events
Zippo 200 at The Glen
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"personal jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Internet law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_law"}],"text":"Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997), was a decision by the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania finding that a court has personal jurisdiction over a website originating in a different territory, if the website is accessible to Internet users in the court's territory. 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Zippo Dot Com, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Zippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippo"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"USENET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENET"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"},{"link_name":"trademark dilution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_dilution"},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"Lanham Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"},{"link_name":"minimum contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_contacts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1124-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1"}],"text":"Zippo Manufacturing Company, a Pennsylvania corporation, makes the well-known Zippo pocket lighters. Zippo.com was a California corporation that operated an Internet website that offered access to USENET newsgroups.[1] The Zippo.com company registered the domain names \"zippo.com,\" \"zippo.net\" and \"zipponews.com,\"[1] without regard for the prior use of that name by the lighter company.Zippo Manufacturing filed a complaint in its own Pennsylvania district court against Zippo.com, alleging trademark dilution, trademark infringement, and false designation under the Lanham Act and state law trademark dilution statutes.[1] Zippo.com countered that the Pennsylvania court did not have personal jurisdiction over them because the company had no minimum contacts in Pennsylvania, and moved for the case to be dismissed.[2]Zippo.com's contacts with any user in Pennsylvania occurred exclusively over the Internet, and its online content was as visible for all Internet users as it was for those in Pennsylvania. That company did not maintain any offices, employees or agents in Pennsylvania.[1] However, Zippo.com had approximately 140,000 paying subscribers worldwide, and about two percent (3,000) of those were Pennsylvania residents.[1] Zippo.com had entered into agreements with seven Internet access providers in Pennsylvania to permit their subscribers to access its USENET database, including two providers within the Western District of Pennsylvania.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"minimum contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_contacts"},{"link_name":"personal jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1124-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-case-1124-2"}],"text":"The court established a three-prong test for determining whether a court has jurisdiction over a website, with a sliding scale of minimum contacts in a territory outside that of the site's origin. 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At least five federal appellate courts have expressly adopted the Zippo test.[5][6][7][8][9] However, some other courts have rejected that test, criticizing the matter of casual Internet usage by citizens as a factor in determining jurisdiction.[10]The Zippo case has been cited as a crucial early precedent in Internet law, establishing that a court has personal jurisdiction over a website and its owners if any person within the court's geographic territory has access to that site. Given the fact that most websites are equally accessible to all users of the World Wide Web, the Zippo case has had a wide impact on the ability of American citizens to initiate suits against website creators.[11]","title":"Impact"}] | [] | [{"title":"Personal jurisdiction in Internet cases in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction_in_internet_cases_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Dutta, Anindita (1998). \"Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress,_Saskatchewan | Buttress, Saskatchewan | ["1 Aerodrome","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)Defunct aerodrome in Saskatchewan, Canada
Buttressclass=notpageimage| Location in Saskatchewan
50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)
Buttress was built in 1940 as the relief landing field for RCAF Station Moose Jaw and Royal Air Force's, No. 32 Service Flying Training School that was stationed there. These fields were used for practice circuits and also as an emergency alternate landing field.
The Buttress Post Office opened on July 1, 1909 and closed on July 31, 1961.
Aerodrome
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Buttress, Saskatchewan at 50°15′N 105°33′W / 50.250°N 105.550°W / 50.250; -105.550 with a variation of 18 degrees east and elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m). The relief field was constructed in the typical triangular pattern and had three runways, listed as follows:
Runway name
Length
Width
Surface
6/24
2,700 ft (820 m)
100 ft (30 m)
Hard surfaced
12/30
2,700 ft (820 m)
100 ft (30 m)
Hard surfaced
18/36
3,000 ft (910 m)
100 ft (30 m)
Hard surfaced
Today the aerodrome is abandoned but the telltale British Commonwealth Air Training Plan triangle of runways is still visible from the air.
A review of Google Maps in June 2018 shows a clear outline of the former triangular airfield and the coordinates stated above appear to be correct.
It is located on private land, 6 mi (9.7 km) south of CFB Moose Jaw, on the west side of Highway 2.
See also
List of airports in Saskatchewan
List of defunct airports in Canada
References
^ "National Archives - Postmaster Database". Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.
^ Staff writer (c. 1942). Pilots Handbook of Aerodromes and Seaplane Bases Vol. 2. Royal Canadian Air Force. p. 35.
vteDivision No. 7, SaskatchewanCities
Moose Jaw
Towns
Central Butte
Craik
Herbert
Morse
Villages
Aylesbury
Beechy
Brownlee
Caronport
Chaplin
Coderre
Ernfold
Eyebrow
Hodgeville
Keeler
Lucky Lake
Marquis
Mortlach
Riverhurst
Rush Lake
Shamrock
Tugaske
Tuxford
Waldeck
Resort villages
Beaver Flat
Coteau Beach
Mistusinne
South Lake
Sun Valley
Rural municipalities
Baildon 131
Canaan 225
Caron 162
Chaplin 164
Coteau 255
Coulee 136
Craik 222
Enfield 194
Excelsior 166
Eyebrow 193
Hillsborough 132
Huron 223
King George 256
Lawtonia 135
Maple Bush 224
Marquis 191
Moose Jaw 161
Morse 165
Rodgers 133
Shamrock 134
Victory 226
Wheatlands 163
UnincorporatedcommunitiesOrganized hamlets
Caron
Hitchcock Bay
Demaine
Hamlets
Main Centre
Abound
Archive
Archydal
Baildon
Bernard
Birsay
Braddock
Boharm
Burnham
Bushell Park
Buttress
Calderbank
Chortitz
Courval
Crestwynd
Darmody
Droxford
Dunblane
Eskbank
Flowing Well
Gilroy
Glen Kerr
Gouldtown
Grainland
Grayburn
Greenbrie
Hallonquist
Halvorgate
Kelstern
Lake Valley
Lawson
Leakville
Levuka
Lillestrom
Log Valley
Lyons
Mawer
McMahon
Melaval
Neidpath
Old Wives
Orland
Parkbeg
Prairie View
Rheinfeld
Rosenhof
Rosenort
South Gnadenthal
Tichfield Junction
Tilney
Tullis
Tyson
Val Jean
Vogel
See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan
Census divisions of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Saskatchewan_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Saskatchewan_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buttress,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50_14_10_N_105_32_51_W_type:airport_region:CA-SK&title=Buttress"},{"link_name":"RCAF Station Moose Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Moose_Jaw"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Defunct aerodrome in Saskatchewan, CanadaButtressclass=notpageimage| Location in Saskatchewan50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)Buttress was built in 1940 as the relief landing field for RCAF Station Moose Jaw and Royal Air Force's, No. 32 Service Flying Training School that was stationed there. These fields were used for practice circuits and also as an emergency alternate landing field.The Buttress Post Office opened on July 1, 1909 and closed on July 31, 1961.[1]","title":"Buttress, Saskatchewan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"50°15′N 105°33′W / 50.250°N 105.550°W / 50.250; -105.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buttress,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50_15_N_105_33_W_region:CA-SK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook1-2"},{"link_name":"aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"CFB Moose Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Moose_Jaw"},{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_2"}],"text":"In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Buttress, Saskatchewan at 50°15′N 105°33′W / 50.250°N 105.550°W / 50.250; -105.550 with a variation of 18 degrees east and elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m). The relief field was constructed in the typical triangular pattern and had three runways, listed as follows:[2]Today the aerodrome is abandoned but the telltale British Commonwealth Air Training Plan triangle of runways is still visible from the air.A review of Google Maps in June 2018 shows a clear outline of the former triangular airfield and the coordinates stated above appear to be correct.It is located on private land, 6 mi (9.7 km) south of CFB Moose Jaw, on the west side of Highway 2.","title":"Aerodrome"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of airports in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"List of defunct airports in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airports_in_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Archives - Postmaster Database\". Archived from the original on October 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015180833/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/post-offices/001001-119.01-e.php?&isn_id_nbr=9263&interval=24&&PHPSESSID=ivug8mll4sqd6tnvdmo9c9n5c5#","url_text":"\"National Archives - Postmaster Database\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/post-offices/001001-119.01-e.php?&isn_id_nbr=9263&interval=24&&PHPSESSID=ivug8mll4sqd6tnvdmo9c9n5c5#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (c. 1942). Pilots Handbook of Aerodromes and Seaplane Bases Vol. 2. Royal Canadian Air Force. p. 35.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buttress,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50_14_10_N_105_32_51_W_type:airport_region:CA-SK&title=Buttress","external_links_name":"50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buttress,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50_14_10_N_105_32_51_W_type:airport_region:CA-SK&title=Buttress","external_links_name":"50°14′10″N 105°32′51″W / 50.23611°N 105.54750°W / 50.23611; -105.54750 (Buttress)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Buttress,_Saskatchewan¶ms=50_15_N_105_33_W_region:CA-SK","external_links_name":"50°15′N 105°33′W / 50.250°N 105.550°W / 50.250; -105.550"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015180833/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/post-offices/001001-119.01-e.php?&isn_id_nbr=9263&interval=24&&PHPSESSID=ivug8mll4sqd6tnvdmo9c9n5c5#","external_links_name":"\"National Archives - Postmaster Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/post-offices/001001-119.01-e.php?&isn_id_nbr=9263&interval=24&&PHPSESSID=ivug8mll4sqd6tnvdmo9c9n5c5#","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ware_County,_Georgia | National Register of Historic Places listings in Ware County, Georgia | ["1 Current listings","2 References"] | This is a list of properties and districts in Ware County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia by county
Appling
Atkinson
Bacon
Baker
Baldwin
Banks
Barrow
Bartow
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb
Bleckley
Brantley
Brooks
Bryan
Bulloch
Burke
Butts
Calhoun
Camden
Candler
Carroll
Catoosa
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Chatham
Chattahoochee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
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Early
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Effingham
Elbert
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Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
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Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
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Habersham
Hall
Hancock
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Hart
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Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
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Jones
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Lee
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Long
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Madison
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Meriwether
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Muscogee
Newton
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Paulding
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Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Quitman
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Schley
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Stewart
Sumter
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Thomas
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Towns
Treutlen
Troup
Turner
Twiggs
Union
Upson
Walker
Walton
Ware
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
White
Whitfield
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkinson
Worth
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Obediah Barber Homestead
Obediah Barber Homestead More images
June 20, 1995(#95000742)
Off Swamp Rd. approximately 7 mi. S of Waycross 31°05′25″N 82°20′45″W / 31.09036°N 82.34581°W / 31.09036; -82.34581 (Obediah Barber Homestead)
Waycross
Built in 1870, the main house, kitchen building, and well are on the NRHP. website
2
Downtown Waycross Historic District
Downtown Waycross Historic District More images
March 20, 1992(#92000125)
Roughly bounded by the Seaboard Coast Line RR tracks and Albany, Isabella, Remshart and Nicholls Sts. 31°12′35″N 82°21′36″W / 31.209722°N 82.36°W / 31.209722; -82.36 (Downtown Waycross Historic District)
Waycross
Includes the Post Office, the Phoenix Hotel, and many other buildings
3
First African Baptist Church and Parsonage
First African Baptist Church and Parsonage More images
April 11, 2003(#03000197)
615 Knight St. and 407 Satilla Blvd. 31°12′37″N 82°20′36″W / 31.21021°N 82.34336°W / 31.21021; -82.34336 (First African Baptist Church and Parsonage)
Waycross
Church built ca. 1905, parsonage built ca. 1910
4
Lott Cemetery
Lott Cemetery More images
July 24, 2008(#08000712)
Bounded by Butler St., Quarterman St., Tebeau St., and Pendleton Pl. 31°13′13″N 82°21′19″W / 31.220325°N 82.35532°W / 31.220325; -82.35532 (Lott Cemetery)
Waycross
Established in 1877
5
Manor School
Manor School
July 17, 2017(#100001310)
4650 Manor Millwood Rd. 31°06′18″N 82°34′27″W / 31.10491°N 82.57428°W / 31.10491; -82.57428 (Manor School)
Manor
6
Phoenix Hotel
Phoenix Hotel More images
April 17, 1986(#86000802)
201-222 Pendleton St. 31°12′33″N 82°21′37″W / 31.20923°N 82.36014°W / 31.20923; -82.36014 (Phoenix Hotel)
Waycross
Built ca. 1890, remodeled in 1913
7
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse More images
February 1, 1980(#80001258)
605 Elizabeth St. 31°12′34″N 82°21′41″W / 31.20946°N 82.36152°W / 31.20946; -82.36152 (U.S. Post Office and Courthouse)
Waycross
Built in 1911, expanded in 1936
8
Waycross Historic District
Waycross Historic District More images
June 29, 1976(#76000656)
Roughly bounded by Plant Ave., Williams, Lee, Chandler, and Stephen Sts. 31°12′19″N 82°21′16″W / 31.205278°N 82.354444°W / 31.205278; -82.354444 (Waycross Historic District)
Waycross
Pictured: Summerall Tillman Home, Gilmore St.
References
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
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tfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Whitfield_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilcox_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilkes_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wilkinson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Worth_County,_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_GA.svg"}],"text":"This is a list of properties and districts in Ware County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[1]vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia by county\nAppling\nAtkinson\nBacon\nBaker\nBaldwin\nBanks\nBarrow\nBartow\nBen Hill\nBerrien\nBibb\nBleckley\nBrantley\nBrooks\nBryan\nBulloch\nBurke\nButts\nCalhoun\nCamden\nCandler\nCarroll\nCatoosa\nCharlton\nChatham\nChattahoochee\nChattooga\nCherokee\nClarke\nClay\nClayton\nClinch\nCobb\nCoffee\nColquitt\nColumbia\nCook\nCoweta\nCrawford\nCrisp\nDade\nDawson\nDecatur\nDeKalb\nDodge\nDooly\nDougherty\nDouglas\nEarly\nEchols\nEffingham\nElbert\nEmanuel\nEvans\nFannin\nFayette\nFloyd\nForsyth\nFranklin\nFulton\nGilmer\nGlascock\nGlynn\nGordon\nGrady\nGreene\nGwinnett\nHabersham\nHall\nHancock\nHaralson\nHarris\nHart\nHeard\nHenry\nHouston\nIrwin\nJackson\nJasper\nJeff Davis\nJefferson\nJenkins\nJohnson\nJones\nLamar\nLanier\nLaurens\nLee\nLiberty\nLincoln\nLong\nLowndes\nLumpkin\nMacon\nMadison\nMarion\nMcDuffie\nMcIntosh\nMeriwether\nMiller\nMitchell\nMonroe\nMontgomery\nMorgan\nMurray\nMuscogee\nNewton\nOconee\nOglethorpe\nPaulding\nPeach\nPickens\nPierce\nPike\nPolk\nPulaski\nPutnam\nQuitman\nRabun\nRandolph\nRichmond\nRockdale\nSchley\nScreven\nSeminole\nSpalding\nStephens\nStewart\nSumter\nTalbot\nTaliaferro\nTattnall\nTaylor\nTelfair\nTerrell\nThomas\nTift\nToombs\nTowns\nTreutlen\nTroup\nTurner\nTwiggs\nUnion\nUpson\nWalker\nWalton\nWare\nWarren\nWashington\nWayne\nWebster\nWheeler\nWhite\nWhitfield\nWilcox\nWilkes\nWilkinson\nWorth","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Ware County, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"}] | [{"image_text":"Obediah Barber Homestead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Obediah_Barber_homestead_-_house%2C_kitchen%2C_and_well%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/100px-Obediah_Barber_homestead_-_house%2C_kitchen%2C_and_well%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Waycross Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Waycross_Hx_District.JPG/100px-Waycross_Hx_District.JPG"},{"image_text":"First African Baptist Church and Parsonage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_African_Baptist_Church_%26_Parsonage%2C_Waycross.JPG/100px-First_African_Baptist_Church_%26_Parsonage%2C_Waycross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lott Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Old_Lott_Cemetery.jpg/100px-Old_Lott_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manor 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Actions\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudabad,_West_Azerbaijan | Mahmudabad, West Azerbaijan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°43′05″N 46°31′03″E / 36.71806°N 46.51750°E / 36.71806; 46.51750City in West Azerbaijan province, Iran
For the administrative division, see Mahmudabad Rural District. For other places with similar names, see Mahmudabad.
City in West Azerbaijan, IranMahmudabad
Persian: محمودآبادCityMahmudabadCoordinates: 36°43′05″N 46°31′03″E / 36.71806°N 46.51750°E / 36.71806; 46.51750Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyShahin DezhDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total6,866Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Mahmudabad (Persian: محمودآباد; also Romanized as Maḩmūdābād; also known as Maḩmūdābād-e Jīq) is a city in the Central District of Shahin Dezh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, and serves as the administrative center for Mahmudabad Rural District.
At the 2006 census, its population was 5,817 in 1,507 households. The following census in 2011 counted 6,680 people in 1,835 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 6,866 people in 2,135 households.
Iran portal
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (9 March 2023). "Mahmudabad, Shahin Dezh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Mahmudabad, West Azerbaijan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3795723" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Mousavi, Mirhossein. "Creation and formation of 17 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Miandoab County under West Azerbaijan province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
vteWest Azerbaijan province, IranList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan ProvinceCapital
Urmia
Countiesand cities
Bukan County
Bukan
Simmineh
Chaldoran County
Siah Cheshmeh
Avajiq
Chaypareh County
Qarah Zia od Din
Khoy County
Khoy
Firuraq
Ivughli
Mahabad County
Mahabad
Maku County
Maku
Bazargan
Miandoab County
Miandoab
Baruq
Chahar Borj
Naqadeh County
Naqadeh
Mohammadyar
Oshnavieh County
Oshnavieh
Nalus
Piranshahr County
Piranshahr
Gerd Kashaneh
Poldasht County
Poldasht
Salmas County
Salmas
Tazeh Shahr
Sardasht County
Sardasht
Mirabad
Rabat
Shahin Dezh County
Shahin Dezh
Keshavarz
Mahmudabad
Showt County
Showt
Marganlar
Yowla Galdi
Takab County
Takab
Urmia County
Urmia
Nushin
Qushchi
Serow
Silvaneh
Tourism
Teppe Hasanlu
Kelashin Stele
Bastam Citadel
Takht-e Soleymān
Lake Urmia
Zarrineh River
Shalmash Falls
St. Mary Church
St. Thaddeus Monastery
Chapel of Dzordzor
St. George Church
Jameh Mosque of Urmia
Baghchejogh museum and palace
Segonbad
Ghoutour Bridge
PlacesList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
vte Shahin Dezh CountyCapital
Shahin Dezh
DistrictsCentralCities
Mahmudabad
Shahin Dezh
Rural Districts and villagesHulasu
Aghajari
Baghlujeh
Bayram Qalehsi
Cheragh Abdal
Dulanqir
Elibalta
Fathabad
Godaklu
Hachasu
Hamzeh Qasem
Hasan Owlan
Hulasu
Karan
Kerkereh
Khan Qoli
Khazai-ye Olya
Khazai-ye Sofla
Khulineh
Khvajehlu
Kord Kandi
Mahmudabad-e Olya
Mahmudabad-e Sofla
Mamalu
Manbar
Mirajal
Otaqlu
Owch Darreh
Pichaqchi
Qaleh Qurineh
Qareh Zagh
Qezel Qabr
Qezel Qayeh-ye Olya
Qezel Qayeh-ye Sofla
Qezel Qayeh-ye Vosta
Qiz Korpi
Quyjeq
Quzlujeh
Tark-e Viran
Tumar Aghaj
Yengejeh
Zeyd Kandi
Mahmudabad
Abbas Bolaghi
Ahmadabad-e Dash Kasan
Aq Tappeh
Aqrablu
Bibi Kand
Chichaklu
Dash Kasan
Gheyb Ali
Hajjiabad
Hoseynabad
Industrial Estate
Jushatuy-e Olya
Jushatuy-e Sofla
Kani Sanjud
Khatunabad
Mastanabad
Mushandarreh
Nowruzabad
Qadim
Qarah Tappeh
Qeshlaq-e Bakhtiar
Sarujeh-ye Olya
Sarujeh-ye Sofla
Yengi Orkh
Yengiabad
Safa Khaneh
Aliabad
Baghcheh Misheh
Bagh-e Olya
Bagh-e Sofla
Bardeh Naqshineh
Beygtuli-ye Olya
Gachi Qalehsi
Golcharmu
Guzal Bolagh
Hasanlu
Hesar
Hoseynabad
Incheh
Quzluy-e Afshar
Safa Khaneh
Safiar Khan
Sanjud
Soleymanabad
Tark Darreh
Tazehabad
KeshavarzCities
Keshavarz
Rural Districts and villagesChaharduli
Ahmad Beyg
Akhi Jan
Alaguz
Alichin
Ashti Bolagh
Chapu
Damirchi
Guli
Incheh
Kahel-e Olya
Kahel-e Sofla
Kahriz
Khalaj
Kuseh
Leylakabad
Maqbul
Nowruzlu
Osman Owlan
Owbeh Bolaghi
Parvizabad
Qalqanlu
Qarah Qayeh
Qareh Ughlan
Qatur
Qinarjeh
Quzluy-e Olya
Quzluy-e Sofla
Reza Qeshlaq
Sevarin
Tazeh Kand
Uzan-e Olya
Uzan-e Sofla
Zaher Kandi
Zeynalu
Keshavarz
Aghcheh Masjed
Aghchehlu
Ahmadabad
Aqbal
Chaplujeh
Goli
Heydarabad
Khalvat
Mohammadabad
Najjar
Pareh-ye Olya
Pareh-ye Sofla
Qaban Kandi
Qareh Bolagh-e Olya
Qareh Bolagh-e Sofla
Qareh Qowyunlu
Qazanlu
Qulanjeq
Saidabad
Tez Kharab
Yusef Kandi
Zamanabad
This Shahin Dezh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahmudabad Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudabad_Rural_District_(Shahin_Dezh_County)"},{"link_name":"Mahmudabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudabad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Shahin_Dezh_County)"},{"link_name":"Shahin Dezh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahin_Dezh_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Mahmudabad Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudabad_Rural_District_(Shahin_Dezh_County)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miandoab_RDs-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"City in West Azerbaijan province, IranFor the administrative division, see Mahmudabad Rural District. For other places with similar names, see Mahmudabad.City in West Azerbaijan, IranMahmudabad (Persian: محمودآباد; also Romanized as Maḩmūdābād; also known as Maḩmūdābād-e Jīq)[3] is a city in the Central District of Shahin Dezh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, and serves as the administrative center for Mahmudabad Rural District.[4]At the 2006 census, its population was 5,817 in 1,507 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 6,680 people in 1,835 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 6,866 people in 2,135 households.[2]Iran portal","title":"Mahmudabad, West Azerbaijan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (9 March 2023). \"Mahmudabad, Shahin Dezh County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna,_Kentucky | Etna, Kentucky | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°13′33″N 84°34′49″W / 37.22583°N 84.58028°W / 37.22583; -84.58028Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
Etna is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Kentucky, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1083 feet (330 m).
References
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Etna, Kentucky
vteMunicipalities and communities of Pulaski County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: SomersetCities
Burnside
Eubank‡
Ferguson
Science Hill
Somerset
Location of Pulaski County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities
Alcalde
Bee Lick
Blue John
Bronston
Coin
Dabney
Delmer
Etna
Goochtown
Nancy
Norfleet
Norwood
Oak Hill
Pointer
Ringgold
Shopville
Squib
Stab
Tateville
Ghost towns
Crackers Neck
Ruth
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county
Kentucky portal
United States portal
37°13′33″N 84°34′49″W / 37.22583°N 84.58028°W / 37.22583; -84.58028
This Pulaski County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Pulaski County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesEtna is an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Kentucky, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1083 feet (330 m).","title":"Etna, Kentucky"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Pulaski County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Pulaski_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Pulaski_County.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etna,_Kentucky¶ms=37_13_33_N_84_34_49_W_","external_links_name":"37°13′33″N 84°34′49″W / 37.22583°N 84.58028°W / 37.22583; -84.58028"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/507951","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Etna, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Etna,_Kentucky¶ms=37_13_33_N_84_34_49_W_","external_links_name":"37°13′33″N 84°34′49″W / 37.22583°N 84.58028°W / 37.22583; -84.58028"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etna,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire | Silverhill, Nottinghamshire | ["1 Viewpoint","2 Highest point in Nottinghamshire","3 References"] | Coordinates: 53°09′15″N 1°17′51″W / 53.1542°N 1.2976°W / 53.1542; -1.2976
SilverhillCommemorative Statue Testing for GasHighest pointElevation204.3 m (670 ft)Prominence62 m (203 ft)Coordinates53°09′15″N 1°17′51″W / 53.1542°N 1.2976°W / 53.1542; -1.2976GeographySilverhillSilverhill in Nottinghamshire
LocationNottinghamshire, EnglandOS gridSK470621
Silverhill is an artificial hill near Teversal in Nottinghamshire, and is one of the highest points in the county at 204.3 metres (670 ft). Originally it was a mine spoil heap on the site of the former Silverhill colliery which closed in the 1990s. It was subsequently landscaped in 2005 by Nottinghamshire County Council, with tree planting, numerous footpaths, and a viewpoint. It is now known as Silverhill Woods, and is one of a number of recreation sites in the area. These are linked together by multi-user trails, many of which incorporate the track beds of disused railway lines which once served the various local collieries.
Viewpoint
The high point allows for panoramic views over five counties; landmarks such as Lincoln Cathedral and Bolsover Castle can be seen from the summit. The site also overlooks the Elizabethan Hardwick Hall, as well as the more modern M1 motorway. The flat area of the viewpoint was originally laid out with stone blocks, at the ordinal points of the compass. A bronze statue of a kneeling coal miner with a Davy lamp was a later addition, located on a rock plinth in the centre of the viewpoint. The sculpture, called Testing for Gas, was created by artist Antony Dufort as "A tribute to the Miners of the Nottinghamshire coalfields", commemorating coal mining at the 85 Nottinghamshire collieries. Listed on the base are the names of the principal collieries in the county 1819–2005.
Highest point in Nottinghamshire
Silverhill was designed to be the highest point in the county, albeit an artificial one, and this was achieved by adding an extra five metres of height during the landscaping work that ended in 2005. The peak was listed with an elevation of 205 metres (673 ft), although the County Surveyors measured it at 204.4 metres (671 ft).
This claim was later disputed, with the suggestion that Strawberry Bank near Huthwaite was the highest natural point, with others highlighting Newtonwood Lane, on the western edge of the county, as another possible contender. In order to ascertain the correct location, a combination of optical levelling and GPS survey of the three points was carried out in 2010. The height for Strawberry Bank was measured at 202 metres (663 ft), Silverhill as 204.3 metres (670 ft), and the results showed that Newtonwood Lane was the highest point at 205 metres (673 ft).
Strawberry Bank does have its own plaque and viewpoint declaring it as highest natural point in the county. The site at Newtonwood Lane, although unmarked at a location on the edge of a service reservoir, is also considered to be natural and is now the county top.
Viewpoint and plaque at Strawberry Bank SK462597
Newtonwood Lane, near Whiteborough SK456606
References
^ a b Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6.
^ a b c Muir, Jonny (2011). The UK's County Tops: Reaching the top of 91 historic counties. Cicerone. ISBN 9781849655538.
^ a b "Silverhill Woods" (PDF). Silverhill Trail. derbyshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ a b "Silverhill Woods" (PDF). Ashfield Visitors Guide. Ashfield District Council. p. 8. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner". Antony Dufort. cargocollective.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
^ "Erection Of The Nottinghamshire Mining Heritage Sculpture,Silverhill Wood Former Silverhill Colliery, Silverhill" (PDF). nottinghamshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
^ a b Barnard, John (8 February 2011). "Survey of Highest Point Nottinghamshire (Final)". Database of British and Irish Hills. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "Surveyors determine Nottinghamshire's highest point". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ Simon Edwardes (2001). "Historic County Tops". The Mountains of England and Wales. Retrieved 28 October 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"Teversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teversal"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bathurst_2012-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muir-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silvertrail-3"}],"text":"Silverhill is an artificial hill near Teversal in Nottinghamshire, and is one of the highest points in the county at 204.3 metres (670 ft).[1] Originally it was a mine spoil heap on the site of the former Silverhill colliery which closed in the 1990s. It was subsequently landscaped in 2005 by Nottinghamshire County Council, with tree planting, numerous footpaths, and a viewpoint. It is now known as Silverhill Woods, and is one of a number of recreation sites in the area. These are linked together by multi-user trails, many of which incorporate the track beds of disused railway lines which once served the various local collieries.[2][3]","title":"Silverhill, Nottinghamshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bolsover Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover_Castle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashfield-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silvertrail-3"},{"link_name":"Hardwick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muir-2"},{"link_name":"Davy lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_lamp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncc-6"}],"text":"The high point allows for panoramic views over five counties; landmarks such as Lincoln Cathedral and Bolsover Castle can be seen from the summit.[4][3] The site also overlooks the Elizabethan Hardwick Hall, as well as the more modern M1 motorway.[2] The flat area of the viewpoint was originally laid out with stone blocks, at the ordinal points of the compass. A bronze statue of a kneeling coal miner with a Davy lamp was a later addition, located on a rock plinth in the centre of the viewpoint. The sculpture, called Testing for Gas, was created by artist Antony Dufort as \"A tribute to the Miners of the Nottinghamshire coalfields\", commemorating coal mining at the 85 Nottinghamshire collieries. Listed on the base are the names of the principal collieries in the county 1819–2005.[5][6]","title":"Viewpoint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Survey-7"},{"link_name":"Huthwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huthwaite"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Survey-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"county top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_counties_by_highest_point"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashfield-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muir-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-County_Tops-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberry_Bank-geograph-3549181-by-Peter-Barr.jpg"},{"link_name":"SK462597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.132466_N_1.310936_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_highest_point_in_Nottinghamshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_59125.jpg"},{"link_name":"SK456606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.140607_N_1.319775_W_region:GB_scale:25000"}],"text":"Silverhill was designed to be the highest point in the county, albeit an artificial one, and this was achieved by adding an extra five metres of height during the landscaping work that ended in 2005. The peak was listed with an elevation of 205 metres (673 ft), although the County Surveyors measured it at 204.4 metres (671 ft).[7]This claim was later disputed, with the suggestion that Strawberry Bank near Huthwaite was the highest natural point, with others highlighting Newtonwood Lane, on the western edge of the county, as another possible contender. In order to ascertain the correct location, a combination of optical levelling and GPS survey of the three points was carried out in 2010. The height for Strawberry Bank was measured at 202 metres (663 ft), Silverhill as 204.3 metres (670 ft), and the results showed that Newtonwood Lane was the highest point at 205 metres (673 ft).[7][8]Strawberry Bank does have its own plaque and viewpoint declaring it as highest natural point in the county. The site at Newtonwood Lane, although unmarked at a location on the edge of a service reservoir, is also considered to be natural and is now the county top.[4][2][9]Viewpoint and plaque at Strawberry Bank SK462597Newtonwood Lane, near Whiteborough SK456606","title":"Highest point in Nottinghamshire"}] | [{"image_text":"Viewpoint and plaque at Strawberry Bank SK462597","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Strawberry_Bank-geograph-3549181-by-Peter-Barr.jpg/220px-Strawberry_Bank-geograph-3549181-by-Peter-Barr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newtonwood Lane, near Whiteborough SK456606","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_highest_point_in_Nottinghamshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_59125.jpg/220px-The_highest_point_in_Nottinghamshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_59125.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6","url_text":"978-1-84-953239-6"}]},{"reference":"Muir, Jonny (2011). The UK's County Tops: Reaching the top of 91 historic counties. Cicerone. ISBN 9781849655538.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mk6k8LtfV2kC&pg=PA65","url_text":"The UK's County Tops: Reaching the top of 91 historic counties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849655538","url_text":"9781849655538"}]},{"reference":"\"Silverhill Woods\" (PDF). Silverhill Trail. derbyshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/images/Silverhill%20Trail%20panel_tcm44-146878.pdf","url_text":"\"Silverhill Woods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silverhill Woods\" (PDF). Ashfield Visitors Guide. Ashfield District Council. p. 8. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/media/80919/media1542.pdf","url_text":"\"Silverhill Woods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner\". Antony Dufort. cargocollective.com. Retrieved 10 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cargocollective.com/antonydufort#Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner","url_text":"\"Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erection Of The Nottinghamshire Mining Heritage Sculpture,Silverhill Wood Former Silverhill Colliery, Silverhill\" (PDF). nottinghamshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/DMS/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=XskoxfQM7jXWGT1sxlwuIZISFVjtxh5Fg46KD12Qp1BEX0zGJd0miQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D.pdf","url_text":"\"Erection Of The Nottinghamshire Mining Heritage Sculpture,Silverhill Wood Former Silverhill Colliery, Silverhill\""}]},{"reference":"Barnard, John (8 February 2011). \"Survey of Highest Point Nottinghamshire (Final)\". Database of British and Irish Hills. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/surveys.php","url_text":"\"Survey of Highest Point Nottinghamshire (Final)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surveyors determine Nottinghamshire's highest point\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-13630511","url_text":"\"Surveyors determine Nottinghamshire's highest point\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Edwardes (2001). \"Historic County Tops\". The Mountains of England and Wales. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTopsHistoric.php","url_text":"\"Historic County Tops\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.1542_N_1.2976_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"53°09′15″N 1°17′51″W / 53.1542°N 1.2976°W / 53.1542; -1.2976"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.1542_N_1.2976_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"53°09′15″N 1°17′51″W / 53.1542°N 1.2976°W / 53.1542; -1.2976"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.153968_N_1.298629_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Silverhill","external_links_name":"SK470621"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.132466_N_1.310936_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SK462597"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silverhill,_Nottinghamshire¶ms=53.140607_N_1.319775_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SK456606"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mk6k8LtfV2kC&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"The UK's County Tops: Reaching the top of 91 historic counties"},{"Link":"http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/images/Silverhill%20Trail%20panel_tcm44-146878.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Silverhill Woods\""},{"Link":"http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/media/80919/media1542.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Silverhill Woods\""},{"Link":"http://cargocollective.com/antonydufort#Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner","external_links_name":"\"Public-Sculpture-Nottinghamshire-Miner\""},{"Link":"http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/DMS/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=XskoxfQM7jXWGT1sxlwuIZISFVjtxh5Fg46KD12Qp1BEX0zGJd0miQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Erection Of The Nottinghamshire Mining Heritage Sculpture,Silverhill Wood Former Silverhill Colliery, Silverhill\""},{"Link":"http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/surveys.php","external_links_name":"\"Survey of Highest Point Nottinghamshire (Final)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-13630511","external_links_name":"\"Surveyors determine Nottinghamshire's highest point\""},{"Link":"http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/CountyTopsHistoric.php","external_links_name":"\"Historic County Tops\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children,_Schools_and_Families_Committee | Education Select Committee | ["1 Membership","1.1 Changes since 2019","2 2017-2019 Parliament","2.1 Changes 2017-2019","3 2015-2017 Parliament","3.1 Changes 2015-2017","4 2010-2015 Parliament","4.1 Changes 2010-2015","5 Publications","5.1 2017 - 2019 Parliament","5.2 2015-17 Parliament","6 Chair of the Education Select Committee","6.1 Election results","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | British Parliamentary select committee
The Education Select Committee is a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The remit of the committee is to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Education and any associated public bodies.
The chair of the committee is Robin Walker MP. Previous chairs include Robert Halfon MP (2017-2022), Neil Carmichael (2015–17) and Graham Stuart MP (2010–2015).
Membership
As of 22 January 2024, the membership of the committee is as follows:
Member
Party
Constituency
Robin Walker MP (Chair)
Conservative
Worcester
Caroline Ansell MP
Conservative
Eastbourne
Apsana Begum MP
Labour
Poplar and Limehouse
Vicky Ford MP
Conservative
Chelmsford
Flick Drummond MP
Conservative
Meon Valley
Anna Firth MP
Conservative
Southend West
Nick Fletcher MP
Conservative
Don Valley
Kim Johnson MP
Labour
Liverpool Riverside
Andrew Lewer MP
Conservative
Northampton South
Ian Mearns MP
Labour
Gateshead
Mohammad Yasin MP
Labour
Bedford
Changes since 2019
Occasionally, the House of Commons orders changes to be made in terms of membership of select committees, as proposed by the Committee of Selection. Such changes are shown below.
Date
Outgoing Member& Party
Constituency
→
New Member& Party
Constituency
Source
11 May 2020
Fleur Anderson MP (Labour)
Putney
→
Dawn Butler MP (Labour)
Brent Central
Hansard
Lucy Powell MP (Labour and Co-op)
Manchester Central
Kim Johnson MP (Labour)
Liverpool Riverside
21 September 2020
Dawn Butler MP (Labour)
Brent Central
→
Fleur Anderson MP (Labour)
Putney
Hansard
13 July 2021
Fleur Anderson MP (Labour)
Putney
→
Mohammad Yasin MP (Labour)
]
7 September 2021
Jonathan Gullis MP (Conservative)
Stoke-on-Trent North
→
Nicola Richards MP (Conservative)
West Bromwich East
Hansard
19 October 2021
David Johnston MP (Conservative)
Wantage
→
Miriam Cates MP (Conservative)
Penistone and Stocksbridge
Hansard
David Simmonds MP (Conservative)
Ruislip, Northwood and Pinner
Brendan Clarke-Smith MP (Conservative)
Bassetlaw
15 March 2022
Brendan Clarke-Smith MP (Conservative)
Bassetlaw
→
Caroline Ansell MP (Conservative)
Eastbourne
Hansard
Christian Wakeford MP (Labour)
Bury South
Anna Firth MP (Conservative)
Southend West
29 March 2022
Nicola Richards MP (Conservative)
West Bromwich East
→
Angela Richardson MP (Conservative)
Guildford
Hansard
25 October 2022
Dr Caroline Johnson MP (Conservative)
Sleaford and North Hykeham
→
Andrew Lewer MP (Conservative)
Northampton South
Hansard
27 October 2022
Robert Halfon MP (Chair, Conservative)
Harlow
→
Vacant
Hansard
8 November 2022
Tom Hunt MP (Conservative)
Ipswich
→
Flick Drummond MP (Conservative)
Meon Valley
Hansard
16 November 2022
Vacant
→
Robin Walker MP (Chair, Conservative)
Worcester
Hansard
29 November 2022
Angela Richardson MP (Conservative)
Guildford
→
Nick Fletcher MP (Conservative)
Don Valley
Hansard
13 March 2023
Kate Osborne MP (Labour)
Jarrow
→
Mohammad Yasin MP (Labour)
Bedford
Hansard
2017-2019 Parliament
The chair was elected on 12 July 2017, with the members of the committee being announced on 11 September 2017.
Member
Party
Constituency
Robert Halfon MP (Chair)
Conservative
Harlow
Lucy Allan MP
Conservative
Telford
Michelle Donelan MP
Conservative
Chippenham
Marion Fellows MP
Scottish National Party
Motherwell and Wishaw
James Frith MP
Labour
Bury North
Emma Hardy MP
Labour
Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
Trudy Harrison MP
Conservative
Copeland
Ian Mearns MP
Labour
Gateshead
Lucy Powell MP
Labour
Manchester Central
Thelma Walker MP
Labour
Colne Valley
William Wragg MP
Conservative
Hazel Grove
Changes 2017-2019
Date
Outgoing Member& Party
Constituency
→
New Member& Party
Constituency
Source
22 October 2018
Michelle Donelan MP (Conservative)
Chippenham
→
Ben Bradley MP (Conservative)
Mansfield
Hansard
2015-2017 Parliament
The chair was elected on 18 June 2015, with members being announced on 6 July 2015.
Member
Party
Constituency
Neil Carmichael MP (Chair)
Conservative
Stroud
Lucy Allan MP
Conservative
Telford
Ian Austin MP
Labour
Dudley North
Michelle Donelan MP
Conservative
Chippenham
Marion Fellows MP
Scottish National Party
Motherwell and Wishaw
Suella Fernandes MP
Conservative
Fareham
Lucy Frazer MP
Conservative
South East Cambridgeshire
Kate Hollern MP
Labour
Blackburn
Ian Mearns MP
Labour
Gateshead
Caroline Nokes MP
Conservative
Romsey and Southampton North
Kate Osamor MP
Labour
Edmonton
Changes 2015-2017
Date
Outgoing Member& Party
Constituency
→
New Member& Party
Constituency
Source
1 February 2016
Kate Hollern MP (Labour)
Blackburn
→
Catherine McKinnell MP (Labour)
Newcastle upon Tyne North
Hansard
Kate Osamor MP (Labour)
Edmonton
Stephen Timms MP (Labour)
East Ham
22 February 2016
Caroline Nokes MP (Conservative)
Romsey and Southampton North
→
William Wragg MP (Conservative)
Hazel Grove
Hansard
31 October 2016
Stephen Timms MP (Labour)
East Ham
→
Lilian Greenwood MP (Labour)
Nottingham South
Hansard
2010-2015 Parliament
The chair was elected on 10 June 2010, with members being announced on 12 July 2010.
Member
Party
Constituency
Graham Stuart MP (Chair)
Conservative
Beverley and Holderness
Conor Burns MP
Conservative
Bournemouth West
Nic Dakin MP
Labour
Scunthorpe
Pat Glass MP
Labour
North West Durham
Damian Hinds MP
Conservative
East Hampshire
Liz Kendall MP
Labour
Leicester West
Charlotte Leslie MP
Conservative
Bristol North West
Ian Mearns MP
Labour
Gateshead
Tessa Munt MP
Liberal Democrats
Wells
Lisa Nandy MP
Labour
Wigan
Craig Whittaker MP
Conservative
Calder Valley
Changes 2010-2015
Date
Outgoing Member& Party
Constituency
→
New Member& Party
Constituency
Source
2 November 2010
Conor Burns MP (Conservative)
Bournemouth West
→
Neil Carmichael MP (Conservative)
Stroud
Hansard
Liz Kendall MP (Labour)
Leicester West
Bill Esterson MP (Labour)
Sefton Central
31 October 2016
Nic Dakin MP (Labour)
Scunthorpe
→
Alex Cunningham MP (Labour)
Stockton North
Hansard
11 June 2012
Tessa Munt MP (Liberal Democrats)
Wells
→
David Ward MP (Liberal Democrats)
Bradford East
Hansard
10 September 2012
Lisa Nandy MP (Labour)
Wigan
→
Siobhain McDonagh MP (Labour)
Mitcham and Morden
Hansard
5 November 2012
Damian Hinds MP (Conservative)
East Hampshire
→
Chris Skidmore MP (Conservative)
Kingswood
Hansard
4 November 2013
Charlotte Leslie MP (Conservative)
Bristol North West
→
Dominic Raab MP (Conservative)
Esher and Walton
Hansard
18 March 2014
Chris Skidmore MP (Conservative)
Kingswood
→
Caroline Nokes MP (Conservative)
Romsey and Southampton North
Hansard
Publications
2017 - 2019 Parliament
Date
Title
Government response
8 October 2018
Sixth Report of the Session 2017–19: The apprenticeships ladder of opportunity: quality not quantity
Awaited
25 July 2018
Fifth Report of Session 2017–19: Forgotten children: alternative provision and the scandal of ever increasing exclusions
Awaited
13 July 2018
Fourth Report of Session 2017–19: Appointment of the Chair of the Social Mobility Commission
N/A
9 May 2018
Third Report of Session 2017–19: The Government’s Green Paper on mental health: failing a generation
Government Response to the Committee’s Third Report of Session 2017–19
22 March 2018
Second Report of Session 2017–19: The future of the Social Mobility Commission
Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report of Session 2017–19
22 December 2017
First Report of Session 2017–19: Fostering
Government Response to the Committee’s First Report of Session 2017–19
2015-17 Parliament
Date
Title
Government response
2 May 2017
Eleventh Report of Session 2016–17: Primary assessment
Government Response to the Committee’s Eleventh Report of Session 2016–17
1 May 2017
Tenth Report of Session 2016–17: Children and young people's mental health—the role of education
Government Response to the Committee’s Tenth Report of Session 2016–17
25 April 2017
Ninth Report of Session 2016–17: Exiting the EU: challenges and opportunities for higher education
Government Response to the Committee’s Ninth Report of Session 2016–17
31 March 2017
Eighth Report of Session 2016–17: Apprenticeships
Government Response to the Committee’s Eighth Report of Session 2016–17
28 February 2017
Seventh Report of Session 2016–17: Multi-academy trusts
Government Response to the Committee’s Seventh Report of Session 2016–17
24 February 2017
Sixth Report of Session 2016–17: Appointment of the Chair of the Office for Students
N/A
21 February 2017
Fifth Report of Session 2016–17: Recruitment and retention of teachers
Government Response to the Committee’s Fifth Report of Session 2016–17
13 February 2017
Fourth Report of Session 2016–17: Evidence check: Grammar schools
Government Response to the Committee’s Fourth Report of Session 2016–17
13 July 2016
Third Report of Session 2016–17: Social work reform
Government Response to the Committee’s Third Report of Session 2016–17
7 July 2016
Second Report of Session 2016–17: Appointment of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills
Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report of Session 2016–17
5 July 2016
First Report of Session 2016–17: Careers education, information, advice and guidance
Government Response to the Committee’s First Report of Session 2016–17
28 April 2016
Fourth Report of Session 2015–16: Mental health and well-being of looked-after children
Government Response to the Committee’s Fourth Report of Session 2015–16
20 March 2016
Third Report of Session 2015–16: Appointment of the Chief Regulator of Ofqual
N/A
24 January 2016
Second Report of Session 2015–16: Holocaust education
Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report of Session 2015–16
20 January 2016
First Report of Session 2015–16: The role of Regional Schools Commissioners
Government Response to the Committee’s First Report of Session 2015–16
Chair of the Education Select Committee
Chair
Party
Constituency
First elected
Method
Rt Hon Robert Halfon MP
Conservative
Harlow
12 July 2017
Elected by the House of Commons
Neil Carmichael MP
Conservative
Stroud
18 June 2015
Elected by the House of Commons
Graham Stuart MP
Conservative
Beverley and Holderness
9 June 2010
Elected by the House of Commons
Previously as Children, Schools and Families Select Committee
Barry Sheerman MP
Labour Co-op
Huddersfield
12 November 2007
Elected by the Select Committee
Previously as Education and Skills Select Committee
Barry Sheerman MP
Labour Co-op
Huddersfield
16 July 2001
Elected by the Select Committee
Election results
From June 2010 chairs of select committees have been directly elected by a secret ballot of the whole House of Commons using the alternative vote system. Candidates with the fewest votes are eliminated and their votes redistributed until one remaining candidate has more than half of valid votes. Elections are held at the beginning of a parliament or in the event of a vacancy.
16 November 2022
Candidate
1st round
2nd round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Robin Walker
217
48.1
228
53.3
Caroline Ansell
108
23.9
124
28.4
David Simmonds
70
15.5
84
19.3
Jonathan Gullis
56
12.4
Eliminated
Not redistributed
15
3.3
Valid votes
451
436
27 January 2020
Candidate
1st round
Votes
%
Robert Halfon
Unopposed
12 July 2017
Candidate
1st round
2nd round
3rd round
4th round
5th round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Robert Halfon
136
23.8
141
25.1
152
27.7
185
35.7
261
55.1
Nick Boles
129
22.6
137
24.4
153
27.9
178
34.4
213
44.9
Dan Poulter
109
19.1
112
20.0
127
23.2
155
29.9
Eliminated
Tim Loughton
101
17.7
104
18.5
116
21.2
Eliminated
Stephen Metcalfe
63
11.0
67
11.9
Eliminated
Rehman Chishti
33
5.8
Eliminated
Not redistributed
10
1.8
23
4.0
53
9.3
97
17.0
Valid votes
571
561
548
518
474
17 June 2015
Candidate
1st round
2nd round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Neil Carmichael
224
37.5
294
53.8
Tim Loughton
191
32.0
252
46.2
Caroline Nokes
182
30.5
Eliminated
Not redistributed
51
8.5
Valid votes
597
546
9 June 2010
Candidate
1st round
2nd round
3rd round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Votes
%
Graham Stuart
192
36.6
210
42.2
244
52.5
Rob Wilson
159
30.3
183
36.7
221
47.5
Lee Scott
92
17.5
105
21.1
Eliminated
Andrew Turner
82
15.6
Eliminated
Not redistributed
27
5.1
60
11.4
Valid votes
525
498
465
See also
Select committee (United Kingdom)
British House of Commons
List of Committees of the United Kingdom Parliament
References
^ "Robin Walker elected as education committee chair". schoolsweek.co.uk. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
^ "Education Committee - Membership - Committees - UK Parliament". UK Parliament. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Committees Volume 723: debated on Tuesday 29 November 2022". committees.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022. That Angela Richardson be discharged from the Education Committee and Nick Fletcher be added.
^ "Committees Volume 722: debated on Tuesday 8 November 2022". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022. That Tom Hunt be discharged from the Education Committee and Mrs Flick Drummond be added.
^ "Business without Debate Volume 729: debated on Monday 13 March 2023". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. That Kate Osborne be discharged from the Education Committee and Mohammad Yasin be added.—(Sir Bill Wiggin, on behalf of the Committee of Selection.)
^ "Business without Debate Volume 744: debated on Monday 22 January 2024". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024. That Miriam Cates be discharged from the Education Committee and Vicky Ford be added.
^ "Speaker's Statement: Select Committee Chairs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 627. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 12 July 2017.
^ "Business without Debate". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 628. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 11 September 2017.
^ "Speaker's Statement". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 597. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 18 June 2015.
^ "Committees". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 598. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 6 July 2015.
^ "Speaker's Statement". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 511. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 10 June 2010.
^ "Committees". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 513. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 12 July 2010.
^ a b "Barry Sheerman MP, Huddersfield - TheyWorkForYou". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Standing Orders of the House of Commons (Public Business) 2021 - UK Parliament". UK Parliament. 2 December 2021. Standing Order No. 122B sub-paragraph (11)(d). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Standing Orders of the House of Commons (Public Business) 2021 - UK Parliament". UK Parliament. 2 December 2021. Standing Order No. 122C. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Education Committee Chair Election - Result Sheet" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 670. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 27 January 2020.
^ "Speaker's Statement: Select Committee Chairs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 670. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 27 January 2020.
^ "ELECTION FOR CHAIRS OF SELECT COMMITTEES: RESULT" (PDF). UK Parliament. 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "ELECTION FOR CHAIRS OF SELECT COMMITTEES: RESULTS" (PDF). UK Parliament. 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Committee-Chair-Results" (PDF). UK Parliament. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
External links
Education Committee
Records for this Committee are held at the Parliamentary Archives
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vteChairs of the Education Select CommitteeChairs of the Education and Employment Select Committee 1995-2001
Hodge 1995-1998
Wicks 1998-2001
Chairs of the Education and Skills Select Committee 2001-2007
Sheerman 2001-2007
Chairs of the Children, Schools and Families Committee 2007-2010
Sheerman 2007-2010
Chairs of the Education Select Committee 2010-present
Stuart 2010-2015
Carmichael 2015-2017
Halfon 2017-present | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_select_committees_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Department for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Robin Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Walker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Halfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Halfon"},{"link_name":"Neil Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Carmichael_(Conservative_politician)"},{"link_name":"Graham Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Stuart_(politician)"}],"text":"The Education Select Committee is a select committee of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The remit of the committee is to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Education and any associated public bodies.The chair of the committee is Robin Walker MP.[1] Previous chairs include Robert Halfon MP (2017-2022), Neil Carmichael (2015–17) and Graham Stuart MP (2010–2015).","title":"Education Select Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of 22 January 2024, the membership of the committee is as follows:[2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee of Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Selection_(House_of_Commons)"}],"sub_title":"Changes since 2019","text":"Occasionally, the House of Commons orders changes to be made in terms of membership of select committees, as proposed by the Committee of Selection. Such changes are shown below.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The chair was elected on 12 July 2017, with the members of the committee being announced on 11 September 2017.[7][8]","title":"2017-2019 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Changes 2017-2019","title":"2017-2019 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The chair was elected on 18 June 2015, with members being announced on 6 July 2015.[9][10]","title":"2015-2017 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Changes 2015-2017","title":"2015-2017 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The chair was elected on 10 June 2010, with members being announced on 12 July 2010.[11][12]","title":"2010-2015 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Changes 2010-2015","title":"2010-2015 Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017 - 2019 Parliament","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015-17 Parliament","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chair of the Education Select Committee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vote"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Election results","text":"From June 2010 chairs of select committees have been directly elected by a secret ballot of the whole House of Commons using the alternative vote system. Candidates with the fewest votes are eliminated and their votes redistributed until one remaining candidate has more than half of valid votes.[14] Elections are held at the beginning of a parliament or in the event of a vacancy.[15]","title":"Chair of the Education Select Committee"}] | [] | [{"title":"Select committee (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"title":"List of Committees of the United Kingdom Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Committees_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament"}] | [{"reference":"\"Robin Walker elected as education committee chair\". schoolsweek.co.uk. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://schoolsweek.co.uk/ex-minister-robin-walker-elected-as-education-committee-chair/","url_text":"\"Robin Walker elected as education committee chair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Education Committee - Membership - Committees - UK Parliament\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/203/education-committee/membership","url_text":"\"Education Committee - Membership - Committees - UK Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Committees Volume 723: debated on Tuesday 29 November 2022\". committees.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022. That Angela Richardson be discharged from the Education Committee and Nick Fletcher be added.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-11-29/debates/22112963000004/Committees","url_text":"\"Committees Volume 723: debated on Tuesday 29 November 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Committees Volume 722: debated on Tuesday 8 November 2022\". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022. That Tom Hunt be discharged from the Education Committee and Mrs Flick Drummond be added.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-11-08/debates/A3104B55-D1E4-41D5-AE6A-7AC4FAED158E/Committees","url_text":"\"Committees Volume 722: debated on Tuesday 8 November 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business without Debate Volume 729: debated on Monday 13 March 2023\". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. That Kate Osborne be discharged from the Education Committee and Mohammad Yasin be added.—(Sir Bill Wiggin, on behalf of the Committee of Selection.)","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-03-13/debates/E610B716-81F9-4E25-BFC7-30A6048860BC/BusinessWithoutDebate","url_text":"\"Business without Debate Volume 729: debated on Monday 13 March 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business without Debate Volume 744: debated on Monday 22 January 2024\". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024. That Miriam Cates be discharged from the Education Committee and Vicky Ford be added.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2024-01-22/debates/E9BC8CAE-6A0A-432A-A1C7-05919EA2BB53/BusinessWithoutDebate","url_text":"\"Business without Debate Volume 744: debated on Monday 22 January 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Speaker's Statement: Select Committee Chairs\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 627. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 12 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2017-07-12/debates/B69EAA32-33CE-4783-800B-62543260ECB7/Speaker%E2%80%99SStatementSelectCommitteeChairs","url_text":"\"Speaker's Statement: Select Committee Chairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Business without Debate\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 628. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 11 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2017-09-11/debates/B9157055-C055-42AE-90D8-44B5F94F0959/BusinessWithoutDebate","url_text":"\"Business without Debate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Speaker's Statement\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 597. 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Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 10 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2010-06-10/debates/10061031000002/Speaker%E2%80%99SStatement","url_text":"\"Speaker's Statement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Committees\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 513. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 12 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2010-07-12/debates/1007131000004/Committees","url_text":"\"Committees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Barry Sheerman MP, Huddersfield - TheyWorkForYou\". TheyWorkForYou. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_(Washington,_D.C.) | Mount Pleasant (Washington, D.C.) | ["1 History","1.1 18th century","1.2 19th century","1.3 20th century","1.4 21st century","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Local institutions","5 Education","6 Transportation","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°55′43.3″N 77°2′14.4″W / 38.928694°N 77.037333°W / 38.928694; -77.037333Neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Place in the United StatesMount PleasantNeighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Top: Mt. Pleasant Library (left) and Victorian townhomes (right); middle: Mt. Pleasant Street; bottom: Francis Asbury Memorial (left) and Mt. Pleasant St (right).Map of Washington, D.C., with Mount Pleasant highlighted in maroon.Coordinates: 38°55′43.3″N 77°2′14.4″W / 38.928694°N 77.037333°W / 38.928694; -77.037333CountryUnited StatesDistrictWashington, D.C.QuadrantNorthwestWard1
Mount Pleasant is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. The neighborhood is primarily residential, with restaurants and stores centered along a commercial corridor on Mt. Pleasant Street. Mount Pleasant is known for its unique identity and multicultural landscape, home to diverse groups such as the punk rock, the Peace Corps and Hispanic Washingtonian communities.
The neighborhood was initially developed around the Mount Pleasant Hospital, which was built and operated during the American Civil War. Following the war, the largely rural was subdivided for real estate development. Following the advent of the D.C. streetcar system, Mt. Pleasant became Washington's first streetcar suburb and burgeoned as an affluent residential area until the mid 1940's. The neighborhood entered a period of decay following the white flight and the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots. Since the 2000's, Mount Pleasant has undergone increasing urban redevelopment and levels of gentrification.
History
Mount Pleasant General Hospital was operated to serve Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War.
18th century
In 1727, Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, then governor of the Province of Maryland, awarded a land grant for present-day Mount Pleasant to James Holmead. This estate, later named "Pleasant Plains", included the territory of present-day neighborhoods of Adams Morgan, Columbia Heights, Meridian Hill, and Pleasant Plains (which only covers a portion of the original estate of the same name).
After the creation of the District of Columbia in 1791, Pleasant Plains estate became part of Washington County, but not part of the City of Washington.
In 1794 and 1796, noted Georgetown businessman Robert Peter conducted the first land surveys in the area and created maps for tracts of some of his land in Mount Pleasant for transactions with commissioners of the city.
19th century
Townhomes built during the development of Mount Pleasant at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1861, William Selden, former Treasurer of the United States, owned 73 acres (300,000 m2) of land north of Pierce Mill Road, but having been a Confederate sympathizer, was forced was forced to sell his land at a low price and move back to Virginia. The purchaser was New England native Samuel P. Brown, who built a house and also allowed the Mount Pleasant General Hospital to be constructed on his land.
After the American Civil War, Brown began selling his land in parcels. He named the area Mount Pleasant Village because it contained the land having the highest elevation within the original Pleasant Plains estate. Brown sold all of his land except for the parcel he retained around his house at 3351 Mount Pleasant Street, NW.
In the 1870s, a horse-drawn streetcar began traveling between the Fourteenth and Park intersection to downtown Washington city, making this the first streetcar suburb in the District of Columbia. In 1878, Mount Pleasant merged into Washington when the city's boundaries became coterminous with those of the District.
20th century
Dedication ceremony of the Francis Asbury Memorial in 1924.
In 1901, 16th Street NW was extended north of Florida Avenue, establishing the boundary of the neighborhood. Mount Pleasant developed rapidly as a streetcar suburb after the expansion of the mechanized Washington streetcars along 16 1/2 Street (now Mount Pleasant Street) in 1903. In 1907, developer Fulton R. Gordon purchased large sections of the neighborhood, marketing lots as "Mount Pleasant Heights" with Robert E. Heater. Many houses and apartment buildings were constructed between 1900 and 1925, primarily marketed to middle- to upper middle class people.
In 1925, the city built the Mount Pleasant Library, designed by Edward Lippincott Tilton and partially funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.
By 1927, all homeowners in the neighborhood had signed restrictive covenants forbidding sale to African Americans. By the time of World War II, many of the row houses were converted to boarding houses, many of which were occupied by single women.
Guglielmo Marconi Memorial at Marconi Plaza, erected in 1941.
The neighborhood changed after the 1948 decision by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Shelley v. Kraemer, which struck down the restrictive covenants. After a Black Howard University professor moved into a prestigious Park Road home in 1950, some white residents began to leave the neighborhood. This White flight increased after the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots and by 1970 the neighborhood was 65% black.
Beginning in the 1960s and increasing through the 1980s, immigrants from Central America, particularly from Intipucá, El Salvador, settled in the neighborhood. The new residents developed businesses catering to Hispanic and Latino Americans along commercial portions of Mount Pleasant Street. The neighborhood also attracted former Peace Corps workers.
In 1973, the Community of Christ, a lay-led Lutheran group dedicated to social justice, bought a large building on Mount Pleasant Street and made it available rent-free to peace activists, pro-immigrant groups and musicians. In the 1980s, the group house scene flourished.
However, from the 1970's to the 1990's, the neighborhood suffered from the crack epidemic and the illegal drug trade was rampant.
The Vintage on 16th, a historic church redeveloped into luxury apartments, in 2016.
In 1987, the neighborhood was designated as a historic district. The neighborhood was majority-minority in 1990, with African Americans making up 36% of the population, Latinos 26%, and whites 35%.
In May 1991, the Washington, D.C. riot of 1991 erupted following the shooting of Daniel Enrique Gómez by an MPD officer. The riot, which injured twelve people and destroyed several buildings in the neighborhood, was a pivotal moment in the emergence of Latino activism in DC. In response, MPD Chief Isaac Fulwood,and city government began an outreach effort to the Latino population.
21st century
The 2010 United States census, the ZIP Code 20010, which includes Mount Pleasant, was one of the "most whitened" areas of the country, with the percentage of non-Hispanic white residents increasing from 22% in 2000 to 46.7% in 2010.
As of 2021, housing prices had risen significantly.
Geography
View down Mt. Pleasant Street
It is bounded by Rock Creek Park to the north and west; Harvard Street NW to the south; and 16th Street NW to the east. It is north of Adams Morgan and west of Columbia Heights.
Demographics
Lamont Plaza sits in the heart of the Mount Pleasant neighborhood.
The population of Mount Pleasant, according to the 2010 census, was 10,459, down from 11,794 in 2000.
1990
2000
2010
white non-Hispanic
35%
35%
50%
black non-Hispanic
36%
27%
26%
Hispanic
26%
31%
25%
Asian/Pacific Islander
3.0%
6.3%
5.6%
Incomes rose during this time period.
1979
1989
1999
2010
Average family income (2010 $)
$75,980
$77,704
$90,838
$130,790
Ratio to DC average
98%
83%
89%
114%
Local institutions
Mount Pleasant Farmer's Market is held every Saturday in Lamont Plaza.
The Mount Pleasant Historic District covers a variety of types and styles of building. The western portion of the neighborhood is a largely wooded residential enclave bounded on two sides by Rock Creek Park, just east of the National Zoo. Structures in this area are primarily row houses of Neoclassical architecture with rear porches. The eastern side of the neighborhood, along 16th Street NW and Mount Pleasant Street, is marked by mid-rise apartment buildings.
The Eighteen Hundred Block Park Road, NW is notable for its 10 detached "suburban" houses on terraces overlooking the street.
The 12 buildings at 1644–1666 Park Road NW, designed by Appleton P. Clark Jr. in the style of Colonial Revival architecture, were completed in 1906.
The Guglielmo Marconi Memorial is located at Marconi Plaza.
Education
Mt. Pleasant Library, built in 1925 with funding from Andrew Carnegie.
District of Columbia Public Schools operates the public schools.
Bancroft Elementary School, 1755 Newton Street NW
Private Religious Schools.
Sacred Heart School, 1625 Park Road NW
District of Columbia Public Library operates the Mount Pleasant Library.
Transportation
The neighborhood is served by the Mount Pleasant Line and the Crosstown Line buses. There is no Washington Metro station in the neighborhood, with the closest being located in Columbia Heights.
Notable people
Businesses on Mt. Pleasant Street
Adrian Fenty, former mayor of Washington, D.C.
Helen Hayes, actress
Walter Johnson, Washington Senators pitcher
Sarah Doan La Fetra, temperance worker
Suzanne La Follette, journalist and author
Robert La Follette, politician
Ian MacKaye, musician for Minor Threat and Fugazi
Bob Mondello, film critic
References
^ a b c d e Morley, Jefferson (January 25, 2021). "The Mount Pleasant Miracle". The Washington Post.
^ Gentrifiers, distinction, and social preservation: A case study in consumption on Mount Pleasant Street in Washington, DC
^ Washington Post - The Mount Pleasant Miracle
^ Miller, Iris (2002). Washington in Maps 1606–2000. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780847824472.ISBN 0-8478-2447-0
^ "Mount Pleasant Historic District" (PDF).
^ "Village in the City". Cultural Tourism DC.
^ a b "The Architectural Legacy of Mount Pleasant Street" (PDF).
^ "FULTON R. GORDON AND ROBERT E. HEATER ARE Extending and Beautifying the Nation's Capital.: Virginians Make a Specialty of Opening New Northwest Suburban Property". The Washington Post. February 24, 1907.
^ a b "Mount Pleasant Historic District". National Park Service.
^ Dvorak, Petula (January 18, 2004). "In Mt. Pleasant, A Divided View On Street Crime". The Washington Post.
^ Orton, Kathy (April 5, 2013). "Mount Pleasant in Northwest Washington, D.C. offers a small-town feel". The Washington Post.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Friedman, Emily (May 5, 2011). "Mount Pleasant Riots: May 5 Woven Into Neighborhood's History". WAMU.
^ Jones, Mark (April 28, 2015). "Mount Pleasant Boils Over, 1991". WETA.
^ Hermann, Peter (September 1, 2017). "Isaac Fulwood, Washington police chief during tumultuous era, dies at 77". The Washington Post.
^ DeBonis, Mike (June 11, 2012). "D.C. has three of America's most-whitened Zip codes". The Washington Post.
^ Wolfrom, Jessica (January 27, 2021). "Once a rural village, D.C.'s Mount Pleasant now an 'oasis in the city'". The Washington Post.
^ "Mount Pleasant Historic District nomination" (PDF).
^ "Mt. Pleasant Neighborhood Library". District of Columbia Public Library.
^ Washburn, Mark (February 14, 2023). "Why Mount Pleasant is One of the Coolest Neighborhoods in DC". DC CondoBoutique. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C..
Mount Pleasant Village
Historic Mount Pleasant
ANC1D, The Mount Pleasant Advisory Neighborhood Commission
Why is It Named Mt. Pleasant?
Places adjacent to Mount Pleasant (Washington, D.C.)
Crestwood
Sixteenth Street Heights
Rock Creek Park
Mount Pleasant
Columbia Heights
National Zoological Park
Adams Morgan
vteNeighborhoods in Washington, D.C.Ward 1
Adams Morgan
Columbia Heights
Kalorama Triangle
Lanier Heights
LeDroit Park
Meridian Hill
Mount Pleasant
Park View
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Woodley Park
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Berkley
Cathedral Heights
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Colony Hill
Forest Hills
Foxhall
Friendship Heights
Glover Park
Kent
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McLean Gardens
North Cleveland Park
Observatory Circle
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Potomac Heights
Spring Valley
Tenleytown
Wakefield
Wesley Heights
Woodland Normanstone
Woodley Park
Ward 4
Barnaby Woods
Brightwood
Brightwood Park
Chevy Chase
Colonial Village
Crestwood
Fort Stevens Ridge
Fort Totten
Hawthorne
Manor Park
North Portal Estates
Petworth
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Sixteenth Street Heights
Takoma
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Brookland
Carver Langston
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Edgewood
Fort Lincoln
Fort Totten
Gateway
Ivy City
Langdon
Michigan Park
North Michigan Park
Pleasant Hill
Queens Chapel
Stronghold-Metropolis View
Trinidad
Truxton Circle
Woodridge
Ward 6
Barney Circle
Capitol Hill
Judiciary Square
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NoMa
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Ward 7
Benning
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Civic Betterment
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Mayfair
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Twining
Ward 8
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Barry Farm
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Douglass
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Northwest D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Peace Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Washingtonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-1"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"D.C. streetcar system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcars_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"1968 Washington, D.C. riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots"},{"link_name":"urban redevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_redevelopment"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Neighborhood of Washington, D.C.Place in the United StatesMount Pleasant is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. The neighborhood is primarily residential, with restaurants and stores centered along a commercial corridor on Mt. Pleasant Street. Mount Pleasant is known for its unique identity and multicultural landscape, home to diverse groups such as the punk rock, the Peace Corps and Hispanic Washingtonian communities.[1]The neighborhood was initially developed around the Mount Pleasant Hospital, which was built and operated during the American Civil War. Following the war, the largely rural was subdivided for real estate development. Following the advent of the D.C. streetcar system, Mt. Pleasant became Washington's first streetcar suburb and burgeoned as an affluent residential area until the mid 1940's. The neighborhood entered a period of decay following the white flight and the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots. Since the 2000's, Mount Pleasant has undergone increasing urban redevelopment and levels of gentrification.[2][3]","title":"Mount Pleasant (Washington, D.C.)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Pleasant_Hospitals,_Washington,_D.C._LCCN92506173_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Civil_War"}],"text":"Mount Pleasant General Hospital was operated to serve Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Province of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"Adams Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Columbia Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Heights_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Meridian Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Hill"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Plains,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"In 1727, Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, then governor of the Province of Maryland, awarded a land grant for present-day Mount Pleasant to James Holmead. This estate, later named \"Pleasant Plains\", included the territory of present-day neighborhoods of Adams Morgan, Columbia Heights, Meridian Hill, and Pleasant Plains (which only covers a portion of the original estate of the same name).After the creation of the District of Columbia in 1791, Pleasant Plains estate became part of Washington County, but not part of the City of Washington.In 1794 and 1796, noted Georgetown businessman Robert Peter conducted the first land surveys in the area and created maps for tracts of some of his land in Mount Pleasant for transactions with commissioners of the city.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1721-1725_Lamont_St.,_NW_(still_standing)_(4119139914).jpg"},{"link_name":"William Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Selden"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"coterminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coterminous"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"Townhomes built during the development of Mount Pleasant at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.In 1861, William Selden, former Treasurer of the United States, owned 73 acres (300,000 m2) of land north of Pierce Mill Road, but having been a Confederate sympathizer, was forced was forced to sell his land at a low price and move back to Virginia. The purchaser was New England native Samuel P. Brown,[5] who built a house and also allowed the Mount Pleasant General Hospital to be constructed on his land.After the American Civil War, Brown began selling his land in parcels. He named the area Mount Pleasant Village because it contained the land having the highest elevation within the original Pleasant Plains estate. Brown sold all of his land except for the parcel he retained around his house at 3351 Mount Pleasant Street, NW.[6]In the 1870s, a horse-drawn streetcar began traveling between the Fourteenth and Park intersection to downtown Washington city, making this the first streetcar suburb in the District of Columbia. In 1878, Mount Pleasant merged into Washington when the city's boundaries became coterminous with those of the District.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dedication_of_Francis_Asbury_statue,_(Washington,_D.C.),_10-15-24_LCCN2016849651_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Asbury Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Asbury_(Lukeman)"},{"link_name":"16th Street NW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_NW"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-7"},{"link_name":"streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"Washington streetcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_streetcars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"upper middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Library_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Edward Lippincott Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lippincott_Tilton"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-9"},{"link_name":"restrictive covenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_covenant"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"boarding houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_house"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_Memorial_(73ea1054-b75c-4870-af04-cba45c3beffe).jpg"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Marconi Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Shelley v. Kraemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer"},{"link_name":"restrictive covenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_covenant"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"White flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"1968 Washington, D.C. riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-1"},{"link_name":"Intipucá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intipuc%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Hispanic and Latino Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Peace Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracle-1"},{"link_name":"crack epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"illegal drug trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vintage_at_Mount_Pleasant.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-12"},{"link_name":"majority-minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority-minority"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C. riot of 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C._riot_of_1991"},{"link_name":"MPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Isaac Fulwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Fulwood"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Dedication ceremony of the Francis Asbury Memorial in 1924.In 1901, 16th Street NW was extended north of Florida Avenue, establishing the boundary of the neighborhood.[7] Mount Pleasant developed rapidly as a streetcar suburb after the expansion of the mechanized Washington streetcars along 16 1/2 Street (now Mount Pleasant Street) in 1903.[1][7] In 1907, developer Fulton R. Gordon purchased large sections of the neighborhood, marketing lots as \"Mount Pleasant Heights\" with Robert E. Heater.[8] Many houses and apartment buildings were constructed between 1900 and 1925, primarily marketed to middle- to upper middle class people.In 1925, the city built the Mount Pleasant Library, designed by Edward Lippincott Tilton and partially funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.[9]By 1927, all homeowners in the neighborhood had signed restrictive covenants forbidding sale to African Americans. By the time of World War II, many of the row houses were converted to boarding houses, many of which were occupied by single women.[1]Guglielmo Marconi Memorial at Marconi Plaza, erected in 1941.The neighborhood changed after the 1948 decision by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Shelley v. Kraemer, which struck down the restrictive covenants. After a Black Howard University professor moved into a prestigious Park Road home in 1950, some white residents began to leave the neighborhood. This White flight increased after the 1968 Washington, D.C. riots and by 1970 the neighborhood was 65% black.[1]Beginning in the 1960s and increasing through the 1980s, immigrants from Central America, particularly from Intipucá, El Salvador, settled in the neighborhood. The new residents developed businesses catering to Hispanic and Latino Americans along commercial portions of Mount Pleasant Street. The neighborhood also attracted former Peace Corps workers.In 1973, the Community of Christ, a lay-led Lutheran group dedicated to social justice, bought a large building on Mount Pleasant Street and made it available rent-free to peace activists, pro-immigrant groups and musicians. In the 1980s, the group house scene flourished.[1]However, from the 1970's to the 1990's, the neighborhood suffered from the crack epidemic and the illegal drug trade was rampant.[10]The Vintage on 16th, a historic church redeveloped into luxury apartments, in 2016.In 1987, the neighborhood was designated as a historic district.[11][12] The neighborhood was majority-minority in 1990, with African Americans making up 36% of the population, Latinos 26%, and whites 35%.In May 1991, the Washington, D.C. riot of 1991 erupted following the shooting of Daniel Enrique Gómez by an MPD officer. The riot, which injured twelve people and destroyed several buildings in the neighborhood, was a pivotal moment in the emergence of Latino activism in DC.[13][14] In response, MPD Chief Isaac Fulwood,and city government began an outreach effort to the Latino population.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"ZIP Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_Code"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"The 2010 United States census, the ZIP Code 20010, which includes Mount Pleasant, was one of the \"most whitened\" areas of the country, with the percentage of non-Hispanic white residents increasing from 22% in 2000 to 46.7% in 2010.[16]As of 2021, housing prices had risen significantly.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Pleasant_street_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock Creek Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park"},{"link_name":"16th Street NW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_NW"},{"link_name":"Adams Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Morgan,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Columbia Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Heights,_Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"View down Mt. Pleasant StreetIt is bounded by Rock Creek Park to the north and west; Harvard Street NW to the south; and 16th Street NW to the east. It is north of Adams Morgan and west of Columbia Heights.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamont_Plaza,_Mt._Pleasant_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"}],"text":"Lamont Plaza sits in the heart of the Mount Pleasant neighborhood.The population of Mount Pleasant, according to the 2010 census, was 10,459, down from 11,794 in 2000.Incomes rose during this time period.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_pleasant_farmers_market_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock Creek Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park"},{"link_name":"National Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"row houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_house"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"16th Street NW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_NW"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Hundred Block Park Road, NW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Hundred_Block_Park_Road,_NW"},{"link_name":"buildings at 1644–1666 Park Road NW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_at_1644%E2%80%931666_Park_Road_NW"},{"link_name":"Appleton P. Clark Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton_P._Clark_Jr."},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-9"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Marconi Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)"}],"text":"Mount Pleasant Farmer's Market is held every Saturday in Lamont Plaza.The Mount Pleasant Historic District covers a variety of types and styles of building. The western portion of the neighborhood is a largely wooded residential enclave bounded on two sides by Rock Creek Park, just east of the National Zoo. Structures in this area are primarily row houses of Neoclassical architecture with rear porches.[18] The eastern side of the neighborhood, along 16th Street NW and Mount Pleasant Street, is marked by mid-rise apartment buildings.The Eighteen Hundred Block Park Road, NW is notable for its 10 detached \"suburban\" houses on terraces overlooking the street.The 12 buildings at 1644–1666 Park Road NW, designed by Appleton P. Clark Jr. in the style of Colonial Revival architecture, were completed in 1906.[9]The Guglielmo Marconi Memorial is located at Marconi Plaza.","title":"Local institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Pleasant_library_2_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mt. Pleasant Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Library"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Library"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Mt. Pleasant Library, built in 1925 with funding from Andrew Carnegie.District of Columbia Public Schools operates the public schools.\nBancroft Elementary School, 1755 Newton Street NW\nPrivate Religious Schools.\nSacred Heart School, 1625 Park Road NWDistrict of Columbia Public Library operates the Mount Pleasant Library.[19]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Line"},{"link_name":"Crosstown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstown_Line_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Columbia Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Heights_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The neighborhood is served by the Mount Pleasant Line and the Crosstown Line buses. There is no Washington Metro station in the neighborhood, with the closest being located in Columbia Heights.[20]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Pleasant_neighborhood,_located_on_Mt._Pleasant_St._near_intersection_with_Kilbourne_Pl.,_NW,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2010641431.tif"},{"link_name":"Adrian Fenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Fenty"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Walter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Doan La Fetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Doan_La_Fetra"},{"link_name":"Suzanne La Follette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_La_Follette"},{"link_name":"Robert La Follette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_La_Follette"},{"link_name":"Ian MacKaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_MacKaye"},{"link_name":"Minor Threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Threat"},{"link_name":"Fugazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugazi"},{"link_name":"Bob Mondello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mondello"}],"text":"Businesses on Mt. Pleasant StreetAdrian Fenty, former mayor of Washington, D.C.\nHelen Hayes, actress\nWalter Johnson, Washington Senators pitcher\nSarah Doan La Fetra, temperance worker\nSuzanne La Follette, journalist and author\nRobert La Follette, politician\nIan MacKaye, musician for Minor Threat and Fugazi\nBob Mondello, film critic","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Mount Pleasant General Hospital was operated to serve Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mount_Pleasant_Hospitals%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN92506173_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Pleasant_Hospitals%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN92506173_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Townhomes built during the development of Mount Pleasant at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1721-1725_Lamont_St.%2C_NW_%28still_standing%29_%284119139914%29.jpg/220px-1721-1725_Lamont_St.%2C_NW_%28still_standing%29_%284119139914%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dedication ceremony of the Francis Asbury Memorial in 1924.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dedication_of_Francis_Asbury_statue%2C_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29%2C_10-15-24_LCCN2016849651_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dedication_of_Francis_Asbury_statue%2C_%28Washington%2C_D.C.%29%2C_10-15-24_LCCN2016849651_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guglielmo Marconi Memorial at Marconi Plaza, erected in 1941.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marconi_Memorial_%2873ea1054-b75c-4870-af04-cba45c3beffe%29.jpg/220px-Marconi_Memorial_%2873ea1054-b75c-4870-af04-cba45c3beffe%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Vintage on 16th, a historic church redeveloped into luxury apartments, in 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Vintage_at_Mount_Pleasant.jpg/220px-The_Vintage_at_Mount_Pleasant.jpg"},{"image_text":"View down Mt. Pleasant Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mount_Pleasant_street_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Pleasant_street_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lamont Plaza sits in the heart of the Mount Pleasant neighborhood.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lamont_Plaza%2C_Mt._Pleasant_1.jpg/220px-Lamont_Plaza%2C_Mt._Pleasant_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Pleasant Farmer's Market is held every Saturday in Lamont Plaza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mount_pleasant_farmers_market_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mount_pleasant_farmers_market_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mt. Pleasant Library, built in 1925 with funding from Andrew Carnegie.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Pleasant_library_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Pleasant_library_2_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Businesses on Mt. Pleasant Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mt._Pleasant_neighborhood%2C_located_on_Mt._Pleasant_St._near_intersection_with_Kilbourne_Pl.%2C_NW%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2010641431.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Mt._Pleasant_neighborhood%2C_located_on_Mt._Pleasant_St._near_intersection_with_Kilbourne_Pl.%2C_NW%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2010641431.tif.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Morley, Jefferson (January 25, 2021). \"The Mount Pleasant Miracle\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2021/01/25/mount-pleasant-washington-dc-gentrification/","url_text":"\"The Mount Pleasant Miracle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Iris (2002). Washington in Maps 1606–2000. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780847824472.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F-wLAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Washington in Maps 1606–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_International_Publications","url_text":"Rizzoli International Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847824472","url_text":"9780847824472"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Mount_Pleasant_Brochure_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Village in the City\". Cultural Tourism DC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=20532956-f4a0-4420-9176-4182a4f8f2de&groupId=701982","url_text":"\"Village in the City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Tourism_DC","url_text":"Cultural Tourism DC"}]},{"reference":"\"The Architectural Legacy of Mount Pleasant Street\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://snow.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Mt%2520Pleasant%2520Architectural%2520Legacy.pdf","url_text":"\"The Architectural Legacy of Mount Pleasant Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"FULTON R. GORDON AND ROBERT E. HEATER ARE Extending and Beautifying the Nation's Capital.: Virginians Make a Specialty of Opening New Northwest Suburban Property\". The Washington Post. February 24, 1907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District\". 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The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/once-a-rural-village-dcs-mount-pleasant-now-an-oasis-in-the-city/2021/01/26/dca3fe02-5c30-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html","url_text":"\"Once a rural village, D.C.'s Mount Pleasant now an 'oasis in the city'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District nomination\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Mount%20Pleasant%20HD%20nom.pdf","url_text":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mt. Pleasant Neighborhood Library\". District of Columbia Public Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dclibrary.org/mtpleasant","url_text":"\"Mt. 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Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dccondoboutique.com/blog/why-mount-pleasant-is-one-of-the-coolest-neighborhoods-in-dc/","url_text":"\"Why Mount Pleasant is One of the Coolest Neighborhoods in DC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Pleasant_(Washington,_D.C.)¶ms=38_55_43.3_N_77_2_14.4_W_type:city_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°55′43.3″N 77°2′14.4″W / 38.928694°N 77.037333°W / 38.928694; -77.037333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Pleasant_(Washington,_D.C.)¶ms=38_55_43.3_N_77_2_14.4_W_type:city_region:US-DC","external_links_name":"38°55′43.3″N 77°2′14.4″W / 38.928694°N 77.037333°W / 38.928694; -77.037333"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2021/01/25/mount-pleasant-washington-dc-gentrification/","external_links_name":"\"The Mount Pleasant Miracle\""},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0042098019830895?journalCode=usja","external_links_name":"Gentrifiers, distinction, and social preservation: A case study in consumption on Mount Pleasant Street in Washington, DC"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2021/01/25/mount-pleasant-washington-dc-gentrification/","external_links_name":"Washington Post - The Mount Pleasant Miracle"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F-wLAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Washington in Maps 1606–2000"},{"Link":"https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Mount_Pleasant_Brochure_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District\""},{"Link":"https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=20532956-f4a0-4420-9176-4182a4f8f2de&groupId=701982","external_links_name":"\"Village in the City\""},{"Link":"https://snow.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Mt%2520Pleasant%2520Architectural%2520Legacy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Architectural Legacy of Mount Pleasant Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/Nr/travel/wash/dc96.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mount Pleasant Historic District\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/01/18/in-mt-pleasant-a-divided-view-on-street-crime/4c363f62-c89d-4cfb-aa24-b5c87658adb5/","external_links_name":"\"In Mt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedy_seadragon | Common seadragon | ["1 Range and habitat","2 Biology","3 Threats","4 Conservation","5 Related species","6 Ongoing research","7 References","8 External links"] | Species of fish
Not to be confused with Leafy seadragon.
Common seadragon
Phyllopteryx taeniolatus in Cabbage Tree Bay, Sydney, Australia
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Syngnathiformes
Family:
Syngnathidae
Genus:
Phyllopteryx
Species:
P. taeniolatus
Binomial name
Phyllopteryx taeniolatus(Lacepède, 1804)
Phyllopteryx taeniolatus range
Synonyms
Syngnatus taeniolatus Lacepède, 1804
Syngnathus foliatus Shaw, 1804
Phyllopteryx foliatus (Shaw, 1804)
The common seadragon or weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) is a marine fish of the order Syngnathiformes, which also includes the similar pipefishes, seahorses, and trumpetfishes among other species. Adult common seadragons are a reddish colour, with yellow and purple striped markings; they have small, leaf-like appendages that resemble kelp or seaweed fronds, providing camouflage, as well as a number of short spines for protection. As with seahorses and the other syngnathids, the seadragon has a similarly tubular snout and a fused, toothless jaw into which it captures small invertebrate prey at lightning speed. Males have narrower bodies and are darker than females. Seadragons have a long dorsal fin along the back and small pectoral fins on either side of the neck, which provide balance. Weedy seadragons can reach 45 cm (18 in) in length.
The seadragon is the marine emblem of the Australian state of Victoria.
Range and habitat
The common seadragon is endemic to Australian and insular coastal waters of the eastern Indian Ocean northern Southern Ocean and the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It can generally be found along the entire southern coastline of the Australian continent, including Tasmania and other offshore islands. It can be observed regularly from around Port Stephens, New South Wales to Geraldton, Western Australia, as well as off the coast of South Australia and the Great Australian Bight.
Common Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, from the Sketchbook of fishes by William Buelow Gould, 1832The common seadragon inhabits coastal waters down around 10 m (33 ft) to 30 m (98 ft) deep. It is associated with rocky reefs, seaweed beds, seagrass meadows and structures colonised by seaweed.
Biology
The seadragons are slow-moving and, like most of their relatives, rely on excellent camouflage—the mimicry of seaweed, in this case—as a defense against predators. They lack the prehensile tail that many seahorses and pipefishes have evolved as anchors, to clasp and steady themselves; seadragons, instead, drift in the water among kelp and seaweed masses, which they blend-into with their leafy-looking appendages.
Individuals are observed either on their own or in pairs, feeding on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton by sucking prey into their toothless mouths. As with most other syngnathids, seadragon males are the sex that cares for the developing eggs. Females lay around 120 eggs onto the brood patch located on the underside of the male's tail. The eggs are fertilised and carried by the male for around a month before the hatchlings emerge. The young are independent at birth, beginning to eat shortly after. Common seadragons take about 28 months to reach sexual maturity, and may live for up to six years.
Common Seadragon
Mating in captivity is relatively rare since researchers have yet to understand what biological or environmental factors trigger them to reproduce. The survival rate for young common seadragons is low in the wild, but it is about 60% in captivity.
The Aquarium of the Pacific (in Long Beach, California) and the Tennessee Aquarium (in Chattanooga, Tennessee), in the US, and the Melbourne Aquarium in Melbourne, Australia are among the few facilities in the world to have successfully bred common seadragons in captivity, though others occasionally report egg-laying. In March 2012, the Georgia Aquarium (in Atlanta) announced a successful breeding event of common seadragons. In July of the same year, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, on California's central coast, successfully bred and hatched-out common seadragons, on-exhibit. Most recently, the Birch Aquarium (in La Jolla, San Diego, California) successfully bred and hatched common seadragon fry in early 2023.
Threats
The common seadragon is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. While the common seadragon is a desired species in the international aquarium trade, the volume of wild-caught individuals is small and therefore not currently a major threat. Instead, habitat loss and degradation due to human activities and pollution threaten common seadragons most.
The loss of suitable seagrass beds and loss of canopy seaweed from inshore rock reefs, coupled with natural history traits that make them poor dispersers, put the future of seadragon populations at risk. This species is not at present a victim of bycatch or a target of trade in traditional Chinese medicine, two activities which are currently a threat to many related seahorse and pipefish populations.
More recent research suggests that the weedy seadragon may be far more endangered than initially assumed as a result of climate change-induced marine heatwaves on the Great Southern Reef. Edgar et al (2023) documented a population decline of 59% between 2011 and 2021, a period of frequent and extensive marine heatwaves. This would be enough to classify it as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Conservation
Weedy Sea Dragon
It is illegal to take or export these species in most of the states within which they occur. A database of seadragon sightings, known as 'Dragon Search' has been established with support from the Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc., ('Dragon Search' arose as the logical progression of a similar project initiated by the MLSSA, which was the first community group or indeed organisation of any type to adopt the common seadragon's close relative, the leafy seadragon, as part of its logo), the Marine and Coastal Community Network (MCCN), the Threatened Species Network (TSN) and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS), which encourages divers to report sightings. Monitoring of populations may provide indications of local water quality and seadragons could also become an important 'flagship' species for the often-overlooked richness of the unique flora and fauna of Australia's south coast. Video clip
Captive breeding programs are in place for the weedy seadragon, headed up by Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. The dragon has been difficult to breed in captivity, though in 2015, research observing the creatures in the wild and trying to replicate the conditions in captivity had researchers making changes to the light, water temperature and water flow proving to be key.
In December 2015, the Melbourne aquarium hatched eggs and the aquarium's weedy seadragon population significantly increased. The aquarium reported in March 2016 that 45 fry were still going strong, a 95% survival rate.
Related species
The common seadragon is in the subfamily Syngnathinae, which contains all pipefish. It is most closely related to the other member of its genus, the ruby seadragon (Phyllopteryx dewysea), and also the leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques). Haliichthys taeniophorus, sometimes referred to as the "ribboned seadragon" is not closely related (it does not form a true monophyletic clade with weedy and leafy seadragons).
The common seadragon was previously the only member of its genus until the description of the ruby seadragon in 2015.
Ongoing research
In the November 2006 issue of National Geographic magazine, marine biologist Greg Rouse is reported as investigating the DNA variation of the two seadragon species across their ranges.
References
This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Common seadragon" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.
^ a b c Pollom, R. (2017). "Phyllopteryx taeniolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17177A67624517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Phyllopteryx taeniolatus" in FishBase. February 2018 version.
^ Bray, D.J. 2011, Common Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 26 Aug 2014, http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/3127
^ a b c d e f g "Dragon Search". Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ "Melbourne Aquarium". Archived from the original on 5 January 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2005.
^ Dept of Sustainability and Environment Victoria > The marine faunal emblem for the State of Victoria Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 August 2011
^ "Western Australia Department of Fisheries". Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2005.
^ Morrison, S.; Storrie, A. (1999). Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia. CALM. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7309-6894-8.
^ "Life History of the Weedy Sea Dragon". Research. Sydney Institute of Marine Science. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ "Endangered sea dragon at Ga. aquarium pregnant". Newsvine. Associated Press. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ Papercut Interactive. "Tennessee Aquarium". tnaqua.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
^ Melbourne Aquarium > Conservation Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ Largest Brood of Weedy Sea Dragons Born at Georgia Aquarium Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Georgia Aquarium press release, 29 March 2012. Accessed 15 August 2013.
^ Weedy Sea Dragons Born At Monterey Bay Aquarium Retrieved 5 August 2012
^ "Birch Aquarium Welcomes Baby Weedy Seadragons". UC San Diego. 7 March 2023.
^ Martin-Smith, Keith M. & Vincent, Amanda C.J. (2006). "Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)". Oryx. 40 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1017/S003060530600010X.
^ "Weedy Seadragon". Zoo Aquarium Association. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
^ Edgar, Graham J.; Stuart-Smith, Rick D.; Heather, Freddie J.; Barrett, Neville S.; Turak, Emre; Sweatman, Hugh; Emslie, Michael J.; Brock, Danny J.; Hicks, Jamie; French, Ben; Baker, Susan C.; Howe, Steffan A.; Jordan, Alan; Knott, Nathan A.; Mooney, Peter (2023). "Continent-wide declines in shallow reef life over a decade of ocean warming". Nature. 615 (7954): 858–865. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05833-y. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ "SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium celebrates 6th weedy sea dragon breeding season". SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "Rare weedy sea dragons born at Melbourne Aquarium". ABC News. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "'Near threatened' baby weedy sea dragons make debut at Melbourne Aquarium". ABC News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Smith, Bridie (3 March 2016). "Record season for captive-bred weedy sea dragons". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfix Media. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ Wilson, Nerida G. & Rouse, Greg W. (2010). "Convergent camouflage and the non-monophyly of 'seadragons' (Syngnathidae: Teleostei): suggestions for a revised taxonomy of syngnathids". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (6): 551–558. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00449.x.
^ "Rare Ruby Seadragon uncovered in Western Australia". Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
External links
Common Seadragon video on Youtube
weedy-seadragon/phyllopteryx-taeniolatus Common seadragon media from ARKive
Australian Museum Online - Leafy and Weedy Seadragons
Leafy Seadragons and Weedy Seadragons
Weedy Sea Dragon Monitoring Program in Botany Bay
Leafy Sea Dragon Festival
Weedy Sea Dragon
Youtube Male Weedy Seadragon with eggs
Youtube Weedy Seadragon
Male Weedy Sea Dragon carrying eggs
BBC Weedy seadragon videos, news and facts
Fishes of Australia : Phyllopteryx taeniolatus
Taxon identifiersPhyllopteryx taeniolatus
Wikidata: Q1120403
Wikispecies: Phyllopteryx taeniolatus
ADW: Phyllopteryx_taeniolatus
AFD: Phyllopteryx_taeniolatus
ARKive: phyllopteryx-taeniolatus
BioLib: 98083
BOLD: 66270
CoL: 6VFLV
FishBase: 14267
GBIF: 5200965
iNaturalist: 54536
IRMNG: 11079952
ITIS: 644912
IUCN: 17177
NCBI: 161469
OBIS: 282254
Open Tree of Life: 495940
uBio: 135284
WoRMS: 282254
. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leafy seadragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Syngnathiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngnathiformes"},{"link_name":"pipefishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefish"},{"link_name":"seahorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse"},{"link_name":"trumpetfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpetfish"},{"link_name":"kelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Leafy seadragon.The common seadragon or weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) is a marine fish of the order Syngnathiformes, which also includes the similar pipefishes, seahorses, and trumpetfishes among other species. Adult common seadragons are a reddish colour, with yellow and purple striped markings; they have small, leaf-like appendages that resemble kelp or seaweed fronds, providing camouflage, as well as a number of short spines for protection.[3][4] As with seahorses and the other syngnathids, the seadragon has a similarly tubular snout and a fused, toothless jaw into which it captures small invertebrate prey at lightning speed. Males have narrower bodies and are darker than females.[4] Seadragons have a long dorsal fin along the back and small pectoral fins on either side of the neck, which provide balance.[5] Weedy seadragons can reach 45 cm (18 in) in length.The seadragon is the marine emblem of the Australian state of Victoria.[6]","title":"Common seadragon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Port Stephens, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Geraldton, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldton,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Great Australian Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketchbook_of_fishes_-_11._Leafy_sea_dragon_-_William_Buelow_Gould,_c1832.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Buelow Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould"},{"link_name":"seagrass meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass_meadow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The common seadragon is endemic to Australian and insular coastal waters of the eastern Indian Ocean northern Southern Ocean and the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It can generally be found along the entire southern coastline of the Australian continent, including Tasmania and other offshore islands. It can be observed regularly from around Port Stephens, New South Wales to Geraldton, Western Australia, as well as off the coast of South Australia and the Great Australian Bight.[2]Common Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, from the Sketchbook of fishes by William Buelow Gould, 1832The common seadragon inhabits coastal waters down around 10 m (33 ft) to 30 m (98 ft) deep. It is associated with rocky reefs, seaweed beds, seagrass meadows and structures colonised by seaweed.[7]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mimicry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry"},{"link_name":"prehensile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensility"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&S-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sims-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phyllopteryx.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aquarium of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Georgia Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"central coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Birch Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"La Jolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The seadragons are slow-moving and, like most of their relatives, rely on excellent camouflage—the mimicry of seaweed, in this case—as a defense against predators. They lack the prehensile tail that many seahorses and pipefishes have evolved as anchors, to clasp and steady themselves; seadragons, instead, drift in the water among kelp and seaweed masses, which they blend-into with their leafy-looking appendages.[4]Individuals are observed either on their own or in pairs, feeding on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton by sucking prey into their toothless mouths. As with most other syngnathids, seadragon males are the sex that cares for the developing eggs. Females lay around 120 eggs onto the brood patch located on the underside of the male's tail. The eggs are fertilised and carried by the male for around a month before the hatchlings emerge.[4] The young are independent at birth, beginning to eat shortly after.[8] Common seadragons take about 28 months to reach sexual maturity, and may live for up to six years.[9]Common SeadragonMating in captivity is relatively rare since researchers have yet to understand what biological or environmental factors trigger them to reproduce. The survival rate for young common seadragons is low in the wild, but it is about 60% in captivity.[10]The Aquarium of the Pacific (in Long Beach, California) and the Tennessee Aquarium (in Chattanooga, Tennessee),[11] in the US, and the Melbourne Aquarium in Melbourne, Australia[12] are among the few facilities in the world to have successfully bred common seadragons in captivity, though others occasionally report egg-laying. In March 2012, the Georgia Aquarium (in Atlanta) announced a successful breeding event of common seadragons.[13] In July of the same year, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, on California's central coast, successfully bred and hatched-out common seadragons, on-exhibit.[14] Most recently, the Birch Aquarium (in La Jolla, San Diego, California) successfully bred and hatched common seadragon fry in early 2023.[15]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"seahorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse"},{"link_name":"pipefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefish"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"marine heatwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_heatwave"},{"link_name":"Great Southern Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_Reef"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The common seadragon is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List.[1] While the common seadragon is a desired species in the international aquarium trade, the volume of wild-caught individuals is small and therefore not currently a major threat. Instead, habitat loss and degradation due to human activities and pollution threaten common seadragons most.[1]The loss of suitable seagrass beds and loss of canopy seaweed from inshore rock reefs, coupled with natural history traits that make them poor dispersers, put the future of seadragon populations at risk. This species is not at present a victim of bycatch or a target of trade in traditional Chinese medicine, two activities which are currently a threat to many related seahorse and pipefish populations.[16][17]More recent research suggests that the weedy seadragon may be far more endangered than initially assumed as a result of climate change-induced marine heatwaves on the Great Southern Reef. Edgar et al (2023) documented a population decline of 59% between 2011 and 2021, a period of frequent and extensive marine heatwaves. This would be enough to classify it as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[18]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weedy_Sea_Dragon.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Life_Society_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon_Search-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Weedy Sea DragonIt is illegal to take or export these species in most of the states within which they occur.[4] A database of seadragon sightings, known as 'Dragon Search' has been established with support from the Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc., ('Dragon Search' arose as the logical progression of a similar project initiated by the MLSSA, which was the first community group or indeed organisation of any type to adopt the common seadragon's close relative, the leafy seadragon, as part of its logo), the Marine and Coastal Community Network (MCCN), the Threatened Species Network (TSN) and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS), which encourages divers to report sightings.[4] Monitoring of populations may provide indications of local water quality and seadragons could also become an important 'flagship' species for the often-overlooked richness of the unique flora and fauna of Australia's south coast.[4]Video clipCaptive breeding programs are in place for the weedy seadragon, headed up by Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium.[19][20] The dragon has been difficult to breed in captivity, though in 2015, research observing the creatures in the wild and trying to replicate the conditions in captivity had researchers making changes to the light, water temperature and water flow proving to be key.[21]In December 2015, the Melbourne aquarium hatched eggs and the aquarium's weedy seadragon population significantly increased. The aquarium reported in March 2016 that 45 fry were still going strong, a 95% survival rate.[22]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syngnathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngnathinae"},{"link_name":"ruby seadragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_seadragon"},{"link_name":"leafy seadragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon"},{"link_name":"Haliichthys taeniophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliichthys_taeniophorus"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonRouse-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAMuseum-24"}],"text":"The common seadragon is in the subfamily Syngnathinae, which contains all pipefish. It is most closely related to the other member of its genus, the ruby seadragon (Phyllopteryx dewysea), and also the leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques). Haliichthys taeniophorus, sometimes referred to as the \"ribboned seadragon\" is not closely related (it does not form a true monophyletic clade with weedy and leafy seadragons).[23]The common seadragon was previously the only member of its genus until the description of the ruby seadragon in 2015.[24]","title":"Related species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine"}],"text":"In the November 2006 issue of National Geographic magazine, marine biologist Greg Rouse is reported as investigating the DNA variation of the two seadragon species across their ranges.","title":"Ongoing research"}] | [{"image_text":"Common Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, from the Sketchbook of fishes by William Buelow Gould, 1832","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sketchbook_of_fishes_-_11._Leafy_sea_dragon_-_William_Buelow_Gould%2C_c1832.jpg/220px-Sketchbook_of_fishes_-_11._Leafy_sea_dragon_-_William_Buelow_Gould%2C_c1832.jpg"},{"image_text":"Common Seadragon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Phyllopteryx.jpg/230px-Phyllopteryx.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weedy Sea Dragon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Weedy_Sea_Dragon.jpg/220px-Weedy_Sea_Dragon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Video clip"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pollom, R. (2017). \"Phyllopteryx taeniolatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17177A67624517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17177/67624517","url_text":"\"Phyllopteryx taeniolatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Search\". Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reefwatch.asn.au/dsIntroduction.html","url_text":"\"Dragon Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Aquarium\". Archived from the original on 5 January 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060105194721/http://www.melbourneaquarium.com.au/viewanimal.asp?animalid=27&category=&page=2","url_text":"\"Melbourne Aquarium\""},{"url":"http://www.melbourneaquarium.com.au/viewanimal.asp?animalid=27&category=&page=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Western Australia Department of Fisheries\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030402062041/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/rec/broc/fishcard/dragon.html","url_text":"\"Western Australia Department of Fisheries\""},{"url":"http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/rec/broc/fishcard/dragon.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morrison, S.; Storrie, A. (1999). Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia. CALM. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7309-6894-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Land_Management","url_text":"CALM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7309-6894-8","url_text":"978-0-7309-6894-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Life History of the Weedy Sea Dragon\". Research. Sydney Institute of Marine Science. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505080256/http://sims.org.au/research/current-projects/life-history-of-the-weedy-sea-dragon-2/","url_text":"\"Life History of the Weedy Sea Dragon\""},{"url":"http://sims.org.au/research/current-projects/life-history-of-the-weedy-sea-dragon-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Endangered sea dragon at Ga. aquarium pregnant\". Newsvine. Associated Press. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2008/06/12/1567144-endangered-sea-dragon-at-ga-aquarium-pregnant","url_text":"\"Endangered sea dragon at Ga. aquarium pregnant\""}]},{"reference":"Papercut Interactive. \"Tennessee Aquarium\". tnaqua.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213146/http://www.tnaqua.org/Newsroom/faqsanimals.asp","url_text":"\"Tennessee Aquarium\""},{"url":"http://www.tnaqua.org/Newsroom/faqsanimals.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birch Aquarium Welcomes Baby Weedy Seadragons\". UC San Diego. 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.ucsd.edu/story/birch-aquarium-welcomes-baby-weedy-seadragons","url_text":"\"Birch Aquarium Welcomes Baby Weedy Seadragons\""}]},{"reference":"Martin-Smith, Keith M. & Vincent, Amanda C.J. (2006). \"Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)\". Oryx. 40 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1017/S003060530600010X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060530600010X","url_text":"10.1017/S003060530600010X"}]},{"reference":"\"Weedy Seadragon\". Zoo Aquarium Association. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055418/http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/index.php/weedy-seadragon/","url_text":"\"Weedy Seadragon\""},{"url":"http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/index.php/weedy-seadragon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edgar, Graham J.; Stuart-Smith, Rick D.; Heather, Freddie J.; Barrett, Neville S.; Turak, Emre; Sweatman, Hugh; Emslie, Michael J.; Brock, Danny J.; Hicks, Jamie; French, Ben; Baker, Susan C.; Howe, Steffan A.; Jordan, Alan; Knott, Nathan A.; Mooney, Peter (2023). \"Continent-wide declines in shallow reef life over a decade of ocean warming\". Nature. 615 (7954): 858–865. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05833-y. ISSN 1476-4687.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uq1ZMI1-7h-AucGMsNvfoOpTktosc8A9/view","url_text":"\"Continent-wide declines in shallow reef life over a decade of ocean warming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05833-y","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-023-05833-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"}]},{"reference":"\"SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium celebrates 6th weedy sea dragon breeding season\". SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitsealife.com/melbourne/information/news/sea-life-melbourne-aquarium-celebrates-6th-weedy-sea-dragon-breeding-season/","url_text":"\"SEA LIFE Melbourne Aquarium celebrates 6th weedy sea dragon breeding season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rare weedy sea dragons born at Melbourne Aquarium\". ABC News. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-03/melbourne-aquarium-celebrates-weedy-sea-dragons-born/7216200","url_text":"\"Rare weedy sea dragons born at Melbourne Aquarium\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Near threatened' baby weedy sea dragons make debut at Melbourne Aquarium\". ABC News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-04/baby-weedy-sea-dragons-make-their-debut-in-melbourne/7690780","url_text":"\"'Near threatened' baby weedy sea dragons make debut at Melbourne Aquarium\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bridie (3 March 2016). \"Record season for captive-bred weedy sea dragons\". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfix Media. Retrieved 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/technology/sci-tech/record-season-for-captivebred-weedy-sea-dragons-20160303-gn9qnv.html","url_text":"\"Record season for captive-bred weedy sea dragons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Nerida G. & Rouse, Greg W. (2010). \"Convergent camouflage and the non-monophyly of 'seadragons' (Syngnathidae: Teleostei): suggestions for a revised taxonomy of syngnathids\". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (6): 551–558. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00449.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2010.00449.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00449.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Ruby Seadragon uncovered in Western Australia\". Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://museum.wa.gov.au/about/latest-news/rare-ruby-seadragon-uncovered-wa","url_text":"\"Rare Ruby Seadragon uncovered in Western Australia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17177/67624517","external_links_name":"\"Phyllopteryx taeniolatus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17177A67624517.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Phyllopteryx&speciesname=taeniolatus","external_links_name":"\"Phyllopteryx taeniolatus\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/3127","external_links_name":"http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/3127"},{"Link":"http://www.reefwatch.asn.au/dsIntroduction.html","external_links_name":"\"Dragon 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia_(short_story) | Inertia (short story) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 References"] | Short story by Nancy Kress"Inertia"Short story by Nancy KressCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)science fictionPublicationPublished inAnalog Science Fiction and FactMedia typePrintPublication dateJanuary 1990
"Inertia" is a science fiction short story written by Nancy Kress. It was first published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, in January 1990, and was subsequently republished in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Eighth Annual Collection (1991), in Best New SF 5 (1991), in The Aliens of Earth (1993), in A Woman's Liberation: A Choice of Futures by and About Women (2001), and in Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse (2008). It describes life in a "disease colony"; Kress has stated that the story was inspired directly by cultural reactions to the AIDS pandemic, and that it is "less about disease than about love."
Synopsis
An incurable and highly contagious disease causes disfiguring "skin rope" tumors and flattened affect; consequently, all its sufferers are stripped of their rights and forced into sealed quarantine camps. Sixty years later, Dr McHabe visits a camp and reveals to the detainees that he has an illegal cure for the disease's physical symptoms — and that its psychiatric symptoms have kept the camps from descending into violent anarchy like the rest of the world.
Reception
At SF Signal, John Nardo considered "Inertia" to be "everything short fiction could and should be: thought-provoking, based on a cool sf-nal idea and wholly entertaining," declaring it to be "simultaneously grim and deep and wonderful", and awarding it five stars out of five.
In the New York Review of Science Fiction, Leonard Rysdyk stated that Inertia was "as well-written as any “literary” mood piece from the New Yorker or the Saturday Evening Post", emphasizing that it was "rich in detail and character" and that its basic idea was "engrossing"; however, he also cited its ambiguity, the "logical problems" with the execution of the quarantine, and his dissatisfaction with its overall theme, concluding that it is "less than the sum of its parts."
References
^ WASTELANDS – featuring Stephen King, George R.R. Martin, Cory Doctorow and many others, by Anna Gregson, at Orbit Books; published June 13, 2013; retrieved December 2, 2016
^ REVIEW: Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse edited by John Joseph Adams, reviewed by John Nardo; at SF Signal; published January 3, 2008; retrieved December 20, 2016
^ The Year’s Best Science Fiction: Eighth Annual Collection, edited by Gardner Dozois, reviewed by Leonard Rysdyk, in the New York Review of Science Fiction, number 37 (September 1991); via the Internet Archive | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kress"},{"link_name":"Analog Science Fiction and Fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"The Year's Best Science Fiction: Eighth Annual Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Year%27s_Best_Science_Fiction:_Eighth_Annual_Collection"},{"link_name":"Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastelands:_Stories_of_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"AIDS pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orbit-1"}],"text":"\"Inertia\" is a science fiction short story written by Nancy Kress. It was first published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, in January 1990, and was subsequently republished in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Eighth Annual Collection (1991), in Best New SF 5 (1991), in The Aliens of Earth (1993), in A Woman's Liberation: A Choice of Futures by and About Women (2001), and in Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse (2008). It describes life in a \"disease colony\"; Kress has stated that the story was inspired directly by cultural reactions to the AIDS pandemic, and that it is \"less about disease than about love.\"[1]","title":"Inertia (short story)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flattened affect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattened_affect"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"}],"text":"An incurable and highly contagious disease causes disfiguring \"skin rope\" tumors and flattened affect; consequently, all its sufferers are stripped of their rights and forced into sealed quarantine camps. Sixty years later, Dr McHabe visits a camp and reveals to the detainees that he has an illegal cure for the disease's physical symptoms — and that its psychiatric symptoms have kept the camps from descending into violent anarchy like the rest of the world.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SF Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_Signal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSIGNAL-2"},{"link_name":"New York Review of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"the New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"the Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYROSF-3"}],"text":"At SF Signal, John Nardo considered \"Inertia\" to be \"everything short fiction could and should be: thought-provoking, based on a cool sf-nal idea and wholly entertaining,\" declaring it to be \"simultaneously grim and deep and wonderful\", and awarding it five stars out of five.[2]In the New York Review of Science Fiction, Leonard Rysdyk stated that Inertia was \"as well-written as any “literary” mood piece from the New Yorker or the Saturday Evening Post\", emphasizing that it was \"rich in detail and character\" and that its basic idea was \"engrossing\"; however, he also cited its ambiguity, the \"logical problems\" with the execution of the quarantine, and his dissatisfaction with its overall theme, concluding that it is \"less than the sum of its parts.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.orbitbooks.net/2013/06/13/wastelands-featuring-stephen-king-george-r-r-martin-neil-gaiman-joe-hill-cory-doctorow-and-many-others/","external_links_name":"WASTELANDS – featuring Stephen King, George R.R. Martin, Cory Doctorow and many others"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701082428/http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2008/01/review_wastelands_stories_of_the_apocalypse_edited_by_john_joseph_adams/","external_links_name":"REVIEW: Wastelands: Stories of the Apocalypse edited by John Joseph Adams"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/The_New_York_Review_Of_Science_Fiction_037_1991-09/The_New_York_Review_Of_Science_Fiction_037_1991-09_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"The Year’s Best Science Fiction: Eighth Annual Collection, edited by Gardner Dozois"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate_Tower | Westgate Tower | ["1 History","1.1 Capitol view controversy","1.2 Tenants","2 Architecture","2.1 Exterior","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 30°16′27″N 97°44′34″W / 30.27417°N 97.74278°W / 30.27417; -97.74278Historic structure in Austin, Texas
Westgate TowerViewed from the northeastGeneral informationArchitectural styleMid-century modernAddress1122 Colorado St.Town or cityAustin, TexasCountryUnited StatesConstruction startedOctober 1964Completed1966 (1966)Height261 feet (80 m)Technical detailsMaterialReinforced concrete, brickFloor count26Floor area270,000 square feet (25,000 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Edward Durell Stone;Arthur Fehr and Charles GrangerDeveloperLumbermen's Investment CorporationStructural engineerW. Clark CraigServices engineerB. Segall, Jr.Other informationNumber of units93 condominiumsParking231 spacesWestgate TowerU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesRecorded Texas Historic Landmark
Westgate TowerShow map of TexasWestgate TowerShow map of the United StatesCoordinates30°16′27″N 97°44′34″W / 30.27417°N 97.74278°W / 30.27417; -97.74278Arealess than one acreNRHP reference No.10000820RTHL No.17182Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 12, 2010Designated RTHL2012
References
The Westgate Tower is a mixed-use high-rise building in downtown Austin, Texas. The twenty-six-story 261-foot (80 m) tower block was designed in 1962 and completed in 1966; its name reflects its location across the street from the west gate of the Texas State Capitol. Designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2012.
History
After World War II, the neighborhood to the west of the Texas State Capitol began to be redeveloped, with four- and five-story low-rise office buildings replacing houses to make space for state agencies and businesses connected with the capitol. In 1962, the Lumbermen's Investment Corporation of Austin began planning to build a new residential high-rise building on a lot overlooking the capitol grounds from the west.
In July 1962, Lumbermen's hired New York architect Edward Durell Stone to design the exterior of the planned tower; Stone's office collaborated with Austin architects Arthur Fehr and Charles Granger, who designed the tower's interior spaces and details. The building was publicly announced in the Austin Statesman on November 10, 1962 as the "Westgate Tower" (named for its proximity to the west gate of the capitol grounds). The developer purchased the lot on June 10, 1963; final plans for the Westgate Tower were submitted to the City of Austin in July 1964, and excavation for the tower's foundation began that October. The tower was completed and opened to occupants in 1966.
Its residential floors were originally leased out as apartments, until the residences were converted to condominiums in 1984. On October 12, 2010, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its architectural significance and its historical importance as the first mixed-use high-rise building in Austin, and the first of many high-rise buildings in the downtown and capitol area. It was also designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2012. The tower was nominated as an Austin Historic Landmark in 2012, but the applicants withdrew the nomination after public criticism of the associated property tax abatements.
Capitol view controversy
Further information: Texas Capitol View Corridors
In 1931, the City of Austin had enacted a local ordinance limiting the height of new buildings to a maximum of 200 feet (61 m), aiming to preserve the visual preeminence of the Texas Capitol; since that time, only the University of Texas Main Building Tower had been built higher than the limit, using an exception allowing for additional height with a greater setback. The proposed design for the Westgate Tower significantly exceeded the height limit (though it compensated with a setback for the portion above the parking garage).
The prospect of so tall a structure so close to the capitol attracted significant opposition as plans proceeded. In January 1963, Texas Governor Price Daniel voiced his opposition to the proposed tower in his final address to the Texas Legislature. Resistance continued as construction progressed, with State Representative Henry Grover of Houston introducing a bill to condemn the property in February 1965, which was defeated in March in the Texas House of Representatives by only two votes.
The controversy over the preservation of the capitol's visual presence that dogged the Westgate Tower's construction continued to grow after its completion. The Westgate was followed by even taller structures: first the Dobie Center (designed in 1968), and then a series of ever larger downtown bank towers, culminating in the 395-foot (120 m) One American Center (designed in 1982). In 1983, inspired by the Westgate and these other structures, the State of Texas created a list of protected Capitol View Corridors along which structures may not be built, so as to protect the capitol's visibility from various points in Austin.
Tenants
Because of its proximity to the capitol, the Westgate Tower's residential tenants have included lobbyists, state officials (such as David Dewhurst), and state legislators (including A. R. Schwartz, one of the proponents of the unsuccessful 1965 legislation which would have prevented the tower from being completed). Its twenty-fourth floor was occupied by the Headliners' Club, a social club for leading Texas politicians and academics, from the tower's opening in 1966 through 1975.
Architecture
The Westgate Tower is a twenty-six-story tower block built of poured-in-place reinforced concrete with a brick veneer. Designed in 1962, its architecture exemplifies the mid-century modern style with its symmetrical geometric structure and abundant windows. The exterior was designed by New York-based architect Edward Durell Stone, a noted proponent of New Formalism, while the interior and details were designed by the Austin partnership of Arthur Fehr and Charles Granger. W. Clark Craig worked with Fehr and Granger as the tower's structural engineer, and B. Segall, Jr., served as the mechanical and electrical engineer.
The basement first floor holds office space, while the second and third floors (at street level on the east and west elevations, respectively, due to the sloping lot) hold a blend of office and commercial space. The fourth through ninth floors house the building's parking garage, above which residential space fills levels ten through twenty-two. Additional office space occupies levels twenty-three and twenty-four, and the twenty-fifth floor holds mechanical rooms and a two-story sunroom. Finally, the twenty-sixth floor holds a rooftop swimming pool area.
Exterior
The parking garage and lower levels have a cross-shaped plan, from which the upper levels are set back to form a narrower, square cross section. The faces of the building are dominated by parallel vertical columns with brown Butler brick veneers, with ten bays of windows penetrating the structure between the columns. On the parking garage levels and the top two stories, the bays are enclosed by open brick screens; on the residential and upper office levels, they feature full-height sliding glass doors and balconies with iron railings.
At ground level, the east elevation of the tower features two-story windows covering the entire east facade of levels two and three. A pedestrian entrance through glass doors on the second floor leads to a lobby and elevators for the residential levels. There are no entrances in the north or south sides of the tower, but the west face has two vehicle entry and exit bays at street level on the third floor; the left bay leads to the delivery landing on the basement first floor, while the right leads to the parking garage. Tenants and customers for the building's commercial and office spaces enter through the third-story west-side entrances.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Austin, Texas
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Zoning Change Review Sheet". City of Austin. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "National Register Information System – Westgate Tower (#10000820)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
^ a b "Details for Westgate Tower (Atlas Number 5507017182)". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ "Building Step Nearer". Austin Statesman. July 2, 1963.
^ McMurtry, Carol (March 29, 1965). "View of Capitol Already Blocked; Westgate a Late Comer". Austin Statesman.
^ "Office-Apartment Excavation Begins". Austin Statesman. November 1, 1964.
^ a b Pagano, Elizabeth (November 16, 2012). "'Landmark' Lawsuit Rises Again: 'Broken Promise'". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ "Biggest Building Due". Austin American. July 20, 1962.
^ "Condemnation of Apartment near Capitol Sought". Houston Chronicle. February 11, 1965.
^ Hearne, David (March 24, 1965). "Westgate Foes Barely Beaten". Austin Statesman.
^ "Background on the Capitol View Corridors Issue" (PDF). Preservation Austin. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
^ Bell, Brenda (October 13, 2012). "Westgate Tower may become Austin's youngest landmark building, with the most tax breaks". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
^ "Moving Up: Austin Headliners Club Switching to New Home". Austin Statesman. January 17, 1965.
External links
Media related to Westgate Tower (Austin, Texas) at Wikimedia Commons
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This list is incomplete.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Austin, TexasArchaeological
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Aynesworth–Wright House
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Recreational
Barton Springs
Deep Eddy Pool
Lions Municipal Golf Course
Mount Bonnell
Wooldridge Park
Zilker Park | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed-use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Austin"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"tower block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block"},{"link_name":"Texas State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Edward Durell Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Recorded Texas Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark"}],"text":"Historic structure in Austin, TexasThe Westgate Tower is a mixed-use high-rise building in downtown Austin, Texas. The twenty-six-story 261-foot (80 m) tower block was designed in 1962 and completed in 1966; its name reflects its location across the street from the west gate of the Texas State Capitol. Designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2012.","title":"Westgate Tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Texas State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"low-rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-rise"},{"link_name":"high-rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"Edward Durell Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone"},{"link_name":"Arthur Fehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fehr"},{"link_name":"Austin Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTHL-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"condominiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"Recorded Texas Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTHL-3"},{"link_name":"property tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chron-7"}],"text":"After World War II, the neighborhood to the west of the Texas State Capitol began to be redeveloped, with four- and five-story low-rise office buildings replacing houses to make space for state agencies and businesses connected with the capitol. In 1962, the Lumbermen's Investment Corporation of Austin began planning to build a new residential high-rise building on a lot overlooking the capitol grounds from the west.[1]In July 1962, Lumbermen's hired New York architect Edward Durell Stone to design the exterior of the planned tower; Stone's office collaborated with Austin architects Arthur Fehr and Charles Granger, who designed the tower's interior spaces and details. The building was publicly announced in the Austin Statesman on November 10, 1962 as the \"Westgate Tower\"[1] (named for its proximity to the west gate of the capitol grounds).[3] The developer purchased the lot on June 10, 1963;[4] final plans for the Westgate Tower were submitted to the City of Austin in July 1964,[5] and excavation for the tower's foundation began that October.[6] The tower was completed and opened to occupants in 1966.[1]Its residential floors were originally leased out as apartments, until the residences were converted to condominiums in 1984. On October 12, 2010, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its architectural significance and its historical importance as the first mixed-use high-rise building in Austin, and the first of many high-rise buildings in the downtown and capitol area.[1] It was also designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2012.[3] The tower was nominated as an Austin Historic Landmark in 2012, but the applicants withdrew the nomination after public criticism of the associated property tax abatements.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Capitol View Corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Capitol_View_Corridors"},{"link_name":"local ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ordinance"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Main Building Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Building_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)"},{"link_name":"setback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setback_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"parking garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_garage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Price Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grover"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dobie Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobie_Center"},{"link_name":"One American Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_American_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"Capitol View Corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Capitol_View_Corridors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chron-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Capitol view controversy","text":"Further information: Texas Capitol View CorridorsIn 1931, the City of Austin had enacted a local ordinance limiting the height of new buildings to a maximum of 200 feet (61 m), aiming to preserve the visual preeminence of the Texas Capitol; since that time, only the University of Texas Main Building Tower had been built higher than the limit, using an exception allowing for additional height with a greater setback.[1] The proposed design for the Westgate Tower significantly exceeded the height limit (though it compensated with a setback for the portion above the parking garage).[8]The prospect of so tall a structure so close to the capitol attracted significant opposition as plans proceeded. In January 1963, Texas Governor Price Daniel voiced his opposition to the proposed tower in his final address to the Texas Legislature.[1] Resistance continued as construction progressed, with State Representative Henry Grover of Houston introducing a bill to condemn the property in February 1965,[9] which was defeated in March in the Texas House of Representatives by only two votes.[10]The controversy over the preservation of the capitol's visual presence that dogged the Westgate Tower's construction continued to grow after its completion. The Westgate was followed by even taller structures: first the Dobie Center (designed in 1968), and then a series of ever larger downtown bank towers, culminating in the 395-foot (120 m) One American Center (designed in 1982).[1] In 1983, inspired by the Westgate and these other structures, the State of Texas created a list of protected Capitol View Corridors along which structures may not be built, so as to protect the capitol's visibility from various points in Austin.[7][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lobbyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyist"},{"link_name":"David Dewhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dewhurst"},{"link_name":"A. R. Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landmark-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"}],"sub_title":"Tenants","text":"Because of its proximity to the capitol, the Westgate Tower's residential tenants have included lobbyists, state officials (such as David Dewhurst), and state legislators (including A. R. Schwartz, one of the proponents of the unsuccessful 1965 legislation which would have prevented the tower from being completed).[12] Its twenty-fourth floor was occupied by the Headliners' Club, a social club for leading Texas politicians and academics, from the tower's opening in 1966 through 1975.[13][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tower block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"veneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry_veneer"},{"link_name":"mid-century modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern"},{"link_name":"New Formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Formalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Fehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fehr"},{"link_name":"structural engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"sunroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunroom"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"}],"text":"The Westgate Tower is a twenty-six-story tower block built of poured-in-place reinforced concrete with a brick veneer. Designed in 1962, its architecture exemplifies the mid-century modern style with its symmetrical geometric structure and abundant windows. The exterior was designed by New York-based architect Edward Durell Stone, a noted proponent of New Formalism, while the interior and details were designed by the Austin partnership of Arthur Fehr and Charles Granger. W. Clark Craig worked with Fehr and Granger as the tower's structural engineer, and B. Segall, Jr., served as the mechanical and electrical engineer.[1]The basement first floor holds office space, while the second and third floors (at street level on the east and west elevations, respectively, due to the sloping lot) hold a blend of office and commercial space. The fourth through ninth floors house the building's parking garage, above which residential space fills levels ten through twenty-two. Additional office space occupies levels twenty-three and twenty-four, and the twenty-fifth floor holds mechanical rooms and a two-story sunroom. Finally, the twenty-sixth floor holds a rooftop swimming pool area.[1]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"Butler brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin-Butler_Brick_Company"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"sliding glass doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_glass_door"},{"link_name":"balconies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoning-1"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The parking garage and lower levels have a cross-shaped plan, from which the upper levels are set back to form a narrower, square cross section. The faces of the building are dominated by parallel vertical columns with brown Butler brick veneers, with ten bays of windows penetrating the structure between the columns. On the parking garage levels and the top two stories, the bays are enclosed by open brick screens; on the residential and upper office levels, they feature full-height sliding glass doors and balconies with iron railings.[1]At ground level, the east elevation of the tower features two-story windows covering the entire east facade of levels two and three. A pedestrian entrance through glass doors on the second floor leads to a lobby and elevators for the residential levels. There are no entrances in the north or south sides of the tower, but the west face has two vehicle entry and exit bays at street level on the third floor; the left bay leads to the delivery landing on the basement first floor, while the right leads to the parking garage. Tenants and customers for the building's commercial and office spaces enter through the third-story west-side entrances.[1]","title":"Architecture"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Austin,_Texas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Zoning Change Review Sheet\". City of Austin. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=176342","url_text":"\"Zoning Change Review Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – Westgate Tower (#10000820)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/10000820","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – Westgate Tower (#10000820)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Details for Westgate Tower (Atlas Number 5507017182)\". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved November 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507017182","url_text":"\"Details for Westgate Tower (Atlas Number 5507017182)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission","url_text":"Texas Historical Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Building Step Nearer\". Austin Statesman. July 2, 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman","url_text":"Austin Statesman"}]},{"reference":"McMurtry, Carol (March 29, 1965). \"View of Capitol Already Blocked; Westgate a Late Comer\". Austin Statesman.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman","url_text":"Austin Statesman"}]},{"reference":"\"Office-Apartment Excavation Begins\". Austin Statesman. November 1, 1964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman","url_text":"Austin Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Pagano, Elizabeth (November 16, 2012). \"'Landmark' Lawsuit Rises Again: 'Broken Promise'\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved November 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2012-11-16/landmark-lawsuit-rises-again-broken-promise/","url_text":"\"'Landmark' Lawsuit Rises Again: 'Broken Promise'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Biggest Building Due\". Austin American. July 20, 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American","url_text":"Austin American"}]},{"reference":"\"Condemnation of Apartment near Capitol Sought\". Houston Chronicle. February 11, 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Hearne, David (March 24, 1965). \"Westgate Foes Barely Beaten\". Austin Statesman.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman","url_text":"Austin Statesman"}]},{"reference":"\"Background on the Capitol View Corridors Issue\" (PDF). Preservation Austin. Retrieved November 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.preservationaustin.org/uploads/CVC_Background.pdf","url_text":"\"Background on the Capitol View Corridors Issue\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Brenda (October 13, 2012). \"Westgate Tower may become Austin's youngest landmark building, with the most tax breaks\". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statesman.com/news/local-govt--politics/westgate-tower-may-become-austin-youngest-landmark-building-with-the-most-tax-breaks/x7xiASf55bApRiN1lVbCtI/","url_text":"\"Westgate Tower may become Austin's youngest landmark building, with the most tax breaks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"}]},{"reference":"\"Moving Up: Austin Headliners Club Switching to New Home\". Austin Statesman. January 17, 1965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Statesman","url_text":"Austin Statesman"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westgate_Tower¶ms=30_16_27_N_97_44_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"30°16′27″N 97°44′34″W / 30.27417°N 97.74278°W / 30.27417; -97.74278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westgate_Tower¶ms=30_16_27_N_97_44_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"30°16′27″N 97°44′34″W / 30.27417°N 97.74278°W / 30.27417; -97.74278"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/10000820","external_links_name":"10000820"},{"Link":"https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507017182","external_links_name":"17182"},{"Link":"http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=176342","external_links_name":"\"Zoning Change Review Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/10000820","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System – Westgate Tower (#10000820)\""},{"Link":"https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507017182","external_links_name":"\"Details for Westgate Tower (Atlas Number 5507017182)\""},{"Link":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2012-11-16/landmark-lawsuit-rises-again-broken-promise/","external_links_name":"\"'Landmark' Lawsuit Rises Again: 'Broken Promise'\""},{"Link":"https://www.preservationaustin.org/uploads/CVC_Background.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Background on the Capitol View Corridors Issue\""},{"Link":"http://www.statesman.com/news/local-govt--politics/westgate-tower-may-become-austin-youngest-landmark-building-with-the-most-tax-breaks/x7xiASf55bApRiN1lVbCtI/","external_links_name":"\"Westgate Tower may become Austin's youngest landmark building, with the most tax breaks\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Trading_Standards_Institute | Chartered Trading Standards Institute | ["1 History","1.1 Hampton Report","2 Function","2.1 ADR approval","2.2 Goals","2.3 Events","2.4 Publications","3 Structure","3.1 Members","3.2 Staff","3.3 Branches of the Institute","4 Citizens Advice Consumerline (previously Consumer Direct)","5 References","6 External links"] | Chartered Trading Standards InstituteAbbreviationCTSIPredecessorInstitute of Trading Standards Administration (founded 1956)Formation(as Incorporated Society of Inspectors of Weights and Measures) 1881; 143 years ago (1881)TypeProfessional bodyPurposeTrading standards in the UKLocation1 Sylvan Court, Sylvan Way, Southfields Business Park, Laindon, Basildon, Essex SS15 6THRegion served UK, Crown dependencies and overseas territoriesMembership British trading standards officersChief ExecutiveJohn HerrimanPresident The Earl of LindsayMain organCTSI Board CTSI CouncilWebsiteCTSIFormerly calledIncorporated Society of Inspectors of Weights and Measures (founded 1881)
The Chartered Trading Standards Institute (CTSI) is a professional association which represents and trains trading standards professionals working in local authorities, business and consumer sectors and in central government in the UK and overseas.
History
The CTSI was formed from a merger of the Institute of Trading Standards Administration, created in 1956, and the Incorporated Society of Inspectors of Weights and Measures, established in 1881. It was granted its Royal charter by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 1 April 2015.
Hampton Report
The Hampton Report, commissioned in 2004 and published in 2005, led to the creation of the Local Better Regulation Office (LBRO). Previously the Consumer and Trading Standards Agency (CTSA), and then the Better Regulation Delivery Office (BRDO), it set standards on how trading standards and other business regulators carry out their work to minimise the impact on legitimate business. The Hampton Report also gave an enhanced role for the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). The OFT set national priorities and coordinated performance management of local authority trading standards services.
Function
CTSI engages with, and makes representations to, government, UK and EU Parliamentary institutions, and key stakeholders in the local government, community, business and consumer sectors, and other regulatory agencies. It aims to sustain and improve consumer protection, health and wellbeing, together with the reinforcement of fair markets, facilitating business competitiveness and success.
The Institute also hosts the UK European Consumer Centre (UK ECC), which provides consumer advice with regards to cross-border disputes within the EU, and the UK European Consumer Centre for Services (UK ECCS), which provides general information on consumer laws and rights when buying a service in another EU member state, as well as contact details for organisations that could provide practical assistance in the case of a dispute.
CTSI aims to bolster consumer protection and improve customer service standards by:
the approval and promotion of codes of practice
setting out the principles of effective customer service
recognising trusted traders - via the CTSI approved code logo
In April 2012, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) invited the TSI to establish a successor to the Office of Fair Trading on a self-funding basis from April 2013. The management of the Consumer Codes Approval Scheme (CCAS) has now transferred to the Consumer Codes Approval Board (CCAB) operated by CTSI.
ADR approval
1 October 2015 the Alternative Dispute Resolution Directive came into force, and the CTSI was appointed to carry out the approval functions on behalf of the Secretary of State.
Goals
CTSI's strategic objectives for 2017-2020 are to:
Deliver competency pathways that support professional aims
Deliver income that enables us to invest in our charter aims
Lead debates that shape and promote our profession
Support members so that they are proud to be part of the Institute
Events
Since 1988, the CTSI has held an annual National Consumer Week. Its 2018 theme was consumer rights and online market places, held 26 to 30 November. This underpinned by research conducted by the Citizens Advice Partnership Knowledge Hub. The 2019 event has been postponed until the beginning of 2020 due to Brexit uncertainty.
In June/July it holds an annual Conference that delivers a full education and training programme of the course of the event.
CTSI holds the Heroes Awards annually in the summer, this provides an opportunity to recognise and celebrate those who have contributed to the profession and the protection of consumers.
CTSI Hero Award Trophy
Publications
The CTSI publishes a bi-annual magazine and website under the title Journal of Trading Standards, produced on contract by Fourth Estate Creative.
Structure
CTSI's headquarters is in the Southfields area of Laindon, south of Ford's Dunton Technical Centre, off the B148.
Members
CTSI members typically work in one of approximately 200 UK local authority trading standards offices, except in Northern Ireland where trading standards is provided by central government. Trading standards professionals work with consumers and businesses to maintain fair trading and safety of consumer goods. The CTSI also has members working in the private sector (they have their own section within the CTSI: the Business Members Group).
Staff
John Herriman took over as chief executive from interim chief executive Paul Ramsden in April 2021. The current CTSI chair is Tenday Lindsay, elected at the September 2021 AGM, who took over the role from Louise Baxter.
Branches of the Institute
East Midlands
London
Midlands
Northern
Northern Ireland
North West
Scottish
South Eastern
South East Midlands
South West
Southern
Wales
Yorkshire and the Humber
Sections of the Institute
Association of Chief Trading Standards Officers (ACTSO)
Business Members Group (BMG)
Consumer Empowerment Alliance (CEA)
Welsh Heads of Trading Standards (WHOTS)
Society of Chief Officers of Trading Standards in Scotland (SCOTSS)
Citizens Advice Consumerline (previously Consumer Direct)
Trading Standards services work in partnership with the Citizens Advice Bureau consumer service to provide free, confidential and impartial advice on consumer issues. If consumers have concerns they are advised to report their concerns to the Citizens Advice consumer service (see external links) so that crucial intelligence can reach trading standards.
The Chartered Trading Standards Institute is a private company which supplies membership services and training for trading standards professionals; it does not handle consumer complaints.
References
^ a b Breaking: CTSI appoints John Herriman as new Chief Executive, 4 March 2021. Accessed: 6 March 2023.
^ CTSI appoints the Earl of Lindsay as President. Accessed: 13 April 2021.
^ "TSI appoints new chief executive". Trading Standards Institute. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ "Hampton Review of regulatory inspection and enforcement". National Archives snapshot. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ "Time called on inspectors". The Guardian. 17 March 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ Sections 4.14, 4.15, p.41, Implementing Hampton: From enforcement to Compliance (November 2006) PDF on National Archives website, Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ "UK European Consumer Centre". UKECC. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ "The European Consumer Centre for Services". Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ "Finding a trader - Trading Standards Institute Consumer Codes Approval Scheme". Advice Guide. Citizens Advice. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Smithers, Rebecca (18 June 2013). "Consumer codes scheme aims to improve customer confidence". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Alternative dispute resolution for consumers. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^ Citizens Advice campaign on consumer rights (accessed: 30 November 2018).
^ "CTSI Conference".
^ "Publications | CTSI". www.tradingstandards.uk. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
^ "Journal of Trading Standards". Fourth Estate Creative. Archived from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
^ "Reporting a problem to Trading Standards". Advice Guide. Citizens Advice. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^ Help and advice Archived June 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Trading Standards Institute. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
External links
Citizens Advice consumer service
Trading Standards Central
Local Government Regulation LACORS Coordinating body for Trading Standards and related enforcement functions
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Chartered Trading Standards Institute (CTSI) is a professional association which represents and trains trading standards professionals working in local authorities, business and consumer sectors and in central government in the UK and overseas.","title":"Chartered Trading Standards Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSICEO-3"},{"link_name":"Royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The CTSI was formed from a merger of the Institute of Trading Standards Administration, created in 1956, and the Incorporated Society of Inspectors of Weights and Measures, established in 1881.[3] It was granted its Royal charter by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 1 April 2015.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampton Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Report"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narch-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-5"},{"link_name":"Local Better Regulation Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Better_Regulation_Office"},{"link_name":"Office of Fair Trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Hampton Report","text":"The Hampton Report, commissioned in 2004[4] and published in 2005,[5] led to the creation of the Local Better Regulation Office (LBRO). Previously the Consumer and Trading Standards Agency (CTSA), and then the Better Regulation Delivery Office (BRDO), it set standards on how trading standards and other business regulators carry out their work to minimise the impact on legitimate business. 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Its 2018 theme was consumer rights and online market places, held 26 to 30 November. This underpinned by research conducted by the Citizens Advice Partnership Knowledge Hub.[12] The 2019 event has been postponed until the beginning of 2020 due to Brexit uncertainty.In June/July it holds an annual Conference that delivers a full education and training programme of the course of the event.[13]CTSI holds the Heroes Awards annually in the summer, this provides an opportunity to recognise and celebrate those who have contributed to the profession and the protection of consumers.CTSI Hero Award Trophy","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"The CTSI publishes a bi-annual magazine and website under the title Journal of Trading Standards,[14] produced on contract by Fourth Estate Creative.[15]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laindon"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Dunton Technical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunton_Technical_Centre"}],"text":"CTSI's headquarters is in the Southfields area of Laindon, south of Ford's Dunton Technical Centre, off the B148.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Members","text":"CTSI members typically work in one of approximately 200 UK local authority trading standards offices, except in Northern Ireland where trading standards is provided by central government. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Pruitt | Gabe Pruitt | ["1 High school","2 College career","2.1 2004–2005","2.2 2005–2006","2.3 2006–2007","3 NBA and D-League","3.1 2007–2008","3.2 2008–2009","3.3 2009–2010","3.4 2011–2012","3.5 2012–2013","4 European career","5 College statistics","6 Rankings","7 NBA career statistics","7.1 Regular season","7.2 Playoffs","8 References","9 External links"] | American basketball player
Gabe PruittPersonal informationBorn (1986-04-19) April 19, 1986 (age 38)Los Angeles, CaliforniaNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Listed weight170 lb (77 kg)Career informationHigh schoolWestchester(Los Angeles, California)CollegeUSC (2004–2007)NBA draft2007: 2nd round, 32nd overall pickSelected by the Boston CelticsPlaying career2007–2018PositionPoint guard / shooting guardNumber13Career history2007–2009Boston Celtics2007–2008→Utah Flash2009–2010Los Angeles D-Fenders2010Utah Flash2010Ironi Ashkelon2011–2013Sioux Falls Skyforce2013Maine Red Claws2013–2014Rethymno Aegean2014Keravnos2014Panionios2017–2018Santos San Luis2018Sukhbaatar Alians Tekh
Career highlights and awards
NBA champion (2008)
First-team All-Pac-10 (2006)
Pac-10 All-Freshman Team (2005)
Fourth-team Parade All-American (2004)
Career NBA statisticsPoints125 (2.0 ppg)Rebounds51 (0.8 rpg)Assists52 (0.8 apg)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
Gabriel Michael Pruitt (born April 19, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He played two seasons for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning an NBA championship with the team in 2008. He also played in the NBA D League, Greece, Israel, Cyprus, and Mexico from 2010 to 2018.
High school
Pruitt and was born in Los Angeles, California and attended Westchester High School, where he averaged 22 points per game as a senior in 2004. He was a fourth-team Parade All-American selection, Los Angeles Times All-City and South Bay/Westside first team and South Bay Daily Breeze Player of the Year honors. He was listed as the No. 20 prep player in the country by Basketball Times after his senior year, and was considered among the top 20 prep guards by Athlon Sports and Insiders.com in his senior year in 2004.
College career
2004–2005
Pruitt earned team MVP honors along with fellow freshman Nick Young. He led the Trojans in points (356), scoring average (12.3), three-point average (.450), assists (92), and steals (56) earning him selection to the All-Pac-10 freshman team. His three-point field-goal percentage set a school record and he hit at a .547 clip (41-of-75) in the latter half of the season. He was among the all-time Trojan top-10 freshmen in points (fifth) average (T-fourth), field goals (seventh), field-goals attempted (eighth), field-goal percentage (the ninth-best ever by a freshman guard), three-pointers (1st), three-pointers attempted (second), three-pointer percentage (first), free-throw percentage (ninth), assists (fifth) and steals (second). He scored in double digits in 20 of 29 of his games, including a season-high of 23 twice, both against Stanford at home on January 22 and at Stanford on February 27. In the home game v. Stanford, he made a season high of seven three-pointers out of 11 attempted. This tied him with Anthony Pendleton, who had achieved this feat on December 9, 1987. He had a season-best eight assists in his game v. San Diego on December 11. and a high of eight rebounds v. Arizona State on February 12.
2005–2006
Pruitt started 25 games for the USC and finished second on that team and fifth in the Pac-10 with a 16.9 scoring average, while snagging 4.0 rebounds and having 3.1 assists per game. He was named to the All-Pac-10 First Team along with teammate Nick Young; they had become the first pair of Trojans to make the team since Duane Cooper and Harold Miner in 1992. Additionally Pruitt was selected to the NABC District 15 first team. On December 3 v. BYU, he had his first career double-double, scoring 17 points with a career-high 10 rebounds. His next career high was made when he scored 36 points in a 71–69 victory at Loyola Marymount on December 10, which earned him Pac-10 Player of the Week honors. From the field, Pruitt was 13-19 (68.4 percent), including 5-for-10 from three-point range. He became the 12th Trojan to score 36 points or more in a game. He had 16 points (counting 5-for-8 from outside the arc), six rebounds and assists, and four steals in a victory over North Carolina on December 21. He sealed USC's win over Stanford on December 31 by making 10 of 12 free throw shots down the line, including 6–6 in the final 47 seconds of the 82–71 win at the Staples Center.
He scored 30 points on 11-for-18 shooting (5-11 from three-point range) in a near-victory against Arizona State on January 5 (at 66–65). Pruitt scored six three-pointers and made all of his 21 points in the second half of an 86–77 loss vs. Washington on the twelfth. He marked 30 points again on an 8–12 shooting (6 three-pointers made) in an 84–78 win on January 28. Pruitt became the ninth Trojan to score 30 or more points in three games or more in the same season and the first since Harold Miner in 1992 (who did this 11 times). He tallied a career-high seven steals and a game-high 25 points in a 77–70 win over Arizona on February 2. Then he missed several games from February 9 to February 25 after he suffered a tibial plateau fracture in his left knee. His return to action was on March 2, playing in USC's final three games. However, he only marked 29.3 percent of his shots (12-for-41). He ranked second in the Pac-10 in steals with 55 (2.2 per game). His 111 steals are among the tops of the Pac-10. Making 94 of his 117 (80.3 percent) free-throw attempts, he ranked tenth in the conference and earned the Joe Barbato Award for the best free-throw percentage on the Trojans at the team awards dinner.
During the end of the 2005–2006 season, Pruitt gained slight media attention after he was the victim of a Catfishing scam in which a Cal student later revealed to be named Steven Kenyon pretended to be a female UCLA student named Victoria. Victoria messaged Pruitt on AIM and the two chatted flirtatiously and planned a date after Pruitt's game against Cal. During the game, several students in the student section for Cal having been in on the gig, chanted taunts at Pruitt. Things such as "Call Gabe" and "Victoria! Victoria!" were chanted by hundred of students in the audience. Kenyon later commented that the entire ordeal was to give Cal a competitive advantage by throwing Pruitt off his feet.
2006–2007
Since he was an efficient shooter, defender, and leader, Pruitt did fairly well as a sophomore for the Trojans. with 131 three-pointers, Pruitt holds the record for most three-pointers by a Trojan (in his first two seasons), ranking 10th all-time at USC.
Pruitt, who missed the first 13 games of the season while academically ineligible, finished third in scoring, averaging 12.5 points per game, while leading the team in assists with 113 and steals with 47 in 26 games. He also led USC in free throw shooting, hitting 80.0 percent, to win the Joe Barbato Award for the team's highest free throw percentage for his second consecutive season. Pruitt became the 32nd Trojan in history to score 1,000 points in his career, and ranks 27th all-time at USC in scoring with 1,102 points. He also stands in fourth place all-time at USC for three-pointers made with 179 while holding down the sixth spot in steals with 158. He was also selected to the honorable-mention all-pac-10 team.
Pruitt helped lead East Region five-seed USC to the round of Sweet Sixteen in the 2007 NCAA Tournament, where they fell to No. 1 North Carolina, 74–64. Pruitt scored in double figures in all three NCAA Tournament games against Arkansas, Kevin Durant-led Texas, and the Tar Heels, and had better than a 3:1 assist to turnover ratio (19 to 6).
On April 27, 2007, Pruitt announced that he registered for the 2007 NBA draft, following teammate and fellow junior Nick Young in declaring for the draft, whereas freshman teammate Taj Gibson declined to make himself eligible, and was eventually selected by the Boston Celtics in the 2nd round with the 32nd overall selection.
NBA and D-League
2007–2008
Pruitt did not see significant playing time in his first NBA season. Being the 4th string point guard behind Rajon Rondo, Eddie House and Sam Cassell, he spent most of the season playing with the Celtics' D-League affiliate, the Utah Flash.
2008–2009
Pruitt played a small role on the Celtics, averaging under 8 minutes per game.
2009–2010
Pruitt was waived by the Celtics on July 31, 2009. He played with the New York Knicks during their 2009 training camp, but was waived on October 7, 2009. Pruitt then played for the Los Angeles D-Fenders and Utah Flash of the NBA Developmental League.
2011–2012
Pruitt started the 2011–12 season in the D-League with the Sioux Falls Skyforce. After appearing in just two games, he signed with the Orlando Magic in December 2011. On December 21, 2011, after two preseason games against the Miami Heat, he was waived, and returned to the Skyforce.
2012–2013
On February 26, 2013, Pruitt was traded to the Maine Red Claws, in exchange for James Mays. He left the Red Claws in late March.
European career
On April 3, 2013, Pruitt signed with the Greek League club Rethymno Aegean.
College statistics
Season
G
FG%
3P%
FT%
Reb.
RPG
Asst
Bl
St
Pts
PPG
2006–2007
26
41.6
35.0
80.0
73
2.8
4.3
0.3
1.8
324
12.5
2005–2006
25
40.5
38.0
80.3
101
4.0
3.1
0.3
2.2
422
16.9
2004–2005
29
48.8
45.0
70.3
73
2.5
3.2
0.1
1.9
356
12.3
Career
80
43.4
39.3
77.8
247
3.1
3.5
0.2
2.0
1102
13.8
Source: http://collegebasketball.rivals.com/bviewplayer.asp?Player=46729 Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
Rankings
Pruitt was ranked #46 in Rivals Hoops 2004 top 150 players.
Pruitt was ranked the #9 point guards in 2004 by Rivals
NBA career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field goal percentage
3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
Bold
Career high
†
Won an NBA championship
Regular season
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2007–08†
Boston
15
0
6.5
.359
.250
.500
.5
.9
.3
.0
2.1
2008–09
Boston
47
0
7.8
.307
.292
.810
.9
.8
.3
.1
2.0
Career
62
0
7.4
.321
.283
.783
.8
.8
.3
.0
2.0
Playoffs
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2009
Boston
4
0
2.8
.000
.000
.000
.0
.5
.0
.3
.0
Career
4
0
2.8
.000
.000
.000
.0
.5
.0
.3
.0
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Shooting Success". Retrieved 2006-11-11.
^ Fans catfished a college basketball player into one of his worst games. Secret Base. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ "The inside story of cals legendary catfishing prank - 10 years later". yahoo.com. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
^ "Draftmate". Retrieved 2007-06-25.
^ Yue, Pruitt among four waived by Knicks
^ "Former Celtics Guard Gabe Pruitt Signs with Los Angeles D-Fenders". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
^ D-League's Flash waive Cummard
^ Maine Trades James Mays in Exchange for Sioux Falls' Gabe Pruitt Archived 2013-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ "AGOR signs former NBA guard Gabe Pruitt". Sportando.net. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ Rivals.com Prospect Rankings
^ Rivals.com Prospect Rankings
External links
NBA.com Profile Archived 2016-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
Basketball-Reference.com Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Greek Basket League Profile (in Greek)
Draftexpress.com Profile Archived 2014-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
Scoresway.com Profile
vte2007 NBA draftFirst round
Greg Oden
Kevin Durant
Al Horford
Mike Conley
Jeff Green
Yi Jianlian
Corey Brewer
Brandan Wright
Joakim Noah
Spencer Hawes
Acie Law
Thaddeus Young
Julian Wright
Al Thornton
Rodney Stuckey
Nick Young
Sean Williams
Marco Belinelli
Javaris Crittenton
Jason Smith
Daequan Cook
Jared Dudley
Wilson Chandler
Rudy Fernández
Morris Almond
Aaron Brooks
Arron Afflalo
Tiago Splitter
Alando Tucker
Petteri Koponen
Second round
Carl Landry
Gabe Pruitt
Marcus Williams
Nick Fazekas
Glen Davis
Jermareo Davidson
Josh McRoberts
Kyrylo Fesenko
Stanko Barać
Sun Yue
Chris Richard
Derrick Byars
Adam Haluska
Reyshawn Terry
Jared Jordan
Stéphane Lasme
Dominic McGuire
Marc Gasol
Aaron Gray
Renaldas Seibutis
JamesOn Curry
Taurean Green
Demetris Nichols
Brad Newley
Herbert Hill
Ramon Sessions
Sammy Mejía
Giorgos Printezis
D. J. Strawberry
Milovan Raković
vteBoston Celtics 2007–08 NBA champions
0 Powe
5 Garnett
9 Rondo
11 Davis
13 Pruitt
20 R. Allen
28 Cassell
34 Pierce (Finals MVP)
41 Posey
42 T. Allen
43 Perkins
44 Scalabrine
50 House
66 Pollard
93 Brown
Head coach Rivers
Assistant coaches Eastman
Hill
Longabardi
Ray
Thibodeau
Regular season
Playoffs | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"NBA D League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_G_League"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Leumit_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Basketball_Division_A"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Baloncesto_Profesional"}],"text":"Gabriel Michael Pruitt (born April 19, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He played two seasons for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), winning an NBA championship with the team in 2008. He also played in the NBA D League, Greece, Israel, Cyprus, and Mexico from 2010 to 2018.","title":"Gabe Pruitt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Westchester High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Parade All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_All-America_Boys_Basketball_Team"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Daily Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Breeze"},{"link_name":"Athlon Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_Sports"},{"link_name":"Insiders.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insiders.com&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pruitt and was born in Los Angeles, California and attended Westchester High School, where he averaged 22 points per game as a senior in 2004. He was a fourth-team Parade All-American selection, Los Angeles Times All-City and South Bay/Westside first team and South Bay Daily Breeze Player of the Year honors. He was listed as the No. 20 prep player in the country by Basketball Times after his senior year, and was considered among the top 20 prep guards by Athlon Sports and Insiders.com in his senior year in 2004.","title":"High school"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Pendleton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"}],"sub_title":"2004–2005","text":"Pruitt earned team MVP honors along with fellow freshman Nick Young. He led the Trojans in points (356), scoring average (12.3), three-point average (.450), assists (92), and steals (56) earning him selection to the All-Pac-10 freshman team. His three-point field-goal percentage set a school record and he hit at a .547 clip (41-of-75) in the latter half of the season. He was among the all-time Trojan top-10 freshmen in points (fifth) average (T-fourth), field goals (seventh), field-goals attempted (eighth), field-goal percentage (the ninth-best ever by a freshman guard), three-pointers (1st), three-pointers attempted (second), three-pointer percentage (first), free-throw percentage (ninth), assists (fifth) and steals (second).[1] He scored in double digits in 20 of 29 of his games, including a season-high of 23 twice, both against Stanford at home on January 22 and at Stanford on February 27. In the home game v. Stanford, he made a season high of seven three-pointers out of 11 attempted. This tied him with Anthony Pendleton, who had achieved this feat on December 9, 1987. He had a season-best eight assists in his game v. San Diego on December 11.[1] and a high of eight rebounds v. Arizona State on February 12.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Pac-10 First Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-Pac-12_Conference_men%27s_basketball_teams"},{"link_name":"Duane Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Harold Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Miner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"free throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_throw"},{"link_name":"Staples Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Center"},{"link_name":"Arizona State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"tibial plateau fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial_plateau_fracture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"Catfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfishing"},{"link_name":"Cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"AIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM_(software)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"throwing Pruitt off his feet.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"2005–2006","text":"Pruitt started 25 games for the USC and finished second on that team and fifth in the Pac-10 with a 16.9 scoring average, while snagging 4.0 rebounds and having 3.1 assists per game. He was named to the All-Pac-10 First Team along with teammate Nick Young; they had become the first pair of Trojans to make the team since Duane Cooper and Harold Miner in 1992.[1] Additionally Pruitt was selected to the NABC District 15 first team. On December 3 v. BYU, he had his first career double-double, scoring 17 points with a career-high 10 rebounds.[1] His next career high was made when he scored 36 points in a 71–69 victory at Loyola Marymount on December 10, which earned him Pac-10 Player of the Week honors.[1] From the field, Pruitt was 13-19 (68.4 percent), including 5-for-10 from three-point range. He became the 12th Trojan to score 36 points or more in a game.[1] He had 16 points (counting 5-for-8 from outside the arc), six rebounds and assists, and four steals in a victory over North Carolina on December 21. He sealed USC's win over Stanford on December 31 by making 10 of 12 free throw shots down the line, including 6–6 in the final 47 seconds of the 82–71 win at the Staples Center.He scored 30 points on 11-for-18 shooting (5-11 from three-point range) in a near-victory against Arizona State on January 5 (at 66–65). Pruitt scored six three-pointers and made all of his 21 points in the second half of an 86–77 loss vs. Washington on the twelfth. He marked 30 points again on an 8–12 shooting (6 three-pointers made) in an 84–78 win on January 28. Pruitt became the ninth Trojan to score 30 or more points in three games or more in the same season and the first since Harold Miner in 1992 (who did this 11 times).[1] He tallied a career-high seven steals and a game-high 25 points in a 77–70 win over Arizona on February 2.[1] Then he missed several games from February 9 to February 25 after he suffered a tibial plateau fracture in his left knee. His return to action was on March 2, playing in USC's final three games. However, he only marked 29.3 percent of his shots (12-for-41). He ranked second in the Pac-10 in steals with 55 (2.2 per game).[1] His 111 steals are among the tops of the Pac-10.[1] Making 94 of his 117 (80.3 percent) free-throw attempts, he ranked tenth in the conference[1] and earned the Joe Barbato Award for the best free-throw percentage on the Trojans at the team awards dinner.[1]During the end of the 2005–2006 season, Pruitt gained slight media attention after he was the victim of a Catfishing scam in which a Cal student later revealed to be named Steven Kenyon pretended to be a female UCLA student named Victoria. Victoria messaged Pruitt on AIM and the two chatted flirtatiously and planned a date after Pruitt's game against Cal. During the game, several students in the student section for Cal having been in on the gig, chanted taunts at Pruitt. Things such as \"Call Gabe\" and \"Victoria! Victoria!\" were chanted by hundred of students in the audience.[2] Kenyon later commented that the entire ordeal was to give Cal a competitive advantage by throwing Pruitt off his feet.[3]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sophomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sophomore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"2007 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gba-4"},{"link_name":"Nick Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Young_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Taj Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"}],"sub_title":"2006–2007","text":"Since he was an efficient shooter, defender, and leader, Pruitt did fairly well as a sophomore for the Trojans.[1] with 131 three-pointers, Pruitt holds the record for most three-pointers by a Trojan (in his first two seasons), ranking 10th all-time at USC.[1]Pruitt, who missed the first 13 games of the season while academically ineligible, finished third in scoring, averaging 12.5 points per game, while leading the team in assists with 113 and steals with 47 in 26 games. He also led USC in free throw shooting, hitting 80.0 percent, to win the Joe Barbato Award for the team's highest free throw percentage for his second consecutive season. Pruitt became the 32nd Trojan in history to score 1,000 points in his career, and ranks 27th all-time at USC in scoring with 1,102 points. He also stands in fourth place all-time at USC for three-pointers made with 179 while holding down the sixth spot in steals with 158. He was also selected to the honorable-mention all-pac-10 team.Pruitt helped lead East Region five-seed USC to the round of Sweet Sixteen in the 2007 NCAA Tournament, where they fell to No. 1 North Carolina, 74–64. Pruitt scored in double figures in all three NCAA Tournament games against Arkansas, Kevin Durant-led Texas, and the Tar Heels, and had better than a 3:1 assist to turnover ratio (19 to 6).On April 27, 2007, Pruitt announced that he registered for the 2007 NBA draft,[4] following teammate and fellow junior Nick Young in declaring for the draft, whereas freshman teammate Taj Gibson declined to make himself eligible, and was eventually selected by the Boston Celtics in the 2nd round with the 32nd overall selection.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"point guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard"},{"link_name":"Rajon Rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajon_Rondo"},{"link_name":"Eddie House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_House"},{"link_name":"Sam Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cassell"},{"link_name":"D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"Utah Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Flash"}],"sub_title":"2007–2008","text":"Pruitt did not see significant playing time in his first NBA season. Being the 4th string point guard behind Rajon Rondo, Eddie House and Sam Cassell, he spent most of the season playing with the Celtics' D-League affiliate, the Utah Flash.","title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008–2009","text":"Pruitt played a small role on the Celtics, averaging under 8 minutes per game.","title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles D-Fenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_D-Fenders"},{"link_name":"Utah Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Flash"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2009–2010","text":"Pruitt was waived by the Celtics on July 31, 2009. He played with the New York Knicks during their 2009 training camp, but was waived on October 7, 2009.[5] Pruitt then played for the Los Angeles D-Fenders and Utah Flash of the NBA Developmental League.[6][7]","title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sioux Falls Skyforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Skyforce"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"Miami Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Heat"}],"sub_title":"2011–2012","text":"Pruitt started the 2011–12 season in the D-League with the Sioux Falls Skyforce. After appearing in just two games, he signed with the Orlando Magic in December 2011. On December 21, 2011, after two preseason games against the Miami Heat, he was waived, and returned to the Skyforce.","title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine Red Claws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Red_Claws"},{"link_name":"James Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mays_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2012–2013","text":"On February 26, 2013, Pruitt was traded to the Maine Red Claws, in exchange for James Mays.[8] He left the Red Claws in late March.","title":"NBA and D-League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Rethymno Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethymno_Aegean_B.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On April 3, 2013, Pruitt signed with the Greek League club Rethymno Aegean.[9]","title":"European career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://collegebasketball.rivals.com/bviewplayer.asp?Player=46729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//collegebasketball.rivals.com/bviewplayer.asp?Player=46729"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110715190738/http://collegebasketball.rivals.com/bviewplayer.asp?Player=46729"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Source: http://collegebasketball.rivals.com/bviewplayer.asp?Player=46729 Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine","title":"College statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pruitt was ranked #46 in Rivals Hoops 2004 top 150 players.[10]\nPruitt was ranked the #9 point guards in 2004 by Rivals[11]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Shooting Success\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Seattle | List of neighborhoods in Seattle | ["1 Definition of Seattle neighborhoods","2 Covenants and racial restrictions","3 Wards and Little City Halls","4 Local improvement districts","5 Informal districts","5.1 Transportation","6 Designated Historic Districts","7 List of districts and neighborhoods","8 Annexations","8.1 Future","9 See also","10 Notes and references","11 Bibliography","12 Further reading"] | The city of Seattle, Washington, contains many districts and neighborhoods. The city's former mayor Greg Nickels has described it as "a city of neighborhoods". Early European settlers established widely scattered settlements on the surrounding hills, which grew into neighborhoods and autonomous towns. Conurbations tended to grow from such towns or from unincorporated areas around trolley stops during the 19th and early 20th centuries; the city has consequently suffered from transportation and street-naming problems.
Definition of Seattle neighborhoods
This 1909 map of Seattle shows many neighborhood names that remain in common use today—for example, Ballard, Fremont, Queen Anne Hill, Capitol Hill, West Seattle, and Beacon Hill—but also many that have fallen out of use—for example, "Ross" and "Edgewater" on either side of Fremont, "Brooklyn" for today's University District, and "Renton Hill" near the confluence of Capitol Hill, First Hill, and the Central District
Early annexations to Seattle
Seattle was established during an economic boom fueled by the timber industry; its early years were characterized by hasty expansion and development, under which residential areas were loosely defined by widely scattered plats. This arrangement was further solidified by the establishment of locally initiated community clubs, public libraries, public schools, and public parks, which created a sense of community and civic participation. At the beginning of the 20th century, Seattle's community clubs became influential in the organization of public improvements. These had a significant effect upon the character of their neighborhoods and allowed them to remain distinct from the surrounding areas. Some community clubs used covenants to restrict the ethnicity of residents.
Establishing public library branches can define districts as well as neighborhoods. Public libraries are among the most heavily used buildings. Seattle elected its city council at large from 1910 to 2014, and community clubs lobby councilors for the interests of local residents – such as for a library branch. The community organizations build a voting constituency, and in so doing define a neighborhood. In the absence of ward politics, this and campaign finance legislation are seen as more open alternatives. The Greenwood-Phinney Commercial Club was particularly active in organizing toward the Greenwood branch that opened in 1928.
The Lake City Branch Library opened in 1935 as a few shelves of books in part of a room in Lake City School, shared with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), sponsored by the Pacific Improvement Club community group. The library moved into a new building in 1955.
Elementary public schools effectively defined many neighborhoods, which are often synonymous with the name of the elementary school when the neighborhood and school were established. Many of the neighborhoods contain a few smaller neighborhoods. Mann and Minor neighborhoods in the Central District, were built around their schools. The University Heights school (1903) in the north of the University District was named for the neighborhood, as was the Latona School (1906) in Wallingford.
Parks similarly define some neighborhoods. Madrona Beach and Cowen and Ravenna Parks were privately established to encourage residential development upon otherwise unusable land. The plan for Olmsted Parks fulfilled its goal and significantly influenced the character of neighborhoods around parks and playgrounds. East Phinney and West Meridian neighborhoods are sometimes called Woodland Park, as well as South Green Lake or North Wallingford for Meridian.
Covenants and racial restrictions
Housing covenants became common in the 1920s and were validated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1926. Minorities were effectively limited to the International District and parts of some neighborhoods in south-east Seattle for Asian- and Native Americans; or the Central District for people of African ancestry, clearly defining those neighborhoods. Ballard – Sunset Hill, Beacon Hill, Broadmoor, Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Magnolia, Queen Anne, South Lake City, and other Seattle neighborhoods and blocks had racially or ethnically restrictive housing covenants, such as the following sample:
No person or persons of blood, lineage, or extraction shall be permitted to occupy a portion of said property ... except a domestic servant or servants who may actually and in good faith be employed by white occupants.
Further restrictions on conveyance (rental, lease, sale, transfer) were often included, effectively defining most of the neighborhoods in Seattle during the first decades after establishment.
The Supreme Court ruled in 1948 that racial restrictions would no longer be enforced. The Seattle Open Housing Ordinance became effective in 1968. Although unenforceable, legal complications prevent the covenants from being expunged from property title documents.
Wards and Little City Halls
Seattle initially adopted a ward system; however, in 1910, this system was replaced by non-partisan, at-large representation. Variations on ward systems were proposed and rejected in 1914, 1926, 1974, 1995, and 2003 and convictions for campaign-related money laundering followed the 1995 campaign. Critics claimed that district-style elections of the city council would result in Tammany Hall-style politics. In 1973, inspired by Boston's model, Mayor Wes Uhlman's administration implemented a system of Little City Halls, where Community Service Centers (CSCs) assumed responsibility for coordinating municipal services. Uhlman's political opponents called the CSCs a thinly disguised ward system designed to promote Uhlman's reelection. CSCs became a setting for political arguments between the city council and the mayor; controversies over accountability, cronyism, and ward politics occurred in 1974, 1976, and 1988. In 1991 the CSCs were renamed Neighborhood Service Centers (NSCs) and were placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Neighborhoods. More recently, their number has been reduced. As of 2011, there are NSCs located in Ballard, Lake City, the University District, the Central District, West Seattle, Southeast Seattle, and Delridge.
Local improvement districts
A local improvement district (LID) is a method by which a group of property owners can share the cost of transportation infrastructure improvements. This involves improving the street, building sidewalks and installing stormwater management systems. Without Seattle's LID assessment system, the city would be unable to maintain its rapid growth in population and territory. LIDs have helped define neighborhoods by localizing decisions about issues like sidewalks, vegetation and other features of the public space, permitting neighborhoods to remain distinct from their neighbors.
Informal districts
University District Neighborhood Service Center (storefront at right)
No official neighborhood boundaries have existed in Seattle since 1910. Districts and neighborhoods are thus informal; their boundaries may overlap and multiple names may exist for a single district. Boundaries and names can be disputed or change over time. In 2002 a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman said, "I've seen my area go from the 'CD' to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park.' " Some neighborhoods, such as northwest Seattle, do not have widely recognized names for their greater districts.
Throughout Seattle one can find signs indicating the boundaries of neighborhoods; the locations of these signs have been specified by the city's many community councils. However, the boundaries suggested by these signs routinely overlap and differ from delineations on maps. For example, signs indicate that Lake City Way NE is the southeastern boundary of the Maple Leaf neighborhood, while the city clerk's archival map places that district's southern boundary at 85th Street.
Another example of boundary ambiguity is "Frelard," which local residents call the area shared by Fremont and Ballard between 3rd and 8th Avenues NW. Signs facing opposite directions on NW Leary Way reveal the overlap.
Further difficulty in defining neighborhoods can result from residents' identification with neighborhoods different from those marked on signs and maps. After an acrimonious development dispute in 1966, a group of concerned Wallingford citizens enlisted the University of Washington Community Development Bureau to survey their neighborhood; the survey revealed that more residents of southwest Wallingford considered themselves citizens of Fremont than of Wallingford.
Transportation
Minor arterial roads are generally located along the boundaries of neighborhoods, with streets and highways built according to the street classification system. These effectively help define neighborhoods.
Development in accordance with the street classification system maintains the quality of life of city neighborhoods and improves efficiency of the road system. The classification system discourages rat running through local neighborhood streets.
Transportation hubs, such as business zones and transit stations, such as Park and Ride facilities, provide focal points for districts of neighborhoods the same way trolley stops defined neighborhoods before cars.
Designated Historic Districts
The Department of Neighborhoods designates a number of Historic Districts, which have a similar status to Seattle Landmarks. As of 2021 these are:
Ballard Avenue Landmark District
Columbia City Landmark District
Fort Lawton Landmark District
Harvard-Belmont Landmark District
International Special Review District
Pike Place Market Historical District
Pioneer Square Preservation District
Sand Point Naval Air Station Landmark District
Source of list:
List of districts and neighborhoods
Despite complications in Seattle's system of neighborhoods and districts, the names and boundaries in the following list are generally accepted and widely used. They are based on the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas, which in turn is based on a variety of sources, including a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the now-defunct Department of Community Development, Seattle Public Library indexes, a 1984-1986 "Neighborhood Profiles" feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, numerous park, land use and transportation planning studies, as well as records in the Seattle Municipal Archives.
The following table is largely based on maps from the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas, but also includes designations from other sources.
Neighborhood name
Within larger district
Annexed
Locator map
Street map
Image
Notes
1
North Seattle
Seattle
Various
North of the Lake Washington Ship Canal
2
Broadview
North Seattle
1954
3
Bitter Lake
North Seattle
1954
4
North Beach / Blue Ridge
North Seattle
1940, 1954
5
Crown Hill
North Seattle
1907, 1952, 1954
6
Greenwood
North Seattle
1891, 1954
7
Northgate
North Seattle
various 1891-1954
8
Haller Lake
Northgate
1954
9
Pinehurst
Northgate
1953
10
North College Park
(Licton Springs)
Northgate
1950, 1954
11
Maple Leaf
Northgate
1891, 1907, 1941, 1945, 1949
12
Lake City
North Seattle
1953, 1954
Before annexation to Seattle, Lake City was a township for 5 years. Lake City neighborhoods are now also known as Sand Point-Magnuson Park and neighborhoods northwest of Sand Point.
13
Cedar Park
Lake City
1954
14
Matthews Beach
Lake City
1953
15
Meadowbrook
Lake City
1953
16
Olympic Hills
Lake City
1954
17
Victory Heights
Lake City
1953, 1954
18
Wedgwood
North Seattle
1945
19
View Ridge
North Seattle
1942, 1953
20
Sand Point
North Seattle
1910?, 1942?; 1953
21
Roosevelt
North Seattle
1891
22
Ravenna
North Seattle
1907, 1910, 1941, 1943, 1945
The 1907 annexation was the former town of Ravenna.
23
Bryant
North Seattle
1891
24
Windermere
North Seattle
1910
25
Hawthorne Hills
Windermere / North Seattle
1910
Of the area the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas designates as "Windermere", many consider the area west of Sand Point Way to be a separate neighborhood, Hawthorne Hills.
26
Laurelhurst
North Seattle
1910
27
University District (U District)
North Seattle
1891
Known in the 1890s and 1900s as Brooklyn. The main campus of the University of Washington is itself divided into the main (central) campus, plus the large South Campus (south of NE Pacific Street) and East Campus (east of Montlake Boulevard NE), and a smaller North Campus (north of NE 45th Street) and miscellaneous buildings west of 15th Avenue NE that are collectively known as West Campus. Beyond the university, the district has a shopping district known as "The Ave" and older neighborhoods such as University Heights and University Park that are nowadays rarely distinguished from the U. District as such.
28
University Village
Ravenna / University District
1891, 1907, 1910
Primarily, the name 'University Village' refers to a shopping center at a corner of what the City Clerk considers part of Ravenna, but it is also commonly used for the surrounding neighborhood on all sides, which ranges into what the City Clerk's maps consider Ravenna to the north and west and the east portion of the University District to the west. (To the south is the East Campus of the University of Washington.)
29
Wallingford
North Seattle
1891
Includes historic Latona and usually Tangletown/Meridian (the latter is sometimes considered part of Green Lake)
30
Northlake
Lake Union / Lower Wallingford, spilling over into Fremont and the University District.
1891
31
Green Lake
North Seattle
1891
Some people consider Meridian / Tangletown to be part of the Green Lake neighborhood.
32
Fremont
North Seattle
1891
33
Phinney Ridge
North Seattle
1891
34
Ballard
North Seattle
1907
35
West Woodland
Ballard
1891 (East of 8th Ave NW), 1907 (West of 8th Ave NW)
36
Whittier Heights
Ballard
1907
37
Adams
Ballard
1907
38
Sunset Hill
Ballard
1907
39
Loyal Heights
Ballard
1907
40
Central Seattle
Seattle
Various
Including everything south of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and north of Yesler Way, and some things a bit further south.
41
Magnolia
Central Seattle
1891
42
Lawton Park
Magnolia
1891
43
Briarcliff
Magnolia
1891
44
Southeast Magnolia
Magnolia
1891
45
Interbay
Central Seattle
1891
46
Queen Anne
Central Seattle
, 1883, 1891
Part of Lower Queen Anne was original 1869 Seattle; the area south of McGraw Street was annexed 1883, and the rest 1891.
47
North Queen Anne
Queen Anne
1891
48
East Queen Anne
Queen Anne
1883, 1891
Annexed 1883 to McGraw Street, 1891 beyond
49
Lower Queen Anne
Queen Anne
, 1883
Also known as 'Uptown'.
50
West Queen Anne
Queen Anne
1883, 1891
51
Capitol Hill
Central Seattle
, 1883, 1891
1869: Broadway District was part of "original Seattle"
52
Portage Bay / Roanoke
Capitol Hill
1883, 1891
Annexed 1883 to E Lynn St, 1891 for the remainder. Includes the Roanoke Park Historic District.
53
Broadway
Capitol Hill
The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas map of the Broadway District shown here extends farther to the east and west than most present-day Seattleites would call Broadway. It appears to correspond roughly the portion of Capitol Hill that falls within the original 1869 city limits, and which was known as Broadway before the name Capitol Hill was introduced.
54
Pike-Pine Corridor / Pike/Pine
Capitol Hill / Broadway
The Pike-Pine Corridor, running east-west through what the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas considers the "Broadway" District, has gained a strong identity in the early 21st century.
55
Montlake
Capitol Hill / Central Seattle
1891, 1950, 1952, 1953 (?)
The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas classifies Montlake as part of Capitol Hill, but a valley along Boyer Avenue separates it from the hill.
56
Stevens
Capitol Hill
The name "Stevens" does not have much currency for most of this area except for the immediate vicinity of the Stevens School at 19th Avenue E and E Galer Street. The small neighborhood just north of that is often called Interlaken, after Interlaken Park; the area centered around 19th Avenue and E Madison Street was known in the early 20th century as Renton Hill, but that name has largely passed out of use.
57
Interlaken
Capitol Hill / Stevens
Consisting largely of Interlaken Park and Louisa Boren Park, the neighborhood between Capitol Hill proper and Montlake also contains a small number of private homes and the Seattle Hebrew Academy.
58
Madison Valley
Capitol Hill / Stevens / Central Seattle
1883, 1891
Annexed 1883 south of E Galer Street, 1891 for the remainder
59
Renton Hill
Capitol Hill / Stevens
Although the name has largely fallen out of use, the Renton Hill Community Improvement Club, founded June 18, 1901, was Seattle's first community club.
60
Madison Park
Capitol Hill / Central Seattle
1883, 1891
Annexed 1883 south of E Galer St; the remainder in 1891. The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas classifies Madison Park as part of Capitol Hill, but a valley through the Washington Park Arboretum separates it from Capitol Hill proper.
61
Broadmoor
Madison Park
1883, 1891
Annexed 1883 south of the line of E Galer St; the remainder in 1891. A gated community within Madison Park.
62
Lake Union
North Seattle / Central Seattle
The City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas uses the term "Cascade" to refer to much of the area around Lake Union (see map here), but that use is not at all common.
63
South Lake Union, Seattle
Lake Union
1883
The City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas uses the term "Cascade" to refer to much of the area around Lake Union (see image here), but that use is not at all common.
64
Cascade, Seattle
South Lake Union
1883
Cascade, south and east of Lake Union originally extended west to Terry Avenue (though it is now generally considered to end at Fairview, south to Denny Hill (now the Denny Regrade) east to Melrose Avenue E (from which it is through the area now cut off by Interstate 5.
65
Westlake
Lake Union
1883
66
Eastlake
Lake Union
1883, 1891
67
Downtown
Central Seattle
68
Denny Triangle
Downtown
69
Belltown
Downtown
Belltown currently is largely residential with some commercial office buildings, with 1st street containing a large concentration of nightlife dining and drinking establishments. The intersection of 2nd ave and Virginia is the highest point in the Downtown neighbourhood area.
70
Pike-Market
Downtown
71
Central Business District
Downtown
72
First Hill
Downtown
Widely known as "Pill Hill" for its many hospitals, this neighborhood immediately east of Downtown was once the city's most desirable residential area.
73
Pioneer Square
Downtown
The original center of Seattle, the southwest part of present-day Downtown. Probable origin of the term "Skid Road" for a neighborhood. Includes the Pioneer Square-Skid Road Historic District. Pioneer Square as defined by the City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas also includes the tide lands platted 1895, filled 1902, that are now the site of two professional sports stadiums.
74
International District ("ID")
Downtown
Includes former tide lands platted 1895, filled 1902. Southeast Downtown. Sometimes referred to as "Chinatown", the neighborhood also includes Little Saigon east of Interstate 5, and remnants of the historic Japantown, especially around 6th Avenue and Main Street.
75
Yesler Terrace
Downtown
Housing project east of Interstate 5; originally, it extended further west into present-day Kobe Terrace Park.
76
Central Waterfront
Downtown
77
West Edge
Downtown
The downtown area of both the Central Business District and Belltown from roughly halfway between First and Second Avenues to Alaskan Way (but not including the piers themselves) is sometimes called the Seattle's "West Edge".
78
Central Area / Central District ("CD")
Central Seattle
, 1883
79
Mann
Central Area
The name Mann for this area around Garfield High School does not have much currency. It comes from the old Horace Mann School, later Nova, just north of Garfield.
80
Minor
Central Area
The name Minor for this area does not have much currency. It comes from the T.T. Minor School.
81
Cherry Hill & Squire Park
Minor
, 1905, 1921
Portions are part of original Seattle; Squire Park was annexed in 1905, and a remaining enclave in 1921.
82
Atlantic
Central Area
, 1883
The northern portion of this area was part of original 1869 Seattle; south of Atlantic Street was annexed 1883
83
Judkins Park
Atlantic
84
Madrona
Central Area
, 1883
South of E Howell Street was original 1869 Seattle; the remainder was annexed 1883.
85
Madrona Valley
Madrona
86
Harrison / Denny-Blaine
Central Area
1883
87
Washington Park
Harrison/Denny-Blaine
1883
88
Leschi
Central Area
89
South End
Seattle
various
90
Rainier Valley
South End
, 1883, 1907
North of Atlantic Street was original 1869 Seattle; in 1883, south to Hanford Street was annexed, and the rest in 1907
91
Mount Baker
Rainier Valley
, 1883, 1907
North of Atlantic Street was original 1869 Seattle; in 1883, south to Hanford Street was annexed, and the rest in 1907
92
Columbia City
Rainier Valley
1907
A town for 15 years before it was annexed.
93
Hillman City
Rainier Valley / Columbia City
1907
South of Columbia City proper,
94
Brighton
Rainier Valley
1907
The lakeshore next to this neighborhood was once called Brighton Beach, but has since been subsumed into Seward Park in common parlance and according to the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas
95
Dunlap / Othello
Rainier Valley
1907
96
Rainier Beach / Atlantic City Beach
Rainier Valley
1907
97
Rainier View / Lakeridge
Rainier Valley
1907
98
Seward Park
South End
1907
99
Lakewood
Seward Park
The northern part of the Seward Park neighborhood is sometimes referred to as "Lakewood"; the entire neighborhood also sometimes referred to as "Lakewood/Seward Park". The historic Lakewood Community Club is now called the Lakewood/Seward Park Community Club.
100
Beacon Hill
South End
, 1875, 1883, 1886, 1907
101
North Beacon Hill
Beacon Hill
, 1875, 1883, 1886, 1907
102
Mid Beacon Hill (Maplewood)
Beacon Hill
1907
103
Holly Park / NewHolly
Beacon Hill
1907
Formerly the Holly Park housing project, now officially NewHolly.
104
South Beacon Hill / Van Asselt
Beacon Hill
1907
105
Industrial District
South End
various 1895–1910
Tide lands west of Beacon Hill platted 1895, filled 1902. Other portions annexed 1907 along with West Seattle, Southeast Seattle, and South Park; 1910 with Georgetown.
106
SoDo
Industrial District
1895/1902
Tide lands west of Beacon Hill platted 1895, filled 1902.
107
Harbor Island
Industrial District
1910
108
Georgetown
South End
1910
A city for 6 years before being annexed in 1910.
109
South Park
South End
1907
A town for 5 years before being annexed in 1907.
110
West Seattle
Seattle
1895/1902, 1907, 1950, 1954, 1956
Tide lands platted 1895, filled 1902 (although the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas places even the tidelands on the west side of the Duwamish in the Industrial District rather than West Seattle). West Seattle (including portions of Delridge) was a town for 5 years before being annexed in 1907. Some additional annexations 1950, 1954, and 1956, mainly in Arbor Heights.
111
Alki Point
West Seattle
1907
112
North Admiral / Admiral District
West Seattle
1907
113
Junction / West Seattle Junction / Alaska Junction
West Seattle
1907
Overlaps Genesee.
114
Seaview / Mee-Kwa-Mooks
West Seattle
1907
115
Fairmount Park
West Seattle
1907
116
Genesee
West Seattle
1907
Overlaps Junction.
117
Gatewood
West Seattle
1907
118
Fauntleroy
West Seattle
1907
119
Arbor Heights
West Seattle
1907, 1954, 1956
120
Delridge
West Seattle / South End
1907, 1946, 1949
Most of Delridge was part of the city of West Seattle, annexed 1907; the remainder was annexed in 1946 and 1949.
121
North Delridge
Delridge
1907
122
Pigeon Point
Delridge
1907
The extreme northeast portion of Delridge, east of Delridge Way and north of Puget Park.
123
Riverview
Delridge
1907
124
Highland Park
Delridge
1907
125
South Delridge
Delridge
1907, 1946, 1949
126
Roxhill
Delridge
1907
127
High Point
Delridge
1907
Annexations
Seattle annexed eight municipalities between 1905 and 1910, nearly doubling the area size of the city. Annexations by law were begun by the annexee and had to be approved by the Seattle City Council. The appeal of the inexpensive and accessible electric power and water system services of the public utilities were the primary motivations for the annexation movements.
Ballard was its own incorporated town for 17 years, annexed as its own ward. West Seattle incorporated in 1902, then annexed Spring Hill, Riverside, Alki Point, and Youngstown districts. It was the largest of the incorporated towns to be annexed. Southeast Seattle merged the towns of Hillman City and York with other Rainier Valley neighborhoods, then incorporated for the only reason of being annexed. Similarly, the town of South Seattle consisted of mostly industrial Duwamish Valley neighborhoods (except Georgetown); one enclave adjacent to Georgetown omitted at this time was annexed 1921; some land near the river in this area remains part of unincorporated King County. In 1910 Georgetown was the last of this sequence of small incorporated cities and towns to be annexed to Seattle before the 1954 annexation of Lake City.
The following previously incorporated cities and towns were annexed by Seattle. This list is in order of annexation. Other areas annexed to Seattle, were unincorporated before annexation. Examples of the latter include the northern part of Queen Anne Hill, the University District, and the northern area of the city that were once part of then-unincorporated Shoreline.
Town of South Seattle, incorporated 1905, annexed 20 October 1905.
City of Columbia (Columbia City), incorporated 1892, annexed 3 May 1907
Town of Ravenna, incorporated 1906, annexed 15 January 1907
Southeast Seattle—Hillman City, York, and other Rainier Valley neighborhoods except Columbia City—incorporated July 1906, annexed 7 January 1907
Town of South Park, incorporated 1902, annexed 3 May 1907.
City of Ballard, incorporated January 1890, annexed 29 May 1907
City of West Seattle, incorporated April 1902, annexed 24 July 1907
City of Georgetown, incorporated 1904, annexed 4 April 1910
Lake City, incorporated township 1949, annexed January 1954
Future
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Because of the cost of providing city services, low-density residential neighborhoods represent a net revenue loss for municipalities. Because vehicle-license revenue is no longer used to subsidize unincorporated areas, these neighborhoods have become increasingly orphaned.
In April 2004, the City Council voted to defer a decision on Mayor Nickels' proposal to designate the West Hill and North Highline neighborhoods, part of unincorporated King County, as potential annexation areas (PAAs) for at least a year. Because of the tax revolt that took place in Washington in the late 1990s and early 21st century, the county's budget has been reduced and the county has said it is unlikely to be able to maintain adequate levels of funding for urban services in unincorporated areas. The nearby city of Burien, however, issued a 2004 draft report for its own annexation of all or part of North Highline.
North Highline, which adjoins SeaTac, Burien, and Tukwila in addition to Seattle, consists of the Boulevard Park neighborhood and part of White Center. West Hill, which abuts Tukwila and Renton as well as Seattle, consists of Bryn Mawr-Skyway, Lakeridge, and Earlington. Its 2010 population is 15,645.
On December 11, 2006, the Seattle City Council agreed to designate North Highline a "potential annexation area".
See also
Street layout of Seattle about transportation and street naming
110th Cascades SEA Street regarding a structure helping define a neighborhood
Notes and references
^ Greg Nickels (July 2005). "Nickels Newsletter – July 2005". Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ There is a book about Seattle by Arthur J O'Donnell, In the City of Neighborhoods, iUniverse, Inc., 2004), ISBN 0-595-33792-9.
^ a b Jack Broom (October 5, 2002). "New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
^ Phelps, p. 34; Chapter 16, "Street Names and House Numbering", pp. 225-235; Chapter 15, "Annexation", pp. 216–224, map "to 1921", p. 217; map "to 1975", p. 224, map key table pp.222-3.
^ Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-02-6.. Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-06-9.
^ Wilma, David (May 21, 2001). "Seattle Landmarks: West Queen Anne Walls (1913)". HistoryLink.org Essay 3198. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Cf. "West Queen Anne Walls, 'W'". Historic Preservation :: Department of Neighborhoods > Individual Landmarks & the Designation Process > Landmarks A-Z. May 21, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ a b Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). "Renton Hill residents organize Seattle's first community club on June 18, 1901". HistoryLink.org Essay 3157. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). "Renton Hill Community Club reorganizes to exclude racial minorities from the neighborhood in 1929". HistoryLink.org Essay 3158. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ Wilma, David (July 5, 2002). "Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public Library". HistoryLink.org Essay 3879. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ David Wilma (October 8, 2002). "Greenwood Branch, The Seattle Public Library – HistoryLink.org Essay 3980". HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
^ a b Wilma, David (December 5, 2002). "Lake City Branch, The Seattle Public Library". HistoryLink.org Essay 4031. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ a b c d e Dorpat, Paul (July 24, 2001). "Seattle Neighborhoods: Wallingford -- Thumbnail History". HistoryLink Essays. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
^ a b c d Dorpat, Paul (1984). "42, 58, 64 (Fremont); 36, 37, 42, 64, 71 (Latona); 36, 37, 42, 71 (University)". Seattle, now & then. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-0-4. 1984, 2nd ed. 1994
^ Dorpat, Paul (1986). "52". Seattle, now & then, volume II. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-2-0.
^ Wilma (20 August 2001, Essay 3502)
^ Williams, David B. (May 10, 1999). "Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History". HistoryLink.org Essay 1124. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^
"Lake Union". Seattle Neighborhoods. n.d. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
^ Hatt, Schmid, Nobbe, & Mitchell
^ a b Gregory, James (2004–2011). "Segregated Seattle". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. The University of Washington. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
^
Turnbull, Lornet (June 3, 2005). "Homeowners find records still hold blot of racism". Local News. The Seattle Times. pp. B1–. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
^ a b Wilma, David (May 1, 2002). "Seattle voters reject a city manager and district elections on June 30, 1914". HistoryLink.org Essay 3761. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
^ Wilma, David (May 11, 2002). "Seattle voters reject district city council elections and Rich Man's Charter on November 2, 1926". HistoryLink.org Essay 3768. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
^ Kit Oldham & David Wilma (September 7, 2006). "Washington voters reject property rights, casino gambling, and other ballot measures on November 7, 1995". HistoryLink.org Essay 7916. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
^ Matt Rosenberg (June 15, 2005). "Red in a Blue City: Seattle Republicans". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ Jake Batsell; Jack Broom; Barbara A. Serrano (March 18, 1998). "Stewart Case: $5 Million Fine". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
^ a b Walt Crowley (May 9, 2001). "Seattle's Little City Halls". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
^ Neighborhood Service Centers Archived April 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Seattle. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
^ Phelps, pp. 82–84
^ Wilma, David (March 20, 2006). "Seattle voters reject district elections for city council on November 7, 1995". HistoryLink.org Essay 4246. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ Maria Christensen, Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to and Living in Seattle: Including Bellevue, Redmond, Everett, and Tacoma, Newcomer's Handbooks, First Books, 2007, ISBN 0-912301-73-2. p. 17. "Unlike many other major cities, Seattle neighborhoods do not have official borders."
^ Maple Leaf: Neighborhood is another one of Seattle's best-kept secrets
^ MLCC – Neighborhood Map
^ ""Maple Leaf", map". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
^ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards for urban areas having more than 50,000 people
^ (1)
"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions" (PDF). Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. January 2, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.(2)
"Street Classification Maps". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006. High-Resolution Version Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 16.1 MBMedium-Resolution Version Archived March 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004.Low-Resolution Version Archived June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004."Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions" Archived January 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format. 12 January 2004. The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. (Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files". Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine )
^
"Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files". Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ "Historic Districts". Seattle Department of Neighborhods. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^ Other well-documented interpretations of names and boundaries of Seattle's neighborhoods can be found in the following:
"Seattle Neighborhoods" from the HistoryLink Encyclopedia of Washington State History (particularly their "Thumbnail Histories", many of which reference records of neighborhood organizations and public library branches).
Myra Phelps, A Narrative History (a history of Seattle through Engineering Department records and notes).
The "Neighbors" project of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1996-2000), currently updated as the "Webtowns" section of the online Post-Intelligencer.
Neighborhood articles in the archives of the Post-Intelligencer, The Times, and local district newspapers. (Post-Intelligencer archives before 1986 are not available online. The Seattle Times archives before 1990 are not available online.)
"Street Classification Maps" Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine from the Seattle Department of Transportation. The Transportation Department has built and designated secondary arterials (officially called minor arterials) predominantly along neighborhood boundaries."The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History". Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2006.
^ "List of Neighborhoods". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 29, 2009.Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, and Neman (authors of the Seattle Atlas) drew largely upon primary sources. Phelps is also a high quality secondary source, since much of her sources were Department archives of official documents and reports, in addition to professional journal articles, as well as books and articles back to the early 20th century. Phelps and Shenk et al. have complete citations in this article's Bibliography.The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas was "not designed or intended as an 'official' City of Seattle neighborhood map ... to define neighborhood district names and boundaries in a way that improves document indexing and retrieval." As such, some of its designations have no existence outside of the city's map and indexing system, such as Pike Market (Pike Place Market in actuality), Mann, Minor, and Mid Beacon Hill. In addition, the map's attempt to reduce the number of top-level districts has led to certain discrepancies from facts on the ground, such as Harrison/Denny-Blaine being included in the Central District and Madison Park being included in Capitol Hill.
^ Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). "Department of Community Development (1600) (second edition)". "Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle. Retrieved April 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ The Seattle Post-Intelligencer's "Neighborhood Profiles" are not available online. The concept has been revisited 1996-2000 as the "Neighbors" project, currently updated as the "Webtowns" section.
^ means part of Seattle as incorporation, December 1869. Otherwise, year listed is actual annexation, not the date of the prerequisite enabling city ordinance.The State Legislature incorporated the town of Seattle in January 1865, disincorporated January 1867 after petition, reincorporated December 1869. The initial incorporation was with a board of trustees. The second incorporation was with a mayor and town council. Lange, Greg; Tate, Cassandra (November 4, 1998). "Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865". HistoryLink.org Essay 168. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad (Map breaking city into three major areas) and NN 1000 Neighborhood districts (a list of districts), Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej Phelps
^ Broadview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Bitter Lake (neighborhood), Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ North Beach/Blue Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Parts of Crown Hill annexed 1907 as part of Ballard
^ Crown Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Greenwood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ a b c d e Northgate, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Haller Lake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Pinehurst, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ North College Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Maple Leaf, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ a b c d e f Lake City, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Cedar Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Matthews Beach, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Meadowbrook, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Olympic Hills, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Victory Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Wedgwood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ View Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Sand Point, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Roosevelt, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ a b Ravenna, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Bryant, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Windermere, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Laurelhurst, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Windermere, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Souvenir guide of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition – held at Seattle, Washington, June 1st to October (Seattle 1909), p.11. Image online.
^ "Northeast Campus Map". UW Home > UWIN > About the UW > Campus Maps. University of Washington Computing and Communications, Facilities Services. May 5, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
^ Publication Services & UW Facility Services (July 1996). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington.
^ University of Washington Publication Services (September 1991). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington. Compiled, designed, drafted in cooperation between Physical Plant and the Department of Geography, August 1971, revised Sherman (August 1991).
^ Wallingford, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Green Lake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
^ Fremont, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Phinney Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b c d e f Ballard, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ West Woodland, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Whittier Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Adams, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Sunset Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Loyal Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b c d Magnolia, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Lawton Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Briarcliff, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Southeast Magnolia, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Interbay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b c d e Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ North Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ East Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Lower Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ West Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Capitol Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b Portage Bay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Broadway, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Tyrone Beason, Seattle's Pike/Pine corridor does density right, Seattle Times, January 23, 2010, corrected February 19, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Pike/Pine: Cars, Bars, and Dead Rock Stars Archived June 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Architecture Foundation. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ Erica C. Barnett, The Death of Pike/Pine, The Stranger, November 29, 2006. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ A somewhat cryptic older note here says "1891, E of 15th, N of E Galer, N of E Lynn, 1891, Phelps. 1950, 1952, 1953. This needs clarification: This would have the farthest part of Montlake from the city center annexed in 1891, and the rest more than half a century later.
^ Montlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Stevens, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Portage Bay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ History, Organizational Description, Boundaries, Cascade Neighborhood Council, November 1997. Accessed 3 February 2008.
^ Westlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Eastlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Denny Regrade, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Belltown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Pike-Market, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ The 17-acre (6.9 ha) Pike Market neighborhood is nearly twice the area of the 9-acre (3.6 ha) Pike Place Market Historic District.(1) Lange, Greg (January 1, 1999). "Seattle's Pike Place Market opens on August 17, 1907". HistoryLink.org Essay 1949. Retrieved July 21, 2006. lead paragraph updated 2006
(2) Crowley, Walt (July 29, 1999). "Pike Place Market (Seattle) -- Thumbnail History". HistoryLink.org Essay 1602. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
^ Central Business District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ First Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.
^ Pioneer Square, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ International District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Yesler Terrace, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Central Waterfront, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ seattlewestedge.org home page, Metropolitan Improvement District. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ So that would make downtown East West Edge?, Puget Sound Business Journal, July 15, 2001. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Central Area, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Mann, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Minor, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Atlantic, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Merritt, Mike; Goldsmith, Steven (July 13, 1994). "The neighborhood that time forgot". Neighbors, History and background on Judkins Park, Neighbors project. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ Judkins Foundation (February 9, 1999). "Where is Judkins Park?". Judkins Park Review. City of Seattle. Archived from the original on March 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
^ Madrona, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Harrison & Denny-Blaine, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Leschi, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h Rainier Valley, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Mount Baker, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Columbia City, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Several articles about Columbia City (and other places in the Rainier Valley) can be found at Articles, Rainier Valley Historical Society.
^ http://www.hillmancitybiz.org Archived April 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Possibly dead link April 2011; a backup can be found at https://web.archive.org/web/20080703172423/http://www.hillmancitybiz.org/sitemap
^ Neighborhood Plans: Columbia City / Hillman City Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Brighton, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ a b c d Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). "Annexed Cities (9100)". "Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle, second edition. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Dunlap, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Rainier Beach, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Rainier View, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ Seward Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ a b c d e Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ North Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Mid Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b Holly Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b (Untitled page), NewHolly community section of seattlehousing.org (SHA). Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b South Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b c Industrial District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Harbor Island, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Georgetown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ South Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j West Seattle, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ Alki, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b North Admiral, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b North Admiral, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b Seaview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Fairmount Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Genesee, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Gatewood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Fauntleroy, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ Arbor Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ a b Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ a b North Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ Who We Are, pigeonpoint.org (Pigeon Point Neighborhood Council). Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Riverview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ a b Highland Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ a b South Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Roxhill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b High Point, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ Rainier Valley neighborhoods south of Hanford Street to Rainier Beach at Kenyon Street, generally east of 24th Avenue S. - Phelps, pp. 216–218, 222–224
^ Phelps, pp. 216-218, 222-224
^ Phelps, pp. 216-224
^ "Newswatch". The Seattle Times. April 6, 2004. p. B4.
^ Galloway, Angela (December 12, 2006). "City Council to pursue annexing North Highline". Hearst Seattle Media, LLC.
Bibliography
"About the Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. April 30, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".
"Ballard". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg dated 13 June; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.
"Downtown". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg dated 13 June; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.
"Map home". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Full city map, not titled.Maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg dated 13 June; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.
"Lake City". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
"Neighborhood Resources". Department of Neighborhoods. City of Seattle. 2005. Archived from the original on February 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
"List of Neighborhoods". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Hierarchical list of neighborhoods by districts, largely in geographical order from north to south.
"Northgate". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
"PDF Note". Principal, Minor and Collector arterials. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
Phelps, Myra L. (1978). Public works in Seattle. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. ISBN 0-9601928-1-6.
"Seattle Interactive Map". Seattle Neighborhoods. HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
"Rainier Valley, map". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg 17 June 2002, maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg 13 June.
Shenk, Carol; Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; Neman, Chris (June 26, 2002). "About neighborhood maps". Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods Archived February 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine and other agencies), Seattle Public Library indexes (Special Collections, Seattle Collection in the Seattle Room), a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives. dated 13 June 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.]"The Neighbors project was published weekly in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer from 1996 to 2000. The page remained available for archival purposes for some years after being superseded by the P-I's Webtowns section.
Wilma, David (July 18, 2001). "Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake City -- Thumbnail History". HistoryLink.org Essay 3449. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
"Webtowns". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
Further reading
Detailed city map, Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Detailed city map, otherwise not titled.Click on a number or name for the more detailed north, central, or south city map or a map of a selected neighborhood.
"Seattle City Clerk Thesaurus". April 19, 2004. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Provides a language for indexing and retrieving legislation and other records in the City Clerk's Office. For more details on how to use the thesaurus, read the Introduction.
Neighborhoods GIS source data file (Shapefile format)
vteNeighborhoods in Seattle
Adams
Atlantic
Ballard
Beacon Hill
Bitter Lake
Blue Ridge
Briarcliff
Broadmoor
Broadview
Bryant
Capitol Hill
Broadway District
Cascade
Central District
Central Waterfront
Cherry Hill
Crown Hill
Denny Triangle
Denny-Blaine
Downtown
Belltown
First Hill
International District
Pioneer Square
Yesler Terrace
Eastlake
Fremont
Georgetown
Green Lake
Greenwood
Harbor Island
Hawthorne Hills
Industrial District
Interbay
Lake City
Cedar Park
Matthews Beach
Meadowbrook
Olympic Hills
Victory Heights
Laurelhurst
Leschi
Lower Queen Anne
Loyal Heights
Madison Park
Madison Valley
Madrona
Madrona Valley
Magnolia
Montlake
Mount Baker
New Holly
Northgate
Haller Lake
Licton Springs
Maple Leaf
Pinehurst
Phinney Ridge
Portage Bay
Queen Anne
Ravenna
Roosevelt
Sand Point
Seward Park
SoDo
South End
Brighton
Columbia City
Dunlap
Hillman City
Rainier Beach
Rainier Valley
South Lake Union
South Park
Squire Park
University District
University Village
View Ridge
Wallingford
Meridian
Northlake
Washington Park
Wedgwood
Westlake
West Seattle
Alki
Arbor Heights
Delridge
Fairmount Park
Fauntleroy
Gatewood
Genesee
North Admiral
Seaview
Westwood
West Woodland
Windermere
Whittier Heights
vteCity of Seattle
Arts
Public art
Bodies of water
Buildings
Climate
Companies
Demographics
Education
Flag
Government and politics
History (Timeline)
Homelessness
Landmarks
Libraries
Mayors
Media
Medical facilities
Museums and galleries
National Register of Historic Places
Neighborhoods
Parks
People
Places of worship
Research institutes
Sports
Transportation
Utilities
King County
Seattle metropolitan area
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Greg Nickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nickels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-there-goes-3"},{"link_name":"Conurbations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The city of Seattle, Washington, contains many districts and neighborhoods. The city's former mayor Greg Nickels has described it as \"a city of neighborhoods\".[1][2][3] Early European settlers established widely scattered settlements on the surrounding hills, which grew into neighborhoods and autonomous towns. Conurbations tended to grow from such towns or from unincorporated areas around trolley stops during the 19th and early 20th centuries; the city has consequently suffered from transportation and street-naming problems.[4]","title":"List of neighborhoods in Seattle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_map_1909.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_annexations_to_Seattle_(2405863305).jpg"},{"link_name":"economic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_and_bust"},{"link_name":"plats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma-3157-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"at large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large"},{"link_name":"campaign finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma3980-10"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma-4031-11"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorpat_3461-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorpat-list-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Olmsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"This 1909 map of Seattle shows many neighborhood names that remain in common use today—for example, Ballard, Fremont, Queen Anne Hill, Capitol Hill, West Seattle, and Beacon Hill—but also many that have fallen out of use—for example, \"Ross\" and \"Edgewater\" on either side of Fremont, \"Brooklyn\" for today's University District, and \"Renton Hill\" near the confluence of Capitol Hill, First Hill, and the Central DistrictEarly annexations to SeattleSeattle was established during an economic boom fueled by the timber industry; its early years were characterized by hasty expansion and development, under which residential areas were loosely defined by widely scattered plats.[5] This arrangement was further solidified by the establishment of locally initiated community clubs, public libraries, public schools, and public parks, which created a sense of community and civic participation.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 20th century, Seattle's community clubs became influential in the organization of public improvements. These had a significant effect upon the character of their neighborhoods and allowed them to remain distinct from the surrounding areas.[6][7] Some community clubs used covenants to restrict the ethnicity of residents.[8]Establishing public library branches can define districts as well as neighborhoods. Public libraries are among the most heavily used buildings.[9] Seattle elected its city council at large from 1910 to 2014, and community clubs lobby councilors for the interests of local residents – such as for a library branch. The community organizations build a voting constituency, and in so doing define a neighborhood. In the absence of ward politics, this and campaign finance legislation are seen as more open alternatives. The Greenwood-Phinney Commercial Club was particularly active in organizing toward the Greenwood branch that opened in 1928.[10]\nThe Lake City Branch Library opened in 1935 as a few shelves of books in part of a room in Lake City School, shared with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), sponsored by the Pacific Improvement Club community group. The library moved into a new building in 1955.[11]Elementary public schools effectively defined many neighborhoods, which are often synonymous with the name of the elementary school when the neighborhood and school were established. Many of the neighborhoods contain a few smaller neighborhoods. Mann and Minor neighborhoods in the Central District, were built around their schools. The University Heights school (1903) in the north of the University District was named for the neighborhood, as was the Latona School (1906) in Wallingford.[12][13][14]Parks similarly define some neighborhoods. Madrona Beach and Cowen and Ravenna Parks were privately established to encourage residential development upon otherwise unusable land.[15] The plan for Olmsted Parks fulfilled its goal and significantly influenced the character of neighborhoods around parks and playgrounds.[16] East Phinney and West Meridian neighborhoods are sometimes called Woodland Park, as well as South Green Lake or North Wallingford for Meridian.[17]","title":"Definition of Seattle neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(law)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"International District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown-International_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-19"},{"link_name":"conveyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Housing covenants became common in the 1920s and were validated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1926. Minorities were effectively limited to the International District and parts of some neighborhoods in south-east Seattle for Asian- and Native Americans; or the Central District for people of African ancestry, clearly defining those neighborhoods.[18] Ballard – Sunset Hill, Beacon Hill, Broadmoor, Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Magnolia, Queen Anne, South Lake City, and other Seattle neighborhoods and blocks had racially or ethnically restrictive housing covenants, such as the following sample:No person or persons of [any of several minorities] blood, lineage, or extraction shall be permitted to occupy a portion of said property ... except a domestic servant or servants who may actually and in good faith be employed by white occupants.[19]Further restrictions on conveyance (rental, lease, sale, transfer) were often included, effectively defining most of the neighborhoods in Seattle during the first decades after establishment.The Supreme Court ruled in 1948 that racial restrictions would no longer be enforced. The Seattle Open Housing Ordinance became effective in 1968. Although unenforceable, legal complications prevent the covenants from being expunged from property title documents.[19][20]","title":"Covenants and racial restrictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma-3761-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"Wes Uhlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_C._Uhlman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historylink-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historylink-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Seattle initially adopted a ward system; however, in 1910, this system was replaced by non-partisan, at-large representation. Variations on ward systems were proposed and rejected in 1914,[21] 1926,[22] 1974, 1995,[23] and 2003[24] and convictions for campaign-related money laundering followed the 1995 campaign.[25] Critics claimed that district-style elections of the city council would result in Tammany Hall-style politics. In 1973, inspired by Boston's model, Mayor Wes Uhlman's administration implemented a system of Little City Halls, where Community Service Centers (CSCs) assumed responsibility for coordinating municipal services. Uhlman's political opponents called the CSCs a thinly disguised ward system designed to promote Uhlman's reelection.[26] CSCs became a setting for political arguments between the city council and the mayor; controversies over accountability, cronyism, and ward politics occurred in 1974, 1976, and 1988. In 1991 the CSCs were renamed Neighborhood Service Centers (NSCs) and were placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Neighborhoods.[26] More recently, their number has been reduced. As of 2011, there are NSCs located in Ballard, Lake City, the University District, the Central District, West Seattle, Southeast Seattle, and Delridge.[27]","title":"Wards and Little City Halls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local improvement district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_improvement_district"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A local improvement district (LID) is a method by which a group of property owners can share the cost of transportation infrastructure improvements. This involves improving the street, building sidewalks and installing stormwater management systems. Without Seattle's LID assessment system, the city would be unable to maintain its rapid growth in population and territory.[28] LIDs have helped define neighborhoods by localizing decisions about issues like sidewalks, vegetation and other features of the public space, permitting neighborhoods to remain distinct from their neighbors. [citation needed]","title":"Local improvement districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_U_Dist_-_Gelb_Building_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma-3761-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"'CD'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-there-goes-3"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorpat_3461-12"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorpat_3461-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorpat-list-13"}],"text":"University District Neighborhood Service Center (storefront at right)No official neighborhood boundaries have existed in Seattle since 1910.[21][29] Districts and neighborhoods are thus informal;[30] their boundaries may overlap and multiple names may exist for a single district. Boundaries and names can be disputed or change over time. In 2002 a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman said, \"I've seen my area go from the 'CD' to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park.' \"[3] Some neighborhoods, such as northwest Seattle, do not have widely recognized names for their greater districts.Throughout Seattle one can find signs indicating the boundaries of neighborhoods; the locations of these signs have been specified by the city's many community councils. However, the boundaries suggested by these signs routinely overlap and differ from delineations on maps. For example, signs indicate that Lake City Way NE is the southeastern boundary of the Maple Leaf neighborhood,[31][32] while the city clerk's archival map places that district's southern boundary at 85th Street.[33]Another example of boundary ambiguity is \"Frelard,\" which local residents call the area shared by Fremont and Ballard between 3rd and 8th Avenues NW. Signs facing opposite directions on NW Leary Way reveal the overlap.[12]Further difficulty in defining neighborhoods can result from residents' identification with neighborhoods different from those marked on signs and maps. After an acrimonious development dispute in 1966, a group of concerned Wallingford citizens enlisted the University of Washington Community Development Bureau to survey their neighborhood; the survey revealed that more residents of southwest Wallingford considered themselves citizens of Fremont than of Wallingford.[12][13]","title":"Informal districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"rat running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_running"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Park and Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_Ride"},{"link_name":"trolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Minor arterial roads are generally located along the boundaries of neighborhoods, with streets and highways built according to the street classification system.[34] These effectively help define neighborhoods.[35]Development in accordance with the street classification system maintains the quality of life of city neighborhoods and improves efficiency of the road system. The classification system discourages rat running through local neighborhood streets.[36]Transportation hubs, such as business zones and transit stations, such as Park and Ride facilities, provide focal points for districts of neighborhoods the same way trolley stops defined neighborhoods before cars.[citation needed]","title":"Informal districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seattle_landmarks"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_neighborhoods_in_Seattle&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The Department of Neighborhoods designates a number of Historic Districts, which have a similar status to Seattle Landmarks. As of 2021[update] these are:Ballard Avenue Landmark District\nColumbia City Landmark District\nFort Lawton Landmark District\nHarvard-Belmont Landmark District\nInternational Special Review District\nPike Place Market Historical District\nPioneer Square Preservation District\nSand Point Naval Air Station Landmark DistrictSource of list: [37]","title":"Designated Historic Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OtherInterpretations-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Seattle Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Despite complications in Seattle's system of neighborhoods and districts, the names and boundaries in the following list are generally accepted and widely used.[38] They are based on the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas,[39] which in turn is based on a variety of sources, including a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the now-defunct Department of Community Development,[40] Seattle Public Library indexes, a 1984-1986 \"Neighborhood Profiles\" feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer,[41] numerous park, land use and transportation planning studies, as well as records in the Seattle Municipal Archives.The following table is largely based on maps from the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas, but also includes designations from other sources.","title":"List of districts and neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Shoreline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline,_Washington"},{"link_name":"South Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Seattle,_Seattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Columbia City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_City,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Southeast Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Seattle,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"West Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Seattle,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cline_9100-137"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilma-4031-11"}],"text":"Seattle annexed eight municipalities between 1905 and 1910, nearly doubling the area size of the city. Annexations by law were begun by the annexee and had to be approved by the Seattle City Council. The appeal of the inexpensive and accessible electric power and water system services of the public utilities were the primary motivations for the annexation movements.Ballard was its own incorporated town for 17 years, annexed as its own ward. West Seattle incorporated in 1902, then annexed Spring Hill, Riverside, Alki Point, and Youngstown districts. It was the largest of the incorporated towns to be annexed. Southeast Seattle merged the towns of Hillman City and York with other Rainier Valley neighborhoods, then incorporated for the only reason of being annexed.[170] Similarly, the town of South Seattle consisted of mostly industrial Duwamish Valley neighborhoods (except Georgetown); one enclave adjacent to Georgetown omitted at this time was annexed 1921; some land near the river in this area remains part of unincorporated King County. In 1910 Georgetown was the last of this sequence of small incorporated cities and towns to be annexed to Seattle before the 1954 annexation of Lake City.The following previously incorporated cities and towns were annexed by Seattle. This list is in order of annexation. Other areas annexed to Seattle, were unincorporated before annexation. Examples of the latter include the northern part of Queen Anne Hill, the University District, and the northern area of the city that were once part of then-unincorporated Shoreline.Town of South Seattle, incorporated 1905, annexed 20 October 1905.\nCity of Columbia (Columbia City), incorporated 1892, annexed 3 May 1907\nTown of Ravenna, incorporated 1906, annexed 15 January 1907\nSoutheast Seattle—Hillman City, York, and other Rainier Valley neighborhoods except Columbia City—incorporated July 1906, annexed 7 January 1907\nTown of South Park, incorporated 1902, annexed 3 May 1907.\nCity of Ballard, incorporated January 1890, annexed 29 May 1907\nCity of West Seattle, incorporated April 1902, annexed 24 July 1907\nCity of Georgetown, incorporated 1904, annexed 4 April 1910[137][171]\nLake City, incorporated township 1949, annexed January 1954[11]","title":"Annexations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"West Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hill,_Washington"},{"link_name":"North Highline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Highline,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"tax revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_revolt"},{"link_name":"Burien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burien,_Washington"},{"link_name":"SeaTac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaTac,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Tukwila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Park,_Washington"},{"link_name":"White Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Center,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Renton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Bryn Mawr-Skyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr-Skyway,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Lakeridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeridge,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Earlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlington,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_Highline-174"}],"sub_title":"Future","text":"Because of the cost of providing city services, low-density residential neighborhoods represent a net revenue loss for municipalities.[172] Because vehicle-license revenue is no longer used to subsidize unincorporated areas, these neighborhoods have become increasingly orphaned.[citation needed]In April 2004, the City Council voted to defer a decision on Mayor Nickels' proposal to designate the West Hill and North Highline neighborhoods, part of unincorporated King County, as potential annexation areas (PAAs) for at least a year.[173] Because of the tax revolt that took place in Washington in the late 1990s and early 21st century, the county's budget has been reduced and the county has said it is unlikely to be able to maintain adequate levels of funding for urban services in unincorporated areas. The nearby city of Burien, however, issued a 2004 draft report for its own annexation of all or part of North Highline.North Highline, which adjoins SeaTac, Burien, and Tukwila in addition to Seattle, consists of the Boulevard Park neighborhood and part of White Center. West Hill, which abuts Tukwila and Renton as well as Seattle, consists of Bryn Mawr-Skyway, Lakeridge, and Earlington. Its 2010 population is 15,645.On December 11, 2006, the Seattle City Council agreed to designate North Highline a \"potential annexation area\".[174]","title":"Annexations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Nickels Newsletter – July 2005\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061025225457/http://seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-595-33792-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-33792-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-there-goes_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-there-goes_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070519055948/http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Speidel, William C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Speidel"},{"link_name":"Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196"},{"link_name":"196–197, 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-914890-02-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914890-02-6"},{"link_name":"Speidel, William C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Speidel"},{"link_name":"Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sonsofprofits00will/page/196"},{"link_name":"196–197, 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sonsofprofits00will/page/196"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-914890-06-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914890-06-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Seattle Landmarks: West Queen Anne Walls (1913)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3198"},{"link_name":"\"West Queen Anne Walls, 'W'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/w.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilma-3157_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilma-3157_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Renton Hill residents organize Seattle's first community club on June 18, 1901\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Renton Hill Community Club reorganizes to exclude racial minorities from the neighborhood in 1929\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public 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Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1537S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_162-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_162-1"},{"link_name":"Delridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1550S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_North_163-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_North_163-1"},{"link_name":"North Delridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1555S.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-164"},{"link_name":"Who We Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pigeonpoint.org/WhoWeAre.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Riverview_165-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Riverview_165-1"},{"link_name":"Riverview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1560S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Highland_Park_166-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Highland_Park_166-1"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1565S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-South_Delridge_167-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-South_Delridge_167-1"},{"link_name":"South Delridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1570S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Roxhill_168-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_Roxhill_168-1"},{"link_name":"Roxhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1575S.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_High_Point_169-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clerk-Delridge_High_Point_169-1"},{"link_name":"High Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1580S.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-173"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-North_Highline_174-0"},{"link_name":"\"City Council to pursue annexing North Highline\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattlepi.com/local/295597_city12.html"}],"text":"^ Greg Nickels (July 2005). \"Nickels Newsletter – July 2005\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2007.\n\n^ There is a book about Seattle by Arthur J O'Donnell, In the City of Neighborhoods, iUniverse, Inc., 2004), ISBN 0-595-33792-9.\n\n^ a b Jack Broom (October 5, 2002). \"New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood\". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.\n\n^ Phelps, p. 34; Chapter 16, \"Street Names and House Numbering\", pp. 225-235; Chapter 15, \"Annexation\", pp. 216–224, map \"to 1921\", p. 217; map \"to 1975\", p. 224, map key table pp.222-3.\n\n^ Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-02-6.. Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-06-9.\n\n^ Wilma, David (May 21, 2001). \"Seattle Landmarks: West Queen Anne Walls (1913)\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3198. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Cf. \"West Queen Anne Walls, 'W'\". Historic Preservation :: Department of Neighborhoods > Individual Landmarks & the Designation Process > Landmarks A-Z. May 21, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ a b Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). \"Renton Hill residents organize Seattle's first community club on June 18, 1901\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3157. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). \"Renton Hill Community Club reorganizes to exclude racial minorities from the neighborhood in 1929\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3158. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ Wilma, David (July 5, 2002). \"Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public Library\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3879. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ David Wilma (October 8, 2002). \"Greenwood Branch, The Seattle Public Library – HistoryLink.org Essay 3980\". HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Retrieved May 6, 2009.\n\n^ a b Wilma, David (December 5, 2002). \"Lake City Branch, The Seattle Public Library\". HistoryLink.org Essay 4031. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d e Dorpat, Paul (July 24, 2001). \"Seattle Neighborhoods: Wallingford -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink Essays. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved July 30, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d Dorpat, Paul (1984). \"42, 58, 64 (Fremont); 36, 37, 42, 64, 71 (Latona); 36, 37, 42, 71 (University)\". Seattle, now & then. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-0-4. 1984, 2nd ed. 1994\n\n^ Dorpat, Paul (1986). \"52\". Seattle, now & then, volume II. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-2-0.\n\n^ Wilma (20 August 2001, Essay 3502)\n\n^ Williams, David B. (May 10, 1999). \"Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1124. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ \n\"Lake Union\". Seattle Neighborhoods. n.d. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.\n\n^ Hatt, Schmid, Nobbe, & Mitchell\n\n^ a b Gregory, James (2004–2011). \"Segregated Seattle\". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. The University of Washington. Retrieved April 18, 2011.\n\n^ \nTurnbull, Lornet (June 3, 2005). \"Homeowners find records still hold blot of racism\". Local News. The Seattle Times. pp. B1–. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.\n\n^ a b Wilma, David (May 1, 2002). \"Seattle voters reject a city manager and district elections on June 30, 1914\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3761. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n\n^ Wilma, David (May 11, 2002). \"Seattle voters reject district city council elections and Rich Man's Charter on November 2, 1926\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3768. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n\n^ Kit Oldham & David Wilma (September 7, 2006). \"Washington voters reject property rights, casino gambling, and other ballot measures on November 7, 1995\". HistoryLink.org Essay 7916. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n\n^ Matt Rosenberg (June 15, 2005). \"Red in a Blue City: Seattle Republicans\". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved April 19, 2011.\n\n^ Jake Batsell; Jack Broom; Barbara A. Serrano (March 18, 1998). \"Stewart Case: $5 Million Fine\". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 4, 2009.\n\n^ a b Walt Crowley (May 9, 2001). \"Seattle's Little City Halls\". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved April 27, 2009.\n\n^ Neighborhood Service Centers Archived April 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Seattle. Retrieved April 17, 2011.\n\n^ Phelps, pp. 82–84\n\n^ Wilma, David (March 20, 2006). \"Seattle voters reject district elections for city council on November 7, 1995\". HistoryLink.org Essay 4246. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ Maria Christensen, Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to and Living in Seattle: Including Bellevue, Redmond, Everett, and Tacoma, Newcomer's Handbooks, First Books, 2007, ISBN 0-912301-73-2. p. 17. \"Unlike many other major cities, Seattle neighborhoods do not have official borders.\"\n\n^ Maple Leaf: Neighborhood is another one of Seattle's best-kept secrets [dead link]\n\n^ MLCC – Neighborhood Map\n\n^ \"\"Maple Leaf\", map\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 27, 2009.\n\n^ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards for urban areas having more than 50,000 people\n\n^ (1)\n\"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions\" (PDF). Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. January 2, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.(2)\n\"Street Classification Maps\". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006. High-Resolution Version Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 16.1 MBMedium-Resolution Version Archived March 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004.Low-Resolution Version Archived June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004.\"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions\" Archived January 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, PDF format. 12 January 2004. The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. (Source: \"Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files\". Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine )\n\n^ \n\"Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files\". Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ \"Historic Districts\". Seattle Department of Neighborhods. Retrieved September 7, 2021.\n\n^ Other well-documented interpretations of names and boundaries of Seattle's neighborhoods can be found in the following:\n\"Seattle Neighborhoods\" from the HistoryLink Encyclopedia of Washington State History (particularly their \"Thumbnail Histories\", many of which reference records of neighborhood organizations and public library branches).\nMyra Phelps, A Narrative History (a history of Seattle through Engineering Department records and notes).\nThe \"Neighbors\"[dead link] project of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1996-2000), currently updated as the \"Webtowns\" section of the online Post-Intelligencer.\nNeighborhood articles in the archives of the Post-Intelligencer,[1] The Times, and local district newspapers. (Post-Intelligencer archives before 1986 are not available online. The Seattle Times archives before 1990 are not available online.)\n\"Street Classification Maps\" Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine from the Seattle Department of Transportation. The Transportation Department has built and designated secondary arterials (officially called minor arterials) predominantly along neighborhood boundaries.\"The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History\". Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2006.\n\n^ \"List of Neighborhoods\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 29, 2009.Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, and Neman (authors of the Seattle Atlas) drew largely upon primary sources. Phelps is also a high quality secondary source, since much of her sources were Department archives of official documents and reports, in addition to professional journal articles, as well as books and articles back to the early 20th century. Phelps and Shenk et al. have complete citations in this article's Bibliography.The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas was \"not designed or intended as an 'official' City of Seattle neighborhood map ... [but] to define neighborhood district names and boundaries in a way that improves document indexing and retrieval.\" As such, some of its designations have no existence outside of the city's map and indexing system, such as Pike Market (Pike Place Market in actuality), Mann, Minor, and Mid Beacon Hill. In addition, the map's attempt to reduce the number of top-level districts has led to certain discrepancies from facts on the ground, such as Harrison/Denny-Blaine being included in the Central District and Madison Park being included in Capitol Hill.\n\n^ Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). \"Department of Community Development (1600) (second edition)\". \"Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions\", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle. Retrieved April 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ The Seattle Post-Intelligencer's \"Neighborhood Profiles\" are not available online. The concept has been revisited 1996-2000 as the \"Neighbors\" [dead link] project, currently updated as the \"Webtowns\" section.\n\n^ [1869] means part of Seattle as incorporation, December 1869. Otherwise, year listed is actual annexation, not the date of the prerequisite enabling city ordinance.The State Legislature incorporated the town of Seattle in January 1865, disincorporated January 1867 after petition, reincorporated December 1869. The initial incorporation was with a board of trustees. The second incorporation was with a mayor and town council. Lange, Greg; Tate, Cassandra (November 4, 1998). \"Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865\". HistoryLink.org Essay 168. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad (Map breaking city into three major areas) and NN 1000 Neighborhood districts (a list of districts), Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej Phelps\n\n^ Broadview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Bitter Lake (neighborhood), Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ North Beach/Blue Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Parts of Crown Hill annexed 1907 as part of Ballard\n\n^ Crown Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Greenwood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e Northgate, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Haller Lake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Pinehurst, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ North College Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Maple Leaf, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f Lake City, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Cedar Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Matthews Beach, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Meadowbrook, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Olympic Hills, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Victory Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Wedgwood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ View Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Sand Point, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Roosevelt, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ a b Ravenna, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Bryant, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Windermere, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Laurelhurst, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Windermere, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Souvenir guide of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition – held at Seattle, Washington, June 1st to October (Seattle 1909), p.11. Image online.\n\n^ \"Northeast Campus Map\". UW Home > UWIN > About the UW > Campus Maps. University of Washington Computing and Communications, Facilities Services. May 5, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2011.\n\n^ Publication Services & UW Facility Services (July 1996). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington.\n\n^ University of Washington Publication Services (September 1991). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington. Compiled, designed, drafted in cooperation between Physical Plant and the Department of Geography, August 1971, revised Sherman (August 1991).\n\n^ Wallingford, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Green Lake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\n^ Fremont, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Phinney Ridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b c d e f Ballard, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ West Woodland, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Whittier Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Adams, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Sunset Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Loyal Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b c d Magnolia, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Lawton Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Briarcliff, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Southeast Magnolia, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Interbay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b c d e Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ North Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ East Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Lower Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ West Queen Anne, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Capitol Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b Portage Bay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Broadway, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Tyrone Beason, Seattle's Pike/Pine corridor does density right, Seattle Times, January 23, 2010, corrected February 19, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2011.\n\n^ Pike/Pine: Cars, Bars, and Dead Rock Stars Archived June 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Architecture Foundation. Retrieved June 17, 2011.\n\n^ Erica C. Barnett, The Death of Pike/Pine, The Stranger, November 29, 2006. Retrieved June 17, 2011.\n\n^ A somewhat cryptic older note here says \"1891, E of 15th, N of E Galer, N of E Lynn, 1891, Phelps. 1950, 1952, 1953.[citation needed] This needs clarification: This would have the farthest part of Montlake from the city center annexed in 1891, and the rest more than half a century later.\n\n^ Montlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Stevens, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Portage Bay, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ History, Organizational Description, Boundaries, Cascade Neighborhood Council, November 1997. Accessed 3 February 2008.\n\n^ Westlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Eastlake, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Denny Regrade, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Belltown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Pike-Market, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ The 17-acre (6.9 ha) Pike Market neighborhood is nearly twice the area of the 9-acre (3.6 ha) Pike Place Market Historic District.(1) Lange, Greg (January 1, 1999). \"Seattle's Pike Place Market opens on August 17, 1907\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1949. Retrieved July 21, 2006. lead paragraph updated 2006\n(2) Crowley, Walt (July 29, 1999). \"Pike Place Market (Seattle) -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1602. Retrieved July 21, 2006.\n\n^ Central Business District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ First Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas.\n\n^ Pioneer Square, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ International District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Yesler Terrace, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Central Waterfront, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ seattlewestedge.org home page, Metropolitan Improvement District. Retrieved June 17, 2011.\n\n^ So that would make downtown East West Edge?, Puget Sound Business Journal, July 15, 2001. Retrieved June 17, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Central Area, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Mann, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Minor, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Atlantic, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Merritt, Mike; Goldsmith, Steven (July 13, 1994). \"The neighborhood that time forgot\". Neighbors, History and background on Judkins Park, Neighbors project. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006. [dead link]\n\n^ Judkins Foundation (February 9, 1999). \"Where is Judkins Park?\". Judkins Park Review. City of Seattle. Archived from the original on March 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\n^ Madrona, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Harrison & Denny-Blaine, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Leschi, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Rainier Valley, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Mount Baker, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Columbia City, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Several articles about Columbia City (and other places in the Rainier Valley) can be found at Articles, Rainier Valley Historical Society.\n\n^ http://www.hillmancitybiz.org Archived April 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Possibly dead link April 2011; a backup can be found at https://web.archive.org/web/20080703172423/http://www.hillmancitybiz.org/sitemap\n\n^ Neighborhood Plans: Columbia City / Hillman City Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ Brighton, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 11, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). \"Annexed Cities (9100)\". \"Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions\", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle, second edition. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Dunlap, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.\n\n^ Rainier Beach, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.\n\n^ Rainier View, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.\n\n^ Seward Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 12, 2011.\n\n^ North Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Mid Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b Holly Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b (Untitled page), NewHolly community section of seattlehousing.org (SHA). Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b South Beacon Hill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b c Industrial District, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Harbor Island, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Georgetown, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ South Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j West Seattle, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ Alki, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b North Admiral, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b North Admiral, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b Seaview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Fairmount Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Genesee, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Gatewood, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Fauntleroy, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ Arbor Heights, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 13, 2011.\n\n^ a b Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ a b North Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ Who We Are, pigeonpoint.org (Pigeon Point Neighborhood Council). Retrieved May 15, 2011.\n\n^ a b Riverview, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ a b Highland Park, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 14, 2011.\n\n^ a b South Delridge, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.\n\n^ a b Roxhill, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.\n\n^ a b High Point, Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Atlas. Retrieved May 15, 2011.\n\n^ Rainier Valley neighborhoods south of Hanford Street to Rainier Beach at Kenyon Street, generally east of 24th Avenue S. - Phelps, pp. 216–218, 222–224\n\n^ Phelps, pp. 216-218, 222-224\n\n^ Phelps, pp. 216-224\n\n^ \"Newswatch\". The Seattle Times. April 6, 2004. p. B4.\n\n^ Galloway, Angela (December 12, 2006). \"City Council to pursue annexing North Highline\". Hearst Seattle Media, LLC.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"About the Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Ballard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1170S.htm"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"\"Downtown\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1240S.htm"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"\"Map home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/fullcity.htm"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"\"Lake City\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1040S.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Neighborhood Resources\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060223012935/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm"},{"link_name":"\"List of Neighborhoods\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/neiglist.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Northgate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1030S.htm"},{"link_name":"\"PDF Note\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060614071142/http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9601928-1-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9601928-1-6"},{"link_name":"\"Seattle Interactive Map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060224062245/http://www.historylink.org/I-map/Index.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historylink.org/I-map/Index.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Rainier Valley, map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1300S.htm"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"\"About neighborhood maps\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm"},{"link_name":"Department of Neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060223012935/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Seattle Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Special Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060624134746/http://www.spl.org/default.asp?pageID=collection_specialcollections"},{"link_name":"Seattle Municipal Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cityofseattle.net/CityArchives/"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Neighbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//seattlepi.com/neighbors/"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Webtowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//seattlepi.com/webtowns/"},{"link_name":"\"Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake City -- Thumbnail History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3449"},{"link_name":"\"Webtowns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//seattlepi.com/webtowns/"}],"text":"\"About the Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services\". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. April 30, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.See heading, \"Note about limitations of these data\".\n\"Ballard\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps \"NN-1120S\", \"NN-1130S\", \"NN-1140S\".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June; \"NN-1030S\", \"NN-1040S\".jpg dated 17 June 2002.\n\"Downtown\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps \"NN-1120S\", \"NN-1130S\", \"NN-1140S\".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June; \"NN-1030S\", \"NN-1040S\".jpg dated 17 June 2002.\n\"Map home\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Full city map, not titled.Maps \"NN-1120S\", \"NN-1130S\", \"NN-1140S\".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June; \"NN-1030S\", \"NN-1040S\".jpg dated 17 June 2002.\n\"Lake City\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\"Neighborhood Resources\". Department of Neighborhoods. City of Seattle. 2005. Archived from the original on February 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\"List of Neighborhoods\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Hierarchical list of neighborhoods by districts, largely in geographical order from north to south.\n\"Northgate\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\"PDF Note\". Principal, Minor and Collector arterials. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\nPhelps, Myra L. (1978). Public works in Seattle. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. ISBN 0-9601928-1-6.\n\"Seattle Interactive Map\". Seattle Neighborhoods. HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\"Rainier Valley, map\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Maps \"NN-1030S\", \"NN-1040S\".jpg 17 June 2002, maps \"NN-1120S\", \"NN-1130S\", \"NN-1140S\".Jpg [sic] 13 June.\nShenk, Carol; Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; Neman, Chris (June 26, 2002). \"About neighborhood maps\". Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods Archived February 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine and other agencies), Seattle Public Library indexes (Special Collections, Seattle Collection in the Seattle Room), a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives.[Maps \"NN-1120S\", \"NN-1130S\", \"NN-1140S\".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June 2002; \"NN-1030S\", \"NN-1040S\".jpg dated 17 June 2002.]\"The Neighbors [dead link] project was published weekly in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer from 1996 to 2000. The page remained available for archival purposes for some years after being superseded by the P-I's Webtowns section.\nWilma, David (July 18, 2001). \"Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake City -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3449. Retrieved April 21, 2006.\n\"Webtowns\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detailed city map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/fullcity.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Seattle City Clerk Thesaurus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060209104159/http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/newtoc.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/newtoc.htm"},{"link_name":"Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080421235346/http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/thesintr.htm"},{"link_name":"Neighborhoods GIS source data file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.seattle.gov/dataset/Neighborhoods/2mbt-aqqx"},{"link_name":"Shapefile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seattle_neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Seattle_neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seattle_neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"Neighborhoods in Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Beacon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bitter Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Lake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Briarcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarcliff,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Broadmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Broadview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadview,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Broadway District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Central Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Waterfront,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Cherry Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Crown Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Denny Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Triangle,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Denny-Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny-Blaine,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Belltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belltown,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"First Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"International District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown%E2%80%93International_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Yesler Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesler_Terrace,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastlake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Green Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Harbor Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Island,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Hills,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Industrial District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Interbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbay,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Cedar Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Matthews Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthews_Beach,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Meadowbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowbrook,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Olympic Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Hills,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Victory Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Heights,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Laurelhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelhurst,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Leschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leschi,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Lower Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Queen_Anne,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Loyal Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_Heights,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Madison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Madison Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Valley,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Madrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrona,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Madrona Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrona_Valley,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Montlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montlake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Mount Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"New Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewHolly,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Northgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northgate,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Haller Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haller_Lake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Licton Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licton_Springs,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Pinehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehurst,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Phinney Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phinney_Ridge,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Portage Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_Bay"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Sand Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Point,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Seward Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"SoDo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoDo,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"South End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Columbia City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_City,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Dunlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlap,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Hillman City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_City,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Rainier Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Beach,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Rainier Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Valley,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"South Lake Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake_Union,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Squire Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"University Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Village,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"View Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_Ridge,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Northlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northlake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Wedgwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedgwood,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"West Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Alki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alki_Point,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Arbor Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Heights,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Delridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delridge,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Fairmount Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Park,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Fauntleroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauntleroy,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Gatewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatewood,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Genesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"North Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Admiral,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Seaview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaview,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"West Woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Woodland,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Whittier Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_Heights,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seattle"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Seattle"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seattle"},{"link_name":"City of Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bodies of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Government and politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_and_politics_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seattle_landmarks"},{"link_name":"Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Medical facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_facilities_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Museums and galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museums_and_galleries_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Places of worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Research institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_institutes_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilities_of_Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_from_kerry_park.jpg"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seattle"}],"text":"Detailed city map, Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Detailed city map, otherwise not titled.Click on a number or name for the more detailed north, central, or south city map or a map of a selected neighborhood.\n\"Seattle City Clerk Thesaurus\". April 19, 2004. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.Provides a language for indexing and retrieving legislation and other records in the City Clerk's Office. For more details on how to use the thesaurus, read the Introduction.\nNeighborhoods GIS source data file (Shapefile format)vteNeighborhoods in Seattle\nAdams\nAtlantic\nBallard\nBeacon Hill\nBitter Lake\nBlue Ridge\nBriarcliff\nBroadmoor\nBroadview\nBryant\nCapitol Hill\nBroadway District\nCascade\nCentral District\nCentral Waterfront\nCherry Hill\nCrown Hill\nDenny Triangle\nDenny-Blaine\nDowntown\nBelltown\nFirst Hill\nInternational District\nPioneer Square\nYesler Terrace\nEastlake\nFremont\nGeorgetown\nGreen Lake\nGreenwood\nHarbor Island\nHawthorne Hills\nIndustrial District\nInterbay\nLake City\nCedar Park\nMatthews Beach\nMeadowbrook\nOlympic Hills\nVictory Heights\nLaurelhurst\nLeschi\nLower Queen Anne\nLoyal Heights\nMadison Park\nMadison Valley\nMadrona\nMadrona Valley\nMagnolia\nMontlake\nMount Baker\nNew Holly\nNorthgate\nHaller Lake\nLicton Springs\nMaple Leaf\nPinehurst\nPhinney Ridge\nPortage Bay\nQueen Anne\nRavenna\nRoosevelt\nSand Point\nSeward Park\nSoDo\nSouth End\nBrighton\nColumbia City\nDunlap\nHillman City\nRainier Beach\nRainier Valley\nSouth Lake Union\nSouth Park\nSquire Park\nUniversity District\nUniversity Village\nView Ridge\nWallingford\nMeridian\nNorthlake\nWashington Park\nWedgwood\nWestlake\nWest Seattle\nAlki\nArbor Heights\nDelridge\nFairmount Park\nFauntleroy\nGatewood\nGenesee\nNorth Admiral\nSeaview\nWestwood\nWest Woodland\nWindermere\nWhittier HeightsvteCity of Seattle\nArts\nPublic art\nBodies of water\nBuildings\nClimate\nCompanies\nDemographics\nEducation\nFlag\nGovernment and politics\nHistory (Timeline)\nHomelessness\nLandmarks\nLibraries\nMayors\nMedia\nMedical facilities\nMuseums and galleries\nNational Register of Historic Places\nNeighborhoods\nParks\nPeople\nPlaces of worship\nResearch institutes\nSports\nTransportation\nUtilities\n\nKing County\nSeattle metropolitan area\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"This 1909 map of Seattle shows many neighborhood names that remain in common use today—for example, Ballard, Fremont, Queen Anne Hill, Capitol Hill, West Seattle, and Beacon Hill—but also many that have fallen out of use—for example, \"Ross\" and \"Edgewater\" on either side of Fremont, \"Brooklyn\" for today's University District, and \"Renton Hill\" near the confluence of Capitol Hill, First Hill, and the Central District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Seattle_map_1909.jpg/220px-Seattle_map_1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early annexations to Seattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Early_annexations_to_Seattle_%282405863305%29.jpg/170px-Early_annexations_to_Seattle_%282405863305%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"University District Neighborhood Service Center (storefront at right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seattle_-_U_Dist_-_Gelb_Building_01.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_U_Dist_-_Gelb_Building_01.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seattle_in_Dec._2022_-_122.jpg/110px-Seattle_in_Dec._2022_-_122.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Street layout of Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_layout_of_Seattle"},{"title":"110th Cascades SEA Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)#Natural_Drainage_Systems_and_Street_Edge_Alternatives"}] | [{"reference":"Greg Nickels (July 2005). \"Nickels Newsletter – July 2005\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061025225457/http://seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm","url_text":"\"Nickels Newsletter – July 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jack Broom (October 5, 2002). \"New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood\". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519055948/http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005","url_text":"\"New Seattle map: There goes the neighborhood\""},{"url":"http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Speidel, William C. (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-02-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Speidel","url_text":"Speidel, William C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196","url_text":"Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196","url_text":"196–197, 200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914890-02-6","url_text":"0-914890-02-6"}]},{"reference":"Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-06-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Speidel","url_text":"Speidel, William C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonsofprofits00will/page/196","url_text":"Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonsofprofits00will/page/196","url_text":"196–197, 200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914890-06-9","url_text":"0-914890-06-9"}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (May 21, 2001). \"Seattle Landmarks: West Queen Anne Walls (1913)\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3198. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3198","url_text":"\"Seattle Landmarks: West Queen Anne Walls (1913)\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Queen Anne Walls, 'W'\". Historic Preservation :: Department of Neighborhoods > Individual Landmarks & the Designation Process > Landmarks A-Z. May 21, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/w.htm","url_text":"\"West Queen Anne Walls, 'W'\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). \"Renton Hill residents organize Seattle's first community club on June 18, 1901\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3157. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3157","url_text":"\"Renton Hill residents organize Seattle's first community club on June 18, 1901\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (April 1, 2001). \"Renton Hill Community Club reorganizes to exclude racial minorities from the neighborhood in 1929\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3158. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3158","url_text":"\"Renton Hill Community Club reorganizes to exclude racial minorities from the neighborhood in 1929\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (July 5, 2002). \"Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public Library\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3879. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3879","url_text":"\"Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"David Wilma (October 8, 2002). \"Greenwood Branch, The Seattle Public Library – HistoryLink.org Essay 3980\". HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Retrieved May 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3980","url_text":"\"Greenwood Branch, The Seattle Public Library – HistoryLink.org Essay 3980\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (December 5, 2002). \"Lake City Branch, The Seattle Public Library\". HistoryLink.org Essay 4031. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=4031","url_text":"\"Lake City Branch, The Seattle Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"Dorpat, Paul (July 24, 2001). \"Seattle Neighborhoods: Wallingford -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink Essays. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved July 30, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3461","url_text":"\"Seattle Neighborhoods: Wallingford -- Thumbnail History\""}]},{"reference":"Dorpat, Paul (1984). \"42, 58, 64 (Fremont); 36, 37, 42, 64, 71 (Latona); 36, 37, 42, 71 (University)\". Seattle, now & then. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-0-4. 1984, 2nd ed. 1994","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9614357-0-4","url_text":"0-9614357-0-4"}]},{"reference":"Dorpat, Paul (1986). \"52\". Seattle, now & then, volume II. Seattle: Tartu Publications. ISBN 0-9614357-2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9614357-2-0","url_text":"0-9614357-2-0"}]},{"reference":"Williams, David B. (May 10, 1999). \"Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1124. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1124","url_text":"\"Olmsted Parks in Seattle -- A Snapshot History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Union\". Seattle Neighborhoods. n.d. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060224062202/http://www.historylink.org/I-map/LU.htm","url_text":"\"Lake Union\""},{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/I-map/LU.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, James (2004–2011). \"Segregated Seattle\". Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. The University of Washington. Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/segregated.htm","url_text":"\"Segregated Seattle\""}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Lornet (June 3, 2005). \"Homeowners find records still hold blot of racism\". Local News. The Seattle Times. pp. B1–. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517183528/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002297312_covenants03m.html","url_text":"\"Homeowners find records still hold blot of racism\""},{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002297312_covenants03m.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (May 1, 2002). \"Seattle voters reject a city manager and district elections on June 30, 1914\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3761. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3761","url_text":"\"Seattle voters reject a city manager and district elections on June 30, 1914\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (May 11, 2002). \"Seattle voters reject district city council elections and Rich Man's Charter on November 2, 1926\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3768. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3768","url_text":"\"Seattle voters reject district city council elections and Rich Man's Charter on November 2, 1926\""}]},{"reference":"Kit Oldham & David Wilma (September 7, 2006). \"Washington voters reject property rights, casino gambling, and other ballot measures on November 7, 1995\". HistoryLink.org Essay 7916. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=7916","url_text":"\"Washington voters reject property rights, casino gambling, and other ballot measures on November 7, 1995\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Rosenberg (June 15, 2005). \"Red in a Blue City: Seattle Republicans\". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved April 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundpolitics.com/archives/004623.html","url_text":"\"Red in a Blue City: Seattle Republicans\""}]},{"reference":"Jake Batsell; Jack Broom; Barbara A. Serrano (March 18, 1998). \"Stewart Case: $5 Million Fine\". Seattle Times. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980318&slug=2740287","url_text":"\"Stewart Case: $5 Million Fine\""}]},{"reference":"Walt Crowley (May 9, 2001). \"Seattle's Little City Halls\". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved April 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3270","url_text":"\"Seattle's Little City Halls\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (March 20, 2006). \"Seattle voters reject district elections for city council on November 7, 1995\". HistoryLink.org Essay 4246. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028071312/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=4246","url_text":"\"Seattle voters reject district elections for city council on November 7, 1995\""},{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=4246","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Maple Leaf\", map\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1038S.htm","url_text":"\"\"Maple Leaf\", map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions\" (PDF). Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. January 2, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060117223442/http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps/arterialslegend.pdf","url_text":"\"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions\""},{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps/arterialslegend.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Classification Maps\". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614071142/http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm","url_text":"\"Street Classification Maps\""},{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files\". Street Classification Maps. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614071142/http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote","url_text":"\"Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files\""},{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Districts\". Seattle Department of Neighborhods. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/programs-and-services/historic-preservation/historic-districts","url_text":"\"Historic Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History\". Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082606/http://www.historylink.org/","url_text":"\"The Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History\""},{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Neighborhoods\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/neiglist.htm","url_text":"\"List of Neighborhoods\""}]},{"reference":"Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). \"Department of Community Development (1600) (second edition)\". \"Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions\", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/leg/clerk/guide/1600.htm","url_text":"\"Department of Community Development (1600) (second edition)\""}]},{"reference":"Lange, Greg; Tate, Cassandra (November 4, 1998). \"Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865\". HistoryLink.org Essay 168. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=168","url_text":"\"Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northeast Campus Map\". UW Home > UWIN > About the UW > Campus Maps. University of Washington Computing and Communications, Facilities Services. May 5, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washington.edu/home/maps/northeast.html","url_text":"\"Northeast Campus Map\""}]},{"reference":"Publication Services & UW Facility Services (July 1996). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington.","urls":[]},{"reference":"University of Washington Publication Services (September 1991). The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity (map). Seattle: University of Washington.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lange, Greg (January 1, 1999). \"Seattle's Pike Place Market opens on August 17, 1907\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1949. Retrieved July 21, 2006. lead paragraph updated 2006","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1949","url_text":"\"Seattle's Pike Place Market opens on August 17, 1907\""}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Walt (July 29, 1999). \"Pike Place Market (Seattle) -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 1602. Retrieved July 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Crowley","url_text":"Crowley, Walt"},{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=1602","url_text":"\"Pike Place Market (Seattle) -- Thumbnail History\""}]},{"reference":"Merritt, Mike; Goldsmith, Steven (July 13, 1994). \"The neighborhood that time forgot\". Neighbors, History and background on Judkins Park, Neighbors project. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattlepi.com/neighbors/judkins/bg1.html","url_text":"\"The neighborhood that time forgot\""}]},{"reference":"Judkins Foundation (February 9, 1999). \"Where is Judkins Park?\". Judkins Park Review. City of Seattle. Archived from the original on March 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060323023823/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/commnty/judkins/whereis.htm","url_text":"\"Where is Judkins Park?\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/commnty/judkins/whereis.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cline, Scott, City Archivist (2006). \"Annexed Cities (9100)\". \"Seattle Municipal Archives Record Descriptions\", A Guide To The Archives Of The City Of Seattle, second edition. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224213/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/leg/clerk/guide/9100.htm","url_text":"\"Annexed Cities (9100)\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/leg/clerk/guide/9100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Newswatch\". The Seattle Times. April 6, 2004. p. B4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Galloway, Angela (December 12, 2006). \"City Council to pursue annexing North Highline\". Hearst Seattle Media, LLC.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/local/295597_city12.html","url_text":"\"City Council to pursue annexing North Highline\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services\". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. April 30, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm","url_text":"\"About the Seattle City Clerk's Online Information Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballard\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1170S.htm","url_text":"\"Ballard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1240S.htm","url_text":"\"Downtown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map home\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/fullcity.htm","url_text":"\"Map home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake City\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1040S.htm","url_text":"\"Lake City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neighborhood Resources\". Department of Neighborhoods. City of Seattle. 2005. Archived from the original on February 23, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060223012935/http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm","url_text":"\"Neighborhood Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Neighborhoods\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/neiglist.htm","url_text":"\"List of Neighborhoods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northgate\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1030S.htm","url_text":"\"Northgate\""}]},{"reference":"\"PDF Note\". Principal, Minor and Collector arterials. Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614071142/http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote","url_text":"\"PDF Note\""},{"url":"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm#pdfnote","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phelps, Myra L. (1978). Public works in Seattle. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. ISBN 0-9601928-1-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9601928-1-6","url_text":"0-9601928-1-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Interactive Map\". Seattle Neighborhoods. HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060224062245/http://www.historylink.org/I-map/Index.htm","url_text":"\"Seattle Interactive Map\""},{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/I-map/Index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rainier Valley, map\". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. June 13–17, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1300S.htm","url_text":"\"Rainier Valley, map\""}]},{"reference":"Shenk, Carol; Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; Neman, Chris (June 26, 2002). \"About neighborhood maps\". Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm","url_text":"\"About neighborhood maps\""}]},{"reference":"Wilma, David (July 18, 2001). \"Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake City -- Thumbnail History\". HistoryLink.org Essay 3449. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3449","url_text":"\"Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake City -- Thumbnail History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webtowns\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattlepi.com/webtowns/","url_text":"\"Webtowns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle City Clerk Thesaurus\". April 19, 2004. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209104159/http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/newtoc.htm","url_text":"\"Seattle City Clerk Thesaurus\""},{"url":"http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/newtoc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_neighborhoods_in_Seattle&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061025225457/http://seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nickels Newsletter – July 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattle.gov/mayor/about/nicnewsJul05.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519055948/http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=map051&date=20021005","external_links_name":"\"New Seattle map: There goes the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Naeff | Linda Naeff | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 Sculptures","4 References"] | Swiss female artist
Linda NaeffLinda Naeff (right) with her husbandBorn22 February 1926BagnoletDiedFebruary 20, 2014(2014-02-20) (aged 87)CarougeNationalitySwissOccupation(s)Painter, sculptor
Linda Naeff (February 22, 1926 - February 20, 2014), was a Swiss painter and sculptor. Close the Art Brut movement, she started painting in her sixties. She has been influenced by Jean Dubuffet.
Biography
Born in France from Swiss parents, her family (including her three sisters) move back to their native Jura at the onset of the war. Her father is an alcoholic, her mother suicidal, and the teenager is sexually abused. She later marries and moves to Geneva, where to become a hairdresser.
Naeff begins painting in 1987 at the age of sixty-one. She creates 4,500 works of art, including 500 sculptures and 4,000 paintings
In 2012, the writer Douna Loup published The lines of your palm, a novel in which she tells the story of the then eighty-five years old artist, based on interviews they had together. A 2014 documentary, Les couleurs habillent la souffrance ("Colors will hide suffering") is also released shortly after her death.
Bibliography
2012: Douna Loup, The lines of your palm, Paris, Mercure de France, 2012 ISBN 978-2-7152-3282-2
Sculptures
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linda Naeff.
^ matricule-ii.-uebermuetter-mit-werken-von-maria-rolly-berta-balzli-adelheid-duvanel-u.a Notice ch-cultura.ch.
^ Notice film-documentaire.fr.
^ a b c "L'œuvre d'une vie bouleversée - Le Temps" (in French). 2016-05-09. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ Notice www.bilan.ch.
^ dossier didactique.
^ "ART BRUT/Le Musée de Carouge présente le monde de Linda Naeff". Bilan (in French). 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ Notice museumimlagerhaus.
^ 4DACTION/w_fiche_film/46813_1 Notice.
^ "Linda Naeff a créé 7000 œuvres à partir de 61 ans, à sa mort". Tribune de Genève (in French). 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ "Douna Loup écrit "Les Lignes de ta paume", en suivant le destin d'une étonnante vieille dame - Le Temps" (in French). 2012-09-01. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ "Linda Naeff – Les couleurs habillent la souffrance". swissfilms (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ "Douna Loup writes "The Lines of your palm", following the destiny of an astonishing old lady". letemps.ch. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Alchemy | Audio Alchemy | ["1 External links","2 References"] | DAC-in-the-Box, an external digital-to-analog converter intended to improve the sound of the user's CD player
Audio Alchemy was a high end audio equipment manufacturer based in California, USA. The company was first formed in the late 1980s, producing many lines of relatively affordable audio products, including CD players, transports, digital audio processors, and amplifiers. It went out of business in the late 1990s, was briefly relaunched in the early 2000s as Alchemy2, then was relaunched under the original Audio Alchemy name in early 2015 with a new line of higher-quality, full-featured audio products.
On October 6, 2016 Audio Alchemy was acquired by Elac.
Audio Alchemy products make innovative use of the I²S audio interface, usually reserved for the internal connection between the CD transport and DAC of a CD player. Audio Alchemy brought the interface out to a DIN connector, allowing a very low jitter connection between the CD transport and external DAC, by transmitting the clock signal and the audio signal in parallel. This offers a superior alternative connectivity method to something like S/PDIF, which sees the clock signal embedded into the audio signal. The process of extracting the clock signal from the data stream is where jitter is introduced. This interface is used in several original Audio Alchemy products and in the relaunched company's products.
Perpetual Technologies and Camelot Technology also produce products that use the I²S interface.
External links
Alchemy Series | ELAC
"Audio Alchemy website", Retrieved 2015-04-23 Archived 2015-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
References
^ Chris Martens, "Show Report: CanJam SoCal 2015 Part 1", The Absolute Sound, March 31, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
^ Staff. "ELAC to Acquire Audio Alchemy". Technology Integrator. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
^ Audio Alchemy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_end"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"CD players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_player"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elac"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Release-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"I²S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S"},{"link_name":"DAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter"},{"link_name":"DIN connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_connector"},{"link_name":"jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"S/PDIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/PDIF"},{"link_name":"jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"I²S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S"}],"text":"Audio Alchemy was a high end audio equipment manufacturer based in California, USA. The company was first formed in the late 1980s, producing many lines of relatively affordable audio products, including CD players, transports, digital audio processors, and amplifiers. It went out of business in the late 1990s, was briefly relaunched in the early 2000s as Alchemy2, then was relaunched under the original Audio Alchemy name in early 2015 with a new line of higher-quality, full-featured audio products.[1] \nOn October 6, 2016 Audio Alchemy was acquired by Elac.[2][3]Audio Alchemy products make innovative use of the I²S audio interface, usually reserved for the internal connection between the CD transport and DAC of a CD player. Audio Alchemy brought the interface out to a DIN connector, allowing a very low jitter connection between the CD transport and external DAC, by transmitting the clock signal and the audio signal in parallel. This offers a superior alternative connectivity method to something like S/PDIF, which sees the clock signal embedded into the audio signal. The process of extracting the clock signal from the data stream is where jitter is introduced[citation needed]. This interface is used in several original Audio Alchemy products and in the relaunched company's products. \nPerpetual Technologies and Camelot Technology also produce products that use the I²S interface.","title":"Audio Alchemy"}] | [{"image_text":"DAC-in-the-Box, an external digital-to-analog converter intended to improve the sound of the user's CD player","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DAC_in_the_box.jpg/220px-DAC_in_the_box.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Staff. \"ELAC to Acquire Audio Alchemy\". Technology Integrator. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731100649/https://www.technologyintegrator.net/article/elac-acquire-audio-alchemy/","url_text":"\"ELAC to Acquire Audio Alchemy\""},{"url":"http://www.technologyintegrator.net/article/elac-acquire-audio-alchemy/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.elac.com/series/alchemy/","external_links_name":"Alchemy Series | ELAC"},{"Link":"http://www.audioalchemy.com/","external_links_name":"\"Audio Alchemy website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524093215/http://www.audioalchemy.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theabsolutesound.com/articles/show-report-southern-california-canjam-2015-part-1/?page=4","external_links_name":"\"Show Report: CanJam SoCal 2015 Part 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200731100649/https://www.technologyintegrator.net/article/elac-acquire-audio-alchemy/","external_links_name":"\"ELAC to Acquire Audio Alchemy\""},{"Link":"http://www.technologyintegrator.net/article/elac-acquire-audio-alchemy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.underwoodhifi.com/products/audio-alchemy","external_links_name":"Audio Alchemy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Prabha | Rama Prabha | ["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","2.1 Telugu films","2.2 Tamil films","2.3 Other language films","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Indian actress
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Rama PrabhaRama Prabha in a scene from Kalyana Mandapam (1971)BornK.G Rama Prabha (1946-10-05) 5 October 1946 (age 77)Kadiri, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India.NationalityIndianOccupationActressSpouse
Sarath Babu
(m. 1974; div. 1988)ChildrenVijaya Chamundeswari (adopted)RelativesRajendra Prasad (son-in-law)
Rama Prabha is an Indian actress who performs in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi films. She has acted in more than 1,400 films and is credited as a character artist who shared screen space with superstars across most generations of South Indian Cinema with a career spanning over six decades. She formed a noted pair on Telugu screen during the 1970s and 1980s with comedian Raja Babu. She acted opposite Nagesh in Shanti Nilayam and many other films from 1968 onwards. She acted in Hindi opposite Mehmood in the movie Do Phool.
Personal life
When she was one month old, her father's sister adopted her and they shifted to Ooty. Rama's childhood was spent there till the age of 14 years when they shifted to Chennai. She currently lives in Vayalpadu, near Madanapalle.
She had adopted her sister's infant daughter, Vijaya Chamundeswari. Vijaya is married to film actor Rajendra prasad.
Filmography
Telugu films
Year
Film
Role
1966
Chilaka Gorinka
Shashi
Dr. Anand
Mathi
1968
Nindu Samsaram
Vintha Kapuram
Ramanamma
Deva Kanya
1969
Sri Rama Katha
Lady interested in buying bangles
Gandikota Rahasyam
Subbulu
1970
Akka Chellelu
Saroja
Pettandarulu
1971
Anuradha
Prema
Vintha Samsaram
Prabhavathi
Bomma Borusa
Ammaji
1972
Vichitra Bandham
Bhagya Laxmi
Tata Manavadu
Iddaru Ammayilu
Badi Panthulu
Rama
1973
Samsaara Saagaram
Meena
Narayana's Tamilian wife
1974
Tulabharam
Vani
O Seeta Katha
1975
Jeevana Jyoti
Ammayila Sapatham
1976
Vintha Illu Santha Gola
Actor/Producer
Soggadu
America Ammayi
Siri Siri Muvva
Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club
Muthyala Pallaki
Lucy
Manushulanta Okkate
Mutyalu/Rama
1977
Amara Deepam
Adavi Ramudu
Tholireyi Gadichindi
Chakradhari
Gadusu Pillodu
Gajalakshmi
Janma Janmala Bandham
1978
Dongala Dopidi
Subbulu
Pranam Khareedu
Chaakali Subbi
Amara Prema
Patnavasam
Chandramathi
Panthalu Pattimpulu
1979
Naa Illu Naa Vaalu
Hema Hemeelu
Intinti Ramayanam
Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi
Gorintaku
Karthika Deepam
Idi Kathakaadu
1980
Mama Allulla Saval
Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam
Dhanalakshmi
1981
Gadasari Attaha Sosagara Kodalu
47 Rojulu
1982
Swayamvaram
Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu
Pelleedu Pillalu
Korukunna Mogudu
1984
Janani Janmabhoomi
Padmini's mother
Swathi
Dandayatra
Santana Lakshmi
1985
Bharyabhartala Bandham
Kotha Pelli Koothuru
Aalaya Deepam
Maa Inti Mahalakshmi
Subbalakshmi
Kongumudi
Varalakshmi and her daughter (Double Role)
Mayaladi
Head Constable Tilakam
Muchataga Mugguru
Rama Devi
1986
Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam
Kaliyuga Pandavulu
Mama Kodallu Saval
Bhayam Bhayam
Vikram
Karu Diddina Kapuram
Indumathi
1987
Punya Dampathulu
Kaboye Alludu
Rotation Chakravarthy
Collector Gari Abbai
Viswanatha Nayakudu
Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi
1988
Vivaha Bhojanambu
Durga
Chattamto Chadarangam
Andallu
Chilipi Dampatulu
1990
Kaddapa Reddamma
Iddaru Iddare
1991
Tholi Puddu
Kulamma Gunamma
1992
Prema Vijetha
Appula Appa Rao
Ammaji
Killer
1993
Kalachakram
1996
Ninne Pelladata
1997
Devudu
Preminchukundam Raa
Super Heroes
1998
Ooyala
Ganesh
Aavida Maa Aavide
Archana's mother
Subhalekhalu
Pandaga
Premante Idera
Subbammatta
1999
Naa Hrudayamlo Nidurinche Cheli
Malik's wife
Krishna Babu
Alludugaaru Vachcharu
2000
Badri
2001
Apparao Ki Oka Nela Thappindi
Family Circus
Subbu's grandmother
Jackpot
Snehamante Idera
Padmini's grandmother
Ammaye Navvithe
Thank You Subba Rao
2002
Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo
Nee Thodu Kavali
2003
Nenu Pelliki Ready
Tagore
Tagore's grandmother
2004
Seshadri Naidu
Pallakilo Pellikoothuru
Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy
Krishnamurthy's aunt
2005
Avunanna Kaadanna
2006
Devadasu
Bhanumathi's grandmother
Happy
Madhumati's grandmother
Ashok
Ashok's grandmother
Kithakithalu
Rajababu's grandmother
Evandoi Srivaru
Aishwarya Rai
2007
Desamuduru
Mataji
2008
Neninthe
Ravi's mother
2009
Rechipo
Neramu Siksha
2010
Adhurs
Chandrakala's Mother
2011
Money Money, More Money
Rekha's Mother
2012
Savior
Siyona's Grandmother
2013
Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu
Seetha's grandmother
Tadakha
Ongole Githa
Sandhya's grandmother
2015
Temper
Shanvi's grandmother
Vinavayya Ramayya
Bengal Tiger
Akash's grandmother
2016
Gentleman
Aishwarya's grandmother
2021
Aaradugula Bullet
Shivaram's grandmother
Romantic
Mary
2022
Good Luck Sakhi
Avva
Tamil films
Year
Film
Role
1964
Server Sundaram
Radha's friend (dancer)
1966
Selvam
Rathna
1967
Pattanathil Bhootham
Saroja
1969
Gurudhakshaneiy
Valli
Kuzhandai Ullam
Shanti Nilayam
Geetha
1970
Kann Malar
Engirundho Vandhaal
Parvathi
Vietnam Veedu
Mala
Thirumalai Thenkumari
Saroja
1971
Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa
Andal
Irulum Oliyum
Rama
1972
Vasantha Maligai
Raman Thediya Seethai
Kasethan Kadavulada
Rama
1980
Anbukku Naan Adimai
1981
47 Natkal
1991
Thanthu Vitten Ennai
2018
Kalakalappu 2
Srinivas's grandmother
2023
Vasantha Mullai
Other language films
Year
Film
Role
Language
1973
Rani Aur Jaani
Geetha
Hindi
1974
Do Phool
Rukmini
Hindi
1975
Devara Kannu
Kannada
Awards
She won Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian - Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo (2002)
References
^ "Veteran Actress Rama Prabha about her Film Industry career | Rewind of Popular Show | Swagathaalu". YouTube.
^ "Yesteryear actress Rama Prabha claims her ex Sarath Babu cheated her". India Today. 3 February 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "Tollywood senior actress Rama Prabha home tour". ap7am.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "Veteran actress Rama Prabha alleges her former partner Sharath Babu cheated on her - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ Atluri, Sri (20 July 2007), "Ramaprabha – Interview", Telugu Cinema, pp. Star Interviews, archived from the original on 11 January 2012, retrieved 30 July 2013
^ "Mahesh Babu to Romance Kiara Advani in 'Bharat Ane Nenu' movie". NewsNexa.com. 23 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Ramaprabha | Telugu Film Actress | Famous Peoples Chittoor". Temples In India Info - Slokas, Mantras, Temples, Tourist Places. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "రమాప్రభ కూతుర్ని పెళ్లాడింది టాలీవుడ్ టాప్ హీరోయే.. మీకు తెలుసా..! - Telugu Lives". 21 January 2022.
^ "Dr Anand (1966)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
^ "Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast".
^ "Sri Rama Katha (1969)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ "Anuradha Movie (1971)".
^ "Vintha Samsaram (1971)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
^ "Meena (1973)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "Gadusu Pillodu (1977)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
^ "Patnavasam (1978)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ "Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam (1980)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ MAA INTI MAHALAKSHMI | TELUGU FULL LENGTH MOVIE | MOHAN BABU | RADHA | TELUGU CINEMA ZONE, retrieved 26 March 2024
^ "Kongumudi (1985)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
^ "Mayaladi (1985)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
^ CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SOBHAN BABU | SARATH BABU |ARJUN | SHARADA | V9 VIDEOS. Retrieved 1 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
^ "నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)" (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2020.(in Telugu)
External links
Rama Prabha at IMDb
TELUGU ACTRESS ACTED IN MOST NUMBER OF FILMS | telugu book
Actor's wife comes to court seeking divorce | Chennai News - Times of India
Actor's wife comes to court seeking divorce | Chennai News - Times of India
This article about an Indian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South Indian Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Raja Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Babu_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh"},{"link_name":"Shanti Nilayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Nilayam"},{"link_name":"Mehmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmood_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Do Phool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Phool"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rama Prabha is an Indian actress who performs in Telugu, Tamil and Hindi films.[2] She has acted in more than 1,400 films[3] and is credited as a character artist who shared screen space with superstars across most generations of South Indian Cinema with a career spanning over six decades.[4] She formed a noted pair on Telugu screen during the 1970s and 1980s with comedian Raja Babu.[5] She acted opposite Nagesh in Shanti Nilayam and many other films from 1968 onwards. 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Vijaya is married to film actor Rajendra prasad.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Telugu films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tamil films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other language films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Female_Comedian"},{"link_name":"Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahiri_Lahiri_Lahirilo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"She won Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian - Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo (2002) [22]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Veteran Actress Rama Prabha about her Film Industry career | Rewind of Popular Show | Swagathaalu\". 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Retrieved 1 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmkchM8ZZU","url_text":"CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SOBHAN BABU | SARATH BABU |ARJUN | SHARADA | V9 VIDEOS"}]},{"reference":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\" [A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)] (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf","url_text":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_(magazine)","url_text":"Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rama+Prabha%22","external_links_name":"\"Rama Prabha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rama+Prabha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rama+Prabha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rama+Prabha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rama+Prabha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rama+Prabha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7fOVuRUgrE","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Actress Rama Prabha about her Film Industry career | Rewind of Popular Show | Swagathaalu\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yesteryear-actress-rama-prabha-claims-her-ex-sarath-babu-cheated-her-1445880-2019-02-03","external_links_name":"\"Yesteryear actress Rama Prabha claims her ex Sarath Babu cheated her\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190133/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-335064-tollywood-senior-actress-rama-prabha-home-tour","external_links_name":"\"Tollywood senior actress Rama Prabha home tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.ap7am.com/lv-335064-tollywood-senior-actress-rama-prabha-home-tour","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/veteran-actress-rama-prabha-alleges-her-former-partner-sharath-babu-cheated-on-her/articleshow/67863885.cms","external_links_name":"\"Veteran actress Rama Prabha alleges her former partner Sharath Babu cheated on her - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124639/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/ramaprabha_interview.php","external_links_name":"\"Ramaprabha – Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/ramaprabha_interview.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213756/https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-to-romance-kiara-advani-in-bharat-ane-nenu/","external_links_name":"\"Mahesh Babu to Romance Kiara Advani in 'Bharat Ane Nenu' movie\""},{"Link":"https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-to-romance-kiara-advani-in-bharat-ane-nenu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://templesinindiainfo.com/ramaprabha/","external_links_name":"\"Ramaprabha | Telugu Film Actress | Famous Peoples Chittoor\""},{"Link":"https://telugulives.com/telugu/2022/01/tollywood-top-hero-marries-ramaprabhas-daughter-do-you-know-who-is-he/","external_links_name":"\"రమాప్రభ కూతుర్ని పెళ్లాడింది టాలీవుడ్ టాప్ హీరోయే.. మీకు తెలుసా..! - Telugu Lives\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/LYM","external_links_name":"\"Dr Anand (1966)\""},{"Link":"https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview","external_links_name":"\"Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/NQE","external_links_name":"\"Sri Rama Katha (1969)\""},{"Link":"https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/anuradha-1?media=movie&layout=movies","external_links_name":"\"Anuradha Movie (1971)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/OUF","external_links_name":"\"Vintha Samsaram (1971)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/PUB","external_links_name":"\"Meena (1973)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/SFM","external_links_name":"\"Gadusu Pillodu (1977)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/THH","external_links_name":"\"Patnavasam (1978)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/UWL","external_links_name":"\"Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam (1980)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSwf-d26n-Y","external_links_name":"MAA INTI MAHALAKSHMI | TELUGU FULL LENGTH MOVIE | MOHAN BABU | RADHA | TELUGU CINEMA ZONE"},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/ZWU","external_links_name":"\"Kongumudi (1985)\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/ZZO","external_links_name":"\"Mayaladi (1985)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmkchM8ZZU","external_links_name":"CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SOBHAN BABU | SARATH BABU |ARJUN | SHARADA | V9 VIDEOS"},{"Link":"http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf","external_links_name":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm00708023/","external_links_name":"Rama Prabha"},{"Link":"http://www.telugubookofrecords.com/home/telugu-actress-acted-in-most-number-of-films/","external_links_name":"TELUGU ACTRESS ACTED IN MOST NUMBER OF FILMS | telugu book"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130624080541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/chennai/30511044_1_film-actor-divorce-case-actor-wife","external_links_name":"Actor's wife comes to court seeking divorce | Chennai News - Times of India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130624080541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/chennai/30511044_1_film-actor-divorce-case-actor-wife","external_links_name":"Actor's wife comes to court seeking divorce | Chennai News - Times of India"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama_Prabha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen | Aq Qoyunlu | ["1 History","1.1 Etymology","1.2 Origins","1.3 Uzun Hasan","1.4 Sultan Ya'qub","1.5 Ahmad Beg","2 Governance","3 Culture","4 Administration","5 Military structure","6 Gallery","7 Coinage","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Sources"] | Persianate, Sunni-Muslim Turkoman confederation (1378–1508)
Aq Qoyunluآق قویونلو1378–1503
A flag (sanjak) belonging to Uzun Hasan (the original here)
Tamga of Bayandurused by the Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu confederation at its greatest extent under Uzun HasanStatusConfederate SultanateCapital
Bayburt (summer pastures)
Palu, Ergani (winter pastures)
Diyarbakır (1403 April–1468)
Tabriz (1468–January 6, 1478)
Common languages
Persian (official court language, poetry)
Azerbaijani (dynastic, poetry)
Religion Sunni IslamGovernmentMonarchyRuler • 1378–1435 Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg• 1497–1503 Sultan Murad
Legislature
Kengač (legislative)
Boy ḵānları (military)
Historical eraMedieval• First raid on the Trapezuntine Empire by Tur Ali Beg 1340• Siege of Trebizond 1348• Established 1378• Coup by Uzun Hasan Autumn 1452• Reunification 1457• Death of Ahmad Beg, division of the Aq Qoyunlu December, 1497• Collapse of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Iran Summer 1503• End of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Mesopotamia 1508
CurrencyAkçeAshrafiDinarTanka
Hasanbegî (equal to 2 akçe)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Qara Qoyunlu
Safavid Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغقویونلولار; Persian: آق قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
History
Etymology
The name Aq Qoyunlu, literally meaning "those with white sheep", is first mentioned in late 14th century sources. It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads. Another hypothesis is that the name refers to the predominant color of their flocks.
Origins
Main article: Bayandur (tribe)
According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu are first attested in the district of Bayburt south of the Pontic Mountains from at least the 1340s.
In these chronicles, Tur Ali Beg was mentioned as lord of the "Turks of Amid ", who had already attained the rank of amir under the Ilkhan Ghazan. Under his leadership, they besieged Trebizond, but failed to take the town. A number of their leaders, including the dynasty's founder, Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, married Byzantine princesses.
By the end of the Ilkhanid period in the mid-14th century, the Oghuz tribes that comprised the Aq Qoyunlu confederation roamed the summer pastures in Armenia, in particular, the upper reaches of the Tigris river and winter pastures between the towns of Diyarbakır and Sivas. Since the end of the 14th century, Aq Qoyunlu waged constant wars with another tribal confederation of the Oghuz tribes, the Qara Qoyunlu. The leading Aq Qoyunlu tribe was the Bayandur tribe.
Uzun Hasan used to assert the claim that he was an "honorable descendant of Oghuz Khan and his grandson, Bayandur Khan". In a letter dating to the year 1470, which was sent to Şehzade Bayezid, the then-governor of Amasya, Uzun Hasan wrote that those from the Bayandur and Bayat tribes, as well as other tribes that belonged to the "Oghuz il", and formerly inhabited Mangyshlak, Khwarazm and Turkestan, came and served in his court. He also made the tamga (seal) of the Bayandur tribe the symbol of his state. For this reason, the Bayandur tamga is found in Aq Qoyunlu coins, their official documents, inscriptions and flags.
Myth
The Aq Qoyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan, who was a grandson of Oghuz Khan, the legendary ancestor of Oghuz Turks.
According to Professor G. L. Lewis:
The Ak-koyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan and it is likely, on the face of it, that the Book of Dede Korkut was composed under their patronage. The snag about this is that in the Ak-koyunlu genealogy Bayindir's father is named as Gok ('Sky') Khan, son of the eponymous Oghuz Khan, whereas in our book he is named as Kam Ghan, a name otherwise unknown. In default of any better explanation, I therefore incline to the belief that the book was composed before Ak-koyunlu rulers had decided who their ancestors were. It was in 1403 that they ceased to be tribal chiefs and became Sultans, so we may assume that their official genealogy was formulated round about that date.
According to the Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya, the ancestors of Uzun Hasan back to the prophet Adam in the 68th generation are listed by name and information is given about them. Among them is Tur Ali Bey, the grandfather of Uzun Hasan's grandfather, who is also mentioned in other sources. But it is difficult to say whether Pehlivan Bey, Ezdi Bey and Idris Bey, who are listed in earlier periods, really existed. Most of the people who are listed as the ancestors of Uzun Hasan are names related to the Oghuz legend and to Oghuz rulers.
Uzun Hasan
Main article: Uzun Hasan
The Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans first acquired land in 1402, when Timur granted them all of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey. For a long time, the Aq Qoyunlu were unable to expand their territory, as the rival Qara Qoyunlu or "Black Sheep Turkomans" kept them at bay. However, this changed with the rule of Uzun Hasan, who defeated the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh in 1467. After the death of Jahan Shah, his son Hasan Ali, with the help of Timurid Abu Sa'id Mirza, marched on Azerbaijan to meet Uzun Hasan. Deciding to spend the winter in Karabakh, Abu Sa'id was captured and repulsed by Uzun Hasan as the former advanced towards the Aras River.
After the defeat of the Timurid leader, Abu Sa'id Mirza, Uzun Hasan was able to take Baghdad along with territories around the Persian Gulf. He expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan. However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Aq Qoyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia.
As early as 1464, Uzun Hasan had requested military aid from one of the Ottoman Empire's strongest enemies, Venice. Despite Venetian promises, this aid never arrived and, as a result, Uzun Hassan was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473, though this did not destroy the Aq Qoyunlu.
In 1470, Uzun selected Abu Bakr Tihrani to compile a history of the Aq Qoyunlu confederation. The Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya, as it was called, referred to Uzun Hasan as sahib-qiran and was the first historical work to assign this title to a non-Timurid ruler.
Uzun Hasan preserved relationships with the members of the popular dervish order whose main inclinations were towards Shi'ism, while promoting the urban religious establishment with donations and confirmations of tax concessions or endowments, and ordering the pursuit of extremist Shiite and antinomist sects. He married one of his daughters to his nephew Haydar, the new head of the Safavid sect in Ardabil.
Sultan Ya'qub
Main article: Sultan Ya'qub
Miniature of Sultan Ya'qub and his courtiers, Mehmed the Conqueror's album
When Uzun Hasan died early in 1478, he was succeeded by his son Khalil Mirza, but the latter was defeated by a confederation under his younger brother Ya'qub at the battle of Khoy in July.: 128
Ya'qub, who reigned from 1478 to 1490, sustained the dynasty for a while longer. However, during the first four years of his reign there were seven pretenders to the throne who had to be put down.: 125 Unlike his father, Ya'qub Beg was not interested in popular religious rites and alienated a large part of the people, especially the Turks. Therefore, the vast majority of Turks became involved in the Safawiya order, which became a militant organization with an extreme Shiite ideology led by Sheikh Haydar. Ya'qub initially sent Sheikh Haydar and his followers to a holy war against the Circassians, but soon decided to break the alliance because he feared the military power of Sheikh Haydar and his order. During his march to Georgia, Sheikh Haydar attacked one of Ya'qub's vassals, the Shirvanshahs, in revenge for his father, Sheikh Junayd (assassinated in 1460), and Ya'qub sent troops to the Shirvanshahs, who defeated and killed Haydar and captured his three sons. This event further strengthened the pro-Safavid feeling among Azerbaijani and Anatolian Turkmen.
Following Ya'qub's death, civil war again erupted, the Aq Qoyunlus destroyed themselves from within, and they ceased to be a threat to their neighbors.
The early Safavids, who were followers of the Safaviyya religious order, began to undermine the allegiance of the Aq Qoyunlu. The Safavids and the Aq Qoyunlu met in battle in the city of Nakhchivan in 1501 and the Safavid leader Ismail I forced the Aq Qoyunlu to withdraw.
In his retreat from the Safavids, the Aq Qoyunlu leader Alwand destroyed an autonomous state of the Aq Qoyunlu in Mardin. The last Aq Qoyunlu leader, Sultan Murad, brother of Alwand, was also defeated by the same Safavid leader. Though Murād briefly established himself in Baghdad in 1501, he soon withdrew back to Diyar Bakr, signaling the end of the Aq Qoyunlu rule.
Ahmad Beg
Main article: Ahmad Beg
Sultan Khalil of the Aq Qoyunlu, 1478.
Amidst the struggle for power between Uzun Hasan's grandsons Baysungur (son of Yaqub) and Rustam (son of Maqsud), their cousin Ahmed Bey appeared on the stage. Ahmed Bey was the son of Uzun Hasan's eldest son Ughurlu Muhammad, who, in 1475, escaped to the Ottoman Empire, where the sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, received Uğurlu Muhammad with kindness and gave him his daughter in marriage, of whom Ahmed Bey was born.
Baysungur was dethroned in 1491 and expelled from Tabriz. He made several unsuccessful attempts to return before he was killed in 1493. Desiring to reconcile both his religious establishment and the famous Sufi order, Rustam (1478–1490) immediately allowed Sheikh Haydar Safavi's sons to return to Ardabil in 1492. Two years later, Ayba Sultan ordered their re-arrest, as their rise threatened the Ak Koyunlu again, but their youngest son, Ismail, then seven years old, fled and was hidden by supporters in Lahijan.
According to Hasan Rumlu's Ahsan al-tavarikh, in 1496–97, Hasan Ali Tarkhani went to the Ottoman Empire to tell Sultan Bayezid II that Azerbaijan and Persian Iraq were defenceless and suggested that Ahmed Bey, heir to that kingdom, should be sent there with Ottoman troops. Bayezid agreed to this idea, and by May 1497 Ahmad Bey faced Rustam near Araxes and defeated him.
After Ahmad's death, the Aq Qoyunlu became even more fragmented. The state was ruled by three sultans: Alvand Mirza in the west, Uzun Hasan's nephew Qasim in an enclave in Diyarbakir, and Alvand's brother Mohammad in Fars and Iraq-Ajam (killed by violence in the summer of 1500 and replaced by Morad Mirza). The collapse of the Aq Qoyunlu state in Iran began in the autumn of 1501 with the defeat at the hands of Ismail Safavi, who had left Lahijan two years earlier and gathered a large audience of Turkmen warriors. He conquered Iraq-Ajami, Fars and Kerman in the summer of 1503, Diyarbakir in 1507–1508 and Mesopotamia in the autumn of 1508. The last Aq Qoyunlu sultan, Morad, who hoped to regain the throne with the help of Ottoman troops, was defeated and killed by Ismail's Qizilbash warriors in the last fortress of Rohada, ending the political rule of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.
Governance
The leaders of Aq Qoyunlu were from the Begundur or Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks and were considered descendants of the semi-mythical founding father of the Oghuz, Oghuz Khagan. The Bayandurs behaved like statesmen rather than warlords and gained the support of the merchant and feudal classes of Transcaucasia (present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia). The Aq Qoyunlu, along with the Qara Qoyunlu, were the last Iranian regimes that used their Chinggisid background to establish their legitimacy. Under Ya'qub Beg, the Chinggisid yasa (traditional nomadic laws of the medieval Turco-Mongols of the Eurasian steppe lands) was dissolved.
Kasımiye Medrese, completed in 1445 by Kasım, a son of Akkoyunlu sultan Mu'izz-al-Din.
Uzun Hasan's conquest of most of mainland Iran shifted the seat of power to the east, where the Aq Qoyunlu adopted Iranian customs for administration and culture. In the Iranian areas, Uzun Hasan preserved the previous bureaucratic structure along with its secretaries, who belonged to families that had in a number of instances served under different dynasties for several generations. The four top civil posts of the Aq Qoyunlu were all occupied by Iranians, which under Uzun Hasan included; the vizier, who led the great council (divan); the mostawfi al-mamalek, high-ranking financial accountants; the mohrdar, who affixed the state seal; and the marakur "stable master", who supervised the royal court.
Culture flourished under the Aq Qoyunlu, who, although of coming from a Turkic background, sponsored Iranian culture. Uzun Hasan himself adopted it and ruled in the style of an Iranian king. Despite his Turkoman background, he was proud of being an Iranian. At his new capital, Tabriz, he managed a refined Persian court. There he utilized the trappings of pre-Islamic Persian royalty and bureaucrats taken from several earlier Iranian regimes. Through the use of his increasing revenue, Uzun Hasan was able to buy the approval of the ulama (clergy) and the mainly Iranian urban elite, while also taking care of the impoverished rural inhabitants.
In letters from the Ottoman Sultans, when addressing the kings of Aq Qoyunlu, such titles as Arabic: ملك الملوك الأيرانية "King of Iranian Kings", Arabic: سلطان السلاطين الإيرانية "Sultan of Iranian Sultans", Persian: شاهنشاه ایران خدیو عجم Shāhanshāh-e Irān Khadiv-e Ajam "Shahanshah of Iran and Ruler of Persia", Jamshid shawkat va Fereydun rāyat va Dārā derāyat "Powerful like Jamshid, flag of Fereydun and wise like Darius" have been used. Uzun Hassan also held the title Padishah-i Irān "Padishah of Iran", which was re-adopted by his distaff grandson Ismail I, founder of the Safavid Empire.
The Aq Qoyunlu realm was notable for being inhabited by many prominent figures, such as the poets Ali Qushji (died 1474), Baba Fighani Shirazi (died 1519), Ahli Shirazi (died 1535), the poet, scholar and Sufi Jami (died 1492) and the philosopher and theologian, Jalal al-Din Davani (died 1503).
Culture
1500MOGHULISTANPHAGMODRUPASCHAM-PASIBIR KHANATECRIMEANKHANATELITHUANIAGRAND DUCHYKHAZANKHANATEASTRA-KHANMUSCOVYNOGAISKAZAKH KHANATEMINGDYNASTYFOUROIRATSNORTHERN YUANWHITE SHEEPTURKSVIJAYA-NAGARASHAYBA-NIDSTIMURIDEMPIREDELHISULTANATETungusAVALANXANGOTTOMANEMPIREMAMLUKSULTANATEJO-SEONMALACCAclass=notpageimage| The Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turks") and main contemporary polities c. 1500
The Aq Qoyunlu patronized Persian belles-lettres which included poets like Ahli Shirazi, Kamāl al-Dīn Banāʾī Haravī, Bābā Fighānī, Shahīdī Qumī. By the reign of Yaʿqūb, the Aq Qoyunlu court held a fondness for Persian poetry. 16th-century Azerbaijani poet Fuzuli was also born and raised under Aq Qoyunlu rule, writing his first known poem for Shah Alvand Mirza.
Nur al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Jami dedicated his poem, Salāmān va Absāl, which was written in Persian, to Yaʿqūb. Yaʿqūb rewarded Jami with a generous gift. Jami also wrote a eulogy, Silsilat al-zahab, which indirectly criticised Yaʿqūb immoral behavior. Yaʿqūb had Persian poems dedicated to him, including Ahli Shirazi's allegorical masnavi on love, Sham' va parvana and Bana'i's 5,000 verse narrative poem, Bahram va Bihruz.
Yaʿqūb's maternal nephew, 'Abd Allah Hatifi, wrote poetry for the five years he spent at the Aq Qoyunlu court.
Uzun Hasan and his son, Khalil, patronized, along with other prominent Sufis, members of the Kobrāvi and Neʿmatallāhi tariqats. According to the Tarikh-e lam-r-ye amini by Fazlallh b. Ruzbehn Khonji Esfahni, the court-commissioned history of Yaqub's reign, Uzun Hasan built close to 400 structures in the Aq Qoyunlu region for the purpose of Sufi communal retreat.
Administration
The Aq Qoyunlu administration encompassed of two sections; the military caste, which mostly consisted of Turkomans, but also had Iranian tribesmen in it. The other section was the civil staff, which consisted of officials from established Persian families.
Military structure
The organization of the Aq Qoyunlu army was based on the fusion of military traditions from both nomadic and settled cultures. The ethnic background of Aq-Qoyunlu troops were quite heterogeneous as it consisted of 'sarvars' of Azerbaijan, people of Persia and Iraq, Iranzamin askers, dilavers of Kurdistan, Turkmen mekhtars and others.
Padishah (Sovereign)Head of Defence MinistryTavachi dari
Head of GuardsQorchu bashiChief commander over army units (Amir al-Umara – Askeri qoshun)Flag bearer(Emir alem)TavachiKadi nazirAmir bitikchi
Royal bodyguardBoy nukerGuards(qorchu)Engineer corpsChief Horseman(Emir Ahur)
GarrisonsThe superintendent of the huntAmir-i Shikar
ArtilleryMilitary inspectorAriz-i Lashkar
Road guardsQuartermasterBukaul-i Lashkar
Regular army(Jeri)Search unitsBalarguchi
Nomad unitsMir-i elArmy InspectorAmiri JandarJandar units
Head of Food SupplyRikabdar
Head of Auxiliary troopsYasaul bashiYasaul units
Head of CampingYurtchu bashiYurtchu units
MessengerChavush
Jasus
Secret agents / spies Sahib Habar
Jagdiul
Head of Internal Affairs Eshik Agasi Bashi
Gallery
A flag (sanjak) belonging to Uzun Hasan (Topkapı Palace)
Book of Dede Korkut
Zeynel Bey Mausoleum, formerly located in Hasankeyf.
Mehmed II and Ughurlu Muhammed (Hünername)
Kasımiye Medrese
Coinage
Jahangir's coin, after 1444 AD.
Uzun Hasan's coin minted in Amid (Diyarbakir), c. 1453–1478 AD.
Sultan Yaqub's coin, c. 1479–1490 AD.
Baysunghur's coin minted in Tabriz, c. 1490–1493 AD.
Sultan Rustam's coin, 1495 AD.
Sultan Ahmad's coin minted in Tabriz, 1497 AD.
Coin of Sultan Muhammad.
Sultan Alwand's coin.
Sultan Murad's coin.
See also
Part of a series on the
History of Azerbaijan
Prehistory Stone Age • Bronze Age • Iron Age
Shulaveri–Shomu culturec.6000–c.4000 BC Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivanc.4945–c.3800 BC Leyla-Tepe culturec.4350–c.4000 BC Kura–Araxes culturec.3400–c.2000 BC Nakhchivan culturec.3000–c.2000 BC Talish–Mughan culturec.1400–c.700 BC Khojaly–Gadabay culturec.1300–c.700 BC
Antiquity Kingdom of Iškuzac.700 BC–c.590s BC Achaemenid Empire550 BC–330 BC • Satrapy of Mediac.550 BC – 323 BC Seleucid Empire312 BC – 63 BC Parthian Empire247 BC – AD 224 Caucasian Albaniac.200 BC – c.AD 800 Roman Empire 27 BC – AD 395
Early Middle Ages Sasanian Empire 224–651 • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636 Khazar Khaganatec.650–969 Rashidun Caliphate632–661 • Islamic conquest633–654 • Arranc.650–705Umayyad Caliphate661–750 • Arranc.650–705 • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884Abbasid Caliphate750–1258 • Emirate of Arminiya705–884 Shirvanshahs861–1538 Sajids889–929 Shaddadids951–1199 Sallarid dynasty919–1062
High Middle Ages Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Mongol Empire1206–1368 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Chobanids 1335–1357 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503
Early modern history Safavid Iran 1501–1736 • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736 • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747 • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736 Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 • Shirvan Eyalet 1578–1607 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) 1588–1606 • Revan Eyalet (I) 1583–1604 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) 1583–1604 • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) 1725–1735 • Revan Eyalet (II) 1724–1736 • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) 1724–1736 • Tiflis Eyalet (II) 1723–1735 • Kazak Sanjak (II) 1723–1735 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747 Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844 • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844 • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801 • Djaro-Belokani c.1600s–c.1800s • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819 • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805 • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828 • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828 • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841 • Baku Khanate 1747–1806 • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801 • Quba Khanate 1747–1806 • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822 • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805 • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820 Zand dynasty1751–1794 Qajar Iran1789–1925 • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813 • Treaty of Gulistan 1813 • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828 • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828 Russian Empire 1721–1917 • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723 • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917 • Baku Governorate 1846–1920 • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917 • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918 • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920 • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917
Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918 • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920 • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920 • Battle of Baku 1918 • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922 • Treaty of Kars 1921Soviet Union 1922–1991 • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936 • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991 • World War II 1941–1945 • Black January 1990 • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
Contemporary history Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994 • Bishkek Protocol 1994 • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020 • Ceasefire Agreement 2020
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History of Turkey
PrehistoryPrehistory of Anatolia
Palaeolithic Anatolia c. 500,000– 10,000 BC Mesolithic Anatolia c. 11,000– 9,000 BC Neolithic Anatolia c. 8,000– 5,500 BC
Bronze AgeTroy 3000–700 BCHattians 2500–2000 BCAkkadian Empire 2400–2150 BCLuwians 2300–1400 BCAssyria 1950–1750 BCKussara 1780–1680 BCAchaeans (Homer) 1700–1300 BCKizzuwatna 1650–1450 BCHittites 1680–1220 BCArzawa 1500–1320 BCMitanni 1500–1300 BCHayasa-Azzi 1500–1290 BCLycia 1450–350 BCAssuwa 1300–1250 BCDiauehi 1200–800 BCNeo-Hittites 1200–800 BCPhrygia 1200–700 BCCaria 1150–547 BCTuwanuwa 1000–700 BCIonia 1000–545 BCUrartu 859–595/585 BC
Iron AgeDiauehi 1200–800 BCNeo-Hittites 1200–800 BCPhrygia 1200–700 BCCaria 1150–547 BCDoris 1100–560 BCAeolis 1000–560 BCTuwanuwa 1000–700 BCIonia 1000–545 BCUrartu 859–595/585 BCMedian Empire 678–549 BCLydia 685–547 BC
Classical AgeClassical AnatoliaClassical Thrace
Achaemenid Empire 559–331 BCKingdom of Alexander the Great 334–301 BCKingdom of Cappadocia 322–130 BCAntigonids 306–168 BCSeleucid Empire 305–64 BCPtolemaic Kingdom 305–30 BCKingdom of Pontus 302–64 BCBithynia 297–74 BCAttalid kingdom 282–129 BCGalatia 281–64 BCParthian Empire 247 BC–224 ADArmenian Empire 190 BC–428 ADRoman Republic 133–27 BCCommagene 163 BC–72 ADAncient Rome 133 BC-27 BC–330 ADSasanian Empire 224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
Medieval AgeMedieval Anatolia
Eastern Roman Empire (330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as Empire of Nicaea)Rashidun Caliphate (637–656)Great Seljuk State (1037–1194)Danishmends (1071–1178)Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1078–1375)Anatolian beyliks (1081–1423)County of Edessa (1098–1150)Artuqids (1101–1409)Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)Latin Empire (1204–1261)Karamanids (1250–1487)Ilkhanate (1256–1335)Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)Ak Koyunlu (1378–1501)
Ottoman EraPeriods of Ottoman Empire
Rise (1299–1453) Classical Age (1453–1566) Transformation (1566–1703) Old Regime (1703–1789) Decline and modernization (1789–1908) Defeat and dissolution (1908–1922)
Republic of TurkeyPeriods of Turkey
War of Independence (1919–1922) Provisional government (1920–1923) One-party period (1923–1930)(1930–1945) Multi-party period (1945–present)
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History of Iran
Prehistoric periodBCE / BC
Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Jiroft culture c. 3100–2200 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750-521 Saparda 720-670
Imperial period Median Empire 678–550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Sogdia c. 6th century BC–11th century AD Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD Atropatene c. 323 BC–226 AD Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Elymais 147 BC–224 AD Characene 141 BC–222 AD Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5 Paratarajas 125–300 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Zarmihrids 6th century–785 Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
Medieval periodCE / AD
Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184-1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223-1306 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Iran 1501–1736 (Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Modern period Qajar Iran 1789–1925 Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Contemporary period Iranian Revolution 1979 Interim Government 1979 Islamic Republic 1979–present
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Notes
^ However some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to rule until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.
^ ...Persian was primarily the language of poetry in the Aq Qoyunlu court.
^ • Also referred to as the Aq Qoyunlu confederacy, the Aq Qoyunlu sultanate, the Aq Qoyunlu empire, the White Sheep confederacy. • Other spellings includes Ag Qoyunlu, Agh Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu. • Also mentioned as Bayanduriyye (Bayandurids) in Iranian and Ottoman sources. • Also known as Tur-'Alids in Mamluk sources.: 34
References
^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10. p. 33. Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
^ Daniel T. Potts (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. p. 7. Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "AQ QOYUNLŪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 August 2011. pp. 163–168.
^ Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). "Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. The disintegration of Timur's empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.
^ a b Erkinov 2015, p. 62.
^ Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5.
^ Javadi & Burrill 2012.
^ a b Michael M. Gunter, Historical dictionary of the Kurds (2010), p. 29
^ a b Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ a b c d "Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu".
^ a b c Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ Seyfettin Erşahin (2002). Akkoyunlular: siyasal, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal tarih (in Turkish). p. 317.
^ International Journal of Turkish Studies. Vol. 4–5. University of Wisconsin. 1987. p. 272.
^ a b c Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-565-1.
^ "Aq Qoyunlu" at Encyclopædia Iranica; "Christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic, political, and social activities of the Āq Qoyunlū state and that Qara ʿOṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type. With the conquest of Iran, not only did the Āq Qoyunlū center of power shift eastward, but Iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture."
^ Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1. "His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep) Turkomans at Sharur in 1501...".
^ The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
^ Erdem, Ilham. "The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456)." (2008). “The creator of the Aq-Qoyunlu principality founded in the region of Diyarbakır was Kara Yülük Osman Bey, a member of the Bayındır tribe of the Oghuz.”
^ Pines, Yuri, Michal Biran, and Jörg Rüpke, eds. the limits of universal rule: Eurasian empires compared. Cambridge University Press, 2021. "the Aq Qoyunlu, like the Ottomans, began life as a collection of loosely organized band of pastoral nomadic Oghuz raiders in the Diyarbakir region of eastern Anatolia""the dynasty controlled territory in their eastern Anatolian homelands"
^ Potts, Daniel T. Nomadism in Iran: from antiquity to the modern era. Oxford University Press, 2014.
^ Wink, André. Indo-Islamic society: 14th-15th centuries. Vol. 3. Brill, 2003.
^ a b Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.
^ Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0907132325.
^ Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1955). "The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms (Turkmenica, 11)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (3): 449. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00112376. S2CID 154166838.
^ Robert MacHenry. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993, ISBN 0-85229-571-5, p. 184.
^ Cornell H. Fleischer (1986). Bureaucrat and intellectual in the Ottoman Empire. p. 287.
^ H. B. Paksoy (1989). Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule. p. 84.
^ İsmail Aka (2005). Makaleler (in Turkish). Vol. 2. Berikan Kitabevi. p. 291.
^ Eagles 2014.
^ a b Tihranî, Ebu Bekr-i (2014). Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye (PDF). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-9751627520.
^ Eagles 2014, p. 46.
^ a b Markiewicz 2019, p. 184.
^ "AKKOYUNLULAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-04-11.
^ Woods, John E (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (PDF). University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-565-1.
^ Thomas & Chesworth 2015, p. 585.
^ a b Vladimir Minorsky. "The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms (Turkmenica, 11)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 17/3 (1955): 458.
^ Sarı, Arif (2019). "İran Türk Devletleri Karakoyunlular Akkoyunlular Safeviler". İnsanlığın Serüveni. İstek Yayınları.
^ C.E. Bosworth and R. Bulliet, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual , Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10714-5, p. 275.
^ a b Charles van der Leeuw. Azerbaijan: A Quest of Identity, a Short History, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-21903-2, p. 81
^ a b Lane 2016.
^ a b Langaroodi & Negahban 2015.
^ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature. Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pp. 578, 657, 701–702 and 707
^ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
^ a b c Lingwood 2014, p. 26.
^ Lingwood 2014, p. 111.
^ Mazıoğlu, Hasibe (1992). Fuzûlî ve Türkçe Divanı'ndan Seçmeler (in Turkish). Kültür Bakanlığı Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlığı. p. 4. ISBN 978-975-17-1108-3.
^ a b Daʿadli 2019, p. 6.
^ Lingwood 2014, p. 16.
^ Lingwood 2014, p. 112.
^ Lingwood 2014, p. 87.
^ a b Lingwood 2011, p. 235.
^ V. Minorsky, "A Civil and Military Review in Fars" 881/1476, p. 172
^ a b Агаев, Юсиф; Ахмедов, Сабухи (2006). Ак-Коюнлу-Османская война (in Russian).
^ a b Erdem, I. (March 1991). "". Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 15 (26): 85–92. ISSN 1015-1826.
Sources
Bosworth, Clifford (1996) The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (2nd ed.) Columbia University Press, New York, ISBN 0-231-10714-5
Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (May 24, 2012). "Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should be made of Ḵaṭāʾi Tabrizi. He wrote a maṯnawi entitled Yusof wa Zoleyḵā, and dedicated it to the Aqqoyunlu Sultan Yaʿqub (r. 1478–90), who himself wrote poetry in Azeri Turkish.
Daʿadli, Tawfiq (2019). Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting. Brill.
Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780763538.
Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). "From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle". Cahiers d'Asie centrale. 24. Translated by Bean, Scott: 47–79.
Lane, George (2016). "Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193. ISBN 978-1118455074.
Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
Lingwood, C. G. (2011). "The qebla of Jāmi is None Other than Tabriz": ʿAbd al-Rahmān Jāmi and Naqshbandi Sufism at the Aq Qoyunlu Royal Court". Journal of Persianate Studies. 4 (2): 233–245. doi:10.1163/187471611X600404.
Lingwood, Chad G. (2014). Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Brill.
Markiewicz, Christopher (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press.
Morby, John (2002) Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (2nd ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-19-860473-4
Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A., eds. (2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History:Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. Vol. 7. Brill.
Woods, John E. (1999) The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (2nd ed.) University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, ISBN 0-87480-565-1
vteIran topicsHistoryPrehistoryAncient3400–539 BC
Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)
Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)
Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)
Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)
Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)
Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)
Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)
Median Empire (678–549 BC)
Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)
550 BC–AD 224
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)
Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)
Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)
Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
AD 224–651
Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)
Medieval andearly modern632–1090
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
Alavid dynasty (864–928)
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)
Buyid dynasty (934–1062)
977–1432
Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)
Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)
Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)
Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)
Kart dynasty (1244–1381)
Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)
Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)
Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)
1370–1925
Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Persianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianate_society"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunter-29-10"},{"link_name":"Turkoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Yuluk_Uthman_Beg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Hormuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ormus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"}],"text":"Persianate, Sunni-Muslim Turkoman confederation (1378–1508)The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans[c] (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغقویونلولار; Persian: آق قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate,[15][16] Sunni[8] Turkoman[17][18] tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg,[19][20] they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty.[21][22] The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.[3]","title":"Aq Qoyunlu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-26"},{"link_name":"Rashid al-Din Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The name Aq Qoyunlu, literally meaning \"those with white sheep\",[23] is first mentioned in late 14th century sources. It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads. Another hypothesis is that the name refers to the predominant color of their flocks.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bayburt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayburt"},{"link_name":"Pontic Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-27"},{"link_name":"amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir"},{"link_name":"Ilkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhan"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Trebizond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Yuluk_Uthman_Beg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"princesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanids"},{"link_name":"Oghuz tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"Qara Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Bayandur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayandur_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosworth-26"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan"},{"link_name":"Şehzade Bayezid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Amasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya"},{"link_name":"Bayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Mangyshlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangyshlak"},{"link_name":"Khwarazm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazm"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"tamga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamga"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruk-13"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"G. L. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Lewis_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Book of Dede Korkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut"},{"link_name":"Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab-i_Diyarbakriyya"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam#In_Islam"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu are first attested in the district of Bayburt south of the Pontic Mountains from at least the 1340s.[24] \nIn these chronicles, Tur Ali Beg was mentioned as lord of the \"Turks of Amid [Diyarbakir]\", who had already attained the rank of amir under the Ilkhan Ghazan. Under his leadership, they besieged Trebizond, but failed to take the town.[25] A number of their leaders, including the dynasty's founder, Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg,[26] married Byzantine princesses.[27]By the end of the Ilkhanid period in the mid-14th century, the Oghuz tribes that comprised the Aq Qoyunlu confederation roamed the summer pastures in Armenia, in particular, the upper reaches of the Tigris river and winter pastures between the towns of Diyarbakır and Sivas. Since the end of the 14th century, Aq Qoyunlu waged constant wars with another tribal confederation of the Oghuz tribes, the Qara Qoyunlu. The leading Aq Qoyunlu tribe was the Bayandur tribe.[23]Uzun Hasan used to assert the claim that he was an \"honorable descendant of Oghuz Khan and his grandson, Bayandur Khan\". In a letter dating to the year 1470, which was sent to Şehzade Bayezid, the then-governor of Amasya, Uzun Hasan wrote that those from the Bayandur and Bayat tribes, as well as other tribes that belonged to the \"Oghuz il\", and formerly inhabited Mangyshlak, Khwarazm and Turkestan, came and served in his court. He also made the tamga (seal) of the Bayandur tribe the symbol of his state. For this reason, the Bayandur tamga is found in Aq Qoyunlu coins, their official documents, inscriptions and flags.[11]MythThe Aq Qoyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan, who was a grandson of Oghuz Khan, the legendary ancestor of Oghuz Turks.[28]According to Professor G. L. Lewis:[29]The Ak-koyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan and it is likely, on the face of it, that the Book of Dede Korkut was composed under their patronage. The snag about this is that in the Ak-koyunlu genealogy Bayindir's father is named as Gok ('Sky') Khan, son of the eponymous Oghuz Khan, whereas in our book he is named as Kam Ghan, a name otherwise unknown. In default of any better explanation, I therefore incline to the belief that the book was composed before Ak-koyunlu rulers had decided who their ancestors were. It was in 1403 that they ceased to be tribal chiefs and became Sultans, so we may assume that their official genealogy was formulated round about that date.According to the Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya, the ancestors of Uzun Hasan back to the prophet Adam in the 68th generation are listed by name and information is given about them. Among them is Tur Ali Bey, the grandfather of Uzun Hasan's grandfather, who is also mentioned in other sources. But it is difficult to say whether Pehlivan Bey, Ezdi Bey and Idris Bey, who are listed in earlier periods, really existed. Most of the people who are listed as the ancestors of Uzun Hasan are names related to the Oghuz legend and to Oghuz rulers.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Diyar Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Jahān Shāh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Jahan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Hasan Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Ali_(Kara_Koyunlu)"},{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Aras River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagles2014-34"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Abu Sa'id Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance"},{"link_name":"Karamanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanids"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Battle of Otlukbeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagles201446-36"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr Tihrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Tihrani"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkiewicz2019184-37"},{"link_name":"Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab-i_Diyarbakriyya"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkiewicz2019184-37"},{"link_name":"Shi'ism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"antinomist sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianism"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Uzun Hasan","text":"The Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans first acquired land in 1402, when Timur granted them all of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey. For a long time, the Aq Qoyunlu were unable to expand their territory, as the rival Qara Qoyunlu or \"Black Sheep Turkomans\" kept them at bay. However, this changed with the rule of Uzun Hasan, who defeated the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh in 1467. After the death of Jahan Shah, his son Hasan Ali, with the help of Timurid Abu Sa'id Mirza, marched on Azerbaijan to meet Uzun Hasan. Deciding to spend the winter in Karabakh, Abu Sa'id was captured and repulsed by Uzun Hasan as the former advanced towards the Aras River.[31][page needed][32]After the defeat of the Timurid leader, Abu Sa'id Mirza, Uzun Hasan was able to take Baghdad along with territories around the Persian Gulf. He expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan. However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Aq Qoyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia.As early as 1464, Uzun Hasan had requested military aid from one of the Ottoman Empire's strongest enemies, Venice. Despite Venetian promises, this aid never arrived and, as a result, Uzun Hassan was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473,[33] though this did not destroy the Aq Qoyunlu.In 1470, Uzun selected Abu Bakr Tihrani to compile a history of the Aq Qoyunlu confederation.[34] The Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya, as it was called, referred to Uzun Hasan as sahib-qiran and was the first historical work to assign this title to a non-Timurid ruler.[34]Uzun Hasan preserved relationships with the members of the popular dervish order whose main inclinations were towards Shi'ism, while promoting the urban religious establishment with donations and confirmations of tax concessions or endowments, and ordering the pursuit of extremist Shiite and antinomist sects. He married one of his daughters to his nephew Haydar, the new head of the Safavid sect in Ardabil.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%AF%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.png"},{"link_name":"Khalil Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Khalil_bin_Uzun_Hasan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ya'qub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_bin_Uzun_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Khoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoy#History"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods-16"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Haydar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Haydar"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Junayd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Junayd"},{"link_name":"Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"early Safavids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Safaviyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaviyya"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ismail I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasChesworth2015585-40"},{"link_name":"Alwand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alwand_bin_Yusuf_bin_Uzun_Hasan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Sultan Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Murad_(Aq_Qoyunlu)"}],"sub_title":"Sultan Ya'qub","text":"Miniature of Sultan Ya'qub and his courtiers, Mehmed the Conqueror's albumWhen Uzun Hasan died early in 1478, he was succeeded by his son Khalil Mirza, but the latter was defeated by a confederation under his younger brother Ya'qub at the battle of Khoy in July.[14]: 128Ya'qub, who reigned from 1478 to 1490, sustained the dynasty for a while longer. However, during the first four years of his reign there were seven pretenders to the throne who had to be put down.[14]: 125 Unlike his father, Ya'qub Beg was not interested in popular religious rites and alienated a large part of the people, especially the Turks. Therefore, the vast majority of Turks became involved in the Safawiya order, which became a militant organization with an extreme Shiite ideology led by Sheikh Haydar. Ya'qub initially sent Sheikh Haydar and his followers to a holy war against the Circassians, but soon decided to break the alliance because he feared the military power of Sheikh Haydar and his order. During his march to Georgia, Sheikh Haydar attacked one of Ya'qub's vassals, the Shirvanshahs, in revenge for his father, Sheikh Junayd (assassinated in 1460), and Ya'qub sent troops to the Shirvanshahs, who defeated and killed Haydar and captured his three sons. This event further strengthened the pro-Safavid feeling among Azerbaijani and Anatolian Turkmen.[3][36]Following Ya'qub's death, civil war again erupted, the Aq Qoyunlus destroyed themselves from within, and they ceased to be a threat to their neighbors.\nThe early Safavids, who were followers of the Safaviyya religious order, began to undermine the allegiance of the Aq Qoyunlu. The Safavids and the Aq Qoyunlu met in battle in the city of Nakhchivan in 1501 and the Safavid leader Ismail I forced the Aq Qoyunlu to withdraw.[37]In his retreat from the Safavids, the Aq Qoyunlu leader Alwand destroyed an autonomous state of the Aq Qoyunlu in Mardin. The last Aq Qoyunlu leader, Sultan Murad, brother of Alwand, was also defeated by the same Safavid leader. Though Murād briefly established himself in Baghdad in 1501, he soon withdrew back to Diyar Bakr, signaling the end of the Aq Qoyunlu rule.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Khalil_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_1478.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sultan Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan-Khalil"},{"link_name":"Ughurlu Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughurlu_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkmenica458-41"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I"},{"link_name":"Lahijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahijan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Araxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkmenica458-41"},{"link_name":"Alvand Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvand_Beg"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Iraq-Ajam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province"},{"link_name":"Kerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Qizilbash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"}],"sub_title":"Ahmad Beg","text":"Sultan Khalil of the Aq Qoyunlu, 1478.Amidst the struggle for power between Uzun Hasan's grandsons Baysungur (son of Yaqub) and Rustam (son of Maqsud), their cousin Ahmed Bey appeared on the stage. Ahmed Bey was the son of Uzun Hasan's eldest son Ughurlu Muhammad, who, in 1475, escaped to the Ottoman Empire, where the sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, received Uğurlu Muhammad with kindness and gave him his daughter in marriage, of whom Ahmed Bey was born.[38]Baysungur was dethroned in 1491 and expelled from Tabriz. He made several unsuccessful attempts to return before he was killed in 1493. Desiring to reconcile both his religious establishment and the famous Sufi order, Rustam (1478–1490) immediately allowed Sheikh Haydar Safavi's sons to return to Ardabil in 1492. Two years later, Ayba Sultan ordered their re-arrest, as their rise threatened the Ak Koyunlu again, but their youngest son, Ismail, then seven years old, fled and was hidden by supporters in Lahijan.[3][39]According to Hasan Rumlu's Ahsan al-tavarikh, in 1496–97, Hasan Ali Tarkhani went to the Ottoman Empire to tell Sultan Bayezid II that Azerbaijan and Persian Iraq were defenceless and suggested that Ahmed Bey, heir to that kingdom, should be sent there with Ottoman troops. Bayezid agreed to this idea, and by May 1497 Ahmad Bey faced Rustam near Araxes and defeated him.[38]After Ahmad's death, the Aq Qoyunlu became even more fragmented. The state was ruled by three sultans: Alvand Mirza in the west, Uzun Hasan's nephew Qasim in an enclave in Diyarbakir, and Alvand's brother Mohammad in Fars and Iraq-Ajam (killed by violence in the summer of 1500 and replaced by Morad Mirza). The collapse of the Aq Qoyunlu state in Iran began in the autumn of 1501 with the defeat at the hands of Ismail Safavi, who had left Lahijan two years earlier and gathered a large audience of Turkmen warriors. He conquered Iraq-Ajami, Fars and Kerman in the summer of 1503, Diyarbakir in 1507–1508 and Mesopotamia in the autumn of 1508. The last Aq Qoyunlu sultan, Morad, who hoped to regain the throne with the help of Ottoman troops, was defeated and killed by Ismail's Qizilbash warriors in the last fortress of Rohada, ending the political rule of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.[32][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Khagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanderleeuw81-44"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanderleeuw81-44"},{"link_name":"yasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa"},{"link_name":"Turco-Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongols"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2016-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mardin_P1050230_20080426113452.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kasımiye Medrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C4%B1miye_Medrese"},{"link_name":"Akkoyunlu sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"},{"link_name":"divan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangaroodiNegahban2015-46"},{"link_name":"ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane2016-45"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Shahanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Jamshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshid"},{"link_name":"Fereydun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydun"},{"link_name":"Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMS-47"},{"link_name":"Padishah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah"},{"link_name":"distaff grandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distaff#Other_meanings"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Ali Qushji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji"},{"link_name":"Baba Fighani Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Fighani_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Ahli Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Jami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din Davani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Davani"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangaroodiNegahban2015-46"}],"text":"The leaders of Aq Qoyunlu were from the Begundur or Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks[40] and were considered descendants of the semi-mythical founding father of the Oghuz, Oghuz Khagan.[41] The Bayandurs behaved like statesmen rather than warlords and gained the support of the merchant and feudal classes of Transcaucasia (present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia).[41] The Aq Qoyunlu, along with the Qara Qoyunlu, were the last Iranian regimes that used their Chinggisid background to establish their legitimacy. Under Ya'qub Beg, the Chinggisid yasa (traditional nomadic laws of the medieval Turco-Mongols of the Eurasian steppe lands) was dissolved.[42]Kasımiye Medrese, completed in 1445 by Kasım, a son of Akkoyunlu sultan Mu'izz-al-Din.Uzun Hasan's conquest of most of mainland Iran shifted the seat of power to the east, where the Aq Qoyunlu adopted Iranian customs for administration and culture. In the Iranian areas, Uzun Hasan preserved the previous bureaucratic structure along with its secretaries, who belonged to families that had in a number of instances served under different dynasties for several generations.[3] The four top civil posts of the Aq Qoyunlu were all occupied by Iranians, which under Uzun Hasan included; the vizier, who led the great council (divan); the mostawfi al-mamalek, high-ranking financial accountants; the mohrdar, who affixed the state seal; and the marakur \"stable master\", who supervised the royal court.[3]Culture flourished under the Aq Qoyunlu, who, although of coming from a Turkic background, sponsored Iranian culture. Uzun Hasan himself adopted it and ruled in the style of an Iranian king. Despite his Turkoman background, he was proud of being an Iranian.[43] At his new capital, Tabriz, he managed a refined Persian court. There he utilized the trappings of pre-Islamic Persian royalty and bureaucrats taken from several earlier Iranian regimes. Through the use of his increasing revenue, Uzun Hasan was able to buy the approval of the ulama (clergy) and the mainly Iranian urban elite, while also taking care of the impoverished rural inhabitants.[42]In letters from the Ottoman Sultans, when addressing the kings of Aq Qoyunlu, such titles as Arabic: ملك الملوك الأيرانية \"King of Iranian Kings\", Arabic: سلطان السلاطين الإيرانية \"Sultan of Iranian Sultans\", Persian: شاهنشاه ایران خدیو عجم Shāhanshāh-e Irān Khadiv-e Ajam \"Shahanshah of Iran and Ruler of Persia\", Jamshid shawkat va Fereydun rāyat va Dārā derāyat \"Powerful like Jamshid, flag of Fereydun and wise like Darius\" have been used.[44] Uzun Hassan also held the title Padishah-i Irān \"Padishah of Iran\", which was re-adopted by his distaff grandson Ismail I, founder of the Safavid Empire.[45]The Aq Qoyunlu realm was notable for being inhabited by many prominent figures, such as the poets Ali Qushji (died 1474), Baba Fighani Shirazi (died 1519), Ahli Shirazi (died 1535), the poet, scholar and Sufi Jami (died 1492) and the philosopher and theologian, Jalal al-Din Davani (died 1503).[43]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png"},{"link_name":"1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_CE"},{"link_name":"MOGHULISTAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulistan"},{"link_name":"PHAGMODRUPAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty"},{"link_name":"CHAM-PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa"},{"link_name":"SIBIR KHANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir"},{"link_name":"CRIMEANKHANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"LITHUANIAGRAND DUCHY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"KHAZANKHANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan"},{"link_name":"ASTRA-KHAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate"},{"link_name":"MUSCOVY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"NOGAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_Horde"},{"link_name":"KAZAKH KHANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate"},{"link_name":"MINGDYNASTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"FOUROIRATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Oirats"},{"link_name":"NORTHERN YUAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Yuan"},{"link_name":"WHITE SHEEPTURKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"VIJAYA-NAGARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"SHAYBA-NIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaybanids"},{"link_name":"TIMURIDEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"DELHISULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Tungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_peoples"},{"link_name":"AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava"},{"link_name":"LANXANG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Xang"},{"link_name":"OTTOMANEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"MAMLUKSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"JO-SEON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"MALACCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png"},{"link_name":"Ahli Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood201426-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood2014111-50"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature"},{"link_name":"Fuzuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Shah Alvand Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvand_Beg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa%CA%BFadli20196-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood201416-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa%CA%BFadli20196-52"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood201426-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood201426-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood2014112-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood201487-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood2011235-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingwood2011235-56"}],"text":"1500MOGHULISTANPHAGMODRUPASCHAM-PASIBIR KHANATECRIMEANKHANATELITHUANIAGRAND DUCHYKHAZANKHANATEASTRA-KHANMUSCOVYNOGAISKAZAKH KHANATEMINGDYNASTYFOUROIRATSNORTHERN YUANWHITE SHEEPTURKSVIJAYA-NAGARASHAYBA-NIDSTIMURIDEMPIREDELHISULTANATETungusAVALANXANGOTTOMANEMPIREMAMLUKSULTANATEJO-SEONMALACCAclass=notpageimage| The Aq Qoyunlu (\"White Sheep Turks\") and main contemporary polities c. 1500The Aq Qoyunlu patronized Persian belles-lettres which included poets like Ahli Shirazi, Kamāl al-Dīn Banāʾī Haravī, Bābā Fighānī, Shahīdī Qumī.[46] By the reign of Yaʿqūb, the Aq Qoyunlu court held a fondness for Persian poetry.[47] 16th-century Azerbaijani poet Fuzuli was also born and raised under Aq Qoyunlu rule, writing his first known poem for Shah Alvand Mirza.[48]Nur al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Jami dedicated his poem, Salāmān va Absāl, which was written in Persian, to Yaʿqūb.[49][50] Yaʿqūb rewarded Jami with a generous gift.[49] Jami also wrote a eulogy, Silsilat al-zahab, which indirectly criticised Yaʿqūb immoral behavior.[46] Yaʿqūb had Persian poems dedicated to him, including Ahli Shirazi's allegorical masnavi on love, Sham' va parvana and Bana'i's 5,000 verse narrative poem, Bahram va Bihruz.[46]Yaʿqūb's maternal nephew, 'Abd Allah Hatifi, wrote poetry for the five years he spent at the Aq Qoyunlu court.[51]Uzun Hasan and his son, Khalil,[52] patronized, along with other prominent Sufis, members of the Kobrāvi and Neʿmatallāhi tariqats.[53] According to the Tarikh-e lam-r-ye amini by Fazlallh b. Ruzbehn Khonji Esfahni, the court-commissioned history of Yaqub's reign, Uzun Hasan built close to 400 structures in the Aq Qoyunlu region for the purpose of Sufi communal retreat.[53]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"The Aq Qoyunlu administration encompassed of two sections; the military caste, which mostly consisted of Turkomans, but also had Iranian tribesmen in it. The other section was the civil staff, which consisted of officials from established Persian families.[54]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agayev-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erdem-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agayev-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erdem-59"}],"text":"The organization of the Aq Qoyunlu army was based on the fusion of military traditions from both nomadic and settled cultures. The ethnic background of Aq-Qoyunlu troops were quite heterogeneous as it consisted of 'sarvars' of Azerbaijan, people of Persia and Iraq, Iranzamin askers, dilavers of Kurdistan, Turkmen mekhtars and others.[55][56][55][56]","title":"Military structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aqqoyunluflag.png"},{"link_name":"Topkapı Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oghusenbuchmuseum.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Book of Dede Korkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeynel_Bey_Mausoleum,_Hasankeyf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:II_Mehmed_and_Ughurlu_Muhammed.png"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Ughurlu Muhammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughurlu_Muhammad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kas%C4%B1miye_medrese,_Mardin,_Turkey.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kasımiye Medrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C4%B1miye_Medrese"}],"text":"A flag (sanjak) belonging to Uzun Hasan (Topkapı Palace)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBook of Dede Korkut\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZeynel Bey Mausoleum, formerly located in Hasankeyf.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMehmed II and Ughurlu Muhammed (Hünername)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKasımiye Medrese","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_leader_Jahangir.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Uzun_Hasan,_minted_in_Amed_(Amid,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r)._Obverse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Yaqub_bin_Uzun_Hasan,_obverse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_coin_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_ruler_Baysunghur,_Tabriz_mint.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sultan_Rustam_(Aq_Qoyunlu).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sultan_Ahmad_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sultan_Muhammed_(Aq_Qoyunlu).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sultan_Alvand_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sultan_Murad_(Aq_Qoyunlu).jpg"}],"text":"Jahangir's coin, after 1444 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUzun Hasan's coin minted in Amid (Diyarbakir), c. 1453–1478 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Yaqub's coin, c. 1479–1490 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBaysunghur's coin minted in Tabriz, c. 1490–1493 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Rustam's coin, 1495 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Ahmad's coin minted in Tabriz, 1497 AD.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoin of Sultan Muhammad.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Alwand's coin.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan Murad's coin.","title":"Coinage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ismail I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErkinov201562-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranica-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruk-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woods-16"}],"text":"^ However some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to rule until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[1]\n\n^ ...Persian was primarily the language of poetry in the Aq Qoyunlu court.[5]\n\n^ • Also referred to as the Aq Qoyunlu confederacy, the Aq Qoyunlu sultanate, the Aq Qoyunlu empire,[3] the White Sheep confederacy. • Other spellings includes Ag Qoyunlu, Agh Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu. • Also mentioned as Bayanduriyye (Bayandurids) in Iranian[12][11] and Ottoman sources.[13] • Also known as Tur-'Alids in Mamluk sources.[14]: 34","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-10714-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10714-5"},{"link_name":"\"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1780763538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780763538"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe193"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1118455074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118455074"},{"link_name":"\"Āq-qūyūnlū\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/aq-quyunlu-COM_0288"},{"link_name":"Madelung, Wilferd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung"},{"link_name":"Daftary, Farhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Daftary"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1875-9831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/187471611X600404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F187471611X600404"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-860473-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860473-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87480-565-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-565-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iran_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"},{"link_name":"Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Elamite"},{"link_name":"Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullubi"},{"link_name":"Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannaeans"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu"},{"link_name":"Median Empire (678–549 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropatene"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frataraka"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Persis"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Samanid dynasty (819–999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tahirid dynasty (821–873)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alavid dynasty (864–928)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran"},{"link_name":"Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Buyid dynasty (934–1062)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids"},{"link_name":"Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids"},{"link_name":"Kart dynasty (1244–1381)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate (1256–1335)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids"},{"link_name":"Timurid Empire (1370–1507)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu"},{"link_name":"Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Safavid Empire (1501–1736)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qajar Empire (1789–1925)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran"},{"link_name":"Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1908 bombardment of the Majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis"},{"link_name":"Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"1921 Persian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan"},{"link_name":"Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute"},{"link_name":"Iran crisis of 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan"},{"link_name":"1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"1953 coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"History (1979–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Interim Government (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum"},{"link_name":"1979 Khuzestan insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"Iranian Embassy siege (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege"},{"link_name":"Nojeh coup plot (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Interim Government of Iran (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)"},{"link_name":"1987 Mecca incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident"},{"link_name":"Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655"},{"link_name":"KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)"},{"link_name":"PJAK conflict (2004–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict"},{"link_name":"2009 Iranian presidential election protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war (2011–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},{"link_name":"United States withdrawal (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},{"link_name":"2017–2018 Iranian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests"},{"link_name":"2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests"},{"link_name":"2019–2020 Iranian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests"},{"link_name":"2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests"},{"link_name":"2021–2022 Iranian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests"},{"link_name":"Ancient Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians"},{"link_name":"Greater Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran"},{"link_name":"Persianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianization"},{"link_name":"Persianate society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianate_society"},{"link_name":"Turco-Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition"},{"link_name":"Indo-Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture"},{"link_name":"Iranic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"Jiroft culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture"},{"link_name":"Aryans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"Peoples of the Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Heads of state of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"History of democracy in classical Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran"},{"link_name":"Military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Electric history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Years in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province"},{"link_name":"largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"twin towns and sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Iranian Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province"},{"link_name":"Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Iranian Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Iranian plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateau"},{"link_name":"Lake 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Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Philaretos Brachamios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios"},{"link_name":"Zaccaria family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555994#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292901005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003037"},{"link_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular"}],"text":"Bosworth, Clifford (1996) The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (2nd ed.) Columbia University Press, New York, ISBN 0-231-10714-5\nJavadi, H.; Burrill, K. (May 24, 2012). \"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should be made of Ḵaṭāʾi Tabrizi. He wrote a maṯnawi entitled Yusof wa Zoleyḵā, and dedicated it to the Aqqoyunlu Sultan Yaʿqub (r. 1478–90), who himself wrote poetry in Azeri Turkish.\nDaʿadli, Tawfiq (2019). Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting. Brill.\nEagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780763538.\nErkinov, Aftandil (2015). \"From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle\". Cahiers d'Asie centrale. 24. Translated by Bean, Scott: 47–79.\nLane, George (2016). \"Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)\". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193. ISBN 978-1118455074.\nLangaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). \"Āq-qūyūnlū\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.\nLingwood, C. G. (2011). \"The qebla of Jāmi is None Other than Tabriz\": ʿAbd al-Rahmān Jāmi and Naqshbandi Sufism at the Aq Qoyunlu Royal Court\". Journal of Persianate Studies. 4 (2): 233–245. doi:10.1163/187471611X600404.\nLingwood, Chad G. (2014). Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Brill.\nMarkiewicz, Christopher (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press.[ISBN missing]\nMorby, John (2002) Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (2nd ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-19-860473-4\nThomas, David; Chesworth, John A., eds. (2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History:Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. Vol. 7. Brill.[ISBN missing]\nWoods, John E. (1999) The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (2nd ed.) University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, ISBN 0-87480-565-1vteIran topicsHistoryPrehistoryAncient3400–539 BC\nKura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)\nProto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)\nElamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)\nAkkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)\nLullubi (c.2300–675 BC)\nKassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)\nKingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)\nNeo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)\nUrartu (860 BC–590 BC)\nMedian Empire (678–549 BC)\nScythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)\nNeo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)\n550 BC–AD 224\nAchaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)\nAtropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)\nKingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)\nKingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)\nSeleucid Empire (312–63 BC)\nFrataraka (c.295–220 BC)\nKingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)\nParthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)\nKings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)\nAD 224–651\nSasanian Empire (AD 224–651)\nMedieval andearly modern632–1090\nRashidun Caliphate (632–661)\nUmayyad Caliphate (661–750)\nAbbasid Caliphate (750–1258)\nSamanid dynasty (819–999)\nTahirid dynasty (821–873)\nAlavid dynasty (864–928)\nSaffarid dynasty (861–1003)\nZiyarid dynasty (931–1090)\nBuyid dynasty (934–1062)\n977–1432\nGhaznavid Empire (977–1186)\nGhurid dynasty (1011–1215)\nSeljuk Empire (1037–1194)\nAnushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)\nEldiguzids (1135/36-1225)\nKart dynasty (1244–1381)\nIlkhanate (1256–1335)\nMuzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)\nJalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)\nChobanid dynasty (1338–1357)\n1370–1925\nTimurid Empire (1370–1507)\nQara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)\nAq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)\nSafavid Empire (1501–1736)\nAfsharid Empire (1736–1796)\nZand Dynasty (1751–1794)\nQajar Empire (1789–1925)\nKhanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)\nPersian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)\n1908 bombardment of the Majlis\nKurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)\n1921 Persian coup d'état\nArab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)\nModern1925–1979\nPahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)\nShatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)\nIran crisis of 1946\nInsurgency in Balochistan (1948–)\n1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election\n1953 coup d'état\nIranian Revolution (1979)\nIslamic Republic1979–present\nHistory (1979–)\nInterim Government (1979)\nMarch 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum\n1979 Khuzestan insurgency\nIran hostage crisis (1979–1981)\nDecember 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum\nIranian Embassy siege (1980)\nNojeh coup plot (1980)\nIran–Iraq War (1980–88)\nInterim Government of Iran (1981)\n1987 Mecca incident\nIran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)\nKDPI insurgency (1989–1996)\nPJAK conflict (2004–)\n2009 Iranian presidential election protests\nSyrian civil war (2011–)\nInternational military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)\nJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)\nUnited States withdrawal (2018)\n2017–2018 Iranian protests\n2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests\n2019–2020 Iranian protests\n2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests\n2021–2022 Iranian protests\nSee also\nAncient Persians\nGreater Iran\nPersianization\nPersianate society\nTurco-Persian\nIndo-Persian\nIranic peoples\nlanguages\nJiroft culture\nAryans\nAzerbaijanis\nPeoples of the Caucasus\nPersians\nMonarchs of Persia\nHeads of state of Iran\nHistory of democracy in classical Iran\nMilitary history\nElectric history\nYears in Iran\nGeography\nBorders\nCities\nlargest\ntwin towns and sister cities\nEarthquakes\nEnvironmental issues\nClimate change\nIranian Azerbaijan\nIranian Balochistan\nCaspian Hyrcanian mixed forests\nCaucasus\nIranian Kurdistan\nIranian plateau\nLake Urmia\nIslands\nMountains\nProvinces\nWildlife\nPoliticsGeneral\nCensorship\nConstitution (Persian Constitutional Revolution)\nCorruption\nElections (2009 presidential)\nForeign relations\nGovernment of the Islamic Republic of Iran\nHuman rights\nChildren's rights\nLGBT\nWomen's rights\nJudicial system\nMilitary (Army\nAir Force\nNavy)\nMinistry of Intelligence\nCyberwarfare\nNuclear program (UN Security Council Resolution 1747)\nPolitical parties\nPrinciplists\nPropaganda\nReformists\nTerrorism (state-sponsorship allegations)\nWhite Revolution (1963)\nWomen's rights movement\nCouncils\nAssembly (or Council) of Experts\nExpediency Discernment Council\nGuardian Council\nIslamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)\nLocal councils\nSupreme National Security Council\nOfficials\nAmbassadors\nPresident\nProvincial governors\nSupreme Leader\nEconomyGeneral\nBonyad (charitable trust)\nBrain drain\nCompanies (Automotive industry)\nCorruption\nEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO)\nEconomic history\nEconomic Reform Plan\nEnergy\nEnvironmental issues\nForeign direct investment\nIntellectual property\nInternational oil bourse\nInternational rankings\nIran and the World Trade Organization\nTaxation\nMain economic laws\nEconomy of the Middle East\nMilad Tower and complex\nMilitary equipment manufactured\nNuclear program (UN Security Council Resolution 1747)\nPrivatization\nRial (currency)\nSpace Agency\nSetad\nSupreme Audit Court\nTehran Stock Exchange\nVenture capital (Technology start-ups)\nSectors\nAgriculture (fruit)\nBanking and insurance\nCentral Bank\nShetab Banking System\nConstruction\nDefense\nHealth care (Pharmaceuticals)\nIndustry\nMining\nPetroleum (Anglo-Persian Oil Company)\nTelecommunications and IT (TCI)\nTransport (airlines\nmetro\nrailways\nshipping)\nTourism\nState-ownedcompanies\nDefense Industries Organization (DIO)\nIndustrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)\nIran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)\nIran Electronics Industries (IEI)\nNational Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)\nNational Development Fund\nPlaces\nAsaluyeh industrial corridor\nChabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone\nKish Island Free Trade Zone\nResearch centers\nSocietyDemographicsLanguages\nPersian (Farsi)\nArmenian\nAzerbaijani\nKurdish\nHebrew\nGeorgian\nNeo-Aramaic\nIranian languages\nPeoples\nIranian citizens (abroad)\nEthnic minorities\nArmenians\nAssyrians\nAzerbaijanis\nCircassians\nGeorgians\nKurds\nJews\nTurkmen\nReligion\nIslam\nBaháʼí Faith (persecution)\nChristianity\nZoroastrians (persecution)\nFreedom of religion\nOther\nCorruption\nCrime\nEducation (higher\nIntellectual movements\nscientists and scholars\nuniversities)\nInternational rankings\nNationality\nWater supply and sanitation\nWomen\nCulture\nArchitecture (Achaemenid\narchitects)\nArt (modern / contemporary)\nAstronomy\nBlogs\nCalendars (Persian New Year (Nowruz))\nFashion\nChicago Persian antiquities dispute\nCinema\nCuisine (wine)\nFolklore\nIntellectual movements\nIranians\nIranian studies\nIslam (Islamization)\nLiterature\nMedia (news agencies (student)\nnewspapers)\nMythology\nNational Jewels\nNational symbols (Imperial Anthem)\nOpium consumption\nPersian gardens\nPersian name\nPhilosophy\nPublic holidays\nScouting\nSport (football)\nMusic\nFolk\nJazz\nPop\nRap and hip-hop\nRock\nTraditional\nEy Iran\nOther topics\nScience and technology\nAnti-Iranian sentiment\nTehrangeles\n\n Category\n Portalvte Iraq topicsHistoryChronology\nUbaid period\nHassuna culture\nHalaf culture\nHalaf-Ubaid Transitional period\nSamarra culture\nUruk period\nJemdet Nasr period\nSumer\nSubartu\nAkkadian Empire\nGutian dynasty\nNeo-Sumerian Empire\nIsin-Larsa period\nFirst Babylonian Empire\nOld Assyrian Period\nMiddle Assyrian Empire\nKassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire\nSimurrum culture\nBabylonia\nAssyria\nNeo-Assyrian Empire\nNeo-Babylonian Empire\nFall of Babylon\nAchaemenid Assyria\nSeleucid Babylonia\nParthian Babylonia\nSassanid Asorestan\n638–1958\nMuslim conquest of Mesopotamia\nUmayyad Caliphate\nAbbasid Caliphate\nBuyid dynasty\nQara Qoyunlu\nAq Qoyunlu\nSafavids\nOttoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty)\nMandate for Mesopotamia\nMandatory Iraq\nKingdom of Iraq\nKings\nArab Federation\nRepublic\n1958–1968\n1968–2003\n2003–2011\n2011–present\nArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command)\nSaddam Hussein\nIraqi–Kurdish conflict\n1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes\n1977 Shia uprising in Iraq\n1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq\nWeapons of mass destruction\nIran–Iraq War\nOperation Opera\nInvasion of Kuwait\nGulf War\n1991 uprisings\nSanctions\nIraq War\nU.S. invasion\nIraqi insurgency\nU.S. troop withdrawal\nInsurgency (2011–2013)\nWar (2014–2017)\nFall of Mosul\nMosul liberation\nInsurgency\n2019–2021 protests\n2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis\nGeography\nFaw peninsula\nUpper Mesopotamia\nLower Mesopotamia\nBorders\nEuphrates river\nHamrin Mountains\nIraqi Kurdistan\nLakes\nIslands\nMesopotamia\nMesopotamian Marshes\nPersian Gulf\nPlaces\nShatt al-Arab\nSyrian Desert\nTigris river\nUmm Qasr\nZagros Mountains\nWildlife\nSinjar Mountains\nPolitics\nAdministrative divisions\nConstitution\nCouncil of Representatives (legislative)\nDemocracy\nElections\nForeign aid\nForeign relations\nGovernment\nCouncil of Ministers\nPresidency Council\nPresident\nList\nPrime Minister\nList\nHuman rights\nin pre-Saddam Iraq\nin Saddam Hussein's Iraq\nin post-invasion Iraq\nin ISIL-controlled territory\nLGBT\nFreedom of religion\nWomen\nLaw\nMilitary\nPolice\nPolitical parties\nJudiciary\nWars and conflicts\nEconomy\nBanks\nCentral Bank\nCompanies\nCorruption\nDinar (currency)\nInfrastructure\nForeign Investment\nOil Industry\nOil reserves\nReconstruction\nStock Exchange\nTelecommunications\nTransportation\nAirlines\nRailways\nTourism\nSocietyDemographics\nIraqis\nLanguages\nMesopotamian Arabic\nAramaic\nKurdish\nIraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects\nPersian\nMinorities\nArmenians\nAssyrians\nCircassians\nKurds\nMandaeans\nMarsh Arabs\nPersians\nSolluba\nIraqi Turkmen/Turkoman\nJews\nReligion\nSecularism\nIslam\nChristianity\nMandaeism\nYazidis\nIrreligion\nGeneral\nArt\nCinema\nCuisine\nCulture\nLiterature\nEducation\nHealth\nMedia\nTelevision\nMusic\nSmoking\nSports\nSquatting\nPublic holidays\nMesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)\nMandaean New Year\n\n Category\n Portal\n WikiProject\n CommonsvteStates in late medieval Anatolia (after 1071)Muslim states\nAhis\nAq Qoyunlu\nAlaiye\nArtuqids\nAydinids\nCandaroğulları\nCanik\nChobanids\nÇubukoğulları\nDanishmendids\nDilmachids\nDulkadirids\nEretnids\nErzincan\nEshrefids\nGermiyanids\nHacıemir\nHamidids\nInalids\nKadi Burhan al-Din\nKaramanids\nKarasids\nLadik\nMengüjekids\nMenteshe\nOttoman Empire\nPervâneoğlu\nQara Qoyunlu\nRamadanids\nShah-Armens\nSultanate of Rum\nSahib Ataids\nSaltukids\nSarukhanids\nTacettinids\nTanrıbermiş\nTeke\nTzachas\nChristian states\nByzantine Empire\nArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia\nEmpire of Nicaea\nEmpire of Trebizond\nKnights Hospitaller\nLatin Empire\nPhilaretos Brachamios\nZaccaria familyAuthority control databases National\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nİslâm Ansiklopedisi","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Miniature of Sultan Ya'qub and his courtiers, Mehmed the Conqueror's album","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%AF%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.png/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%AF%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.png"},{"image_text":"Sultan Khalil of the Aq Qoyunlu, 1478.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sultan_Khalil_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_1478.jpg/220px-Sultan_Khalil_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_1478.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kasımiye Medrese, completed in 1445 by Kasım, a son of Akkoyunlu sultan Mu'izz-al-Din.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mardin_P1050230_20080426113452.JPG/220px-Mardin_P1050230_20080426113452.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of rulers of Aq Qoyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aq_Qoyunlu"},{"title":"Turkmen invasions of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_invasions_of_Georgia"},{"title":"Bozulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozulus"}] | [{"reference":"Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10. p. 33. Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Daniel T. Potts (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. p. 7. Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"AQ QOYUNLŪ\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 August 2011. pp. 163–168.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation","url_text":"\"AQ QOYUNLŪ\""}]},{"reference":"Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). \"Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century\". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. The disintegration of Timur's empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341292","url_text":"10.1163/18747167-12341292"}]},{"reference":"Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872741-5","url_text":"978-0-19-872741-5"}]},{"reference":"Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). \"AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular","url_text":"\"AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?e=aq_qoyunlu&r=&ct=coin&im1=&im2=&tb=y&tc=y&tn=y&tp=y&tt=y&cat=y&ru=&ca=3&no=&v=&i=&b=&d=&u=&a=&dg=&m=&f=&t=&w=&mt=&g=&se=","url_text":"\"Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu\""}]},{"reference":"Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). \"UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/uzun-hasan","url_text":"\"UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Seyfettin Erşahin (2002). Akkoyunlular: siyasal, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal tarih (in Turkish). p. 317.","urls":[]},{"reference":"International Journal of Turkish Studies. Vol. 4–5. University of Wisconsin. 1987. p. 272.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-565-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-565-1","url_text":"0-87480-565-1"}]},{"reference":"Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-159884-336-1","url_text":"978-159884-336-1"}]},{"reference":"The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70787-8","url_text":"0-292-70787-8"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth, C. E. (1 June 2019). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-6462-8","url_text":"978-1-4744-6462-8"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0907132325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907132325","url_text":"978-0907132325"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Minorsky, Vladimir (1955). \"The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms (Turkmenica, 11)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (3): 449. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00112376. S2CID 154166838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00112376","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00112376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154166838","url_text":"154166838"}]},{"reference":"Cornell H. Fleischer (1986). Bureaucrat and intellectual in the Ottoman Empire. p. 287.","urls":[]},{"reference":"H. B. Paksoy (1989). Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"İsmail Aka (2005). Makaleler (in Turkish). Vol. 2. Berikan Kitabevi. p. 291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tihranî, Ebu Bekr-i (2014). Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye (PDF). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-9751627520.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib.az/users/1/upload/files/Mursel_Ozturk._Ebu_Bekr-i_Tihrani._Kitab-i_Diyarbekriyye._2011.pdf","url_text":"Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9751627520","url_text":"978-9751627520"}]},{"reference":"\"AKKOYUNLULAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi\". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular","url_text":"\"AKKOYUNLULAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi\""}]},{"reference":"Woods, John E (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (PDF). University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-565-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://millikimlik.az/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/john-e.-woods.-300-yillik-turk-i%CC%87mparatorlugu-akkoyunlular-1993.pdf","url_text":"The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-565-1","url_text":"0-87480-565-1"}]},{"reference":"Sarı, Arif (2019). \"İran Türk Devletleri Karakoyunlular Akkoyunlular Safeviler\". İnsanlığın Serüveni. İstek Yayınları.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature. Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mazıoğlu, Hasibe (1992). Fuzûlî ve Türkçe Divanı'ndan Seçmeler [Fuzûlî and Selections from His Turkish Divan] (in Turkish). Kültür Bakanlığı Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlığı. p. 4. ISBN 978-975-17-1108-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-17-1108-3","url_text":"978-975-17-1108-3"}]},{"reference":"Агаев, Юсиф; Ахмедов, Сабухи (2006). Ак-Коюнлу-Османская война (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://history.az/pdf.php?item_id=20120924120847192&ext=pdf","url_text":"Ак-Коюнлу-Османская война"}]},{"reference":"Erdem, I. (March 1991). \"[Akkoyunlu Ordusunu Oluşturan İnsan Unsuru]\". Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 15 (26): 85–92. ISSN 1015-1826.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/219245","url_text":"\"[Akkoyunlu Ordusunu Oluşturan İnsan Unsuru]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1015-1826","url_text":"1015-1826"}]},{"reference":"Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (May 24, 2012). \"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should be made of Ḵaṭāʾi Tabrizi. He wrote a maṯnawi entitled Yusof wa Zoleyḵā, and dedicated it to the Aqqoyunlu Sultan Yaʿqub (r. 1478–90), who himself wrote poetry in Azeri Turkish.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x","url_text":"\"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature\""}]},{"reference":"Daʿadli, Tawfiq (2019). Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780763538.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780763538","url_text":"978-1780763538"}]},{"reference":"Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). \"From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle\". Cahiers d'Asie centrale. 24. Translated by Bean, Scott: 47–79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lane, George (2016). \"Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)\". In Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193. ISBN 978-1118455074.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe193","url_text":"10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118455074","url_text":"978-1118455074"}]},{"reference":"Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). \"Āq-qūyūnlū\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/aq-quyunlu-COM_0288","url_text":"\"Āq-qūyūnlū\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung","url_text":"Madelung, Wilferd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Daftary","url_text":"Daftary, Farhad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831","url_text":"1875-9831"}]},{"reference":"Lingwood, C. G. (2011). \"The qebla of Jāmi is None Other than Tabriz\": ʿAbd al-Rahmān Jāmi and Naqshbandi Sufism at the Aq Qoyunlu Royal Court\". Journal of Persianate Studies. 4 (2): 233–245. doi:10.1163/187471611X600404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187471611X600404","url_text":"10.1163/187471611X600404"}]},{"reference":"Lingwood, Chad G. (2014). Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markiewicz, Christopher (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A., eds. (2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History:Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. Vol. 7. Brill.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation","external_links_name":"\"AQ QOYUNLŪ\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341292","external_links_name":"10.1163/18747167-12341292"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular","external_links_name":"\"AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)\""},{"Link":"https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?e=aq_qoyunlu&r=&ct=coin&im1=&im2=&tb=y&tc=y&tn=y&tp=y&tt=y&cat=y&ru=&ca=3&no=&v=&i=&b=&d=&u=&a=&dg=&m=&f=&t=&w=&mt=&g=&se=","external_links_name":"\"Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu\""},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/uzun-hasan","external_links_name":"\"UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).\""},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation","external_links_name":"\"Aq Qoyunlu\""},{"Link":"http://dspace.khazar.org/bitstream/20.500.12323/127/1/Ilham%20Erdem.doc","external_links_name":"\"The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456).\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eyoNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265","external_links_name":"the limits of universal rule: Eurasian empires compared."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8c3QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216","external_links_name":"Nomadism in Iran: from antiquity to the modern era."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA192","external_links_name":"Indo-Islamic society: 14th-15th centuries."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00112376","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0041977X00112376"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154166838","external_links_name":"154166838"},{"Link":"http://lib.az/users/1/upload/files/Mursel_Ozturk._Ebu_Bekr-i_Tihrani._Kitab-i_Diyarbekriyye._2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular","external_links_name":"\"AKKOYUNLULAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi\""},{"Link":"https://millikimlik.az/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/john-e.-woods.-300-yillik-turk-i%CC%87mparatorlugu-akkoyunlular-1993.pdf","external_links_name":"The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00068270","external_links_name":"V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-77_Oganj | M-77 Oganj | ["1 Development","2 Modernization","3 Operators","3.1 Current operators","3.2 Former operators","4 See also","4.1 Related development","4.2 Comparable systems","4.3 Compatible with","5 References"] | Yugoslav self-propelled multiple rocket launcher
M-77 Oganj M-77 Oganj of the Serbian ArmyTypeSelf-propelled multiple rocket launcherPlace of originYugoslaviaService historyIn service1977–presentWarsYugoslav WarsProduction historyDesignerMilitary Technical InstituteDesigned1968–1975ManufacturerBNT (Bosnia and Herzegovina)Krušik (Serbia)14. oktobar (Serbia)Produced1975SpecificationsMass22.4 tonnes (49,383 lbs)Length8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)Width2.49 m (8 ft 2 in)Height3.1 m (10 ft 2 in)Crew5CartridgeLength: 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in)Weight: 65 kg (143 lb)Warhead: 20 kg (44 lb)Caliber128 mm (5.0 in)Barrels32Maximum firing range
20.6 km (12.8 mi)
40 km (25 mi) (modernized)
50 km (31 mi) (with new missiles with trajectory correction)
SecondaryarmamentNSV or M2 Browning machine gunMaximum speed 80 km/h (50 mph)
The M-77 Oganj (from Serbian: огањ, lit. 'fire') is a 128mm self-propelled multiple rocket launcher developed in the former Yugoslavia. Its NATO designation is YMRL-32.
Development
Development of the system began in 1968. Professor Obrad Vučurović, mechanical engineer and Chief Operating Officer of the Military Technical Institute's Artillery Department, was responsible for overseeing its development and production.
The six pre-serial production models were based on a FAP 2220 6x6 truck and were shown to the public for the first time in 1975. Serial production commenced two years later. The serial production variant is mounted on FAP 2026 BDS/A 6x6 truck bed. The rocket system is placed on the back of the platform and contains 32 128mm launch tubes capable of reaching targets 20.6 kilometres (12.8 mi) away. The system is operated by five personnel. One of its unique features is its retracting canvas, which allows the rocket launcher to be easily disguised and makes it difficult for the enemy to spot until the crew is ready to fire. It is thus an effective means of military deception. In 1994, Serbia developed a new version called the M-94 Oganj C, which could fire the rockets M91 (cluster-type warhead with 40 submunition grenades) and M77 (HE warhead). This version featured a 32-rocket reloading system which makes it possible to fully reload and launch a second salvo within three minutes.
Modernization
The Military Technical Institute has prepared a modernization package for the system on request from the Serbian Armed Forces which includes a modern navigation and fire control system. The rocket launcher was also modified to be able to fire several different types of rockets, including the 122mm BM-21 Grad. As part of the modernization program, a new 128mm rocket with a range of 50 kilometres (31 mi) and improved circular error probable (CEP) will be produced by Krušik. For the needs of the Serbian Army, the modernization process entailed a switch to modern digitalized technology, which enables the crew to occupy a firing position, fire their rockets and leave three minutes without exiting the vehicle, whereas it previously took 26 minutes to assume a position and fire a salvo. At that time, it included occupying the orientation position and determining the coordinates of the firing position, directing the weapon in the azimuth of the basic direction, calculating the initial elements, correction and group shooting. Due to the new automatic aiming line, automatic determination of the coordinates of the firing position and shooting elements, as well as the new inertial navigation system and GPRS navigation, the modernized variant is able to open fire much faster, more precisely and with a greater effect on the target. New M-18 missiles with a range of up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) have also been introduced, as has a new rocket with path correction and with a range of up to 50 kilometres (31 mi). The latter has entered serial production for delivery to the Serbian Army.
Further development of the M-77 concept and the LRSVM Morava led to the creation of the new modular rocket launcher M-18 Oganj, which contains an armored cabin on a 6x6 chassis for up-close battlefield action. It is also capable of launching the Košava 1 and ALAS missiles, among others.
Modernized M-77 Oganj
Modernized M-77 Oganj
Modernized M-77 Oganj
Operators
Map with M-77 operators in blue and former operators in red
Current operators
Bosnia and Herzegovina – 20
Croatia – 12 (uses 122mm rockets)
Serbia – 60
Former operators
Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states
See also
Related development
M-63 Plamen – (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
M-87 Orkan – (Yugoslavia)
M-18 Oganj – (Serbia)
Comparable systems
BM-21 Grad – (Soviet Union)
LAROM – (Romania)
RM-70 – (Czechoslovakia)
WR-40 Langusta – (Poland)
Compatible with
LRSVM Morava – (Serbia) - newly developed MLRS for Serbian Army as well as exports; planned replacement of M-77 Oganj and M-63 Plamen
References
^ Obrad Vucurović Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "M-77 Oganj". man.fas.org.
^ "Vulin: Vojska Srbije ne prestaje sa modernizacijom i opremanjem".
^ "Ministar Vulin: Unapređujemo borbenu gotovost".
^ Administrator. "Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground armed defense forces military equipment armored vehicle UK | Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground forces UK | East Europe UK". www.armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
^ Military Balance 2016. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Arundel House, Temple Place, London, UK. 9 February 2016. ISBN 978-1-85743-835-2. OCLC 920018706.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to M-77 Oganj.
vteMilitary Technical InstituteMilitary aircraftAttack aircraft
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Mortar 60 mm M06C (Commando)
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Universal Mortar UB M52
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Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"self-propelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"multiple rocket launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The M-77 Oganj (from Serbian: огањ, lit. 'fire') is a 128mm self-propelled multiple rocket launcher developed in the former Yugoslavia. Its NATO designation is YMRL-32.","title":"M-77 Oganj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Technical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Technical_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika_automobila_Priboj"},{"link_name":"FAP 2026 BDS/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAP_2026"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"military deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_deception"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Development of the system began in 1968. Professor Obrad Vučurović, mechanical engineer and Chief Operating Officer of the Military Technical Institute's Artillery Department, was responsible for overseeing its development and production.[1]The six pre-serial production models were based on a FAP 2220 6x6 truck and were shown to the public for the first time in 1975. Serial production commenced two years later. The serial production variant is mounted on FAP 2026 BDS/A 6x6 truck bed. The rocket system is placed on the back of the platform and contains 32 128mm launch tubes capable of reaching targets 20.6 kilometres (12.8 mi) away. The system is operated by five personnel.[2] One of its unique features is its retracting canvas, which allows the rocket launcher to be easily disguised and makes it difficult for the enemy to spot until the crew is ready to fire. It is thus an effective means of military deception.[citation needed] In 1994, Serbia developed a new version called the M-94 Oganj C, which could fire the rockets M91 (cluster-type warhead with 40 submunition grenades) and M77 (HE warhead). This version featured a 32-rocket reloading system which makes it possible to fully reload and launch a second salvo within three minutes.[citation needed]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"BM-21 Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM-21_Grad"},{"link_name":"circular error probable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable"},{"link_name":"Krušik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1ik_(company)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"LRSVM Morava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRSVM_Morava"},{"link_name":"M-18 Oganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-18_Oganj"},{"link_name":"Košava 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ava_1"},{"link_name":"ALAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAS_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oganj_modularni_lanser.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modernizovani_Ognjevi_-_Odbrana_slobode_2019_Ni%C5%A1_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-77_Oganj_modularni.jpg"}],"text":"The Military Technical Institute has prepared a modernization package for the system on request from the Serbian Armed Forces which includes a modern navigation and fire control system. The rocket launcher was also modified to be able to fire several different types of rockets, including the 122mm BM-21 Grad. As part of the modernization program, a new 128mm rocket with a range of 50 kilometres (31 mi) and improved circular error probable (CEP) will be produced by Krušik. For the needs of the Serbian Army, the modernization process entailed a switch to modern digitalized technology, which enables the crew to occupy a firing position, fire their rockets and leave three minutes without exiting the vehicle, whereas it previously took 26 minutes to assume a position and fire a salvo. At that time, it included occupying the orientation position and determining the coordinates of the firing position, directing the weapon in the azimuth of the basic direction, calculating the initial elements, correction and group shooting. Due to the new automatic aiming line, automatic determination of the coordinates of the firing position and shooting elements, as well as the new inertial navigation system and GPRS navigation, the modernized variant is able to open fire much faster, more precisely and with a greater effect on the target. New M-18 missiles with a range of up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) have also been introduced, as has a new rocket with path correction and with a range of up to 50 kilometres (31 mi). The latter has entered serial production for delivery to the Serbian Army.Further development of the M-77 concept and the LRSVM Morava led to the creation of the new modular rocket launcher M-18 Oganj, which contains an armored cabin on a 6x6 chassis for up-close battlefield action. It is also capable of launching the Košava 1 and ALAS missiles, among others.[3][4]Modernized M-77 Oganj\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModernized M-77 Oganj\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModernized M-77 Oganj","title":"Modernization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-77_operators.png"}],"text":"Map with M-77 operators in blue and former operators in red","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"Bosnia and Herzegovina – 20[5]\n Croatia – 12 (uses 122mm rockets)\n Serbia – 60[6]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states","title":"Operators"}] | [{"image_text":"Map with M-77 operators in blue and former operators in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/M-77_operators.png/300px-M-77_operators.png"}] | [] | [{"reference":"\"M-77 Oganj\". man.fas.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/row/m-77.htm","url_text":"\"M-77 Oganj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vulin: Vojska Srbije ne prestaje sa modernizacijom i opremanjem\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/vulin-vojska-srbije-ne-prestaje-sa-modernizacijom-i-opremanjem_1118242.html","url_text":"\"Vulin: Vojska Srbije ne prestaje sa modernizacijom i opremanjem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministar Vulin: Unapređujemo borbenu gotovost\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mod.gov.rs/lat/15942/ministar-vulin-unapredjujemo-borbenu-gotovost-15942","url_text":"\"Ministar Vulin: Unapređujemo borbenu gotovost\""}]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground armed defense forces military equipment armored vehicle UK | Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground forces UK | East Europe UK\". www.armyrecognition.com. 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OCLC 920018706.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-835-2","url_text":"978-1-85743-835-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920018706","url_text":"920018706"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.vucurovic.mbcstudio.info/index.htm","external_links_name":"Obrad Vucurović"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302064645/http://www.vucurovic.mbcstudio.info/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/row/m-77.htm","external_links_name":"\"M-77 Oganj\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/vulin-vojska-srbije-ne-prestaje-sa-modernizacijom-i-opremanjem_1118242.html","external_links_name":"\"Vulin: Vojska Srbije ne prestaje sa modernizacijom i opremanjem\""},{"Link":"http://www.mod.gov.rs/lat/15942/ministar-vulin-unapredjujemo-borbenu-gotovost-15942","external_links_name":"\"Ministar Vulin: Unapređujemo borbenu gotovost\""},{"Link":"https://www.armyrecognition.com/bosnia_herzegovina_army_land_ground_forces_uk/bosnia_herzegovina_army_land_ground_armed_defense_forces_military_equipment_armored_vehicle_uk.html","external_links_name":"\"Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground armed defense forces military equipment armored vehicle UK | Bosnia Herzegovina army land ground forces UK | East Europe UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920018706","external_links_name":"920018706"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Tonadillas_en_estilo_antiguo | 12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo | ["1 Composition and publication history","2 External links"] | 12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo, H. 136, is a collection of 12 songs by Spanish composer Enrique Granados with texts by Fernando Periquet . Together with Canciones amatorias they are considered to be the most important vocal works by Granados.
Composition and publication history
The original title of the composition is Collección de tonadillas escritas en estilo antiguo. The songs were first published in 1912-1913 and 1915 by Casa Dotesio (its name being changed in 1913 to Unión musical Española). When the collection was finished, the order of the songs was rearranged. Hence, there are two numbering systems.
Orig.
Later
Title
Text incipit
Key
Tempo indication
Dedicatee
year
Notes
9
1
Amor y odio: Tonadilla
Pensé que yo sabría
G minor
Allegretto
Maria Barrientos
1913
10
2
Callejeo: Tonadilla
Dos horas ha que callejeo
A major
Allegro risoluto
Maria Barrientos
1913
2
3
El majo discreto: Tonadilla
Dicen que mi majo es feo
A major
Allegretto
–
1912
12
4
El majo olvidado: Tonada o canción
Cuando recuerdes los días
F minor
Andantino
Emilio de Gogorza
1915
4
5
El majo tímido: Tonadilla
Llega a mi reja
B♭ major
Allegro
–
1912
8
6
El mirar de la maja: Tonadilla
¿Por qué es en mis ojos...?
A♭ minor
Allegro
Maria Barrientos
1913
Notated with no key signature
3
7
El tra-la-la y el punteado: Tonadilla
Es en balde, majo mio
A major
Allegro
–
1912
1
8
La maja de Goya: Tonadilla
De Goya sabréis, sin duda – Yo no olvidaré en mi vida
A major
Allegretto comodo – Andantino quasi allegretto
–
1912
Consists of two parts: in the first a long text is spoken with piano accompaniment, the second is the song proper
5
9
La maja dolorosa: 3 Tonadillas: N. 1
¡Oh muerte cruel!
F minor
Andantino dramático
–
1912
With English horn ad libitum
6
10
La maja dolorosa: 3 Tonadillas: N. 2
¡Ay majo de mi vida!
A minor
Andantino con dolore
–
1912
7
11
La maja dolorosa: 3 Tonadillas: N. 3
De aquel majo amante
B minor
Andantino
–
1912
11
12
Las currutacas modestas: Tonadilla
Decid qué damiselas
A♭ major
Quasi andantino
–
1913
For 2 voices
External links
12 Tonadillas en estilo antiguo: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Aviñoa, Xosé (2015). Guia interpretativa - Tonadillas en estilo antiguo (PDF) (in Spanish). Boileau.
Authority control databases National
United States
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bibiena | Galli da Bibiena family | ["1 Sons and daughter","2 Grandsons","3 Greatgrandsons","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Bibbiena, Italy - origin of the Galli–Bibiena family
The Galli–Bibiena family, or Galli da Bibiena (also spelled "Bibbiena"), was a family of Italian artists of the 17th and 18th centuries, including:
father, Giovanni Maria Galli da Bibiena (1625–1665)
daughter Maria Oriana Galli Bibiena (1656–1749), Italian painter
son Ferdinando Galli Bibiena (1656–1743), Italian architect/designer
son Francesco Galli Bibiena (1659–1739), Italian architect
grandson, Alessandro Galli Bibiena (1686–1748), architect/painter
grandson, Giuseppe Galli Bibiena (1696–1757), Italian designer
grandson, Antonio Galli Bibiena (1697–1774), Italian architect
grandson, Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena (1717–1760), architect/designer
greatgrandson, Carlo Galli Bibiena (1728–1787), designer, son of Giuseppe Galli Bibiena
The Galli–Bibiena family derives its name from the surname and birthplace of papa Giovanni Maria Galli (1625 - 21 June 1665), who was born at Bibbiena (Italy) outside Florence. Giovanni was a student of painting and assistant under Francesco Albani, being, evidently, adept at the depiction of water scenes. He produced faithful copies of his master’s paintings. His surviving independent works include an Ascension (1651; Bologna, Certosa) and in the church of Buon Gesù, Bologna, a frescoed St Bernardino and two sibyls. Giovanni Maria Galli–Bibiena died on 21 June 1665 in Bologna, but he had laid the foundations of an artistry which was continued by his descendants, who dedicated themselves to architectural work and set design for the theatre.
Using the highly ornate style of late baroque sculpture and architecture, the members of the Galli–Bibiena family produced a series of theatrical and other designs that are exceptional for their intricate splendour and spacious proportions achieved by detailed perspective.
From about 1690 to 1787, eight Bibienas designed and painted for many of the courts of Europe with intricate settings for operas, weddings, and funerals. The Habsburgs were their most generous patrons.
The works of the Galli–Bibiena family in theatrical scenery were not executed in durable material. Also, because their decorative works for court functions were necessarily temporary, few of their creations have survived; however, the richness and splendour of their works can be judged from drawings made at the time, which have been preserved in great numbers and are found mainly in collections at Vienna, Munich, Dresden and Montreal.
Sons and daughter
Maria Oriana Galli–Bibiena (1656–1749), Italian portrait painter, born at Bologna, was daughter of Giovanni Maria Galli. Maria studied with Carlo Cignani and Marcantonio Franceschini, and she specialized in portraits and history pictures. She married the younger landscape painter Gioacchino Pizzoli (1661–1773), and later, their son Domenico Pizzoli (1687–1720) also became a painter. Maria, at age 93, had outlived her famous brothers and died in Bologna in 1749.
Ferdinando Galli Bibiena (18 August 1656 – 3 January 1743), born at Bologna, was the first son of Giovanni Maria Galli. He studied painting from Carlo Cignani and architecture from Giulio Troili. He worked for the duke of Parma 30 years, on the villa and garden of Colorno, but also worked for the theatre. In 1708, at Barcelona, he arranged decorations for wedding festivities of the prince, future Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; Ferdinando went to Vienna and worked on designs of scenery and decorations for court festivities and the opera. Returning to Bologna in 1717, he was elected a member of the Clementine Academy. Beginning in 1731, he built the Mantua royal theatre (which burned in 1781). He wrote several books, including: L'Architettura civile (1711; "Civil Architecture" and various titles) and Varie opere di prospettiva (1703–1708; "Various Works of Perspective").
Francesco Galli Bibiena (12 December 1659 – 20 January 1739), Italian architect and designer, was born at Bologna as the second son of Giovanni Maria Galli. He studied under both Lorenzo Pasinelli and Carlo Cignani. After working at Piacenza, Parma, and Rome, he then became the ducal architect at Mantua. After living in Genoa and Naples, Francesco Galli Bibiena was called by Emperor Leopold I to the Vienna Hofburg, where in 1700, he built a large theatre, the Große Komödiensaal ("Grand Hall of Comedies"), which became the Court Theater (Burgtheater). After a short stay in Italy and in Lorraine, he was invited by Emperor Joseph I, back to the Hofburg, to work as the "First Theatrical Engineer" and as a scene-painter/decorator from 1709-1712. Francesco was architect of the great theatre in Nancy, France; of the Teatro Filarmonico at Verona (Verona Philharmonic Theatre, which some have called the finest theatre in Italy); and of the Teatro Alibert in Rome. In 1726, Francesco returned to Bologna, where he directed the Clementine Academy.
Grandsons
Alessandro Galli Bibiena (15 October 1686 Parma – 5 May 1748 Mannheim), Italian architect and painter, was the eldest son of Ferdinando and was born at Parma. In 1719, Alessandro became architect and painter at the court for the elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate (in Germany). Among the major works of Alessandro, were the right wing of the castle and the opera house (which both burned in 1795) and also the Jesuit church at Mannheim. Some German documents use the name "Alessandro Galli di Bibiena".
Giuseppe Galli Bibiena (5 January 1696 Parma – 12 March 1757 Berlin), the second son of Ferdinando, born on 5 January 1696 at Parma, became the most distinguished artist of the Galli–Bibiena family. From 1723 to 1747, he worked as "His Majesty's First Theatrical Engineer" for Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, where he decorated all of the Habsburg celebratory festivities. Together with his younger brother Antonio, he designed theater decorations and for festivities in Vienna, also Linz, Graz, and Prague (1723 "Costanza e Fortezza" at Hradčany castle). In 1753, he moved to Berlin in the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia, where he died three years later.
Antonio Galli Bibiena (1 January 1700 Parma – 28 January 1774 Milan), Italian architect, born in Parma, third son of Ferdinando, had been a pupil of Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole and later of Marcantonio Franceschini. Antonio became the architect of the Teatro Scientifico, intened for the solemn events of the National Virgilian Academy at Mantua (Italy), and architect of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. He was also employed at the Hofburg court of Vienna. Antonio died in Mantua in 1774, at age 74.
Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena (11 August 1717 Bologna – 20 November 1760 Ajuda, Lisbon), architect/designer, the son of Francesco, designed the staircase of Palazzo Savini and a chapel, the Cappella di San Antonio in San Bartolommeo di Porta Ravegnana in Bologna, and the decorative scheme for the high altar of the San Petronio Basilica, Bologna, for the Bolognese Pope Benedict XIV. From 1752-55, he designed and built the Ópera do Tejo in Lisbon, but the opera house was destroyed seven months after completion by the 1755 earthquake. He died five years later.
Greatgrandsons
Carlo Galli Bibiena (1728–1787), son of Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, was born in Vienna. This last member of the theatrical Bibienas traveled farther from home than the rest of the family. Carlo Galli Bibiena worked in 8 countries, including: Germany, France, Austria, the Netherlands (1746–1760), London (1763), Naples (1772, where Carlo published five opera sets); Stockholm (1774); and St. Petersburg, Russia (until 1778). He died in Florence in 1787, near age 59.
See also
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt - architect in Hofburg, with Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena.
Notes
^
"Ferdinando Galli Bibiena Online" (overview), John Malyon,
Artcyclopedia, 2005, Artcyclopedia.com webpage:
Artcyc-FBibiena.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r
"Bibiena, Galli da, Family" (history),
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 18-November-2006, Britannica.com webpage:
EB-Bibienas.
^ a b
Galli de Bibiena collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture, webpage:
"Baroque Scenography: The Galli Bibiena Family".
^ a b c "Galli–Bibiena, Ferdinando" (history),
Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, Aeiou-Austria webpage:
aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena Archived 2012-12-30 at archive.today:
has dates, Farnese dynasty, travel to Barcelona for Karl VI.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m
"Artists' Biographies: Galli–Bibiena ,"
artnet - The art world online, NY, 2006, webpage:
an-GBibiena
("artnet" is a trademark of artnet Worldwide Corporation).
^ a b c
"Galli–Bibiena, Francesco" (biography),
Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, aeiou-Austria webpage:
aeiou-FrancescoGBibiena:
has dates, work for Leopold I, designed Große Komödiensaal.
^
"Museum Haus Cajeth - Galerie & Buchhandlung" (Heidelberg),
Hans-Martin Mumm, Heidelberg, Germany, October 2004, webpage:
Cajeth-House-gallery.
^ "Galli–Bibiena, Giuseppe" (dates, with Friedrich the Great),
Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, aeiou-Austria webpage:
aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena Archived 2012-12-30 at archive.today.
References
A. H. Mayor, The Bibiena Family, 1940.
Dunbar H. Ogden, The Italian Baroque Stage, Berkeley, 1978. ISBN 0-520-03006-0.
External links
Architectural and ornament drawings : Juvarra, Vanvitelli, the Bibiena family, & other Italian draughtsmen, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the family (see index)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
3
4
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
Museum of Modern Art
ULAN
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaCCA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAEFe-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Maria Galli da Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Galli_da_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Francesco Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Carlo_Galli-Bibiena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Bibbiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbiena"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Francesco Albani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Albani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"frescoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"sibyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"set design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_design"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"late baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"weddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"},{"link_name":"funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaCCA-3"}],"text":"The Galli–Bibiena family, or Galli da Bibiena (also spelled \"Bibbiena\"), was a family of Italian artists of the 17th and 18th centuries, including:[1][2][3][4][5]father, Giovanni Maria Galli da Bibiena (1625–1665)\ndaughter Maria Oriana Galli Bibiena (1656–1749), Italian painter\nson Ferdinando Galli Bibiena (1656–1743), Italian architect/designer\nson Francesco Galli Bibiena (1659–1739), Italian architect\ngrandson, Alessandro Galli Bibiena (1686–1748), architect/painter\ngrandson, Giuseppe Galli Bibiena (1696–1757), Italian designer\ngrandson, Antonio Galli Bibiena (1697–1774), Italian architect\ngrandson, Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena (1717–1760), architect/designer[5]\ngreatgrandson, Carlo Galli Bibiena (1728–1787), designer, son of Giuseppe Galli BibienaThe Galli–Bibiena family derives its name from the surname and birthplace of papa Giovanni Maria Galli (1625 - 21 June 1665),[5] who was born at Bibbiena (Italy) outside Florence.[2] Giovanni was a student of painting and assistant under Francesco Albani, being, evidently, adept at the depiction of water scenes.[5] He produced faithful copies of his master’s paintings. His surviving independent works include an Ascension (1651; Bologna, Certosa) and in the church of Buon Gesù, Bologna, a frescoed St Bernardino and two sibyls.[5] Giovanni Maria Galli–Bibiena died on 21 June 1665 in Bologna,[5] but he had laid the foundations of an artistry which was continued by his descendants, who dedicated themselves to architectural work and set design for the theatre.[2]Using the highly ornate style of late baroque sculpture and architecture, the members of the Galli–Bibiena family produced a series of theatrical and other designs that are exceptional for their intricate splendour and spacious proportions achieved by detailed perspective.[2]From about 1690 to 1787, eight Bibienas designed and painted for many of the courts of Europe with intricate settings for operas, weddings, and funerals. The Habsburgs were their most generous patrons.[2]The works of the Galli–Bibiena family in theatrical scenery were not executed in durable material. Also, because their decorative works for court functions were necessarily temporary, few of their creations have survived; however, the richness and splendour of their works can be judged from drawings made at the time, which have been preserved in great numbers and are found mainly in collections at Vienna, Munich, Dresden and Montreal.[2][3]","title":"Galli da Bibiena family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portrait painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cignani"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Franceschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Franceschini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Gioacchino Pizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Pizzoli"},{"link_name":"Domenico Pizzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Pizzoli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAEFe-4"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cignani"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Giulio Troili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Troili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAEFe-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Clementine Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_Academy"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Francesco Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAE2-6"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Pasinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Pasinelli"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cignani"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"ducal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Hofburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg"},{"link_name":"Burgtheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgtheater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAE2-6"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(province)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaAE2-6"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Nancy, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"Teatro Filarmonico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Filarmonico"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Verona Philharmonic Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_Philharmonic_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Teatro Alibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Alibert"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"}],"text":"Maria Oriana Galli–Bibiena (1656–1749), Italian portrait painter, born at Bologna, was daughter of Giovanni Maria Galli.[5] Maria studied with Carlo Cignani and Marcantonio Franceschini, and she specialized in portraits and history pictures.[5] She married the younger landscape painter Gioacchino Pizzoli (1661–1773), and later, their son Domenico Pizzoli (1687–1720) also became a painter. Maria, at age 93, had outlived her famous brothers and died in Bologna in 1749.[5]Ferdinando Galli Bibiena (18 August 1656 – 3 January 1743),[4] born at Bologna, was the first son of Giovanni Maria Galli.[2] He studied painting from Carlo Cignani and architecture from Giulio Troili. He worked for the duke of Parma 30 years,[4] on the villa and garden of Colorno, but also worked for the theatre.[2] In 1708, at Barcelona, he arranged decorations for wedding festivities of the prince, future Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; Ferdinando went to Vienna and worked on designs of scenery and decorations for court festivities and the opera. Returning to Bologna in 1717, he was elected a member of the Clementine Academy. Beginning in 1731, he built the Mantua royal theatre (which burned in 1781). He wrote several books, including: L'Architettura civile (1711; \"Civil Architecture\" and various titles) and Varie opere di prospettiva (1703–1708; \"Various Works of Perspective\").[2]Francesco Galli Bibiena (12 December 1659 – 20 January 1739),[6] Italian architect and designer, was born at Bologna as the second son of Giovanni Maria Galli.[2] He studied under both Lorenzo Pasinelli and Carlo Cignani. After working at Piacenza, Parma, and Rome, he then became the ducal architect at Mantua. After living in Genoa and Naples, Francesco Galli Bibiena was called by Emperor Leopold I to the Vienna Hofburg, where in 1700, he built a large theatre, the Große Komödiensaal (\"Grand Hall of Comedies\"), which became the Court Theater (Burgtheater).[6] After a short stay in Italy and in Lorraine, he was invited by Emperor Joseph I, back to the Hofburg, to work as the \"First Theatrical Engineer\" and as a scene-painter/decorator from 1709-1712.[6] Francesco was architect of the great theatre in Nancy, France; of the Teatro Filarmonico at Verona (Verona Philharmonic Theatre, which some have called the finest theatre in Italy); and of the Teatro Alibert in Rome. In 1726, Francesco returned to Bologna, where he directed the Clementine Academy.[2]","title":"Sons and daughter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Electorate of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cajeth-7"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Galli Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAEGi-8"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Hradčany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrad%C4%8Dany"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gioseffo_dal_Sole"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Franceschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Franceschini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Teatro Scientifico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Bibiena"},{"link_name":"National Virgilian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_Virgiliana_di_Scienze_Lettere_ed_Arti"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Teatro Comunale di Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Carlo_Galli-Bibiena"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Savini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Savini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cappella di San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappella_di_San_Antonio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Bartolommeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Bartolommeo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Petronio Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petronio_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"},{"link_name":"Ópera do Tejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera_do_Tejo"},{"link_name":"1755 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibienaAN-5"}],"text":"Alessandro Galli Bibiena (15 October 1686 Parma – 5 May 1748 Mannheim), Italian architect and painter, was the eldest son of Ferdinando and was born at Parma.[2] In 1719, Alessandro became architect and painter at the court for the elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate (in Germany). Among the major works of Alessandro, were the right wing of the castle and the opera house (which both burned in 1795) and also the Jesuit church at Mannheim.[2] Some German documents use the name \"Alessandro Galli di Bibiena\".[7]Giuseppe Galli Bibiena (5 January 1696 Parma – 12 March 1757 Berlin),[8] the second son of Ferdinando, born on 5 January 1696 at Parma, became the most distinguished artist of the Galli–Bibiena family.[2] From 1723 to 1747, he worked as \"His Majesty's First Theatrical Engineer\" for Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, where he decorated all of the Habsburg celebratory festivities. Together with his younger brother Antonio, he designed theater decorations and for festivities in Vienna, also Linz, Graz, and Prague (1723 \"Costanza e Fortezza\" at Hradčany castle). In 1753, he moved to Berlin in the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia, where he died three years later.Antonio Galli Bibiena (1 January 1700 Parma – 28 January 1774 Milan), Italian architect, born in Parma, third son of Ferdinando, had been a pupil of Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole and later of Marcantonio Franceschini.[5] Antonio became the architect of the Teatro Scientifico, intened for the solemn events of the National Virgilian Academy at Mantua (Italy), and architect of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna.[2] He was also employed at the Hofburg court of Vienna.[2] Antonio died in Mantua in 1774, at age 74.[5]Giovanni Carlo Galli-Bibiena (11 August 1717 Bologna – 20 November 1760 Ajuda, Lisbon), architect/designer, the son of Francesco, designed the staircase of Palazzo Savini and a chapel, the Cappella di San Antonio in San Bartolommeo di Porta Ravegnana in Bologna, and the decorative scheme for the high altar of the San Petronio Basilica, Bologna, for the Bolognese Pope Benedict XIV.[5] From 1752-55, he designed and built the Ópera do Tejo in Lisbon, but the opera house was destroyed seven months after completion by the 1755 earthquake. He died five years later.[5]","title":"Grandsons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBibienaEB-2"}],"text":"Carlo Galli Bibiena (1728–1787), son of Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, was born in Vienna.[2] This last member of the theatrical Bibienas traveled farther from home than the rest of the family. Carlo Galli Bibiena worked in 8 countries, including: Germany, France, Austria, the Netherlands (1746–1760), London (1763), Naples (1772, where Carlo published five opera sets); Stockholm (1774); and St. Petersburg, Russia (until 1778). He died in Florence in 1787, near age 59.[2]","title":"Greatgrandsons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAC_1-0"},{"link_name":"Artcyc-FBibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/bibiena_ferdinando_galli.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaEB_2-17"},{"link_name":"EB-Bibienas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079095/Galli-da-Bibiena-family"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaCCA_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaCCA_3-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centre for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture"},{"link_name":"\"Baroque Scenography: The Galli Bibiena Family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303170926/http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/collection/553-baroque-scenography-the-galli-bibiena-family"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAEFe_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAEFe_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAEFe_4-2"},{"link_name":"aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g060411.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121230105924/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g060411.htm"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAN_5-12"},{"link_name":"NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"an-GBibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artnet.com/library/03/0305/T030524.asp"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAE2_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAE2_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FBibienaAE2_6-2"},{"link_name":"aeiou-FrancescoGBibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g059125.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cajeth_7-0"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Cajeth-House-gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cajeth.de/galerie.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BibienaAEGi_8-0"},{"link_name":"Friedrich the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_the_Great"},{"link_name":"aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g060411.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121230105924/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g060411.htm"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"}],"text":"^ \n \"Ferdinando Galli Bibiena Online\" (overview), John Malyon,\n Artcyclopedia, 2005, Artcyclopedia.com webpage:\n Artcyc-FBibiena.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r \n \"Bibiena, Galli da, Family\" (history),\n Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 18-November-2006, Britannica.com webpage:\n EB-Bibienas.\n\n^ a b \n Galli de Bibiena collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture, webpage:\n \"Baroque Scenography: The Galli Bibiena Family\".\n\n^ a b c \"Galli–Bibiena, Ferdinando\" (history),\n Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, Aeiou-Austria webpage:\n aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena Archived 2012-12-30 at archive.today:\n has dates, Farnese dynasty, travel to Barcelona for Karl VI.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m \n \"Artists' Biographies: Galli–Bibiena [Galli da Bibiena],\"\n artnet - The art world online, NY, 2006, webpage:\n an-GBibiena\n (\"artnet\" is a trademark of artnet Worldwide Corporation).\n\n^ a b c \n \"Galli–Bibiena, Francesco\" (biography),\n Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, aeiou-Austria webpage:\n aeiou-FrancescoGBibiena:\n has dates, work for Leopold I, designed Große Komödiensaal.\n\n^ \n \"Museum Haus Cajeth - Galerie & Buchhandlung\" (Heidelberg),\n Hans-Martin Mumm, Heidelberg, Germany, October 2004, webpage:\n Cajeth-House-gallery.\n\n^ \"Galli–Bibiena, Giuseppe\" (dates, with Friedrich the Great),\n Encyclopedia of Austria, 2006, aeiou-Austria webpage:\n aeiou-FerdinandoGBibiena Archived 2012-12-30 at archive.today.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Bibbiena, Italy - origin of the Galli–Bibiena family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bibbiena_-_Panorama.jpg/290px-Bibbiena_-_Panorama.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Lukas_von_Hildebrandt"},{"title":"Hofburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg"},{"title":"Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli-Bibiena"}] | [] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_literature | Fijian literature | ["1 Sources"] | History of literature in Fiji
Among the first published works of Fijian literature, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, were Vivekanand Sharma (in Hindi), Raymond Pillai's and Subramani's short stories (in English) and Pio Manoa's poetry (in English and in Fijian). The emergence of Fiji's written literature (as distinct from oral literature) coincides with the country's transition to independence in 1970.
Dr Vivekanand Sharma wrote several novels such as "To An Unknown Horizon" (Anjaan Kshitij ki Ore), "The Waves of the Pacific" (Prashant Ki Laherein). He made several radio plays, established schools and promoted Hindi in various levels in Fiji. He has been awarded by the Government of India, Mauritius and locally by the Sanatan Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji for his immense contribution in Fiji literature.
In 1968, the founding of the University of the South Pacific, whose main campus has been in Fiji's capital Suva, provided a stimulus for Fijian (and, more widely, Pacific Islander) literature. Creative writing courses and workshops were set up. The South Pacific Arts Society was founded at the university in 1973, and published Pacific Islander literature (poetry and short stories) in the magazine Pacific Islands Monthly. In 1974, the Society founded the publishing house Mana Publications, followed in 1976 by the art and literature journal Mana. The journal published anthologies of Fijian poetry. Playwright Vilsoni Hereniko's work also began to appear in this print at this time.
Among Fiji's most noted writers are Satendra Nandan, author of poetry, short stories and the semi-autobiographical novel The Wounded Sea, published in 1991. Fiji poet Sudesh Mishra "combines classical Indian poetic forms with an English peppered with Hindi and Fijian words"; his collections of poems include Tandava (1992) and Rahu (1997). Larry Thomas is a contemporary playwright and director. His 1998 play The Anniversary Present has been described as "captur the words and rhythms and creative power of the basilectal 'Fiji English' many of his marginalised characters speak: the young, the unemployed, disempowered women and men". Joseph Veramo is a contemporary novelist, whose works include the novel Moving Through the Streets (1994), the children's book The Shark, and Black Messiah, a collection published in 1989 which includes short stories and a novella.
Sources
"English in the South Pacific", John Lynch and France Mugler, University of the South Pacific
vteFiji articlesHistory
Heads of state
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Colonial period
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OutlineIndex
Category
vteOceanian literatureSovereign states
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This article about literature from a country or region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vivekanand Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekanand_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_language"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"written literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"oral literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_literature"},{"link_name":"Vivekanand Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekanand_Sharma"},{"link_name":"The Waves of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptAd5IVBivk&t=86s"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Sanatan Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanatan_Pratinidhi_Sabha_of_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of the South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"Creative writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Monthly"},{"link_name":"Playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Vilsoni Hereniko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilsoni_Hereniko"},{"link_name":"Satendra Nandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satendra_Nandan"},{"link_name":"semi-autobiographical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographical_novel"},{"link_name":"Sudesh Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudesh_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Fiji English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_English"}],"text":"Among the first published works of Fijian literature, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, were Vivekanand Sharma (in Hindi), Raymond Pillai's and Subramani's short stories (in English) and Pio Manoa's poetry (in English and in Fijian). The emergence of Fiji's written literature (as distinct from oral literature) coincides with the country's transition to independence in 1970.Dr Vivekanand Sharma wrote several novels such as \"To An Unknown Horizon\" (Anjaan Kshitij ki Ore), \"The Waves of the Pacific\" (Prashant Ki Laherein). He made several radio plays, established schools and promoted Hindi in various levels in Fiji. He has been awarded by the Government of India, Mauritius and locally by the Sanatan Pratinidhi Sabha of Fiji for his immense contribution in Fiji literature.In 1968, the founding of the University of the South Pacific, whose main campus has been in Fiji's capital Suva, provided a stimulus for Fijian (and, more widely, Pacific Islander) literature. Creative writing courses and workshops were set up. The South Pacific Arts Society was founded at the university in 1973, and published Pacific Islander literature (poetry and short stories) in the magazine Pacific Islands Monthly. In 1974, the Society founded the publishing house Mana Publications, followed in 1976 by the art and literature journal Mana. The journal published anthologies of Fijian poetry. Playwright Vilsoni Hereniko's work also began to appear in this print at this time.Among Fiji's most noted writers are Satendra Nandan, author of poetry, short stories and the semi-autobiographical novel The Wounded Sea, published in 1991. Fiji poet Sudesh Mishra \"combines classical Indian poetic forms with an English peppered with Hindi and Fijian words\"; his collections of poems include Tandava (1992) and Rahu (1997). Larry Thomas is a contemporary playwright and director. His 1998 play The Anniversary Present has been described as \"captur[ing] the words and rhythms and creative power of the basilectal 'Fiji English' many of his marginalised characters speak: the young, the unemployed, disempowered women and men\". Joseph Veramo is a contemporary novelist, whose works include the novel Moving Through the Streets (1994), the children's book The Shark, and Black Messiah, a collection published in 1989 which includes short stories and a novella.","title":"Fijian literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"English in the South Pacific\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081206173414/http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/paclangunit/English_South_Pacific.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fiji_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fiji_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiji_topics"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Fiji-related_articles"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Heads of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn_railway_station | Penryn railway station | ["1 History","1.1 Passing Loop","2 Signalling","3 Services","4 Community Rail","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°10′12″N 5°06′40″W / 50.170°N 5.111°W / 50.170; -5.111Railway station in Cornwall, England
Not to be confused with Penrhyn railway station.
PenrynPennrynnLooking towards Truro railway stationGeneral informationLocationPenryn, CornwallEnglandCoordinates50°10′12″N 5°06′40″W / 50.170°N 5.111°W / 50.170; -5.111Grid referenceSW779346Managed byGreat Western RailwayPlatforms2Other informationStation codePYNClassificationDfT category F1HistoryOriginal companyCornwall RailwayPre-groupingGreat Western RailwayPost-groupingGreat Western RailwayKey datesOpened24 August 1863Re-sited24 June 1923Passengers2018/19 0.240 million2019/20 0.248 million2020/21 99,7942021/22 0.269 million2022/23 0.258 million
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Penryn railway station (Cornish: Pennrynn) is on the Maritime Line between Truro and Falmouth Docks, and serves the town of Penryn, Cornwall as well as Penryn Campus (formerly known as Tremough Campus).
History
The station was opened on 24 August 1863 when the Cornwall Railway opened the line from Truro to Falmouth, it was sometimes known as Penryn for Helston.
It originally had 2 platforms either side of a passing loop, a goods shed with several sidings to south, one of which was equipped with a 2-ton crane, the yard was able to accommodate live stock and most types of goods.
On 24 June 1923 the station was relocated nearby. The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1934 to 1938.
The station layout was rationalised to just a single platform when the line was being run by British Rail.
On Monday 8 April 2013 Pay and display was introduced for the station car park.Direction signs erected in 2009
Passing Loop
A new 400-metre (440 yd) passing loop was installed in 2008, being brought into use in 2009 before the new timetable commenced on 17 May as this called for two trains to be in operation on the branch for most of the day. To pay for this work £4.67million was provided from European Union funds, £2.5million from Cornwall Council, and £600,000 from Network Rail. The new works were formally opened by Kevin Lavery, the Chief Executive of Cornwall Council, on 18 May 2009.
When constructing the loop a novel approach was adopted which avoided the building of a footbridge and works to the disused platform. The formerly disused northern end of the platform has been reinstated, and is now called Platform 2, and an extension has been built onto the southern end which is now called Platform 1. The middle section of the platform is now used to pass between the two. The extension and reinstatement creates a single platform of 238 metres (781 ft) in length; the southern end of the loop joins the main branch at the northern end of Platform 1. New modern shelters have been built on each platform, and the brick shelter from 1998 still exists.
The disused platform on the far side of the loop line was formerly used by northbound trains towards Truro.
Signalling
A diagram showing the right-hand running through the loop line (top of diagram is south west).
Signals are controlled from the signal box at Truro. Axle counters allow one train to be in the section between Penwithers Junction and Penryn, and another between Penryn and Falmouth Docks. The Up and Down Branch line (the platform line) is signalled for trains in either direction; the Down Loop is only signalled for trains towards Falmouth.
First, a train arrives in platform 2 from Falmouth...
then the train from Truro (left) runs through the loop...
and enters platform 1...
then both can leave once their passengers are on board.
Services
All trains on the Maritime Line are operated by Great Western Railway. They run seven days each week and operate every half-hour Monday to Saturday daytime and hourly at other times. Trains are scheduled to depart simultaneously for Truro and Falmouth.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Perranwell
Great Western RailwayMaritime Line
Penmere
Community Rail
The railway from Truro to Falmouth is designated as a community rail line and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the "Maritime Line" name.
References
^ Quick, Michael (2022) . Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology (PDF). version 5.04. Railway & Canal Historical Society. p. 358. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2022.
^ Grant, Donald J. (2017). Directory of the Railway Companies of Great Britain (1st ed.). Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-78803-768-6.
^ "Penryn station on OS 25 inch map Cornwall LXXI.6 (Budock; Mabe; Penryn; St Gluvias)". National Library of Scotland. 1907. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
^ "Penryn goods yard on OS 25 inch map Cornwall LXXI.7 (Budock; Falmouth; Mylor; Penryn)". National Library of Scotland. 1907. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
^ The Railway Clearing House (1970) . The Railway Clearing House Handbook of Railway Stations 1904 (1970 D&C Reprint ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles Reprints. p. 429. ISBN 0-7153-5120-6.
^ McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. p. 31. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.
^ Fountain, Greg (26 April 2013). "End of free parking at Penryn rail station". Falmouth Packet. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ "Penryn loop installed". Modern Railways. 65 (722). Ian Allan: 12. 2008. ISSN 0026-8356.
^ "National Rail Timetable 143 (Summer 2009)" (PDF). Network Rail. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
^ "Green light for Penryn loop". Modern Railways. 65 (718). Ian Allan Publishing: 9. 2008. ISSN 0026-8356.
^ Heaps, Chris (2009). "New loop revitalises Falmouth branch". Modern Railways. 66 (730). Ian Allan Publishing: 16. ISSN 0026-8356.
^ Jacobs, G.A. (2009). "Trackwatch". Modern Railways. 66 (731). Ian Allan: 17. ISSN 0026-8356.
^ Department for Transport, Rail Group (2006), Route prospectus for the … The Maritime Line
Further reading
Cornwall portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penryn railway station.
Bennett, Alan (1988). The Great Western Railway in Mid Cornwall. Southampton: Kingfisher Railway Publications. ISBN 0-946184-53-4.
External links
Train times and station information for Penryn railway station from National Rail
vteRailway stations in CornwallCornish Main Line(Penzance to Plymouth)
Penzance
St Erth
Hayle
Camborne
Redruth
Truro
St Austell
Par
Lostwithiel
Bodmin Parkway
Liskeard
Menheniot
St Germans
Saltash
St Ives Bay Line(St Erth to St Ives)
St Erth
Lelant Saltings
Lelant
Carbis Bay
St Ives
Maritime Line(Truro to Falmouth)
Truro
Perranwell
Penryn
Penmere
Falmouth Town
Falmouth Docks
Atlantic Coast line(Par to Newquay)
Par
Luxulyan
Bugle
Roche
St Columb Road
Quintrell Downs
Newquay
Looe Valley Line(Liskeard to Looe)
Liskeard
Coombe Junction Halt
St Keyne Wishing Well Halt
Causeland
Sandplace
Looe
Tamar Valley Line(Gunnislake to Plymouth)
Gunnislake
Calstock
Heritage RailwaysBodmin & Wenford
Bodmin Parkway
Colesloggett Halt
Bodmin General
Boscarne Junction
Nanstallon Halt (proposed)
Grogley Halt (proposed)
Wadebridge (proposed)
Helston Railway
Nancegollan (proposed)
Trevarno
Truthall Halt
Launceston Steam Railway
Launceston
Hunts Crossing
Canna Park
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The formerly disused northern end of the platform has been reinstated, and is now called Platform 2, and an extension has been built onto the southern end which is now called Platform 1. The middle section of the platform is now used to pass between the two. The extension and reinstatement creates a single platform of 238 metres (781 ft) in length; the southern end of the loop joins the main branch at the northern end of Platform 1. 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Retrieved 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/10383151.End_of_free_parking_at_Penryn_rail_station/","url_text":"\"End of free parking at Penryn rail station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penryn loop installed\". Modern Railways. 65 (722). Ian Allan: 12. 2008. ISSN 0026-8356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","url_text":"0026-8356"}]},{"reference":"\"National Rail Timetable 143 (Summer 2009)\" (PDF). Network Rail. Retrieved 11 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/eNRT/May09/timetables/Table143.pdf","url_text":"\"National Rail Timetable 143 (Summer 2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"\"Green light for Penryn loop\". Modern Railways. 65 (718). Ian Allan Publishing: 9. 2008. ISSN 0026-8356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","url_text":"0026-8356"}]},{"reference":"Heaps, Chris (2009). \"New loop revitalises Falmouth branch\". Modern Railways. 66 (730). Ian Allan Publishing: 16. ISSN 0026-8356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","url_text":"0026-8356"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, G.A. (2009). \"Trackwatch\". Modern Railways. 66 (731). Ian Allan: 17. ISSN 0026-8356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","url_text":"0026-8356"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Alan (1988). The Great Western Railway in Mid Cornwall. Southampton: Kingfisher Railway Publications. ISBN 0-946184-53-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946184-53-4","url_text":"0-946184-53-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penryn_railway_station¶ms=50.17_N_5.111_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"50°10′12″N 5°06′40″W / 50.170°N 5.111°W / 50.170; -5.111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penryn_railway_station¶ms=50.17_N_5.111_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"50°10′12″N 5°06′40″W / 50.170°N 5.111°W / 50.170; -5.111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penryn_railway_station¶ms=50.169646_N_5.111543_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=SW779346","external_links_name":"SW779346"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125151738/https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations.pdf","external_links_name":"Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology"},{"Link":"https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/105996253#zoom=5&lat=7166&lon=15225&layers=BT","external_links_name":"\"Penryn station on OS 25 inch map Cornwall LXXI.6 (Budock; Mabe; Penryn; St Gluvias)\""},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/105996256#zoom=5&lat=6150&lon=1475&layers=BT","external_links_name":"\"Penryn goods yard on OS 25 inch map Cornwall LXXI.7 (Budock; Falmouth; Mylor; Penryn)\""},{"Link":"http://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/10383151.End_of_free_parking_at_Penryn_rail_station/","external_links_name":"\"End of free parking at Penryn rail station\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","external_links_name":"0026-8356"},{"Link":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/eNRT/May09/timetables/Table143.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Rail Timetable 143 (Summer 2009)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","external_links_name":"0026-8356"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","external_links_name":"0026-8356"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8356","external_links_name":"0026-8356"},{"Link":"http://ojp.nationalrail.co.uk/service/ldbboard/dep/PYN","external_links_name":"Train times"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/PYN/details.html","external_links_name":"station information"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauman_Ijaz | Nauman Ijaz | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Films","3.2 Television serials","3.3 Webseries","3.4 Host","4 Awards and accolades","4.1 Lux Style Awards[24]","4.2 Other recognition","5 References","6 External links"] | Pakistani actor
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PPNauman Ijazنُعمان اعجازBorn (1965-02-14) 14 February 1965 (age 59)Lahore, Punjab, PakistanNationalityPakistaniEducationLLB (degree in Law) from Punjab University Law CollegeOccupation(s)Actor, TV Show PresenterYears active1988-presentKnown forMethod Acting in TV DramasChildrenZaviyar Nauman Ijaz (son)Awards
Pride of Performance (2012)
PTV Award
7 Hum Awards
10 Lux Style Awards
Nauman Ijaz (Punjabi and Urdu: نُعمان اعجاز) is a Pakistani television and film actor, TV anchorperson, and TV show presenter. He is the recipient of several accolades, including 10 Lux Style Awards, 7 Hum Awards and a President's Pride of Performance, which was awarded to him in 2012.
As of 2017 he was hosting a prime time talk show on Neo News HD with the title of G Sarkar. Active since 1988, he has played many roles and has been a senior actor on state Television PTV.
Early life
Ijaz was born and grew up in Icchra town, Lahore to a Punjabi family. His father worked in a movie theatre as a manager. He started his education at Cathedral High School, Lahore. Later he attended the Divisional Public School, Model Town, Lahore. He completed his education at Forman Christian College and did Law from Punjab University, Lahore. He started his acting career with a small appearance in a 1988 drama serial.
Career
Ijaz began his acting career on PTV, with a short appearance in the direction of Nusrat Thakur. He then did a TV serial on PTV (Quetta Center). He later appeared in many different roles, including negative roles in the dramas Rihaee and Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi. He then appeared in the film Ramchand Pakistani (2008) where he romanced Nandita Das. Ijaz hosted a TV comedy show on PTV Home. In 2012, Ijaz received a Pride of Performance award from the President of Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari.
In 2014, he hosted a TV comedy show called Mazaaq Raat on Dunya News.
Filmography
Key
†
denotes film / drama that has not released yet
†
Denotes films / drama that are currently on cinema / on air
Films
Year
Film
Language
Ref.
2008
Ramchand Pakistani
Urdu
2008
Small Voices
Urdu
2010
Hijrat
Punjabi
2016
Hijrat
Urdu
2010
Virsa
Punjabi
Television serials
Year
Title
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.
1990
Fishaar
Ahmad Jamal Khan
PTV
1993
Dasht
Mir Balaaj
NTM
Nijaat
Huzoor Bakhsh
PTV
1994
Eendhan
Arsaln
1995
Yeh Zindagi
Sheraz
2000
Aansoo
Sami Khan
2000
Dunya
Akhtar Ali
2001
Wafa Ke Mausam
2002
Nigah
Jawad
2004
Sassi
Saaju
2005
Aadhi Dhoop
2006
Malangi
Malangi
Lagan
Sermad
2007
Abhi Door Hai Kinara
Man-o-Salwa
Karam
Hum TV
2008
Kisay Aawaz Doon
PTV
Chubhan
2009
Khuda Zameen Se Gaya Nahin
Noorpur Ki Rani
Salar
Hum TV
2010
Mein Mar Gai Shoukat Ali
Mehar Salar
A-Plus
Mera Saaein
Malik Wajahat
ARY Digital
2010-2011
Aankh Salamat Andhay Log
Gulfam
A-Plus
2011
Kuch Khowab Thay Meray
Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye
Sayed Alim Shah
Geo Entertainment
Ek Nazar Meri Taraf
Jal Pari
Aao Kahani Buntay Hain
PTV
Sanjha
Hukum
Hum TV
2012
Mehar Bano aur Shah Bano
Faraz
Durr-e-Shahwar
Haider
Pehli Aandhi Mosam Ki
TV One
Episodic appearance
Sargoshi
Urdu 1
Badi Aapa
Farman
Hum TV
Pathjar Ke Baad
Urdu 1
Samjhauta Express
Purohit
PTV
Kami Reh Gaee
Waqar
2013
Rehaai
Waseem
Hum TV
Qarz
ARY Digital
Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi
Mian Ghulam Farid
Hum TV
Jaan Hatheli Par
Urdu 1
Toote Hue Taare
Saleem
ARY Digital
Appeared in 5 episodes
2014
Bay Emaan Mohabbat
Nabeel
Dil Majboor Sa Lage
Express Entertainment
Bashar Momin
Zafar
Geo Entertainment
Special appearance
Ek Mohabbat Kay Baad
ARY Digital
Jackson Heights
Imran Bhatti
Urdu 1
2015
Zinda Dargor
Dr. Mustafa
ARY Digital
Kaise Huaye Benaam
Faris
Geo Entertainment
2016
Zindagi Aur Kitne Zakham
Behram Ali Shah
TV One
Bhai
Ashraf
A-Plus
Mein Sitara
Ilyas Khawaja
TV One
Mann Pyasa
Zeeshan Shah
Dumpukht - Aatish-e-Ishq
Peer Habib Ullah
A-Plus
Sang-e-Mar Mar
Gulistan Khan
Hum TV
Mere Humnawa
ARY Digital
Ahsas
Adil
Urdu 1
Jaan'nisar
A-Plus
Sakeena
2017
Pinjra
Aurangzeb (Ranga) Mazari
Khan
Khan Haqdar Khan
Geo Entertainment
Laut Ke Chalay Aana
Farhan
O Rangreza
Khayam Sani
Hum TV
Imam Zamin
Muneeb
TV One
Shayad
Salaar
Geo Entertainment
Dar Jaati Hai Sila
Jawad "Joyee"
Hum TV
2018
Ghamand
Maqsood
A-Plus
Bewaja
PTV
Marham
Zarak Khan
BOL Entertainment
2020
Dunk
Humayun Ahmed
ARY Digital
Episodes 1–6
2021
Dil Na Umeed To Nahi
Tariq Masood "TM"
TV OnePTV
Raqeeb Se
Maqsood
Hum TV
Parizaad
Behroze Kareem
Episodes 10–16
Dobara
Hidayatullah
Only in flashbacks
2022
Sang-e-Mah
Haji Marjaan Khan
Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi
Nawabzada Dilawar
ARY Digital
2023
Mayi Ri
Zaheer
Episode 1–19
Gunjal
Dilawar
Aur Life
Webseries
Year
Title
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.
2019
Saat Mulaqatein
Husband
Nashpati Prime
Web-series debut
.
2022
Mrs. & Mr. Shameem
Shameem “Shammo”
ZEE5
2024
Abdullahpur Ka Devdas
shahansha
Web series for Zee5
Host
Year
Program
Channel
2013–2015
Mazaaq Raat
Dunya TV
2021-cont
G Sarkar
Neo News
Awards and accolades
Year
Work
Award
Result
Ref
Hum Awards
2012
Best Actor
Bari Aapa
Won
2009
Khamoshiyan
Best TV Actor – Satellite
Won
PTV Awards
2012
Dil Behkay Ga
Best Actor Jury
Won
Lux Style Awards
Ceremony
Category
Project
Result
1st Lux Style Awards
Best TV Actor
N/A
Won
5th Lux Style Awards
Best TV Actor (Terrestrial)
Sassi
6th Lux Style Awards
Malangi
Best TV Actor (Satellite)
Dohri
7th Lux Style Awards
Man-O-Salwa
Nominated
8th Lux Style Awards
Khamoshiyan
Won
Best TV Actor (Terrestrial)
Mussafat
Nominated
9th Lux Style Awards
Kaghaz Ki Nao
Won
11th Lux Style Awards
Ao Kahani Buntay Hain
Best TV Actor (Satellite)
Mera Saaein
Nominated
12th Lux Style Awards
Best TV Actor (Terrestrial)
Qeemat
Won
13th Lux Style Awards
Kami Reh Gaee
Dil Awaiz
Nominated
Best TV Actor (Satellite)
Rehaai
Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi
15th Lux Style Awards
Best TV Actor
Zinda Dargor
16th Lux Style Awards
Dampukht
17th Lux Style Awards
Pinjra
18th Lux Style Awards
Best TV Actor (Critics' Choice)
Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila
Won
22nd Lux Style Awards
Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi
Nominated
Other recognition
2012 - Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan
References
^ a b c d e Saadia Qamar; Rafay Mahmood (15 August 2011). "Civil awards: Pride of the nation". The Express Tribune newspaper. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Noman Ijaz Biography". tv.com.pk website. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Profile of Naumaan Ijaz". Awaz TV website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Naumaan Ijaz Profile". www.pakistannewshd.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ "Ramchand Pakistani (2008 film)". The Times of India newspaper. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ a b "Family Interview of Noman Ijaz and Rabia Noman (in Urdu language)". Reviewit.pk website. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "Classic Drama Online: Ptv Drama Fishaar". 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ a b c d e "Nauman Ijaz doesn't want to receive awards in a ceremony despite winning". Daily Times (newspaper). 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Eendhan. 9 June 1990. OCLC 37691074 – via Open WorldCat.
^ a b "Famous Novelists - Naheed Sultana Akhtar". 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Dunyā: Urdū ḍrāmah. 9 June 2004. OCLC 773787537 – via Open WorldCat.
^ Iqbal, Faisal (27 January 2011). "Pakistani Drama: Ptv Drama Nigah نگاہ". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
^ a b c "Noorpur ki Rani to highlight social issues". 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i Asif Khan (24 January 2023). "A league of his own - Nauman Ijaz". The News International. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023.
^ Entertainment Desk (1 September 2014). "Mehreen Jabbar returns with new drama Jackson Heights". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ a b Irfan Ul Haq (23 August 2021). "Atif Aslam is starring in drama Sang-e-Mah, reveals Naumaan Ijaz". Dawn Images.
^ Shah, Saud (4 February 2017). "Pinjra A Plus Drama, Timings, Schedule And Cast". pakistani.pk. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "Noman Ijaz chooses to keep mum about backlash on 'Dunk'". Daily Times. 16 February 2021.
^ "Yumna, Wahaj Ali begins shooting Dil Na Umeed to Nahi". Samaa TV. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ "Hadiqa Kiani is ready to make her acting debut". Dawn. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^ "The Week That Was Gunjal". Dawn News. 26 June 2023.
^ "Saat Mulaqatain is a web series about a couple falling out of love". DAWN. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^ NewsBytes. "Anjum Shehzad Turns To Web Series With "Abdullahpur Ka Devdas"". LENS. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ "https://images.dawn.com/news/1182224"
"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2324144/lsa-2021-winners-bayaan-and-pyaar-ke-sadqay-reign-supreme?"
"https://images.dawn.com/news/1179502"
"https://images.dawn.com/news/1177454"
"http://www.trendinginsocial.com/nominations-15th-lux-style-awards-2016-unveiled/"
"https://www.ebuzztoday.com/14th-lux-style-awards-2015-announces-nominees-in-24-categories/"
"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125919/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/12-Aug-2014/nominees-announced-for-2014-lux-style-awards"
"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100355/http://www.desifreetv.com/news/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-pictures-and-winners-list/"
"https://tribune.com.pk/story/239961/lux-style-awards-a-trip-down-memory-lane/"
"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108022835/http://www.rewaj.com/fashion/lux-style-awards-2011-nominations.html"
"https://fashioncentral.pk/fashion_events/9th-lux-style-awards-2010/"
"https://www.fashioncentral.pk/people-parties/events/celebrations/story-383-winners-announced-for-8th-lux-style-awards/"
"https://www.rewaj.pk/lux-style-awards-for-the-year-2004/"
"https://web.archive.org/web/20030715233432/http://www.luxstyleawards.com/winners/pastwinners.asp"
^ "And the Winner Is: A Look at the Big Victories of the HUM 22ndLux Style Awards 2023!". Daily Times. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
External links
Nauman Ijaz at IMDb
vteRecipients of the Pride of Performance for Arts1950s
Abdur Rehman Chughtai (1958)
Zainul Abedin (1958)
Hafeez Jalandhari (1958)
Professor Abdus Salam (1958)
1960s
Roshan Ara Begum (1960)
Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer) (1960)
Tassaduq Hussain (1960)
Sadequain (1962)
Mehdi Ali Mirza (1962)
Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum (1962)
Ahmed Mohiuddin (1962)
Allah Bakhsh (1963)
Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi (1963)
Noor Jehan (1965)
A.S.M. Qamarul Hasan (1965)
Zubaida Agha (1965)
Ferdausi Begum (1965)
Sharif Khan Poonchwaley (1965)
Imtiaz Ali Taj (1965)
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1966)
Shakir Ali (1966)
Khwaja Moinuddin (1966)
Ayat Ali Khan (1966)
Ustad Haji Mohammad Sharif (1967)
Munshi Raziuddin (1967)
Rafi Peer (1967)
Ali Imam (1968)
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (1968)
Amanat Ali Khan (1969)
Bade Fateh Ali Khan (1969)
Leila Arjumand Banu (1969)
Umeed Ali Khan (1969)
Mohammad Kibria (1969)
Anna Molka Ahmed (1969)
1970s
Ismail Gulgee (1970)
Farida Khanum (1970)
Naheed Niazi (1970)
Muslehuddin (1970)
Ustad Gul Mohammad Khan (1971)
S. M. Ikram (1971)
Iqbal Bano (1974)
Salamat Ali Khan (1977)
Munir Sarhadi (1978)
Ahmed Parvez (1978)
Ustad Manzoor Ali Khan (1978)
Sabri Brothers (1978)
Ibn-e-Insha (1978)
Faiz Mohammad Baloch (1979)
Khamiso Khan (1979)
Kishwar Sultan (1979)
Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Sitar Nawaz) (1979)
Ghulam Ali (1979)
Alam Lohar (1979)
Mureed Buledi (1979)
Misri Khan Jamali (1979)
Pathanay Khan (1979)
Mohammad Azam Chishti (1979)
Ashfaq Ahmed (1979)
Nabi Bakhsh Baloch (1979)
1980s
Mohammad Qavi Khan (1980)
Ustad Khyal Muhammad (1980)
Allan Fakir (1980)
Sohail Rana (1980)
Khalid Iqbal (1980)
Aazar Zubi (1980)
Malika Pukhraj (1980)
Muhammad Juman (1980)
Qari Shakir Qasmi (1981)
Nasir Jahan (1981)
Mansoor Tabish (1981)
Qari Syed Ali Sharfuddin Yemni (1981)
Nanhe Ali Khan (music performer))(1981)
Roohi Bano (1981)
Alexander Robert (1981)
Mai Bhagi (1981)
Mirza Adeeb (1981)
Uzma Gillani (1982)
Qari Ubaidur Rehman (1982)
Talat Hussain (1982)
Tufail Niazi (1982)
Reshma (1982)
Arsh Muneer (1983)
Ustad Nazar Hussain (1983)
Atta Shad (1983)
Qari Waheed Zafar Qasmi (1984)
Begum Khurshid Mirza (1984)
Abida Parveen (1984)
Muhammad Ali (1984)
Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini, Nafees Raqam (1985)
Ustad Chhote Ghulam Ali Khan (1985)
Bundu Khan (1985)
Mehdi Hasan (1985)
Shaukat Hussain (1985)
Qari Ghulam Rasool (1985)
Siddiq Ismail (1985)
Abid Ali (1985)
Syed Mehmood Ali (1985)
Sabiha Khanum (1986)
Shahzad Khalil (1986)
Suraiya Multanikar (1986)
Firdous Jamal (1986)
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan(1986)
Azhar Lodhi (1986)
Riaz Batalvi (1986)
Intizar Hussain (1986)
Amjad Islam Amjad (1987)
Ustad Abdul Majeed Dehlvi (1987)
Haseena Moin (1987)
Aadil Salahuddin (1987)
Sain Akhtar Hussain (1987)
Qari Izhar Ahmed Thanvi (1987)
Shaista Zaid (1988)
Ghulam Hassan Shaggan (1988)
Mustafa Qureshi (1988)
Muzaffar Warsi (1988)
Qazi Wajid (1988)
Ustad Kabir Khan (1989)
Ghulam Ahmed Chishti (1989)
Musarrat Nazir (1989)
Shafi Mohammad Shah (1989)
Kamal Ahmed Rizvi (1989)
Jameel Bismil (1989)
Bushra Ansari (1989)
Ameer Khan (1989)
Amjad Hussain (1989)
Ustad Salamat Ali Khan (1989)
Aziz Mian (1989)
Talish (1989)
Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak (1989)
Jamil Naqsh (1989)
Enver Sajjad (1989)
1990s
Salim Nasir (1990)
Daud Kamal (1990)
Khalid Hameed Baig (1990)
Shaukat Ali (1990)
Ustad Sadiq Ali Khan Mando (1990)
Ustad Hamid Ali Khan (1990)
Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Gwalior gharana) (1990)
Mushtaq Gazdar (1990)
Ahmed Saeed Nagi (1990)
Qari Mohammad Fida (1990)
Parveen Shakir (1990)
Iftikhar Arif (1990)
Ibrahim Jalees (1990)
Jamiluddin Aali (1991)
Khursheed Alam known as Gohar Qalam (1991)
Khayyam Sarhadi (1991)
Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi (1991)
Ata ul Haq Qasmi (1991)
Nayyar Ali Dada (1992)
Shakeel (Yousuf Kamal) (1992)
Noor Mohammad Lashari (1992)
Tariq Aziz (1992)
Mustansar Hussain Tarar (1992)
Pervez Malik (1992)
Jawed Iqbal (1992)
Mian Ijazul Hasan (1992)
Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman (1992)
Munir Niazi (1992)
Naseem Hijazi (1992)
Mian Sheheryar (1992)
Waheed Qureshi (1993)
Ismail Shahid (1993)
Saeed Akhtar (1993)
Ali Ejaz (1993)
S.H. Hashmi (1993)
Syed Manzoorul Kaunain (1993)
Qari Syed Buzurg Shah Al-Azhari (1993)
Agha Nasir (1993)
Farooq Qaiser (1993)
Bashir Mirza (1994)
Ahmad Bashir (1994)
Shahid Jalal (1994)
Qari Mohammad Younus (1994)
Qari Syed Ali Abid Naqvi (1994)
Mehr Abdul Haq (1994)
Nisar Bazmi (1994)
Hamid Ali Bela (1994)
Zareena Baloch (1994)
Anwar Maqsood (1994)
Shujaat Hashmi (1994)
Qateel Shifai (1994)
Zamir Niazi (1994))
Tufail Hoshiarpuri (1994)
Nahid Siddiqui (1994))
Laeeq Ahmed (1994)
Abdus Salam (newscaster) (1994)
Allah Rakha (sarangi) (1995)
Ustad Talib Hussain Khan (1995)
Colin David (1995)
Shoaib Hashmi (1995)
Rauf Khalid (1995)
Laila Shahzada (1995)
Hajra Masroor (1995)
Khursheed Ahmad (1996)
Mashooq Sultan (1996)
Safeerullah Lehri (1996)
Afzal Ahsan Randhawa (1996)
Qari Noor Mohammad (1996)
Rubina Khalid (1996)
Fatima Surayya Bajia (1996)
Sehba Akhtar (1996)
Mohammad Ali Shah (surgeon) (1996)
Ahmad Rahi (1997)
Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla (1997)
Nadeem Baig (1997)
Abdul Hameed (1997)
Masroor Anwar (1997)
Ahmad Ali Khan (1997)
Akhtar Chanal Zahri (1998)
Mumtaz Mirza (1998)
Suhrab Faqir (1999)
Dilawar Figar (1999)
Salima Hashmi (1999)
Anwar Masood (1999)
Anita Ghulam Ali (1999)
Zafar Iqbal (poet) (1999)
Khalid Abbas Dar (1999)
Khatir Ghaznavi (1999)
Mujahid Kamran (1999)
Raza Mir (1999)
2000s
Amjad Parvez (2000)
Sharif Kunjahi (2000)
Kamaluddin Ahmed (2001)
Athar Shah Khan Jaidi (2001)
Jameel Fakhri (2002)
Nazia Hassan (2002)
Deena M. Mistri (2002)
Askari Mian Irani (2002)
Himayat Ali Shair (2002)
Shoaib Mansoor (2002)
Jilani Kamran (2002)
Iftikhar Ahmad (2003)
Ada Jafri (2003)
Syed Afzal Hussain (2003)
Syed Munawwar Saeed (2003)
Abdul Aziz Baloch (2003)
Ghulam Mustafa (2003)
Majeed Khan (sarangi player) (2003)
Muneeza Hashmi (2003)
Muhammad Ali Siddiqui (2003)
Imdad Hussaini (2003)
Muhammad Usman Diplai (2004)
Yousuf Khan (actor) (2004)
Mahtab Akbar Rashdi (2004)
Chishty Bin Subh-o-Mujahid (2004)
Navid Shahzad (2004)
Salahuddin Toofani (2004)
S. M. Naqi (2004)
Haji Atta Muhammad (2004)
Moin Niazi (2004)
Shahida Parveen (2004)
Tina Sani (2004)
Niaz Ahmed (2004)
Samiur Rahman (2004)
Tariq Rahman (2004)
Rais Khan (2005)
Arif Lohar (2005)
Rangeela (2005)
Muhammad Mansha Yaad (2005)
Shabnam Shakeel (2005)
Abdul Rauf Rufi (2005)
Khawaja Najmul Hassan (2005)
Amir Adnan (2006)
Asghar Nadeem Syed (2006)
Arshad Mehmood (2006)
Arfa Karim (2006)
Nayyar Kamal (2006)
Tassawar Khanum (2006)
Ustad Badar uz Zaman (2006)
Ustad Qamar uz Zaman (2006)
Shafqat Tanvir Mirza (2006)
Zehra Nigah (2006)
Khalida Hussain (2006)
Ghazi Sial (2006)
Nayyara Noor (2006)
Masood Akhtar (2006)
Aftab Iqbal Shamim (2006)
Naheed Akhtar (2007)
Shaan (2007)
Asad Amanat Ali Khan (2007)
Hamid Ali Khan (2007)
Faakhir Mehmood (2007)
Munnu Bhai (2007)
Munni Begum (2008)
Akhtar Munir (2008)
Gopal Das (2008)
Haji Mehr Ali (2008)
Haji Sher Ali (2008)
Nahid Raza (2008)
Gul Bahar Bano (2008)
Mujahid Hussain (2008)
Rasheed Malik (2008)
Sultana Siddiqui (2008)
Abdul Karim Balouch (2008)
Abdul Qadir Junejo (2008)
M. Hanif Raza (2008)
Nasreen Askari (2008)
Shafqat Amanat Ali (2008)
Mansoor Rahi (2008)
Tari Khan (2008)
Noorul Huda Shah (2008)
Rasheed Naz (2009)
Ustad Shafqat Ali Khan (2009)
Muhammad Younus Khan (2009)
Emanuel Philip (2009)
Rehana Siddiqui (2009)
Shabbir Hussain (2009)
Manzoor Hussain (2009)
Parveen Nazzar (2009)
Javaid Tufail Niazi (2009)
Babar Ali Niazi (2009)
Hajra Mansoor (2009)
Behroze Sabzwari (2009)
Obaidullah Baig (2009)
Khalifa Muhammad Irshad Beg (2009)
Naseem Sultan (2009)
Ghous Bux Brohi (2009)
Sahib Dino Mallah (2009)
Satish Chandra Anand (2009)
Rubeena Malik (2009)
Badar Munir (2009)
Muhammad Gul (2009)
Mehnaz Hyat (2009)
Abdul Qadir (2009)
Ghayyur Akhtar (2009)
Aslam Farrukhi (2009)
Ali Moeen Nawazish (2009)
2010s
Afzal Tauseef (2010)
Musarrat Misbah (2010)
Rabia Zuberi (2010)
Zulfiqar Ali (2010)
Mahmood Shaam (2010)
Hameed Akhtar (2010)
Fahmida Riaz (2010)
Shahid Nadeem (2010)
Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (2010)
Masood Mufti (2010)
Masood Ashar (2010)
Habib-ur-Rehman (2011)
Khalida Inayat Noor (2011)
Khan Tehsil (2011)
Abdul Rahim Nagori (2011)
S. Amjad Bukhari (2011)
S. B. John (2011)
S.H. Qasim Jalali (2011)
Samina Ahmad (2011)
Sohail Ahmed (2011)
Ustad Hussain Bukhsh Gullu (2011)
Khalid Ahmad (2011)
Ustad Muhammad Alam (2011)
Ustad Sharafat Ali Khan (2011)
Wazir Afzal (2011)
Zafar Kazmi (2011)
Moin Akhter (2011)
Sahira Kazmi (2012)
Mohsin Gillani (2012)
Nauman Ijaz (2012)
Saba Hameed (2012)
Jawed Sheikh (2012)
Meera (2012)
Rahat Naveed Masud (2012)
Lutfullah Khan (2012)
Kazim Pasha (2012)
Tahira Syed (2013)
Muhammad Ajmal Khan (2013)
Alamgir (2013)
Shahida Mini (2013)
Naghma (2013)
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema (2013)
Cecil Chaudhry (2013)
Shahid Abdullah (2014)
Ustad Shafiquz Zaman Khan (2014)
Aurangzeb Leghari (2014)
Nazir Leghari (2014)
Ayub Khawar (2014)
Mir Mohammad Ali (TV comedian) (2015)
Ayesha Haroon (2015)
Saleem Kausar (2015)
Saba Qamar (2016)
Waseem Abbas (2016)
Wajahat Masood (journalist) (2016)
Gulab Chandio (2016)
Nathoo Khan (2016)
Khalid Butt (2016)
Sarmad Khoosat (2017)
Humaira Channa (2017)
Ghazi Salahuddin (2017)
Rashid Mehmood (2017)
Shakir Shuja Abadi (2017)
Zulfiqar Bhutta (2017)
Aslam Pervaiz (2018)
Ghulam Haider (musician) (2018)
Amin Hafeez (2018)
A. Nayyar (singer) (2018)
Bilqees Khanum (2018)
Rauf Parekh (journalist) (2018)
Amanullah (comedian) (2018)
Nighat Chaudhry (classical dancer) (2018)
Nighat Butt (2018)
Zareen Panna (2018)
Ishrat Fatima (newsreader) (2019)
Reema Khan (2019)
Arshad Sharif (journalist) (2019)
Nasir Adeeb (2019)
Shabbir Jan (2019)
Iftikhar Thakur (2019)
2020s
Deeba (2020)
Ghulam Mohiuddin (2020)
Sahir Ali Bagga (2020)
Waris Baig (2020)
Ghulam Abbas 2020
Saieen Zahoor (2020)
Fareed Ayaz (2020)
Sarmad Sehbai (2021)
Resham (2021)
Khalid Masud Gondal (2021)
Muhammad Javed (2022)
Hafeez Tahir (2023)
Sangeeta (2023)
Sher Miandad Khan (2023)
Ustad Tafu (2023)
Anjuman (2023)
vteHum Award for Best Actor2012-present
Noman Ijaz (2012)
Noman Ijaz (2013)
Ahsan Khan (2014)
vteHum Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role2013-present
Noman Ijaz (2013)
Samiya Mumtaz (2014)
Zahid Ahmed (2015) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Lux Style Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Style_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hum Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Awards"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv.com.pk-2"},{"link_name":"PTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awaz-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nauman Ijaz (Punjabi and Urdu: نُعمان اعجاز) is a Pakistani television and film actor, TV anchorperson, and TV show presenter. He is the recipient of several accolades, including 10 Lux Style Awards, 7 Hum Awards and a President's Pride of Performance, which was awarded to him in 2012.As of 2017 he was hosting a prime time talk show on Neo News HD with the title of G Sarkar.[2] Active since 1988, he has played many roles and has been a senior actor on state Television PTV.[3][4]","title":"Nauman Ijaz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Divisional Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisional_Public_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"Model Town, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Town,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Forman Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forman_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"Punjab University, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv.com.pk-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awaz-3"}],"text":"Ijaz was born and grew up in Icchra town, Lahore to a Punjabi family. His father worked in a movie theatre as a manager. He started his education at Cathedral High School, Lahore. Later he attended the Divisional Public School, Model Town, Lahore. He completed his education at Forman Christian College and did Law from Punjab University, Lahore. He started his acting career with a small appearance in a 1988 drama serial.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nusrat Thakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Thakur"},{"link_name":"PTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rihaee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihaee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullu_Baraye_Farokht_Nahi"},{"link_name":"Ramchand Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramchand_Pakistani"},{"link_name":"Nandita Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandita_Das"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"PTV Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTV_Home"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv.com.pk-2"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"President of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Asif Ali Zardari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-1"},{"link_name":"Mazaaq Raat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaaq_Raat"},{"link_name":"Dunya News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunya_News"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Ijaz began his acting career on PTV, with a short appearance in the direction of Nusrat Thakur. He then did a TV serial on PTV (Quetta Center). He later appeared in many different roles, including negative roles in the dramas Rihaee and Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi. He then appeared in the film Ramchand Pakistani (2008) where he romanced Nandita Das.[5] Ijaz hosted a TV comedy show on PTV Home.[2] In 2012, Ijaz received a Pride of Performance award from the President of Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari.[1]In 2014, he hosted a TV comedy show called Mazaaq Raat on Dunya News.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television serials","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Webseries","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Host","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lux Style Awards[24]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"President of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-1"}],"sub_title":"Other recognition","text":"2012 - Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan[1]","title":"Awards and accolades"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Saadia Qamar; Rafay Mahmood (15 August 2011). \"Civil awards: Pride of the nation\". The Express Tribune newspaper. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826131419/http://tribune.com.pk/story/231941/civil-awards-pride-of-the-nation/","url_text":"\"Civil awards: Pride of the nation\""},{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/231941/civil-awards-pride-of-the-nation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noman Ijaz Biography\". tv.com.pk website. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv.com.pk/celebrity/Noman-Ijaz/195/biography","url_text":"\"Noman Ijaz Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226215825/http://www.tv.com.pk/celebrity/Noman-Ijaz/195/biography","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Naumaan Ijaz\". Awaz TV website. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awaztoday.pk/profile_Nauman-Ijaz_812.aspx","url_text":"\"Profile of Naumaan Ijaz\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170515100406/http://www.awaztoday.pk/profile_Nauman-Ijaz_812.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Naumaan Ijaz Profile\". www.pakistannewshd.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pakistannewshd.com/nauman-ijaz/","url_text":"\"Naumaan Ijaz Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013413/http://www.pakistannewshd.com/nauman-ijaz/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramchand Pakistani (2008 film)\". The Times of India newspaper. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ramchand-Pakistani/movie-review/3557591.cms","url_text":"\"Ramchand Pakistani (2008 film)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Interview of Noman Ijaz and Rabia Noman (in Urdu language)\". Reviewit.pk website. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviewit.pk/family-interview-of-nauman-ejaz-and-rabia-nauman/","url_text":"\"Family Interview of Noman Ijaz and Rabia Noman (in Urdu language)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170602224603/http://reviewit.pk/family-interview-of-nauman-ejaz-and-rabia-nauman/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Drama Online: Ptv Drama Fishaar\". 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://classicdramaonline.blogspot.com/2011/04/ptv-drama-fishaar.html","url_text":"\"Classic Drama Online: Ptv Drama Fishaar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200202201404/http://classicdramaonline.blogspot.com/2011/04/ptv-drama-fishaar.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nauman Ijaz doesn't want to receive awards in a ceremony despite winning\". Daily Times (newspaper). 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810125408/https://dailytimes.com.pk/859614/nauman-ijaz-doesnt-want-to-receive-awards-in-a-ceremony-despite-winning/","url_text":"\"Nauman Ijaz doesn't want to receive awards in a ceremony despite winning\""},{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/859614/nauman-ijaz-doesnt-want-to-receive-awards-in-a-ceremony-despite-winning/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eendhan. 9 June 1990. OCLC 37691074 – via Open WorldCat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37691074","url_text":"Eendhan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37691074","url_text":"37691074"}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Novelists - Naheed Sultana Akhtar\". 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviewit.pk/famous-novelists-naheed-sultana-akhtar/","url_text":"\"Famous Novelists - Naheed Sultana Akhtar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140718174611/http://reviewit.pk/famous-novelists-naheed-sultana-akhtar/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunyā: Urdū ḍrāmah. 9 June 2004. OCLC 773787537 – via Open WorldCat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773787537","url_text":"Dunyā: Urdū ḍrāmah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773787537","url_text":"773787537"}]},{"reference":"Iqbal, Faisal (27 January 2011). \"Pakistani Drama: Ptv Drama Nigah نگاہ\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dramapk.blogspot.com/2011/01/ptv-drama-nigah.html","url_text":"\"Pakistani Drama: Ptv Drama Nigah نگاہ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808220305/http://dramapk.blogspot.com/2011/01/ptv-drama-nigah.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Noorpur ki Rani to highlight social issues\". 20 July 2014. 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Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1129232","url_text":"\"Mehreen Jabbar returns with new drama Jackson Heights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200609082231/https://www.dawn.com/news/1129232","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Irfan Ul Haq (23 August 2021). \"Atif Aslam is starring in drama Sang-e-Mah, reveals Naumaan Ijaz\". Dawn Images.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.dawn.com/news/1188235","url_text":"\"Atif Aslam is starring in drama Sang-e-Mah, reveals Naumaan Ijaz\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Saud (4 February 2017). \"Pinjra A Plus Drama, Timings, Schedule And Cast\". pakistani.pk. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakistani.pk/pinjra/","url_text":"\"Pinjra A Plus Drama, Timings, Schedule And Cast\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180223053549/http://pakistani.pk/pinjra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Noman Ijaz chooses to keep mum about backlash on 'Dunk'\". Daily Times. 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/724230/noman-ijaz-chooses-to-keep-mum-about-backlash-on-dunk/","url_text":"\"Noman Ijaz chooses to keep mum about backlash on 'Dunk'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yumna, Wahaj Ali begins shooting Dil Na Umeed to Nahi\". Samaa TV. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2020/11/yumna-wajah-hussain-begins-shooting-dil-na-umeed-to-nahi/","url_text":"\"Yumna, Wahaj Ali begins shooting Dil Na Umeed to Nahi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaa_TV","url_text":"Samaa TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Hadiqa Kiani is ready to make her acting debut\". Dawn. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.dawn.com/news/1186331/hadiqa-kiani-is-ready-to-make-her-acting-debut","url_text":"\"Hadiqa Kiani is ready to make her acting debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"The Week That Was Gunjal\". Dawn News. 26 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1761488","url_text":"\"The Week That Was Gunjal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saat Mulaqatain is a web series about a couple falling out of love\". DAWN. 30 November 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.dawn.com/news/1184117","url_text":"\"Saat Mulaqatain is a web series about a couple falling out of love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"DAWN"}]},{"reference":"NewsBytes. \"Anjum Shehzad Turns To Web Series With \"Abdullahpur Ka Devdas\"\". LENS. Retrieved 26 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://propakistani.pk/lens/anjum-shehzad-turns-to-web-series-with-abdullahpur-ka-devdas/","url_text":"\"Anjum Shehzad Turns To Web Series With \"Abdullahpur Ka Devdas\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"And the Winner Is: A Look at the Big Victories of the HUM 22ndLux Style Awards 2023!\". Daily Times. 13 October 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_David | Bal David | ["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 PBA career statistics","3.1 Season-by-season averages","4 Coaching career","5 Coaching record","5.1 Collegiate career","6 References"] | Filipino basketball player
In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Viray and the surname or paternal family name is David.
Bal DavidPersonal informationBorn (1972-08-23) August 23, 1972 (age 51)Quezon City, PhilippinesNationalityFilipinoListed height5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Career informationCollegeUniversity of Santo TomasPBA draft1995: 3rd round, 22nd overall pickSelected by the Sunkist Orange JuicersPlaying career1996–2005PositionPoint guardNumber1Career historyAs player:1996–2005Ginebra San Miguel / Gordon's Gin Boars / Barangay Ginebra KingsAs coach:2022UST Growling Tigers
Career highlights and awards
2× PBA champion (1997 Commissioner's, 2004 Fiesta)
4x PBA All-Star (1996–1999)
PBA Mythical Second Team (1996)
PBA All-Star Game MVP (1997)
PBA Buzzerbeater Event Co-Champion w/ Rodney Santos (1999)
2× UAAP champion (1993, 1994)
Bal Viray David Jr. (born August 23, 1972) is a Filipino professional basketball coach and former player. He played his whole 10-year career for the Barangay Ginebra Kings of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He last coached the UST Growling Tigers of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP).
Amateur career
David was a standout for the University of Santo Tomas (UST), leading the Growling Tigers to the 1994 UAAP men's basketball championship. His field-goal at the dying seconds of Game 3 allowed the Tigers to defeat the De La Salle Green Archers 2–1 in the championship series.
David also participated in the amateur Philippine Basketball League playing for Stag Pale Pilseners. Stag won several championships, the last of which was in 1997 where they won the Danny Floro Cup. David had three steals in the deciding game that gave Stag the championship.
Professional career
David signed up for the Ginebra San Miguel, where he was joined by Stag teammate Marlou Aquino who was picked first overall by Ginebra in the 1996 PBA Draft.
In the 1996 Commissioner's Cup, Ginebra barged into the semifinals, facing the Shell Turbo Chargers. In the series that went into the deciding game, David converted a three-point field goal to break the 83-all deadlock. However, Richie Ticzon scored his own three-pointer for Shell; in the ensuing play Kenny Redfield blocked Vince Hizon's shot, which led to Redfield's three-pointer to eliminate Ginebra from contention. Ginebra, now sporting the team name Gordon's Gin Boars, David entered the 1997 Commissioner's Cup Finals against the Alaska Milkmen; the Boars won over the Milkmen in six games, with the title-clinching Game 6 won via a 105–79 rout.
In the 1999 PBA All-Filipino Cup quarterfinals, he made an off-balance game-winner shot against Asi Taulava-led Mobiline Phone Pals which was one of the biggest upsets in the history of PBA. However, the team was defeated by Formula Shell in the semifinals.
PBA career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
Bold
Career high
Season-by-season averages
Year
Team
GP
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1996
Ginebra
64
23.5
.429
.315
.734
2.8
4.3
1.0
.1
8.6
1997
Gordon's Gin
68
29.1
.486
.197
.784
3.4
5.3
.9
.2
10.3
1998
Gordon's Gin / Ginebra
49
26.1
.602
.237
.702
3.0
4.2
1.3
.1
8.9
1999
Barangay Ginebra
41
40.1
.397
.336
.846
4.9
5.0
1.2
.1
12.0
2000
Barangay Ginebra
37
35.4
.395
.341
.733
3.9
3.8
1.4
.2
9.8
2001
Barangay Ginebra
51
26.3
.380
.298
.812
2.6
3.2
.7
.1
8.4
2002
Barangay Ginebra
27
23.7
.349
.295
.917
2.1
2.6
.6
.0
7.3
2003
Barangay Ginebra
39
30.6
.400
.340
.814
2.3
4.3
.7
.1
6.5
2004–05
Barangay Ginebra
22
22.4
.364
.235
.857
1.6
3.5
.8
.1
3.4
Career
398
28.6
.430
.300
.772
3.1
4.2
1.0
.1
8.8
Coaching career
David was hired as his alma mater's head coach in 2022.
Coaching record
Collegiate career
Season
Team
Eliminations
Playoffs
W
L
PCT
Finish
PG
W
L
PCT
Results
UST Growling Tigers (UAAP)
2022
UST
1
13
.071
8th
–
–
–
–
Eliminated
Totals
1
13
.071
0
0
0
.000
0 championships
References
^ Atencio, Peter (1994-10-08). "Back to back for Tigers". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ Gulle, Jimbo (1996-01-10). "Stag wraps it all up". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ "Ginebra takes first big rebuilding step in annual PBA draft". Manila Standard. 1996-01-20. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ Amigo, Ismael (1996-08-26). "Shell knocks out Ginebra". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ Hernandez, Jon (1997-09-08). "Gordon's Gin ends 6-year title drought". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
^ "Bal David Player Profile - PBA-Online.net". PBA-Online.net. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
^ Agcaoili, Lance (2022-07-23). "Bal David set to take over as UST Growing Tigers head coach–reports". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
Sporting positions
Preceded byJino Manansala
UST Growling Tigers men's basketball head coach 2022
Succeeded byPido Jarencio
Links to related articles
vteUST Golden Tigers 1993 UAAP men's basketball champions
4 Francisco Guinto
5 Edmund Reyes
6 Lester del Rosario
7 Rey Evangelista
8 Patrick Roy Fran
9 Rudolf Belmonte
10 Alexander Tan
11 Bal David
13 Danilo Abugan
14 Siot Tanquingcen
15 Christopher Cantonjos
16 Dennis Espino (Season MVP)
17 Generoso Tengco
18 Rizaldy Ramos
Head coach: Aric del Rosario
Assistant(s) Binky Favis
Dong Vergeire
vteUST Growling Tigers 1994 UAAP men's basketball champions
4 Joel Villanueva
5 Edmund Reyes
6 Lester del Rosario
7 Francisco Guinto
8 Richard Melencio
9 Romel David
10 Dale Singson
11 Bal David
12 Richard Yee
14 Edfendel Lao
15 Chris Cantonjos
16 Dennis Espino (Season MVP)
18 Henry Ong
19 Chandler Donaldson
Head coach: Aric del Rosario
Assistant(s): Binky Favis
Dong Vergeire
vteGordon's Gin Boars 1997 PBA Commissioner's Cup Champions
1 Bal David
6 Noli Locsin
7 Robert Jaworski, Sr.
9 Macky de Joya
10 Teroy Albarillo
11 Jayvee Gayoso
12 Vince Hizon
13 Marlou Aquino (Finals MVP)
15 Mike Orquillas
16 Benny Cheng
17 Terry Saldaña
18 Wilmer Ong
24 Cris Bolado
25 Pido Jarencio
44 Chris King (Import)
52 Robert Jaworski Jr.
Player-Coach Robert Jaworski, Sr.
Assistant(s) Philip Cezar
vteBarangay Ginebra Kings 2004 PBA Fiesta Conference Champions
1 Bal David
5 Alex Crisano
9 Rodney Santos
10 Rommel Adducul
13 Jayjay Helterbrand
14 Banjo Calpito
16 Estong Ballesteros
21 Torraye Braggs (Import)
22 James Walkvist
30 Eric Menk (Finals MVP)
47 Mark Caguioa
52 Andy Seigle
80 Sunday Salvacion
88 Aries Dimaunahan
Coach Siot Tanquingcen
Assistant(s) Binky Favis
Juno Sauler
vtePBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
1989: Cabahug
1990: Lim
1991: Patrimonio
1992: Teng
1993: Caidic
1994: Paras
1995: Meneses
1996: Duremdes
1997: B. David
1998: Meneses
1999: Paras
2000: Meneses
2001: Ildefonso
2002: No game held
2003: Meneses
2004: Alapag & Taulava
2005: Helterbrand
2006: Taulava
2007: Helterbrand & Miller
2008: Simon
2009: Noel
2010: Norwood
2011: Pingris
2012: Yap
2013: Chan & Santos
2014: G. David
2015: Romeo
2016: Cabagnot
2017 Mindanao: Rosario & Wright
2017 Luzon: Wright
2017 Visayas: Romeo
2018 Mindanao: Amer
2018 Luzon: Romeo
2018 Visayas: Chan
2019: Aguilar & Santos
2023: Lee | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Barangay Ginebra Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings"},{"link_name":"Philippine Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"UST Growling Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers_basketball"},{"link_name":"University Athletic Association of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Athletic_Association_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Viray and the surname or paternal family name is David.Bal Viray David Jr. (born August 23, 1972) is a Filipino professional basketball coach and former player. He played his whole 10-year career for the Barangay Ginebra Kings of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He last coached the UST Growling Tigers of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP).","title":"Bal David"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"Growling Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"1994 UAAP men's basketball championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAAP_Season_57"},{"link_name":"De La Salle Green Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Green_Archers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philippine Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Stag Pale Pilseners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_Pale_Pilseners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"David was a standout for the University of Santo Tomas (UST), leading the Growling Tigers to the 1994 UAAP men's basketball championship. His field-goal at the dying seconds of Game 3 allowed the Tigers to defeat the De La Salle Green Archers 2–1 in the championship series.[1]David also participated in the amateur Philippine Basketball League playing for Stag Pale Pilseners. Stag won several championships, the last of which was in 1997 where they won the Danny Floro Cup. David had three steals in the deciding game that gave Stag the championship.[2]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ginebra San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay_Ginebra_Kings"},{"link_name":"Marlou Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlou_Aquino"},{"link_name":"1996 PBA Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_PBA_Draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1996 Commissioner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_PBA_season"},{"link_name":"Shell Turbo Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Turbo_Chargers"},{"link_name":"three-point field goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_field_goal"},{"link_name":"Richie Ticzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Ticzon"},{"link_name":"Kenny Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Redfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vince Hizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Hizon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1997 Commissioner's Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_PBA_season"},{"link_name":"Alaska Milkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Aces_(PBA)"},{"link_name":"1999 PBA All-Filipino Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_PBA_All-Filipino_Cup"},{"link_name":"Asi Taulava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_Taulava"},{"link_name":"led Mobiline Phone Pals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Mobiline_Phone_Pals_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Formula Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Formula_Shell_Zoom_Masters_season"}],"text":"David signed up for the Ginebra San Miguel, where he was joined by Stag teammate Marlou Aquino who was picked first overall by Ginebra in the 1996 PBA Draft.[3]In the 1996 Commissioner's Cup, Ginebra barged into the semifinals, facing the Shell Turbo Chargers. In the series that went into the deciding game, David converted a three-point field goal to break the 83-all deadlock. However, Richie Ticzon scored his own three-pointer for Shell; in the ensuing play Kenny Redfield blocked Vince Hizon's shot, which led to Redfield's three-pointer to eliminate Ginebra from contention.[4] Ginebra, now sporting the team name Gordon's Gin Boars, David entered the 1997 Commissioner's Cup Finals against the Alaska Milkmen; the Boars won over the Milkmen in six games, with the title-clinching Game 6 won via a 105–79 rout.In the 1999 PBA All-Filipino Cup quarterfinals, he made an off-balance game-winner shot against Asi Taulava-led Mobiline Phone Pals which was one of the biggest upsets in the history of PBA.[5] However, the team was defeated by Formula Shell in the semifinals.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"[6]","title":"PBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season-by-season averages","title":"PBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"David was hired as his alma mater's head coach in 2022.[7]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collegiate career","title":"Coaching record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Atencio, Peter (1994-10-08). \"Back to back for Tigers\". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I5UVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2QoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4520,1654290&dq=bal-david&hl=en","url_text":"\"Back to back for Tigers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Gulle, Jimbo (1996-01-10). \"Stag wraps it all up\". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A_4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4407,1436370&dq=bal-david&hl=en","url_text":"\"Stag wraps it all up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Ginebra takes first big rebuilding step in annual PBA draft\". Manila Standard. 1996-01-20. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Df4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427,2944253&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ginebra takes first big rebuilding step in annual PBA draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Amigo, Ismael (1996-08-26). \"Shell knocks out Ginebra\". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cmwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6337,4118396&dq=bal-david&hl=en","url_text":"\"Shell knocks out Ginebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Jon (1997-09-08). \"Gordon's Gin ends 6-year title drought\". Manila Standard. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lo8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6408,852562&hl=en","url_text":"\"Gordon's Gin ends 6-year title drought\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Bal David Player Profile - PBA-Online.net\". PBA-Online.net. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112214209/http://www.pba-online.net/profile/Bal-David/372/","url_text":"\"Bal David Player Profile - PBA-Online.net\""},{"url":"http://www.pba-online.net/profile/Bal-David/372/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Agcaoili, Lance (2022-07-23). \"Bal David set to take over as UST Growing Tigers head coach–reports\". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2022-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.inquirer.net/470959/bal-david-set-to-take-over-as-ust-growing-tigers-head-coach-report","url_text":"\"Bal David set to take over as UST Growing Tigers head coach–reports\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I5UVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2QoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4520,1654290&dq=bal-david&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Back to back for Tigers\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A_4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4407,1436370&dq=bal-david&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Stag wraps it all up\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Df4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427,2944253&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Ginebra takes first big rebuilding step in annual PBA draft\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cmwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6337,4118396&dq=bal-david&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Shell knocks out Ginebra\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lo8VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6408,852562&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Gordon's Gin ends 6-year title drought\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112214209/http://www.pba-online.net/profile/Bal-David/372/","external_links_name":"\"Bal David Player Profile - PBA-Online.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.pba-online.net/profile/Bal-David/372/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sports.inquirer.net/470959/bal-david-set-to-take-over-as-ust-growing-tigers-head-coach-report","external_links_name":"\"Bal David set to take over as UST Growing Tigers head coach–reports\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_E3_Prijs_Vlaanderen | 1976 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen | ["1 General classification","2 References"] | Cycling race
1976 E3 HarelbekeRace detailsDates20 March 1976Stages1Distance228 km (141.7 mi)Winning time5h 41' 00"Results
Winner
Walter Planckaert (BEL)
Second
Walter Godefroot (BEL)
Third
Daniel Verplancke (BEL)← 1975 1977 →
The 1976 E3 Harelbeke was the 19th edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 20 March 1976. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Walter Planckaert.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Time
1
Walter Planckaert (BEL)
5h 41' 00"
2
Walter Godefroot (BEL)
+ 0"
3
Daniel Verplancke (BEL)
+ 25"
4
Eric Leman (BEL)
+ 25"
5
Ronny Van de Vijver (BEL)
+ 25"
6
Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL)
+ 35"
7
Paul Lannoo (BEL)
+ 45"
8
André Delcroix (BEL)
+ 45"
9
Ferdinand Bracke (BEL)
+ 50"
10
Joop Zoetemelk (NED)
+ 1' 35"
References
^ "E3 Prijs Harelbeke (World Tour), Belgium". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ "GP E3 Flandres 1976". LesSports.info. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ "1976 Record Bank E3 Harelbeke". First Cycling. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ "E3 Prijs Harelbeke". WVCycling. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
vteE3 Saxo Bank Classic
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This cycling race-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E3 Harelbeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_Harelbeke"},{"link_name":"Harelbeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harelbeke"},{"link_name":"Walter Planckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Planckaert"}],"text":"The 1976 E3 Harelbeke was the 19th edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 20 March 1976. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Walter Planckaert.","title":"1976 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke (World Tour), Belgium\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/e3/e3-prijs-harelbeke.html","url_text":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke (World Tour), Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"GP E3 Flandres 1976\". LesSports.info. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-gp-e3-flandres-resultats-1976-epr1367.html","url_text":"\"GP E3 Flandres 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Record Bank E3 Harelbeke\". First Cycling. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=47&y=1976","url_text":"\"1976 Record Bank E3 Harelbeke\""}]},{"reference":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke\". WVCycling. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/43/result/1976/","url_text":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/races/e3/e3-prijs-harelbeke.html","external_links_name":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke (World Tour), Belgium\""},{"Link":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-gp-e3-flandres-resultats-1976-epr1367.html","external_links_name":"\"GP E3 Flandres 1976\""},{"Link":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=47&y=1976","external_links_name":"\"1976 Record Bank E3 Harelbeke\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvcycling.com/en/race/43/result/1976/","external_links_name":"\"E3 Prijs Harelbeke\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_E3_Prijs_Vlaanderen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_zinc | Dimethylzinc | ["1 Preparation","2 Properties","3 Toxicity and hazards","4 Structure","5 History","6 Uses","7 References"] | Dimethylzinc
White: H, Black: C, Grey: Zn
Names
IUPAC name
Dimethylzinc
Other names
2-ZincapropaneDimethyl zincDimethylzincaneDMZDMZnMethylzincZinc carbanideZinc methanideZinc methylZinc trihydrogenmethanide
Identifiers
CAS Number
544-97-8 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:51497 Y
ChemSpider
10254473 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.008.077
PubChem CID
11010
UNII
8H6R0N8W2F Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID5060271
InChI
InChI=1S/2CH3.Zn/h2*1H3; YKey: AXAZMDOAUQTMOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/2CH3.Zn/h2*1H3;/rC2H6Zn/c1-3-2/h1-2H3Key: AXAZMDOAUQTMOW-WPFVDKAYAX
SMILES
CC
Properties
Chemical formula
Zn(CH3)2
Molar mass
95.478 g/mol
Appearance
Colorless liquid
Odor
Garlic
Density
1.386 g/cm3 at 10.5 °C
Melting point
−42 °C (−44 °F; 231 K)
Boiling point
46 °C (115 °F; 319 K)
Solubility
Soluble in xylene, diethyl ether, hydrocarbons; decomposes in water, ethanol and acids
Vapor pressure
50.13 kPa
Thermal conductivity
0.1627 W/(m∙K) at 70 °C (158 °F)
Viscosity
0.807 mPa·s at 70 °F (21 °C)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)
129.20 J/(mol∙K) (liquid at 25 °C (77 °F))
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Spontaneously ignites in air and violently reacts with water, evolving irritant and toxic fumes.
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H225, H250, H260, H314, H410
Precautionary statements
P210, P222, P223, P231+P232, P233, P235, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305, P316, P317, P321, P334, P335, P338, P361, P363, P370+P378, P391, P402+P404, P403, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
4
3W
Autoignitiontemperature
0 °F (−18 °C)
Related compounds
Related compounds
DimethylcadmiumDimethylmercury
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Dimethylzinc, also known as zinc methyl, DMZ, or DMZn, is an organozinc compound with the chemical formula Zn(CH3)2. It belongs to the large series of similar compounds such as diethylzinc.
Preparation
It is formed by the action of methyl iodide on zinc or zinc-sodium alloy at elevated temperatures.
2 Zn + 2 CH3I → Zn(CH3)2 + ZnI2
Sodium assists the reaction of the zinc with the methyl iodide. Zinc iodide is formed as a byproduct.
Properties
Dimethylzinc is a colorless mobile volatile liquid, which has a characteristic disagreeable garlic-like odor. It is a very reactive and strong reducing agent. It is soluble in alkanes and often sold as a solution in hexanes. The triple point of dimethylzinc is 230.13 K (−43.02 °C) ± 0.02 K. The monomeric molecule of dimethylzinc is linear at Zn center and tetragonal at C centers.
Toxicity and hazards
Inhalation of dimethylzinc mist or vapor causes immediate irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and may cause pneumonia and death. Eyes are immediately and severely irritated and burned by liquid, vapor, or dilute solutions. If not removed by thorough flushing with water, this chemical may permanently damage the cornea, eventually causing blindness. If dimethylzinc contacts the skin, it causes thermal and acid burns by reacting with moisture on skin. Unless washed quickly, skin may be scarred. Ingestion, while unlikely, also causes immediate burns. Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea may follow, and tissues may ulcerate if not promptly treated. Upon heating, dimethylzinc vapor decomposes to irritating and toxic products.
Contact of dimethylzinc with oxidants may form explosive peroxides. Dimethylzinc oxidises in air very slowly, producing methylzinc methoxide CH3ZnOCH3.
Dimethylzinc is very pyrophoric and can spontaneously ignite in air. It burns in air with a blue flame, giving off a garlic-like odor. The products of decomposition (fire smoke) include zinc oxide, which itself is not toxic, but its fumes can irritate lungs and cause metal fume fever, severe injury, or death.
Dimethylzinc fire must be extinguished with dry sand. The fire reacts violently or explosively with water, generating very flammable methane gas which can explode in air upon catching fire, and lung-irritating smoke of zinc oxide. Dimethylzinc fire reacts violently or explosively with methanol, ethanol and 2,2-dichloropropane. It explodes in oxygen and ozone. Improperly handled containers of dimethylzinc can explode, causing serious injuries or death.
Structure
In the solid state the compound exists in two modifications. The tetragonal high-temperature phase shows a two-dimensional disorder, while the low-temperature phase which is monoclinic is ordered. The molecules are linear with Zn-C bond lengths measuring 192.7(6) pm. The structure of the gas-phase shows a very similar Zn-C distance of 193.0(2) pm.
History
Dimethylzinc was first prepared by Edward Frankland during his work with Robert Bunsen in 1849 at the University of Marburg. After heating a mixture of zinc and methyl iodide in an airtight vessel, a flame burst out when the seal was broken. In the laboratory, this synthesis method remains unchanged today, except that copper or copper compounds are used to activate the zinc.
Uses
Dimethylzinc has been of great importance in the synthesis of organic compounds. It was used for a long time to introduce methyl groups into organic molecules or to synthesize organometallic compounds containing methyl groups. Grignard reagents, (organo-magnesium compounds), which are easier to handle and less flammable, replaced organo-zinc compounds in most laboratory syntheses. Due to differences in reactivity (as well as in reaction byproducts) between organo-zinc compounds and Grignard reagents, organo-zinc compounds may be preferred in some syntheses.
Its high vapor pressure has led to extensive uses in the production of semiconductors, e.g. metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the preparation of wide band gap II–VI semiconducting films (e.g. ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdxHg1−xTe) and as p-dopant precursors for III–V semiconductors (e.g. AlN, AlP, AlxGa1−xAs, GaAs, InP), which have many electronic and photonic applications.
It is used as an accelerator in rubber vulcanization, as a fungicide, and as a methylating agent in methyltitanium trichloride.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Dimethylzinc".
^ a b "Dimethylzinc (CAS 544-97-8)".
^ John Bacsa; Felix Hanke; Sarah Hindley; Rajesh Odedra; George R. Darling; Anthony C. Jones; Alexander Steiner (2011). "The Solid State Structures of Dimethylzinc and Diethylzinc". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (49): 11685–11687. doi:10.1002/anie.201105099. PMC 3326375. PMID 21919175.
^ A. Haaland; J. C. Green; G. S. McGrady; A. J. Downs; E. Gullo; M. J. Lyall; J. Timberlake; A. V. Tutukin; H. V. Volden; K.-A. Østby (2003). "The length, strength and polarity of metal–carbon bonds: dialkylzinc compounds studied by density functional theory calculations, gas electron diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy". Dalton Transactions (22): 4356–4366. doi:10.1039/B306840B.
^ E. Frankland (1849). "Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 71 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490710206.
^ Erdik, Ender (1996). Organozinc reagents in organic synthesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9151-4.
^ Mohammad Afzaal; Mohammad A. Malik; Paul O’Brien (2007). "Preparation of zinc containing materials". New Journal of Chemistry. 31 (12): 2029–2040. doi:10.1039/b712235g.
vteZinc compoundsZinc(I)Organozinc(I) compounds
Zn2(C5(CH3)5)2
Zinc(II)
Zn(acac)2
Zn(N3)2
ZnBr2
ZnCO3
Zn(CN)2
ZnCl2
Zn(ClO3)2
ZnCrO4
ZnF2
ZnH2
ZnI2
ZnMoO4
Zn(NO3)2
ZnO
ZnO2
Zn(ClO4)2
Zn(OH)2
ZnS
ZnSO4
ZnSe
ZnTe
Zn2P2O7
Zn3Sb2
Zn3As2
Zn3N2
Zn3P2
ZnP2
Zn3(PO4)2Organozinc(II) compounds
Zn(CH3)2
Zn(C2H5)2
Zn(CH3COO)2
Zn(CH(CH3)2)2
Zn(C(CH3)3)2
Zn(C6H5)2
Zn(C3H5O3)2
ZnICH2I
C24H46ZnO4
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organozinc compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organozinc_chemistry"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"Zn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"diethylzinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylzinc"}],"text":"Chemical compoundDimethylzinc, also known as zinc methyl, DMZ, or DMZn, is an organozinc compound with the chemical formula Zn(CH3)2. It belongs to the large series of similar compounds such as diethylzinc.","title":"Dimethylzinc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"methyl iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_iodide"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"Zinc iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_iodide"}],"text":"It is formed by the action of methyl iodide on zinc or zinc-sodium alloy at elevated temperatures.2 Zn + 2 CH3I → Zn(CH3)2 + ZnI2Sodium assists the reaction of the zinc with the methyl iodide. Zinc iodide is formed as a byproduct.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"odor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor"},{"link_name":"reducing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"alkanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanes"},{"link_name":"hexanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane#Isomers"},{"link_name":"triple point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_point"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chemeo-2"},{"link_name":"monomeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomeric"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"tetragonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry"}],"text":"Dimethylzinc is a colorless mobile volatile liquid, which has a characteristic disagreeable garlic-like odor. It is a very reactive and strong reducing agent.[1] It is soluble in alkanes and often sold as a solution in hexanes. The triple point of dimethylzinc is 230.13 K (−43.02 °C) ± 0.02 K.[2] The monomeric molecule of dimethylzinc is linear at Zn center and tetragonal at C centers.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"ulcerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"oxidants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidants"},{"link_name":"peroxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxides"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"methylzinc methoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylzinc_methoxide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pyrophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophoricity"},{"link_name":"ignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"zinc oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide"},{"link_name":"metal fume fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_fume_fever"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"zinc oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide"},{"link_name":"methanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"2,2-dichloropropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2,2-dichloropropane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"}],"text":"Inhalation of dimethylzinc mist or vapor causes immediate irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and may cause pneumonia and death. Eyes are immediately and severely irritated and burned by liquid, vapor, or dilute solutions. If not removed by thorough flushing with water, this chemical may permanently damage the cornea, eventually causing blindness. If dimethylzinc contacts the skin, it causes thermal and acid burns by reacting with moisture on skin. Unless washed quickly, skin may be scarred. Ingestion, while unlikely, also causes immediate burns. Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea may follow, and tissues may ulcerate if not promptly treated. Upon heating, dimethylzinc vapor decomposes to irritating and toxic products.[1]Contact of dimethylzinc with oxidants may form explosive peroxides. Dimethylzinc oxidises in air very slowly, producing methylzinc methoxide CH3ZnOCH3.Dimethylzinc is very pyrophoric and can spontaneously ignite in air. It burns in air with a blue flame, giving off a garlic-like odor. The products of decomposition (fire smoke) include zinc oxide, which itself is not toxic, but its fumes can irritate lungs and cause metal fume fever, severe injury, or death.Dimethylzinc fire must be extinguished with dry sand. The fire reacts violently or explosively with water, generating very flammable methane gas which can explode in air upon catching fire, and lung-irritating smoke of zinc oxide. Dimethylzinc fire reacts violently or explosively with methanol, ethanol and 2,2-dichloropropane. It explodes in oxygen and ozone. Improperly handled containers of dimethylzinc can explode, causing serious injuries or death.[1]","title":"Toxicity and hazards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid"},{"link_name":"tetragonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonal"},{"link_name":"monoclinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gas-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-phase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the solid state the compound exists in two modifications. The tetragonal high-temperature phase shows a two-dimensional disorder, while the low-temperature phase which is monoclinic is ordered. The molecules are linear with Zn-C bond lengths measuring 192.7(6) pm.[3] The structure of the gas-phase shows a very similar Zn-C distance of 193.0(2) pm.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Frankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland"},{"link_name":"Robert Bunsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen"},{"link_name":"University of Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg"},{"link_name":"methyl iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_iodide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"}],"text":"Dimethylzinc was first prepared by Edward Frankland during his work with Robert Bunsen in 1849 at the University of Marburg. After heating a mixture of zinc and methyl iodide in an airtight vessel, a flame burst out when the seal was broken.[5] In the laboratory, this synthesis method remains unchanged today, except that copper or copper compounds are used to activate the zinc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compounds"},{"link_name":"Grignard reagents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reagents"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"MOCVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOCVD"},{"link_name":"band gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap"},{"link_name":"II–VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy#II-VI_semiconductors"},{"link_name":"ZnO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnO"},{"link_name":"ZnS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnS"},{"link_name":"ZnSe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnSe"},{"link_name":"ZnTe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnTe"},{"link_name":"CdxHg1−xTe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"dopant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopant"},{"link_name":"III–V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour-phase_epitaxy#III-V_semiconductors"},{"link_name":"AlN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlN"},{"link_name":"AlP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlP"},{"link_name":"AlxGa1−xAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_gallium_arsenide"},{"link_name":"GaAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GaAs"},{"link_name":"InP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InP"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"photonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"rubber vulcanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_vulcanization"},{"link_name":"fungicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide"},{"link_name":"methylating agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylating_agent"},{"link_name":"methyltitanium trichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methyltitanium_trichloride&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Dimethylzinc has been of great importance in the synthesis of organic compounds. It was used for a long time to introduce methyl groups into organic molecules or to synthesize organometallic compounds containing methyl groups. Grignard reagents, (organo-magnesium compounds), which are easier to handle and less flammable, replaced organo-zinc compounds in most laboratory syntheses. Due to differences in reactivity (as well as in reaction byproducts) between organo-zinc compounds and Grignard reagents, organo-zinc compounds may be preferred in some syntheses.[6]Its high vapor pressure has led to extensive uses in the production of semiconductors, e.g. metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the preparation of wide band gap II–VI semiconducting films (e.g. ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdxHg1−xTe) and as p-dopant precursors for III–V semiconductors (e.g. AlN, AlP, AlxGa1−xAs, GaAs, InP), which have many electronic and photonic applications.[7]It is used as an accelerator in rubber vulcanization, as a fungicide, and as a methylating agent in methyltitanium trichloride.","title":"Uses"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dimethylzinc\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dimethylzinc","url_text":"\"Dimethylzinc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dimethylzinc (CAS 544-97-8)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chemeo.com/cid/15-221-9/dimethylzinc","url_text":"\"Dimethylzinc (CAS 544-97-8)\""}]},{"reference":"John Bacsa; Felix Hanke; Sarah Hindley; Rajesh Odedra; George R. Darling; Anthony C. Jones; Alexander Steiner (2011). \"The Solid State Structures of Dimethylzinc and Diethylzinc\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (49): 11685–11687. doi:10.1002/anie.201105099. PMC 3326375. PMID 21919175.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326375","url_text":"\"The Solid State Structures of Dimethylzinc and Diethylzinc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition","url_text":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201105099","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201105099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326375","url_text":"3326375"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21919175","url_text":"21919175"}]},{"reference":"A. Haaland; J. C. Green; G. S. McGrady; A. J. Downs; E. Gullo; M. J. Lyall; J. Timberlake; A. V. Tutukin; H. V. Volden; K.-A. Østby (2003). \"The length, strength and polarity of metal–carbon bonds: dialkylzinc compounds studied by density functional theory calculations, gas electron diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy\". Dalton Transactions (22): 4356–4366. doi:10.1039/B306840B.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Transactions","url_text":"Dalton Transactions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB306840B","url_text":"10.1039/B306840B"}]},{"reference":"E. Frankland (1849). \"Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten\". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 71 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490710206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frankland","url_text":"E. Frankland"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1427026","url_text":"\"Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebigs_Annalen","url_text":"Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18490710206","url_text":"10.1002/jlac.18490710206"}]},{"reference":"Erdik, Ender (1996). Organozinc reagents in organic synthesis. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9151-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9151-4","url_text":"978-0-8493-9151-4"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad Afzaal; Mohammad A. Malik; Paul O’Brien (2007). \"Preparation of zinc containing materials\". New Journal of Chemistry. 31 (12): 2029–2040. doi:10.1039/b712235g.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Journal_of_Chemistry","url_text":"New Journal of Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb712235g","url_text":"10.1039/b712235g"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=544-97-8","external_links_name":"544-97-8"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BZn%5DC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=51497","external_links_name":"CHEBI:51497"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10254473.html","external_links_name":"10254473"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.077","external_links_name":"100.008.077"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11010","external_links_name":"11010"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/8H6R0N8W2F","external_links_name":"8H6R0N8W2F"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5060271","external_links_name":"DTXSID5060271"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443694271&page2=Dimethylzinc","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dimethylzinc","external_links_name":"\"Dimethylzinc\""},{"Link":"https://www.chemeo.com/cid/15-221-9/dimethylzinc","external_links_name":"\"Dimethylzinc (CAS 544-97-8)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326375","external_links_name":"\"The Solid State Structures of Dimethylzinc and Diethylzinc\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201105099","external_links_name":"10.1002/anie.201105099"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326375","external_links_name":"3326375"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21919175","external_links_name":"21919175"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB306840B","external_links_name":"10.1039/B306840B"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1427026","external_links_name":"\"Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18490710206","external_links_name":"10.1002/jlac.18490710206"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb712235g","external_links_name":"10.1039/b712235g"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4346795-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Ahvenlahti | Olli Ahvenlahti | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Finnish pianist, composer and conductor
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Olli Ahvenlahti" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Olli Ahvenlahti in 2012.
Olli Ahvenlahti (born 6 August 1949, in Helsinki) is a Finnish pianist, composer and conductor. He is of Russian descent.
Ahvenlahti succeeded Ossi Runne as the Finnish conductor at the Eurovision Song Contest for the 1990 Contest. In all, he conducted seven entries until the 1998 Contest (after which the orchestra was abolished) - the exceptions being the 1995 Contest and the 1997 Contest in which Finland did not participate. At these contests, Ahvenlahti was part of the Finnish commentary team.
He has played alongside a large number of Finnish artists, most notably the UMO Jazz Orchestra in the 1970s.
During the 1990s he worked for the Finnish radio and television company YLE.
References
^ "Yhteinen sävel: Alla venäläisen kuun". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 25, 2017.
External links
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Olli Ahvenlahden verkkosivut
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This article about a Finnish composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olli_Ahvenlahti_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ossi Runne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossi_Runne"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"1990 Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990"},{"link_name":"1998 Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"1995 Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_1995"},{"link_name":"1997 Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997"},{"link_name":"UMO Jazz Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMO_Jazz_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"YLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE"}],"text":"Olli Ahvenlahti in 2012.Olli Ahvenlahti (born 6 August 1949, in Helsinki) is a Finnish pianist, composer and conductor. He is of Russian descent.[1]Ahvenlahti succeeded Ossi Runne as the Finnish conductor at the Eurovision Song Contest for the 1990 Contest. In all, he conducted seven entries until the 1998 Contest (after which the orchestra was abolished) - the exceptions being the 1995 Contest and the 1997 Contest in which Finland did not participate. At these contests, Ahvenlahti was part of the Finnish commentary team.He has played alongside a large number of Finnish artists, most notably the UMO Jazz Orchestra in the 1970s.During the 1990s he worked for the Finnish radio and television company YLE.","title":"Olli Ahvenlahti"}] | [{"image_text":"Olli Ahvenlahti in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Olli_Ahvenlahti_2.jpg/250px-Olli_Ahvenlahti_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Yhteinen sävel: Alla venäläisen kuun\". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved April 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/08/13/yhteinen-savel-alla-venalaisen-kuun","url_text":"\"Yhteinen sävel: Alla venäläisen kuun\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22","external_links_name":"\"Olli Ahvenlahti\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Olli+Ahvenlahti%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/08/13/yhteinen-savel-alla-venalaisen-kuun","external_links_name":"\"Yhteinen sävel: Alla venäläisen kuun\""},{"Link":"http://www.olliahvenlahti.com/main.html","external_links_name":"Olli Ahvenlahden verkkosivut"},{"Link":"http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=8&ag=91&t=591&a=5191","external_links_name":"YLE Elävä arkisto: Olli Ahvenlahti livenä"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000372655439","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66084726","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3FG6Dfq7t9PkVxcJv73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14148517r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14148517r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000187480","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98037449","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/eb51b56a-0d68-4a6e-9a9c-abd07599a80a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olli_Ahvenlahti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Chile | Communes of Chile | ["1 List of communes by region and province","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Smallest administrative subdivision in Chile
Politics of Chile
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vte
For other uses, see Commune (disambiguation).
A commune (Spanish: comuna, IPA: ) is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile. It may contain cities, towns, villages, hamlets as well as rural areas. In highly populated areas, such as Santiago, Valparaíso and Concepción, a conurbation may be broken into several communes. In sparsely populated areas, conversely, a commune may cover a substantial rural area together with several settled areas which could range from hamlets to towns or cities.
The term "commune" is ambiguous in English, but the word is commonly used in translation for "comuna", although with some controversy among translators. A comuna is similar to a "county" in Anglo-American usage and practice, and may be more universally understood as a "municipality".
Each commune or municipality is governed by a directly elected body known as a municipal council (concejo municipal) consisting of a mayor (alcalde) and a group of councillors (concejales), for a period of four years. The communal civil service administration is known as the municipality (municipalidad) and is headquartered at the mayor's office (alcaldía). According to Chilean law, a single municipality may administer one or more communes, though currently, the only such case is the municipality of Cabo de Hornos, which administers the communes of Antártica and Cabo de Hornos.
Chile's 346 communes are grouped into 56 provinces (provincia, pl. provincias), which are themselves grouped into 16 regions (región, pl. regiones).
List of communes by region and province
Traditionally, Chilean regions are listed in geographical order starting with the northernmost region, leaving the Santiago Metropolitan Region at the end. The following table lists all Chilean communes, providing a complete list of administrative divisions at all levels. Each commune's municipality website is given along with the area and population from the National Statistics Institute's most recent census conducted in 2002.
INERegion
NaturalRegion
Region
Province
Commune
Area(km2)
2002Population
2014Population
Website
North
Far North Chile
Arica and Parinacota (XV)
Arica
Camarones
3,927
1,220
783
link
Arica
4,799
185,268
231,611
link Archived 2010-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
Parinacota
Putre
5,903
1,977
2,073
link
General Lagos
2,244
1,179
614
link
Tarapacá (I)
Iquique
Iquique
2,835
166,204
196,437
link
Alto Hospicio
593
50,215
106,078
link
Tamarugal
Pozo Almonte
13,766
10,830
13,723
link
Pica
8,934
6,178
6,626
link
Huara
10,475
2,599
2,923
link
Colchane
4,016
1,649
1,698
link
Camiña
2,200
1,275
1,297
link
Antofagasta (II)
Antofagasta
Taltal
20,405
11,100
12,937
link
Sierra Gorda
12,866
2,356
3,040
link
Mejillones
3,804
8,418
11,090
link
Antofagasta
30,718
296,905
372,325
link
El Loa
San Pedro de Atacama
23,439
4,969
7,212
link
Ollagüe
2,964
318
315
link
Calama
15,597
138,402
173,691
link
Tocopilla
Tocopilla
4,039
23,986
27,378
link
María Elena
12,197
7,530
5,340
link
Near North Chile
Atacama (III)
Chañaral
Diego de Almagro
18,664
18,589
15,501
link
Chañaral
5,772
13,543
13,746
link
Copiapó
Tierra Amarilla
11,191
12,888
16,867
link
Copiapó
16,681
129,091
168,946
link
Caldera
4,667
13,734
17,263
link
Huasco
Vallenar
7,084
48,040
52,824
link
Huasco
1,601
7,945
10,083
link
Freirina
3,578
5,666
6,823
link
Alto del Carmen
5,939
4,840
6,194
link
Coquimbo (IV)
Choapa
Salamanca
3,445
24,494
27,181
link
Los Vilos
1,861
17,453
19,980
link
Illapel
2,629
30,355
32,753
link
Canela
2,197
9,379
9,914
link
Elqui
Vicuña
7,610
24,010
26,561
link
Paiguano
1,495
4,168
4,483
link
La Serena
1,893
160,148
212,621
link
La Higuera
4,158
3,721
4,568
link
Coquimbo
1,429
163,036
226,223
link
Andacollo
310
10,288
11,348
link
Limarí
Río Hurtado
2,117
4,771
4,994
link Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
Punitaqui
1,339
9,539
10,748
link
Ovalle
3,835
98,089
119,014
link
Monte Patria
4,366
30,276
33,641
link
Combarbalá
1,896
13,483
15,199
link
Central
North Central Chile
Valparaíso (V)
Isla de Pascua
Isla de Pascua
164
3,791
6,148
link
Los Andes
San Esteban
1,362
14,400
18,201
link
Rinconada
123
6,692
10,084
link
Los Andes
1,248
60,198
67,659
link
Calle Larga
322
10,393
14,108
link
Marga Marga
Villa Alemana
97
95,623
134,999
link
Quilpué
537
128,578
165,284
link
Limache
294
39,219
45,061
link
Olmué
232
14,105
15,897
link
Petorca
Zapallar
288
5,659
6,185
link
Petorca
1,517
9,440
10,294
link
Papudo
166
4,608
5,242
link
La Ligua
1,163
31,987
33,853
link
Cabildo
1,455
18,916
20,106
link
Quillota
Quillota
302
75,916
92,482
link
Nogales
405
21,633
23,708
link
La Cruz
78
12,851
18,647
link
La Calera
61
49,503
54,878
link
Hijuelas
267
16,014
17,966
link
San Antonio
Santo Domingo
536
7,418
9,177
link
San Antonio
405
87,205
96,360
link
El Tabo
99
7,028
9,863
link
El Quisco
51
9,467
12,819
link
Cartagena
346
16,875
20,035
link
Algarrobo
176
8,601
10,359
link
San Felipe
Santa María
166
12,813
15,484
link
San Felipe
186
64,126
73,326
link
Putaendo
1,474
14,649
16,306
link
Panquehue
122
6,567
7,301
link
Llaillay
349
21,644
24,519
link
Catemu
362
12,112
13,863
link
Valparaíso
Viña del Mar
122
286,931
321,760
link
Valparaíso
402
275,982
295,075
link
Quintero
148
21,174
27,213
link
Puchuncaví
300
12,954
17,403
link
Concón
76
32,273
47,447
link
Juan Fernández
148
633
850
link
Casablanca
953
21,874
28,338
link
Metropolitana (RM)
Chacabuco
Tiltil
653
14,755
17,423
link
Lampa
452
40,228
82,249
link
Colina
971
77,815
117,573
link
Cordillera
San José de Maipo
4,995
13,376
14,922
link
Puente Alto
88
492,915
602,203
link
Pirque
445
16,565
21,595
link
Maipo
San Bernardo
155
246,762
294,019
link
Paine
678
50,028
65,603
link
Calera de Tango
73
18,235
24,097
link Archived 2015-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
Buin
214
63,419
81,760
link
Melipilla
San Pedro
788
7,549
9,476
link
Melipilla
1,356
94,540
115,197
link
María Pinto
395
10,343
12,725
link Archived 2017-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
Curacaví
693
24,298
29,288
link
Alhué
845
4,435
5,631
link
Santiago
Vitacura
28
81,499
88,065
link
Santiago
22
200,792
344,711
link
San Ramón
7
94,906
99,615
link
San Miguel
10
78,872
107,797
link
San Joaquín
10
97,625
104,040
link
Renca
24
133,518
150,546
link
Recoleta
16
148,220
167,258
link
Quinta Normal
12
104,012
114,297
link
Quilicura
58
126,518
202,151
link
Pudahuel
197
195,653
230,833
link
Providencia
14
120,874
145,869
link
Peñalolén
54
216,060
241,576
link
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
10
114,560
122,093
link
Ñuñoa
17
163,511
216,452
link
Maipú
133
468,390
544,876
link
Macul
13
112,535
123,506
link
Lo Prado
7
104,316
112,579
link
Lo Espejo
7
112,800
119,842
link
Lo Barnechea
1,024
74,749
101,651
link
Las Condes
99
249,893
281,623
link
La Reina
23
96,762
101,459
link
La Pintana
31
190,085
211,536
link
La Granja
10
132,520
142,862
link
La Florida
71
365,674
388,119
link
La Cisterna
10
85,118
92,289
link
Independencia
7
65,479
81,755
link
Huechuraba
45
74,070
94,342
link
Estación Central
14
130,394
144,188
link
El Bosque
14
175,594
193,185
link
Conchalí
71
133,256
140,950
link
Cerro Navia
11
148,312
158,046
link
Cerrillos
21
71,906
84,437
link
Talagante
Talagante
126
59,805
70,043
link
Peñaflor
69
66,619
88,139
link
Padre Hurtado
81
38,768
54,541
link
Isla de Maipo
189
25,798
34,563
link
El Monte
118
26,459
34,986
link
O'Higgins (VI)
Cachapoal
San Vicente
476
40,253
46,643
link
Requínoa
673
22,161
30,184
link
Rengo
592
50,830
60,486
link
Rancagua
260
214,344
232,639
link
Quinta de Tilcoco
93
11,380
13,147
link Archived 2015-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
Pichidegua
320
17,756
20,111
link
Peumo
153
13,948
15,981
link
Olivar
45
12,335
14,823
link
Mostazal
524
21,866
26,170
link
Malloa
113
12,872
13,816
link
Machalí
2,586
28,628
50,141
link
Las Cabras
749
20,242
23,773
link
Graneros
113
25,961
33,227
link
Doñihue
78
16,916
20,127
link
Coltauco
225
16,228
19,503
link
Coinco
98
6,385
7,160
link
Codegua
287
10,796
13,952
link
Cardenal Caro
Pichilemu
749
12,392
14,311
link
Paredones
562
6,695
6,491
link
Navidad
300
5,422
5,941
link
Marchihue
660
6,904
7,565
link
Litueche
619
5,526
6,251
link
La Estrella
435
4,221
3,283
link
Colchagua
Santa Cruz
420
32,387
37,303
link
San Fernando
2,441
63,732
73,105
link
Pumanque
441
3,442
3,471
link
Placilla
147
8,078
9,213
link
Peralillo
283
9,729
11,460
link
Palmilla
237
11,200
13,158
link
Nancagua
111
15,634
17,029
link
Lolol
597
6,191
6,961
link
Chimbarongo
498
32,316
37,172
link
Chépica
503
13,857
15,980
link Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
South Central Chile
Maule (VII)
Cauquenes
Pelluhue
371
6,414
7,553
link
Chanco
530
9,457
9,173
link
Cauquenes
2,126
41,217
40,896
link
Curicó
Vichuquén
426
4,916
5,146
link
Teno
618
25,596
28,397
link
Sagrada Familia
549
17,519
19,467
link
Romeral
1,597
12,707
14,983
link
Rauco
309
8,566
9,970
link
Molina
1,552
38,521
42,128
link
Licantén
273
6,902
7,267
link
Hualañé
629
9,741
10,249
link
Curicó
1,328
119,585
142,662
link
Linares
Yerbas Buenas
262
16,134
18,160
link
Villa Alegre
190
14,725
15,369
link
San Javier
1,313
37,793
41,032
link
Retiro
827
18,487
19,704
link
Parral
1,638
37,822
38,809
link
Longaví
1,454
28,161
29,562
link
Linares
1,457
83,249
90,845
link
Colbún
2,900
17,619
19,387
link Archived 2015-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
Talca
Talca
232
201,797
231,860
link
San Rafael
264
7,674
9,652
link
San Clemente
4,504
37,261
41,366
link
Río Claro
431
12,698
13,513
link
Pencahue
957
8,315
8,845
link
Pelarco
332
7,266
7,910
link
Maule
238
16,837
45,676
link
Empedrado
565
4,225
4,486
link Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
Curepto
1,074
10,812
10,895
link
Constitución
1,344
46,081
50,631
link
Ñuble (XVI)
Diguillín
Chillán Viejo
292
22,084
31,502
link
Chillán
511
161,953
178,871
link
Bulnes
425
20,595
21,910
link
El Carmen
664
12,845
12,942
link
Pemuco
563
8,821
9,298
link
Pinto
1,164
9,875
11,242
link
Quillón
423
15,146
16,769
link
San Ignacio
364
16,106
16,080
link
Yungay
824
16,814
18,206
link Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
Itata
Cobquecura
570
5,687
5,735
link
Coelemu
342
16,082
16,910
link
Ninhue
401
5,738
5,847
link
Portezuelo
282
5,470
5,648
link
Quirihue
589
11,429
13,303
link
Ránquil
248
5,683
6,041
link
Treguaco
313
5,296
5,346
link
Punilla
Coihueco
1,777
23,583
25,763
link
Ñiquén
493
11,421
11,689
link
San Carlos
874
50,088
52,923
link
San Fabián
1,568
3,646
4,030
link
San Nicolás
491
9,741
11,348
link
Biobío (VIII)
Arauco
Tirúa
624
9,664
10,433
link
Los Álamos
599
18,632
23,252
link
Lebu
561
25,035
26,509
link
Curanilahue
994
31,943
34,802
link
Contulmo
962
5,838
5,624
link
Cañete
760
31,270
34,129
link
Arauco
956
34,873
38,163
link
Biobío
Yumbel
727
20,498
21,594
link
Tucapel
915
12,777
14,300
link
Santa Bárbara
3,380
12,943
12,985
link
San Rosendo
92
3,918
3,956
link
Quilleco
1,122
10,428
10,097
link
Quilaco
1,124
4,021
4,118
link
Negrete
157
8,579
10,148
link
Nacimiento
935
25,971
28,305
link
Mulchén
1,925
29,003
30,479
link
Los Ángeles
1,748
166,556
193,252
link
Laja
340
22,404
24,006
link
Cabrero
640
25,282
28,918
link
Antuco
1,884
3,908
3,962
link
Alto Biobío
2,125
7,027
6,179
link
Concepción
Tomé
495
52,440
55,693
link
Talcahuano
146
163,626
177,567
link
Santa Juana
731
12,713
13,687
link
San Pedro de la Paz
113
80,447
126,416
link
Penco
108
46,016
51,346
link Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
Lota
136
49,089
48,098
link
Hualqui
531
18,768
24,793
link
Hualpén
54
86,722
106,628
link
Florida
609
10,177
9,045
link
Coronel
279
95,528
113,850
link
Concepción
222
216,061
228,848
link
Chiguayante
72
81,302
97,909
link
South
South Chile
Araucanía (IX)
Cautín
Villarrica
1,291
45,531
54,427
link Archived 2020-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
Vilcún
1,421
22,491
27,349
link
Toltén
860
11,216
11,455
link
Teodoro Schmidt
650
15,504
16,167
link
Temuco
464
245,347
285,487
link
Saavedra
401
14,034
13,104
link
Pucón
1,249
21,107
27,221
link
Pitrufquén
581
21,988
24,552
link
Perquenco
331
6,450
7,220
link
Padre Las Casas
401
58,795
84,684
link
Nueva Imperial
1,160
29,994
33,247
link
Melipeuco
1,107
5,628
5,848
link
Loncoche
977
23,037
23,482
link
Lautaro
901
32,218
36,648
link
Gorbea
695
15,222
15,711
link
Galvarino
568
12,596
12,632
link
Freire
935
25,514
24,904
link Archived 2015-08-01 at the Wayback Machine
Curarrehue
1,171
6,784
7,419
link Archived 2015-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
Cunco
1,907
18,703
19,090
link
Cholchol
428
10,065
11,731
link
Carahue
1,341
25,696
26,606
link
Malleco
Victoria
1,256
33,501
34,968
link
Traiguén
908
19,534
19,892
link
Renaico
267
9,128
10,499
link
Purén
465
12,868
13,020
link
Lumaco
1,119
11,405
11,379
link
Los Sauces
850
7,581
7,853
link
Lonquimay
3,914
10,237
10,940
link
Ercilla
500
9,041
9,216
link
Curacautín
1,664
16,970
17,263
link
Collipulli
1,296
22,354
24,490
link
Angol
1,194
48,996
54,995
link Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
Los Ríos (XIV)
Ranco
Río Bueno
2,212
32,627
33,166
link
Lago Ranco
1,763
10,098
10,810
link
La Unión
2,137
39,447
43,093
link
Futrono
2,121
14,981
16,403
link
Valdivia
Valdivia
1,016
140,559
166,048
link
Panguipulli
3,292
33,273
36,261
link
Paillaco
896
19,237
20,798
link
Mariquina
1,321
18,223
21,845
link
Máfil
583
7,213
7,464
link
Los Lagos
1,791
20,168
22,457
link
Lanco
532
15,107
17,455
link
Corral
767
5,463
5,748
link
Los Lagos (X)
Chiloé
Quinchao
161
8,976
8,934
link
Quemchi
440
8,689
9,109
link
Quellón
3,244
21,823
29,951
link
Queilén
224
5,138
5,551
link
Puqueldón
97
4,160
4,053
link
Dalcahue
1,239
10,693
15,005
link
Curaco de Vélez
80
3,403
4,128
link
Chonchi
1,362
12,572
15,086
link
Castro
428
39,366
48,247
link
Ancud
1,252
39,946
43,832
link
Llanquihue
Puerto Varas
4,065
32,912
40,315
link
Puerto Montt
1,673
175,938
239,534
link
Maullín
861
15,580
15,788
link
Los Muermos
1,246
16,964
16,692
link
Llanquihue
421
16,337
18,036
link
Frutillar
831
15,525
17,224
link
Fresia
1,278
12,804
12,868
link
Cochamó
3,911
4,363
4,159
link
Calbuco
591
31,070
34,638
link
Osorno
San Pablo
637
10,162
10,510
link
San Juan de la Costa
1,517
8,831
7,646
link
Río Negro
1,266
14,732
13,826
link
Puyehue
1,598
11,368
11,109
link
Purranque
1,459
20,705
21,478
link
Puerto Octay
1,796
10,236
9,680
link Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
Osorno
951
145,475
157,389
link
Palena
Palena
2,764
1,690
2,131
link
Hualaihué
2,788
8,273
10,923
link
Futaleufú
1,280
1,826
3,339
link
Chaitén
8,471
7,182
3,533
link
Austral Chile
Aysén (XI)
Aysén
Guaitecas
787
1,539
1,733
link
Cisnes
15,831
5,739
5,339
link
Aysén
29,970
22,353
27,316
link
Capitán Prat
Tortel
19,931
507
649
link Archived 2009-08-31 at the Wayback Machine
O'Higgins
8,183
463
657
link
Cochrane
8,931
2,867
3,336
link
Coyhaique
Lago Verde
5,622
1,062
1,005
link
Coihaique
7,320
50,041
59,862
link
General Carrera
Río Ibáñez
5,997
2,477
2,367
link
Chile Chico
5,922
4,444
5,070
link
Magallanes (XII)
Antártica Chilena
Cabo de Hornos
15,854
2,262
2,782
link
Antártica
1,250,000
130
184
link
Magallanes
San Gregorio
6,884
1,158
342
link
Río Verde
9,975
358
134
link
Punta Arenas
17,846
119,496
129,555
link
Laguna Blanca
3,696
663
587
link
Tierra del Fuego
Timaukel
10,996
423
191
link
Primavera
4,614
1,016
553
link
Porvenir
6,983
5,465
7,296
link
Última Esperanza
Torres del Paine
6,470
739
732
link
Natales
48,974
19,116
21,392
link
See also
Administrative divisions of Chile
Regions of Chile
Provinces of Chile
List of towns in Chile
List of cities in Chile
References
^ Law 19,726
^ a b "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ a b "Territorial division of Chile" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
^ "Comunas: Actualización Población 2002-2012 y Proyecciones 2013-2020". National Statistics Institute (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2015.
^ "Asociacion Chilena de Municipalidades". Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
External links
Municipalities in Chile, directory of official links for each municipality (in Spanish)
vteSpanish terms for administrative divisionsNational, Federal
Comunidad autónoma
Departamento
Distrito federal
Estado
Provincia
Región
Regional, Metropolitan
Cantón
Comarca
Comuna
Corregimiento
Delegación
Distrito
Mancomunidad
Merindad
Municipalidad
Municipio
Parroquia
Ecuador
Spain
Urban, Rural
Aldea
Alquería
Anteiglesia
Asentamiento
Asentamiento informal
Pueblos jóvenes
Barrio
Campamento
Caserío
Ciudad
Ciudad autónoma
Colonia
Lugar
Masía
Pedanía
Población
Ranchería
Sitio
Vereda
Villa
Village (Pueblito/Pueblo)
Historical subdivisions in italics.
vteArticles on third-level administrative divisions of countries
Albania
Austria
Bangladesh
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Brunei
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Guinea
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
local council
city council
regional council
Italy
Ivory Coast
Japan
Liberia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Mali
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Niger
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Russia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
South Africa
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Togo
Ukraine
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zimbabwe
List of administrative divisions by country | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commune (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[koˈmuna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"directly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"municipalidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalidad"},{"link_name":"Cabo de Hornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Hornos,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Antártica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica_(commune)"},{"link_name":"Cabo de Hornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Hornos,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Chile"}],"text":"For other uses, see Commune (disambiguation).A commune (Spanish: comuna, IPA: [koˈmuna]) is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coadjutor_Bishop | Coadjutor bishop | ["1 Catholic Church","2 Anglican Communion","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Assistant of the diocesan bishop
Not to be confused with the title of auxiliary bishop, a similar position.
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A coadjutor bishop (or bishop coadjutor) is a bishop in the Catholic, Anglican, and (historically) Eastern Orthodox churches whose main role is to assist the diocesan bishop in the administration of the diocese. The coadjutor (literally, "co-assister" in Latin) is a bishop himself, although he is also appointed as vicar general. The coadjutor bishop is, however, given authority beyond that ordinarily given to the vicar general, making him co-head of the diocese in all but ceremonial precedence. In modern times, the coadjutor automatically succeeds the diocesan bishop upon the latter's retirement, removal, or death.
Catholic Church
Main article: Bishop (Catholic Church)
In the Catholic Church, a coadjutor is a bishop with papal appointment as an immediate collaborator of the diocesan bishop in the governance of a diocese, with authority to substitute for the diocesan bishop in his absence and right to automatic succession to the diocesan see upon death, resignation, or transfer of the incumbent diocesan bishop (Canon 403§3).
The diocesan bishop must appoint the coadjutor as vicar general and must "entrust to him before others" acts that require a special mandate (Canon 406§1). The coadjutor holds the title of "Coadjutor" of the see, and the coadjutor of an archdiocese has status as an archbishop.
Some sui juris Eastern Catholic Churches also appoint coadjutors, but the manner of choosing them follows the norm of the particular law of each church for election or appointment of its bishops. Thus, the patriarchal or major archiepiscopal synods of the larger sui juris ritual churches typically elect coadjutors, with papal assent, while the pope typically appoints coadjutors in the smaller sui juris ritual churches personally. The coadjutor of an eparchy, archeparchy, or metropolis has the respective status of an eparch, archeparch, or metropolitan.
Particular churches that are not dioceses also may have coadjutors. Perhaps one of the more widely known examples is the appointment of Fernando Arêas Rifan as Coadjutor of the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney in 2002, less than a year after the reconciliation of the former Priestly Union of Saint John Mary Vianney formed this particular church.
In modern church practice, the normal reason for appointment of a coadjutor is to begin an orderly transition with declining health or expected retirement of a diocesan bishop. For example, Bishop Dennis Marion Schnurr of the Diocese of Duluth, Minnesota, was named Coadjutor Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2008 to succeed aging Archbishop Daniel Edward Pilarczyk. However, other situations do arise—a coadjutor may have authority to override the diocesan bishop with respect to a matter of public scandal, mismanagement, or other some problem that does not warrant removal from office. The revised Code of Canon Law stipulates that all coadjutors have right of succession, while providing for the appointment of an auxiliary bishop "with special faculties" in lieu of a coadjutor when automatic succession is not indicated.
The 1917 edition of the Code of Canon Law distinguished between coadjutor bishops cum jure succesionis ("with the right of succession") and those without, so coadjutors were sometimes appointed without such a right, usually as archbishops in particularly large dioceses who also held other important posts and to honor certain auxiliary bishops. For an example of a coadjutor without right of succession, see John J. Maguire, coadjutor archbishop of New York (1965-1980).
Anglican Communion
In some provinces of the Anglican Communion, a bishop coadjutor (the form usually used) is a bishop elected or appointed to follow the current diocesan bishop upon the incumbent's death or retirement. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, when a diocesan bishop announces the intent to retire they may call for a special diocesan convention to elect a coadjutor with whom they will serve jointly for a period of time. At the death or retirement of the diocesan, the coadjutor becomes the diocesan bishop.
A "bishop suffragan" is elected to assist the Diocesan Bishop and to serve under the Diocesan's direction, but without inherent right of succession.
There have been bishops coadjutor in the Anglican Church of Australia without the right of succession to the diocesan see.
See also
Titular see
References
^ Patrich, Joseph (2001). The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042909762.
^ Hamilton, Bernard (2016-12-05). The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Routledge. ISBN 9781351887052.
^ Saunders, William P. "What is the difference between an ordinary, auxiliary, and coadjutor bishop?", Catholic Straight Answers
^ "Appointing Bishops", USCCB
^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 28.06.2002" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 28 June 2002. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ Price, Bill (October 17, 2008). "Vatican Names Future Replacement For Pilarczyk". WCPO-TV.
^ Canon 403 §2 and §3, Codex juris canonici, 1983.
^ "Bishop Coadjutor". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
^ "How many different types of bishops are there?", The Episcopal Diocese of Texas
External links
"Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. (Cann. 368-430)". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
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Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"diocesan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesan_bishop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the title of auxiliary bishop, a similar position.A coadjutor bishop (or bishop coadjutor) is a bishop in the Catholic, Anglican, and (historically) Eastern Orthodox churches whose main role is to assist the diocesan bishop in the administration of the diocese.[1][2] The coadjutor (literally, \"co-assister\" in Latin) is a bishop himself, although he is also appointed as vicar general. The coadjutor bishop is, however, given authority beyond that ordinarily given to the vicar general, making him co-head of the diocese in all but ceremonial precedence. In modern times, the coadjutor automatically succeeds the diocesan bishop upon the latter's retirement, removal, or death.","title":"Coadjutor bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"diocesan see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Arêas Rifan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Ar%C3%AAas_Rifan"},{"link_name":"Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration_of_Saint_John_Mary_Vianney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dennis Marion Schnurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Marion_Schnurr"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Duluth"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Daniel Edward Pilarczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Edward_Pilarczyk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcpo20081017-6"},{"link_name":"revised Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1917 edition of the Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"John J. Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maguire_(coadjutor_archbishop_of_New_York)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the Catholic Church, a coadjutor is a bishop with papal appointment as an immediate collaborator of the diocesan bishop in the governance of a diocese, with authority to substitute for the diocesan bishop in his absence and right to automatic succession to the diocesan see upon death, resignation, or transfer of the incumbent diocesan bishop (Canon 403§3).[3]The diocesan bishop must appoint the coadjutor as vicar general and must \"entrust to him before others\" acts that require a special mandate (Canon 406§1).[4] The coadjutor holds the title of \"Coadjutor\" of the see, and the coadjutor of an archdiocese has status as an archbishop.Some sui juris Eastern Catholic Churches also appoint coadjutors, but the manner of choosing them follows the norm of the particular law of each church for election or appointment of its bishops. Thus, the patriarchal or major archiepiscopal synods of the larger sui juris ritual churches typically elect coadjutors, with papal assent, while the pope typically appoints coadjutors in the smaller sui juris ritual churches personally. The coadjutor of an eparchy, archeparchy, or metropolis has the respective status of an eparch, archeparch, or metropolitan.Particular churches that are not dioceses also may have coadjutors. Perhaps one of the more widely known examples is the appointment of Fernando Arêas Rifan as Coadjutor of the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney in 2002, less than a year after the reconciliation of the former Priestly Union of Saint John Mary Vianney formed this particular church.[5]In modern church practice, the normal reason for appointment of a coadjutor is to begin an orderly transition with declining health or expected retirement of a diocesan bishop. For example, Bishop Dennis Marion Schnurr of the Diocese of Duluth, Minnesota, was named Coadjutor Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2008 to succeed aging Archbishop Daniel Edward Pilarczyk.[6] However, other situations do arise—a coadjutor may have authority to override the diocesan bishop with respect to a matter of public scandal, mismanagement, or other some problem that does not warrant removal from office. The revised Code of Canon Law stipulates that all coadjutors have right of succession, while providing for the appointment of an auxiliary bishop \"with special faculties\" in lieu of a coadjutor when automatic succession is not indicated.[7]The 1917 edition of the Code of Canon Law distinguished between coadjutor bishops cum jure succesionis (\"with the right of succession\") and those without, so coadjutors were sometimes appointed without such a right, usually as archbishops in particularly large dioceses who also held other important posts and to honor certain auxiliary bishops. For an example of a coadjutor without right of succession, see John J. Maguire, coadjutor archbishop of New York (1965-1980).[citation needed]","title":"Catholic Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church in the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In some provinces of the Anglican Communion, a bishop coadjutor (the form usually used) is a bishop elected or appointed to follow the current diocesan bishop upon the incumbent's death or retirement. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, when a diocesan bishop announces the intent to retire they may call for a special diocesan convention to elect a coadjutor with whom they will serve jointly for a period of time. At the death or retirement of the diocesan, the coadjutor becomes the diocesan bishop.[8]A \"bishop suffragan\" is elected to assist the Diocesan Bishop and to serve under the Diocesan's direction, but without inherent right of succession.[9]There have been bishops coadjutor in the Anglican Church of Australia without the right of succession to the diocesan see.[citation needed]","title":"Anglican Communion"}] | [] | [{"title":"Titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"}] | [{"reference":"Patrich, Joseph (2001). The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042909762.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O4pj9YNdgJYC&q=coadjutor+orthodox&pg=PA91","url_text":"The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church from the Fifth Century to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042909762","url_text":"9789042909762"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Bernard (2016-12-05). The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Routledge. ISBN 9781351887052.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yp6oDQAAQBAJ&q=coadjutor+orthodox&pg=PT184","url_text":"The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351887052","url_text":"9781351887052"}]},{"reference":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 28.06.2002\" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 28 June 2002. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/06/28/0335/01072.html","url_text":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 28.06.2002\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Bill (October 17, 2008). \"Vatican Names Future Replacement For Pilarczyk\". WCPO-TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPO-TV","url_text":"WCPO-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Coadjutor\". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2022-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/bishop-coadjutor/","url_text":"\"Bishop Coadjutor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. (Cann. 368-430)\". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2021-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann368-430_en.html#Art._3.","url_text":"\"Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dregoviti | Drougoubitai | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"] | The Drougoubitai, also Drogobitai or Dragobitai (Greek: Δρογοβῖται/Δραγοβῖται), variously anglicized as Drugubites, Drogubites, Druguvites, Draguvites etc., were a South Slavic group (Sclaveni) who settled in the Balkans in the 7th century. Two distinct branches are mentioned in the sources, one living in medieval Macedonia to the north and east of Thessalonica and around Veroia (in modern Greece).
History
11th-century Byzantine seal of an anonymous "krites (civil governor) of the Drougoubitai"
The 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius, which chronicle the Slavic invasions and settlement in the Balkans, list the first branch of the Drougoubitai along with four other Sclaveni tribes living in the vicinity of Thessalonica. According to the Miracles, they were led by kings, and were tributary allies to the Byzantines. The Miracles also record their participation in two unsuccessful attacks by Sclaveni coalitions on Thessalonica, in 617/618 and 677.
By 879, a bishopric of Drougoubiteia (Δρουγουβιτεία), suffragan to the Metropolis of Thessalonica, had been established. Nicolas Oikonomides has suggested that at about the same time, the tribe was placed under a Byzantine military governor with the title of strategos. In the late 10th and 11th centuries, Drougoubiteia is attested as being united with the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon into a single province. In the early 10th century, John Kaminiates speaks of the Drougoubitai as living around Veroia, while in the 13th century, Demetrios Chomatenos mentions them as "ruling" all the land from Veroia up to Skopje.
See also
List of Medieval Slavic tribes
References
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 662
^ Curta (2001), pp. 108, 112
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 663
^ Oikonomides (1972), p. 357
^ Nesbitt & Oikonomides (1991), p. 84
Sources
Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880.
Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John; Oikonomides, Nicolas, eds. (2001). Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-282-X.
Oikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles (in French). Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
vteEarly Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)East Slavs
Carpathian Croats
Radimichs
Severians
Tivertsi
Ulichs
Vyatichi
Don Slavs
Zeriuani1
Bolokhovians1
Dulebes
Buzhans
Volhynians
Drevlians
Polans
Dregoviches
Narevyans
Northern tribal union
Krivichs
Polochans
Pskov's
Tver's
Smolensk's
Slovenes
Merya2
Muroma2
West SlavsPolish tribes
Goplans
Lendians
Lubuszans
Masovians
Polans
Sieradzans
Vistulans
Kujawians
Wiercans
Thafnezi
Pomeranians
Kashubians
Prissani
Wolinians
Slovincians
Silesian tribes3
Bezunzans
Bobrzans
Silesian Croats
Dadosesani
Golensizi
Opolans
Selpoli
Silesians
Polabian tribesVeleti and Lutici
Brizans
Circipania
Kessinians
Tollensians
Doxani
Morzyczans
Neletyches
Rujani
Redariers
Rechans
Sprevane
Hevelli
Ukrani
Zamcici
Zemcici
Obotrites
Bethenici
Drevani
Linons
Reregs
Smeldingi
Wagri
Warnabi
Polabians
Lusatians
Khutices
Glomatians
Koledices
Lusatians
Milceni
Suslowi
Zhirmunts
Zhitices
Neletiches
Nizhices
Nishans
Sorbs (White Serbs)
Czech tribes
Bohemian Croats
Czechs
Dechans
Bohemian Dulebes
Lemuzi
Litomerici
Luchans
Moravians
Merehani
Pshovans
Sedlichans
Zlicans
Hbans
Domazhlici
Lupiglians
Znetalici
Slovak tribes
Nitrians 5
Slovaks
South SlavsBulgarian tribes
Union of the Seven Slavic tribes
Southern Severians
Smolyani
Strymonites
Moratsi
Milcovci
in Greece and Macedonia
Drougoubitai
Ezeritai
Melingoi
Sagudates
Baiounitai
Belegezites
Berziti
Rhynchinoi
Alpine Slavs (Carantanians)
Asia Minor Slavs
Pannonian Slavs (Pannonian Dulebes)
Croats
Guduscani
Narentines
Zachlumians
Travunians
Kanalites
Diokletlians
Serbs
Moravens
Timochans
Branichevci
Praedenecenti
Notes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes
2 = supposedly Finno-Ugric tribes
3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example Silings
5 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drougoubitai"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_a_judge_of_the_Drougoubites.jpg"},{"link_name":"krites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krites"},{"link_name":"Miracles of Saint Demetrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Sclaveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclaveni"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB662-1"},{"link_name":"617/618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(617)"},{"link_name":"677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(676%E2%80%93678)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Metropolis of Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Oikonomides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides"},{"link_name":"strategos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)"},{"link_name":"Strymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_(theme)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB663-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Kaminiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kaminiates"},{"link_name":"Veroia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroia"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Chomatenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Chomatenos"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"11th-century Byzantine seal of an anonymous \"krites (civil governor) of the Drougoubitai\"The 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius, which chronicle the Slavic invasions and settlement in the Balkans, list the first branch of the Drougoubitai along with four other Sclaveni tribes living in the vicinity of Thessalonica. According to the Miracles, they were led by kings, and were tributary allies to the Byzantines.[1] The Miracles also record their participation in two unsuccessful attacks by Sclaveni coalitions on Thessalonica, in 617/618 and 677.[2]By 879, a bishopric of Drougoubiteia (Δρουγουβιτεία), suffragan to the Metropolis of Thessalonica, had been established. Nicolas Oikonomides has suggested that at about the same time, the tribe was placed under a Byzantine military governor with the title of strategos. In the late 10th and 11th centuries, Drougoubiteia is attested as being united with the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon into a single province.[3][4] In the early 10th century, John Kaminiates speaks of the Drougoubitai as living around Veroia, while in the 13th century, Demetrios Chomatenos mentions them as \"ruling\" all the land from Veroia up to Skopje.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curta, Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139428880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880"},{"link_name":"Curta, Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-81539-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"Oikonomides, Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides"},{"link_name":"Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=86Of2XxW2NMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88402-282-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-282-X"},{"link_name":"Oikonomides, Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides"},{"link_name":"Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RFdmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)"},{"link_name":"Early Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Croats"},{"link_name":"Radimichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radimichs"},{"link_name":"Severians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severians"},{"link_name":"Tivertsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivertsi"},{"link_name":"Ulichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulichs"},{"link_name":"Vyatichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyatichi"},{"link_name":"Don Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Slavs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Zeriuani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeriuani"},{"link_name":"Bolokhovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolokhovians"},{"link_name":"Dulebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebes"},{"link_name":"Buzhans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzhans"},{"link_name":"Volhynians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynians"},{"link_name":"Drevlians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevlians"},{"link_name":"Polans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(eastern)"},{"link_name":"Dregoviches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dregoviches"},{"link_name":"Narevyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narevyans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Northern tribal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_tribal_union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD"},{"link_name":"Krivichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivichs"},{"link_name":"Polochans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polochans"},{"link_name":"Pskov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pskov%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Merya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merya_people"},{"link_name":"Muroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromians"},{"link_name":"West Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Polish tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_tribes"},{"link_name":"Goplans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goplans"},{"link_name":"Lendians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendians"},{"link_name":"Lubuszans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubuszans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuszanie"},{"link_name":"Masovians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovians"},{"link_name":"Polans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(western)"},{"link_name":"Sieradzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradzans"},{"link_name":"Vistulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistulans"},{"link_name":"Kujawians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kujawians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawianie"},{"link_name":"Wiercans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiercans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiercanie"},{"link_name":"Thafnezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thafnezi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thafnezi"},{"link_name":"Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Prissani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prissani"},{"link_name":"Wolinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolinians"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Silesian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_tribes"},{"link_name":"Bezunzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bezunzans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besunzane"},{"link_name":"Bobrzans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobrzanie"},{"link_name":"Silesian Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Croats"},{"link_name":"Dadosesani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadosesani"},{"link_name":"Golensizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golensizi"},{"link_name":"Opolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opolans"},{"link_name":"Selpoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selpoli"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Polabian tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Lutici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici"},{"link_name":"Brizans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brizans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%BCanie"},{"link_name":"Circipania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipania"},{"link_name":"Kessinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessinians"},{"link_name":"Tollensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollensians"},{"link_name":"Doxani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxani"},{"link_name":"Morzyczans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morzyczans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzyczanie"},{"link_name":"Neletyches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neletyches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy"},{"link_name":"Rujani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Redariers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redariers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redarowie"},{"link_name":"Rechans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rechans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczanie"},{"link_name":"Sprevane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprevane"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Ukrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrani"},{"link_name":"Zamcici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamcici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamczycy"},{"link_name":"Zemcici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zemcici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemczycy"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Bethenici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethenici"},{"link_name":"Drevani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevani"},{"link_name":"Linons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linons"},{"link_name":"Reregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reregs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reregowie"},{"link_name":"Smeldingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeldingi"},{"link_name":"Wagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagri"},{"link_name":"Warnabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnabi"},{"link_name":"Polabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Lusatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Khutices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khutices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutycy"},{"link_name":"Glomatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomatians"},{"link_name":"Koledices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koledices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledzice"},{"link_name":"Lusatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lusatians_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%BCyczanie"},{"link_name":"Milceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milceni"},{"link_name":"Suslowi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suslowi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C5%82owie"},{"link_name":"Zhirmunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhirmunts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrmunty"},{"link_name":"Zhitices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhitices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBytyce"},{"link_name":"Neletiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neletiches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy"},{"link_name":"Nizhices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizice"},{"link_name":"Nishans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishans"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"White Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Czech tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Croats"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Dechans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dechans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deczanie"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Dulebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebes"},{"link_name":"Lemuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemuzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuzi"},{"link_name":"Litomerici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litomerici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litomierzyce_(plemi%C4%99)"},{"link_name":"Luchans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luchans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Merehani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merehani"},{"link_name":"Pshovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pshovans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1ovan%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sedlichans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sedlichans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedliczanie"},{"link_name":"Zlicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlicans"},{"link_name":"Hbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hbans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Domazhlici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domazhlici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Lupiglians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupiglians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupiglaa"},{"link_name":"Znetalici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znetalici"},{"link_name":"Slovak tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"Nitrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrzanie"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Seven Slavic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes"},{"link_name":"Southern Severians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severians"},{"link_name":"Smolyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolyani"},{"link_name":"Strymonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymonites"},{"link_name":"Moratsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moratsi"},{"link_name":"Milcovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milcovci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Drougoubitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ezeritai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezeritai"},{"link_name":"Melingoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melingoi"},{"link_name":"Sagudates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagudates"},{"link_name":"Baiounitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiounitai"},{"link_name":"Belegezites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belegezites"},{"link_name":"Berziti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berziti"},{"link_name":"Rhynchinoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchinoi"},{"link_name":"Alpine Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps"},{"link_name":"Carantanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantanians"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Dulebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebes"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Guduscani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guduscani"},{"link_name":"Narentines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narentines"},{"link_name":"Zachlumians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachlumia"},{"link_name":"Travunians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travunija"},{"link_name":"Kanalites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalites"},{"link_name":"Diokletlians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Moravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merehani"},{"link_name":"Timochans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"Branichevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devci"},{"link_name":"Praedenecenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praedenecenti"},{"link_name":"Finno-Ugric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages"},{"link_name":"Silings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silingi"}],"text":"Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880.\nCurta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.\nKazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nMcGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John; Oikonomides, Nicolas, eds. (2001). Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-282-X.\nOikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles (in French). Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)vteEarly Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)East Slavs\nCarpathian Croats\nRadimichs\nSeverians\nTivertsi\nUlichs\nVyatichi\nDon Slavs [ru]\nZeriuani1\nBolokhovians1\nDulebes\nBuzhans\nVolhynians\nDrevlians\nPolans \nDregoviches\nNarevyans [ru]\nNorthern tribal union [ru]\nKrivichs\nPolochans\nPskov's [ru]\nTver's\nSmolensk's\nSlovenes\nMerya2\nMuroma2\nWest SlavsPolish tribes\nGoplans\nLendians\nLubuszans [pl]\nMasovians\nPolans\nSieradzans\nVistulans\nKujawians [pl]\nWiercans [pl]\nThafnezi [pl]\nPomeranians\nKashubians\nPrissani\nWolinians\nSlovincians\nSilesian tribes3\nBezunzans [de]\nBobrzans\nSilesian Croats\nDadosesani\nGolensizi\nOpolans\nSelpoli\nSilesians\nPolabian tribesVeleti and Lutici\nBrizans [pl]\nCircipania\nKessinians\nTollensians\nDoxani\nMorzyczans [pl]\nNeletyches [pl]\nRujani\nRedariers [pl]\nRechans [pl]\nSprevane\nHevelli\nUkrani\nZamcici [pl]\nZemcici [pl]\nObotrites\nBethenici\nDrevani\nLinons\nReregs [pl]\nSmeldingi\nWagri\nWarnabi\nPolabians\nLusatians\nKhutices [pl]\nGlomatians\nKoledices [pl]\nLusatians [pl]\nMilceni\nSuslowi [pl]\nZhirmunts [pl]\nZhitices [pl]\nNeletiches [pl]\nNizhices [pl]\nNishans\nSorbs (White Serbs)\nCzech tribes\nBohemian Croats\nCzechs\nDechans [pl]\nBohemian Dulebes\nLemuzi [cs]\nLitomerici [pl]\nLuchans [cs]\nMoravians\nMerehani\nPshovans [cs]\nSedlichans [pl]\nZlicans\nHbans [uk]\nDomazhlici [ru]\nLupiglians [pl]\nZnetalici\nSlovak tribes\nNitrians [pl]5\nSlovaks\nSouth SlavsBulgarian tribes\nUnion of the Seven Slavic tribes\nSouthern Severians\nSmolyani\nStrymonites\nMoratsi\nMilcovci [ru]\nin Greece and Macedonia\nDrougoubitai\nEzeritai\nMelingoi\nSagudates\nBaiounitai\nBelegezites\nBerziti\nRhynchinoi\n\nAlpine Slavs (Carantanians)\nAsia Minor Slavs\nPannonian Slavs (Pannonian Dulebes)\nCroats\nGuduscani\nNarentines\nZachlumians\nTravunians\nKanalites\nDiokletlians\nSerbs\nMoravens\nTimochans\nBranichevci\nPraedenecenti\n\nNotes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes\n2 = supposedly Finno-Ugric tribes\n3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example Silings\n5 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"11th-century Byzantine seal of an anonymous \"krites (civil governor) of the Drougoubitai\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_a_judge_of_the_Drougoubites.jpg/250px-Seal_of_a_judge_of_the_Drougoubites.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Medieval Slavic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medieval_Slavic_tribes"}] | [{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC","url_text":"The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880","url_text":"9781139428880"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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ISBN 0-88402-282-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides","url_text":"Oikonomides, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=86Of2XxW2NMC","url_text":"Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-282-X","url_text":"0-88402-282-X"}]},{"reference":"Oikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles (in French). Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides","url_text":"Oikonomides, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RFdmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC","external_links_name":"The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","external_links_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=86Of2XxW2NMC","external_links_name":"Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RFdmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyometra | Pyometra | ["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","2.1 Hormonal influences and mis-mating shots","3 Treatment","4 References","5 External links"] | Medical conditionPyometraOther namesPyometritisA canine pyometric uterus immediately after surgery to remove it. It is extremely distended with purulent material.SpecialtyObstetrics, gynecology
Pyometra or pyometritis is a uterine infection. Though it is most commonly known as a disease of the unaltered female dog, it is also a notable human disease. It is also seen in female cattle, horses, goats, sheep, swine, cats, rabbits, hamsters, ferrets, rats and guinea pigs. Pyometra is an important disease to be aware of for any dog or cat owner because of the sudden nature of the disease and the deadly consequences if left untreated. It has been compared to acute appendicitis in humans, because both are essentially empyemas within an abdominal organ.
Signs and symptoms
Uterus of a dog.
Pyometra in a dog
The most obvious symptom of open pyometra is a discharge of pus from the vulva in a female that has recently been in heat. However, symptoms of closed pyometra are less obvious. Symptoms of both types include vomiting, loss of appetite, depression, and increased drinking and urinating. Fever is seen in less than a third of female dogs with pyometra. Closed pyometra is a more serious condition than open pyometra not only because there is no outlet for the infection, but also because a diagnosis of closed pyometra can easily be missed due to its insidious nature. Bloodwork may show dehydration and/or increased white blood cell count. X-rays will show an enlarged uterus, and ultrasound will confirm the presence of a fluid filled uterus.
Cause
The risk of developing pyometra differs between dog breeds. Pyometra is a result of hormonal and structural changes in the uterus lining. This can happen at any age, whether she has bred or not, and whether it is her 1st or 10th heat, although it becomes more common as the dog gets older. The main risk period for a female is for eight weeks after her peak standing heat has ended. Normally during this period, the cervix, which was open during her heat, begins to close, and the inner lining begins to adapt back to normal. However, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) – known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) – may occur at this time for some animals, as an inappropriate response to progesterone.
Under these circumstances, bacteria (especially E. coli) that have migrated from the vagina into the uterus find the environment favorable to growth, especially since progesterone also causes mucus secretion, closes the cervix (preventing uterine drainage), and decreases uterine contractility. The condition of the cervix is a major factor in the severity of the condition.
If the cervix is open, the infected material can leave the body, and this is far easier and safer to treat. This is known as open pyometra.
If the cervix is fully closed, there is no discharge from the vulva, and like in appendicitis, the uterus may rupture and pus escapes into the abdomen, causing peritonitis and possible rapid death. This is known as closed pyometra.
Hormonal influences and mis-mating shots
Females that have received estradiol as a mismating shot in diestrus are at risk for more severe disease because estrogen increases the number of progesterone receptors in the endometrium. 25 percent of females receiving estradiol in diestrus develop pyometra. Pyometra is less common in female cats because progesterone is only released by the ovaries after mating. Also in cats, the risk of developing the disease differs depending on breed.
Treatment
The most important aspect of treatment of pyometra is quick action to provide supportive care. Female dogs are often septic and in shock (see septic shock). Intravenous fluids and antibiotics should be given immediately. Once the female dog has been stabilized, then the treatment of choice is an emergency spay. In livestock the treatment of choice for minor cases is dinoprost tremethamine (lutalyse). Supportive antibiotic treatment may be recommended also. Severe cases require surgery.
References
^ a b "Pyometra". American College of Veterinary Surgeons. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
^ a b Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.
^ a b Wingfield, Wayne E. (1997). Hanley & Belfus, Inc. (ed.). Veterinary Emergency Medicine Secrets. Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 1-56053-215-7.
^ Jitpean, S; Hagman, R; Ström Holst, B; Höglund, OV; Pettersson, A; Egenvall, A (December 2012). "Breed Variations in the Incidence of Pyometra and Mammary Tumours in Swedish Dogs". Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 47: 347–350. doi:10.1111/rda.12103. PMID 23279535.
^ Romagnoli, Stefano (2002). "Canine Pyometra: Pathogenesis, Therapy and Clinical Cases". Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
^ Brooks, Wendy C. (2003). "Pyometra". The Pet Health Library. VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
^ a b "Pyometra". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
^ Hagman, R; Ström Holst, B; Möller, L; Egenvall, A (1 July 2014). "Incidence of pyometra in Swedish insured cats". Theriogenology. 82 (1): 114–20. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.007. PMID 24726694.
^ Höglund, Odd Viking; Lövebrant, Johanna; Olsson, Ulf; Höglund, Katja (17 November 2016). "Blood pressure and heart rate during ovariohysterectomy in pyometra and control dogs: a preliminary investigation". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 58 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/s13028-016-0263-y. PMC 5112883. PMID 27855712.
External links
Pyometra from The Pet Health Library
Pyometra Surgery Photos and Description from The Pet Center
ClassificationDICD-10: N71, O85ICD-9-CM: 615MeSH: D055119DiseasesDB: 4283External resourcesPatient UK: Pyometra
vteFemale diseases of the pelvis and genitalsInternalAdnexaOvary
Endometriosis of ovary
Female infertility
Ovulatory disorder
Anovulation
Oligoovulation
Poor ovarian reserve
Mittelschmerz
Oophoritis
Ovarian apoplexy
Ovarian cyst
Corpus luteum cyst
Follicular cyst of ovary
Theca lutein cyst
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Fallopian tube
Female infertility
Fallopian tube obstruction
Hematosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx
Salpingitis
UterusEndometrium
Asherman's syndrome
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial polyp
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Menstruation
Flow
Amenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Oligoamenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea
Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
Pain
Dysmenorrhea
Premenstrual syndrome
Timing
Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
Metrorrhagia
Mixed
Menometrorrhagia
Polymenorrhagia
Other
Metropathia haemorrhagica
Female infertility
Recurrent miscarriage
Myometrium
Adenomyosis
Uterine fibroid
Parametrium
Parametritis
Cervix
Cervical dysplasia
Cervical incompetence
Cervical polyp
Cervicitis
Female infertility
Cervical stenosis
Nabothian cyst
General
Hematometra / Pyometra
Retroverted uterus
Vesicouterine fistula
Uterine prolapse
Vagina
Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos
Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge
Vaginitis
Atrophic vaginitis
Bacterial vaginosis
Candidal vulvovaginitis
Hydrocolpos
Vaginal atresia
Sexual dysfunction
Dyspareunia
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Sexual arousal disorder
Vaginismus
Urogenital fistulas
Ureterovaginal
Vesicovaginal
Obstetric fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Prolapse
Cystocele
Enterocele
Rectocele
Sigmoidocele
Urethrocele
Vaginal bleeding
Postcoital bleeding
Other
Pelvic congestion syndrome
Pelvic inflammatory disease
ExternalVulva
Bartholin's cyst
Kraurosis vulvae
Vestibular papillomatosis
Vulvitis
Vulvodynia
Clitoral hood or clitoris
Persistent genital arousal disorder | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"swine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine"},{"link_name":"cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"hamsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamster"},{"link_name":"ferrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferret"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"guinea pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig"},{"link_name":"appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"empyemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyema"},{"link_name":"abdominal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"}],"text":"Pyometra or pyometritis is a uterine infection. Though it is most commonly known as a disease of the unaltered female dog, it is also a notable human disease. It is also seen in female cattle, horses, goats, sheep, swine, cats, rabbits, hamsters, ferrets, rats and guinea pigs. Pyometra is an important disease to be aware of for any dog or cat owner because of the sudden nature of the disease and the deadly consequences if left untreated. It has been compared to acute appendicitis in humans, because both are essentially empyemas within an abdominal organ.","title":"Pyometra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uterus_of_a_dog.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyometra_annotated.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACVS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ettinger-2"},{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"},{"link_name":"white blood cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wingfield-3"}],"text":"Uterus of a dog.Pyometra in a dogThe most obvious symptom of open pyometra is a discharge of pus from the vulva in a female that has recently been in heat. However, symptoms of closed pyometra are less obvious. Symptoms of both types include vomiting, loss of appetite, depression, and increased drinking and urinating.[1] Fever is seen in less than a third of female dogs with pyometra.[2] Closed pyometra is a more serious condition than open pyometra not only because there is no outlet for the infection, but also because a diagnosis of closed pyometra can easily be missed due to its insidious nature. Bloodwork may show dehydration and/or increased white blood cell count. X-rays will show an enlarged uterus, and ultrasound will confirm the presence of a fluid filled uterus.[3]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ettinger-2"},{"link_name":"cervix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix"},{"link_name":"hyperplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplasia"},{"link_name":"endometrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrium"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli"},{"link_name":"vagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romagnoli-5"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"pus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phl-6"}],"text":"The risk of developing pyometra differs between dog breeds.[4] Pyometra is a result of hormonal and structural changes in the uterus lining. This can happen at any age, whether she has bred or not, and whether it is her 1st or 10th heat, although it becomes more common as the dog gets older. The main risk period for a female is for eight weeks after her peak standing heat has ended.[2] Normally during this period, the cervix, which was open during her heat, begins to close, and the inner lining begins to adapt back to normal. However, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) – known as cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) – may occur at this time for some animals, as an inappropriate response to progesterone.Under these circumstances, bacteria (especially E. coli) that have migrated from the vagina into the uterus find the environment favorable to growth, especially since progesterone also causes mucus secretion, closes the cervix (preventing uterine drainage), and decreases uterine contractility.[5] The condition of the cervix is a major factor in the severity of the condition.If the cervix is open, the infected material can leave the body, and this is far easier and safer to treat. This is known as open pyometra.\nIf the cervix is fully closed, there is no discharge from the vulva, and like in appendicitis, the uterus may rupture and pus escapes into the abdomen, causing peritonitis and possible rapid death. This is known as closed pyometra.[6]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"estradiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol"},{"link_name":"mismating shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismating_shot"},{"link_name":"diestrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diestrus"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wingfield-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merck-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Hormonal influences and mis-mating shots","text":"Females that have received estradiol as a mismating shot in diestrus are at risk for more severe disease because estrogen increases the number of progesterone receptors in the endometrium. 25 percent of females receiving estradiol in diestrus develop pyometra.[3] Pyometra is less common in female cats because progesterone is only released by the ovaries after mating.[7] Also in cats, the risk of developing the disease differs depending on breed.[8]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"septic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock"},{"link_name":"septic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACVS-1"},{"link_name":"Intravenous fluids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluid"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"spay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaying_and_neutering"},{"link_name":"dinoprost tremethamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merck-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The most important aspect of treatment of pyometra is quick action to provide supportive care. Female dogs are often septic and in shock (see septic shock).[1] Intravenous fluids and antibiotics should be given immediately. Once the female dog has been stabilized, then the treatment of choice is an emergency spay. In livestock the treatment of choice for minor cases is dinoprost tremethamine (lutalyse). Supportive antibiotic treatment may be recommended also. Severe cases require surgery.[7][9]","title":"Treatment"}] | [{"image_text":"Uterus of a dog.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uterus_of_a_dog.jpg/220px-Uterus_of_a_dog.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pyometra in a dog","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pyometra_annotated.JPG/220px-Pyometra_annotated.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pyometra\". American College of Veterinary Surgeons. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060221200356/http://www.acvs.org/AnimalOwners/HealthConditions/SmallAnimalTopics/PyometrainDogsCats/","url_text":"\"Pyometra\""},{"url":"http://www.acvs.org/AnimalOwners/HealthConditions/SmallAnimalTopics/PyometrainDogsCats/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-6795-3","url_text":"0-7216-6795-3"}]},{"reference":"Wingfield, Wayne E. (1997). Hanley & Belfus, Inc. (ed.). Veterinary Emergency Medicine Secrets. Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 1-56053-215-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56053-215-7","url_text":"1-56053-215-7"}]},{"reference":"Jitpean, S; Hagman, R; Ström Holst, B; Höglund, OV; Pettersson, A; Egenvall, A (December 2012). \"Breed Variations in the Incidence of Pyometra and Mammary Tumours in Swedish Dogs\". Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 47: 347–350. doi:10.1111/rda.12103. PMID 23279535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frda.12103","url_text":"10.1111/rda.12103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23279535","url_text":"23279535"}]},{"reference":"Romagnoli, Stefano (2002). \"Canine Pyometra: Pathogenesis, Therapy and Clinical Cases\". Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 2006-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2002&PID=2686","url_text":"\"Canine Pyometra: Pathogenesis, Therapy and Clinical Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Wendy C. (2003). \"Pyometra\". The Pet Health Library. VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved 2006-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=603","url_text":"\"Pyometra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pyometra\". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/112009.htm","url_text":"\"Pyometra\""}]},{"reference":"Hagman, R; Ström Holst, B; Möller, L; Egenvall, A (1 July 2014). \"Incidence of pyometra in Swedish insured cats\". Theriogenology. 82 (1): 114–20. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.007. PMID 24726694.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2014.03.007","url_text":"\"Incidence of pyometra in Swedish insured cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2014.03.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726694","url_text":"24726694"}]},{"reference":"Höglund, Odd Viking; Lövebrant, Johanna; Olsson, Ulf; Höglund, Katja (17 November 2016). \"Blood pressure and heart rate during ovariohysterectomy in pyometra and control dogs: a preliminary investigation\". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 58 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/s13028-016-0263-y. PMC 5112883. PMID 27855712.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112883","url_text":"\"Blood pressure and heart rate during ovariohysterectomy in pyometra and control dogs: a preliminary investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13028-016-0263-y","url_text":"10.1186/s13028-016-0263-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112883","url_text":"5112883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27855712","url_text":"27855712"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060221200356/http://www.acvs.org/AnimalOwners/HealthConditions/SmallAnimalTopics/PyometrainDogsCats/","external_links_name":"\"Pyometra\""},{"Link":"http://www.acvs.org/AnimalOwners/HealthConditions/SmallAnimalTopics/PyometrainDogsCats/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frda.12103","external_links_name":"10.1111/rda.12103"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23279535","external_links_name":"23279535"},{"Link":"http://www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx?CID=WSAVA2002&PID=2686","external_links_name":"\"Canine Pyometra: Pathogenesis, Therapy and Clinical Cases\""},{"Link":"http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=603","external_links_name":"\"Pyometra\""},{"Link":"http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/112009.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pyometra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2014.03.007","external_links_name":"\"Incidence of pyometra in Swedish insured cats\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.theriogenology.2014.03.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24726694","external_links_name":"24726694"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112883","external_links_name":"\"Blood pressure and heart rate during ovariohysterectomy in pyometra and control dogs: a preliminary investigation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13028-016-0263-y","external_links_name":"10.1186/s13028-016-0263-y"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112883","external_links_name":"5112883"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27855712","external_links_name":"27855712"},{"Link":"http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&S=0&C=0&A=603","external_links_name":"Pyometra from The Pet Health Library"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112032132/http://www.thepetcenter.com/sur/pyo.html","external_links_name":"Pyometra Surgery Photos and Description from The Pet Center"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N71","external_links_name":"N71"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=615","external_links_name":"615"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D055119","external_links_name":"D055119"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb4283.htm","external_links_name":"4283"},{"Link":"https://patient.info/doctor/pyometra","external_links_name":"Pyometra"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgmount_Street | Ridgmount Street | ["1 Location","2 Occupants and buildings","3 The Polyclinic","4 References"] | Coordinates: 51°31′14.03″N 0°7′53.14″W / 51.5205639°N 0.1314278°W / 51.5205639; -0.1314278Street in Bloomsbury, London, England
Looking down Ridgmount Street from Chenies Street.
Ridgmount Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London.
Location
Ridgmount Street runs from Chenies Street in the north to Store Street in the south. It runs parallel with Gower Street and Alfred Place. Ridgmount Place joins Ridgmount Street on its western side.
Occupants and buildings
The former Bloomsbury Service Station.
The Polyclinic (since demolished)
The street is home to:
Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) at number 7; the building was purpose-built in 1965 as the headquarters of the Library Association, one of CILIP's predecessors.
Institute for Fiscal Studies at number 7.
The Child and Family Practice at number 8.
The former Bloomsbury Petrol Station at the south end of the street was the subject of an award-winning redevelopment.
The Polyclinic
At number 22 Chenies Street, on the north western corner of Ridgmount Street, once stood the Medical Graduates' College and Polyclinic. It has since been replaced by Nicholas Cooper House, owned by the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. The Polyclinic was the first British postgraduate medical institution.
References
^ Contact us. CILIP. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1975). "The Library Association". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 14. CC Press. p. 324. ISBN 9780824720148. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ Contact. Institute for Fiscal Studies. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Welcome to The Child and Family Practice. Child and Family Practice. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ 6 Store St & 2-8 Ridgmount St. Garnett & Partners. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^ Medical Graduates' College and Polyclinic. UCL Bloomsbury Project, 13 April 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
51°31′14.03″N 0°7′53.14″W / 51.5205639°N 0.1314278°W / 51.5205639; -0.1314278
This London road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corner_of_Chenies_Street_and_Ridgmount_Street,_London_2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury"}],"text":"Street in Bloomsbury, London, EnglandLooking down Ridgmount Street from Chenies Street.Ridgmount Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London.","title":"Ridgmount Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chenies Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenies_Street"},{"link_name":"Store Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_Street,_London"},{"link_name":"Gower Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_Street,_London"},{"link_name":"Alfred Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Place"}],"text":"Ridgmount Street runs from Chenies Street in the north to Store Street in the south. It runs parallel with Gower Street and Alfred Place. Ridgmount Place joins Ridgmount Street on its western side.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloomsbury_Service_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_695321.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medical_Graduates%27_College,_Chenies_Street_Wellcome_L0037416.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Library_and_Information_Professionals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Institute for Fiscal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The former Bloomsbury Service Station.The Polyclinic (since demolished)The street is home to:Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) at number 7;[1] the building was purpose-built in 1965 as the headquarters of the Library Association, one of CILIP's predecessors.[2]\nInstitute for Fiscal Studies at number 7.[3]\nThe Child and Family Practice at number 8.[4]\nThe former Bloomsbury Petrol Station at the south end of the street was the subject of an award-winning redevelopment.[5]","title":"Occupants and buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At number 22 Chenies Street, on the north western corner of Ridgmount Street, once stood the Medical Graduates' College and Polyclinic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Omega_Ruby_and_Alpha_Sapphire | Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire | ["1 Gameplay","2 Setting and story","3 Release","4 Reception","4.1 Sales","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | 2014 video games
2014 video gamePokémon Omega RubyPokémon Alpha SapphireBox art for Pokémon Alpha Sapphire depicting the legendary Pokémon Primal Kyogre. The box art for Pokémon Omega Ruby depicts the legendary Pokémon Primal Groudon (not pictured).Developer(s)Game FreakPublisher(s)JP: The Pokémon CompanyWW: NintendoDirector(s)Shigeru OhmoriProducer(s)Junichi MasudaShusaku EgamiTakato UtsunomiyaHitoshi YamagamiDesigner(s)Masafumi SaitoKazumasa IwaoMasafumi NukitaSuguru NakatsuiArtist(s)Mana IbeKen SugimoriWriter(s)Masafumi NukitaComposer(s)Shota KageyamaMinako AdachiHideaki KurodaHitomi SatoSeriesPokémonPlatform(s)Nintendo 3DSReleaseWW: 21 November 2014EU: 28 November 2014Genre(s)Role-playingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire are 2014 remakes of the 2002 Game Boy Advance role-playing video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, also including features from Pokémon Emerald. The games are part of the sixth generation of the Pokémon video game series, developed by Game Freak and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. Announced in May 2014, the games were released in Japan, North America and Australia on 21 November 2014, exactly twelve years after the original release date of Ruby and Sapphire, while the European release was the following week.
Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire received generally positive reviews from critics. As of 31 March 2023, a combined total of 14.57 million copies have been sold worldwide, ranking them as the fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles of all time.
Gameplay
See also: Gameplay of Pokémon and Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § Gameplay
Though Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire are remakes of games from the third generation, they retain changes made in later generations, such as the type split from the fourth generation and unlimited TM usage and triple battles from the fifth generation. They also retain gameplay features introduced in Pokémon X and Y, such as Mega Evolution, Pokémon Amie, Super Training and the Player Search System. The games introduced a unique mechanic for Kyogre and Groudon dubbed "Primal Reversion", akin to the broader Mega Evolution feature. The games also let players ride Latios or Latias to "soar" above Hoenn to travel, with some in-game areas being exclusively accessible through this feature.
Setting and story
See also: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § Plot
The setting and story of Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire are largely the same as the original Ruby and Sapphire games. They begin as the player is seen riding in the back of a moving truck. The player character starts by moving to the Hoenn region from the Johto region with their mother, as their father Norman has been hired as the leader of the Petalburg City Gym. The player arrives with their parents at the family's new home in the village of Littleroot Town, on the southern edge of the main island. The player character begins their Pokémon Trainer journey by saving Professor Birch, the leading professor in the Hoenn region, from a wild Poochyena, choosing either Treecko, Torchic, or Mudkip to defend him. Following the defeat of the wild Pokémon, the player receives the chosen Pokémon as their starter. The player then travels around Hoenn to complete the Pokédex and battle the eight Gym Leaders of the Hoenn Region.
Along the way, the player character encounters the antagonist group Team Magma in Omega Ruby or Team Aqua in Alpha Sapphire who wish to use the power of the legendary Pokémon, Primal Groudon in Omega Ruby, and Primal Kyogre in Alpha Sapphire, to change the world to suit their desires. Team Magma wants to use Groudon to dry up the oceans and expand the landmass, thereby allowing humanity to progress further. Meanwhile, Team Aqua wishes to summon Kyogre to flood the lands and revert the world to a prehistoric state, which will allow Pokémon to live more freely. However, unlike in the original games, depending on the game version, Archie and Maxie will actually use the correct orb, leading to their Primal Reversions. With the help of Hoenn Pokémon League Champion Steven Stone, and the Gym Leader Wallace, the player defeats their respective team and then either captures or defeats the legendary Pokémon to prevent a global drought / heavy rainfall and thus ensuring the teams' mutual reformation. The player then advances on to the Hoenn Pokémon League, challenging the Elite Four and then the Pokémon Champion, Steven, to become the new Hoenn Pokémon League Champion. The player also has the option of participating in the various Pokémon Contests throughout Hoenn, using their Pokémon to put on a performance for an audience and judges. Aside from the gameplay, 21 new Mega Evolutions were added since Pokémon X and Y, as well as "primal reversions" for Groudon and Kyogre, which function similarly.
A new side quest is featured in Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, called the "Delta Episode". The player must work with the new character, Zinnia, as well as Steven Stone and Professor Cozmo, to find a way to stop a meteor from crashing into the planet. This also requires capturing the legendary Pokémon Rayquaza in order to stop the meteor that holds the mythical Pokémon Deoxys.
Release
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were released in Japan, North America and Australia on 21 November 2014, exactly twelve years after the original release date of Ruby and Sapphire, while the European release was the following week. They are the third remake pairs in the franchise following Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 and Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver for the Nintendo DS in 2009. As with Pokémon X and Y, the games include all official translations, unlike previous generations where games contained only certain languages depending on the region or country they were originally distributed.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100 (Omega Ruby)82/100 (Alpha Sapphire)Review scoresPublicationScoreFamitsu37/40Game Informer8.75/10GameSpot8/10IGN7.8/10 (Alpha Sapphire)JoystiqNintendo World Report9/10Polygon8/10Hardcore Gamer4/5
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire received generally positive reviews from critics. GameSpot's Peter Brown praised the 3D visuals and the super training mechanic, but believed the game failed to fully resolve general issues in the game formula. IGN's Kallie Plagge also praised the game's 3D reinvention of Hoenn and online functionality. Plagge was, however, critical of the over-abundance of HMs needed to play the game as well as the perceived imbalance favoring Water-type Pokémon and the reliance on water-based routes. She remarked that while the Dive feature was novel in the original release, it had since become tedious.
At the 2014 Game Awards it was nominated for Best Remaster, but lost out to Grand Theft Auto V.
Sales
The games sold 3,040,000 copies in their first three days of sale. Of the total sales, 1,534,593 copies were sold in Japan, the rest were sold in North America and Australia. Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire had the biggest launch in the series history in the United Kingdom, beating the previous record held by Pokémon Black and White. By the end of 2014, the games had sold 2.4 million copies in Japan. As of 31 March 2023, a combined total of 14.57 million copies have been sold worldwide, ranking them as the fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles of all time.
Notes
^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター オメガルビー, Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā Omega Rubī, "Pocket Monsters: Omega Ruby"
^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター アルファサファイア, Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā Arufa Safaia, "Pocket Monsters: Alpha Sapphire"
References
^ "Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire". Pokemon.com. Nintendo/The Pokémon Company. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ a b Scullion, Chris (7 May 2014). "Pokemon Ruby & Sapphire remakes coming to 3DS". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ "IR Information : Financial Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software". Nintendo Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ McElroy, Griffin. "Pokemon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Review: Fresh Paint". Polygon. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
^ Phillips, Tom. "Pokémon Omega Ruby, Alpha Sapphire let you fly freely around Hoenn". EuroGamer. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "The Delta Episode: A New Story Brewing in Hoenn!". Pokemon (official US website). Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ "『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹". Nintendo (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ "『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹". Nintendo (Hong Kong) Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ a b "Pokemon Omega Ruby for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^ a b "Pokemon Alpha Sapphire for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
^ Hilliard, Kyle (21 November 2014). "Pokémon Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Review". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
^ Brown, Peter. "Pokemon Alpha Sapphire/Omega Ruby Review - GameSpot". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Plagge, Kallie (18 November 2014). "Pokémon Alpha Sapphire and Omega Ruby Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ "Pokemon Omega Ruby / Alpha Sapphire review: A real gem". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ "Pokemon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Review - Review". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ McElroy, Griffin (19 November 2014). "Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Review: Fresh Paint". Vox Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Whittaker, Matt (25 November 2014). "Review: Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
^ Peter Brown (18 November 2014). "Pokemon Alpha Sapphire/Omega Ruby Review - GameSpot". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ "Pokémon Alpha Sapphire and Omega Ruby Review". IGN. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ Sarkar, Samit (21 November 2014). "Here are the nominees for The Game Awards 2014". Polygon. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
^ Kain, Erik. "All The Winners Of The 2014 Game Awards". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
^ Phillips, Tom (26 November 2014). "Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire sell 3m copies in three days". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ Phillips, Tom (1 December 2014). "Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire UK's biggest Pokémon launch ever". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ Phillips, Tom (7 January 2015). "Japan's console market at lowest point for 24 years". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ "Top Selling Software Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software". Nintendo. 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
External links
Official website (US)
Official website (in Japanese)
vtePokémon Generation VIGames
X and Y
Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire
Spin-offs and Side games
Art Academy
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Portal: Video games | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"remakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remakes"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Ruby_and_Sapphire"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Emerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Emerald"},{"link_name":"Pokémon video game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announcement-3"},{"link_name":"Game Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Freak"},{"link_name":"The Pokémon Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%C3%A9mon_Omega_Ruby_and_Alpha_Sapphire&action=edit"},{"link_name":"fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Nintendo_3DS_video_games"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2014 video gamePokémon Omega Ruby[a] and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire[b] are 2014 remakes of the 2002 Game Boy Advance role-playing video games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, also including features from Pokémon Emerald. The games are part of the sixth generation of the Pokémon video game series,[1] developed by Game Freak and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. Announced in May 2014, the games were released in Japan, North America and Australia on 21 November 2014, exactly twelve years after the original release date of Ruby and Sapphire, while the European release was the following week.[2]Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire received generally positive reviews from critics. As of 31 March 2023[update], a combined total of 14.57 million copies have been sold worldwide, ranking them as the fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles of all time.[3]","title":"Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gameplay of Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § Gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Ruby_and_Sapphire#Gameplay"},{"link_name":"TM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Hidden_Machines"},{"link_name":"Pokémon X and Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_X_and_Y"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"See also: Gameplay of Pokémon and Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § GameplayThough Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire are remakes of games from the third generation, they retain changes made in later generations, such as the type split from the fourth generation and unlimited TM usage and triple battles from the fifth generation. They also retain gameplay features introduced in Pokémon X and Y, such as Mega Evolution, Pokémon Amie, Super Training and the Player Search System. The games introduced a unique mechanic for Kyogre and Groudon dubbed \"Primal Reversion\", akin to the broader Mega Evolution feature.[4] The games also let players ride Latios or Latias to \"soar\" above Hoenn to travel, with some in-game areas being exclusively accessible through this feature.[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Ruby_and_Sapphire#Plot"},{"link_name":"Poochyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poochyena"},{"link_name":"Treecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treecko"},{"link_name":"Torchic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchic"},{"link_name":"Mudkip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudkip"},{"link_name":"starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Starter_Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Pokédex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9dex"},{"link_name":"Groudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groudon"},{"link_name":"Kyogre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyogre"},{"link_name":"Elite Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Four"},{"link_name":"Pokémon X and Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_X_and_Y"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rayquaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayquaza"},{"link_name":"Deoxys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxys"}],"text":"See also: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire § PlotThe setting and story of Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire are largely the same as the original Ruby and Sapphire games. They begin as the player is seen riding in the back of a moving truck. The player character starts by moving to the Hoenn region from the Johto region with their mother, as their father Norman has been hired as the leader of the Petalburg City Gym. The player arrives with their parents at the family's new home in the village of Littleroot Town, on the southern edge of the main island. The player character begins their Pokémon Trainer journey by saving Professor Birch, the leading professor in the Hoenn region, from a wild Poochyena, choosing either Treecko, Torchic, or Mudkip to defend him. Following the defeat of the wild Pokémon, the player receives the chosen Pokémon as their starter. The player then travels around Hoenn to complete the Pokédex and battle the eight Gym Leaders of the Hoenn Region.Along the way, the player character encounters the antagonist group Team Magma in Omega Ruby or Team Aqua in Alpha Sapphire who wish to use the power of the legendary Pokémon, Primal Groudon in Omega Ruby, and Primal Kyogre in Alpha Sapphire, to change the world to suit their desires. Team Magma wants to use Groudon to dry up the oceans and expand the landmass, thereby allowing humanity to progress further. Meanwhile, Team Aqua wishes to summon Kyogre to flood the lands and revert the world to a prehistoric state, which will allow Pokémon to live more freely. However, unlike in the original games, depending on the game version, Archie and Maxie will actually use the correct orb, leading to their Primal Reversions. With the help of Hoenn Pokémon League Champion Steven Stone, and the Gym Leader Wallace, the player defeats their respective team and then either captures or defeats the legendary Pokémon to prevent a global drought / heavy rainfall and thus ensuring the teams' mutual reformation. The player then advances on to the Hoenn Pokémon League, challenging the Elite Four and then the Pokémon Champion, Steven, to become the new Hoenn Pokémon League Champion. The player also has the option of participating in the various Pokémon Contests throughout Hoenn, using their Pokémon to put on a performance for an audience and judges. Aside from the gameplay, 21 new Mega Evolutions were added since Pokémon X and Y, as well as \"primal reversions\" for Groudon and Kyogre, which function similarly.A new side quest is featured in Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, called the \"Delta Episode\".[6] The player must work with the new character, Zinnia, as well as Steven Stone and Professor Cozmo, to find a way to stop a meteor from crashing into the planet. This also requires capturing the legendary Pokémon Rayquaza in order to stop the meteor that holds the mythical Pokémon Deoxys.","title":"Setting and story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_FireRed_and_LeafGreen"},{"link_name":"Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_HeartGold_and_SoulSilver"},{"link_name":"Pokémon X and Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_X_and_Y"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were released in Japan, North America and Australia on 21 November 2014, exactly twelve years after the original release date of Ruby and Sapphire, while the European release was the following week.[2] They are the third remake pairs in the franchise following Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 and Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver for the Nintendo DS in 2009. As with Pokémon X and Y, the games include all official translations, unlike previous generations where games contained only certain languages depending on the region or country they were originally distributed.[7][8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc_or-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc_as-12"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-15"},{"link_name":"Joystiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc_or-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc_as-12"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2014 Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2014"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100 (Omega Ruby)[9]82/100 (Alpha Sapphire)[10]Review scoresPublicationScoreFamitsu37/40Game Informer8.75/10[11]GameSpot8/10[12]IGN7.8/10 (Alpha Sapphire)[13]Joystiq[14]Nintendo World Report9/10[15]Polygon8/10[16]Hardcore Gamer4/5[17]Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire received generally positive reviews from critics.[9][10] GameSpot's Peter Brown praised the 3D visuals and the super training mechanic, but believed the game failed to fully resolve general issues in the game formula.[18] IGN's Kallie Plagge also praised the game's 3D reinvention of Hoenn and online functionality. Plagge was, however, critical of the over-abundance of HMs needed to play the game as well as the perceived imbalance favoring Water-type Pokémon and the reliance on water-based routes. She remarked that while the Dive feature was novel in the original release, it had since become tedious.[19]At the 2014 Game Awards it was nominated for Best Remaster, but lost out to Grand Theft Auto V.[20][21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Black and White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Black_and_White"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pok%C3%A9mon_Omega_Ruby_and_Alpha_Sapphire&action=edit"},{"link_name":"fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Nintendo_3DS_video_games"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"The games sold 3,040,000 copies in their first three days of sale. Of the total sales, 1,534,593 copies were sold in Japan, the rest were sold in North America and Australia.[22] Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire had the biggest launch in the series history in the United Kingdom, beating the previous record held by Pokémon Black and White.[23] By the end of 2014, the games had sold 2.4 million copies in Japan.[24] As of 31 March 2023[update], a combined total of 14.57 million copies have been sold worldwide, ranking them as the fourth-best-selling Nintendo 3DS titles of all time.[25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター オメガルビー, Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā Omega Rubī, \"Pocket Monsters: Omega Ruby\"\n\n^ Japanese: ポケットモンスター アルファサファイア, Hepburn: Poketto Monsutā Arufa Safaia, \"Pocket Monsters: Alpha Sapphire\"","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire\". Pokemon.com. Nintendo/The Pokémon Company. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pokemon.com/us/pokemon-video-games/pokemon-omega-ruby-and-pokemon-alpha-sapphire/","url_text":"\"Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219135518/https://www.pokemon.com/us/pokemon-video-games/pokemon-omega-ruby-and-pokemon-alpha-sapphire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scullion, Chris (7 May 2014). \"Pokemon Ruby & Sapphire remakes coming to 3DS\". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/462503/pokemon-ruby-sapphire-remakes-coming-to-3ds/?cid=OTC-RSS&attr=CVG-News-RSS","url_text":"\"Pokemon Ruby & Sapphire remakes coming to 3DS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061717/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/462503/pokemon-ruby-sapphire-remakes-coming-to-3ds/?cid=OTC-RSS&attr=CVG-News-RSS","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IR Information : Financial Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software\". Nintendo Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/3ds.html","url_text":"\"IR Information : Financial Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180303163754/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/3ds.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McElroy, Griffin. \"Pokemon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Review: Fresh Paint\". Polygon. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2014/11/19/7243189/pokemon-omega-ruby-pokemon-alpha-sapphire-review-3DS","url_text":"\"Pokemon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Review: Fresh Paint\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Tom. \"Pokémon Omega Ruby, Alpha Sapphire let you fly freely around Hoenn\". EuroGamer. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/pokemon-alpha-ruby-omega-sapphire-let-you-fly-freely-around-hoenn","url_text":"\"Pokémon Omega Ruby, Alpha Sapphire let you fly freely around Hoenn\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Delta Episode: A New Story Brewing in Hoenn!\". Pokemon (official US website). Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pokemonrubysapphire.com/en-us/story/the-delta-episode:-a-new-story-brewing-in-hoenn","url_text":"\"The Delta Episode: A New Story Brewing in Hoenn!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141229004848/http://www.pokemonrubysapphire.com/en-us/story/the-delta-episode:-a-new-story-brewing-in-hoenn","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹\". Nintendo (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041900/http://www.nintendo.tw/pressrelease/3ds_20140915oras.htm","url_text":"\"『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹\""},{"url":"http://www.nintendo.tw/pressrelease/3ds_20140915oras.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹\". Nintendo (Hong Kong) Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116215613/http://www.nintendo.com.hk/pressrelease/3ds_20140915oras.htm","url_text":"\"『Pokémon Omega Ruby』及『Pokémon Alpha Sapphire』(日文版) 新資訊介紹\""},{"url":"http://www.nintendo.com.hk/pressrelease/3ds_20140915oras.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokemon Omega Ruby for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/pokemon-omega-ruby/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds","url_text":"\"Pokemon Omega Ruby for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181130010534/https://www.metacritic.com/game/3ds/pokemon-omega-ruby","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokemon Alpha Sapphire for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/pokemon-alpha-sapphire/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds","url_text":"\"Pokemon Alpha Sapphire for 3DS Reviews - Metacritic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141125134719/http://www.metacritic.com/game/3ds/pokemon-alpha-sapphire","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (21 November 2014). \"Pokémon Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Review\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessa | Spessa | ["1 Demographic evolution","2 References"] | Coordinates: 45°7′N 9°21′E / 45.117°N 9.350°E / 45.117; 9.350Comune in Lombardy, ItalySpessaComuneComune di SpessaLocation of Spessa
SpessaLocation of Spessa in ItalyShow map of ItalySpessaSpessa (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°7′N 9°21′E / 45.117°N 9.350°E / 45.117; 9.350CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceProvince of Pavia (PV)Area • Total12.2 km2 (4.7 sq mi)Population (Dec. 2004) • Total545 • Density45/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code27010Dialing code0382
Spessa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 545 and an area of 12.2 km2.
Spessa borders the following municipalities: Arena Po, Belgioioso, Costa de' Nobili, Portalbera, San Cipriano Po, San Zenone al Po, Stradella, Torre de' Negri.
Demographic evolution
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Pavia
Alagna
Albonese
Albuzzano
Arena Po
Badia Pavese
Bagnaria
Barbianello
Bascapè
Bastida Pancarana
Battuda
Belgioioso
Bereguardo
Borgarello
Borgo Priolo
Borgo San Siro
Borgoratto Mormorolo
Bornasco
Bosnasco
Brallo di Pregola
Breme
Bressana Bottarone
Broni
Calvignano
Campospinoso Albaredo
Candia Lomellina
Canneto Pavese
Carbonara al Ticino
Casanova Lonati
Casatisma
Casei Gerola
Casorate Primo
Cassolnovo
Castana
Casteggio
Castelletto di Branduzzo
Castello d'Agogna
Castelnovetto
Cava Manara
Cecima
Ceranova
Ceretto Lomellina
Cergnago
Certosa di Pavia
Cervesina
Chignolo Po
Cigognola
Cilavegna
Codevilla
Colli Verdi
Confienza
Copiano
Corana
Cornale e Bastida
Corteolona e Genzone
Corvino San Quirico
Costa de' Nobili
Cozzo
Cura Carpignano
Dorno
Ferrera Erbognone
Filighera
Fortunago
Frascarolo
Galliavola
Gambarana
Gambolò
Garlasco
Gerenzago
Giussago
Godiasco
Golferenzo
Gravellona Lomellina
Gropello Cairoli
Inverno e Monteleone
Landriano
Langosco
Lardirago
Linarolo
Lirio
Lomello
Lungavilla
Magherno
Marcignago
Marzano
Mede
Menconico
Mezzana Bigli
Mezzana Rabattone
Mezzanino
Miradolo Terme
Montalto Pavese
Montebello della Battaglia
Montecalvo Versiggia
Montescano
Montesegale
Monticelli Pavese
Montù Beccaria
Mornico Losana
Mortara
Nicorvo
Olevano di Lomellina
Oliva Gessi
Ottobiano
Palestro
Pancarana
Parona
Pavia
Pietra de' Giorgi
Pieve Albignola
Pieve Porto Morone
Pieve del Cairo
Pinarolo Po
Pizzale
Ponte Nizza
Portalbera
Rea
Redavalle
Retorbido
Rivanazzano Terme
Robbio
Robecco Pavese
Rocca Susella
Rocca de' Giorgi
Rognano
Romagnese
Roncaro
Rosasco
Rovescala
San Cipriano Po
San Damiano al Colle
San Genesio ed Uniti
San Giorgio di Lomellina
San Martino Siccomario
San Zenone al Po
Sannazzaro de' Burgondi
Sant'Alessio con Vialone
Sant'Angelo Lomellina
Santa Cristina e Bissone
Santa Giuletta
Santa Margherita di Staffora
Santa Maria della Versa
Sartirana Lomellina
Scaldasole
Semiana
Silvano Pietra
Siziano
Sommo
Spessa
Stradella
Suardi
Torrazza Coste
Torre Beretti e Castellaro
Torre d'Arese
Torre d'Isola
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This article on a location in the Province of Pavia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istat-3"},{"link_name":"Arena Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Po"},{"link_name":"Belgioioso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgioioso,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Costa de' Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_de%27_Nobili"},{"link_name":"Portalbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalbera"},{"link_name":"San Cipriano Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cipriano_Po"},{"link_name":"San Zenone al Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Zenone_al_Po"},{"link_name":"Stradella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Torre de' Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de%27_Negri"}],"text":"Comune in Lombardy, ItalySpessa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is located about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 545 and an area of 12.2 km2.[3]Spessa borders the following municipalities: Arena Po, Belgioioso, Costa de' Nobili, Portalbera, San Cipriano Po, San Zenone al Po, Stradella, Torre de' Negri.","title":"Spessa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographic evolution"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spessa¶ms=45_7_N_9_21_E_type:city(545)_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°7′N 9°21′E / 45.117°N 9.350°E / 45.117; 9.350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spessa¶ms=45_7_N_9_21_E_type:city(545)_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°7′N 9°21′E / 45.117°N 9.350°E / 45.117; 9.350"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spessa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Project | Yuma Project | ["1 Background and layout","2 History and construction","2.1 Laguna Dam","2.2 Canals","2.3 Drains","2.4 Levees","2.5 Yuma Auxiliary Project","2.6 Maintenance and the Imperial Dam change","3 Irrigation data","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 32°49′39″N 114°30′0″W / 32.82750°N 114.50000°W / 32.82750; -114.50000U.S. Bureau of Reclamation project
Laguna Diversion Dam
The Yuma Project is a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation project built to irrigate over 68,000 acres (280 km2) of land in Yuma County, Arizona and parts of Imperial County, California. The project is designed to exploit year-round farming conditions and water from the Colorado River. It consists of the Laguna Diversion Dam, pumping plants, a power plant, a 53-mile (85 km) system of canals, 218 miles (351 km) of lateral canals, levees and drains. The project began in 1903 and the majority of the work was completed by 1915. It was the first dam and reclamation project on the Colorado River and workers had to overcome many natural and logistical obstacles to build and maintain it. The Laguna Diversion Dam was replaced by the Imperial Dam as the Project's water source between 1941 and 1948. Today, it serves 275 farms and over 94,000 people.
Background and layout
Although temperatures in the southern areas of Arizona and California tend to be hot and precipitation averages 3.5 inches (89 mm) a year, the region features a year-round farming season and the Colorado River. The Bureau of Reclamation and the Yuma County Water Users' Association wanted to exploit these conditions and create a large area of irrigation-fed farming. The project would be split into two divisions, the Valley Division in Yuma County, Arizona and the Reservation Division in Imperial County, California. The Reservation Division was further broken down into the Bard Unit and the Indian Unit. The Reservation Division and Bard Unit occupy much of what was Fort Yuma Indian Reservation.
History and construction
Yuma Project construction office
In 1854, the United States purchased the future Yuma Project's land in the Gasden Purchase but had created the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation in 1884 to settle the indigenous Quechuan Indians. Much of the land was disputed in the 1890s and in 1910, the Dawes Severalty Act opened the land to white settlers which led to further disputes. A series of court battles between the United States and the landholders led to the United States winning a decision and acquiring the land in 1898.
Farmers immediately began constructing gravity-fed irrigation systems in the area which proved inconsistent and ultimately ineffective. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allotting funds for western farm development and creating the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (known as the Reclamation Service until 1923). Subsequently, in 1903, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt turned the entire Fort Yuma Indian Reservation over to the Bureau of Reclamation for development. Future farmers in the area formed the Yuma County Water Users' Association later in 1903 and in 1904, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock authorized the Yuma Project.
Laguna Dam
Sluice gate on the Arizona-side of the Laguna Diversion Dam, 1909
The Bureau of Reclamation with project engineer Francis L. Sellew, immediately began purchasing the necessary lands and began the project with the Laguna Diversion Dam on the Colorado River. On July 6, 1905 the contract to build the dam was awarded to J. G. White and Company who started construction less than two weeks later. Deliveries of cement were a problem as they had to be delivered to Yuma by rail and to the construction site by wagons or steamboat. Poor rock quality at local quarries also posed a problem that consistently delayed construction, 50% of the weak rock was unusable. Even after their contract was supplemented to encompass the rock quality delays, J. G. White and Company still did not meet their deadline and the Bureau of Reclamation took over construction in early 1907.
To solve the cement delivery problems, by March 1908, the Bureau of Reclamation built a levee on the California side on the dam that was topped by a rail-line. Beforehand, they had also gained the cooperation of the Southern Pacific Railroad who agreed to deliver cement directly at the dam site. The rock quality problem was solved when the Bureau raised the upstream and downstream cofferdams with rock waste and topped them with rail lines that could deliver rock-fill much faster. By December 1908, the water bypass around the dam was complete and workers began to pour the rock-fill. Three large concrete walls supported by 6-inch (150 mm) sheet-wood pilings were built across the river for the dam's foundation. Rock-fill was placed in between and on the outsides of these walls for support. The California sluiceway consisted of three iron gates while the Arizona had one. Mexican-Americans mostly worked on the dam while a few Native American Indians did as well. White-labor worked in the cooler months.
Canals
A Bell-type turbine being installed at the Siphon Drop Spillway power plant
Construction on the Yuma Canal which branched off the California side of the Laguna Dam began in 1909. One and half miles from the dam, at Indian Heading, the Yuma Canal splits into the Reservation Main Canal and the Yuma Main Canal. The Yuma Main Canal continues 10.5 miles (16.9 km) southwest until it reaches the 9.9-foot (3.0 m) Siphon Drop Spillway where a power plant was later built in 1926. After another 3.5 miles (5.6 km), it reaches the Colorado River Siphon which siphons the water under the Colorado River. After it reaches Yuma, it split into the East and West Main canals to pass through the Valley Division and to the Mexican border. The Yuma Main Canal along with the East Main Canal and part of the West Main Canal were complete by 1912. The rest of the West Main Canal started again in 1913 and was completed in 1915.
Work on the Reservation Main Canal began in 1907 and its adjacent lateral canals began in 1908. The Mojave and Cocopah Canals were constructed as splits off the Reservation Canal. Construction on the Colorado River Siphon began in 1909 and would initially consist of a 50-foot (15 m) inverted siphon that transfers water via the Yuma Main Canal to the Valley Division. Construction on the siphon was halted in February 1911 after the surrounding sandstone proved too porous and unstable. The Bureau of Reclamation decided to use pneumatic compressed air to finish the construction which sank the siphon further to 76 feet (23 m) and it began to operate on June 29, 1912. In total, the Yuma Project contained 53 miles (85 km) of canal and 218 miles (351 km) of lateral canal.
Drains
A system of drains, and in some areas wells, were incorporated throughout the project. They drain farming run-off and excess water from the irrigated areas. The Reservation Division's drains discharge directly into the Colorado River and nearly one half of them are intended to intercept leaks from the nearby All-American Canal. In the Valley Divisions, the drains run through its central part while wells exist in the east. All drainage is removed at the Boundary Pumping Station which began operating in 1919.
Levees
A system of levees was also constructed between 1907-1909 in order to protect the banks of the Colorado River from flooding and its historical course-changing meandering. The Reservation levee was constructed on the west bank of the river between Lagunato and Araz. The Yuma Valley levees were on the east bank of the river until the Colorado-Gila River confluence and then to the Mexican border. To maintain the levees, the Bureau of Reclamation built rail lines on top of the Reservation levee so rail cars could reinforce or fill in problem areas. This proved successful during a major flood in 1912 and the Bureau asked Southern Pacific Railway if another line could be built on the Yuma Valley levee but they were reluctant. With its own acquired funding, the Bureau began to construct the Yuma Valley Railway in May 1914 and despite hot temperatures and wage strikes, construction was completed in February 1915.
Yuma Auxiliary Project
Prior to completing the Laguna Diversion Dam, the Bureau of Reclamation began to consider the Yuma Auxiliary Project which would supplement the Yuma Project in order to irrigate another 45,000 acres (180 km2) of land called Yuma Mesa. Initial surveys of the Mesa began in 1916 and the US Congress approved the Project in 1917. The Project was broken down in units A, B, C and D. Construction began on September 27, 1920 with the Mesa Supply Canal for unit B and in May 1922, the unit's pumping station was also complete. Unit B irrigated as much as 3,000 acres (12 km2) but development of the other three units never materialized. Only 3.6 miles (5.8 km) of canal and 10 miles (16 km) of lateral canals were built. In 1949, after the Laguna Dam ceased to divert water, the Yuma Auxiliary Project was reduced to just over 3,300 acres (13 km2) in sized and the Gila Project took over its water supply.
Maintenance and the Imperial Dam change
See also: 1940 El Centro earthquake
Damage to a canal structure after the 1940 earthquake
Flooding continued to be a problem for the Yuma Project. In January 1916, a flood larger than the one in 1912 caused 800 feet (240 m) in breaks on the Reservation Levee as the Gila River reached a maximum flow of 215,000 cubic feet per second (6,100 m3/s). The river again flooded a few days later, reaching a flow of 162,000 cubic feet per second (4,600 m3/s). Afterward, 10,000 of the 16,000-acre (65 km2) Reservation Division was inundated while 3,000 of the Valley Division's 50,000 acres (200 km2) flooded. The floods also displaced 50,000 yards of main canal. The Bureau of Reclamation worked quickly to restore the project in 15 days. In 1918, the Colorado River's meandering damaged part of the Reservation levee and it was repaired slowly with unskilled labor because of World War I's troop demands. The Laguna Diversion Dam weathered the floods but its downstream talus at its toe was extended between 1923 and 1924 to help better protect it. An earthquake on May 18, 1940 damaged the Project considerably, especially the Valley Division. Canals, levees and other features were damaged but repaired by late May. From 1936 through World War II, Civilian Conservation Corps workers, Indians from Mexico, Italian prisoners and German prisoners all worked to maintain the project.
The Boulder Canyon Project Act in 1928 would signal change for the Yuma Project. The Act authorized the construction of the Hoover Dam which curtailed flooding on the Colorado River but it also authorized the All-American Canal and the Imperial Dam. The Imperial Dam would serve as the lower Colorado's diversion dam and would also supply the Yuma Project with water. The dam was completed in 1938 and in 1941, the Bureau of Reclamation sealed off the Yuma Main Canal from the Laguna Diversion Dam. All outlets from the Laguna Dam were sealed on June 23, 1948 allowing for full supply from the Imperial Dam. Becoming obsolete, the Bureau decommissioned the power plant at the Siphon Drop Spillway in 1972.
Irrigation data
The Yuma Project serves 275 farms and over 94,000 people. In 1992, the Project irrigated 58,626 acres (237.25 km2) of land worth $196,105,730 in crops. The Reservation Division receives on average 123 cubic feet per second (3.5 m3/s) of water while the Valley Division receives 937 cubic feet per second (26.5 m3/s).
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuma Project.
Hoover Dam
Davis Dam
Parker Dam
All-American Canal
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k A. Stene, Eric. "YUMA PROJECT AND YUMA AUXILIARY PROJECT" (PDF). History of Reclamation Projects. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ "Yuma Project Details". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ "Yuma Project Data". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
vteColorado River systemJurisdictions
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Rapids and features
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
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Authority control databases International
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32°49′39″N 114°30′0″W / 32.82750°N 114.50000°W / 32.82750; -114.50000 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LagunaDiversionDamoh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laguna Diversion Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"irrigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigate"},{"link_name":"Yuma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Laguna Diversion Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam"},{"link_name":"pumping plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_station"},{"link_name":"power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"lateral canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_canal"},{"link_name":"levees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"Imperial Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Dam"}],"text":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projectLaguna Diversion DamThe Yuma Project is a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation project built to irrigate over 68,000 acres (280 km2) of land in Yuma County, Arizona and parts of Imperial County, California. The project is designed to exploit year-round farming conditions and water from the Colorado River. It consists of the Laguna Diversion Dam, pumping plants, a power plant, a 53-mile (85 km) system of canals, 218 miles (351 km) of lateral canals, levees and drains. The project began in 1903 and the majority of the work was completed by 1915. It was the first dam and reclamation project on the Colorado River and workers had to overcome many natural and logistical obstacles to build and maintain it. The Laguna Diversion Dam was replaced by the Imperial Dam as the Project's water source between 1941 and 1948. Today, it serves 275 farms and over 94,000 people.","title":"Yuma Project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Fort Yuma Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Yuma_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"text":"Although temperatures in the southern areas of Arizona and California tend to be hot and precipitation averages 3.5 inches (89 mm) a year, the region features a year-round farming season and the Colorado River. The Bureau of Reclamation and the Yuma County Water Users' Association wanted to exploit these conditions and create a large area of irrigation-fed farming. The project would be split into two divisions, the Valley Division in Yuma County, Arizona and the Reservation Division in Imperial County, California. The Reservation Division was further broken down into the Bard Unit and the Indian Unit. The Reservation Division and Bard Unit occupy much of what was Fort Yuma Indian Reservation.[1]","title":"Background and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YumaProjectConstructionOffice.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gasden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Quechuan Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuas"},{"link_name":"Dawes Severalty Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Severalty_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"},{"link_name":"Reclamation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclamation_Act"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Ethan A. Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"text":"Yuma Project construction officeIn 1854, the United States purchased the future Yuma Project's land in the Gasden Purchase but had created the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation in 1884 to settle the indigenous Quechuan Indians. Much of the land was disputed in the 1890s and in 1910, the Dawes Severalty Act opened the land to white settlers which led to further disputes. A series of court battles between the United States and the landholders led to the United States winning a decision and acquiring the land in 1898.[1]Farmers immediately began constructing gravity-fed irrigation systems in the area which proved inconsistent and ultimately ineffective. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allotting funds for western farm development and creating the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (known as the Reclamation Service until 1923). Subsequently, in 1903, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt turned the entire Fort Yuma Indian Reservation over to the Bureau of Reclamation for development. Future farmers in the area formed the Yuma County Water Users' Association later in 1903 and in 1904, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock authorized the Yuma Project.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LagunaDamArizonaSluiceGate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laguna Diversion Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"},{"link_name":"levee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"cofferdams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofferdam"},{"link_name":"sluiceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluice"},{"link_name":"Mexican-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"sub_title":"Laguna Dam","text":"Sluice gate on the Arizona-side of the Laguna Diversion Dam, 1909The Bureau of Reclamation with project engineer Francis L. Sellew, immediately began purchasing the necessary lands and began the project with the Laguna Diversion Dam on the Colorado River. On July 6, 1905 the contract to build the dam was awarded to J. G. White and Company who started construction less than two weeks later. Deliveries of cement were a problem as they had to be delivered to Yuma by rail and to the construction site by wagons or steamboat. Poor rock quality at local quarries also posed a problem that consistently delayed construction, 50% of the weak rock was unusable. Even after their contract was supplemented to encompass the rock quality delays, J. G. White and Company still did not meet their deadline and the Bureau of Reclamation took over construction in early 1907.[1]To solve the cement delivery problems, by March 1908, the Bureau of Reclamation built a levee on the California side on the dam that was topped by a rail-line. Beforehand, they had also gained the cooperation of the Southern Pacific Railroad who agreed to deliver cement directly at the dam site. The rock quality problem was solved when the Bureau raised the upstream and downstream cofferdams with rock waste and topped them with rail lines that could deliver rock-fill much faster. By December 1908, the water bypass around the dam was complete and workers began to pour the rock-fill. Three large concrete walls supported by 6-inch (150 mm) sheet-wood pilings were built across the river for the dam's foundation. Rock-fill was placed in between and on the outsides of these walls for support. The California sluiceway consisted of three iron gates while the Arizona had one. Mexican-Americans mostly worked on the dam while a few Native American Indians did as well. White-labor worked in the cooler months.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Propeller_Turbine.jpg"},{"link_name":"power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant"},{"link_name":"siphons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"},{"link_name":"lateral canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"sub_title":"Canals","text":"A Bell-type turbine being installed at the Siphon Drop Spillway power plantConstruction on the Yuma Canal which branched off the California side of the Laguna Dam began in 1909. One and half miles from the dam, at Indian Heading, the Yuma Canal splits into the Reservation Main Canal and the Yuma Main Canal. The Yuma Main Canal continues 10.5 miles (16.9 km) southwest until it reaches the 9.9-foot (3.0 m) Siphon Drop Spillway where a power plant was later built in 1926. After another 3.5 miles (5.6 km), it reaches the Colorado River Siphon which siphons the water under the Colorado River. After it reaches Yuma, it split into the East and West Main canals to pass through the Valley Division and to the Mexican border. The Yuma Main Canal along with the East Main Canal and part of the West Main Canal were complete by 1912. The rest of the West Main Canal started again in 1913 and was completed in 1915.[1]Work on the Reservation Main Canal began in 1907 and its adjacent lateral canals began in 1908. The Mojave and Cocopah Canals were constructed as splits off the Reservation Canal. Construction on the Colorado River Siphon began in 1909 and would initially consist of a 50-foot (15 m) inverted siphon that transfers water via the Yuma Main Canal to the Valley Division. Construction on the siphon was halted in February 1911 after the surrounding sandstone proved too porous and unstable. The Bureau of Reclamation decided to use pneumatic compressed air to finish the construction which sank the siphon further to 76 feet (23 m) and it began to operate on June 29, 1912. In total, the Yuma Project contained 53 miles (85 km) of canal and 218 miles (351 km) of lateral canal.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-American Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Canal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Drains","text":"A system of drains, and in some areas wells, were incorporated throughout the project. They drain farming run-off and excess water from the irrigated areas. The Reservation Division's drains discharge directly into the Colorado River and nearly one half of them are intended to intercept leaks from the nearby All-American Canal. In the Valley Divisions, the drains run through its central part while wells exist in the east. All drainage is removed at the Boundary Pumping Station which began operating in 1919.[2]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"levees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding"},{"link_name":"Araz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araz"},{"link_name":"Gila River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"sub_title":"Levees","text":"A system of levees was also constructed between 1907-1909 in order to protect the banks of the Colorado River from flooding and its historical course-changing meandering. The Reservation levee was constructed on the west bank of the river between Lagunato and Araz. The Yuma Valley levees were on the east bank of the river until the Colorado-Gila River confluence and then to the Mexican border. To maintain the levees, the Bureau of Reclamation built rail lines on top of the Reservation levee so rail cars could reinforce or fill in problem areas. This proved successful during a major flood in 1912 and the Bureau asked Southern Pacific Railway if another line could be built on the Yuma Valley levee but they were reluctant. With its own acquired funding, the Bureau began to construct the Yuma Valley Railway in May 1914 and despite hot temperatures and wage strikes, construction was completed in February 1915.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irrigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigate"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"pumping station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"sub_title":"Yuma Auxiliary Project","text":"Prior to completing the Laguna Diversion Dam, the Bureau of Reclamation began to consider the Yuma Auxiliary Project which would supplement the Yuma Project in order to irrigate another 45,000 acres (180 km2) of land called Yuma Mesa. Initial surveys of the Mesa began in 1916 and the US Congress approved the Project in 1917. The Project was broken down in units A, B, C and D. Construction began on September 27, 1920 with the Mesa Supply Canal for unit B and in May 1922, the unit's pumping station was also complete. Unit B irrigated as much as 3,000 acres (12 km2) but development of the other three units never materialized. Only 3.6 miles (5.8 km) of canal and 10 miles (16 km) of lateral canals were built. In 1949, after the Laguna Dam ceased to divert water, the Yuma Auxiliary Project was reduced to just over 3,300 acres (13 km2) in sized and the Gila Project took over its water supply.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1940 El Centro earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_El_Centro_earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1940YumaProjectDamage.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"talus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"},{"link_name":"Hoover Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam"},{"link_name":"All-American Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Canal"},{"link_name":"Imperial Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Dam"},{"link_name":"Laguna Diversion Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brhpr-1"}],"sub_title":"Maintenance and the Imperial Dam change","text":"See also: 1940 El Centro earthquakeDamage to a canal structure after the 1940 earthquakeFlooding continued to be a problem for the Yuma Project. In January 1916, a flood larger than the one in 1912 caused 800 feet (240 m) in breaks on the Reservation Levee as the Gila River reached a maximum flow of 215,000 cubic feet per second (6,100 m3/s). The river again flooded a few days later, reaching a flow of 162,000 cubic feet per second (4,600 m3/s). Afterward, 10,000 of the 16,000-acre (65 km2) Reservation Division was inundated while 3,000 of the Valley Division's 50,000 acres (200 km2) flooded. The floods also displaced 50,000 yards of main canal. The Bureau of Reclamation worked quickly to restore the project in 15 days. In 1918, the Colorado River's meandering damaged part of the Reservation levee and it was repaired slowly with unskilled labor because of World War I's troop demands. The Laguna Diversion Dam weathered the floods but its downstream talus at its toe was extended between 1923 and 1924 to help better protect it. An earthquake on May 18, 1940 damaged the Project considerably, especially the Valley Division. Canals, levees and other features were damaged but repaired by late May. From 1936 through World War II, Civilian Conservation Corps workers, Indians from Mexico, Italian prisoners and German prisoners all worked to maintain the project.[1]The Boulder Canyon Project Act in 1928 would signal change for the Yuma Project. The Act authorized the construction of the Hoover Dam which curtailed flooding on the Colorado River but it also authorized the All-American Canal and the Imperial Dam. The Imperial Dam would serve as the lower Colorado's diversion dam and would also supply the Yuma Project with water. The dam was completed in 1938 and in 1941, the Bureau of Reclamation sealed off the Yuma Main Canal from the Laguna Diversion Dam. All outlets from the Laguna Dam were sealed on June 23, 1948 allowing for full supply from the Imperial Dam. Becoming obsolete, the Bureau decommissioned the power plant at the Siphon Drop Spillway in 1972.[1]","title":"History and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Yuma Project serves 275 farms and over 94,000 people. In 1992, the Project irrigated 58,626 acres (237.25 km2) of land worth $196,105,730 in crops. The Reservation Division receives on average 123 cubic feet per second (3.5 m3/s) of water while the Valley Division receives 937 cubic feet per second (26.5 m3/s).[3]","title":"Irrigation data"}] | [{"image_text":"Laguna Diversion Dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/LagunaDiversionDamoh.jpg/250px-LagunaDiversionDamoh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yuma Project construction office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/YumaProjectConstructionOffice.jpg/180px-YumaProjectConstructionOffice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sluice gate on the Arizona-side of the Laguna Diversion Dam, 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/LagunaDamArizonaSluiceGate.jpg/200px-LagunaDamArizonaSluiceGate.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bell-type turbine being installed at the Siphon Drop Spillway power plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Propeller_Turbine.jpg/200px-Propeller_Turbine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Damage to a canal structure after the 1940 earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1940YumaProjectDamage.jpg/200px-1940YumaProjectDamage.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Yuma Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yuma_Project"},{"title":"Hoover Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam"},{"title":"Davis Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Dam"},{"title":"Parker Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Dam"},{"title":"All-American Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Canal"}] | [{"reference":"A. Stene, Eric. \"YUMA PROJECT AND YUMA AUXILIARY PROJECT\" (PDF). History of Reclamation Projects. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects//ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1271086556202.pdf","url_text":"\"YUMA PROJECT AND YUMA AUXILIARY PROJECT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Project Details\". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Yuma%20Project&pageType=ProjectPage#Group253360","url_text":"\"Yuma Project Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Project Data\". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Yuma%20Project&pageType=ProjectDataPage","url_text":"\"Yuma Project Data\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yuma_Project¶ms=32_49_39_N_114_30_0_W_","external_links_name":"32°49′39″N 114°30′0″W / 32.82750°N 114.50000°W / 32.82750; -114.50000"},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects//ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1271086556202.pdf","external_links_name":"\"YUMA PROJECT AND YUMA AUXILIARY PROJECT\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Yuma%20Project&pageType=ProjectPage#Group253360","external_links_name":"\"Yuma Project Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Yuma%20Project&pageType=ProjectDataPage","external_links_name":"\"Yuma Project Data\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125931688","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320130605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yuma_Project¶ms=32_49_39_N_114_30_0_W_","external_links_name":"32°49′39″N 114°30′0″W / 32.82750°N 114.50000°W / 32.82750; -114.50000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Cakobau_Park | Ratu Cakobau Park | ["1 References"] | Ratu Cakobau ParkLocationNausori, FijiCapacity8,000SurfaceGrassOpened12 February 1600Closed24 February 2024TenantsRewa F.C., Tailevu/Naitasiri F.C., Tailevu Knights
Ratu Cakobau Park, also known as Vodafone Ratu Cakobau Park for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-use stadium located in Nausori, Fiji. It is currently used for association football, rugby union and American football matches and hosts the home games of Fiji association football clubs Rewa F.C. and Tailevu/Naitasiri F.C. as well as the games of American football team Tailevu Knights. The stadium has a capacity of 8,000. Ratu Cakobau Park was scheduled to host an international match on 16 August 2011, Fiji against Samoa with both men and women's national teams in friendly action.
However, bad weather left the pitch in an unplayable condition and the matches were moved to Thomson Park, Navua.
Ratu Cakobau Park was a host venue for men's football at the 2003 South Pacific Games. The tournament was won by Fiji. The stadium also hosted the final of the women's football event, in which Papua New Guinea defeated Tahiti.
In November 2011, the stadium hosted the annual Vanua Cup, organized by the Labasa Muslim Sports & Social Club. Tournament organizer Mohammed Sareem said, "Many players playing would never have had an experience to play in the Vodafone Ratu Cakabou Park and this tournament gives them an opportunity."
References
Sports portalArchitecture portalAssociation football portalAmerican football portal
^ World Stadiums - Stadiums in Fiji Retrieved 15 August 2011
^ Vodafone Ratu Cakobau Park - Soccerway Retrieved 15 August 2011
^ Promoting Suva - International Friendlies Retrieved 16 August 2011
^ Fiji Football Association - First Test Today Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 August 2011
^ 2003 South Pacific Games - Soccer - SportingPulse Retrieved 5 September 2011
^ Teams gear up for Vanua Cup Archived 2011-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Fijilive Sports.20 November 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nausori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausori"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Rewa F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tailevu/Naitasiri F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailevu/Naitasiri_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tailevu Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailevu_Knights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Park_(Fiji)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2003 South Pacific Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_South_Pacific_Games"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ratu Cakobau Park, also known as Vodafone Ratu Cakobau Park for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-use stadium located in Nausori, Fiji. It is currently used for association football, rugby union and American football matches and hosts the home games of Fiji association football clubs Rewa F.C. and Tailevu/Naitasiri F.C. as well as the games of American football team Tailevu Knights.[1] The stadium has a capacity of 8,000.[2] Ratu Cakobau Park was scheduled to host an international match on 16 August 2011, Fiji against Samoa with both men and women's national teams in friendly action.[3]\nHowever, bad weather left the pitch in an unplayable condition and the matches were moved to Thomson Park, Navua.[4]Ratu Cakobau Park was a host venue for men's football at the 2003 South Pacific Games. The tournament was won by Fiji. The stadium also hosted the final of the women's football event, in which Papua New Guinea defeated Tahiti.[5]In November 2011, the stadium hosted the annual Vanua Cup, organized by the Labasa Muslim Sports & Social Club. Tournament organizer Mohammed Sareem said, \"Many players playing would never have had an experience to play in the Vodafone Ratu Cakabou Park and this tournament gives them an opportunity.\"[6]","title":"Ratu Cakobau Park"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.worldstadiums.com/oceania/countries/fiji.shtml","external_links_name":"World Stadiums - Stadiums in Fiji"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/venues/fiji/vodafone-ratu-cakobau-park/","external_links_name":"Vodafone Ratu Cakobau Park - Soccerway"},{"Link":"http://www.promotingsuva.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Promoting Suva - International Friendlies"},{"Link":"http://www.fijifootball.com.fj/News/ViewArticle/tabid/1290/Article/5ed3c476-682c-47ff-ae50-e2f2afe2c7e1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Fiji Football Association - First Test Today"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327172011/http://www.fijifootball.com.fj/News/ViewArticle/tabid/1290/Article/5ed3c476-682c-47ff-ae50-e2f2afe2c7e1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-1982-0-0-0","external_links_name":"2003 South Pacific Games - Soccer - SportingPulse"},{"Link":"http://www.fijilive.com/sports/football/news/2011/11/20/24511.Fijilive","external_links_name":"Teams gear up for Vanua Cup"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111212091231/http://www.fijilive.com/sports/football/news/2011/11/20/24511.Fijilive","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition | Benin Expedition of 1897 | ["1 Background","2 The \"Benin Massacre\" (January 1897)","3 The punitive expedition (February 1897)","4 Aftermath","5 Controversy","6 Movement for repatriation of objects taken as war booty","7 Cultural representations","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Sources","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | British invasion of the Kingdom of Benin
Benin Expedition of 1897Part of the Scramble for AfricaDate9–18 February 1897LocationBenin City, Benin EmpireResult
British victoryBelligerents
British Empire
Niger Coast Protectorate
Benin EmpireCommanders and leaders
Harry Rawson
Ovonramwen Asoro N' lyokuoStrength
1,200
Unknown
vteScramble for Africa
South Africa (1879)
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Sudan (1881)
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Benin (1897)
Wassoulou (1898)
Chad (1898)
Fashoda (1898)
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Morocco (1909)
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Morocco (1911)
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Darfur (1916)
The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a British force of 1,200 men under Sir Harry Rawson. It came in response to the ambush and slaughter of a 250 strong party led by British Acting Consul General James Phillips of the Niger Coast Protectorate. Rawson's troops captured Benin City, and indeed the Kingdom of Benin itself, which was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria. The expedition freed captives held by the Oba.
Current day policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of the ruler of Benin overthrown by the British in 1897. Many descendants of the freed captives still remain in the Benin area today and thus,The Benin expenditure of 1897 returning the Benin Bronzes to the descendant of the ruler enriched by their slave trading and human sacrifice has caused much controversy nationally and internationally.
Background
Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin
At the end of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Benin had retained its independence during the Scramble for Africa, and the Oba of Benin exercised a monopoly over trade in Benin's territories which the Royal Niger Company considered a threat. In 1892, Deputy Commissioner and Vice-Consul Captain Henry Lionel Galway (1859–1949) tried to negotiate a trade agreement with Oba Ovọnramwẹn Nọgbaisi (1888–1914) to allow for the free passage of goods through his territory and the development of the palm oil industry. Captain Gallwey (as his name was then spelled) pushed for British interests in the region, especially of the palm oil industry, by attempting to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Oba at the time. Later, Moor urged the Foreign Office to use whatever means to secure the signed treaty, up to and including force. Gallwey signed the treaty with the Oba and his chiefs which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence in the region. The Oba was hesitant to sign the treaty. After the British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he described it a place of "gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased pressure for the territory's incorporation into the British Empire. The treaty itself does not explicitly mention anything about the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about, and instead includes a vague clause about ensuring "the general progress of civilization". While the treaty granted free trade to British merchants operating in the Kingdom of Benin, the Oba persisted in requiring customs duties. Since Major (later Sir) Claude Maxwell Macdonald, the Consul General of the Oil River Protectorate authorities considered the treaty legal and binding, he deemed the Oba's requirements a violation of the accord and thus a hostile act.
Some historians have suggested that humanitarian motivations were driving British foreign policy in the region. Others, such as Philip Igbafe, consider that the annexation of Benin was driven largely by economic designs. The treaty itself did not mention any goal that removed the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about.
In 1894, after the capture of Ebrohimi, the trading town of the chief Nana Olomu (the leading Itsekiri trader in the Benin River District) by a combined Royal Navy and Niger Coast Protectorate force, the Kingdom of Benin increased the military presence on its own southern borders. These developments combined with the Colonial Office's refusal to grant approval for an invasion of Benin City scuttled an expedition the Protectorate had planned for early 1895. Even so, between September 1895 and mid-1896 three attempts were made by the Protectorate to enforce the Gallwey Treaty of 1892: firstly by Major P. Copland-Crawford, Vice-Consul of the Benin District; secondly by Ralph Frederick Locke, the Vice-Consul Assistant; and thirdly by Captain Arthur Maling, Commandant of the Niger Coast Protectorate Force detachment based in Sapele.
In March 1896, following price fixing and refusals by Itsekiri middle men to pay the required tributes, the Oba of Benin ordered a cessation of the supply of oil palm produce to them. The trade embargo brought trade in the Benin River region to a standstill, and the British merchants in the region appealed to the Protectorate's Consul-General to "open up" Benin territories and to send the Oba (whom they claimed was an obstruction to their trading activities) into exile. In October 1896 the Acting Consul-General, James Robert Phillips, visited the Benin River District and met with the agents and traders, who convinced him that "there is a future on the Benin River if Benin territories were opened".
The "Benin Massacre" (January 1897)
Boisragon and Locke, the two Britons who survived the ambush
In November 1896, Phillips, the Vice Consul of a trading post on the African coast, decided to meet with the Oba in Benin City in regards to the trade agreement that the Oba had made with the British but was not keeping. He formally asked his superiors in London for permission to visit Benin City, claiming that the costs of such an expedition would be recouped by trading for ivory. In late December 1896, without waiting for a reply or approval, Phillips embarked on an expedition comprising:
James Robert Phillips, Acting Consul-General, Niger Coast Protectorate.
Maj. Copland Crawford, Vice-Council of the Benin and Warri districts.
Alan Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate.
Cap. Malling, Niger Coast Protectorate force.
Elliot, Medical Officer for Sapele and Benin districts.
Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri.
Kenneth Campbell, District Commissioner at Sapele.
Mr Gordon, trader, Africa Association.
Swainson, trader, of Mr. Pinnock's firm.
Mr Powis, agent for Millers Brothers palm oil, at Old Calabar.
Mr Lyon, Assistant District commissioner at Sapele (waited Gwatto).
Mr Baddoo (of Accara, Gold Coast), Consul-General's Chief clerk and Photographer.
Mr Jumbo, Consul-General's orderly, and Civil Policeman.
Mr , Vice-Council's orderly, and Civil Policeman.
Mr Towey, local interpreter.
Mr Herbert Clarke, local interpreter.
Mr Basilli, local Benin guide.
Jim, Boisragon's, Kru, manservant.
180 Jakri porters to carry their supplies, food, trade goods, presents, cameras, and tents.
60 Kru labourers.
Phillips had sent a message to the Oba, claiming that his present mission was to discuss trade and peace and demanding admission to the territory. Ahead of Phillips, he had sent an envoy bearing numerous gifts for trade. It was during this time that the Oba was celebrating Igue festival, and he sent word that he did not wish to see the British at the time, and he would send word in a month or two, when he was ready to receive just Phillips and one Jakri chief.
On 4 January 1897, Phillips and his entire party was ambushed along their journey to Benin City, at Ugbine village near Gwato. British officers and African porters were slaughtered. Only two British survived their wounds, Alan Boisragon and Ralph Locke. Within the week, news had made it to London of the massacre. This event led to the mounting of the Punitive Expedition.
As a result of this attack, the Foreign Office authorized military action, leading to the "punitive expedition", the purported intention by Moor: »It is imperative that a most severe lesson be given the Kings, Chiefs, and JuJu men of all surrounding countries, that white men cannot be killed with impunity, and that human sacrifices, with the oppression of the weak and poor, must cease.« According to historian Philip Igbafe, the humanitarian and punitive justifications given by Moor ran counter to the economic justifications for military action that he and other members of the Protectorate administration promoted in the months and years before the events of February 1897.
The two British that survived the annihilation of Phillips' expedition, which became known as the 'Benin Massacre', were Captain Alan Maxwell Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate, who had been shot in the right arm and knee, and Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri, who had been shot four times in the arm, and once in the hip.
The punitive expedition (February 1897)
Admiral Sir Harry Rawson
A photograph of the interior of Oba's compound being burnt during the punitive expedition, with bronze plaques in the foreground and three soldiers from the punitive force in the background
On 12 January 1897, Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson, commander of the Royal Navy forces at the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station, was appointed by the Admiralty to lead a force to invade the Kingdom of Benin and capture the Benin Oba. The operation was named the Benin Punitive Expedition.
On 9 February 1897, the invasion of the Kingdom of Benin began. The British invasion force of about 1,200 Royal Marines, sailors and Niger Coast Protectorate Forces was organised into three columns: the 'Sapoba', 'Gwato' and 'Main' columns. Flotillas of warships (including HMS Philomel and Phoebe) and gunboats approached Benin City from the east and west. The 'Sapoba' and 'Main' columns reached Benin City after ten days of fighting. The 'Gwato' column (under Captain Gallwey) took the same route as that taken by the previous mission and came on the scene of the massacre, finding headless bodies of the victims.
Elspeth Huxley spent some time researching in Benin in 1954, and wrote:" ... to hear an account of the Benin massacre of 1897 and its sequel from one who had taken part. It is a story that still has power to amaze and horrify, as well as to remind us that the British had motives for pushing into Africa other than the intention to exploit the natives and glorify themselves. Here, for instance, are some extracts from the diary of a surgeon who took part in the expedition.:-
'As we neared Benin City we passed several human sacrifices, live women slaves gagged and pegged on their backs to the ground, the abdominal wall being cut in the form of a cross, and the uninjured gut hanging out. These poor women were allowed to die like this in the sun. Men slaves, with their hands tied at the back and feet lashed together, also gagged, were lying about. As we neared the city, sacrificed human beings were lying in the path and bush—even in the king's compound the sight and stench of them was awful. Dead and mutilated bodies were everywhere – by God! May I never see such sights again! . . .'"Herbert Walker, a soldier serving in the punitive expedition, believed that the human sacrifices he saw were an attempt by Benin City residents to appease the Gods as they tried to defend themselves from the expedition.
According to professor of African studies, Robin Law, the issue of human sacrifices is an extremely sensitive one and prone to bias. Law suggests that the reported extent of the practice in Benin was exaggerated by the British in order to establish the need for military intervention.
Eight members of the punitive force were recorded as being killed in action during the Benin Expedition; the number of military and civilian casualties amongst the Benin people was not estimated but is thought to have been very high.
The Benin Expedition was described as such:
"In twenty-nine days a force of 1,200 men, coming from three places between 3000 and 4500 m. from the Benin river, was landed, organized, equipped and provided with transport. Five days later the city of Benin was taken, and in twelve days more the men were re-embarked, and the ships coaled and ready for any further service."
All-in-all, around 5,000 men were mobilised for the expedition, which took place over three weeks.
Aftermath
Members of the expedition surrounded by objects from the royal palace
After the capture of Benin City, houses, sacred sites, ceremonial buildings and palaces of many high-ranking chiefs were looted and many buildings were burned down, including the Palace building itself on Sunday 21 February. There was evidence of previous human sacrifice found by members of the expedition, with journalists from Reuters and the Illustrated London News reporting that the town 'reeked of human blood.' Inside the abandoned palace, a terrible sight was revealed to the British. The Oba in panic of what he had done and in fear of a retaliatory attack, had embarked in a great mass of human sacrifice in order to stave off full disaster. Bodies of those sacrificed by the Oba laid in pits and many hung crucified in trees.
Ovonramwen, photographed by Jonathan Adagogo Green on board the Niger Coast Protectorate steam yacht, Ivy, while the Oba was on his way to exile in 1897
The Oba was eventually captured by the British consul-general, Ralph Moor. He was deposed and exiled, with two of his eighty wives, to Calabar. A British Resident was appointed, and six chiefs were hanged in Benin City's marketplace.
Most of the plunder from the city was retained by the expedition with some 2,500 (official figures) religious artefacts, Benin visual history, mnemonics and artworks being sent to Britain. They include over a thousand metal plaques and sculptures collectively known as the Benin Bronzes. The Admiralty confiscated and auctioned off the war booty to defray the costs of the expedition.
About 40% of the art was accessioned to the British Museum, while other works were given to individual members of the armed forces as spoils of war, and the remainder was sold at auction by the Admiralty to pay for the expedition as early as May 1897 (Stevens Auction Rooms, 38 King Street, London, 25 May 1897; followed by several sales by the ethnographic dealer William Downing Webster, Bicester, between 1898 and 1900). Most of the Benin Bronzes sold at auction were purchased by museums, mainly in Germany. The dispersal of Benin artworks to museums around the world catalysed the beginnings of a long and slow European reassessment of the value of West African art. The Benin art was copied and the style integrated into the art of many European artists and thus had a strong influence on the early formation of modernism in Europe.
The British occupied Benin, which was absorbed into the British Niger Coast Protectorate and eventually into British colonial Nigeria. A general emancipation of slaves followed in the wake of British occupation, and with it came an end to human sacrifice. However, the British instituted a system of drafting locals to work as forced labourers in often poor conditions that were not much better than had been during the previous Benin Empire.
Controversy
There has much debate of why James Phillips set out on the mission to Benin without much weaponry. Some have argued he was going on a peaceful mission. Such commentators argue that the message from the Oba that his festival would not permit him to receive European visitors touched the humanitarian side of Phillips's character because of an assumption that the festival included human sacrifice. According to Igbafe, this does not explain why Phillips set out before he had received a reply from the Foreign Office to his request where he stated that: F.O. 2/I02, Phillips to F.O. no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896. 'there is nothing in the shape of a standing army. ... and the inhabitants appear to be if not a peace-loving at any rate a most unwarlike people whose only exploits during many generations had been an occasional quarrel with their neighbours about trade or slave raiding and it appears at least improbable that they have any arms to speak of except the usual number of trade guns... When Captain Gallwey visited the city the only canon he saw were half a dozen old Portuguese guns. They were lying on the grass unmounted'. Compare this with the opinion of his immediate predecessor, Ralph Moor, who was convinced that 'the people in all the villages are no doubt possessed of arms' (F.O. 2/84, Moor to F.O. no. 39 of I2 Sept. 1895).
Igbafe also points to Phillips' November 1896 advocacy of military force regarding Benin, arguing that this is inconsistent with the perception of Phillips as a man of peace in January 1897. Igbafe posits that Phillips was going on a reconnaissance mission and that Phillips' haste to Benin can be explained by a belief that nothing bad would happen to him or his party.
Phillips's journey was has been described by Mona Zutshi Opubor as a period of lull before the outbreak of a violent storm which had been gathering for years with the pressure of traders, consuls and a few visits of armed Europeans to the Benin Empire. The suspicion among the Oba of Benin, therefore, only deepened with Phillips's mission. The previous deportations of the Jaja of Opobo in 1887 and Nana Olomu in 1894 in neighboring British controlled territories may have made the Benin Empire anxious about safety of their Oba and the true intentions of the British. According to Igbafe, evidence at the Oba's trial in September 1897, showed that the people of Benin Empire did not believe that Phillips' party had peaceful intentions, since the capture of Nana, there had been a long expectation of war in Benin.
Movement for repatriation of objects taken as war booty
In 2017 a cockerel statue or okukor looted during the 1897 Benin Expedition was removed from the hall of Jesus College, Cambridge, following protests by students of the university. Jesus College's student union passed a motion declaring that the sculpture should be returned. A spokesperson from the university stated that "Jesus College acknowledges the contribution made by students in raising the important but complex question of the rightful location of its Benin bronze, in response to which it has removed the okukor from its hall" and that the university is willing "to discuss and determine the best future for the okukor, including the question of repatriation. On 27 October 2021, the okukor was received by Nigeria's National Commission for Museums and Monuments in a Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony held and livestreamed by Jesus College.
The University of Aberdeen became the first institution to agree to the full repatriation of a Benin Bronze from a museum in March 2021 and handed back a bronze sculpture, depicting the head of an Oba, to the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments on 28 October 2021. It had been purchased by the university at an auction in 1957 and was identified as a Benin bronze in a recent collections review.
Current day policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of the ruler of Benin overthrown by the British in 1897. Many descendants of the freed slaves still remain in the Benin area today and thus returning the Benin Bronzes to the descendant of the ruler enriched by their slave trading and human sacrifice has caused much controversy nationally and internationally.
Cultural representations
Plays relating to the events include Ovonramwen N' Ogbaisi, written by Ola Rotimi (1971); and The Trials of Oba Ovonramwen, written by Ahmed Yerima (1997);
Visual artists' responses include Tony Phillips' series of prints titled History of the Benin Bronzes (1984); Kerry James Marshall's graphic novel titled Rythm Mastr; and Peju Layiwola's travelling exhibition and edited book called Benin1897.com: Art and the Restitution Question.
Films covering aspects of the expedition include The Mask (1979), starring Eddie Ugbomah; and Invasion 1897 (2014), directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen.
See also
Akure–Benin War
History of Nigeria
Izevbokun Oshodin
References
Notes
^ a b Obinyan, T. U. (September 1988). "The Annexation of Benin". Journal of Black Studies. 19 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1177/002193478801900103. JSTOR 2784423. S2CID 142726955.
^ Igbafe, Philip A. "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945". The Journal of African History, vol. 16, no. 3, 1975, pp. 409–29. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/180474. Accessed 4 July 2023.
^ a b c Igbafe 1970, p. 385.
^ a b c d Igbafe 1970.
^ a b c Igbafe 1970, p. 387.
^ Igbafe 1970, p. 390.
^ Igbafe 1970, p. 391.
^ E.G. Hernon, A. Britain's Forgotten Wars, p.409 (2002)
^ a b c d e Boisragon, Alan Maxwell (1897). The Benin massacre. Smithsonian Libraries. London : Methuen.
^ a b c ETNOGRAFÍA. The Tribal Eye. Kingdom of Bronze. Cap. 4/7., retrieved 17 March 2022
^ a b Collison, David; Gyles, Anna Benson (17 June 1975), Kingdom of Bronze, The Tribal Eye, David Attenborough, retrieved 26 May 2023
^ "William Loney RN". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ a b c Dan, Hicks (2020). The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 111, 115–6, 123, 132. doi:10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr. ISBN 978-0-7453-4176-7. JSTOR j.ctv18msmcr. S2CID 240965144.
^ "Blockade of Crete". The Western Mail. 17 March 1897. hdl:10107/4313320.
^ "Four Guineas" Elspeth Huxley, 1954
^ "Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors" by H. Ling Roth. The surgeon was Roth's brother.
^ Otzen, Otzen (26 February 2015). "The man who returned his grandfather's looted art". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^ Robin Law, "Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa", in: African Affairs 84 (334), 1985, pp. 53–87
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Benin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 739.
^ Dan, Hicks (2020). "The Sacking of Benin City". The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 109–114. doi:10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr.13. ISBN 978-0-7453-4176-7. JSTOR j.ctv18msmcr.13. S2CID 243197979.
^ Graham 1965.
^ Hernon, A. Britain's Forgotten Wars, p.421 (2002) ISBN 0-7509-3162-0
^ Roth, H. Ling (Henry Ling) (1903). Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors. Smithsonian Libraries. Halifax, Eng., F. King & Sons, ltd.
^ Home, Robert (1982). City of Blood Revisited: A New Look at the Benin Expedition of 1897. London: Lex Collins, 1982. ISBN 0-8476-4824-9.
^ Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-253-33503-5.
^ Igbafe, Philip A., "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897–1945, The Journal of African History Vol. 16, No. 3 (1975), pp. 418.
^ Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.), African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner (2007), pp.76-77
^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345, R. H. Bacon, Benin the City of Blood (London, I897), 17, [The assumption here again is that the festival meant a holocaust of human beings. The Oba was celebrating the
Ague festival, which was one of rededication. This did not involve human sacrifices.
See also W. N. M. Geary: Nigeria Under British Rule (London, 1927), II4. ]
^ https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/t.%20Victorian%20punitive%20expeditions_Mona%20Zutshi%20Opubor.pdf, https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345
^ H. L. Gallwey, 'West African fifty years ago', Journal of the Royal African Society, XL (1942), 65
^ "Welcome To News Every Hour: See the Cockerel that is causing serious debate between England and Nigeria (Photo)". Newseveryhour.com. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ Weale, Sally (8 March 2016). "Benin bronze row: Cambridge college removes cockerel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ College, Jesus. "Livestream of Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony". Jesus College University of Cambridge. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "Cambridge University college hands back looted cockerel to Nigeria". BBC News. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze | News | The University of Aberdeen". abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Simpson, Craig (13 July 2023). "Benin king to keep bronzes returned by UK | News | The Telegraph". The Telegraph.
^ "Tony Phillips on the History of the Benin Bronzes I-XII". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^ ""Rythm Mastr"". Art21. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^ Layiwola, Peju (2014). "Making meaning from a fragmented past: 1897 and the creative process". Open Arts Journal (3). doi:10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s15pl. ISSN 2050-3679.
Sources
Home, Robert (1982). City of Blood Revisited • A new look at the Benin expedition of 1897. Londres: Rex Collings, Ltd.
Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). "The fall of Benin: A Reassessment". Journal of African History. XI (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.
European traders in Benin to Major Copland Crawford. Reporting the stoppage of trade by the Benin King 1896 Apr 13, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
Sir Ralph Moore to Foreign Office. Reporting on the abortive Expedition into Benin. 1895 Sept.12 Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu
J. R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov 1896. Despatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
Akenzua, Edun (2000). "The Case of Benin". Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix 21, House of Commons, The United Kingdom Parliament, March 2000.
Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-253-33503-5.
Boisragon, Alan (1897). The Benin Massacre. London: Methuen.
Graham, James D. (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach". Cahiers d'Études africaines. V (18): 317–334. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035. JSTOR 4390897.
Further reading
Bacon, R. H. (1897). Benin, The City of Blood. London: Arnold.
Docherty, Paddy (2021). Blood and Bronze: The British Empire and the Sack of Benin. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-78738-456-9.
Read, Charles Hercules & Dalton, Ormonde Maddock (1899). Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum. London: British Museum.
External links
The British Museum (2000). Stories of royalty in brass. Collections Multimedia Public Access System, The British Museum, 2000. Retrieved 6 September 2006
Gott, Richard (1997). The Looting of Benin. The Independent, 22 Feb.1997. Republished at ARM Press Cutting. (See also related GIF image of the article Battle royal for Benin relics). Retrieved 9 October 2006.
Soni, Darshana (1997). The British and the Benin Bronzes. ARM Information Sheet 4, Campaign for the Return of the Benin Bronzes, 1997. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
An account of an engagement during the conflict by Reginald Bacon RN
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(1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Somaliland (1900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Aro (1901)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War"},{"link_name":"Angola (1902)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailundo_revolt"},{"link_name":"Namibia (1904)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_Wars"},{"link_name":"Tanganyika (1905)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1905–06)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis"},{"link_name":"South Africa (1906)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1907–34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mufilo (1907)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1909)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign"},{"link_name":"Ouaddai (1909)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadai_War"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Libya (1911–12)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"South Africa (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Darfur (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur"},{"link_name":"punitive expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_expedition"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rawson"},{"link_name":"James Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Niger Coast Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obinyan1988-1"},{"link_name":"Benin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"colonial Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obinyan1988-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Benin expenditure of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En.wikipedia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"vteScramble for Africa\nSouth Africa (1879)\nSouth Africa (1880)\nTunisia (1881)\nSudan (1881)\nEgypt (1882)\nWassoulou (1883)\nMadagascar (1883)\nEquatoria (1886–89)\nSomalia (1888–1924)\nEritrea (1889)\nCongo (1895)\nDahomey (1890)\nMashonaland (1890)\nKatanga (1891−92)\nDahomey (1892)\nMatabeleland (1893)\nMorocco (1893–94)\nWassoulou (1894)\nAshanti (1895)\n South Africa (1895)\nEthiopia (1896)\nMatabeleland (1896)\nZanzibar (1896)\nBenin (1897)\nWassoulou (1898)\nChad (1898)\nFashoda (1898)\nSouth Africa (1899)\nSomaliland (1900)\nAro (1901)\nAngola (1902)\nNamibia (1904)\nTanganyika (1905)\nMorocco (1905–06)\nSouth Africa (1906)\nMorocco (1907–34)\nMufilo (1907)\nMorocco (1909)\nOuaddai (1909)\nMorocco (1911)\nLibya (1911–12)\nSouth Africa (1914)\nDarfur (1916)The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a British force of 1,200 men under Sir Harry Rawson. It came in response to the ambush and slaughter of a 250 strong party led by British Acting Consul General James Phillips of the Niger Coast Protectorate.[1] Rawson's troops captured Benin City, and indeed the Kingdom of Benin itself, which was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria.[1] The expedition freed captives held by the Oba.[2]Current day policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of the ruler of Benin overthrown by the British in 1897. Many descendants of the freed captives still remain in the Benin area today and thus,The Benin expenditure of 1897 returning the Benin Bronzes to the descendant of the ruler enriched by their slave trading and human sacrifice has caused much controversy nationally and internationally.","title":"Benin Expedition of 1897"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oba-ovonramwen_crop_etc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ovonramwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovonramwen"},{"link_name":"Oba of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Scramble for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Oba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_(ruler)"},{"link_name":"Royal Niger Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Captain Henry Lionel Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Galway"},{"link_name":"Oba Ovọnramwẹn Nọgbaisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovonramwen"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970385-3"},{"link_name":"Oba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovonramwen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970385-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970387-5"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"customs duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_duties"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970390-6"},{"link_name":"Claude Maxwell Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Maxwell_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Oil River Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_River_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970391-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philip Igbafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Igbafe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970387-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970387-5"},{"link_name":"Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu"},{"link_name":"Itsekiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_people"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Niger Coast Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Colonial Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office"},{"link_name":"Benin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"},{"link_name":"Sapele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapele,_Delta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"James Robert Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Benin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ovonramwen, Oba of BeninAt the end of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Benin had retained its independence during the Scramble for Africa, and the Oba of Benin exercised a monopoly over trade in Benin's territories which the Royal Niger Company considered a threat.[citation needed] In 1892, Deputy Commissioner and Vice-Consul Captain Henry Lionel Galway (1859–1949) tried to negotiate a trade agreement with Oba Ovọnramwẹn Nọgbaisi (1888–1914) to allow for the free passage of goods through his territory and the development of the palm oil industry. Captain Gallwey (as his name was then spelled) pushed for British interests in the region, especially of the palm oil industry, by attempting to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Oba at the time. Later, Moor urged the Foreign Office to use whatever means to secure the signed treaty, up to and including force.[3] Gallwey signed the treaty with the Oba and his chiefs which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence in the region. The Oba was hesitant to sign the treaty.[4] After the British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he described it a place of \"gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death\", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased pressure for the territory's incorporation into the British Empire.[3] The treaty itself does not explicitly mention anything about the \"bloody customs\" that Burton had written about, and instead includes a vague clause about ensuring \"the general progress of civilization\".[5] While the treaty granted free trade to British merchants operating in the Kingdom of Benin, the Oba persisted in requiring customs duties.[6] Since Major (later Sir) Claude Maxwell Macdonald, the Consul General of the Oil River Protectorate authorities considered the treaty legal and binding, he deemed the Oba's requirements a violation of the accord and thus a hostile act.[7]Some historians have suggested that humanitarian motivations were driving British foreign policy in the region.[8] Others, such as Philip Igbafe, consider that the annexation of Benin was driven largely by economic designs.[5] The treaty itself did not mention any goal that removed the \"bloody customs\" that Burton had written about.[5]In 1894, after the capture of Ebrohimi, the trading town of the chief Nana Olomu (the leading Itsekiri trader in the Benin River District) by a combined Royal Navy and Niger Coast Protectorate force, the Kingdom of Benin increased the military presence on its own southern borders. These developments combined with the Colonial Office's refusal to grant approval for an invasion of Benin City scuttled an expedition the Protectorate had planned for early 1895. Even so, between September 1895 and mid-1896 three attempts were made by the Protectorate to enforce the Gallwey Treaty of 1892: firstly by Major P. Copland-Crawford, Vice-Consul of the Benin District; secondly by Ralph Frederick Locke, the Vice-Consul Assistant; and thirdly by Captain Arthur Maling, Commandant of the Niger Coast Protectorate Force detachment based in Sapele.[citation needed]In March 1896, following price fixing and refusals by Itsekiri middle men to pay the required tributes, the Oba of Benin ordered a cessation of the supply of oil palm produce to them. The trade embargo brought trade in the Benin River region to a standstill, and the British merchants in the region appealed to the Protectorate's Consul-General to \"open up\" Benin territories and to send the Oba (whom they claimed was an obstruction to their trading activities) into exile. In October 1896 the Acting Consul-General, James Robert Phillips, visited the Benin River District and met with the agents and traders, who convinced him that \"there is a future on the Benin River if Benin territories were opened\".[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Alan_Boisragon_%26_District_Commissioner_Locke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boisragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Maxwell_Boisragon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boisragon1897-9"},{"link_name":"Kru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru_people"},{"link_name":"Kru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru_people"},{"link_name":"Igue festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igue_festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boisragon1897-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boisragon1897-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970385-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boisragon1897-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Maxwell Boisragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Maxwell_Boisragon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Boisragon and Locke, the two Britons who survived the ambushIn November 1896, Phillips, the Vice Consul of a trading post on the African coast, decided to meet with the Oba in Benin City in regards to the trade agreement that the Oba had made with the British but was not keeping. He formally asked his superiors in London for permission to visit Benin City, claiming that the costs of such an expedition would be recouped by trading for ivory. In late December 1896, without waiting for a reply or approval, Phillips embarked on an expedition comprising:[9]James Robert Phillips, Acting Consul-General, Niger Coast Protectorate.\nMaj. Copland Crawford, Vice-Council of the Benin and Warri districts.\nAlan Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate.\nCap. Malling, Niger Coast Protectorate force.\nElliot, Medical Officer for Sapele and Benin districts.\nRalph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri.\nKenneth Campbell, District Commissioner at Sapele.\nMr Gordon, trader, Africa Association.\nSwainson, trader, of Mr. Pinnock's firm.\nMr Powis, agent for Millers Brothers palm oil, at Old Calabar.\nMr Lyon, Assistant District commissioner at Sapele (waited Gwatto).\nMr Baddoo (of Accara, Gold Coast), Consul-General's Chief clerk and Photographer.\nMr Jumbo, Consul-General's orderly, and Civil Policeman.\nMr , Vice-Council's orderly, and Civil Policeman.\nMr Towey, local interpreter.\nMr Herbert Clarke, local interpreter.\nMr Basilli, local Benin guide.\nJim, Boisragon's, Kru, manservant.\n180 Jakri porters to carry their supplies, food, trade goods, presents, cameras, and tents.\n60 Kru labourers.Phillips had sent a message to the Oba, claiming that his present mission was to discuss trade and peace and demanding admission to the territory. Ahead of Phillips, he had sent an envoy bearing numerous gifts for trade. It was during this time that the Oba was celebrating Igue festival, and he sent word that he did not wish to see the British at the time, and he would send word in a month or two, when he was ready to receive just Phillips and one Jakri chief.[9]On 4 January 1897, Phillips and his entire party was ambushed along their journey to Benin City, at Ugbine village near Gwato.[9] British officers and African porters were slaughtered. Only two British survived their wounds, Alan Boisragon and Ralph Locke. Within the week, news had made it to London of the massacre. This event led to the mounting of the Punitive Expedition.[10][11]As a result of this attack, the Foreign Office authorized military action, leading to the \"punitive expedition\", the purported intention by Moor: »It is imperative that a most severe lesson be given the Kings, Chiefs, and JuJu men of all surrounding countries, that white men cannot be killed with impunity, and that human sacrifices, with the oppression of the weak and poor, must cease.« According to historian Philip Igbafe, the humanitarian and punitive justifications given by Moor ran counter to the economic justifications for military action that he and other members of the Protectorate administration promoted in the months and years before the events of February 1897.[3]The two British that survived the annihilation of Phillips' expedition,[9] which became known as the 'Benin Massacre', were Captain Alan Maxwell Boisragon, Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate, who had been shot in the right arm and knee, and Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri, who had been shot four times in the arm, and once in the hip.[10]","title":"The \"Benin Massacre\" (January 1897)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rawson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rawson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_Oba%27s_compound_burnt_during_siege_of_Benin_City,_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Rawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rawson"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope_Station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boisragon1897-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Gwato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughoton"},{"link_name":"Philomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Philomel_(1890)"},{"link_name":"Phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(1890)"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Captain Gallwey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Galway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Elspeth Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elspeth_Huxley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"human sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"African studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies"},{"link_name":"Robin Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Law"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Benin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Admiral Sir Harry RawsonA photograph of the interior of Oba's compound being burnt during the punitive expedition, with bronze plaques in the foreground and three soldiers from the punitive force in the backgroundOn 12 January 1897, Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson, commander of the Royal Navy forces at the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station,[12] was appointed by the Admiralty to lead a force to invade the Kingdom of Benin and capture the Benin Oba. The operation was named the Benin Punitive Expedition.[9]On 9 February 1897, the invasion of the Kingdom of Benin began. The British invasion force of about 1,200 Royal Marines, sailors and Niger Coast Protectorate Forces was organised into three columns: the 'Sapoba', 'Gwato' and 'Main' columns. Flotillas of warships (including HMS Philomel and Phoebe) and gunboats approached Benin City from the east and west.[13] The 'Sapoba' and 'Main' columns reached Benin City after ten days of fighting. The 'Gwato' column (under Captain Gallwey) took the same route as that taken by the previous mission and came on the scene of the massacre, finding headless bodies of the victims.[14]Elspeth Huxley spent some time researching in Benin in 1954, and wrote:[15]\" ... to hear an account of the Benin massacre of 1897 and its sequel from one who had taken part. It is a story that still has power to amaze and horrify, as well as to remind us that the British had motives for pushing into Africa other than the intention to exploit the natives and glorify themselves. Here, for instance, are some extracts from the diary of a surgeon who took part in the expedition.:-\n'As we neared Benin City we passed several human sacrifices, live women slaves gagged and pegged on their backs to the ground, the abdominal wall being cut in the form of a cross, and the uninjured gut hanging out. These poor women were allowed to die like this in the sun. Men slaves, with their hands tied at the back and feet lashed together, also gagged, were lying about. As we neared the city, sacrificed human beings were lying in the path and bush—even in the king's compound the sight and stench of them was awful. Dead and mutilated bodies were everywhere – by God! May I never see such sights again! . . .'\"[16]Herbert Walker, a soldier serving in the punitive expedition, believed that the human sacrifices he saw were an attempt by Benin City residents to appease the Gods as they tried to defend themselves from the expedition.[17]According to professor of African studies, Robin Law, the issue of human sacrifices is an extremely sensitive one and prone to bias. Law suggests that the reported extent of the practice in Benin was exaggerated by the British in order to establish the need for military intervention.[18]Eight members of the punitive force were recorded as being killed in action during the Benin Expedition; the number of military and civilian casualties amongst the Benin people was not estimated but is thought to have been very high.[13]The Benin Expedition was described as such:\"In twenty-nine days a force of 1,200 men, coming from three places between 3000 and 4500 m. from the Benin river, was landed, organized, equipped and provided with transport. Five days later the city of Benin was taken, and in twelve days more the men were re-embarked, and the ships coaled and ready for any further service.\"[19]All-in-all, around 5,000 men were mobilised for the expedition, which took place over three weeks.[20]","title":"The punitive expedition (February 1897)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looted_objects_from_the_Benin_Punative_Raid,_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1965-21"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvorama_(Overami)_Nabeshi,_The_Last_King_(Oba)_Of_Benin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Adagogo Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Adagogo_Green"},{"link_name":"steam yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_yacht"},{"link_name":"Ralph Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Moor"},{"link_name":"Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_minister"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Benin Bronzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home-24"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"William Downing Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Webster"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"British Niger Coast Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"colonial Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Members of the expedition surrounded by objects from the royal palaceAfter the capture of Benin City, houses, sacred sites, ceremonial buildings and palaces of many high-ranking chiefs were looted and many buildings were burned down, including the Palace building itself on Sunday 21 February. There was evidence of previous human sacrifice found by members of the expedition,[21] with journalists from Reuters and the Illustrated London News reporting that the town 'reeked of human blood.'[22] Inside the abandoned palace, a terrible sight was revealed to the British. The Oba in panic of what he had done and in fear of a retaliatory attack, had embarked in a great mass of human sacrifice in order to stave off full disaster. Bodies of those sacrificed by the Oba laid in pits and many hung crucified in trees.[10][11][better source needed]Ovonramwen, photographed by Jonathan Adagogo Green on board the Niger Coast Protectorate steam yacht, Ivy, while the Oba was on his way to exile in 1897The Oba was eventually captured by the British consul-general, Ralph Moor. He was deposed and exiled, with two of his eighty wives, to Calabar.[23] A British Resident was appointed, and six chiefs were hanged in Benin City's marketplace.[13]Most of the plunder from the city was retained by the expedition with some 2,500 (official figures) religious artefacts, Benin visual history, mnemonics and artworks being sent to Britain. They include over a thousand metal plaques and sculptures collectively known as the Benin Bronzes. The Admiralty confiscated and auctioned off the war booty to defray the costs of the expedition.[24]About 40% of the art was accessioned to the British Museum, while other works were given to individual members of the armed forces as spoils of war, and the remainder was sold at auction by the Admiralty to pay for the expedition as early as May 1897 (Stevens Auction Rooms, 38 King Street, London, 25 May 1897; followed by several sales by the ethnographic dealer William Downing Webster, Bicester, between 1898 and 1900). Most of the Benin Bronzes sold at auction were purchased by museums, mainly in Germany. The dispersal of Benin artworks to museums around the world catalysed the beginnings of a long and slow European reassessment of the value of West African art. The Benin art was copied and the style integrated into the art of many European artists and thus had a strong influence on the early formation of modernism in Europe.[25]The British occupied Benin, which was absorbed into the British Niger Coast Protectorate and eventually into British colonial Nigeria. A general emancipation of slaves followed in the wake of British occupation, and with it came an end to human sacrifice.[26] However, the British instituted a system of drafting locals to work as forced labourers in often poor conditions that were not much better than had been during the previous Benin Empire.[27]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo"},{"link_name":"Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgbafe1970-4"}],"text":"There has much debate of why James Phillips set out on the mission to Benin without much weaponry.[4] Some have argued he was going on a peaceful mission. Such commentators argue that the message from the Oba that his festival would not permit him to receive European visitors touched the humanitarian side of Phillips's character because of an assumption that the festival included human sacrifice.[28] According to Igbafe, this does not explain why Phillips set out before he had received a reply from the Foreign Office to his request where he stated that:F.O. 2/I02, Phillips to F.O. no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896. 'there is nothing in the shape of a standing army. ... and the inhabitants appear to be if not a peace-loving at any rate a most unwarlike people whose only exploits during many generations had been an occasional quarrel with their neighbours about trade or slave raiding and it appears at least improbable that they have any arms to speak of except the usual number of trade guns... When Captain Gallwey visited the city the only canon he saw were half a dozen old Portuguese guns. They were lying on the grass unmounted'. Compare this with the opinion of his immediate predecessor, Ralph Moor, who was convinced that 'the people in all the villages are no doubt possessed of arms' (F.O. 2/84, Moor to F.O. no. 39 of I2 Sept. 1895).Igbafe also points to Phillips' November 1896 advocacy of military force regarding Benin, arguing that this is inconsistent with the perception of Phillips as a man of peace in January 1897. Igbafe posits that Phillips was going on a reconnaissance mission and that Phillips' haste to Benin can be explained by a belief that nothing bad would happen to him or his party.[4]Phillips's journey was has been described by Mona Zutshi Opubor as a period of lull before the outbreak of a violent storm which had been gathering for years with the pressure of traders, consuls and a few visits of armed Europeans to the Benin Empire. The suspicion among the Oba of Benin, therefore, only deepened with Phillips's mission.[29] The previous deportations of the Jaja of Opobo in 1887 and Nana Olomu in 1894 in neighboring British controlled territories may have made the Benin Empire anxious about safety of their Oba and the true intentions of the British.[30] According to Igbafe, evidence at the Oba's trial in September 1897, showed that the people of Benin Empire did not believe that Phillips' party had peaceful intentions, since the capture of Nana, there had been a long expectation of war in Benin.[4]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cockerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"okukor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okukor"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"student union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"National Commission for Museums and Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Museums_and_Monuments"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In 2017 a cockerel statue or okukor looted during the 1897 Benin Expedition was removed from the hall of Jesus College, Cambridge, following protests by students of the university.[31] Jesus College's student union passed a motion declaring that the sculpture should be returned. A spokesperson from the university stated that \"Jesus College acknowledges the contribution made by students in raising the important but complex question of the rightful location of its Benin bronze, in response to which it has removed the okukor from its hall\" and that the university is willing \"to discuss and determine the best future for the okukor, including the question of repatriation.[32] On 27 October 2021, the okukor was received by Nigeria's National Commission for Museums and Monuments in a Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony held and livestreamed by Jesus College.[33][34]The University of Aberdeen became the first institution to agree to the full repatriation of a Benin Bronze from a museum in March 2021 and handed back a bronze sculpture, depicting the head of an Oba, to the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments on 28 October 2021. It had been purchased by the university at an auction in 1957 and was identified as a Benin bronze in a recent collections review.[35]Current day policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of the ruler of Benin overthrown by the British in 1897. Many descendants of the freed slaves still remain in the Benin area today and thus returning the Benin Bronzes to the descendant of the ruler enriched by their slave trading and human sacrifice has caused much controversy nationally and internationally.[36]","title":"Movement for repatriation of objects taken as war booty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ola Rotimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Rotimi"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Yerima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yerima"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Phillips'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Phillips_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kerry James Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_James_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Peju Layiwola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peju_Layiwola"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Eddie Ugbomah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Ugbomah"},{"link_name":"Invasion 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_1897"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Oduwa_Imasuen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Plays relating to the events include Ovonramwen N' Ogbaisi, written by Ola Rotimi (1971); and The Trials of Oba Ovonramwen, written by Ahmed Yerima (1997);[citation needed]\nVisual artists' responses include Tony Phillips' series of prints titled History of the Benin Bronzes (1984);[37] Kerry James Marshall's graphic novel titled Rythm Mastr;[38] and Peju Layiwola's travelling exhibition and edited book called Benin1897.com: Art and the Restitution Question.[39]\nFilms covering aspects of the expedition include The Mask (1979), starring Eddie Ugbomah; and Invasion 1897 (2014), directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen.[citation needed]","title":"Cultural representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bacon, R. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Benin, The City of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924028611709"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78738-456-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-456-9"},{"link_name":"Dalton, Ormonde Maddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormonde_Maddock_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16028coll4/id/10013/rec/1"}],"text":"Bacon, R. H. (1897). Benin, The City of Blood. London: Arnold.\nDocherty, Paddy (2021). Blood and Bronze: The British Empire and the Sack of Benin. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-78738-456-9.\nRead, Charles Hercules & Dalton, Ormonde Maddock (1899). Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum. London: British Museum.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oba-ovonramwen_crop_etc.jpg/220px-Oba-ovonramwen_crop_etc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boisragon and Locke, the two Britons who survived the ambush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Captain_Alan_Boisragon_%26_District_Commissioner_Locke.jpg/220px-Captain_Alan_Boisragon_%26_District_Commissioner_Locke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Admiral Sir Harry Rawson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/Rawson.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photograph of the interior of Oba's compound being burnt during the punitive expedition, with bronze plaques in the foreground and three soldiers from the punitive force in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Interior_of_Oba%27s_compound_burnt_during_siege_of_Benin_City%2C_1897.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Oba%27s_compound_burnt_during_siege_of_Benin_City%2C_1897.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of the expedition surrounded by objects from the royal palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Looted_objects_from_the_Benin_Punative_Raid%2C_1897.jpg/220px-Looted_objects_from_the_Benin_Punative_Raid%2C_1897.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ovonramwen, photographed by Jonathan Adagogo Green on board the Niger Coast Protectorate steam yacht, Ivy, while the Oba was on his way to exile in 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Uvorama_%28Overami%29_Nabeshi%2C_The_Last_King_%28Oba%29_Of_Benin.jpg/220px-Uvorama_%28Overami%29_Nabeshi%2C_The_Last_King_%28Oba%29_Of_Benin.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Akure–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure%E2%80%93Benin_War"},{"title":"History of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria"},{"title":"Izevbokun Oshodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izevbokun_Oshodin"}] | [{"reference":"Obinyan, T. U. (September 1988). \"The Annexation of Benin\". Journal of Black Studies. 19 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1177/002193478801900103. JSTOR 2784423. S2CID 142726955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193478801900103","url_text":"10.1177/002193478801900103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784423","url_text":"2784423"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142726955","url_text":"142726955"}]},{"reference":"Boisragon, Alan Maxwell (1897). The Benin massacre. Smithsonian Libraries. London : Methuen.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois","url_text":"The Benin massacre"}]},{"reference":"ETNOGRAFÍA. The Tribal Eye. Kingdom of Bronze. Cap. 4/7., retrieved 17 March 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=065nvN-h-2c&list=PLH0bCZ3CYT_CCX2cIf50gx_WG7fHhKYZ8&index=4","url_text":"ETNOGRAFÍA. The Tribal Eye. Kingdom of Bronze. Cap. 4/7."}]},{"reference":"Collison, David; Gyles, Anna Benson (17 June 1975), Kingdom of Bronze, The Tribal Eye, David Attenborough, retrieved 26 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3587932/","url_text":"Kingdom of Bronze"}]},{"reference":"\"William Loney RN\". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowCommanders.php","url_text":"\"William Loney RN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195234/http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowCommanders.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dan, Hicks (2020). The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 111, 115–6, 123, 132. doi:10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr. ISBN 978-0-7453-4176-7. JSTOR j.ctv18msmcr. S2CID 240965144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv18msmcr","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-4176-7","url_text":"978-0-7453-4176-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18msmcr","url_text":"j.ctv18msmcr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240965144","url_text":"240965144"}]},{"reference":"\"Blockade of Crete\". The Western Mail. 17 March 1897. hdl:10107/4313320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10107%2F4313320","url_text":"10107/4313320"}]},{"reference":"Otzen, Otzen (26 February 2015). \"The man who returned his grandfather's looted art\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31605284","url_text":"\"The man who returned his grandfather's looted art\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226080523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31605284","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Benin\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Benin","url_text":"Benin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Dan, Hicks (2020). \"The Sacking of Benin City\". The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 109–114. doi:10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr.13. ISBN 978-0-7453-4176-7. JSTOR j.ctv18msmcr.13. S2CID 243197979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv18msmcr.13","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr.13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-4176-7","url_text":"978-0-7453-4176-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18msmcr.13","url_text":"j.ctv18msmcr.13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243197979","url_text":"243197979"}]},{"reference":"Roth, H. Ling (Henry Ling) (1903). Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors. Smithsonian Libraries. Halifax, Eng., F. King & Sons, ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/greatbeninitscus00roth","url_text":"Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome To News Every Hour: See the Cockerel that is causing serious debate between England and Nigeria (Photo)\". Newseveryhour.com. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newseveryhour.com/2016/03/see-cockerel-that-is-causing-serious.html","url_text":"\"Welcome To News Every Hour: See the Cockerel that is causing serious debate between England and Nigeria (Photo)\""}]},{"reference":"Weale, Sally (8 March 2016). \"Benin bronze row: Cambridge college removes cockerel\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/mar/08/benin-bronze-row-cambridge-college-removes-cockerel","url_text":"\"Benin bronze row: Cambridge college removes cockerel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"College, Jesus. \"Livestream of Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony\". Jesus College University of Cambridge. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/events/livestream-benin-bronze-restitution-ceremony","url_text":"\"Livestream of Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge University college hands back looted cockerel to Nigeria\". BBC News. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59065225","url_text":"\"Cambridge University college hands back looted cockerel to Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze | News | The University of Aberdeen\". abdn.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/15479/","url_text":"\"Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze | News | The University of Aberdeen\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Craig (13 July 2023). \"Benin king to keep bronzes returned by UK | News | The Telegraph\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/13/benin-bronzes-british-museum-returned-nigeria-oba/","url_text":"\"Benin king to keep bronzes returned by UK | News | The Telegraph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Phillips on the History of the Benin Bronzes I-XII\". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/tony-phillips-benin-bronzes#slideshow=84365184&slide=0","url_text":"\"Tony Phillips on the History of the Benin Bronzes I-XII\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129101106/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/tony-phillips-benin-bronzes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Rythm Mastr\"\". Art21. Retrieved 10 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://art21.org/read/kerry-james-marshall-rythm-mastr/","url_text":"\"\"Rythm Mastr\"\""}]},{"reference":"Layiwola, Peju (2014). \"Making meaning from a fragmented past: 1897 and the creative process\". Open Arts Journal (3). doi:10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s15pl. ISSN 2050-3679.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5456%2Fissn.2050-3679%2F2014s15pl","url_text":"\"Making meaning from a fragmented past: 1897 and the creative process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5456%2Fissn.2050-3679%2F2014s15pl","url_text":"10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s15pl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3679","url_text":"2050-3679"}]},{"reference":"Home, Robert (1982). City of Blood Revisited • A new look at the Benin expedition of 1897. Londres: Rex Collings, Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Igbafe, Philip A. (1970). \"The fall of Benin: A Reassessment\". Journal of African History. XI (3): 385–400. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010215. JSTOR 180345. S2CID 154621156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700010215","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700010215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345","url_text":"180345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154621156","url_text":"154621156"}]},{"reference":"Boisragon, Alan (1897). The Benin Massacre. London: Methuen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Boisragon","url_text":"Boisragon, Alan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois","url_text":"The Benin Massacre"}]},{"reference":"Graham, James D. (1965). \"The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach\". Cahiers d'Études africaines. V (18): 317–334. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035. JSTOR 4390897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1965_num_5_18_3035","url_text":"\"The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1965.3035","url_text":"10.3406/cea.1965.3035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390897","url_text":"4390897"}]},{"reference":"Bacon, R. H. (1897). Benin, The City of Blood. London: Arnold.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Bacon","url_text":"Bacon, R. H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028611709","url_text":"Benin, The City of Blood"}]},{"reference":"Docherty, Paddy (2021). Blood and Bronze: The British Empire and the Sack of Benin. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-1-78738-456-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-456-9","url_text":"978-1-78738-456-9"}]},{"reference":"Read, Charles Hercules & Dalton, Ormonde Maddock (1899). Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum. London: British Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormonde_Maddock_Dalton","url_text":"Dalton, Ormonde Maddock"},{"url":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16028coll4/id/10013/rec/1","url_text":"Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193478801900103","external_links_name":"10.1177/002193478801900103"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784423","external_links_name":"2784423"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142726955","external_links_name":"142726955"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/180474","external_links_name":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/180474"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois","external_links_name":"The Benin massacre"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=065nvN-h-2c&list=PLH0bCZ3CYT_CCX2cIf50gx_WG7fHhKYZ8&index=4","external_links_name":"ETNOGRAFÍA. The Tribal Eye. Kingdom of Bronze. Cap. 4/7."},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3587932/","external_links_name":"Kingdom of Bronze"},{"Link":"http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowCommanders.php","external_links_name":"\"William Loney RN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195234/http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowCommanders.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv18msmcr","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18msmcr","external_links_name":"j.ctv18msmcr"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240965144","external_links_name":"240965144"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10107%2F4313320","external_links_name":"10107/4313320"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31605284","external_links_name":"\"The man who returned his grandfather's looted art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226080523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31605284","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv18msmcr.13","external_links_name":"10.2307/j.ctv18msmcr.13"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18msmcr.13","external_links_name":"j.ctv18msmcr.13"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243197979","external_links_name":"243197979"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/greatbeninitscus00roth","external_links_name":"Great Benin; its customs, art and horrors"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345","external_links_name":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345"},{"Link":"https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/t.%20Victorian%20punitive%20expeditions_Mona%20Zutshi%20Opubor.pdf","external_links_name":"https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/t.%20Victorian%20punitive%20expeditions_Mona%20Zutshi%20Opubor.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345","external_links_name":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345"},{"Link":"http://www.newseveryhour.com/2016/03/see-cockerel-that-is-causing-serious.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome To News Every Hour: See the Cockerel that is causing serious debate between England and Nigeria (Photo)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/mar/08/benin-bronze-row-cambridge-college-removes-cockerel","external_links_name":"\"Benin bronze row: Cambridge college removes cockerel\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/events/livestream-benin-bronze-restitution-ceremony","external_links_name":"\"Livestream of Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59065225","external_links_name":"\"Cambridge University college hands back looted cockerel to Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/15479/","external_links_name":"\"Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze | News | The University of Aberdeen\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/07/13/benin-bronzes-british-museum-returned-nigeria-oba/","external_links_name":"\"Benin king to keep bronzes returned by UK | News | The Telegraph\""},{"Link":"https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/tony-phillips-benin-bronzes#slideshow=84365184&slide=0","external_links_name":"\"Tony Phillips on the History of the Benin Bronzes I-XII\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129101106/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/tony-phillips-benin-bronzes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://art21.org/read/kerry-james-marshall-rythm-mastr/","external_links_name":"\"\"Rythm Mastr\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5456%2Fissn.2050-3679%2F2014s15pl","external_links_name":"\"Making meaning from a fragmented past: 1897 and the creative process\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5456%2Fissn.2050-3679%2F2014s15pl","external_links_name":"10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s15pl"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3679","external_links_name":"2050-3679"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700010215","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0021853700010215"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345","external_links_name":"180345"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154621156","external_links_name":"154621156"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois","external_links_name":"The Benin Massacre"},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1965_num_5_18_3035","external_links_name":"\"The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1965.3035","external_links_name":"10.3406/cea.1965.3035"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390897","external_links_name":"4390897"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028611709","external_links_name":"Benin, The City of Blood"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16028coll4/id/10013/rec/1","external_links_name":"Antiquities from the City of Benin and from Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060908171341/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/goto?id=OBJ2590","external_links_name":"Stories of royalty in brass"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030801230041/http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/lootingBenin.html","external_links_name":"The Looting of Benin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004105115/http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/art/beninNewsClip.gif","external_links_name":"Battle royal for Benin relics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615032008/http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/CRBBinfo4.html","external_links_name":"The British and the Benin Bronzes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415164632/http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/hstewart/Documents/%281897%29%20Benin%20%28Bacon%29.pdf","external_links_name":"An account of an engagement during the conflict"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lively_Kernel | Lively Kernel | ["1 Overview","2 Shapes, widgets, windows, IDE all on a Web page","3 Text and transformations","4 Cross-browser compatibility","5 Integrated development environment","6 Lively Wiki","7 Lively for Qt","8 Example code","9 References","10 External links"] | Open-source web programming environment
Lively KernelLively demoLively Kernel 0.9 example running in Chromium 5Developer(s)Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Hasso Plattner InstituteStable release2.1.3
/ April 7, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-04-07)
Written inJavaScript, Qt variant adds C++Operating systemCross-platformPlatformApple Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, iPhone/iPad, Microsoft Internet Explorer pre-version 9 only with extensions, but an experimental port, needing an added web browser plug-in, is availableAvailable inEnglishTypeWeb developmentLicenseMITWebsitelively-kernel.org
The Lively Kernel is an open-source web programming environment, developed by Dan Ingalls when he was at SAP Research. It supports desktop-style applications with rich graphics and direct manipulation abilities, but without the installation or upgrade troubles of conventional desktop applications. Development began at Sun Microsystems Laboratories in Menlo Park, California, and later moved to the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam-Babelsberg near Berlin.
Overview
The Lively Kernel is a graphical composition and integrated programming environment written fully in the programming language JavaScript using standard browser graphics (W3C Canvas or SVG). It is thus accessible to any browser as a web page, and it begins operating as soon as the web page is loaded. It is able to edit its own code and graphics, and through its built-in WebDAV support, it can save its results or even clone itself onto new web pages. Along with its application development abilities, it can also function as its own integrated development environment (IDE), making the whole system self-sufficient with no tools except a browser.
Shapes, widgets, windows, IDE all on a Web page
The Lively Kernel uses a Morphic graphics model to add behavior to a scene graph built from browser graphics. Simple graphics are thus assembled into such standard widgets as sliders, scroll bars, text views, lists and clipping frames. A simple window system built from these widgets offers object inspectors, file browsers and code browsers. Even the rudimentary demo pages thus have the ability to edit and test new code in a simple code browser while the system is running.
Lively has been used to build simple web sites, including its own tutorial, and also a client-side Wiki system that stores its pages in a versioned repository. Content can vary from relatively static pages of text to fully dynamic models that look and behave like Adobe Flash simulations. The Lively Kernel achieves complex dynamic behavior without any specific animation support (it does not use the animation features of SVG), but by simple scheduling of multiple green-thread processes in JavaScript.
Text and transformations
The Lively Kernel includes its own multifont text editor written in JavaScript. It includes support for centering, justification and similar rudimentary text composition abilities. Working in Lively thus has much the same feel as working in a web page design program, except that the on-the-fly text layout is not being done in an offline composition program, but it is the built-in dynamic behavior of text in the Lively Kernel.
The liveliness of Lively graphics becomes even more apparent when manipulating the scale and rotation handles for objects and text. The whole code browser can be used when tilted 20 degrees on its side. Because the text editor is made up entirely of lively graphics, it works perfectly well when rotated or scaled, just as do the scroll bars, clipping frames, and the rest of the entire user interface.
Cross-browser compatibility
The Lively Kernel depends on browser support for JavaScript and SVG or Canvas graphics, all now part of the W3C standards. As of 2009, this means that it runs in Safari, Firefox, Chrome and Opera browsers.
While this requirement might seem less compatible than HTML, Lively is actually more compatible across the browsers on which it runs than is HTML. This is because there is more uniformity among JavaScript, SVG and Canvas implementations than there is from one HTML implementation to another. Except for one small initial file, the Lively Kernel code base is entirely free of tests for which client browser is being used.
As of 2011, Lively Kernel runs best in WebKit-based browsers such as Safari for Macintosh, or Chromium or Google Chrome for Windows. Running in Internet Explorer (Windows) requires Google Chrome Frame. Testing in all popular browsers is planned for the next release.
Integrated development environment
Lively includes an integrated development environment of considerable power, designed to work via WebDAV with a local set of a dozen or so source JavaScript files synchronizable with a versioned repository. If the user opens a SystemBrowser, all the JavaScript source files are listed in the file pane of the browser. If the user clicks on one of these files, it will be read, parsed (by an OMeta JavaScript parser) and displayed similar to a Smalltalk browser with functions or class definitions listed and, for each class, all the method names are shown. The user can click on a method name, edit its code in the bottom pane, and then save the new definition. The new definition will be checked for syntax and, if correct, it will be stored back in the .JS file. Moreover, if in "eval mode" (the usual case), the method will be redefined in the system that is running. This allows non-critical changes to be made without any need to restart Lively or any of the applications being developed. When all the source files are loaded, a rapid scan will find every reference to a selected text, and present all the code bodies that match in a separate sub-browser.
The Lively IDE includes object inspectors and morph style panels for controlling fills, borders, and text styles. There are also facilities for debugging at error points and profiling for performance tuning, but these have not been pushed, owing to the improving quality of such run-time support in all the major browsers.
Lively Wiki
The IDE operates on its source code files in a versioned repository to manage evolution of the Lively code base. The same approach has been used to empower users with control over active web content in the form of a client-side Wiki. Because Lively includes facilities to edit the content in its worlds (scene graphs and other content), and to store that content as web pages, a WebDAV connection allows Lively to store new versions of its page content while it is being incrementally developed. As each new version is saved, it is viewable from the rest of the Internet and prior versions can be retrieved in cases of error or change of mind. It is notable that this Wiki style of evolving web content extends to all the textual, graphical, and scripting content in Lively, as well as to any new forms that may be defined, yet without any need for a Wiki server of any kind. All that is required is a server providing a HTTP WebDAV interface. Increasing amounts of the Lively Project content is now maintained in this manner.
Lively for Qt
Lively for Qt is a new implementation of the Lively Kernel in which the "kernel" parts are replaced by functionality offered by the Qt framework. Lively for Qt inherits most of the basic functionality (such as the implementation of widgets, layout management, core event handling and core JavaScript support) from Qt. Lively for Qt retains the exceptionally interactive nature (the "liveliness") of the Lively Kernel, e.g., by allowing the user interface and application source code to be edited on the fly. However, in Lively for Qt the development work is performed using the familiar, well-documented APIs of the Qt platform.
Example code
// ClockMorph: A simple analog clock
Morph.subclass(“ClockMorph”, {
defaultBorderWidth: 2,
type: "ClockMorph",
// Constructor
initialize: function($super, position, radius) {
$super(position.asRectangle().expandBy(radius), "ellipse");
this.openForDragAndDrop = false; // Do not handle drag-and-drop requests
this.makeNewFace(); // Construct the clock face
return this;
},
// Construct a new clock face
makeNewFace: function() {
var bnds = this.shape.bounds();
var radius = bnds.width/3;
var labels = ;
var fontSize = Math.max(Math.floor(0.04 * (bnds.width + bnds.height)),4);
var labelSize = fontSize; // room to center with default inset
// Add Roman numerals to the clock
for (var i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
var labelPosition = bnds.center().addPt(Point.polar(radius*0.85,
((i-3)/12)*Math.PI*2)).addXY(labelSize, 0);
var label = new TextMorph(pt(0,0).extent(pt(labelSize*3,labelSize)),
);
label.setWrapStyle(WrapStyle.SHRINK);
label.setFontSize(fontSize);
label.setInset(pt(0,0));
label.setBorderWidth(0);
label.setFill(null);
label.align(label.bounds().center(),labelPosition.addXY(-2,1));
this.addMorph(label);
}
// Add clock hands
this.addMorph(this.hourHand = Morph.makeLine(,4,Color.blue));
this.addMorph(this.minuteHand = Morph.makeLine(,3,Color.blue));
this.addMorph(this.secondHand = Morph.makeLine(,2,Color.red));
this.setHands();
this.changed();
},
// Set clock hand angles based on current time
setHands: function() {
var now = new Date();
var second = now.getSeconds();
var minute = now.getMinutes() + second/60;
var hour = now.getHours() + minute/60;
this.hourHand.setRotation(hour/12*2*Math.PI);
this.minuteHand.setRotation(minute/60*2*Math.PI);
this.secondHand.setRotation(second/60*2*Math.PI);
},
// Will be called when the ClockMorph is placed in a world
startSteppingScripts: function() {
this.startStepping(1000, "setHands"); // once per second
}
});
References
^ Ingalls, Daniel; Palacz, Krzysztof; Uhler, Stephen; Taivalsaari, Antero; Mikkonen, Tommi (2008). "The Lively Kernel a Self-supporting System on a Web Page". Self-Sustaining Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5146. pp. 31–50. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89275-5_2. ISBN 978-3-540-89274-8.
^ The Lively Kernel Application Framework
^ Lively Wiki A Development Environment for Creating and Sharing Active Web Content, Krahn Ingalls Hirschfeld Lincke Palacz, WikiSym ’09, October 25–27, 2009
^ Lively for Qt: A Platform for Mobile Web Applications, Mikkonen Taivalsaari Terho, Mobility 2009, Sep 2-4
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List of frameworks | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Dan Ingalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ingalls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Menlo Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute"},{"link_name":"Potsdam-Babelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam-Babelsberg"}],"text":"The Lively Kernel is an open-source web programming environment, developed by Dan Ingalls when he was at SAP Research. It supports desktop-style applications with rich graphics and direct manipulation abilities, but without the installation or upgrade troubles of conventional desktop applications.[1][2] Development began at Sun Microsystems Laboratories in Menlo Park, California, and later moved to the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam-Babelsberg near Berlin.","title":"Lively Kernel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"}],"text":"The Lively Kernel is a graphical composition and integrated programming environment written fully in the programming language JavaScript using standard browser graphics (W3C Canvas or SVG). It is thus accessible to any browser as a web page, and it begins operating as soon as the web page is loaded. It is able to edit its own code and graphics, and through its built-in WebDAV support, it can save its results or even clone itself onto new web pages. 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Simple graphics are thus assembled into such standard widgets as sliders, scroll bars, text views, lists and clipping frames. A simple window system built from these widgets offers object inspectors, file browsers and code browsers. Even the rudimentary demo pages thus have the ability to edit and test new code in a simple code browser while the system is running.Lively has been used to build simple web sites, including its own tutorial, and also a client-side Wiki system that stores its pages in a versioned repository. Content can vary from relatively static pages of text to fully dynamic models that look and behave like Adobe Flash simulations. 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As of 2009, this means that it runs in Safari, Firefox, Chrome and Opera browsers.While this requirement might seem less compatible than HTML, Lively is actually more compatible across the browsers on which it runs than is HTML. This is because there is more uniformity among JavaScript, SVG and Canvas implementations than there is from one HTML implementation to another. Except for one small initial file, the Lively Kernel code base is entirely free of tests for which client browser is being used.As of 2011, Lively Kernel runs best in WebKit-based browsers such as Safari for Macintosh, or Chromium or Google Chrome for Windows. Running in Internet Explorer (Windows) requires Google Chrome Frame. Testing in all popular browsers is planned for the next release.","title":"Cross-browser compatibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WebDAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV"},{"link_name":"Smalltalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk"}],"text":"Lively includes an integrated development environment of considerable power, designed to work via WebDAV with a local set of a dozen or so source JavaScript files synchronizable with a versioned repository. If the user opens a SystemBrowser, all the JavaScript source files are listed in the file pane of the browser. If the user clicks on one of these files, it will be read, parsed (by an OMeta JavaScript parser) and displayed similar to a Smalltalk browser with functions or class definitions listed and, for each class, all the method names are shown. The user can click on a method name, edit its code in the bottom pane, and then save the new definition. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%C3%A9tienne | Frankétienne | ["1 Early life","2 Selected works","3 References","4 External links","5 Further reading"] | Haitian artist and writer
FrankétienneBorn (1936-04-12) April 12, 1936 (age 88)Ravine-Sèche, HaitiOccupationWriter, poet, playwright, painter, musicianNotable awardsCommander 'Ordre des Arts et Lettres' (2010)
Frankétienne (born Franck Étienne on April 12, 1936, in Ravine-Sèche, Haiti) is a Haitian writer, poet, playwright, painter, musician, activist and intellectual. He is recognized as one of Haiti's leading writers and playwrights of both French and Haitian Creole, and is "known as the father of Haitian letters". As a painter, he is known for his colorful abstract works, often emphasizing the colors blue and red. He was a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2009, made a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et Lettres (Order of the Arts and Letters), and was named UNESCO Artist for Peace in 2010.
Early life
Frankétienne was born in Ravine-Sèche, a small village in Haiti. He was abandoned by his father, a rich American industrialist, at a young age and was raised by his mother in the Bel Air neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, where she was a respected entrepreneur, owning her own business to support her eight children, managing to send him, who was the eldest, to school.
He first began writing poetry around 1960. He published his first texts in 1964 and 1965. His first novel, Mûr a créver, was published in 1968. From 1977 onward he found success in theater.
Selected works
Au Fil du Temps, a compilation of poems
Ultravocal, a novel
Pèlin Tèt, a play written in Haitian Creole
Dézafi, a novel about life during under the Duvalier regime, the first ever in Haitian Creole
Mûr à Crever, a novel
Les Affres d'un Défi, a novel
Désastre (12 janvier 2010), painting
Difficile émergence vers la lumière, painting
References
^ a b "Frankétienne". Poetry Translation Centre. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ a b c Glover, Kaiama. "Francketienne" (PDF). Hutchins Center for African & African American Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ Douglas, Rachel (June 16, 2009). Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress. ISBN 9780739136355. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ a b Archibold, Randal C. (April 29, 2011). "A Prolific Father of Haitian Letters, Busier Than Ever". The New York Times. p. A5. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ "Haitian writer Frankétienne named UNESCO Artist for Peace". United Nations. March 24, 2010.
^ Taleb-Khyar, Mohamed B. (1992). "Franketienne". Callaloo. 15 (2): 385–392. doi:10.2307/2931239. ISSN 0161-2492. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
^ P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 103
External links
Frankétienne Archived February 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine author profile on Prince Claus Foundation site
Île en île: Frankétienne author file (in French), with biography, bibliography, and audio
Further reading
Douglas, Rachel (2009). Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress. New York: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-739-12565-6.
Glover, Kaiama L. (2011). Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Post-Colonial Canon. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-846-31499-5.
Hadjadj, Bernard (2012). Frankétienne, l'universel haïtien : entretiens. Marseille: Riveneuve. ISBN 978-2-360-13099-3.
Jonassaint, Jean (2008). Typo-topo-poéthique sur Franketienne. Paris: l'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-06787-5.
Jonassaint, Jean. "Frankétienne, Écrivain haïtien," Dérives 53/54 (1987)
Oakley, Seanna Sumalee (2011). Common places the poetics of African Atlantic postromantics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-9-042-03408-2.
Schutt-Ainé, Patricia; Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. p. 103. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0.
Trudel, Benoît Jean-Marc (2009). L'énonciation non-rationnelle dans le roman francophone des Amériques: les stratégies socio-poétiques chez Jacques Ferron, Hubert Aquin, Édouard Glissant et Frankétienne. London, Ontario: School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Western Ontario.
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This Haitian painter-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Haitian writer, poet or playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravine-Sèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine-S%C3%A8che"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glover-2"},{"link_name":"Haitian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibold-4"},{"link_name":"abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Arts et Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_Lettres"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Artist for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Artist_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTC-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Frankétienne (born Franck Étienne on April 12, 1936, in Ravine-Sèche, Haiti) is a Haitian writer, poet, playwright, painter, musician, activist and intellectual.[1][2] He is recognized as one of Haiti's leading writers and playwrights of both French and Haitian Creole,[3] and is \"known as the father of Haitian letters\".[4] As a painter, he is known for his colorful abstract works, often emphasizing the colors blue and red. 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Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress. New York: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-739-12565-6.\nGlover, Kaiama L. (2011). Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Post-Colonial Canon. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-846-31499-5.\nHadjadj, Bernard (2012). Frankétienne, l'universel haïtien : entretiens. Marseille: Riveneuve. ISBN 978-2-360-13099-3.\nJonassaint, Jean (2008). Typo-topo-poéthique sur Franketienne. Paris: l'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-06787-5.\nJonassaint, Jean. \"Frankétienne, Écrivain haïtien,\" Dérives 53/54 (1987)\nOakley, Seanna Sumalee (2011). Common places the poetics of African Atlantic postromantics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-9-042-03408-2.\nSchutt-Ainé, Patricia; Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. p. 103. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0.\nTrudel, Benoît Jean-Marc (2009). L'énonciation non-rationnelle dans le roman francophone des Amériques: les stratégies socio-poétiques chez Jacques Ferron, Hubert Aquin, Édouard Glissant et Frankétienne. London, Ontario: School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Western Ontario.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\n2\nVIAF\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nNetherlands\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRefThis Haitian painter-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Haitian writer, poet or playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Frankétienne\". Poetry Translation Centre. Retrieved March 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/Franketienne","url_text":"\"Frankétienne\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Kaiama. \"Francketienne\" (PDF). Hutchins Center for African & African American Research. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jay_Smith | William Jay Smith | ["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Poetry","2.2 Poems for children","2.3 Translations","2.4 Non-fiction","2.5 Editor","2.6 Plays","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links","6 External links"] | American writer, translator, editor
For another person, see William Jay Smith (Tennessee politician).
William Jay SmithBorn(1918-04-22)April 22, 1918Winnfield, Louisiana, U.S.DiedAugust 18, 2015(2015-08-18) (aged 97)Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.OccupationPoetNationalityAmericanAlma materWashington University in St. Louis (AB, MA)Columbia UniversityWadham College, OxfordUniversity of FlorenceNotable awardsAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters (1975)
William Jay Smith (April 22, 1918 – August 18, 2015) was an American poet. He was appointed the nineteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1968 to 1970.
Life
William Jay Smith was born in Winnfield, Louisiana. He was brought up at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, south of St. Louis. Smith received his A.B. and M.A. from Washington University in St. Louis and continued his studies at Columbia University. Smith later attended Wadham College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and continued his education at the University of Florence.
In 1947 he married the poet Barbara Howes and they lived for a time in England and Italy. They had two sons, David Smith and Gregory. They divorced in the mid-1960s.
Smith was a poet in residence at Williams College from 1959 to 1967 and taught at Columbia University from 1973 until 1975. He served as the Professor Emeritus of English literature at Hollins University. He was the first Native American named to the position of Poet Laureate in the United States.
As of 2008, he lived in houses located in both Cummington, Massachusetts, and Paris, France.
Smith was the author of ten collections of poetry of which two were finalists for the National Book Award.
He had been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters since 1975.
His work appeared in Harper's Magazine, The New York Review of Books,
Works
Poetry
Poems. Banyan Press. 1947.
Celebration at Dark. Farrar, Straus. 1950.
The Tin Can and Other Poems. Delacorte Press. 1966.
His Collected Poems: 1939–1989. C. Scribner's Sons. 1990. ISBN 978-0-684-19167-6.
The World Below the Window: Poems, 1937–1997. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8018-6783-5. reprint 2002
The Cherokee Lottery: A Sequence of Poems. Curbstone Press (original from the University of Michigan). 2000.
Poems for children
Laughing Time. Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence. 1955. ISBN 978-0-440-05534-1. reprint 1980
Boy Blue's Book of Beasts. Little, Brown. 1957.
Typewriter Town. Dutton. 1960. ISBN 0-620-11193-3.
Ho for a Hat!. Joy Street Books. 1964. ISBN 978-0-316-80120-1. rev. ed., 1989
Laughing Time: Collected Nonsense. Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence. 1980. ISBN 978-0-440-05534-1.
Around My Room. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2000. ISBN 978-0-374-30406-5.
Translations
Alain Bosquet (July 1995). "Alain Bosquet: Three poems translated by William Jay Smith". The American Poetry Review.
Poems of a Multimillionaire by Valéry Larbaud (1955)
Selected Writings of Jules Laforgue. Greenwood Press. 1956. ISBN 978-0-8371-0520-8. reprint 1972
Two Plays by Charles Bertin : "Christopher Columbus" and "Don Juan" (1970)
Songs of C, Federico García Lorca (1994).
Non-fiction
The streaks of the tulip: selected criticism. Delacorte Press. 1972.
Army brat: a memoir. Persea Books. 1980. ISBN 978-0-89255-047-0.
My Friend Tom: The Poet-Playwright Tennessee Williams. University Press of Mississippi. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61703-175-5.
Editor
James S. Holmes, William Jay Smith, ed. (1984). Dutch interior. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05746-2.
Dana Gioia, William Jay Smith, ed. (1985). Poems From Italy. New Rivers Press.
Plays
"The Straw Market". Blackbird. Virginia Commonwealth University. Spring 2006.
Awards
1945 Young Poets prize, Poetry
1964 Ford fellowship for drama
1970 Henry Bellamann Major award
1972 Loines award
1972, 1995 National Endowment for the Arts grant
1975, 1989 National Endowment for the Humanities grant
1978 Gold Medal of Labor (Hungary)
1980 New England Poetry Club Golden Rose Award
1982 Ingram Merrill Foundation grant
1990 California Children's Book and Video Awards recognition for excellence (pre-school and toddlers category), for Ho for a Hat!
1991 medal (médaille de vermeil) for service to the French language, French Academy
1993 Pro Cultura Hungarica medal
twice a nominee for the National Book Award in poetry
1997 René Vásquez Díaz prize, Swedish Academy
References
^ "Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961–1970". Library of Congress. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Foundation, Poetry (2022-12-12). "William Jay Smith". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Smith, William Jay | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
^ "Author William Jay Smith to Read His Work at Amherst College Oct. 8 | 10/2008 | Amherst College".
^ "Nothing found for Subjects Williamjaysmith".
^ "William Jay Smith".
External links
"The World below the Window". The Free Library.
"Laughing Time". Poetry Foundation.
"Pick Me Up". Poetry Foundation.
"Moon". Poetry Foundation.
"Over and Under". Poetry Foundation.
"The Flight; The Garden". Per Contra. Spring 2008.
External links
"The CPR Interview: William Jay Smith", The Contemporary Poetry Review
The William Jay Smith Papers at Washington University in St. Louis Archived 2013-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
"William Jay Smith", 2004 National Book Festival
vtePoets Laureate / Consultants in Poetry to the Library of Congress
Joseph Auslander (1937)
Allen Tate (1943)
Robert Penn Warren (1944)
Louise Bogan (1945)
Karl Shapiro (1946)
Robert Lowell (1947)
Léonie Adams (1948)
Elizabeth Bishop (1949)
Conrad Aiken (1950)
William Carlos Williams (1952)
Randall Jarrell (1956)
Robert Frost (1958)
Richard Eberhart (1959)
Louis Untermeyer (1961)
Howard Nemerov (1963)
Reed Whittemore (1964)
Stephen Spender (1965)
James Dickey (1966)
William Jay Smith (1968)
William Stafford (1970)
Josephine Jacobsen (1971)
Daniel Hoffman (1973)
Stanley Kunitz (1974)
Robert Hayden (1976)
William Meredith (1978)
Maxine Kumin (1981)
Anthony Hecht (1982)
Reed Whittemore (1984)
Robert Fitzgerald (1984)
Gwendolyn Brooks (1985)
Robert Penn Warren (1986)
Richard Wilbur (1987)
Howard Nemerov (1988)
Mark Strand (1990)
Joseph Brodsky (1991)
Mona Van Duyn (1992)
Rita Dove (1993)
Robert Hass (1995)
Robert Pinsky (1997)
Rita Dove, Louise Glück & W. S. Merwin (1999)
Stanley Kunitz (2000)
Billy Collins (2001)
Louise Glück (2003)
Ted Kooser (2004)
Donald Hall (2006)
Charles Simic (2007)
Kay Ryan (2008–2010)
W. S. Merwin (2010–2011)
Philip Levine (2011–2012)
Natasha Trethewey (2012–2014)
Charles Wright (2014–2015)
Juan Felipe Herrera (2015–2017)
Tracy K. Smith (2017–2019)
Joy Harjo (2019–2022)
Ada Limón (2022-present)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
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He was brought up at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, south of St. Louis. Smith received his A.B. and M.A. from Washington University in St. Louis and continued his studies at Columbia University. Smith later attended Wadham College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and continued his education at the University of Florence.[2][3]In 1947 he married the poet Barbara Howes and they lived for a time in England and Italy. They had two sons, David Smith and Gregory. They divorced in the mid-1960s.Smith was a poet in residence at Williams College from 1959 to 1967 and taught at Columbia University from 1973 until 1975. He served as the Professor Emeritus of English literature at Hollins University. 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Banyan Press. 1947.\nCelebration at Dark. Farrar, Straus. 1950.\nThe Tin Can and Other Poems. Delacorte Press. 1966.\nHis Collected Poems: 1939–1989. C. Scribner's Sons. 1990. ISBN 978-0-684-19167-6.\nThe World Below the Window: Poems, 1937–1997. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-8018-6783-5. reprint 2002\nThe Cherokee Lottery: A Sequence of Poems. 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Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence. 1955. ISBN 978-0-440-05534-1. reprint 1980\nBoy Blue's Book of Beasts. Little, Brown. 1957.\nTypewriter Town. Dutton. 1960. ISBN 0-620-11193-3.\nHo for a Hat!. Joy Street Books. 1964. ISBN 978-0-316-80120-1. rev. ed., 1989\nLaughing Time: Collected Nonsense. Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence. 1980. ISBN 978-0-440-05534-1.\nAround My Room. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2000. ISBN 978-0-374-30406-5.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Alain Bosquet: Three poems translated by William Jay Smith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3692/is_199507/ai_n8725672/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8371-0520-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-0520-8"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"Alain Bosquet (July 1995). \"Alain Bosquet: Three poems translated by William Jay Smith\". The American Poetry Review.\nPoems of a Multimillionaire by Valéry Larbaud (1955)\nSelected Writings of Jules Laforgue. Greenwood Press. 1956. 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ISBN 978-0-89255-047-0.\nMy Friend Tom: The Poet-Playwright Tennessee Williams. University Press of Mississippi. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61703-175-5.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cPOqoSriyY0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-05746-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05746-2"}],"sub_title":"Editor","text":"James S. Holmes, William Jay Smith, ed. (1984). Dutch interior. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05746-2.\nDana Gioia, William Jay Smith, ed. (1985). Poems From Italy. New Rivers Press.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Straw Market\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v5n1/gallery/smith_wj/start.htm"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"\"The Straw Market\". Blackbird. Virginia Commonwealth University. Spring 2006.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Rose Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rose_Award"},{"link_name":"Ingram Merrill Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingram_Merrill_Foundation"}],"text":"1945 Young Poets prize, Poetry\n1964 Ford fellowship for drama\n1970 Henry Bellamann Major award\n1972 Loines award\n1972, 1995 National Endowment for the Arts grant\n1975, 1989 National Endowment for the Humanities grant\n1978 Gold Medal of Labor (Hungary)\n1980 New England Poetry Club Golden Rose Award\n1982 Ingram Merrill Foundation grant\n1990 California Children's Book and Video Awards recognition for excellence (pre-school and toddlers category), for Ho for a Hat!\n1991 medal (médaille de vermeil) for service to the French language, French Academy\n1993 Pro Cultura Hungarica medal\ntwice a nominee for the National Book Award in poetry\n1997 René Vásquez Díaz prize, Swedish Academy","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Poems. Banyan Press. 1947.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Celebration at Dark. Farrar, Straus. 1950.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Tin Can and Other Poems. Delacorte Press. 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tincanotherpoems00smit","url_text":"The Tin Can and Other Poems"}]},{"reference":"His Collected Poems: 1939–1989. C. Scribner's Sons. 1990. ISBN 978-0-684-19167-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/collectedpoems190000smit_m8h6","url_text":"His Collected Poems: 1939–1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19167-6","url_text":"978-0-684-19167-6"}]},{"reference":"The World Below the Window: Poems, 1937–1997. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1998. 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ISBN 978-0-231-05746-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cPOqoSriyY0C","url_text":"Dutch interior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05746-2","url_text":"978-0-231-05746-2"}]},{"reference":"Dana Gioia, William Jay Smith, ed. (1985). Poems From Italy. New Rivers Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Straw Market\". Blackbird. Virginia Commonwealth University. Spring 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v5n1/gallery/smith_wj/start.htm","url_text":"\"The Straw Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961–1970\". Library of Congress. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/poetry/laureate-1961-1970.html","url_text":"\"Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961–1970\""}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Poetry (2022-12-12). \"William Jay Smith\". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/william-jay-smith","url_text":"\"William Jay Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smith, William Jay | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbansoltan_Eje_District | Gurbansoltan Eje District | ["1 References"] | District in Daşoguz Province, TurkmenistanGurbansoltan Eje District
Gurbansoltan Eje EtrabyDistrictCountry TurkmenistanProvinceDaşoguz ProvinceTime zoneUTC+5 (+5)
Gurbansoltan Eje District (formerly Yylanly District) was until 2022 a district of Daşoguz Province in Turkmenistan. The district was named after Gurbansoltan Eje, former president Saparmurat Niyazov's mother. On 9 November 2022 by decree of the Turkmen parliament the district was abolished and its territory transferred to Akdepe District.
References
^ "Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана" (in Russian). Электронная газета «Золотой век». 10 November 2022.
This Turkmenistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Daşoguz Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9Foguz_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Gurbansoltan Eje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbansoltan_Eje"},{"link_name":"Saparmurat Niyazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov"},{"link_name":"Akdepe District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdepe_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree20221110-1"}],"text":"Gurbansoltan Eje District (formerly Yylanly District) was until 2022 a district of Daşoguz Province in Turkmenistan. The district was named after Gurbansoltan Eje, former president Saparmurat Niyazov's mother. On 9 November 2022 by decree of the Turkmen parliament the district was abolished and its territory transferred to Akdepe District.[1]","title":"Gurbansoltan Eje District"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана\" (in Russian). Электронная газета «Золотой век». 10 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/67749/postanovlenie-medzhlisa-milli-gengesha-turkmenistana-8","url_text":"\"Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/67749/postanovlenie-medzhlisa-milli-gengesha-turkmenistana-8","external_links_name":"\"Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurbansoltan_Eje_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menin_Gate_Memorial | Menin Gate | ["1 Background","2 Memorial","3 Notable commemoratees","4 \"Last Post\" ceremony","5 In art","6 Other memorials","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Footnotes","8.2 Citations","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°51′08″N 02°53′30″E / 50.85222°N 2.89167°E / 50.85222; 2.89167World War I memorial in Ypres, Belgium
Menin Gate Memorial to the MissingCommonwealth War Graves CommissionThe Menin GateFor the missing of Commonwealth nations (except New Zealand and Newfoundland) who died in the Ypres Salient during the First World War.Unveiled24 July 1927Location50°51′08″N 02°53′30″E / 50.85222°N 2.89167°E / 50.85222; 2.89167near Ypres, West Flanders, BelgiumDesigned byReginald BlomfieldCommemorated54,896Burials by nationCommonwealth nations:
United Kingdom: 40,244
Canada: 6,983
Australia: 6,198
South Africa: 564
British India: 414
British West Indies: 6
Burials by warWorld War I: 54,896To the armies of the British Empire who stood here from 1914 to 1918 and to those of their dead who have no known grave
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameFunerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)TypeCulturalCriteriai, ii, viDesignated2023 (45th session)Reference no.1567-FL17
Statistics source: Cemetery details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
The Menin Gate (Dutch: Menenpoort), officially the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing, is a war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, dedicated to the British and Commonwealth soldiers who were killed in the Ypres Salient of World War I and whose graves are unknown. The memorial is located at the eastern exit of the town and marks the starting point for one of the main roads that led Allied soldiers to the front line.
Designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield and built by the Imperial War Graves Commission (since renamed the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the Menin Gate Memorial was unveiled on 24 July 1927. In early 2023, the monument was closed for extensive restoration works, expected to be completed in time for the memorial's centenary in 2027.
Background
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Menenpoort on 28 May 1914, before World War I
In medieval times, the original narrow gateway on the eastern wall of Ypres was called the Hangoartpoort, "poort" being the Dutch word for gate. During the 17th and 18th centuries, while under the occupation of the Habsburgs and the French, the city was increasingly fortified. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the eastern exit simply cut through the remains of the ramparts and crossed a moat. The gateway was by this time known as the Menenpoort, or Menin Gate in English, because the road leading through the gateway led to the small town of Menen.
Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium, as had been called for in the Schlieffen Plan. By October 1914, the much battered Belgian Army broke the dykes on the Yser River to the north of the City to keep the western tip of Belgium out of German hands. Ypres, being the centre of a road network, anchored one end of this defensive feature and was also essential for the Germans if they wanted to take the Channel Ports through which British support was flooding into France. For the Allies, Ypres was also important because it eventually became the last major Belgian town that was not under German control.
The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war. During the First Battle of Ypres the Allies halted the German Army's advance to the east of the city. The German army eventually surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. The Second Battle of Ypres marked a second German attempt to take the city in April 1915. The third battle is more commonly referred to as Passchendaele, but this 1917 battle was a complex five-month engagement. The fourth and fifth battles occurred during 1918.
British and Commonwealth soldiers often passed through the Menenpoort on their way to the front lines with some 300,000 of them being killed in the Ypres Salient. 90,000 of these soldiers have no known graves.
From September to November 1915, the British 177th Tunnelling Company built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.
The carved limestone lions adorning the original gate were damaged by shellfire, and were donated to the Australian War Memorial by the Mayor of Ypres in 1936. They were restored in 1987, and currently reside at the entrance to that Memorial, so that all visitors to the Memorial pass between them. Replicas of the original Menin gate lions now sit at the entrance of the original gate in Ypres, a gift by the Australian government in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Australians serving in Flanders during the First World War.
Memorial
Unveiling of the memorial in 1924 by Field Marshal Herbert Plumer
Reginald Blomfield's triumphal arch, designed in 1921, is the entry to the barrel-vaulted passage for traffic through the mausoleum that honours the Missing, who have no known graves. The patient lion on the top is the lion of Britain but also the lion of Flanders. It was chosen to be a memorial as it was the closest gate of the town to the fighting, and so Allied Troops would have marched past it on their way to fight. Actually, most troops passed out of the other gates of Ypres, as the Menin Gate was too dangerous due to shellfire.
Its large Hall of Memory contains names on stone panels of 54,395 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the Salient but whose bodies have never been identified or found. On completion of the memorial, it was discovered to be too small to contain all the names as originally planned. An arbitrary cut-off point of 15 August 1917 was chosen and the names of 34,984 UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing instead. The Menin Gate Memorial does not list the names of the missing of New Zealand and Newfoundland soldiers, who are instead honoured on separate memorials.
Interior, Menin Gate
The inscription inside the archway is similar to the one at Tyne Cot, with the addition of a prefatory Latin phrase: "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, a centuries-old traditional text meaning 'To the greater glory of God'. – Here are recorded names of officers and men who fell in Ypres Salient, but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death". This inscription, proposed by Rudyard Kipling, is matched by the main overhead inscription on both the east- and west-facing façades of the arch, which he personally composed. On the opposite side of the archway to that inscription is the shorter dedication: "They shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away". There are also Latin inscriptions set in circular panels either side of the archway, on both the east and west sides: "Pro Patria" and "Pro Rege" ('For Country' and 'For King'). A French inscription mentions the citizens of Ypres: "Erigé par les nations de l'Empire Britannique en l'honneur de leurs morts ce monument est offert aux citoyens d'Ypres pour l'ornement de leur cité et en commémoration des jours où l'Armée Britannique l'a défendue contre l'envahisseur", which translated into English means: "Erected by the nations of the British Empire in honour of their dead, this monument is offered to the citizens of Ypres for the ornament of their city and in commemoration of the days where the British Army defended it against the invader."
Reaction to the Menin Gate, the first of the Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission's Memorials to the Missing, ranged from its condemnation by the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, to praise by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. Sassoon described the Menin Gate in his poem 'On Passing the New Menin Gate', saying that the dead of the Ypres Salient would "deride this sepulchre of crime". Zweig, in contrast, praised the simplicity of the memorial, and lack of overt triumphalism, and said that it was "more impressive than any triumphal arch or monument to victory that I have ever seen". Blomfield himself said that this work of his was one of three that he wanted to be remembered by.
To this day, the remains of missing soldiers are still found from time to time in the countryside around the town of Ypres. Typically, such finds are made during building work or road-mending activities. Any human remains discovered receive a proper burial in one of the war cemeteries in the region. If the remains can be identified, the relevant name is removed from the Menin Gate.
Notable commemoratees
One of the panels of names of the missing dead
Eight recipients of the Victoria Cross are commemorated on this memorial, listed under their respective regiments:
Lance Corporal Frederick Fisher VC (Irish-Canadian)
Brigadier-General Charles FitzClarence VC (highest ranking commemorated)
Company Sergeant Major Frederick William Hall VC (Canadian)
Second Lieutenant Denis George Wyldbore Hewitt VC
Lieutenant Hugh McKenzie VC (Canadian)
Captain John Vallentin VC
Private Edward Warner VC
Second Lieutenant Sidney Woodroffe VC
Others listed include:
Lieutenant George Archer-Shee, original for the title character in Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy
Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse, brother of Captain Noel Chavasse VC and Bar.
Second Lieutenant Harold Bache, English first-class cricketer
Sergeant Harry Band, reputed victim of the alleged "Crucified Canadian" atrocity
Captain Percy Banks, English first-class cricketer
Captain Frank Bingham, English first-class cricketer
Second Lieutenant William (Billy) Geen, Wales rugby international
Private James Hastie, Scottish footballer
Lieutenant Walter Lyon, poet
Captain Basil Maclear, Ireland rugby international
Lieutenant Colonel Edgar Mobbs, England rugby international
Captain The Hon. Arthur O'Neill, first British Member of Parliament killed in the war.
Second Lieutenant Clyde Bowman Pearce, first Australian born winner of the Australian Golf Open (1908)
Lance-Sergeant Leonard Sutton, English first-class cricketer (serving with Canadians)
Private Arthur Wilson, English rugby international.
"Last Post" ceremony
In July 2016, the Combined RSL Centenary of ANZAC (Australia) Pipes & Drums played during the Last Post ceremony.
Following the Menin Gate Memorial opening in 1927, the citizens of Ypres wanted to express their gratitude towards those who had given their lives for Belgium's freedom. Hence every evening at 20:00, buglers from the Last Post Association close the road which passes under the memorial and sound the "Last Post". Except for the occupation by the Germans in World War II when the daily ceremony was conducted at Brookwood Military Cemetery, in Surrey, England, this ceremony has been carried on uninterrupted since 2 July 1928. On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres in the Second World War, on 6 September 1944 the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate despite the fact that heavy fighting was still taking place in other parts of the town.
During an extended version of the ceremony, individuals or groups may lay a wreath to commemorate the fallen. Bands, choirs and military units from around the world may also apply to participate in the ceremonies. This extended version of the ceremony also starts at 20:00, but lasts longer than the normal ceremony, when only the Last Post is played. The Last Post Association is an independent, voluntary, non-profit-making organisation. It was the Association that first founded the Last Post Ceremony back in 1928, and it is the Association that is still responsible for the day-to-day organisation of this unique act of homage. It also administers the Last Post Fund, which provides the financial resources necessary to support the ceremony. It is a tradition that the Buglers of the Association should wear the uniform of the local volunteer Fire Brigade, of which they are all required to become members.
The Last Post was a bugle call played in the British Army (and in the armies of many other lands) to mark the end of the day's labours and the onset of the night's rest. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), it has come to represent a final farewell to the fallen at the end of their earthly labours and at the onset of their eternal rest.
Similarly, the Reveille was a bugle call played at the beginning of the day, to rouse the troops from slumber and to call them to their duties. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), the Reveille symbolises not only a return to daily life at the end of the act of homage, but also the ultimate resurrection of the fallen on the Day of Judgement. Schedules are available on the Last Post website.
In art
Menin Gate at Midnight (also known as Ghosts of Menin Gate) is a 1927 painting by Australian artist Will Longstaff. The painting depicts a host of ghostly soldiers marching across a field in front of the Menin Gate war memorial. The painting is part of the collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
Other memorials
On the city walls near the Menin Gate are further memorials to Allied soldiers who fought and died at Ypres, the most notable being those to the Gurkhas and Indian soldiers.
Monument to Indian soldiers
Gurkha memorial
Town ramparts near Menin Gate
Tactile model of Menin Gate
See also
List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France
References
Footnotes
^ "Menin" is the traditional name of the gate in this location of Ypres' city walls because it leads to the town of Menen.
Citations
^ Jacqueline Hucker. "Monuments of the First and Second World Wars". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ CWGC. "Menin Gate Memorial". CWGC. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
^ Peter Barton/Peter Doyle/Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields – The Tunnellers' War 1914–1918, Staplehurst (Spellmount) (ISBN 978-1862272378) pp. 216–218.
^ Elizabeth Burness (October 1988). "Menin Gate lions". Journal of the Australian War Memorial 13. Australian War Memorial. pp. 48–49.
^ CWGC (27 September 2017). "Menin Gate Lions to Make a Permanent Return to Ieper". Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
^ What does the Menin Gate look like?, Their Past Your Future, Imperial War Museum, November 2005, accessed 07/02/2010
^ Menepoort, Belgian World Heritage Sites entry, accessed 07/02/2010
^ Last Post – Menenpoort – Ieper, Forum Eerste Wereldoorlog, accessed 07/02/2010. The information is attributed to three sources: Dominiek Dendooven – Documentatiecentrum in Flanders Fields (In Flanders Fields Magazine); Dominiek Dendooven – Documentatiecentrum in Flanders Fields 'Menenpoort & Last Post'; Jabobs M., "Zij, die vielen als helden", Brugge, 1996, 2 volumes – Uitgave Provincie West-Vlaanderen.
^ The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme (Gavin Stamp, 2007), pp. 103–105
^ "Menin Gate Memorial Ypres". www.victoriacross.org.uk.
^ "Casualty Details: Archer-Shee, George". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse | War Casualty Details 1606473 | CWGC". Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ Deaths in the war. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1917
^ "Casualty Details: Bache, Harold Godfrey". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Band, Harry". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Banks, Percy d'Aguilar". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Bingham, Frank Miller". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Geen, W P". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Hastie, James". Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
^ "Casualty Details: Lyon, Walter Scott Stuart". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Maclear, Basil". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: Mobbs, Edgar Roberts". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty Details: O'Neill, The Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ CWGC casualty record Clive Bowman Pearce.
^ "Casualty Details: Sutton, Leonard Cecil Leicester". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Casualty". www.cwgc.org. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ Sellars, Krystal (20 May 2016). "pipe band members to perform at centenary observances for Western Front battles". Cessnock, NSW Australia: The Advertiser. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ "Last Poster Association – Ceremonies". Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ "Last Post Association Ieper".
^ a b c d "Participation". Last Post Association. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Grey, Anne. "Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate)". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
^ "ART09807 – Menin Gate at midnight". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Menin Gate.
The Official Last Post Website
Tom Morgan, "The Menin Gate, Ypres" Archived 23 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, with an excerpt from Lord Plumer's moving dedicatory address
Siegfried Sassoon On Passing the new Menin Gate
Menenpoort (Belgian heritage register)
Menin Gate poem 'Man-at-Arms' authorship uncovered
Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial at Find a Grave
vteCanadian First World War Memorials in EuropeCanadian Expeditionary ForceMemorials in France
Courcelette Memorial
Dury Memorial
Canadian National Vimy Memorial
Bourlon Wood Memorial
Le Quesnel Memorial
Memorials in Belgium
Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) Memorial
Passchendaele Memorial
Saint Julien Memorial
Menin Gate Memorial
Royal Newfoundland RegimentMemorials in France
Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial
Gueudecourt Memorial
Monchy-le-Preux Memorial
Masnières Memorial
Memorials in Belgium
Courtrai Newfoundland Memorial
Memorials in Turkey
Gallipoli Newfoundland Memorial | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-1"},{"link_name":"war memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ypres Salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Reginald Blomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"World War I memorial in Ypres, BelgiumThe Menin Gate (Dutch: Menenpoort), officially the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing,[a] is a war memorial in Ypres, Belgium, dedicated to the British and Commonwealth soldiers who were killed in the Ypres Salient of World War I and whose graves are unknown. The memorial is located at the eastern exit of the town and marks the starting point for one of the main roads that led Allied soldiers to the front line.Designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield and built by the Imperial War Graves Commission (since renamed the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the Menin Gate Memorial was unveiled on 24 July 1927.[1] In early 2023, the monument was closed for extensive restoration works, expected to be completed in time for the memorial's centenary in 2027.[2]","title":"Menin Gate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menin_Gate_-_start_of_WWI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburgs"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Le_Prestre,_Seigneur_de_Vauban"},{"link_name":"Menen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menen"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Schlieffen Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Ypres Salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient"},{"link_name":"177th Tunnelling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Tunnelling_Company"},{"link_name":"dugouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_(military)"},{"link_name":"ramparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beneath216218-4"},{"link_name":"Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burness-5"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Australian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_government"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Menenpoort on 28 May 1914, before World War IIn medieval times, the original narrow gateway on the eastern wall of Ypres was called the Hangoartpoort, \"poort\" being the Dutch word for gate. During the 17th and 18th centuries, while under the occupation of the Habsburgs and the French, the city was increasingly fortified. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the eastern exit simply cut through the remains of the ramparts and crossed a moat. The gateway was by this time known as the Menenpoort, or Menin Gate in English, because the road leading through the gateway led to the small town of Menen.Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium, as had been called for in the Schlieffen Plan. By October 1914, the much battered Belgian Army broke the dykes on the Yser River to the north of the City to keep the western tip of Belgium out of German hands. Ypres, being the centre of a road network, anchored one end of this defensive feature and was also essential for the Germans if they wanted to take the Channel Ports through which British support was flooding into France. For the Allies, Ypres was also important because it eventually became the last major Belgian town that was not under German control.The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war. During the First Battle of Ypres the Allies halted the German Army's advance to the east of the city. The German army eventually surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. The Second Battle of Ypres marked a second German attempt to take the city in April 1915. The third battle is more commonly referred to as Passchendaele, but this 1917 battle was a complex five-month engagement. The fourth and fifth battles occurred during 1918.British and Commonwealth soldiers often passed through the Menenpoort on their way to the front lines with some 300,000 of them being killed in the Ypres Salient. 90,000 of these soldiers have no known graves.From September to November 1915, the British 177th Tunnelling Company built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.[3]The carved limestone lions adorning the original gate were damaged by shellfire, and were donated to the Australian War Memorial by the Mayor of Ypres in 1936. They were restored in 1987, and currently reside at the entrance to that Memorial, so that all visitors to the Memorial pass between them.[4] Replicas of the original Menin gate lions now sit at the entrance of the original gate in Ypres, a gift by the Australian government in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Australians serving in Flanders during the First World War.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Herbert_Plumer_(Field_Marshal_Lord_Plumer_at_the_unveiling_of_the_Menin_Gate_memorial,_Belgium,_24_July_1927)_(19893076515)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Herbert Plumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Plumer"},{"link_name":"triumphal arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch"},{"link_name":"barrel-vaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Cot_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeninGateCeremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyne Cot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Cot"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Sassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon"},{"link_name":"Stefan Zweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Zweig"},{"link_name":"Ypres Salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres_Salient"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Unveiling of the memorial in 1924 by Field Marshal Herbert PlumerReginald Blomfield's triumphal arch, designed in 1921, is the entry to the barrel-vaulted passage for traffic through the mausoleum that honours the Missing, who have no known graves. The patient lion on the top is the lion of Britain but also the lion of Flanders. It was chosen to be a memorial as it was the closest gate of the town to the fighting, and so Allied Troops would have marched past it on their way to fight. Actually, most troops passed out of the other gates of Ypres, as the Menin Gate was too dangerous due to shellfire.Its large Hall of Memory contains names on stone panels of 54,395 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the Salient but whose bodies have never been identified or found. On completion of the memorial, it was discovered to be too small to contain all the names as originally planned. An arbitrary cut-off point of 15 August 1917 was chosen and the names of 34,984 UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing instead. The Menin Gate Memorial does not list the names of the missing of New Zealand and Newfoundland soldiers, who are instead honoured on separate memorials.Interior, Menin GateThe inscription inside the archway is similar to the one at Tyne Cot, with the addition of a prefatory Latin phrase: \"Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, a centuries-old traditional text meaning 'To the greater glory of God'. – Here are recorded names of officers and men who fell in Ypres Salient, but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death\". This inscription, proposed by Rudyard Kipling, is matched by the main overhead inscription on both the east- and west-facing façades of the arch, which he personally composed.[6] On the opposite side of the archway to that inscription is the shorter dedication: \"They shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away\". There are also Latin inscriptions set in circular panels either side of the archway, on both the east and west sides: \"Pro Patria\" and \"Pro Rege\" ('For Country' and 'For King'). A French inscription mentions the citizens of Ypres: \"Erigé par les nations de l'Empire Britannique en l'honneur de leurs morts ce monument est offert aux citoyens d'Ypres pour l'ornement de leur cité et en commémoration des jours où l'Armée Britannique l'a défendue contre l'envahisseur\", which translated into English means: \"Erected by the nations of the British Empire in honour of their dead, this monument is offered to the citizens of Ypres for the ornament of their city and in commemoration of the days where the British Army defended it against the invader.\"[7][8]Reaction to the Menin Gate, the first of the Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission's Memorials to the Missing, ranged from its condemnation by the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, to praise by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. Sassoon described the Menin Gate in his poem 'On Passing the New Menin Gate', saying that the dead of the Ypres Salient would \"deride this sepulchre of crime\". Zweig, in contrast, praised the simplicity of the memorial, and lack of overt triumphalism, and said that it was \"more impressive than any triumphal arch or monument to victory that I have ever seen\". Blomfield himself said that this work of his was one of three that he wanted to be remembered by.[9]To this day, the remains of missing soldiers are still found from time to time in the countryside around the town of Ypres. Typically, such finds are made during building work or road-mending activities. Any human remains discovered receive a proper burial in one of the war cemeteries in the region. If the remains can be identified, the relevant name is removed from the Menin Gate.[citation needed]","title":"Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ypres,_Menenpoort_J5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Frederick Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Fisher_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Charles FitzClarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_FitzClarence"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Hall"},{"link_name":"Denis George Wyldbore Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_George_Wyldbore_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Hugh McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McKenzie_(VC)"},{"link_name":"John Vallentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vallentin"},{"link_name":"Edward Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Warner_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Woodroffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Woodroffe"},{"link_name":"George Archer-Shee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Archer-Shee"},{"link_name":"Terence Rattigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Rattigan"},{"link_name":"The Winslow Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winslow_Boy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harold Bache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bache"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wisden-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"\"Crucified Canadian\" atrocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucified_Soldier"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Percy Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Banks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Frank Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William (Billy) Geen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Geen"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James Hastie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hastie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Walter Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lyon_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Basil Maclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Maclear"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edgar Mobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mobbs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Hon. Arthur O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Clyde Bowman Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Pearce"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Australian Golf Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Golf_Open"},{"link_name":"Leonard Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Sutton"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wilson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"One of the panels of names of the missing deadEight recipients of the Victoria Cross are commemorated on this memorial, listed under their respective regiments:[10]Lance Corporal Frederick Fisher VC (Irish-Canadian)\nBrigadier-General Charles FitzClarence VC (highest ranking commemorated)\nCompany Sergeant Major Frederick William Hall VC (Canadian)\nSecond Lieutenant Denis George Wyldbore Hewitt VC\nLieutenant Hugh McKenzie VC (Canadian)\nCaptain John Vallentin VC\nPrivate Edward Warner VC\nSecond Lieutenant Sidney Woodroffe VCOthers listed include:Lieutenant George Archer-Shee, original for the title character in Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy[11]\nLieutenant Aidan Chavasse, brother of Captain Noel Chavasse VC and Bar.[12]\nSecond Lieutenant Harold Bache, English first-class cricketer[13][14]\nSergeant Harry Band, reputed victim of the alleged \"Crucified Canadian\" atrocity[15]\nCaptain Percy Banks, English first-class cricketer[16]\nCaptain Frank Bingham, English first-class cricketer[17]\nSecond Lieutenant William (Billy) Geen, Wales rugby international[18]\nPrivate James Hastie, Scottish footballer[19]\nLieutenant Walter Lyon, poet[20]\nCaptain Basil Maclear, Ireland rugby international[21]\nLieutenant Colonel Edgar Mobbs, England rugby international[22]\nCaptain The Hon. Arthur O'Neill, first British Member of Parliament killed in the war.[23]\nSecond Lieutenant Clyde Bowman Pearce,[24] first Australian born winner of the Australian Golf Open (1908)\nLance-Sergeant Leonard Sutton, English first-class cricketer (serving with Canadians)[25]\nPrivate Arthur Wilson, English rugby international.[26]","title":"Notable commemoratees"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cessnock_City_Pipes_and_Drums.jpg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"buglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Last Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Post"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"occupation by the Germans in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Brookwood Military Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood_Cemetery#Brookwood_Military_Cemetery_and_memorials"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Polish forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastPost-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastPost-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastPost-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastPost-31"}],"text":"In July 2016, the Combined RSL Centenary of ANZAC (Australia) Pipes & Drums played during the Last Post ceremony.[27]Following the Menin Gate Memorial opening in 1927, the citizens of Ypres wanted to express their gratitude towards those who had given their lives for Belgium's freedom. Hence every evening at 20:00, buglers from the Last Post Association close the road which passes under the memorial and sound the \"Last Post\".[28] Except for the occupation by the Germans in World War II when the daily ceremony was conducted at Brookwood Military Cemetery, in Surrey, England, this ceremony has been carried on uninterrupted since 2 July 1928.[29] On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres in the Second World War, on 6 September 1944 the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate despite the fact that heavy fighting was still taking place in other parts of the town.During an extended version of the ceremony, individuals or groups may lay a wreath to commemorate the fallen.[30] Bands, choirs and military units from around the world may also apply to participate in the ceremonies.[30] This extended version of the ceremony also starts at 20:00, but lasts longer than the normal ceremony, when only the Last Post is played. The Last Post Association is an independent, voluntary, non-profit-making organisation. It was the Association that first founded the Last Post Ceremony back in 1928, and it is the Association that is still responsible for the day-to-day organisation of this unique act of homage. It also administers the Last Post Fund, which provides the financial resources necessary to support the ceremony. It is a tradition that the Buglers of the Association should wear the uniform of the local volunteer Fire Brigade, of which they are all required to become members.The Last Post was a bugle call played in the British Army (and in the armies of many other lands) to mark the end of the day's labours and the onset of the night's rest. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), it has come to represent a final farewell to the fallen at the end of their earthly labours and at the onset of their eternal rest.Similarly, the Reveille was a bugle call played at the beginning of the day, to rouse the troops from slumber and to call them to their duties. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), the Reveille symbolises not only a return to daily life at the end of the act of homage, but also the ultimate resurrection of the fallen on the Day of Judgement.[30] Schedules are available on the Last Post website.[30]","title":"\"Last Post\" ceremony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menin Gate at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menin_Gate_at_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Will Longstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Longstaff"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWMEncyclopedia-32"},{"link_name":"Australian War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_Collection-33"}],"text":"Menin Gate at Midnight (also known as Ghosts of Menin Gate) is a 1927 painting by Australian artist Will Longstaff. The painting depicts a host of ghostly soldiers marching across a field in front of the Menin Gate war memorial.[31] The painting is part of the collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.[32]","title":"In art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_in_Flanders_Fields_Ypres.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ypres,_statue_at_Gurkha_memorial_Menin_Gate.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ypres_town_walls_near_Menin_Gate1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tactile_model_of_Menin_Gate_on_Ypres_ramparts.jpg"}],"text":"On the city walls near the Menin Gate are further memorials to Allied soldiers who fought and died at Ypres, the most notable being those to the Gurkhas and Indian soldiers.Monument to Indian soldiers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGurkha memorial\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTown ramparts near Menin Gate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTactile model of Menin Gate","title":"Other memorials"}] | [{"image_text":"Menenpoort on 28 May 1914, before World War I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Menin_Gate_-_start_of_WWI.jpg/220px-Menin_Gate_-_start_of_WWI.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unveiling of the memorial in 1924 by Field Marshal Herbert Plumer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Field_Marshal_Herbert_Plumer_%28Field_Marshal_Lord_Plumer_at_the_unveiling_of_the_Menin_Gate_memorial%2C_Belgium%2C_24_July_1927%29_%2819893076515%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Field_Marshal_Herbert_Plumer_%28Field_Marshal_Lord_Plumer_at_the_unveiling_of_the_Menin_Gate_memorial%2C_Belgium%2C_24_July_1927%29_%2819893076515%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior, Menin Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MeninGateCeremony.jpg/200px-MeninGateCeremony.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the panels of names of the missing dead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ypres%2C_Menenpoort_J5.jpg/220px-Ypres%2C_Menenpoort_J5.jpg"},{"image_text":"In July 2016, the Combined RSL Centenary of ANZAC (Australia) Pipes & Drums played during the Last Post ceremony.[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cessnock_City_Pipes_and_Drums.jpg/220px-Cessnock_City_Pipes_and_Drums.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_World_War_I_memorials_to_the_missing_in_Belgium_and_France"}] | [{"reference":"Jacqueline Hucker. \"Monuments of the First and Second World Wars\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/monuments-of-the-first-and-second-world-wars/","url_text":"\"Monuments of the First and Second World Wars\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"CWGC. \"Menin Gate Memorial\". CWGC. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/menin-gate-memorial/","url_text":"\"Menin Gate Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth Burness (October 1988). \"Menin Gate lions\". Journal of the Australian War Memorial 13. Australian War Memorial. pp. 48–49.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/lions.asp","url_text":"\"Menin Gate lions\""}]},{"reference":"CWGC (27 September 2017). \"Menin Gate Lions to Make a Permanent Return to Ieper\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwgc.org/learn/news-and-events/news/2017/09/27/10/43/menin-gate-lions-to-make-a-permanent-return-to-ieper","url_text":"\"Menin Gate Lions to Make a Permanent Return to Ieper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Menin Gate Memorial Ypres\". www.victoriacross.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggbeypre.htm","url_text":"\"Menin Gate Memorial Ypres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Archer-Shee, George\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/925581/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Archer-Shee, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse | War Casualty Details 1606473 | CWGC\". Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/1606473/AIDAN%20CHAVASSE/","url_text":"\"Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse | War Casualty Details 1606473 | CWGC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Bache, Harold Godfrey\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/925986/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Bache, Harold Godfrey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Band, Harry\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/921959/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Band, Harry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Banks, Percy d'Aguilar\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1604501/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Banks, Percy d'Aguilar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Bingham, Frank Miller\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/927781/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Bingham, Frank Miller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Geen, W P\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/930643/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Geen, W P\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Hastie, James\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1613249/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Hastie, James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Lyon, Walter Scott Stuart\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1621239/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Lyon, Walter Scott Stuart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Maclear, Basil\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1622212/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Maclear, Basil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Mobbs, Edgar Roberts\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/907119/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Mobbs, Edgar Roberts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: O'Neill, The Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1622815/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: O'Neill, The Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Sutton, Leonard Cecil Leicester\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1596411/","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Sutton, Leonard Cecil Leicester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty\". www.cwgc.org. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/911360/wilson,-arthur-james/","url_text":"\"Casualty\""}]},{"reference":"Sellars, Krystal (20 May 2016). \"pipe band members to perform at centenary observances for Western Front battles\". Cessnock, NSW Australia: The Advertiser. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cessnockadvertiser.com.au/story/3902896/pipe-band-members-to-perform-at-western-front-services-video/","url_text":"\"pipe band members to perform at centenary observances for Western Front battles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Poster Association – Ceremonies\". Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastpost.be/en/x/58/ceremonies","url_text":"\"Last Poster Association – Ceremonies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last Post Association Ieper\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lastpost.be/","url_text":"\"Last Post Association Ieper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Participation\". Last Post Association. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastpost.be/ceremony/participate/","url_text":"\"Participation\""}]},{"reference":"Grey, Anne. \"Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate)\". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/notes.asp","url_text":"\"Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ART09807 – Menin Gate at midnight\". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100630152957/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807","url_text":"\"ART09807 – Menin Gate at midnight\""},{"url":"http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Menin_Gate¶ms=50_51_08_N_02_53_30_E_region:FR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°51′08″N 02°53′30″E / 50.85222°N 2.89167°E / 50.85222; 2.89167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Menin_Gate¶ms=50_51_08_N_02_53_30_E_region:FR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°51′08″N 02°53′30″E / 50.85222°N 2.89167°E / 50.85222; 2.89167"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1567","external_links_name":"1567-FL17"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/91800","external_links_name":"Cemetery details"},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/monuments-of-the-first-and-second-world-wars/","external_links_name":"\"Monuments of the First and Second World Wars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/menin-gate-memorial/","external_links_name":"\"Menin Gate Memorial\""},{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/lions.asp","external_links_name":"\"Menin Gate lions\""},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/learn/news-and-events/news/2017/09/27/10/43/menin-gate-lions-to-make-a-permanent-return-to-ieper","external_links_name":"\"Menin Gate Lions to Make a Permanent Return to Ieper\""},{"Link":"http://www.tpyf.com/upload/pdf/RESOURCE_E_What_does_the_Menin_Gate_look_like.pdf","external_links_name":"What does the Menin Gate look like?"},{"Link":"http://inventaris.vioe.be/woi/relict/1422","external_links_name":"Menepoort"},{"Link":"http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=6638&p=106563","external_links_name":"Last Post – Menenpoort – Ieper"},{"Link":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggbeypre.htm","external_links_name":"\"Menin Gate Memorial Ypres\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/925581/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Archer-Shee, George\""},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/1606473/AIDAN%20CHAVASSE/","external_links_name":"\"Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse | War Casualty Details 1606473 | CWGC\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/925986/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Bache, Harold Godfrey\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/921959/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Band, Harry\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1604501/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Banks, Percy d'Aguilar\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/927781/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Bingham, Frank Miller\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/930643/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Geen, W P\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1613249/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Hastie, James\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1621239/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Lyon, Walter Scott Stuart\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1622212/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Maclear, Basil\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/907119/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Mobbs, Edgar Roberts\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1622815/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: O'Neill, The Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1600282/PEARCE,%20CLYDE%20BOWMAN","external_links_name":"CWGC casualty record Clive Bowman Pearce"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1596411/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty Details: Sutton, Leonard Cecil Leicester\""},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/911360/wilson,-arthur-james/","external_links_name":"\"Casualty\""},{"Link":"http://www.cessnockadvertiser.com.au/story/3902896/pipe-band-members-to-perform-at-western-front-services-video/","external_links_name":"\"pipe band members to perform at centenary observances for Western Front battles\""},{"Link":"http://www.lastpost.be/en/x/58/ceremonies","external_links_name":"\"Last Poster Association – Ceremonies\""},{"Link":"https://lastpost.be/","external_links_name":"\"Last Post Association Ieper\""},{"Link":"https://lastpost.be/ceremony/participate/","external_links_name":"\"Participation\""},{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/notes.asp","external_links_name":"\"Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100630152957/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807","external_links_name":"\"ART09807 – Menin Gate at midnight\""},{"Link":"http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lastpost.be/","external_links_name":"The Official Last Post Website"},{"Link":"http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/menin.htm","external_links_name":"Tom Morgan, \"The Menin Gate, Ypres\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023081119/http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/menin.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aftermathww1.com/sassoon3.asp","external_links_name":"Siegfried Sassoon On Passing the new Menin Gate"},{"Link":"http://inventaris.vioe.be/woi/relict/1422","external_links_name":"Menenpoort"},{"Link":"http://simonjoneshistorian.wordpress.com/tag/eric-haydon/","external_links_name":"Menin Gate poem 'Man-at-Arms' authorship uncovered"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/1966751","external_links_name":"Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Prussian_state_election | 1924 Prussian state election | ["1 Results","1.1 Results by constituency","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Prussian state election
1924 Prussian state election
← 1921
7 December 1924
1928 →
All 450 seats in the Landtag of Prussia226 seats needed for a majorityTurnout78.58% ( 1.18)
Party
Leader
%
Seats
+/–
SPD
24.89%
114
0
DNVP
23.70%
109
+34
Centre
17.57%
81
0
DVP
9.78%
45
−13
KPD
9.62%
44
+13
DDP
5.90%
27
+1
NSFP
2.47%
11
New
WP
2.47%
11
+7
DHP
1.41%
6
−5
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Top: results by constituency. Bottom: winning party in each constituency.
Minister-President before
Minister-President after
Otto BraunSPD
Otto BraunSPD
State elections were held in the Free State of Prussia on 7 December 1924 to elect all 450 members of the Landtag of Prussia. The governing coalition of the Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and German Democratic Party made minimal gains or losses, with most change happening amongst the opposition. The German National People's Party made significant gains, nearly surpassing the SPD as the largest party, while the Independent Social Democratic Party collapsed. The German People's Party also lost a portion of the gains it had made in the previous election. The National Socialist Freedom Party, a branch of the Nazi Party formed after the Beer Hall Putsch, won 2.5% of the vote and 11 seats.
Results
Party
Votes
%
Swing
Seats
+/–
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
4,575,645
24.89
–1.37
114
0
German National People's Party (DNVP)
4,355,674
23.70
+5.62
109
+34
Centre Party (Zentrum)
3,229,740
17.57
+0.33
81
0
German People's Party (DVP)
1,797,589
9.78
–4.40
45
–13
List of Communists (KPD)
1,767,932
9.62
+2.21
44
+13
German Democratic Party (DDP)
1,083,523
5.90
–0.07
27
+1
National Socialist Freedom Party (NSFP)
454,886
2.47
New
11
New
Economic Party of the German Middle Classes (WP)Economic Party of the German Middle Classes (WP)Farmers and Creative Professions
454,409440,21214,674
2.472.400.08
+1.29+1.22New
11110
+7+7New
German-Hanoverian PartyGerman-Hanoverian Party (DHP)Greater German-Hessian League
259,506258,1981,308
1.411.400.01
–1.27–1.11New
660
–5–5New
German Social Party and Reichsbund for Revaluation
111,939
0.61
New
0
New
National Minorities of Germany (NMD)Poland PartySchleswiger AssociationWendish PartyMasurian Association
87,89180,7515,4041,255481
0.480.440.030.010.00
+0.38+0.370.00NewNew
22000
+2+20NewNew
Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD)
67,871
0.37
–6.21
0
–28
German Revaluation and Construction Party
41,280
0.22
New
0
New
Christian Social National Community of Germany
37,679
0.20
New
0
New
Party for People's Welfare (Tenant Protection and Land Rights)
27,582
0.15
New
0
New
Revaluation and Reconstruction Party
13,616
0.07
New
0
New
Free Economic Union F.F.F. (Freiland-Freigeld)
13,523
0.07
New
0
New
Invalid/blank votes
337,562
1.80
–
–
–
Total
18,380,285
100
–
450
+22
Registered voters/turnout
23,819,471
78.58
+1.18
–
–
Gonschior.de
Popular Vote
SPD
24.89%
DNVP
23.70%
Zentrum
17.57%
DVP
9.78%
KPD
9.62%
DDP
5.90%
NSFP
2.47%
WP
2.47%
DHP
1.41%
NMD
0.48%
Other
1.71%
Landtag seats
SPD
25.33%
DNVP
24.22%
Zentrum
18.00%
DVP
10.00%
KPD
9.78%
DDP
6.00%
NSFP
2.44%
WP
2.44%
DHP
1.33%
NMD
0.44%
Results by constituency
Constituency
SPD
DNVP
Z
DVP
KPD
DDP
NSFP
WP
DHP
NMD
1. East Prussia
20.8
39.1
8.0
9.0
8.1
4.0
6.2
1.0
–
0.6
2. Berlin
32.5
21.9
4.1
4.9
19.3
10.1
1.6
3.4
–
0.3
3. Potsdam II
26.7
27.7
3.5
8.5
11.6
12.5
2.9
3.8
–
0.1
4. Potsdam I
30.4
31.3
2.5
7.8
12.2
6.2
2.8
5.1
–
0.1
5. Frankfurt an der Oder
27.9
38.2
6.3
10.9
4.4
4.7
3.2
2.2
–
0.7
6. Pomerania
24.6
49.1
1.0
6.5
5.8
3.8
4.2
3.9
–
0.1
7. Breslau
31.9
28.8
19.2
7.7
3.1
4.6
1.4
1.4
–
0.1
8. Liegnitz
32.8
28.9
9.0
8.3
3.3
8.0
1.4
5.0
–
0.3
9. Oppeln
6.7
21.7
40.9
2.8
12.1
2.3
1.5
3.0
–
7.8
10. Magdeburg
38.6
25.1
2.1
13.4
5.2
7.2
3.1
4.8
–
0.0
11. Merseburg
18.7
29.6
1.4
12.1
22.9
6.9
4.4
3.5
–
–
12. Erfurt
21.7
22.1
13.9
12.3
13.4
5.2
5.2
6.3
–
–
13. Schleswig-Holstein
30.5
33.6
–
15.1
6.9
9.0
2.7
0.6
–
0.7
14. Weser-Ems
30.5
16.4
28.4
14.5
3.0
6.2
4.7
–
4.4
–
15. Hanover East
28.2
20.9
1.4
11.5
4.5
4.2
4.3
–
24.7
0.1
16. Hanover South
34.9
15.9
6.6
13.4
4.7
4.7
3.0
–
16.4
0.1
17. Westphalia North
20.3
15.3
41.7
8.8
6.7
3.0
1.1
1.0
–
0.4
18. Westphalia South
24.6
12.5
27.3
12.1
12.2
6.0
1.1
1.7
–
0.7
19. Hesse-Nassau
31.9
18.6
17.5
12.6
5.6
8.5
2.4
2.3
–
–
20. Köln-Aachen
15.4
7.1
51.2
7.9
8.8
3.6
0.6
4.9
–
0.0
21. Koblenz-Trier
10.6
9.9
60.8
7.7
4.2
3.3
0.5
3.0
–
–
22. Düsseldorf East
15.4
15.3
24.5
11.6
20.9
4.5
1.6
4.3
–
0.2
23. Düsseldorf West
13.9
11.3
43.1
9.5
12.5
3.4
0.9
3.9
–
0.5
See also
Elections in the Free State of Prussia
Weimar Republic
Notes
^ The list "Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany" in constituency 13 (Schleswig-Holstein) won 3,655 votes, but was not affiliated with the state party list.
References
^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p762 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
External links
vte Elections and referendums in the Free State of PrussiaLandtag of Prussia
1919
1921
1924
1928
1932
1933
Referendums
1920
1931
See also: Elections and referendums in Germany
Minister Presidents of Prussia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free State of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Landtag of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"governing coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"German National People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Independent Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"German People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Beer Hall Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch"}],"text":"State elections were held in the Free State of Prussia on 7 December 1924 to elect all 450 members of the Landtag of Prussia.[1] The governing coalition of the Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and German Democratic Party made minimal gains or losses, with most change happening amongst the opposition. The German National People's Party made significant gains, nearly surpassing the SPD as the largest party, while the Independent Social Democratic Party collapsed. The German People's Party also lost a portion of the gains it had made in the previous election. The National Socialist Freedom Party, a branch of the Nazi Party formed after the Beer Hall Putsch, won 2.5% of the vote and 11 seats.","title":"1924 Prussian state election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results by constituency","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The list \"Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany\" in constituency 13 (Schleswig-Holstein) won 3,655 votes, but was not affiliated with the state party list.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Elections in the Free State of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Free_State_of_Prussia"},{"title":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/LT2.html","external_links_name":"Gonschior.de"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi | Naseer Ahmad Malhi | ["1 Family background","2 Education","3 Political career","3.1 Pre-independence","3.2 Post-independence","4 Death","5 See also","6 References"] | Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad MalhiChaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi Minister for Law, Education & Parliamentary Affairs
Personal detailsBorn15 August 1911Baddomalhi, Sialkot, British IndiaDied12 July 1991 at age 79Baddomalhi, Narowal, PakistanPolitical partyMuslim LeagueSpouseShamim AkhtarChildrenAfzaal MalhiSheraza MalhiFayyaz MalhiTanweer MalhiAlma materUniversity of the PunjabProfessionPolitician
Pakistan Movement activist
Naseer Ahmad Malhi (Urdu: چودھری نصیر احمد ملہی) (15 August 1911 – 12 July 1991) was a Pakistani politician, known for playing a pivotal role in the formation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Malhi is recognised as one of the nation's activists of the Pakistan Movement.
Malhi was a leading member of the Muslim League and was at the forefront of the Pakistan Movement. A lifetime member of the Muslim League, he belonged to the gentry of Punjab and served as West Pakistan's Minister for Law, Education and Parliamentary Affairs in 1955.
Family background
Naseer Ahmad Malhi was born as the second son of Chaudhry Ghulam Haider Malhi, in 1911, in the town of Baddomalhi, in Sialkot district into the Malhi clan of the Jutt tribe. Malhi's father was the leading land-owning farmer of the district, one of the elite of Punjab, was noted for his philanthropy, and was decorated by the British Governor for his services to the community. Malhi's great-grandfather, Chaudhry Ali Gohar Malhi, served as Governor of Punjab during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who ruled Punjab from 1801 to 1839.
Education
Naseer Ahmad Malhi received his primary and secondary education at G.H. (Ghulam Haider) Muslim High School, named after his father, who was encouraged by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to found this school in 1918, to educate aspiring students. The school was noted for offering free tuition and books to economically-disadvantaged pupils. The educational expenses of these students were personally met by Malhi's father.
After his secondary education, Malhi went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in mathematics and Arabic from Government College Lahore (GCU) and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Political career
Pre-independence
Malhi commenced his political career with the Congress Party. After attending the 1940 Lahore Conference held by the All India Muslim League, he recognised the immense potential that the Muslim League had for representing the Muslims of India. He joined the Muslim League's Sialkot chapter and rapidly ascended to become its president.
In 1943, Malhi met Muhammad Ali Jinnah at Jinnah Mansion on Malabar Hill, Bombay. It was on Malhi's advice that what became the historic Sialkot Convention was planned by the All-India Muslim League for Punjab. Held in Sialkot city in May 1944, this convention was attended by Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan, Mumtaz Daultana, Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot and Mian Iftikharuddin among other Muslim League leaders.
The Sialkot Convention in May 1944 was a milestone in Muslim–Hindu politics. It is widely regarded by Pakistani historians as the landmark event which brought the Muslim League into prominence in undivided Punjab. It broke the Unionist Party's hold over the Muslims of Punjab and swayed their sentiments towards the Muslim League and the Pakistan movement, paving the way for the eventual formation of Pakistan.
Realizing the convention's impact, Jinnah reportedly stated, "I have a feeling today, that Pakistan has come into existence". Jinnah attributed the success of this convention to Malhi. Embracing him, he reportedly commented, "Mr. Malhi, no doubt, you are Lord Malhi". Jinnah made Malhi the head of the Muslim League of Punjab, a post that Malhi maintained until 1971.
Post-independence
After the independence of Pakistan, Malhi remained a prominent legislator. He served as Pakistan's first education minister.
Nevertheless, as an active member of Pakistan’s political elite, Malhi served as the Minister of Education, Law and Parliamentary Affairs. It was during his tenure that school uniforms were introduced in Pakistan. He excluded Aitchison College from the list of schools receiving government assistance on the rationale that such elite institutions did not require federal aid.
Greeting Mrs Roosevelt at dinner hosted as Pakistan's Ambassador to the UN.
Malhi led Pakistan's delegation at the Geneva Conference in 1955. At this conference he delivered a speech defending the rights of Afro-Asian countries and was awarded a gold medal. Following this success, Malhi led Pakistan’s delegation to the United Nations, where he addressed the United Nations General Assembly on the political challenges facing South Asia.
In his efforts to elevate Pakistan's image, Malhi hosted an historic dinner for Eleanor Roosevelt, President of the United Nations General Assembly and former First Lady of the United States.
With the advent of martial law in the early sixties, Malhi became a vociferous opponent of the government of General Ayub Khan. In 1965, he allied himself with and supported Fatima Jinnah in her bid to democratically dislodge Ayub Khan from his assumed office.
Malhi was offered key ministry posts during the Nawab of Kalabagh's tenure as Chief Minister of West Pakistan. Though they were close personal friends, Malhi declined to accept the posts because of ideological differences. He was later offered a ministry post by General Zia, but he again declined.
Malhi successfully retained his seat in the National Assembly until 1971. As a result of the secession of East Pakistan and his disappointment with the corrupt politicking of later politicians, he retired from electoral politics.
Death
Naseer Ahmad Malhi died on 12 July 1991 at age 79.
See also
Malhi
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi profile". PakistanHerald.com website. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h Zarina Patel (14 August 2019). "The unsung heroes of Pakistan Movement". Business Recorder (newspaper). Retrieved 20 January 2020.
^ a b Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi (Marhoom)- Nawai-Waqt: 12 July 2004
^ a b c d Tehreek Ae Pakistan kae Mumtaz Rehnama Lord Malhi ko Kharij Akeedat by Muhammad Badur Muneer – Nawai-Waqt: 12 July 2003
^ a b c d e Be-silsela Tehreek-ae Pakistan −1: Lord Malhi – Quaid-E-Azam Kae Qabel Aitmaad Rafeek Kaar by Muhammad Badur Muneer
^ Brief History of Sialkot (scroll down to Colonial Sialkot to read about Sialkot Convention (1944) arranged by Naseer Ahmad Malhi) District Courts Sialkot website, Retrieved 21 January 2020
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Ahmed Ali Lahori
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Aslam Khattak
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Literature
Idea of Pakistan
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
Pakistan: A Personal History
The Myth of Independence
Pakistan: A Hard Country
Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
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In Memory
Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)
Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)
Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)
Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)
Youm-e-Difah (6 September)
Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)
Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)
Youm-e-Viladat (25 December) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"West Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pakistan"}],"text":"Naseer Ahmad Malhi (Urdu: چودھری نصیر احمد ملہی) (15 August 1911 – 12 July 1991) was a Pakistani politician, known for playing a pivotal role in the formation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Malhi is recognised as one of the nation's activists of the Pakistan Movement.[1]Malhi was a leading member of the Muslim League and was at the forefront of the Pakistan Movement. A lifetime member of the Muslim League, he belonged to the gentry of Punjab and served as West Pakistan's Minister for Law, Education and Parliamentary Affairs in 1955.","title":"Naseer Ahmad Malhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baddomalhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddomalhi"},{"link_name":"Sialkot district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot_District"},{"link_name":"Malhi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)"},{"link_name":"Jutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_British_India"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"}],"text":"Naseer Ahmad Malhi was born as the second son of Chaudhry Ghulam Haider Malhi, in 1911, in the town of Baddomalhi, in Sialkot district into the Malhi clan of the Jutt tribe. Malhi's father was the leading land-owning farmer of the district, one of the elite of Punjab, was noted for his philanthropy, and was decorated by the British Governor for his services to the community. Malhi's great-grandfather, Chaudhry Ali Gohar Malhi, served as Governor of Punjab during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who ruled Punjab from 1801 to 1839.[1]","title":"Family background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Government College Lahore (GCU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University_(Lahore)"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"}],"text":"Naseer Ahmad Malhi received his primary and secondary education at G.H. (Ghulam Haider) Muslim High School, named after his father, who was encouraged by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to found this school in 1918, to educate aspiring students. The school was noted for offering free tuition and books to economically-disadvantaged pupils. The educational expenses of these students were personally met by Malhi's father.[1]After his secondary education, Malhi went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in mathematics and Arabic from Government College Lahore (GCU) and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of the Punjab, Lahore.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Lahore Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Conference"},{"link_name":"All India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Jinnah Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Malabar Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Hill"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay,_India"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Sialkot city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Khawaja Nazimuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zafarullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar"},{"link_name":"Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan"},{"link_name":"Mumtaz Daultana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Daultana"},{"link_name":"Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot"},{"link_name":"Mian Iftikharuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marhoom-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muneer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhi-5"},{"link_name":"Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marhoom-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muneer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhi-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muneer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhi-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"}],"sub_title":"Pre-independence","text":"Malhi commenced his political career with the Congress Party. After attending the 1940 Lahore Conference held by the All India Muslim League, he recognised the immense potential that the Muslim League had for representing the Muslims of India. He joined the Muslim League's Sialkot chapter and rapidly ascended to become its president.[2]In 1943, Malhi met Muhammad Ali Jinnah at Jinnah Mansion on Malabar Hill, Bombay. It was on Malhi's advice that what became the historic Sialkot Convention was planned by the All-India Muslim League for Punjab. Held in Sialkot city in May 1944, this convention was attended by Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan, Mumtaz Daultana, Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot and Mian Iftikharuddin among other Muslim League leaders.[2][3][4][5]The Sialkot Convention in May 1944 was a milestone in Muslim–Hindu politics. It is widely regarded by Pakistani historians as the landmark event which brought the Muslim League into prominence in undivided Punjab. It broke the Unionist Party's hold over the Muslims of Punjab and swayed their sentiments towards the Muslim League and the Pakistan movement, paving the way for the eventual formation of Pakistan.[2][6]Realizing the convention's impact, Jinnah reportedly stated, \"I have a feeling today, that Pakistan has come into existence\".[2][3][4][5] Jinnah attributed the success of this convention to Malhi. Embracing him, he reportedly commented, \"Mr. Malhi, no doubt, you are Lord Malhi\".[2][4][5] Jinnah made Malhi the head of the Muslim League of Punjab, a post that Malhi maintained until 1971.[2]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muneer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhi-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"Aitchison College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitchison_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrsRoosevelt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mrs Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhi-5"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"General Ayub Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Fatima Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Kalabagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Mohammad_Khan"},{"link_name":"West Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"General Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"}],"sub_title":"Post-independence","text":"After the independence of Pakistan, Malhi remained a prominent legislator. He served as Pakistan's first education minister.[2]Nevertheless, as an active member of Pakistan’s political elite, Malhi served as the Minister of Education, Law and Parliamentary Affairs.[4][5] It was during his tenure that school uniforms were introduced in Pakistan.[2] He excluded Aitchison College from the list of schools receiving government assistance on the rationale that such elite institutions did not require federal aid.[1]Greeting Mrs Roosevelt at dinner hosted as Pakistan's Ambassador to the UN.Malhi led Pakistan's delegation at the Geneva Conference in 1955. At this conference he delivered a speech defending the rights of Afro-Asian countries and was awarded a gold medal. Following this success, Malhi led Pakistan’s delegation to the United Nations, where he addressed the United Nations General Assembly on the political challenges facing South Asia.[1]In his efforts to elevate Pakistan's image, Malhi hosted an historic dinner for Eleanor Roosevelt, President of the United Nations General Assembly and former First Lady of the United States.[5]With the advent of martial law in the early sixties, Malhi became a vociferous opponent of the government of General Ayub Khan. In 1965, he allied himself with and supported Fatima Jinnah in her bid to democratically dislodge Ayub Khan from his assumed office.Malhi was offered key ministry posts during the Nawab of Kalabagh's tenure as Chief Minister of West Pakistan. Though they were close personal friends, Malhi declined to accept the posts because of ideological differences. He was later offered a ministry post by General Zia, but he again declined.Malhi successfully retained his seat in the National Assembly until 1971. As a result of the secession of East Pakistan and his disappointment with the corrupt politicking of later politicians, he retired from electoral politics.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanHerald-1"}],"text":"Naseer Ahmad Malhi died on 12 July 1991 at age 79.[1]","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Greeting Mrs Roosevelt at dinner hosted as Pakistan's Ambassador to the UN.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/MrsRoosevelt.jpg/150px-MrsRoosevelt.jpg"},{"image_text":"The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"State emblem of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Malhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)"},{"title":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi profile\". PakistanHerald.com website. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200330041713/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/chaudhry-naseer-ahmad-malhi-1244","url_text":"\"Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi profile\""},{"url":"http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/chaudhry-naseer-ahmad-malhi-1244","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zarina Patel (14 August 2019). \"The unsung heroes of Pakistan Movement\". Business Recorder (newspaper). Retrieved 20 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2019/08/20190814506360/","url_text":"\"The unsung heroes of Pakistan Movement\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200330041713/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/chaudhry-naseer-ahmad-malhi-1244","external_links_name":"\"Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/chaudhry-naseer-ahmad-malhi-1244","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2019/08/20190814506360/","external_links_name":"\"The unsung heroes of Pakistan Movement\""},{"Link":"http://sialkot.dc.lhc.gov.pk/PublicPages/HistoryOfDistrict.aspx","external_links_name":"Brief History of Sialkot (scroll down to Colonial Sialkot to read about Sialkot Convention (1944) arranged by Naseer Ahmad Malhi)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1721 | List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1721 | ["1 Fellows","2 References"] | This is a list of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1721.
Fellows
William Barrowby (1682–1751)
John Beale (d. 1724)
John Browne (d. 1735)
Paul Dudley (1675–1751)
William East (fl. 1721–1734)
George Graham (1673–1751)
Richard Hale (1670–1728)
Thomas Hewett (1656–1726)
George Savile (1678–1743)
Conrad Joachim Sprengwell (d. 1740)
William Western (?1694–1729)
John Thomas Woolhouse (c. 1650–1734)
References
^ "Fellows of the Royal Society", Royal Society. "Fellowship from 1660 onwards" (xlsx file on Google Docs via the Royal Society)
vteList of elected fellows, foreign, and honorary members of the Royal Society17th century
1660
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
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71
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73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
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1700
18th century
1701
02
03
04
05
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09
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13
14
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20
21
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27
31
32
71
73
78
79
84
87
88
89
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
1800
19th century
1801
02
05
09
11
15
17
19
20
29
35
39
49
57
59
69
79
80
81
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
1900
20th century
1901
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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25
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27
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29
30
31
32
33
34
35
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38
39
40
41
42
43
44
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46
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61
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63
64
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71
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73
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81
82
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85
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88
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91
92
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94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
21st century
2001
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Alphabetical
ABC
DEF
GHI
JKL
MNO
PQR
STUV
WXYZ
Other lists
By election year
Female
Founder
Original
Health and human sciences | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a list of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1721.[1]","title":"List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1721"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Barrowby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barrowby"},{"link_name":"John Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Beale_(Freemason)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browne_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"Paul Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"William East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_East_(surgeon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Graham_(clockmaker)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hale_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hewet"},{"link_name":"George Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Savile,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Conrad Joachim Sprengwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Joachim_Sprengwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Western&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Thomas Woolhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Thomas_Woolhouse&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"William Barrowby (1682–1751)\nJohn Beale (d. 1724)\nJohn Browne (d. 1735)\nPaul Dudley (1675–1751)\nWilliam East (fl. 1721–1734)\nGeorge Graham (1673–1751)\nRichard Hale (1670–1728)\nThomas Hewett (1656–1726)\nGeorge Savile (1678–1743)\nConrad Joachim Sprengwell (d. 1740)\nWilliam Western (?1694–1729)\nJohn Thomas Woolhouse (c. 1650–1734)","title":"Fellows"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/","external_links_name":"Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmIblj8F2r_GdG9aaFZRMjNrYUZXVHkzeXRzdmhFTmc&usp=sharing","external_links_name":"Fellowship from 1660 onwards"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky_halogenation | Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation | ["1 Mechanism","2 See also","3 References"] | Chemical reaction
Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation
Named after
Carl Magnus von Hell Jacob Volhard Nikolay Zelinsky
Reaction type
Substitution reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal
hell-volhard-zelinsky-reaction
The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction is a chemical transformation that involves the halogenation of a carboxylic acid at the α carbon. For this reaction to occur the α carbon must bear at least one proton. The reaction is named after the German chemists Carl Magnus von Hell (1849–1926) and Jacob Volhard (1834–1910) and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953).
An example of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction can be seen in the preparation of alanine from propionic acid. In the first step, a combination of bromine and phosphorus tribromide (catalyst) is used in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction to prepare 2-bromopropanoic acid, which in the second step is converted to a racemic mixture of the amino acid product by ammonolysis.
Mechanism
The reaction is initiated by addition of a catalytic amount of PBr3, after which one molar equivalent of Br2 is added.
PBr3 replaces the carboxylic OH with a bromide, resulting in a carboxylic acid bromide. The acyl bromide tautomerizes to an enol, which reacts with the Br2 to brominate at the α position.
In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the α-bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the α-bromo carboxylic acid in an example of a nucleophilic acyl substitution. If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted.
If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the α-bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the α-bromo carboxylic acid and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.
The mechanism for the exchange between an alkanoyl bromide and a carboxylic acid is below.
The α-bromoalkanoyl bromide has a strongly electrophilic carbonyl carbon because of the electron-withdrawing effects of the two bromides.
By quenching the reaction with an alcohol, instead of water, the α-bromo ester can be obtained.
See also
Reformatsky reaction
References
^ von Hell, Carl Magnus (1881). "Ueber eine neue Bromirungsmethode organischer Säuren" . Berichte (in German). 14: 891–893. doi:10.1002/cber.188101401187.
^ Volhard, Jacob (1887). "Ueber Darstellung α-bromirter Säuren" . Annalen der Chemie (in German). 242 (1–2): 141–163. doi:10.1002/jlac.18872420107.
^ Zelinsky, Nikolay (1887). "Ueber eine bequeme Darstellungsweise von α-Brompropionsäureester" . Berichte (in German). 20: 2026. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001452.
^ Allen, C. Freeman; Kalm, Max J. (1958). "2-Methylenedodecanoic Acid". Organic Syntheses. 38: 47. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.038.0047; Collected Volumes, vol. 4, p. 616.
^ Marvel, C. S.; du Vigneaud, V. (1931). "α-Bromoisovaleric acid". Organic Syntheses. 11: 20. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0020; Collected Volumes, vol. 2, p. 93.
^ Tobie, Walter C.; Ayres, Gilbert B. (1937). "Synthesis of d,l-Alanine in Improved Yield from α-Bromopropionic Acid and Aqueous Ammonia". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 59 (5): 950. doi:10.1021/ja01284a510.
^ Tobie, Walter C.; Ayres, Gilbert B. (1941). "dl-Alanine". Organic Syntheses. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.009.0004; Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 21. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"Carl Magnus von Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Magnus_von_Hell"},{"link_name":"Jacob Volhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Volhard"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Zelinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Zelinsky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVZReaction.png"},{"link_name":"alanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine"},{"link_name":"propionic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionic_acid"},{"link_name":"bromine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"link_name":"phosphorus tribromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_tribromide"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"2-bromopropanoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-bromopropanoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"racemic mixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic_mixture"},{"link_name":"ammonolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvolysis#ammonolysis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TobieAyresJACS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preparation_of_alanine_from_propionic_acid.png"}],"text":"The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction is a chemical transformation that involves the halogenation of a carboxylic acid at the α carbon. For this reaction to occur the α carbon must bear at least one proton. The reaction is named after the German chemists Carl Magnus von Hell (1849–1926) and Jacob Volhard (1834–1910) and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953).[1][2][3][4]An example of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction can be seen in the preparation of alanine from propionic acid. In the first step, a combination of bromine and phosphorus tribromide (catalyst) is used in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction to prepare 2-bromopropanoic acid,[5] which in the second step is converted to a racemic mixture of the amino acid product by ammonolysis.[6][7]","title":"Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBr3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_tribromide"},{"link_name":"Br2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVZhalogenation.png"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"acyl bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_halide"},{"link_name":"tautomerizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomer"},{"link_name":"enol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enol"},{"link_name":"α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_carbon"},{"link_name":"acidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"aqueous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic acyl substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_acyl_substitution"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"reaction kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HVZ_Partial_Reaction_Mechanism.png"}],"text":"The reaction is initiated by addition of a catalytic amount of PBr3, after which one molar equivalent of Br2 is added.PBr3 replaces the carboxylic OH with a bromide, resulting in a carboxylic acid bromide. The acyl bromide tautomerizes to an enol, which reacts with the Br2 to brominate at the α position.In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the α-bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the α-bromo carboxylic acid in an example of a nucleophilic acyl substitution. If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted.If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the α-bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the α-bromo carboxylic acid and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.The mechanism for the exchange between an alkanoyl bromide and a carboxylic acid is below.\nThe α-bromoalkanoyl bromide has a strongly electrophilic carbonyl carbon because of the electron-withdrawing effects of the two bromides.By quenching the reaction with an alcohol, instead of water, the α-bromo ester can be obtained.","title":"Mechanism"}] | [] | [{"title":"Reformatsky reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction"}] | [{"reference":"von Hell, Carl Magnus (1881). \"Ueber eine neue Bromirungsmethode organischer Säuren\" [About a new bromination method for organic acids]. 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Berichte (in German). 20: 2026. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Zelinsky","url_text":"Zelinsky, Nikolay"},{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k907102/f1212.table","url_text":"\"Ueber eine bequeme Darstellungsweise von α-Brompropionsäureester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berichte","url_text":"Berichte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.188702001452","url_text":"10.1002/cber.188702001452"}]},{"reference":"Allen, C. Freeman; Kalm, Max J. (1958). \"2-Methylenedodecanoic Acid\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_England_of_Elizabeth | The England of Elizabeth | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The England of Elizabeth is a 1957 documentary about the Elizabethan age, directed by John Taylor for British Transport Films. It is particularly noted for its score composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams. The soundtrack script (by Gloucestershire novelist John Moore) is read by veteran Shakespearean actor Alec Clunes.
Vaughan Williams' score was the basis for the concert work Three Portraits from the England of Elizabeth.
References
^ The England of Elizabeth at BFI Screenonline
^ Mark Doran, "London, Barbican: Vaughan Williams Rarities" in Tempo No.58, 70-73
External links
The England of Elizabeth at IMDb
This article related to a British film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a historical documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_age"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(documentary_filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"British Transport Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Films"},{"link_name":"Ralph Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"John Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_(British_author)"},{"link_name":"Alec Clunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Clunes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Three Portraits from the England of Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Portraits_from_the_England_of_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The England of Elizabeth is a 1957 documentary about the Elizabethan age, directed by John Taylor for British Transport Films. It is particularly noted for its score composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams. The soundtrack script (by Gloucestershire novelist John Moore) is read by veteran Shakespearean actor Alec Clunes.[1]Vaughan Williams' score was the basis for the concert work Three Portraits from the England of Elizabeth.[2]","title":"The England of Elizabeth"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/705751/index.html","external_links_name":"The England of Elizabeth"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050357/","external_links_name":"The England of Elizabeth"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_England_of_Elizabeth&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_England_of_Elizabeth&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Usk_(1903) | HMS Usk (1903) | ["1 Construction","2 Pre-war","3 First World War","4 Disposition","5 Pennant numbers","6 References","7 Bibliography"] | Destroyer of the Royal Navy
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Usk.
HMS Usk
History
United Kingdom
NameUsk
Ordered1901 – 1902 Naval Estimates
BuilderYarrows, Poplar
Laid down30 July 1902
Launched25 July 1903
CommissionedMarch 1904
Out of service1919 laid up in reserve awaiting disposal
Honours andawardsDardanelles 1915 - 1916
Fate29 July 1920 sold to Thos. W. Ward of Sheffield for breaking at Morecombe, Lancashire
General characteristics
Class and typeYarrow Type River Class destroyer
Displacement
590 long tons (599 t) standard
660 long tons (671 t) full load
231 ft 4 in (70.51 m) o/a
23 ft 6 in (7.16 m) Beam
7 ft 2.5 in (2.197 m) Draught
Propulsion
4 × Yarrow type water tube boiler
2 × Vertical triple expansion (VTE) steam engines driving two shafts producing 7,000 shp (5,200 kW) (average)
Speed25.5 kn (47.2 km/h)
Range
130 tons coal
1,620 nmi (3,000 km) at 11 kn (20 km/h)
Complement70 officers and men
Armament
1 × QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mark I, mounting P Mark I
3 × QF 12-pounder 8 cwt, mounting G Mark I (Added in 1906)
5 × QF 6-pounder 8 cwt (removed in 1906)
2 × single tubes for 18-inch (450mm) torpedoes
Service record
Part of:
East Coast Destroyer Flotilla - 1905
China Station - 1910
Assigned E Class - Aug 1912 - Oct 1913
5th Destroyer Flotilla - December 1914
Operations:
World War I 1914 - 1918
HMS Usk was a Yarrow type River Class destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1901 – 1902 Naval Estimates. Named after the River Usk in Wales flowing through Newport, she was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy.
Construction
She was laid down on 30 July 1902, at the Yarrow shipyard at Poplar, and launched on 25 July 1903. She was completed in March 1904. Her original armament was to be the same as the Turleback torpedo boat destroyers that preceded her. In 1906, the Admiralty decided to upgrade the armament by landing the five six-pounder naval guns and shipping three 12-pounder eight hundredweight (cwt) guns. Two would be mounted abeam at the foc'sle break and the third gun would be mounted on the quarterdeck.
Pre-war
After commissioning, she was assigned to the East Coast Destroyer Flotilla of the 1st Fleet and based at Harwich.
On 27 April 1908, the Eastern Flotilla departed Harwich for live fire and night manoeuvres. During these exercises the cruiser Attentive rammed and sank the destroyer Gala then damaged Ribble.
In 1909-1910 she was assigned to China Station.
On 30 August 1912, the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by alpha characters starting with the letter A. The ships of the River Class were assigned to the E Class. After 30 September 1913, she was known as an E Class destroyer and had the letter E painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel.
First World War
In July 1914, she was on China Station based at Hong Kong tendered to HMS Triumph. She deployed with China Squadron to Tsingtao to blockade the German base. After the Japanese declaration of war, she remained off Tsingtao until the fall of Tsingtao in November 1914.
With the fall of Tsingtao and the sinking of the SMS Emden, she was redeployed to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1914, accompanying HMS Triumph, to support the Dardanelles campaign.
On 25 April 1915, under the command of Lieutenant Commander W. G. C. Maxwell, she supported the landings at ANZAC Cove.
On 22 May 1915, she escorted HMS Canopus from Malta to Mudros.
10 February 1916, found her on the Smyrna Patrol, enforcing the blockade of the Turkish coast from Cape Kaba to latitude 38° 30′ E, 200 nautical miles including Smyrna. At this time she was based at Port Iero on the Island of Mytelene.
On 17 and 18 February 1916, she was involved in operations at Khios. She remained in the Mediterranean until the end of the war.
Disposition
In 1919 she returned to home waters, was paid off and laid up in reserve, awaiting disposal. On 29 July 1920, she was sold to Thos. W. Ward of Sheffield for breaking at Morecambe, Lancashire.
She was awarded the Battle Honour Dardanelles 1915 - 1916 for her service.
Pennant numbers
It is not known if she was assigned a pennant number as no record has been found.
References
^ Jane, Fred T. (1969) . Jane’s Fighting Ships 1905/6. New York: first published by Sampson Low Marston, London 1905, Reprinted ARCO Publishing Company. p. 75.
^ Jane, Fred T. (1990). Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I. Jane’s Publishing © 1919. p. 76. ISBN 1 85170 378 0.
^ Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1906 to 1922. Conway Maritime Press. 2006 . p. Page 17 to 19. ISBN 0 85177 245 5.
^ ""Arrowsmith" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through "River" Class". Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ ""Arrowsmith" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through "River" Class". Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Bibliography
Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Dittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J. J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.
Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
Manning, T. D. (1961). The British Destroyer. London: Putnam & Co. OCLC 6470051.
March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
vteRiver-class (E-class) destroyersDerwent class
Derwent
Eden
Waveney
Boyne
Doon
Kale
Erne class
Erne
Ettrick
Exe
Cherwell
Dee
Rother
Swale
Ure
Wear
Ribble class
Ribble
Teviot
Usk
Welland
Gala
Garry
Foyle class
Foyle
Itchen
Arun
Blackwater
Liffey
Moy
Ouse
Kennet class
Kennet
Jed
Chelmer
Colne
Ness
Nith
Stour class
Stour
Test
Preceded by: D class
Followed by:Tribal class
List of destroyers of the Royal Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Usk"},{"link_name":"Yarrow type River Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"River Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Usk"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Usk.HMS Usk was a Yarrow type River Class destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1901 – 1902 Naval Estimates. Named after the River Usk in Wales flowing through Newport, she was the first ship to carry this name in the Royal Navy.","title":"HMS Usk (1903)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yarrow shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders"},{"link_name":"Poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar,_London"}],"text":"She was laid down on 30 July 1902, at the Yarrow shipyard at Poplar, and launched on 25 July 1903. She was completed in March 1904. Her original armament was to be the same as the Turleback torpedo boat destroyers that preceded her. In 1906, the Admiralty decided to upgrade the armament by landing the five six-pounder naval guns and shipping three 12-pounder eight hundredweight (cwt) guns. Two would be mounted abeam at the foc'sle break and the third gun would be mounted on the quarterdeck.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich"},{"link_name":"Attentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Attentive_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gala"},{"link_name":"Ribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ribble_(1904)"},{"link_name":"China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After commissioning, she was assigned to the East Coast Destroyer Flotilla of the 1st Fleet and based at Harwich.On 27 April 1908, the Eastern Flotilla departed Harwich for live fire and night manoeuvres. During these exercises the cruiser Attentive rammed and sank the destroyer Gala then damaged Ribble.In 1909-1910 she was assigned to China Station.On 30 August 1912, the Admiralty directed all destroyer classes were to be designated by alpha characters starting with the letter A. The ships of the River Class were assigned to the E Class. After 30 September 1913, she was known as an E Class destroyer and had the letter E painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel.[3]","title":"Pre-war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)"},{"link_name":"SMS Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Emden_(1908)"},{"link_name":"5th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"HMS Canopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Canopus_(1897)"}],"text":"In July 1914, she was on China Station based at Hong Kong tendered to HMS Triumph. She deployed with China Squadron to Tsingtao to blockade the German base. After the Japanese declaration of war, she remained off Tsingtao until the fall of Tsingtao in November 1914.With the fall of Tsingtao and the sinking of the SMS Emden, she was redeployed to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1914, accompanying HMS Triumph, to support the Dardanelles campaign.On 25 April 1915, under the command of Lieutenant Commander W. G. C. Maxwell, she supported the landings at ANZAC Cove.On 22 May 1915, she escorted HMS Canopus from Malta to Mudros.10 February 1916, found her on the Smyrna Patrol, enforcing the blockade of the Turkish coast from Cape Kaba to latitude 38° 30′ E, 200 nautical miles including Smyrna. At this time she was based at Port Iero on the Island of Mytelene.On 17 and 18 February 1916, she was involved in operations at Khios. She remained in the Mediterranean until the end of the war.","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thos. W. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thos._W._Ward"},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1919 she returned to home waters, was paid off and laid up in reserve, awaiting disposal. On 29 July 1920, she was sold to Thos. W. Ward of Sheffield for breaking at Morecambe, Lancashire.[4]She was awarded the Battle Honour Dardanelles 1915 - 1916 for her service.","title":"Disposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It is not known if she was assigned a pennant number as no record has been found.[5]","title":"Pennant numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-133-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5"},{"link_name":"Colledge, J. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"},{"link_name":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86176-281-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-0380-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0380-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-049-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-049-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-245-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6470051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6470051"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"164893555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/164893555"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:River_class_destroyer_(1903)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:River_class_destroyer_(1903)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_class_destroyer_(1903)"},{"link_name":"River-class (E-class) destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Derwent_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Eden_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Waveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Waveney_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Boyne_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Doon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Doon_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Kale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kale_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Erne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erne_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Ettrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ettrick_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Exe_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dee_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Rother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rother_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Swale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Swale_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Ure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ure"},{"link_name":"Wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wear_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Ribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ribble_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Teviot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Teviot_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Usk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Welland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Welland"},{"link_name":"Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gala"},{"link_name":"Garry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Garry"},{"link_name":"Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Foyle"},{"link_name":"Itchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Itchen_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Arun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Arun_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Blackwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Blackwater_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Liffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liffey"},{"link_name":"Moy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Moy_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Ouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ouse"},{"link_name":"Kennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kennet"},{"link_name":"Jed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jed_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Chelmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Chelmer_(1904)"},{"link_name":"Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Colne"},{"link_name":"Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ness_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Nith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nith_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Stour class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stour-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Stour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Stour"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Test_(1905)"},{"link_name":"D class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-class_destroyer_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Tribal class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal-class_destroyer_(1905)"},{"link_name":"List of destroyers of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyer_classes_of_the_Royal_Navy"}],"text":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.\nColledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.\nDittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J. J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.\nFriedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.\nGardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.\nManning, T. D. (1961). The British Destroyer. London: Putnam & Co. OCLC 6470051.\nMarch, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.vteRiver-class (E-class) destroyersDerwent class\nDerwent\nEden\nWaveney\nBoyne\nDoon\nKale\nErne class\nErne\nEttrick\nExe\nCherwell\nDee\nRother\nSwale\nUre\nWear\nRibble class\nRibble\nTeviot\nUsk\nWelland\nGala\nGarry\nFoyle class\nFoyle\nItchen\nArun\nBlackwater\nLiffey\nMoy\nOuse\nKennet class\nKennet\nJed\nChelmer\nColne\nNess\nNith\nStour class\nStour\nTest\n\nPreceded by: D class\nFollowed by:Tribal class\n\nList of destroyers of the Royal Navy","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jane, Fred T. (1969) [1905]. Jane’s Fighting Ships 1905/6. New York: first published by Sampson Low Marston, London 1905, Reprinted ARCO Publishing Company. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jane, Fred T. (1990). Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I. Jane’s Publishing © 1919. p. 76. ISBN 1 85170 378 0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1_85170_378_0","url_text":"1 85170 378 0"}]},{"reference":"Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1906 to 1922. Conway Maritime Press. 2006 [1985]. p. Page 17 to 19. ISBN 0 85177 245 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_85177_245_5","url_text":"0 85177 245 5"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\". Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0420000.htm","url_text":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\". Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0420000.htm","url_text":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\""}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5","url_text":"0-85177-133-5"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Dittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J. J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0380-7","url_text":"0-7110-0380-7"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-049-9","url_text":"978-1-84832-049-9"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Manning, T. D. (1961). The British Destroyer. London: Putnam & Co. OCLC 6470051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6470051","url_text":"6470051"}]},{"reference":"March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164893555","url_text":"164893555"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0420000.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\""},{"Link":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0420000.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List – Part 1 Destroyer Prototypes through \"River\" Class\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6470051","external_links_name":"6470051"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164893555","external_links_name":"164893555"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoo_Abe | Abe Isoo | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Father of Baseball in Japan","4 See also","5 References"] | Japanese politician
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Abe IsooMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office1928–1930ConstituencyTokyo 2nd districtIn office1932–1940ConstituencyTokyo 2nd district
Personal detailsBorn(1865-02-04)4 February 1865Fukuoka, JapanDied10 February 1949(1949-02-10) (aged 84)Tokyo, JapanPolitical partyShakai Minshutō→Shakai Minshūtō→Shakai Taishūtō→Kinrō Kokumintō (banned)→Independent→Japanese Socialist PartyResidenceTokyoAlma materDoshisha UniversityUniversity of BerlinHartford Theological SeminaryOccupationpreacher
In this Japanese name, the surname is Abe.
Abe Isoo (安部 磯雄, 4 February 1865 – 10 February 1949) was a Japanese Christian socialist, parliamentarian and pacifist. He largely contributed to development of baseball in Japan, and was called "Father of Japanese baseball." He created a baseball club of Waseda University.
Early life and education
Abe was born in Fukuoka on 4 February 1865. He entered at Doshisha University in 1879, and got baptized by Joseph Hardy Neesima at February 2, 1882. In 1898, he created the first Consumers' co-operative of university in Japan at Doshisha. After he graduated from Doshissha, he studied abroad, including at the University of Berlin, before attending Hartford Theological Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut. It was while he was studying in Hartford that he became interested in socialism.
Career
After returning to Japan, in 1899, Abe became a Unitarian preacher. He taught at the Waseda University starting in 1901, called Tokyo Semmon Gakko, at the time. He later became a faculty of political science and economics and taught there for 25 years. He occupied some important positions in the university like a dean of first School of Political Science and Economics and University Vice President. In 1901 he helped to found the short-lived Japanese Social-Democratic party, which the government swiftly prohibited.
During the Russo-Japanese War, he advocated non-cooperation and participated in various early feminist movements. When the anti-war newspaper Heimin Shimbun (People's Weekly News) was banned, he started his own magazine, Shinkigen (A New Era). He used this as a soapbox to promote parliamentary socialism. In 1906, he played an instrumental role in founding the first Japanese Socialist Party, from which he advocated a Christian Socialist viewpoint. However, the government outlawed this party too in 1907. He dropped out of public life until after World War I, when he became active again. He founded the Japanese Fabian Society, in 1921, and in 1924, he became their first President. He resigned his teaching post to become the secretary-general of the Social Democratic Party. In 1928, he was elected to the Japanese Diet, where he held a seat for five consecutive elections. In 1932, he became a chairman of Shakai Taishuto (Social Mass Party). He withdrew from politics in 1940 due to the increasingly militaristic nature of the government of the time.
Father of Baseball in Japan
Abe contributed to the development and spread of baseball in Japan because he believed that personality was built with sports like knowledge was built with learning. Becoming the first manager of Waseda Baseball Club in 1901, he started the Waseda–Keio rivalry. In 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, he took the team to the United States and brought many techniques back to Japan, spreading them with his books. He also established the Japan Amateur Sports Association (later, Japan Sport Association) together with Jigoro Kano. He later helped with organizing the first Japanese Olympic team competing at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. In 1930, Abe became the first chairman of the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. After World War II, he also became the first chairman of Japan Student Baseball Association .
He is called the 'Father of Baseball in Japan' or the 'Father of Student Baseball' in Japan because of such contributions. Totsuka Ground, the main stadium of Waseda's baseball team changed its name to Abe Ground in 1949, following Abe's death. When the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame was opened in 1959, he was inducted into the hall.
See also
Shinkigen
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abe Isoo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
^ a b c d Castronova, Frank V., ed. (1998). Almanac of Famous People. Vol. I Biographies. Detroit, MI: Gale Research. p. 4.
^ a b There is uncertainty surrounding his birth date as some sources state that his day of birth is 1 March 1865.
^ a b c d e "Abe, Isoo". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures. National Diet Library. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ a b Louis Frédéric; Käthe Roth (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
^ "Abe Isoo | Japanese socialist leader".
^ a b Takahashi, Akira (4 December 2015). "Abe Isoo and the Waseda Baseball Club". Waseda University. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
^ "Abe Isoo". Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
^ Gavin, Masako (2012). "Abe Isoo and Baseball—New Social Relations beyond the Family-State Institution". Rethinking Japanese Modernism. pp. 452–470. doi:10.1163/9789004211308_024. ISBN 9789004211308. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ "安部球場 日本野球史のホームグラウンド". Waseda University (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
vteMembers of the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame1950s inductees
Matsutarō Shōriki (1959)
Hiroshi Hiraoka (1959)
Yukio Aoi (1959)
Shin Hashido (1959)
Kiyoshi Oshikawa (1959)
Jiro Kuji (1959)
Eiji Sawamura (1959)
Iso Abe (1959)
1960s inductees
Victor Starffin (1960)
Yutaka Ikeda (1962)
Haruyasu Nakajima (1963)
Tadashi Wakabayashi (1964)
Masaru Kageura (1965)
Tetsuharu Kawakami (1965)
Tsunetaro Moriyama (1966)
Kazuto Tsuruoka (1969)
1970s inductees
Shunichi Amachi (1970)
Nobuaki Nidegawa (1970)
Shuichi Ishimoto (1972)
Sadayoshi Fujimoto (1974)
Fumio Fujimura (1974)
Hideo Fujimoto (1976)
Shigeru Mizuhara (1977)
Michio Nishizawa (1977)
Kenjiro Matsuki (1978)
Shinji Hamazaki (1978)
Takehiko Bessho (1979)
1980s inductees
Hiroshi Ohshita (1980)
Makoto Kozuru (1980)
Shigeru Chiba (1980)
Tokuji Iida (1981)
Yoshiyuki Iwamoto (1981)
Osamu Mihara (1983)
Shinji Kirihara (1984)
Shigeru Sugishita (1985)
Katsumi Shiraishi (1985)
Atsushi Aramaki (1985)
Shigeo Nagashima (1988)
Kaoru Bettou (1988)
Masaichi Nagata (1988)
Saburo Yokozawa (1988)
Yukio Nishimoto (1988)
Masaichi Kaneda (1988)
Hidenosuke Shima (1989)
Katsuya Nomura (1989)
Jiro Noguchi (1989)
1990s inductees
Juzo Sanada (1990)
Isao Harimoto (1990)
Shigeru Makino (1991)
Osamu Tsutsui (1991)
Kichiro Shimaoka (1991)
Tatsuro Hirooka (1992)
Michinori Tsubouchi (1992)
Masao Yoshida (1992)
Yoshio Yoshida (1992)
Kazuhisa Inao (1993)
Minoru Murayama (1993)
Sadaharu Oh (1994)
Wally Yonamine (1994)
Shosei Go (1995)
Tadashi Sugiura (1995)
Tokichiro Ishii (1995)
Motoshi Fujita (1996)
Sachio Kinugasa (1996)
Katsuo Osugi (1997)
Futoshi Nakanishi (1999)
Yoshinori Hirose (1999)
Takeshi Koba (1999)
Sadao Kondo (1999)
2000s inductees
Tetsuya Yoneda (2000)
Rikuo Nemoto (2001)
Masaaki Koyama (2001)
Kazuhiro Yamauchi (2002)
Keishi Suzuki (2002)
Yutaka Fukumoto (2002)
Kenjiro Tamiya (2002)
Lefty O'Doul (2002)
Masaoka Shiki (2002)
Toshiharu Ueda (2003)
Junzo Sekine (2003)
Horace Wilson (2003)
Sakae Suzuka (2003)
Akira Ogi (2004)
Noboru Akiyama (2004)
Choji Murata (2005)
Masaaki Mori (2005)
Masayori Shimura (2005)
Hiromitsu Kadota (2006)
Morimichi Takagi (2006)
Hisashi Yamada (2006)
Yasumitsu Toyoda (2006)
Hiromori Kawashima (2006)
Takao Kajimoto (2007)
Reiichi Matsunaga (2007)
Koji Yamamoto (2008)
Tsuneo Horiuchi (2008)
Tsutomu Wakamatsu (2009)
Seiichi Shima (2008)
2010s inductees
Osamu Higashio (2010)
Hiromitsu Ochiai (2011)
Mutsuo Minagawa (2011)
Manabu Kitabeppu (2012)
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Kazuo Sayama (2021)
Katsuji Kawashima (2021)
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Yūji Koseki (2023)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alm-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-3"},{"link_name":"Christian socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialist"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"baseball in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Abe.Abe Isoo (安部 磯雄, 4 February 1865 – 10 February 1949)[1][2][3] was a Japanese Christian socialist, parliamentarian and pacifist. He largely contributed to development of baseball in Japan, and was called \"Father of Japanese baseball.\" He created a baseball club of Waseda University.[4]","title":"Abe Isoo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alm-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR2002-5"},{"link_name":"Doshisha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doshisha_University"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hardy Neesima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hardy_Neesima"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Consumers' co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hartford Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"}],"text":"Abe was born in Fukuoka on 4 February 1865.[2][5] He entered at Doshisha University in 1879, and got baptized by Joseph Hardy Neesima at February 2, 1882.[4] In 1898, he created the first Consumers' co-operative of university in Japan at Doshisha. After he graduated from Doshissha, he studied abroad, including at the University of Berlin, before attending Hartford Theological Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut.[6] It was while he was studying in Hartford that he became interested in socialism.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"Heimin Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimin_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Shinkigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkigen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Christian Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Socialist"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan,_1926)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Japanese Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"Shakai Taishuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakai_Taishuto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FR2002-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"}],"text":"After returning to Japan, in 1899,[1] Abe became a Unitarian preacher. He taught at the Waseda University starting in 1901, called Tokyo Semmon Gakko, at the time.[1] He later became a faculty of political science and economics and taught there for 25 years.[1][7] He occupied some important positions in the university like a dean of first School of Political Science and Economics and University Vice President. In 1901 he helped to found the short-lived Japanese Social-Democratic party, which the government swiftly prohibited.[4]During the Russo-Japanese War, he advocated non-cooperation and participated in various early feminist movements. When the anti-war newspaper Heimin Shimbun (People's Weekly News) was banned, he started his own magazine, Shinkigen (A New Era).[8] He used this as a soapbox to promote parliamentary socialism.[1] In 1906, he played an instrumental role in founding the first Japanese Socialist Party, from which he advocated a Christian Socialist viewpoint. However, the government outlawed this party too in 1907. He dropped out of public life until after World War I, when he became active again.[1] He founded the Japanese Fabian Society, in 1921,[1] and in 1924, he became their first President. He resigned his teaching post to become the secretary-general of the Social Democratic Party.[1][4] In 1928, he was elected to the Japanese Diet, where he held a seat for five consecutive elections.[1] In 1932, he became a chairman of Shakai Taishuto (Social Mass Party).[1][5] He withdrew from politics in 1940 due to the increasingly militaristic nature of the government of the time.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alm-2"},{"link_name":"Waseda–Keio rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda%E2%80%93Keio_rivalry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Jigoro Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigoro_Kano"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRILL-9"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Big6 Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Big6_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Japan Student Baseball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E9%87%8E%E7%90%83%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Abe contributed to the development and spread of baseball in Japan because he believed that personality was built with sports like knowledge was built with learning.[1][2] Becoming the first manager of Waseda Baseball Club in 1901, he started the Waseda–Keio rivalry.[7] In 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, he took the team to the United States and brought many techniques back to Japan, spreading them with his books. He also established the Japan Amateur Sports Association (later, Japan Sport Association) together with Jigoro Kano.[4] He later helped with organizing the first Japanese Olympic team competing at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.[9] In 1930, Abe became the first chairman of the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. After World War II, he also became the first chairman of Japan Student Baseball Association [jp].He is called the 'Father of Baseball in Japan' or the 'Father of Student Baseball' in Japan because of such contributions. Totsuka Ground, the main stadium of Waseda's baseball team changed its name to Abe Ground in 1949, following Abe's death.[10] When the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame was opened in 1959, he was inducted into the hall.","title":"Father of Baseball in Japan"}] | [] | [{"title":"Shinkigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkigen"}] | [{"reference":"Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). \"Abe Isoo\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/23","url_text":"\"Abe Isoo\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/23","url_text":"23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8","url_text":"978-1-59339-837-8"}]},{"reference":"Castronova, Frank V., ed. (1998). Almanac of Famous People. Vol. I Biographies. Detroit, MI: Gale Research. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Abe, Isoo\". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures. National Diet Library. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itene_language | Itene language | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Chapacuran language of Bolivia
Not to be confused with Moré language or Mure language.
IteneMoréNative toBoliviaRegionBeni DepartmentNative speakers45 (2012–2020)Language familyChapacuran
Moré languagesIteneDialects
Itoreauhip
Official statusOfficial language in BoliviaLanguage codesISO 639-3iteGlottologiten1243ELPItene
Itene (Moré) is a Chapacuran language of Bolivia.
See also
Wariʼ language, the only vibrant language in the same language family, spoken in Rondônia, Brazil
Coordinadora de las Naciones Indígenas del Mamoré Occidental
References
^ Itene at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
vteChapacuran languages
Chapacura
Quitemo
Torá
Cumana
Itene
Urupa
Wanham
Oro Win
Wariʼ
Napeca ?
Rocorona ?
Italics indicate extinct languages
vteLanguages of BoliviaNational language
Spanish
IndigenouslanguagesArawakan
Baure
Iñapari
Moxo
Pauna
Yine
Pano–Tacanan
Araona
Cavineño
Chácobo
Ese Ejja
Reyesano
Tacana
Toromona
Yaminawa
Quechua
Cusco–Collao Quechua
North Bolivian Quechua
South Bolivian Quechua
Tupian
Guaraní
Eastern Bolivian
Guarayu
Sirionó
Yuki
Other
Aymara
Ayoreo
Chiquitano
Canichana
Cayubaba
Chimán
Chipaya
Itonama
Leco
Kallawaya
Moré
Movima
Puquina
Tonalla
Warázu
Weenhayek
Yuracaré
Sign languages
Bolivian Sign Language
Italics indicate extinct languages still recognized by the Bolivian constitution.
vteJesuit Missions of MoxosMissions
Loreto
Trinidad
San Ignacio
San Javier
San Borja
Santos Reyes
Exaltación
San Joaquín
Santa Ana
Santa Magdalena
Peoples
Mojo
Baure
Canichana
Movima
Cayuvava
Itonama
Tsimané
Languages
Moxo
Baure
Canichana
Movima
Cayubaba
Itonama
Tsimané
Reyesano
Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
Chapacuran
Itene
Chapacura
Napeca
Rocorona
Quitemo
Geography
Beni savanna
Beni Department
This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moré language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Mure language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure_language"},{"link_name":"Chapacuran language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacuran_language"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Moré language or Mure language.Itene (Moré) is a Chapacuran language of Bolivia.","title":"Itene language"}] | [] | [{"title":"Wariʼ language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language"},{"title":"Rondônia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondonia"},{"title":"Coordinadora de las Naciones Indígenas del Mamoré Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CONIMOC&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iten1243","external_links_name":"iten1243"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2911","external_links_name":"Itene"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ite","external_links_name":"Itene"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itene_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs_in_culture | Pigs in culture | ["1 Celebration of meat","1.1 Classical times","1.2 Carnival","1.3 English tradition","1.4 German tradition","1.5 Italian tradition","2 Literature","2.1 For adults","2.2 For children","3 Art","4 Religion","5 Places","6 Idiom","7 Piggy bank","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Depictions of pigs in culture
Painting of Saint Anthony with a pig in background by Piero di Cosimo c. 1480
Pigs, widespread in societies around the world since neolithic times, have been used for many purposes in art, literature, and other expressions of human culture. In classical times, the Romans considered pork the finest of meats, enjoying sausages, and depicting them in their art. Across Europe, pigs have been celebrated in carnivals since the Middle Ages, becoming specially important in Medieval Germany in cities such as Nuremberg, and in Early Modern Italy in cities such as Bologna.
In literature, both for children and adults, pig characters appear in allegories, comic stories, and serious novels. In art, pigs have been represented in a wide range of media and styles from the earliest times in many cultures. Pig names are used in idioms and animal epithets, often derogatory, since pigs have long been linked with dirtiness and greed, while places such as Swindon are named for their association with swine. The eating of pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism, but pigs are sacred in some other religions.
Celebration of meat
Arch of Constantine, relief panel showing lustration of the troops of Marcus Aurelius, with a fat pig at lower right
Classical times
The scholar Michael MacKinnon writes that "Pork was generally considered the choicest of all the domestic meats consumed during Roman times, and it was ingested in a multitude of forms, from sausages to steaks, by rich and poor alike. No other animal had so many Latin names (e.g. sus, porcus, porco, aper) or was the ingredient in so many ancient recipes as outlined in the culinary manual of Apicius." Pigs have been found at almost every archaeological site in Roman Italy; they are described by Roman agricultural writers such as Cato and Varro, and in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. MacKinnon notes that ancient breeds of pig can be seen on monuments such as the Arch of Constantine, which portrays a lop-eared, fat-bellied, and smooth breed.
Carnival
Benton Jay Komins, a scholar of culture, notes that the pig has been celebrated throughout Europe since ancient times in its carnivals, the name coming from the Italian carne levare, the lifting of meat. Komins quotes the scholars Peter Stallybrass and Allon White on the pig's ambiguous role:
"In the fair and the carnival, we would expect to find a quite different orientation toward the pig: in 'carne-levare' the pig was celebrated; the pleasures of food were represented in the sausage and the rites of inversion were emblematized in the pig's bladder of the fool. ... Even in the carnival the pig was the locus of conflicting meanings. If the pig was duly celebrated, it could also become the symbolic analogy of scapegoated groups and demonized 'Others'".
English tradition
A Melton Mowbray pork pie
In England, pork pies were being made in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire by the 1780s, according to the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association (founded in 1998). The pies were originally baked in a clay pot with a pastry cover, developing to their modern form of a pastry case. Local tradition states that farm hands carried these while at work; aristocratic fox hunters of the Quorn, Cottesmore and Belvoir hunts supposedly saw this and acquired a taste for the pies. A slightly later date of origin is given by the claim that pie manufacture in the town began around 1831 when a local baker and confectioner, Edward Adcock, started to make pies as a sideline. Melton Mowbray pork pies were granted PGI status in 2008.
German tradition
German cities such as Nuremberg have made pork sausages since at least 1315 AD, when the Würstlein (sausage controller) office was introduced. Some 1500 types of sausage are produced in the country. The Nuremberg bratwurst is required to be at most 90 millimetres (3.5 in) long and to weigh at most 25 grams (0.88 oz); it is flavoured with mace, pepper, and marjoram. In Early Modern times starting in 1614, Nuremberg's butchers paraded through the city each year carrying a 400 metres (440 yd) long sausage.
The Bratwurst Glöcklein ("Little-bell sausages"), Germany's most renowned inn of the time, founded in Nuremberg in the 14th century. The inn was destroyed in the Second World War. 1914 postcard.
A range of Bratwurst grilled sausages at the main market in Nuremberg
Italian tradition
The pig, and pork products such as mortadella, were economically important in Italian cities such as Bologna and Modena in the Early Modern period, and celebrated as such; they have remained so into modern times. In 2019, the Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna held an exhibition Pane e salame. Immagini gastronomiche bolognesi dalle raccolte dell'Archiginnasio ("Bread and salami. Bolognese gastronomic images from the Archiginnasio collection") on the gastronomic images in its collection.
La Vera Historia della Piacevolissima Festa Della Porchetta ("The True History of the Most Pleasant Feast of the Little Pig") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1599
Canzone Sopra La Porcellina ("Song Upon the Piglet") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1622
Dichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle ("Declaration of the Band of the Mortadellas"), Bologna, 1661
Gli Elogi del Porco ("The Praises of the Pig"), Modena, 1761
Hams, pigs' trotters, sausages, and mortadella in Bologna, 2019
Literature
Wikiquote has quotations related to Pigs.
For adults
The Story of the Learned Pig by an Officer of the Royal Navy, 1786
Pigs have appeared in literature with a variety of associations, ranging from the pleasures of eating, as in Charles Lamb's A Dissertation upon Roast Pig, to William Golding's Lord of the Flies (with the fat character "Piggy"), where the rotting boar's head on a stick represents Beelzebub, "lord of the flies" being the direct translation of the Hebrew בעל זבוב, and George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, where the central characters representing Soviet leaders are pigs. The pig, is used to comic effect in P. G. Wodehouse's stories set in Blandings Castle, where the eccentric Lord Emsworth keeps an extremely fat prize pig called the Empress of Blandings which is frequently stolen, kidnapped or otherwise threatened. Quite a different use is made of the pig in Lloyd Alexander's fantasy books The Chronicles of Prydain, where Hen Wen is a pig with foresight, used to see the future and locate mystical items such as The Black Cauldron.
One of the earliest literary references comes from Heraclitus, who speaks of the preference pigs have for mud over clean water in the Fragments. Pigs held significance for both ancient Pyrrhonic philosophers (for whom the pig was a symbol of akrasia) and ancient Epicurean philosophers (for whom it was a symbol of pleasure-seeking). Plato in the Republic discusses a "healthy state" of simplicity as "a city for pigs" (Greek: huōn polis). In Wu Cheng'en's 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, Zhu Bajie is part human, part pig. In books, poems and cartoons in 18th-century England, The Learned Pig was a trained animal who appeared to be able to answer questions. Thomas Hardy describes the killing of a pig in his 1895 novel Jude the Obscure.
For children
Pigling Bland setting out on his adventures
Pigs have featured in children's books since at least 1840, when Three Little Pigs appeared in print; the story has appeared in many different versions such as Disney's 1933 film and Roald Dahl's 1982 Revolting Rhymes. Even earlier is the popular 18th-century English nursery rhyme and fingerplay, "This Little Piggy", frequently in film and literature, such as the Warner Brothers cartoons A Tale of Two Kitties (1942) and A Hare Grows In Manhattan (1947) which use the rhyme to comic effect. Two of Beatrix Potter's "little books", The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913) and The Tale of Little Pig Robinson (1930), feature the adventures of pigs dressed as people.
Several animated cartoon series have included pigs as prominent characters. One of the earliest pigs in cartoon was the gluttonous "Piggy", who appeared in four Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies shorts between 1931 and 1937, most notably Pigs Is Pigs, and was followed by Porky Pig, with similar habits.
Piglet is Pooh's constant companion in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories and the Disney films based on them, while in Charlotte's Web, the central character Wilbur is a pig who formed a relationship with a spider named Charlotte. The 1995 film Babe humorously portrayed a pig who wanted to be a herding dog, based on the character in Dick King-Smith's 1983 novel The Sheep Pig. Among new takes on the classic Three Little Pigs is Corey Rosen Schwartz and Dan Santat's 2012 The Three Ninja Pigs.
Art
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pigs in art.
Pigs have appeared in art in media including pottery, sculpture, metalwork, engravings, oil paintings, watercolour, and stained glass, from neolithic times onwards. Some have functioned as amulets.
Neolithic pottery pig, Hemudu culture, Zhejiang, China
Two men sacrificing a pig to Demeter. red-figure pot, Ancient Greece
Sarcophagus with Calydonian Boar hunt. Athens, 2nd century
Boar-helmeted figure on the Gundestrup Cauldron. 3rd century
Gilt bronze pig, Gyeongju Temple, Bulguksa. Silla kingdom, Korea
Wild boar with boarhounds. Silver powder flask, Germany, 16th century
The Hog. Etching by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1643
The Slaughtered Pig by Barent Fabritius, 1656
Pig market in a Dutch town by Nicolaes Molenaer, 17th century
Pig at the feet of St Anthony the Hermit. Stained glass, Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Lhor, Moselle, France
Prince Hunting Wild Boar. Gouache and gold on paper. India, c. 1765
Folding screens of Inoshishi-zu by Mori Sosen. Edo period, Japan, 18th-19th century
Pornokratès by Félicien Rops. Watercolour, pastel, and gouache, 1878
Lợn âm dương – Vietnamese Đông Hồ painting (19th - 20th centuries)
Ritual pig mask, Sepik region, Papua New Guinea. Rattan, palm leaf sheaths, and cassowary feathers. Collected 1914
Amulet in shape of a pig. Pottery, Mexico
Religion
Varaha, the boar avatar of Vishnu, killing a demon. Gouache on paper, Chamba, c. 1740
Pig meat has come to be seen as unacceptable to some world religions. In Islam and Judaism the consumption of pork is forbidden. Many Hindus are lacto-vegetarian, avoiding all kinds of meat. In Buddhism, the pig symbolises delusion (Sanskrit: moha), one of the three poisons (Sanskrit: triviṣa). As with Hindus, many Buddhists are vegetarian, and some sutras of the Buddha state that meat should not be eaten; monks in the Mahayana traditions are forbidden to eat meat of any kind.
Pigs have in contrast been sacred in several religions, including the Druids of Ireland, whose priests were called "swine". One of the animals sacred to the Roman goddess Diana was the boar; she sent the Calydonian boar to destroy the land. In Hinduism, the boar-headed Varaha is venerated as an avatar of the god Vishnu. The sow was sacred to the Egyptian goddess Isis and used in sacrifice to Osiris.
Places
Swineford Lock is named for a ford where pigs used to cross the river Avon.
Many places are named for pigs. In England such placenames include Grizedale ("Pig valley", from Old Scandinavian griss, young pig, and dalr, valley), Swilland ("Pig land", from Old English swin and land), Swindon ("Pig hill"), and Swineford ("Pig ford"). In Scandinavia there are names such as Svinbergen ("Pig hill"), Svindal ("Pig valley"), Svingrund ("Pig ground"), Svinhagen ("Pig hedge"), Svinkärr ("Pig marsh"), Svinvik ("Pig bay"), Svinholm ("Pig islet"), Svinskär ("Pig skerry"), Svintorget ("Pig market"), and Svinö ("Pig island").
Idiom
Further information: Animal epithet
Several idioms related to pigs have entered the English language, often with negative connotations of dirt, greed, or the monopolisation of resources, as in "road hog" or "server hog". As the scholar Richard Horwitz puts it, people all over the world have made pigs stand for "extremes of human joy or fear, celebration, ridicule, and repulsion". Pig names are used as epithets for negative human attributes, especially greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness, and these ascribed attributes have often led to critical comparisons between pigs and humans.
"Pig" is used as a slang term for either a police officer or a male chauvinist, the latter term adopted originally by the women's liberation movement in the 1960s.
Piggy bank
A piggy bank
Piggy banks are ceramic containers to save money into. Piggy banks in the shape of pigs are found in the 12th century on Java, Indonesia and in the 13th century in Thuringia, Germany. The connection between saving, prosperity and pigs may in East Asia come from their round bellies and a connection with the earth spirits. In Germany, pigs were associated with fertility. In Ireland, raising and selling a pig allowed a family to pay their rent in cash.
See also
List of fictional pigs
Pigs in the City
References
^ a b c MacKinnon, Michael (2001). "High on the Hog: Linking Zooarchaeological, Literary, and Artistic Data for Pig Breeds in Roman Italy". American Journal of Archaeology. 105 (4): 649–673. doi:10.2307/507411. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 507411. S2CID 193116973.
^ a b c Komins, Benton Jay (2001). "Western Culture and the Ambiguous Legacies of the Pig". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 3 (4). doi:10.7771/1481-4374.1137. ISSN 1481-4374.
^ Stallybrass, Peter; White, Allon (1986). The Politics and Poetics of Transgression. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0416415803. Cited by Komins (2001)
^ "History of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie". Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^ Wilson, C. Anne (June 2003). Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century. Academy Chicago Publishers. p. 273. ISBN 978-0897333641.
^ Brownlow, J. E. (1963). "The Melton Mowbray Pork-Pie Industry". Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. 37: 36.
^ "Pork pie makers celebrate status". BBC News. 4 April 2008.
^ a b Newey, Adam (8 December 2014). "Nuremberg, Germany: celebrating the city's sausage". The Daily Telegraph.
^ "Eventi: Pane e salame" (in Italian). Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna. August 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
^ Virbila, S. Irene (7 August 1988). "Fare of the Country; Mortadella: Bologna's Bologna". The New York Times.
^ a b c Mullan, John (21 August 2010). "Ten of the best pigs in literature". The Guardian.
^ Bragg, Melvyn. "Topics - Pigs in literature". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Animal Farm ... Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ... The Mabinogion ... The Odyssey ... (In Our Time)
^ Sillar, Frederick Cameron (1961). The symbolic pig: An anthology of pigs in literature and art. Oliver & Boyd. OCLC 1068340205.
^ "Blandings". BBC. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
^ Jones, Mary (2003). "Hen Wen". Ancient Texts.
^ Heraclitus, Fragment 37
^ Warren, James (2002). Epicurus and Democritean Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133-134
^ Republic, 369ff
^ "Zhu Bajie, Zhu Wuneng". Nations Online. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ Buzwell, Greg (19 August 2016). "William Shakespeare and The Learned Pig". British Library.
^ Yallop, Jacqueline (15 July 2017). "Pig tales – the swine in books and art". The Guardian.
^ Robinson, Robert D. (March 1968). "The Three Little Pigs: From Six Directions". Elementary English. 45 (3): 356–359. JSTOR 41386323.
^ Herman, D. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0521673662.
^ CNN.com - TV Guide's 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time - July 30, 2002 Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gagnon, Laurence (1973). "Webs of Concern: The Little Prince and Charlotte's Web". Children's Literature. 2 (2): 61–66. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0419.
^ Chanko, Kenneth M. (18 August 1995). "This Pig Just Might Fly | Movies". Entertainment Weekly.
^ "Variations on Favorite Stories: The Three Little Pigs". ROD Library, University of Northern Iowa. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
^ "Pig". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
^ Qur'an 2:173, 5:3, 6:145, and 16:115.
^ Leviticus 11:3–8
^ Insel, Paul (2014). Nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-284-02116-5. OCLC 812791756.
^ Loy, David (2003). The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory. Simon and Schuster. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-86171-366-0.
^ Sutras on refraining from eating meat
^ "Buddhism & Vegetarianism". Soul Curry. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
^ Dalal, Roshen (2011). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. pp. 444–445. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
^ Bonwick, James (1894). "Sacred Pigs". Library Ireland.
^ a b Mills, A. D. (1993). A Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. pp. 150, 318. ISBN 0192831313.
^ "Finlands Svenska Ortnamn (FSO), entry "Svin-"" (in Swedish). Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
^ Horwitz, Richard P. (2002). Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 23. ISBN 0816641838.
^ "Fine Swine". The Daily Telegraph. 2 February 2001.
^ Tarrow, Sidney (2013). "5. Gender words". The language of contention: revolutions in words, 1688–2012. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1107036246.
^ "Geröntgt: Mittelalterliches Sparschwein ist leer". Welt. 30 October 2013.
^ "Twisted tale: the great piggy bank mystery". BBC. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
Further reading
Fabre-Vassas, Claudine (1997). The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians & the Pig. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231103662.
Harris, Marvin (1974). Cows, Pigs, Wars & Witches: The Riddles of Culture. Random House. ISBN 0394483383.
Horwitz, Richard P. (2002). Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816641838.
Lobban, R.A. Jr. (1994). "Pigs and Their Prohibition". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 26 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1017/S0020743800059766. S2CID 162325567.
External links
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Category: Pigs | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piero_di_Cosimo_025.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piero di Cosimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo"},{"link_name":"Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"sausages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"carnivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Medieval Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"animal epithets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_epithet"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"forbidden in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram"}],"text":"Depictions of pigs in culturePainting of Saint Anthony with a pig in background by Piero di Cosimo c. 1480Pigs, widespread in societies around the world since neolithic times, have been used for many purposes in art, literature, and other expressions of human culture. In classical times, the Romans considered pork the finest of meats, enjoying sausages, and depicting them in their art. Across Europe, pigs have been celebrated in carnivals since the Middle Ages, becoming specially important in Medieval Germany in cities such as Nuremberg, and in Early Modern Italy in cities such as Bologna.In literature, both for children and adults, pig characters appear in allegories, comic stories, and serious novels. In art, pigs have been represented in a wide range of media and styles from the earliest times in many cultures. Pig names are used in idioms and animal epithets, often derogatory, since pigs have long been linked with dirtiness and greed, while places such as Swindon are named for their association with swine. The eating of pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism, but pigs are sacred in some other religions.","title":"Pigs in culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_of_Constantine,_Lustration_of_the_troops.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arch of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"lustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustration"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKinnon_2001-1"}],"text":"Arch of Constantine, relief panel showing lustration of the troops of Marcus Aurelius, with a fat pig at lower right[1]","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"Roman times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"sausages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Apicius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKinnon_2001-1"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varro"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Arch of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacKinnon_2001-1"}],"sub_title":"Classical times","text":"The scholar Michael MacKinnon writes that \"Pork was generally considered the choicest of all the domestic meats consumed during Roman times, and it was ingested in a multitude of forms, from sausages to steaks, by rich and poor alike. No other animal had so many Latin names (e.g. sus, porcus, porco, aper) or was the ingredient in so many ancient recipes as outlined in the culinary manual of Apicius.\"[1] Pigs have been found at almost every archaeological site in Roman Italy; they are described by Roman agricultural writers such as Cato and Varro, and in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. MacKinnon notes that ancient breeds of pig can be seen on monuments such as the Arch of Constantine, which portrays a lop-eared, fat-bellied, and smooth breed.[1]","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carnivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komins_2001-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komins_2001-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Carnival","text":"Benton Jay Komins, a scholar of culture, notes that the pig has been celebrated throughout Europe since ancient times in its carnivals, the name coming from the Italian carne levare, the lifting of meat.[2] Komins quotes the scholars Peter Stallybrass and Allon White on the pig's ambiguous role:[2]\"In the fair and the carnival, we would expect to find a quite different orientation toward the pig: in 'carne-levare' the pig was celebrated; the pleasures of food were represented in the sausage and the rites of inversion were emblematized in the pig's bladder of the fool. ... Even in the carnival the pig was the locus of conflicting meanings. If the pig was duly celebrated, it could also become the symbolic analogy of scapegoated groups and demonized 'Others'\".[3]","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray pork pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray_pork_pie"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie_Association"},{"link_name":"fox hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_hunters"},{"link_name":"Quorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorn_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Cottesmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesmore_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Belvoir hunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMPPA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brownlow-6"},{"link_name":"Melton Mowbray pork pies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Mowbray_pork_pie"},{"link_name":"PGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Geographical_Indication"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"English tradition","text":"A Melton Mowbray pork pieIn England, pork pies were being made in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire by the 1780s, according to the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association (founded in 1998). The pies were originally baked in a clay pot with a pastry cover, developing to their modern form of a pastry case. Local tradition states that farm hands carried these while at work; aristocratic fox hunters of the Quorn, Cottesmore and Belvoir hunts supposedly saw this and acquired a taste for the pies.[4][5] A slightly later date of origin is given by the claim that pie manufacture in the town began around 1831 when a local baker and confectioner, Edward Adcock, started to make pies as a sideline.[6] Melton Mowbray pork pies were granted PGI status in 2008.[7]","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"bratwurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst"},{"link_name":"mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_(botany_and_cooking)"},{"link_name":"marjoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjoram"},{"link_name":"Early Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newey_2014-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_-_Bratwurstgl%C3%B6cklein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newey_2014-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bratwurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst"}],"sub_title":"German tradition","text":"German cities such as Nuremberg have made pork sausages since at least 1315 AD, when the Würstlein (sausage controller) office was introduced. Some 1500 types of sausage are produced in the country. The Nuremberg bratwurst is required to be at most 90 millimetres (3.5 in) long and to weigh at most 25 grams (0.88 oz); it is flavoured with mace, pepper, and marjoram. In Early Modern times starting in 1614, Nuremberg's butchers paraded through the city each year carrying a 400 metres (440 yd) long sausage.[8]The Bratwurst Glöcklein (\"Little-bell sausages\"), Germany's most renowned inn of the time, founded in Nuremberg in the 14th century. The inn was destroyed in the Second World War. 1914 postcard.[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA range of Bratwurst grilled sausages at the main market in Nuremberg","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortadella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortadella"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"Early Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern"},{"link_name":"Archiginnasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiginnasio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Mortadella_1988-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Vera_Historia_della_Piacevolissima_Festa_Della_Porchetta_1599.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giulio Cesare Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Croce"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canzone_Sopra_La_Porcellina_1622.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giulio Cesare Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Croce"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dichiarazione_del_Bando_delle_Mortadelle_Bologna_1661.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gli_Elogi_del_Porco_1761.jpg"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bologna_amazing_hams_sausages_mortadella.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"}],"sub_title":"Italian tradition","text":"The pig, and pork products such as mortadella, were economically important in Italian cities such as Bologna and Modena in the Early Modern period, and celebrated as such; they have remained so into modern times. In 2019, the Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna held an exhibition Pane e salame. Immagini gastronomiche bolognesi dalle raccolte dell'Archiginnasio (\"Bread and salami. Bolognese gastronomic images from the Archiginnasio collection\") on the gastronomic images in its collection.[9][10]La Vera Historia della Piacevolissima Festa Della Porchetta (\"The True History of the Most Pleasant Feast of the Little Pig\") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1599\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanzone Sopra La Porcellina (\"Song Upon the Piglet\") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1622\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle (\"Declaration of the Band of the Mortadellas\"), Bologna, 1661\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGli Elogi del Porco (\"The Praises of the Pig\"), Modena, 1761\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHams, pigs' trotters, sausages, and mortadella in Bologna, 2019","title":"Celebration of meat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pigs"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Pigs.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Story_of_the_Learned_Pig_by_an_Officer_of_the_Royal_Navy_1786.jpg"},{"link_name":"Learned Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_pig"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb"},{"link_name":"William Golding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Golding"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies"},{"link_name":"Beelzebub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebub"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Animal Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komins_2001-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullan_2010-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Blandings Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandings_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lord Emsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Emsworth"},{"link_name":"Empress of Blandings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_of_Blandings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullan_2010-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Prydain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain"},{"link_name":"foresight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"The Black Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Heraclitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pyrrhonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonic"},{"link_name":"akrasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrasia"},{"link_name":"Epicurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurean"},{"link_name":"a symbol of pleasure-seeking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuri_de_grege_porcum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Wu Cheng'en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Zhu Bajie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Bajie"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Learned Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_pig"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Jude the Obscure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"For adults","text":"The Story of the Learned Pig by an Officer of the Royal Navy, 1786Pigs have appeared in literature with a variety of associations, ranging from the pleasures of eating, as in Charles Lamb's A Dissertation upon Roast Pig, to William Golding's Lord of the Flies (with the fat character \"Piggy\"), where the rotting boar's head on a stick represents Beelzebub, \"lord of the flies\" being the direct translation of the Hebrew בעל זבוב, and George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, where the central characters representing Soviet leaders are pigs.[2][11][12][13] The pig, is used to comic effect in P. G. Wodehouse's stories set in Blandings Castle, where the eccentric Lord Emsworth keeps an extremely fat prize pig called the Empress of Blandings which is frequently stolen, kidnapped or otherwise threatened.[11][14] Quite a different use is made of the pig in Lloyd Alexander's fantasy books The Chronicles of Prydain, where Hen Wen is a pig with foresight, used to see the future and locate mystical items such as The Black Cauldron.[15]One of the earliest literary references comes from Heraclitus, who speaks of the preference pigs have for mud over clean water in the Fragments.[16] Pigs held significance for both ancient Pyrrhonic philosophers (for whom the pig was a symbol of akrasia) and ancient Epicurean philosophers (for whom it was a symbol of pleasure-seeking).[17] Plato in the Republic discusses a \"healthy state\" of simplicity as \"a city for pigs\" (Greek: huōn polis).[18] In Wu Cheng'en's 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, Zhu Bajie is part human, part pig.[19] In books, poems and cartoons in 18th-century England, The Learned Pig was a trained animal who appeared to be able to answer questions.[20] Thomas Hardy describes the killing of a pig in his 1895 novel Jude the Obscure.[21]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pigling_Bland_pg_4_Enh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pigling Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigling_Bland"},{"link_name":"Three Little Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Disney's 1933 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Revolting Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolting_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"fingerplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerplay"},{"link_name":"This Little Piggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Little_Piggy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Warner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Kitties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Kitties"},{"link_name":"A Hare Grows In Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hare_Grows_In_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Beatrix Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Potter"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Pigling Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Pigling_Bland"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Little Pig Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Little_Pig_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullan_2010-11"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated"},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"Piggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggy_(Merrie_Melodies)"},{"link_name":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"},{"link_name":"Pigs Is Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs_Is_Pigs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Porky Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"A. A. Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Milne"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Charlotte's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(film)"},{"link_name":"herding dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dog"},{"link_name":"The Sheep Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheep_Pig"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dan Santat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Santat"},{"link_name":"Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"For children","text":"Pigling Bland setting out on his adventuresPigs have featured in children's books since at least 1840, when Three Little Pigs appeared in print;[22] the story has appeared in many different versions such as Disney's 1933 film and Roald Dahl's 1982 Revolting Rhymes. Even earlier is the popular 18th-century English nursery rhyme and fingerplay, \"This Little Piggy\",[23] frequently in film and literature, such as the Warner Brothers cartoons A Tale of Two Kitties (1942) and A Hare Grows In Manhattan (1947) which use the rhyme to comic effect. Two of Beatrix Potter's \"little books\", The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913) and The Tale of Little Pig Robinson (1930), feature the adventures of pigs dressed as people.[11]Several animated cartoon series have included pigs as prominent characters. One of the earliest pigs in cartoon was the gluttonous \"Piggy\", who appeared in four Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies shorts between 1931 and 1937, most notably Pigs Is Pigs, and was followed by Porky Pig, with similar habits.[24]Piglet is Pooh's constant companion in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories and the Disney films based on them, while in Charlotte's Web, the central character Wilbur is a pig who formed a relationship with a spider named Charlotte.[25] The 1995 film Babe humorously portrayed a pig who wanted to be a herding dog, based on the character in Dick King-Smith's 1983 novel The Sheep Pig.[26] Among new takes on the classic Three Little Pigs is Corey Rosen Schwartz and Dan Santat's 2012 The Three Ninja Pigs.[27]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pigs in art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pigs_in_art"},{"link_name":"amulets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMA-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neolithic_pottery_pig,_Hemudu_Culture,_Zhejiang,_1974_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Hemudu culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemudu_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demeter1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7763_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum,_Athens_-_Sarcophagus_with_Calydonian_Boar_hunt_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Ort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calydonian Boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calydonian_Boar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boar-helmeted_figure_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boar-helmeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar-crested_helmet"},{"link_name":"Gundestrup Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundestrup_Cauldron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-Gilt_bronze_pig_sculpture-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gyeongju Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongju"},{"link_name":"Bulguksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulguksa"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eber-Pulverflasche-Buchsbaum-Silber-16Jhr.jpg"},{"link_name":"boarhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarhound"},{"link_name":"powder flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_flask"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_The_Hog_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt van Rijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barent_Fabritius_-_Het_geslacht_varken.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barent Fabritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barent_Fabritius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pig_market_in_a_Dutch_town.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicolaes Molenaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaes_Molenaer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr_Chapelle_Notre-Dame-de-Lhor_Saint_Anthony_the_Great_stained_glass_-_pig_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Anthony the Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Prince_Hunting_Wild_Boar_(Miniature_Painting).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gouache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folding_screens_of_Inoshishi-zu_(portion)_by_Mori_Sosen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mori Sosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mori_Sosen"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Pornokrat%C3%A8s_-_1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pornokratès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornocrates"},{"link_name":"Félicien Rops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops"},{"link_name":"Watercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%E1%BB%A3n_%C3%A2m_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.JPG"},{"link_name":"Đông Hồ painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93_painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepik_pig_mask_Berlin-Dahlem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sepik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepik"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"palm leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_leaf"},{"link_name":"cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassowary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amulette_cochon_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pigs in art.Pigs have appeared in art in media including pottery, sculpture, metalwork, engravings, oil paintings, watercolour, and stained glass, from neolithic times onwards. Some have functioned as amulets.[28]Neolithic pottery pig, Hemudu culture, Zhejiang, China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo men sacrificing a pig to Demeter. red-figure pot, Ancient Greece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSarcophagus with Calydonian Boar hunt. Athens, 2nd century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoar-helmeted figure on the Gundestrup Cauldron. 3rd century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGilt bronze pig, Gyeongju Temple, Bulguksa. Silla kingdom, Korea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWild boar with boarhounds. Silver powder flask, Germany, 16th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Hog. Etching by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1643\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Slaughtered Pig by Barent Fabritius, 1656\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPig market in a Dutch town by Nicolaes Molenaer, 17th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPig at the feet of St Anthony the Hermit. Stained glass, Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Lhor, Moselle, France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrince Hunting Wild Boar. Gouache and gold on paper. India, c. 1765\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolding screens of Inoshishi-zu by Mori Sosen. Edo period, Japan, 18th-19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPornokratès by Félicien Rops. Watercolour, pastel, and gouache, 1878\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLợn âm dương – Vietnamese Đông Hồ painting (19th - 20th centuries)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRitual pig mask, Sepik region, Papua New Guinea. Rattan, palm leaf sheaths, and cassowary feathers. Collected 1914\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmulet in shape of a pig. Pottery, Mexico","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Varaha_avtar,_killing_a_demon_to_protect_Bhu,_c1740.jpg"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Chamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"lacto-vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Insel_2014-31"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"moha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moha_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"three poisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Buddhists are vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Druids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druids"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Calydonian boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calydonian_boar"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalal2011-35"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Varaha, the boar avatar of Vishnu, killing a demon. Gouache on paper, Chamba, c. 1740Pig meat has come to be seen as unacceptable to some world religions. In Islam and Judaism the consumption of pork is forbidden.[29][30] Many Hindus are lacto-vegetarian, avoiding all kinds of meat.[31] In Buddhism, the pig symbolises delusion (Sanskrit: moha), one of the three poisons (Sanskrit: triviṣa).[32] As with Hindus, many Buddhists are vegetarian, and some sutras of the Buddha state that meat should not be eaten;[33] monks in the Mahayana traditions are forbidden to eat meat of any kind.[34]Pigs have in contrast been sacred in several religions, including the Druids of Ireland, whose priests were called \"swine\". One of the animals sacred to the Roman goddess Diana was the boar; she sent the Calydonian boar to destroy the land. In Hinduism, the boar-headed Varaha is venerated as an avatar of the god Vishnu.[35] The sow was sacred to the Egyptian goddess Isis and used in sacrifice to Osiris.[36]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swineford_Lock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swineford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swineford"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills_1993-37"},{"link_name":"Grizedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizedale"},{"link_name":"Swilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swilland"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"Swineford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swineford"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills_1993-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Swineford Lock is named for a ford where pigs used to cross the river Avon.[37]Many places are named for pigs. In England such placenames include Grizedale (\"Pig valley\", from Old Scandinavian griss, young pig, and dalr, valley), Swilland (\"Pig land\", from Old English swin and land), Swindon (\"Pig hill\"), and Swineford (\"Pig ford\").[37] In Scandinavia there are names such as Svinbergen (\"Pig hill\"), Svindal (\"Pig valley\"), Svingrund (\"Pig ground\"), Svinhagen (\"Pig hedge\"), Svinkärr (\"Pig marsh\"), Svinvik (\"Pig bay\"), Svinholm (\"Pig islet\"), Svinskär (\"Pig skerry\"), Svintorget (\"Pig market\"), and Svinö (\"Pig island\").[38]","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_epithet"},{"link_name":"greed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed_(emotion)"},{"link_name":"monopolisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"road hog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving"},{"link_name":"server hog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_hog"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"epithets for negative human attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_epithet"},{"link_name":"gluttony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluttony"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-40"},{"link_name":"chauvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinist"},{"link_name":"women's liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Further information: Animal epithetSeveral idioms related to pigs have entered the English language, often with negative connotations of dirt, greed, or the monopolisation of resources, as in \"road hog\" or \"server hog\". As the scholar Richard Horwitz puts it, people all over the world have made pigs stand for \"extremes of human joy or fear, celebration, ridicule, and repulsion\".[39] Pig names are used as epithets for negative human attributes, especially greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness, and these ascribed attributes have often led to critical comparisons between pigs and humans.[40]\n\"Pig\" is used as a slang term for either a police officer or a male chauvinist, the latter term adopted originally by the women's liberation movement in the 1960s.[41]","title":"Idiom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_Putting_Deposit_Into_Piggy_Bank_(5737295175).jpg"},{"link_name":"Piggy banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggy_bank"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-piggy_bank_mystery-43"}],"text":"A piggy bankPiggy banks are ceramic containers to save money into. Piggy banks in the shape of pigs are found in the 12th century on Java, Indonesia and in the 13th century in Thuringia, Germany.[42] The connection between saving, prosperity and pigs may in East Asia come from their round bellies and a connection with the earth spirits. In Germany, pigs were associated with fertility. In Ireland, raising and selling a pig allowed a family to pay their rent in cash.[43]","title":"Piggy bank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians & the Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=b9iTRJb74hQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0231103662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231103662"},{"link_name":"Cows, Pigs, Wars & Witches: The Riddles of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cowspigswarswitc00marv"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0394483383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394483383"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0816641838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816641838"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0020743800059766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800059766"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162325567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162325567"}],"text":"Fabre-Vassas, Claudine (1997). The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians & the Pig. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231103662.\nHarris, Marvin (1974). Cows, Pigs, Wars & Witches: The Riddles of Culture. Random House. ISBN 0394483383.\nHorwitz, Richard P. (2002). Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816641838.\nLobban, R.A. Jr. (1994). \"Pigs and Their Prohibition\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 26 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1017/S0020743800059766. S2CID 162325567.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Painting of Saint Anthony with a pig in background by Piero di Cosimo c. 1480","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Piero_di_Cosimo_025.jpg/220px-Piero_di_Cosimo_025.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arch of Constantine, relief panel showing lustration of the troops of Marcus Aurelius, with a fat pig at lower right[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Lustration_of_the_troops.jpg/170px-Arch_of_Constantine%2C_Lustration_of_the_troops.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Melton Mowbray pork pie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png/220px-Melton_Mowbray_Pork_Pie.png"},{"image_text":"The Story of the Learned Pig by an Officer of the Royal Navy, 1786","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Story_of_the_Learned_Pig_by_an_Officer_of_the_Royal_Navy_1786.jpg/220px-Story_of_the_Learned_Pig_by_an_Officer_of_the_Royal_Navy_1786.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pigling Bland setting out on his adventures","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pigling_Bland_pg_4_Enh.jpg/170px-Pigling_Bland_pg_4_Enh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Varaha, the boar avatar of Vishnu, killing a demon. Gouache on paper, Chamba, c. 1740","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Varaha_avtar%2C_killing_a_demon_to_protect_Bhu%2C_c1740.jpg/170px-Varaha_avtar%2C_killing_a_demon_to_protect_Bhu%2C_c1740.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swineford Lock is named for a ford where pigs used to cross the river Avon.[37]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Swineford_Lock.jpg/220px-Swineford_Lock.jpg"},{"image_text":"A piggy bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hand_Putting_Deposit_Into_Piggy_Bank_%285737295175%29.jpg/220px-Hand_Putting_Deposit_Into_Piggy_Bank_%285737295175%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of fictional pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pigs"},{"title":"Pigs in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs_in_the_City"}] | [{"reference":"MacKinnon, Michael (2001). \"High on the Hog: Linking Zooarchaeological, Literary, and Artistic Data for Pig Breeds in Roman Italy\". American Journal of Archaeology. 105 (4): 649–673. doi:10.2307/507411. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 507411. S2CID 193116973.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F507411","url_text":"10.2307/507411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114","url_text":"0002-9114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/507411","url_text":"507411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193116973","url_text":"193116973"}]},{"reference":"Komins, Benton Jay (2001). \"Western Culture and the Ambiguous Legacies of the Pig\". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 3 (4). doi:10.7771/1481-4374.1137. ISSN 1481-4374.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7771%2F1481-4374.1137","url_text":"\"Western Culture and the Ambiguous Legacies of the Pig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7771%2F1481-4374.1137","url_text":"10.7771/1481-4374.1137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1481-4374","url_text":"1481-4374"}]},{"reference":"Stallybrass, Peter; White, Allon (1986). The Politics and Poetics of Transgression. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0416415803.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0416415803","url_text":"978-0416415803"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie\". Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502063519/http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14","url_text":"\"History of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie\""},{"url":"http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, C. Anne (June 2003). Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century. Academy Chicago Publishers. p. 273. ISBN 978-0897333641.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann","url_text":"Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann/page/273","url_text":"273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897333641","url_text":"978-0897333641"}]},{"reference":"Brownlow, J. E. (1963). \"The Melton Mowbray Pork-Pie Industry\". Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. 37: 36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pork pie makers celebrate status\". BBC News. 4 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/7331238.stm","url_text":"\"Pork pie makers celebrate status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Newey, Adam (8 December 2014). \"Nuremberg, Germany: celebrating the city's sausage\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/germany/articles/Nuremberg-Germany-In-praise-of-the-citys-sausage/","url_text":"\"Nuremberg, Germany: celebrating the city's sausage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Eventi: Pane e salame\" (in Italian). Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna. August 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bibliotechebologna.it/eventi/51430/luogo/51660/date/2017-02-14:2018-03-14/date_from/2017-02-14/date_to/2018-03-14/id/100097","url_text":"\"Eventi: Pane e salame\""}]},{"reference":"Virbila, S. Irene (7 August 1988). \"Fare of the Country; Mortadella: Bologna's Bologna\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/travel/fare-of-the-country-mortadella-bologna-s-bologna.html","url_text":"\"Fare of the Country; Mortadella: Bologna's Bologna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mullan, John (21 August 2010). \"Ten of the best pigs in literature\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mullan_(academic)","url_text":"Mullan, John"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/21/ten-best-pigs-in-literature","url_text":"\"Ten of the best pigs in literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bragg, Melvyn. \"Topics - Pigs in literature\". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Animal Farm ... Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ... The Mabinogion ... The Odyssey ... (In Our Time)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg","url_text":"Bragg, Melvyn"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qykl/topics/Pigs_in_literature","url_text":"\"Topics - Pigs in literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Sillar, Frederick Cameron (1961). The symbolic pig: An anthology of pigs in literature and art. Oliver & Boyd. OCLC 1068340205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1068340205","url_text":"1068340205"}]},{"reference":"\"Blandings\". BBC. Retrieved 31 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013gn0j/p013fpb0","url_text":"\"Blandings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Mary (2003). \"Hen Wen\". Ancient Texts.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/jce/henwen.html","url_text":"\"Hen Wen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zhu Bajie, Zhu Wuneng\". Nations Online. Retrieved 4 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/Zhu_Bajie.htm","url_text":"\"Zhu Bajie, Zhu Wuneng\""}]},{"reference":"Buzwell, Greg (19 August 2016). \"William Shakespeare and The Learned Pig\". British Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.bl.uk/english-and-drama/2016/08/william-shakespeare-and-the-learned-pig.html","url_text":"\"William Shakespeare and The Learned Pig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"}]},{"reference":"Yallop, Jacqueline (15 July 2017). \"Pig tales – the swine in books and art\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/15/pig-tales-the-swine-in-boks-and-art","url_text":"\"Pig tales – the swine in books and art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Robert D. (March 1968). \"The Three Little Pigs: From Six Directions\". Elementary English. 45 (3): 356–359. JSTOR 41386323.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41386323","url_text":"41386323"}]},{"reference":"Herman, D. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0521673662.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00herm","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to Narrative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00herm/page/n22","url_text":"9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521673662","url_text":"978-0521673662"}]},{"reference":"Gagnon, Laurence (1973). \"Webs of Concern: The Little Prince and Charlotte's Web\". Children's Literature. 2 (2): 61–66. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchl.0.0419","url_text":"10.1353/chl.0.0419"}]},{"reference":"Chanko, Kenneth M. (18 August 1995). \"This Pig Just Might Fly | Movies\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,298358,00.html","url_text":"\"This Pig Just Might Fly | Movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Variations on Favorite Stories: The Three Little Pigs\". ROD Library, University of Northern Iowa. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://guides.lib.uni.edu/c.php?g=668416&p=4700914","url_text":"\"Variations on Favorite Stories: The Three Little Pigs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200510123837/https://guides.lib.uni.edu/c.php?g=668416&p=4700914","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pig\". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=pig","url_text":"\"Pig\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Metropolitan Museum of Art"}]},{"reference":"Insel, Paul (2014). Nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-284-02116-5. OCLC 812791756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-02116-5","url_text":"978-1-284-02116-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812791756","url_text":"812791756"}]},{"reference":"Loy, David (2003). The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory. Simon and Schuster. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-86171-366-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mwF6-sgB-UkC","url_text":"The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-366-0","url_text":"978-0-86171-366-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhism & Vegetarianism\". Soul Curry. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021172541/http://soulcurrymagazine.com/sc/buddhism-vegetarianism-non-vegetarianism.html","url_text":"\"Buddhism & Vegetarianism\""},{"url":"http://soulcurrymagazine.com/sc/buddhism-vegetarianism-non-vegetarianism.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2011). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. pp. 444–445. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA444","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6","url_text":"978-0-14-341421-6"}]},{"reference":"Bonwick, James (1894). \"Sacred Pigs\". Library Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.libraryireland.com/Druids/Sacred-Pigs.php","url_text":"\"Sacred Pigs\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, A. D. (1993). A Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press. pp. 150, 318. ISBN 0192831313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192831313","url_text":"0192831313"}]},{"reference":"\"Finlands Svenska Ortnamn (FSO), entry \"Svin-\"\" (in Swedish). Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 2 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenska/ledlex/S.php","url_text":"\"Finlands Svenska Ortnamn (FSO), entry \"Svin-\"\""}]},{"reference":"Horwitz, Richard P. (2002). Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 23. ISBN 0816641838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816641838","url_text":"0816641838"}]},{"reference":"\"Fine Swine\". The Daily Telegraph. 2 February 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4259823/Fine-swine.html","url_text":"\"Fine Swine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Tarrow, Sidney (2013). \"5. Gender words\". The language of contention: revolutions in words, 1688–2012. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1107036246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107036246","url_text":"978-1107036246"}]},{"reference":"\"Geröntgt: Mittelalterliches Sparschwein ist leer\". Welt. 30 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/boulevard_nt/article121366015/Mittelalterliches-Sparschwein-ist-leer.html","url_text":"\"Geröntgt: Mittelalterliches Sparschwein ist leer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twisted tale: the great piggy bank mystery\". BBC. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/storyworks/chinese-new-year/piggy-bank-origins","url_text":"\"Twisted tale: the great piggy bank mystery\""}]},{"reference":"Fabre-Vassas, Claudine (1997). The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians & the Pig. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231103662.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b9iTRJb74hQC","url_text":"The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians & the Pig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231103662","url_text":"0231103662"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Marvin (1974). Cows, Pigs, Wars & Witches: The Riddles of Culture. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Fellowship | Thiel Fellowship | ["1 History","2 Reception","2.1 Initial reception","2.2 Later reception","3 Recipients","3.1 Notable recipients","4 References","5 External links"] | Scholarship founded by Peter Thiel
This article is missing information about any history of (or reception to) the fellowship after 2013. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2022)
Thiel FellowshipTypeFellowshipFunded byPeter Thiel through the Thiel FoundationLeadershipAlex HandyAmountUS$100,000Frequency of selectionAnnualNumber of recipients20–25 per yearWebsitethielfellowship.org
The Thiel Fellowship (originally named 20 under 20) is a fellowship created by billionaire Peter Thiel through the Thiel Foundation. The fellowship is intended for students aged 22 or younger and offers them a total of $100,000 over two years, as well as guidance and other resources, to drop out of school and pursue other work, which could involve scientific research, creating a startup, or working on a social movement. Selection for the fellowship is through a competitive annual process, with about 20–25 fellows selected annually.
History
Peter Thiel announced the fellowship at TechCrunch Disrupt in September 2010. The first round of fellows, based on applications made at the end of 2010, was announced in May 2011. The second round of fellows, based on applications made at the end of 2011, was announced in June 2012. That year, the fellowship launched a website called "20 Under 20 Documentary Series" that features an online documentary series of four Thiel Fellowship recipients.
The third class (announced in May 2013) included 22 fellows working on projects from garment manufacturing and B2B web products to ARM powered servers and biomedicine. The class included 7 fellows from outside of the US.
In December 2013, a Wall Street Journal article summarized the Thiel Fellowship up until that point: "64 Thiel Fellows have started 67 for-profit ventures, raised $55.4 million in angel and venture funding, published two books, created 30 apps and 135 full-time jobs, and brought clean water and solar power to 6,000 Kenyans who needed it."
In October 2023, the Washington Post reported that: "Eleven of the 271 recipients of the Thiel Fellowship have founded unicorns so far, an impressive accomplishment that doesn’t even take into account the inspiring innovations of other fellows and the many exciting projects yet to mature." The program thus outperforms the Rhodes Scholarship, as well as incubators for student ventures at universities, none of which have achieved comparable entrepreneurial success.
Reception
Initial reception
Thiel's announcement of the Thiel Fellowship met with a diverse array of responses. Some, such as Jacob Weisberg, criticized Thiel's proposal for its utopianism and attack on the importance of education. Others, such as Vivek Wadhwa, expressed skepticism about whether the success or failure of the Thiel Fellowship would carry any broader lessons regarding the value of higher education or the wisdom of dropping out.
In May 2011, shortly after the announcement of the first batch of Thiel Fellows, the admissions office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) congratulated two MIT students for receiving the Thiel Fellowship. Both students would need to drop out of MIT to receive the fellowship, but would be able to return to MIT to resume their studies after completing the two-year term of the fellowship if they so desired.
Later reception
A year after the announcement of the first batch of Thiel Fellows, opinions on the program ranged from the skeptical and critical to the laudatory and optimistic.
In 2012, Eric Markowitz offered a mixed review of the Thiel Fellowship in Inc. magazine.
In 2013 the program attracted criticism for its limited results. In April, an article by Richard Nieva for PandoDaily took a close look at how the first batch of Thiel Fellows had fared, finding that some had succeeded and others planned to return to school in the fall once their two years were up. In September, academic Vivek Wadhwa wrote that the Thiel Fellowship had failed to produce any notable successes to date, and even its limited successes were instances where the Thiel Fellows were working in collaboration with more experienced individuals. Also in October, former Harvard University President Larry Summers said at The Nantucket Project conference: "I think the single most misdirected bit of philanthropy in this decade is Peter Thiel's special program to bribe people to drop out of college." A Thiel Fellow and a mentor for the Thiel Fellowship subsequently published an op-ed response in TechCrunch, restating the Thiel Fellowship's thesis and arguing that a four-year liberal arts education was becoming less relevant.
Recipients
See also: Category:Thiel fellows
Notable recipients
Notable recipients include the following people (year they were awarded the fellowship is indicated in parentheses):
Laura Deming (2011) – founder and partner at Longevity Fund
Dale J. Stephens (2011) – founder of Year On, formerly UnCollege, a gap year program with training in work skills and life skills
Dylan Field (2012) – co-founder and CEO of Figma
Taylor Wilson (2012) – the second youngest person to produce nuclear fusion
Ritesh Agarwal (2013) – founder & CEO of OYO Rooms
William LeGate (2013) – CEO of Pillow Fight; previously Good Pillow.
Austin Russell (2013) – founder and CEO of Luminar Technologies and the world's youngest self-made billionaire as of 2021
Vitalik Buterin (2014) – co-creator of Ethereum
Lucy Guo (2014) - co-founder Scale.AI and founder of Passes
Stacey Ferreira (2015) – co-founder of Forge, a platform for gig workers
Simon Tian (2015) – creator of the Neptune Pine, a crowd-funded smartwatch
Cathy Tie (2015) – founder of Ranomics and Partner at Cervin Ventures
Joey Krug (2016) – founder of decentralized prediction market platform Augur, later co-CIO at Pantera Capital and partner at Founders Fund.
Boyan Slat (2016) – founder and CEO of The Ocean Cleanup
Shahed Khan (2017) – co-founder of Loom, Inc.
Lani Lazzari (2017)– skincare for sensitive skins
Iddris Sandu (2018) – co-founder of Spatial Labs
Joshua Browder (2018) – founder & CEO of DoNotPay, an automated legal firm
Erin Smith (2018) – creator of software to detect Parkinson's Disease
Shane Curran (2020) – security software for developers.
References
^ Siegler, MG (September 27, 2010). "Peter Thiel Has New Initiative To Pay Kids To "Stop Out Of School"". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
^ Wauters, Robin (May 25, 2011). "Young Entrepreneurs Rule: Meet Peter Thiel's First 20 under 20 Fellows". TechCrunch.
^ Wieder, Ben (May 25, 2011). "Thiel Fellowship Pays 24 Talented Students $100,000 Not to Attend College". Chronicle of Higher Education.
^ "Peter Thiel Announces 2012 Class of 20 Under 20 Thiel Fellows". Thiel Fellowship website. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012.
^ Cutler, Kim-Mai (June 14, 2012). "Nuclear Fusion, 3D Printing, Biomedical Imaging: What Thiel's New 20 Under 20 Fellows Are Attacking". TechCrunch.
^ "About the Series: 20 under 20". The Thiel Foundation. 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
^ "20 Under 20 Documentary Highlights Entrepreneurial Potential of Education Dropouts". eduinreview.com. Education in Review. August 23, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
^ "This Year's Thiel Fellows Include A Fashion Designer, A Poet, And A Harvard Dropout". May 13, 2013.
^ Kolodny, Lora (December 18, 2013). "Why a Nonprofit Backs Dropping Out of School: PayPal Founder's Foundation Encourages Learning by Doing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
^ Brown, Aaron; Dewey, Richard (October 19, 2023). "Thiel's Unicorn Success Is Awkward for Colleges". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
^ Weisberg, Jacob (October 18, 2010). "What's Wrong with Silicon Valley Libertarianism". Newsweek. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
^ Wadhwa, Vivek (April 12, 2011). "Friends Don't Let Friends Take Education Advice From Peter Thiel". TechCrunch.
^ McGann, Mike (May 26, 2011). "Incentive to Drop Out". MIT Admissions Blog. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
^ Markowitz, Eric (October 16, 2012). "Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Is It Worthwhile?". Inc Magazine. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ Nieva, Richard (April 24, 2013). "Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Where are they now?". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ Wadhwa, Vivek (September 11, 2013). "Billionaire's Failed Education Experiment Proves There's No Shortcut To Success". Forbes. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
^ Ferenstein, Gregory (October 10, 2013). "Thiel Fellows Program Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy', Says Larry Summers". Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Tiku, Nitasha (October 11, 2013). "Summers: Thiel Fellows Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy'". Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Weinstock, Samuel Y. (October 14, 2013). "Summers: Thiel Fellowship 'The Single Most Misdirected Bit of Philanthropy in This Decade'". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Silver, Darrell; Friedman, Dan (October 13, 2013). "Of Course Harvard's Larry Summers Hates The Thiel Fellowship". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ Thiel Fellowship website: Meet the Fellows
^ "Dale Stephens: 'Unschoolers create their education'". Washington Post. August 12, 2012.
^ "Austin Russell", TechCrunch, June 27, 2013, retrieved May 20, 2021
^ "The Boy Who Played With Fusion". Popular Science. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ "Austin Russell". Forbes. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
^ Snyder, Benjamin (June 23, 2017). "Meet Vitalik Buterin, the 23-year-old founder of bitcoin rival ethereum". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ "Many of tech's power-players are alumni of Peter Thiel's controversial fellowship, which pays entrepreneurs to drop out of college. See how they made their millions".
^ "Cervin Team – Cervin Ventures". www.cervinventures.com. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^ CNBC.com, Susan Caminiti, special to (April 22, 2017). "Thiel, Benioff backing 22-year-old's dream to clean up world's oceans". CNBC. Retrieved July 14, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ fortune.com, Aron Solomon, special to (September 20, 2022). "Meet the college dropout who invested in Figma–and 22 other Thiel Fellows". Retrieved October 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Peter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"Thiel Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Foundation"},{"link_name":"drop out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropping_out"}],"text":"The Thiel Fellowship (originally named 20 under 20) is a fellowship created by billionaire Peter Thiel through the Thiel Foundation. The fellowship is intended for students aged 22 or younger and offers them a total of $100,000 over two years, as well as guidance and other resources, to drop out of school and pursue other work, which could involve scientific research, creating a startup, or working on a social movement. Selection for the fellowship is through a competitive annual process, with about 20–25 fellows selected annually.","title":"Thiel Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TechCrunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle-coverage-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-9"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_scholarship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-10"}],"text":"Peter Thiel announced the fellowship at TechCrunch Disrupt in September 2010.[1] The first round of fellows, based on applications made at the end of 2010, was announced in May 2011.[2][3] The second round of fellows, based on applications made at the end of 2011, was announced in June 2012.[4][5] That year, the fellowship launched a website called \"20 Under 20 Documentary Series\" that features an online documentary series of four Thiel Fellowship recipients.[6][7]The third class (announced in May 2013) included 22 fellows working on projects from garment manufacturing and B2B web products to ARM powered servers and biomedicine. The class included 7 fellows from outside of the US.[8]In December 2013, a Wall Street Journal article summarized the Thiel Fellowship up until that point: \"64 Thiel Fellows have started 67 for-profit ventures, raised $55.4 million in angel and venture funding, published two books, created 30 apps and 135 full-time jobs, and brought clean water and solar power to 6,000 Kenyans who needed it.\"[9]In October 2023, the Washington Post reported that: \"Eleven of the 271 recipients of the Thiel Fellowship have founded unicorns so far, an impressive accomplishment that doesn’t even take into account the inspiring innovations of other fellows and the many exciting projects yet to mature.\" The program thus outperforms the Rhodes Scholarship, as well as incubators for student ventures at universities, none of which have achieved comparable entrepreneurial success.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacob Weisberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Weisberg"},{"link_name":"utopianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopianism"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vivek Wadhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Wadhwa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Initial reception","text":"Thiel's announcement of the Thiel Fellowship met with a diverse array of responses. Some, such as Jacob Weisberg, criticized Thiel's proposal for its utopianism and attack on the importance of education.[11] Others, such as Vivek Wadhwa, expressed skepticism about whether the success or failure of the Thiel Fellowship would carry any broader lessons regarding the value of higher education or the wisdom of dropping out.[12]In May 2011, shortly after the announcement of the first batch of Thiel Fellows, the admissions office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) congratulated two MIT students for receiving the Thiel Fellowship. Both students would need to drop out of MIT to receive the fellowship, but would be able to return to MIT to resume their studies after completing the two-year term of the fellowship if they so desired.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"PandoDaily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PandoDaily"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vivek Wadhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Wadhwa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wadhwa-reprise-16"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Larry Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Summers"},{"link_name":"The Nantucket Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nantucket_Project"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"op-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"liberal arts education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Later reception","text":"A year after the announcement of the first batch of Thiel Fellows, opinions on the program ranged from the skeptical and critical to the laudatory and optimistic.In 2012, Eric Markowitz offered a mixed review of the Thiel Fellowship in Inc. magazine.[14]In 2013 the program attracted criticism for its limited results. In April, an article by Richard Nieva for PandoDaily took a close look at how the first batch of Thiel Fellows had fared, finding that some had succeeded and others planned to return to school in the fall once their two years were up.[15] In September, academic Vivek Wadhwa wrote that the Thiel Fellowship had failed to produce any notable successes to date, and even its limited successes were instances where the Thiel Fellows were working in collaboration with more experienced individuals.[16] Also in October, former Harvard University President Larry Summers said at The Nantucket Project conference: \"I think the single most misdirected bit of philanthropy in this decade is Peter Thiel's special program to bribe people to drop out of college.\"[17][18][19] A Thiel Fellow and a mentor for the Thiel Fellowship subsequently published an op-ed response in TechCrunch, restating the Thiel Fellowship's thesis and arguing that a four-year liberal arts education was becoming less relevant.[20]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Thiel fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thiel_fellows"}],"text":"See also: Category:Thiel fellows","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Laura Deming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Deming"},{"link_name":"Dale J. Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_J._Stephens"},{"link_name":"Year On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_On"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dylan Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Field"},{"link_name":"Figma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figma_(software)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Taylor Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ritesh Agarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritesh_Agarwal"},{"link_name":"OYO Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OYO_Rooms"},{"link_name":"William LeGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_LeGate"},{"link_name":"Austin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Russell_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Luminar Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminar_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vitalik Buterin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin"},{"link_name":"Ethereum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lucy Guo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Guo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Stacey Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"gig workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_worker"},{"link_name":"Simon Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Tian"},{"link_name":"Neptune Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_Pine"},{"link_name":"crowd-funded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Cathy Tie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Tie"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Augur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur_(software)"},{"link_name":"Pantera Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantera_Capital"},{"link_name":"Founders Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_Fund"},{"link_name":"Boyan Slat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyan_Slat"},{"link_name":"The Ocean Cleanup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Shahed Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahed_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Loom, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Lani Lazzari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lani_Lazzari"},{"link_name":"Iddris Sandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddris_Sandu"},{"link_name":"Spatial Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_Labs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joshua Browder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Browder"},{"link_name":"DoNotPay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoNotPay"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Erin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Smith_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Shane Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Curran_(entrepreneur)"}],"sub_title":"Notable recipients","text":"Notable recipients include the following people (year they were awarded the fellowship is indicated in parentheses):[21]Laura Deming (2011) – founder and partner at Longevity Fund\nDale J. Stephens (2011) – founder of Year On, formerly UnCollege, a gap year program with training in work skills and life skills[22]\nDylan Field (2012) – co-founder and CEO of Figma[23]\nTaylor Wilson (2012) – the second youngest person to produce nuclear fusion[24]\nRitesh Agarwal (2013) – founder & CEO of OYO Rooms\nWilliam LeGate (2013) – CEO of Pillow Fight; previously Good Pillow.\nAustin Russell (2013) – founder and CEO of Luminar Technologies and the world's youngest self-made billionaire as of 2021[25]\nVitalik Buterin (2014) – co-creator of Ethereum[26]\nLucy Guo (2014) - co-founder Scale.AI and founder of Passes[27]\nStacey Ferreira (2015) – co-founder of Forge, a platform for gig workers\nSimon Tian (2015) – creator of the Neptune Pine, a crowd-funded smartwatch\nCathy Tie (2015) – founder of Ranomics and Partner at Cervin Ventures[28]\nJoey Krug (2016) – founder of decentralized prediction market platform Augur, later co-CIO at Pantera Capital and partner at Founders Fund.\nBoyan Slat (2016) – founder and CEO of The Ocean Cleanup[29]\nShahed Khan (2017) – co-founder of Loom, Inc.\nLani Lazzari (2017)– skincare for sensitive skins\nIddris Sandu (2018) – co-founder of Spatial Labs\nJoshua Browder (2018) – founder & CEO of DoNotPay,[30] an automated legal firm\nErin Smith (2018) – creator of software to detect Parkinson's Disease\nShane Curran (2020) – security software for developers.","title":"Recipients"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Siegler, MG (September 27, 2010). \"Peter Thiel Has New Initiative To Pay Kids To \"Stop Out Of School\"\". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/27/peter-thiel-drop-out-of-school/","url_text":"\"Peter Thiel Has New Initiative To Pay Kids To \"Stop Out Of School\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wauters, Robin (May 25, 2011). \"Young Entrepreneurs Rule: Meet Peter Thiel's First 20 under 20 Fellows\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/25/young-entrepreneurs-rule-meet-peter-thiels-first-20-under-20-thiel-fellows/","url_text":"\"Young Entrepreneurs Rule: Meet Peter Thiel's First 20 under 20 Fellows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"Wieder, Ben (May 25, 2011). \"Thiel Fellowship Pays 24 Talented Students $100,000 Not to Attend College\". Chronicle of Higher Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://chronicle.com/article/Thiel-Fellowship-Pays-24/127622/","url_text":"\"Thiel Fellowship Pays 24 Talented Students $100,000 Not to Attend College\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education","url_text":"Chronicle of Higher Education"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Thiel Announces 2012 Class of 20 Under 20 Thiel Fellows\". Thiel Fellowship website. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113154705/http://www.thielfellowship.org/2012/06/peter-thiel-announces-2012-class-of-20-under-20-thiel-fellows-2/","url_text":"\"Peter Thiel Announces 2012 Class of 20 Under 20 Thiel Fellows\""},{"url":"http://www.thielfellowship.org/2012/06/peter-thiel-announces-2012-class-of-20-under-20-thiel-fellows-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cutler, Kim-Mai (June 14, 2012). \"Nuclear Fusion, 3D Printing, Biomedical Imaging: What Thiel's New 20 Under 20 Fellows Are Attacking\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/14/nuclear-fusion-3d-printing-biomedical-imaging-what-thiels-new-20-under-20-fellows-are-attacking/","url_text":"\"Nuclear Fusion, 3D Printing, Biomedical Imaging: What Thiel's New 20 Under 20 Fellows Are Attacking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Series: 20 under 20\". The Thiel Foundation. 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131018012917/http://www.20u.org/about","url_text":"\"About the Series: 20 under 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Foundation","url_text":"Thiel Foundation"},{"url":"http://www.20u.org/about","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Under 20 Documentary Highlights Entrepreneurial Potential of Education Dropouts\". eduinreview.com. Education in Review. August 23, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eduinreview.com/blog/2012/08/20-under-20-documentary-highlights-entrepreneurial-excellence/","url_text":"\"20 Under 20 Documentary Highlights Entrepreneurial Potential of Education Dropouts\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Year's Thiel Fellows Include A Fashion Designer, A Poet, And A Harvard Dropout\". May 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcoexist.com/1682017/this-years-thiel-fellows-include-a-fashion-designer-a-poet-and-a-harvard-dropout","url_text":"\"This Year's Thiel Fellows Include A Fashion Designer, A Poet, And A Harvard Dropout\""}]},{"reference":"Kolodny, Lora (December 18, 2013). \"Why a Nonprofit Backs Dropping Out of School: PayPal Founder's Foundation Encourages Learning by Doing\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303330204579250142741126468","url_text":"\"Why a Nonprofit Backs Dropping Out of School: PayPal Founder's Foundation Encourages Learning by Doing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Aaron; Dewey, Richard (October 19, 2023). \"Thiel's Unicorn Success Is Awkward for Colleges\". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/19/thiel-s-unicorn-success-is-awkward-for-colleges/93db4230-6e6a-11ee-b01a-f593caa04363_story.html","url_text":"\"Thiel's Unicorn Success Is Awkward for Colleges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Weisberg, Jacob (October 18, 2010). \"What's Wrong with Silicon Valley Libertarianism\". Newsweek. Retrieved October 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/2010/10/18/what-s-wrong-with-silicon-valley-libertarianism.html","url_text":"\"What's Wrong with Silicon Valley Libertarianism\""}]},{"reference":"Wadhwa, Vivek (April 12, 2011). \"Friends Don't Let Friends Take Education Advice From Peter Thiel\". TechCrunch.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/12/friends-don%E2%80%99t-let-friends-take-education-advice-from-peter-thiel/","url_text":"\"Friends Don't Let Friends Take Education Advice From Peter Thiel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"McGann, Mike (May 26, 2011). \"Incentive to Drop Out\". MIT Admissions Blog. Retrieved June 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/incentive_to_drop_out","url_text":"\"Incentive to Drop Out\""}]},{"reference":"Markowitz, Eric (October 16, 2012). \"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Is It Worthwhile?\". Inc Magazine. Retrieved November 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inc.com/eric-markowitz/examing-the-thiel-fellowship-is-it-worthwhile.html","url_text":"\"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Is It Worthwhile?\""}]},{"reference":"Nieva, Richard (April 24, 2013). \"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Where are they now?\". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623084149/https://pando.com/2013/04/24/examining-the-thiel-fellowship-where-are-they-now/","url_text":"\"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Where are they now?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PandoDaily","url_text":"PandoDaily"},{"url":"http://pandodaily.com/2013/04/24/examining-the-thiel-fellowship-where-are-they-now/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wadhwa, Vivek (September 11, 2013). \"Billionaire's Failed Education Experiment Proves There's No Shortcut To Success\". Forbes. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/singularity/2013/09/11/peter-thiel-promised-flying-cars-instead-we-got-caffeine-spray/","url_text":"\"Billionaire's Failed Education Experiment Proves There's No Shortcut To Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Ferenstein, Gregory (October 10, 2013). \"Thiel Fellows Program Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy', Says Larry Summers\". Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/10/thiel-fellows-program-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-philanthropy-says-larry-summers/","url_text":"\"Thiel Fellows Program Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy', Says Larry Summers\""}]},{"reference":"Tiku, Nitasha (October 11, 2013). \"Summers: Thiel Fellows Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy'\". Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140415062417/http://valleywag.gawker.com/summers-thiel-fellows-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-ph-1443939868/all","url_text":"\"Summers: Thiel Fellows Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy'\""},{"url":"http://valleywag.gawker.com/summers-thiel-fellows-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-ph-1443939868/all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weinstock, Samuel Y. (October 14, 2013). \"Summers: Thiel Fellowship 'The Single Most Misdirected Bit of Philanthropy in This Decade'\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/10/14/summers-thiel-misdirected/","url_text":"\"Summers: Thiel Fellowship 'The Single Most Misdirected Bit of Philanthropy in This Decade'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Darrell; Friedman, Dan (October 13, 2013). \"Of Course Harvard's Larry Summers Hates The Thiel Fellowship\". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/13/of-course-larry-summers-hates-the-thiel-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Of Course Harvard's Larry Summers Hates The Thiel Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dale Stephens: 'Unschoolers create their education'\". Washington Post. August 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/dale-stephens-unschoolers-create-their-education/2011/08/22/gIQAp3VMjJ_story.html","url_text":"\"Dale Stephens: 'Unschoolers create their education'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Russell\", TechCrunch, June 27, 2013, retrieved May 20, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/26/21-years-4-million-dollars/","url_text":"\"Austin Russell\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boy Who Played With Fusion\". Popular Science. Retrieved August 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/boy-who-played-fusion","url_text":"\"The Boy Who Played With Fusion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austin Russell\". Forbes. Retrieved January 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/austin-russell/?sh=6ecafc266aa8","url_text":"\"Austin Russell\""}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Benjamin (June 23, 2017). \"Meet Vitalik Buterin, the 23-year-old founder of bitcoin rival ethereum\". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/22/meet-vitalik-buterin-the-founder-of-bitcoin-rival-ethereum.html","url_text":"\"Meet Vitalik Buterin, the 23-year-old founder of bitcoin rival ethereum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129222518/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/22/meet-vitalik-buterin-the-founder-of-bitcoin-rival-ethereum.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Many of tech's power-players are alumni of Peter Thiel's controversial fellowship, which pays entrepreneurs to drop out of college. See how they made their millions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/list-tech-power-players-alumni-of-peter-thiels-fellowship-2023-1","url_text":"\"Many of tech's power-players are alumni of Peter Thiel's controversial fellowship, which pays entrepreneurs to drop out of college. See how they made their millions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cervin Team – Cervin Ventures\". www.cervinventures.com. Retrieved November 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cervinventures.com/cervin-team/","url_text":"\"Cervin Team – Cervin Ventures\""}]},{"reference":"CNBC.com, Susan Caminiti, special to (April 22, 2017). \"Thiel, Benioff backing 22-year-old's dream to clean up world's oceans\". CNBC. Retrieved July 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/20/thiel-benioff-backing-22-year-olds-dream-to-clean-up-worlds-oceans.html","url_text":"\"Thiel, Benioff backing 22-year-old's dream to clean up world's oceans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"fortune.com, Aron Solomon, special to (September 20, 2022). \"Meet the college dropout who invested in Figma–and 22 other Thiel Fellows\". Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2022/09/20/meet-college-dropout-invested-figma-thiel-fellows-adobe-success-investing-venture-capital-aron-solomon","url_text":"\"Meet the college dropout who invested in Figma–and 22 other Thiel Fellows\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://thielfellowship.org/","external_links_name":"thielfellowship.org"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/27/peter-thiel-drop-out-of-school/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Thiel Has New Initiative To Pay Kids To \"Stop Out Of School\"\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/25/young-entrepreneurs-rule-meet-peter-thiels-first-20-under-20-thiel-fellows/","external_links_name":"\"Young Entrepreneurs Rule: Meet Peter Thiel's First 20 under 20 Fellows\""},{"Link":"http://chronicle.com/article/Thiel-Fellowship-Pays-24/127622/","external_links_name":"\"Thiel Fellowship Pays 24 Talented Students $100,000 Not to Attend 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Colleges\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/2010/10/18/what-s-wrong-with-silicon-valley-libertarianism.html","external_links_name":"\"What's Wrong with Silicon Valley Libertarianism\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/12/friends-don%E2%80%99t-let-friends-take-education-advice-from-peter-thiel/","external_links_name":"\"Friends Don't Let Friends Take Education Advice From Peter Thiel\""},{"Link":"http://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/incentive_to_drop_out","external_links_name":"\"Incentive to Drop Out\""},{"Link":"http://www.inc.com/eric-markowitz/examing-the-thiel-fellowship-is-it-worthwhile.html","external_links_name":"\"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Is It Worthwhile?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623084149/https://pando.com/2013/04/24/examining-the-thiel-fellowship-where-are-they-now/","external_links_name":"\"Examining the Thiel Fellowship: Where are they now?\""},{"Link":"http://pandodaily.com/2013/04/24/examining-the-thiel-fellowship-where-are-they-now/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/singularity/2013/09/11/peter-thiel-promised-flying-cars-instead-we-got-caffeine-spray/","external_links_name":"\"Billionaire's Failed Education Experiment Proves There's No Shortcut To Success\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/10/thiel-fellows-program-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-philanthropy-says-larry-summers/","external_links_name":"\"Thiel Fellows Program Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy', Says Larry Summers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140415062417/http://valleywag.gawker.com/summers-thiel-fellows-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-ph-1443939868/all","external_links_name":"\"Summers: Thiel Fellows Is 'Most Misdirected Piece Of Philanthropy'\""},{"Link":"http://valleywag.gawker.com/summers-thiel-fellows-is-most-misdirected-piece-of-ph-1443939868/all","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_of_Macedonia | Urban of Macedonia | ["1 Hymns","2 Sources","3 External links","4 References"] | One of the seventy apostles mentioned by St. Paul
Saint Urban of MacedoniaStachys, Amplias, Urban (by Menologion of Basil II)Apostle of MacedoniaVenerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchFeast31 October (Byzantine Christianity)13 July (Roman Catholic)4 January with the 70 Apostles (Byzantine Christianity)
Urban of Macedonia (Greek: Ουρβανός) is numbered among the Seventy Apostles. Along with the Apostles Ampliatus, Stachys, Narcissus of Athens, Apelles of Heraklion and Aristobulus of Britannia (all of these names are mentioned together by St. Paul in Romans 16:8–11, which cannot be casual) he assisted Saint Andrew. St. Andrew ordained Urban bishop in Macedonia. He died a martyr, and his feast day is October 31.
Urban is venerated as saint by Eastern Orthodox Church (January 4, October 31), Roman Catholic Church (July 13) and other Christian Churches.
Hymns
Troparion (Tone 3)
Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Stáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus,
Eentreat the merciful God
To grant our souls forgiveness of transgressions.
Kontakion (Tone 8)
Let us thankfully praise the wise Apostles
Stáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus,
Those treasures of the Holy Spirit and rays of the Sun of glory,
Who were gathered together by the grace of our God.
Sources
St. Nikolai Velimirovic, The Prologue from Ohrid
External links
Apostle Urban of the Seventy (OCA)
References
This article is derived in whole or in part from Urban of Macedonia at OrthodoxWiki, which is dually licensed under CC-By-SA and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
This article about a saint is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Seventy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_Disciples"},{"link_name":"Ampliatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampliatus"},{"link_name":"Stachys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Narcissus of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Apelles of Heraklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelles_of_Heraklion"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus of Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Britannia"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Romans 16:8–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#16:8"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Urban of Macedonia (Greek: Ουρβανός) is numbered among the Seventy Apostles. Along with the Apostles Ampliatus, Stachys, Narcissus of Athens, Apelles of Heraklion and Aristobulus of Britannia (all of these names are mentioned together by St. Paul in Romans 16:8–11, which cannot be casual) he assisted Saint Andrew. St. Andrew ordained Urban bishop in Macedonia. He died a martyr, and his feast day is October 31.Urban is venerated as saint by Eastern Orthodox Church (January 4, October 31), Roman Catholic Church (July 13) and other Christian Churches.","title":"Urban of Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troparion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troparion"},{"link_name":"Kontakion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontakion"}],"text":"Troparion (Tone 3)Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Stáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus,\nEentreat the merciful God\nTo grant our souls forgiveness of transgressions.Kontakion (Tone 8)Let us thankfully praise the wise Apostles\nStáchys, Amplías, Úrban, Narcíssus, Apélles, and Aristobúlus,\nThose treasures of the Holy Spirit and rays of the Sun of glory,\nWho were gathered together by the grace of our God.","title":"Hymns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolai Velimirovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Velimirovic"},{"link_name":"Prologue from Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_from_Ohrid"}],"text":"St. Nikolai Velimirovic, The Prologue from Ohrid","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103124","external_links_name":"Apostle Urban of the Seventy"},{"Link":"http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Apostle+Urban&oldid=71306","external_links_name":"Urban of Macedonia"},{"Link":"http://orthodoxwiki.org/","external_links_name":"OrthodoxWiki"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_of_Macedonia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_defence | Hedgehog defence | ["1 Description","2 World War II","3 Post-World War II","4 See also","5 References"] | For the anti-tank obstruction, see Czech hedgehog. For the chess pawn structure, see Hedgehog (chess).
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American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.
The hedgehog defence is a military tactic in which a defending force creates multiple mutually supporting strongpoints ("hedgehogs") in a defence in depth, designed to sap the strength and break the momentum of an attack. The hedgehogs are designed to be both strong in defence, and thus expensive for an attacker to assault, and capable of mounting counterattacks. The intention is that the attacker will instead bypass them. This will divide his front, expose his forward units to enfilading fire as they pass between hedgehogs followed by attack from the rear when they have passed them, and leave his rear echelons and lines of communication open to counterattack.
Description
In warfare, it is a military tactic to defend against a mobile armoured attack, or blitzkrieg. The defenders deploy in depth in heavily fortified positions suitable for all-around defence. The attackers can penetrate between the "hedgehogs", but each position continues to fight on when it is surrounded. That keeps large numbers of attacking troops tied up, attacking the well-defended strongpoints, and it allows the defenders to counterattack against the units that bypass the strongpoints with their own armored reserves, by cutting them off from their supporting elements.
World War II
In the interwar period Rommel had mentioned the hedgehog as a protective tactic used during rest periods, at platoon and company level, in World War I. Use of a pattern of hedgehogs, comprising larger units and forming a defence in depth, was proposed by General Maxime Weygand in 1940 during the Battle of France. However, Allied forces were unable to apply the tactic before they sustained heavy losses; the remaining French forces applied it but were successfully bypassed, and France signed an armistice with victorious Germany a few weeks later.
On the Eastern Front, the German army used the tactic successfully during the Soviet winter advances, notably in the Battle of Moscow in 1941, in the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive in November 1942, and in the battle around Orel during Operation Saturn in February 1943. The Germans adopted the additional feature commonly associated with hedgehog defence, resupply of the strongpoints by air.
Particularly in the winter of 1941–42, the advanced "hedgehogs" effectively surrounded by the Soviets, such as the Demyansk pocket, were supplied mainly by air. Although casualties were heavy, the strongpoints held up large numbers of attacking Soviet troops and prevented them from being deployed elsewhere; the successful defence of the Demyansk pocket, for example, helped stem the Soviet counteroffensive following the Battle of Moscow. Although aerial resupply reduced reliance on vulnerable ground transport, it inflicted an enormous strain on the Luftwaffe. The successful holding of forward positions in the battles led Adolf Hitler to insist, for the remainder of the war, for static positions to be held to the last man. However, the increasing weakness of the Luftwaffe and the improved combat capabilities of the Soviet Air Force made resupply of isolated strongpoints by air difficult. In particular, Hitler had hoped that the surrounded Stalingrad could be turned into a giant hedgehog, tying up vast numbers of Soviet troops.
After the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the German Army lacked the essential components of the tactic, the mobile armoured reserve and an air combat capability necessary to secure local air superiority for keeping open aerial supply corridors, thus losing the war.
The British Army used "brigade boxes" during the Western Desert Campaign, the boxes consisted of reinforced brigade-sized forces of all arms, protected by barbed wire and with the space between boxes covered by mine fields, defence of the boxes was centered around mutually supporting field artillery and anti-tank guns, which covered the mine fields and the approaches to neighbouring boxes. In the jungles of Burma during the Burma Campaign, the British and Indian armies formed forward defensive positions called "battalion boxes", which consisted of battalion sized forces that would be supplied from the air if surrounded.
Post-World War II
Following the end of World War II, the tactic was successfully used in Southeast Asia by the French against the Việt Minh in the Battle of Nà Sản. The French suffered a disaster in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, when General Võ Nguyên Giáp deployed unexpectedly-heavy concentrations of anti-aircraft artillery around the French garrison and successfully disrupted aerial resupply. Later, hedgehog defence was central in the US Marines' successful defence of Khe Sanh against the PAVN.
A notable example of modern hedgehog defence is the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of independence. A small, ill-armed but determined Croatian resistance kept a larger, heavily equipped but less-motivated Yugoslav Army at bay, buying precious time for the fledgling Republic of Croatia to organize its own armed forces.
Another, ultimately less successful, application was the Iraqi military strategy during the first Gulf War to fortify Kuwait and create an extensive "hedgehog" defensive position. The forward defensive positions were staffed by its elite Republican Guard. The dug-in forces complemented in-depth defence features, such as minefields, tank traps, fire trenches, and other elements of trench and bunker warfare.
See also
150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
Chaco War
Fire support base
References
^ History of the Gulf War, Free Research Paper, http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/history-gulf-war
"Chapter 2 The Defensive". Military Improvisations during the Russian Campaign. United States Army Center of Military History. 1986 . CMH Pub 104-1. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hedgehog (chess)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"strongpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongpoint"},{"link_name":"defence in depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth"},{"link_name":"lines of communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communications"}],"text":"For the anti-tank obstruction, see Czech hedgehog. For the chess pawn structure, see Hedgehog (chess).American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.The hedgehog defence is a military tactic in which a defending force creates multiple mutually supporting strongpoints (\"hedgehogs\") in a defence in depth, designed to sap the strength and break the momentum of an attack. The hedgehogs are designed to be both strong in defence, and thus expensive for an attacker to assault, and capable of mounting counterattacks. The intention is that the attacker will instead bypass them. This will divide his front, expose his forward units to enfilading fire as they pass between hedgehogs followed by attack from the rear when they have passed them, and leave his rear echelons and lines of communication open to counterattack.","title":"Hedgehog defence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"defenders deploy in depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth"},{"link_name":"all-around defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_round_defence"},{"link_name":"hedgehogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"}],"text":"In warfare, it is a military tactic to defend against a mobile armoured attack, or blitzkrieg. The defenders deploy in depth in heavily fortified positions suitable for all-around defence. The attackers can penetrate between the \"hedgehogs\", but each position continues to fight on when it is surrounded. That keeps large numbers of attacking troops tied up, attacking the well-defended strongpoints, and it allows the defenders to counterattack against the units that bypass the strongpoints with their own armored reserves, by cutting them off from their supporting elements.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Maxime Weygand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Weygand"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Rzhev-Sychevka_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Orel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol"},{"link_name":"Operation Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Saturn"},{"link_name":"Demyansk pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyansk_pocket"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"air superiority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_supremacy"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Western Desert Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Burma Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"}],"text":"In the interwar period Rommel had mentioned the hedgehog as a protective tactic used during rest periods, at platoon and company level, in World War I. Use of a pattern of hedgehogs, comprising larger units and forming a defence in depth, was proposed by General Maxime Weygand in 1940 during the Battle of France. However, Allied forces were unable to apply the tactic before they sustained heavy losses; the remaining French forces applied it but were successfully bypassed, and France signed an armistice with victorious Germany a few weeks later.On the Eastern Front, the German army used the tactic successfully during the Soviet winter advances, notably in the Battle of Moscow in 1941, in the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive in November 1942, and in the battle around Orel during Operation Saturn in February 1943. The Germans adopted the additional feature commonly associated with hedgehog defence, resupply of the strongpoints by air.Particularly in the winter of 1941–42, the advanced \"hedgehogs\" effectively surrounded by the Soviets, such as the Demyansk pocket, were supplied mainly by air. Although casualties were heavy, the strongpoints held up large numbers of attacking Soviet troops and prevented them from being deployed elsewhere; the successful defence of the Demyansk pocket, for example, helped stem the Soviet counteroffensive following the Battle of Moscow. Although aerial resupply reduced reliance on vulnerable ground transport, it inflicted an enormous strain on the Luftwaffe. The successful holding of forward positions in the battles led Adolf Hitler to insist, for the remainder of the war, for static positions to be held to the last man. However, the increasing weakness of the Luftwaffe and the improved combat capabilities of the Soviet Air Force made resupply of isolated strongpoints by air difficult. In particular, Hitler had hoped that the surrounded Stalingrad could be turned into a giant hedgehog, tying up vast numbers of Soviet troops.After the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the German Army lacked the essential components of the tactic, the mobile armoured reserve and an air combat capability necessary to secure local air superiority for keeping open aerial supply corridors, thus losing the war.The British Army used \"brigade boxes\" during the Western Desert Campaign, the boxes consisted of reinforced brigade-sized forces of all arms, protected by barbed wire and with the space between boxes covered by mine fields, defence of the boxes was centered around mutually supporting field artillery and anti-tank guns, which covered the mine fields and the approaches to neighbouring boxes. In the jungles of Burma during the Burma Campaign, the British and Indian armies formed forward defensive positions called \"battalion boxes\", which consisted of battalion sized forces that would be supplied from the air if surrounded.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Việt Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nà Sản","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dien Bien Phu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu"},{"link_name":"Võ Nguyên Giáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"Khe Sanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh"},{"link_name":"PAVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAVN"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vukovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Republic of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Republican Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Following the end of World War II, the tactic was successfully used in Southeast Asia by the French against the Việt Minh in the Battle of Nà Sản. The French suffered a disaster in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, when General Võ Nguyên Giáp deployed unexpectedly-heavy concentrations of anti-aircraft artillery around the French garrison and successfully disrupted aerial resupply. Later, hedgehog defence was central in the US Marines' successful defence of Khe Sanh against the PAVN.A notable example of modern hedgehog defence is the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of independence. A small, ill-armed but determined Croatian resistance kept a larger, heavily equipped but less-motivated Yugoslav Army at bay, buying precious time for the fledgling Republic of Croatia to organize its own armed forces.Another, ultimately less successful, application was the Iraqi military strategy during the first Gulf War to fortify Kuwait and create an extensive \"hedgehog\" defensive position. The forward defensive positions were staffed by its elite Republican Guard. The dug-in forces complemented in-depth defence features, such as minefields, tank traps, fire trenches, and other elements of trench and bunker warfare.[1]","title":"Post-World War II"}] | [{"image_text":"American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg/220px-American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg"}] | [{"title":"150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Chaco War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_War"},{"title":"Fire support base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support_base"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chapter 2 The Defensive\". Military Improvisations during the Russian Campaign. United States Army Center of Military History. 1986 [1951]. CMH Pub 104-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/milimprov/ch02.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 2 The Defensive\""},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/milimprov/fm.htm","url_text":"Military Improvisations during the Russian Campaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/history-gulf-war","external_links_name":"http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/history-gulf-war"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/milimprov/ch02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 2 The Defensive\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/milimprov/fm.htm","external_links_name":"Military Improvisations during the Russian Campaign"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library | Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library | ["1 Design","2 Location selection","3 Board, staff, and supporters","4 History","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°54′58″N 103°33′08″W / 46.91611°N 103.55222°W / 46.91611; -103.55222 (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Medora, North Dakota))Presidential library and museum
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Theodore Roosevelt Presidential LibraryShow map of North DakotaShow map of the United StatesGeneral informationLocationMedora, North Dakota, United StatesCoordinates46°54′58″N 103°33′08″W / 46.91611°N 103.55222°W / 46.91611; -103.55222 (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Medora, North Dakota))Named forTheodore RooseveltConstruction startedSummer 2023Completedprojected 2026Design and constructionArchitect(s)SnøhettaWebsite
The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library is a planned museum focused on the life and legacy of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States. It is to be constructed at a site to the west of Medora, North Dakota, near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, which preserves sites associated with Roosevelt's travel in North Dakota between 1883 and 1887. A site in the Badlands of Medora was selected in 2020, as well as the design architect Snøhetta and the architect of record JLG Architects.
Design
A 93-acre (38 ha) site was selected in March 2020 from eleven candidates on land owned by the U.S. Forest Service, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Medora, near the Burning Hills Amphitheater, and close to the Medora entrance to the south unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. The site includes a section of the Maah Daah Hey Trail, and includes grassland and Badland terrain. Congress passed legislation to allow and direct the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to sell the land, which was owned by the U.S. Forest Service up to this point. The site is on top of a butte near the amphitheater used for the Medora Musical.
An initial field of forty architectural firms was narrowed to fourteen firms, which were all invited to compete to serve as the Design Architect for the library. Twelve firms participated and after a series of interviews & presentations, the Foundation announced three finalists: Snøhetta, Studio Gang, and Henning Larsen. These three firms were provided stipends to develop design concepts. Snøhetta–known for its projects including the National September 11 Museum, Oslo Opera House, and Bibliotheca Alexandrina, among others–was selected in September 2020 to design the library.
Location selection
The Library is being built in North Dakota due in large part to both local and regional enthusiasm for the project, and Theodore Roosevelt's personal connections to the state.
Theodore Roosevelt first came to the North Dakota Badlands on September 8, 1883. Roosevelt arrived with the intent to hunt buffalo, but he subsequently formed a deeper connection with the land–so much so that he invested in two ranches in the area: the Maltese Cross and the Elkhorn. Roosevelt would return after the tragic deaths of both his wife, Alice, and mother, Mittie, on Valentine's Day in 1884. He sought refuge, healing, and strength in the landscape–Roosevelt famously said the region is where the "romance of my life began."
Roosevelt would view his time in North Dakota fondly. He once said that if he was ever forced to retain just one memory from his life, he "would take the memory of my life on the ranch, with its experiences close to Nature and among the men who lived nearest her." Moreover, Roosevelt would credit his time in the region as being formative to understanding not only himself, but the lives of others, famously declaring that he "never would have been President if it had not been for my experiences in North Dakota."
In 2019 the North Dakota Legislative Assembly authorized a $50 million operating endowment for the proposed library, to be made available after the foundation raised $100 million for construction; the Foundation has since reached this milestone, unlocking the $50 million.
Board, staff, and supporters
Linda Pancratz, CEO and Chairwoman of Mountain Capital, is Chair of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Board of Trustees.
Former media executive and Roosevelt scholar Edward O'Keefe is the CEO.
Governor Doug Burgum supports the effort, citing the state's "opportunity to build a presidential library in honor of one of the most dynamic, influential, and world-changing presidents in the history of the US,” alongside the library's potential impacts on economic, academic, and tourism development within the state. Theodore Roosevelt V, President Roosevelt's great-great grandson, has also played a prominent role advocating for the library within the state. The Roosevelt family has purchased the 90.3 acres of land the library will be on.
History
In January 2022, the Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt, which stood outside the American Museum of Natural History in New York City facing Central Park West, was removed and will be on a long-term loan to the Library. The Library has yet to determine how and where the statue will be displayed on the grounds. The statue has generated controversy due to its subordinate depiction of African and Native American figures beside Roosevelt.
References
^ a b Dura, Jack (March 31, 2020). "U.S. Forest Service land eyed for Theodore Roosevelt presidential library". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Distributed Site Planning" (PDF). Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. March 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
^ Turley, Jeremy (March 31, 2020). "Board picks site near Medora for proposed Roosevelt library". Inforum. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
^ December 23, 2020 - 12pm, Jeremy Turley | (December 23, 2020). "Congress paves way for Roosevelt library to buy land in western North Dakota". The Dickinson Press. Retrieved January 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ April 27, 2020 - 6am, Jeremy Turley | (April 27, 2020). "Roosevelt library group considering 12 architecture firms for project". INFORUM. Retrieved September 23, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Snøhetta and Studio Gang compete to design Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library". Dezeen. May 20, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Selects Snøhetta for Design Architect Commission of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota" (PDF). Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
^ Mafi, Nick (September 18, 2020). "The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be Designed by Snøhetta". Architectural Digest. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be a Stunning Tribute to Nature in North Dakota". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "TR Center - Theodore Roosevelt in North Dakota". www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt". HistoryNet. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt National Park--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Burgum signs bill, thanks legislators for creating endowment for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum". State of North Dakota. April 26, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
^ October 27, 2020 - 7pm, Jeremy Turley | (October 27, 2020). "Roosevelt library group reaches $100M fundraising goal behind Walton, Burgum donations". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved January 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ October 19, 2019 - 11am, Adam Kurtz | (October 19, 2019). "'It was providential': Grand Forks native in first weeks as CEO of Roosevelt Library project". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved September 23, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ DURA, JACK (March 13, 2019). "Gov. Burgum emphasizes vision in push for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ "Gov. Burgum Testifies in Favor of Presidential Library Funding". KX NEWS. January 9, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ Tribune, JACK DURA Bismarck (January 24, 2019). "Theodore Roosevelt V sees fitting placement of presidential library in North Dakota Badlands". The Billings Gazette. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ DURA, JACK (December 22, 2020). "Congress passes land sale provision for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ Suliman, Adela (January 20, 2022). "Theodore Roosevelt statue removed from outside New York's Museum of Natural History". MSN. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt statue in NYC covered ahead of move to North Dakota museum". December 6, 2021.
^ "Family member of Theodore Roosevelt weighs in on statue removal: 'I think it gives the wrong message'". June 22, 2020.
External links
Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library website
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vteTheodore Roosevelt
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Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film
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Related
Political positions
"Bully pulpit"
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Family
Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife)
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Archibald Roosevelt (son)
Quentin Roosevelt (son)
Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson)
Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson)
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Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson)
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Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter)
Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter)
Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father)
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother)
Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt (sister)
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother)
Corinne Roosevelt (sister)
Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather)
James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather)
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Robert Barnhill Roosevelt
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Pete (dog)
← William McKinley
William Howard Taft →
← Garret Hobart
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Medora, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medora,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Snøhetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta_(company)"},{"link_name":"JLG Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLG_Architects"}],"text":"Presidential library and museumThe Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library is a planned museum focused on the life and legacy of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States. It is to be constructed at a site to the west of Medora, North Dakota, near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, which preserves sites associated with Roosevelt's travel in North Dakota between 1883 and 1887. A site in the Badlands of Medora was selected in 2020, as well as the design architect Snøhetta and the architect of record JLG Architects.","title":"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Maah Daah Hey Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maah_Daah_Hey_Trail"},{"link_name":"Badland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dura3-31-2020-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trplsite-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turley3-31-2020-3"},{"link_name":"Medora Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medora_Musical"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Snøhetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta_(company)"},{"link_name":"Studio Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Gang_Architects"},{"link_name":"Henning Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Larsen_Architects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Snøhetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta_(company)"},{"link_name":"National September 11 Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_September_11_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oslo Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trpl2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A 93-acre (38 ha) site was selected in March 2020 from eleven candidates on land owned by the U.S. Forest Service, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Medora, near the Burning Hills Amphitheater, and close to the Medora entrance to the south unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. The site includes a section of the Maah Daah Hey Trail, and includes grassland and Badland terrain.[1][2][3] Congress passed legislation to allow and direct the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to sell the land, which was owned by the U.S. Forest Service up to this point. The site is on top of a butte near the amphitheater used for the Medora Musical.[4]An initial field of forty architectural firms was narrowed to fourteen firms, which were all invited to compete to serve as the Design Architect for the library. Twelve firms participated and after a series of interviews & presentations, the Foundation announced three finalists: Snøhetta, Studio Gang, and Henning Larsen.[5][6] These three firms were provided stipends to develop design concepts. Snøhetta–known for its projects including the National September 11 Museum, Oslo Opera House, and Bibliotheca Alexandrina, among others–was selected in September 2020 to design the library.[7][8][9]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maltese Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Maltese_Cross_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Elkhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Mittie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dura3-31-2020-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nd1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Library is being built in North Dakota due in large part to both local and regional enthusiasm for the project, and Theodore Roosevelt's personal connections to the state.Theodore Roosevelt first came to the North Dakota Badlands on September 8, 1883. Roosevelt arrived with the intent to hunt buffalo, but he subsequently formed a deeper connection with the land–so much so that he invested in two ranches in the area: the Maltese Cross and the Elkhorn. Roosevelt would return after the tragic deaths of both his wife, Alice, and mother, Mittie, on Valentine's Day in 1884. He sought refuge, healing, and strength in the landscape–Roosevelt famously said the region is where the \"romance of my life began.\"[10]Roosevelt would view his time in North Dakota fondly. He once said that if he was ever forced to retain just one memory from his life, he \"would take the memory of my life on the ranch, with its experiences close to Nature and among the men who lived nearest her.\"[11] Moreover, Roosevelt would credit his time in the region as being formative to understanding not only himself, but the lives of others, famously declaring that he \"never would have been President if it had not been for my experiences in North Dakota.\"[12]In 2019 the North Dakota Legislative Assembly authorized a $50 million operating endowment for the proposed library, to be made available after the foundation raised $100 million for construction; the Foundation has since reached this milestone, unlocking the $50 million.[1][13][14]","title":"Location selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Governor Doug Burgum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Burgum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Linda Pancratz, CEO and Chairwoman of Mountain Capital, is Chair of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Board of Trustees.Former media executive and Roosevelt scholar Edward O'Keefe is the CEO.[15]Governor Doug Burgum supports the effort, citing the state's \"opportunity to build a presidential library in honor of one of the most dynamic, influential, and world-changing presidents in the history of the US,” alongside the library's potential impacts on economic, academic, and tourism development within the state.[16][17] Theodore Roosevelt V, President Roosevelt's great-great grandson, has also played a prominent role advocating for the library within the state.[18] The Roosevelt family has purchased the 90.3 acres of land the library will be on.[19]","title":"Board, staff, and supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In January 2022, the Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt, which stood outside the American Museum of Natural History in New York City facing Central Park West, was removed and will be on a long-term loan to the Library.[20] The Library has yet to determine how and where the statue will be displayed on the grounds.[21] The statue has generated controversy due to its subordinate depiction of African and Native American figures beside Roosevelt.[22]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dura, Jack (March 31, 2020). \"U.S. Forest Service land eyed for Theodore Roosevelt presidential library\". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/u-s-forest-service-land-eyed-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential/article_aa8a038a-6669-5b60-94e4-460b5d0daff2.html#tracking-source=home-top-story-1","url_text":"\"U.S. Forest Service land eyed for Theodore Roosevelt presidential library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Distributed Site Planning\" (PDF). Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. March 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/bismarcktribune.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/a/96/a962d630-c7de-52f6-93bd-0068e8e488cc/5e84c09c0ea68.pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Distributed Site Planning\""}]},{"reference":"Turley, Jeremy (March 31, 2020). \"Board picks site near Medora for proposed Roosevelt library\". Inforum. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inforum.com/business/tourism/5021986-Board-picks-site-near-Medora-for-proposed-Roosevelt-library","url_text":"\"Board picks site near Medora for proposed Roosevelt library\""}]},{"reference":"December 23, 2020 - 12pm, Jeremy Turley | (December 23, 2020). \"Congress paves way for Roosevelt library to buy land in western North Dakota\". The Dickinson Press. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/business/tourism/6815297-Congress-paves-way-for-Roosevelt-library-to-buy-land-in-western-North-Dakota","url_text":"\"Congress paves way for Roosevelt library to buy land in western North Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"April 27, 2020 - 6am, Jeremy Turley | (April 27, 2020). \"Roosevelt library group considering 12 architecture firms for project\". INFORUM. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inforum.com/business/tourism/6287235-Roosevelt-library-group-considering-12-architecture-firms-for-project","url_text":"\"Roosevelt library group considering 12 architecture firms for project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snøhetta and Studio Gang compete to design Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\". Dezeen. May 20, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/20/snohetta-studio-gang-henning-larsen-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/","url_text":"\"Snøhetta and Studio Gang compete to design Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Selects Snøhetta for Design Architect Commission of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota\" (PDF). Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://8do5842xs2ewhrr625bejk1b-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EMBARGOED_Design_Architect_TR_Library-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Selects Snøhetta for Design Architect Commission of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"Mafi, Nick (September 18, 2020). \"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be Designed by Snøhetta\". Architectural Digest. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library-designed-snohetta","url_text":"\"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be Designed by Snøhetta\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be a Stunning Tribute to Nature in North Dakota\". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelandleisure.com/culture-design/architecture-design/theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library-design-north-dakota","url_text":"\"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be a Stunning Tribute to Nature in North Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"\"TR Center - Theodore Roosevelt in North Dakota\". www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Trail/TR-Trail-Pages/Theodore-Roosevelt-in-North-Dakota","url_text":"\"TR Center - Theodore Roosevelt in North Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt\". HistoryNet. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historynet.com/theodore-roosevelt","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt National Park--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/t_roosevelt_park.html","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt National Park--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burgum signs bill, thanks legislators for creating endowment for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum\". State of North Dakota. April 26, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd.gov/news/burgum-signs-bill-thanks-legislators-creating-endowment-theodore-roosevelt-presidential","url_text":"\"Burgum signs bill, thanks legislators for creating endowment for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum\""}]},{"reference":"October 27, 2020 - 7pm, Jeremy Turley | (October 27, 2020). \"Roosevelt library group reaches $100M fundraising goal behind Walton, Burgum donations\". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/business/tourism/6736389-Roosevelt-library-group-reaches-100M-fundraising-goal-behind-Walton-Burgum-donations","url_text":"\"Roosevelt library group reaches $100M fundraising goal behind Walton, Burgum donations\""}]},{"reference":"October 19, 2019 - 11am, Adam Kurtz | (October 19, 2019). \"'It was providential': Grand Forks native in first weeks as CEO of Roosevelt Library project\". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/business/tourism/4728394-It-was-providential-Grand-Forks-native-in-first-weeks-as-CEO-of-Roosevelt-Library-project","url_text":"\"'It was providential': Grand Forks native in first weeks as CEO of Roosevelt Library project\""}]},{"reference":"DURA, JACK (March 13, 2019). \"Gov. Burgum emphasizes vision in push for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/gov-burgum-emphasizes-vision-in-push-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/article_1707abde-8940-55f8-a0e4-58146ac915d4.html","url_text":"\"Gov. Burgum emphasizes vision in push for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Burgum Testifies in Favor of Presidential Library Funding\". KX NEWS. January 9, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxnet.com/news/gov-burgum-testifies-in-favor-of-presidential-library-funding/","url_text":"\"Gov. Burgum Testifies in Favor of Presidential Library Funding\""}]},{"reference":"Tribune, JACK DURA Bismarck (January 24, 2019). \"Theodore Roosevelt V sees fitting placement of presidential library in North Dakota Badlands\". The Billings Gazette. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/theodore-roosevelt-v-sees-fitting-placement-of-presidential-library-in-north-dakota-badlands/article_c33965fe-00e6-587f-a9b5-e7c3f68fa105.html","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt V sees fitting placement of presidential library in North Dakota Badlands\""}]},{"reference":"DURA, JACK (December 22, 2020). \"Congress passes land sale provision for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/congress-passes-land-sale-provision-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/article_815c1944-60cd-5587-9180-a96aac852ff8.html","url_text":"\"Congress passes land sale provision for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""}]},{"reference":"Suliman, Adela (January 20, 2022). \"Theodore Roosevelt statue removed from outside New York's Museum of Natural History\". MSN. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/theodore-roosevelt-statue-removed-from-outside-new-york-e2-80-99s-museum-of-natural-history/ar-AASY3Gt","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt statue removed from outside New York's Museum of Natural History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt statue in NYC covered ahead of move to North Dakota museum\". December 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2021/12/06/theodore-roosevelt-statue-in-nyc-covered-ahead-of-move/","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt statue in NYC covered ahead of move to North Dakota museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family member of Theodore Roosevelt weighs in on statue removal: 'I think it gives the wrong message'\". June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7ny.com/theodore-roosevelt-statue-nyc-why-is-roosevelts-being-removed-teddy-american-museum-of-natural-history/6260686/","url_text":"\"Family member of Theodore Roosevelt weighs in on statue removal: 'I think it gives the wrong message'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library¶ms=46_54_58_N_103_33_08_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark&title=Theodore+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+Medora%2C+North+Dakota%29","external_links_name":"46°54′58″N 103°33′08″W / 46.91611°N 103.55222°W / 46.91611; -103.55222 (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Medora, North Dakota))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library¶ms=46_54_58_N_103_33_08_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark&title=Theodore+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+Medora%2C+North+Dakota%29","external_links_name":"46°54′58″N 103°33′08″W / 46.91611°N 103.55222°W / 46.91611; -103.55222 (Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Medora, North Dakota))"},{"Link":"https://www.trlibrary.com/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/u-s-forest-service-land-eyed-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential/article_aa8a038a-6669-5b60-94e4-460b5d0daff2.html#tracking-source=home-top-story-1","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Forest Service land eyed for Theodore Roosevelt presidential library\""},{"Link":"https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/bismarcktribune.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/a/96/a962d630-c7de-52f6-93bd-0068e8e488cc/5e84c09c0ea68.pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Distributed Site Planning\""},{"Link":"https://www.inforum.com/business/tourism/5021986-Board-picks-site-near-Medora-for-proposed-Roosevelt-library","external_links_name":"\"Board picks site near Medora for proposed Roosevelt library\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/business/tourism/6815297-Congress-paves-way-for-Roosevelt-library-to-buy-land-in-western-North-Dakota","external_links_name":"\"Congress paves way for Roosevelt library to buy land in western North Dakota\""},{"Link":"https://www.inforum.com/business/tourism/6287235-Roosevelt-library-group-considering-12-architecture-firms-for-project","external_links_name":"\"Roosevelt library group considering 12 architecture firms for project\""},{"Link":"https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/20/snohetta-studio-gang-henning-larsen-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta and Studio Gang compete to design Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""},{"Link":"https://8do5842xs2ewhrr625bejk1b-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/EMBARGOED_Design_Architect_TR_Library-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Foundation Selects Snøhetta for Design Architect Commission of the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota\""},{"Link":"https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library-designed-snohetta","external_links_name":"\"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be Designed by Snøhetta\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelandleisure.com/culture-design/architecture-design/theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library-design-north-dakota","external_links_name":"\"The Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library Will Be a Stunning Tribute to Nature in North Dakota\""},{"Link":"https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Trail/TR-Trail-Pages/Theodore-Roosevelt-in-North-Dakota","external_links_name":"\"TR Center - Theodore Roosevelt in North Dakota\""},{"Link":"https://www.historynet.com/theodore-roosevelt","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/t_roosevelt_park.html","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt National Park--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nd.gov/news/burgum-signs-bill-thanks-legislators-creating-endowment-theodore-roosevelt-presidential","external_links_name":"\"Burgum signs bill, thanks legislators for creating endowment for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/business/tourism/6736389-Roosevelt-library-group-reaches-100M-fundraising-goal-behind-Walton-Burgum-donations","external_links_name":"\"Roosevelt library group reaches $100M fundraising goal behind Walton, Burgum donations\""},{"Link":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/business/tourism/4728394-It-was-providential-Grand-Forks-native-in-first-weeks-as-CEO-of-Roosevelt-Library-project","external_links_name":"\"'It was providential': Grand Forks native in first weeks as CEO of Roosevelt Library project\""},{"Link":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/gov-burgum-emphasizes-vision-in-push-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/article_1707abde-8940-55f8-a0e4-58146ac915d4.html","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Burgum emphasizes vision in push for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxnet.com/news/gov-burgum-testifies-in-favor-of-presidential-library-funding/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Burgum Testifies in Favor of Presidential Library Funding\""},{"Link":"https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/theodore-roosevelt-v-sees-fitting-placement-of-presidential-library-in-north-dakota-badlands/article_c33965fe-00e6-587f-a9b5-e7c3f68fa105.html","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt V sees fitting placement of presidential library in North Dakota Badlands\""},{"Link":"https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/congress-passes-land-sale-provision-for-theodore-roosevelt-presidential-library/article_815c1944-60cd-5587-9180-a96aac852ff8.html","external_links_name":"\"Congress passes land sale provision for Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/theodore-roosevelt-statue-removed-from-outside-new-york-e2-80-99s-museum-of-natural-history/ar-AASY3Gt","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt statue removed from outside New York's Museum of Natural History\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2021/12/06/theodore-roosevelt-statue-in-nyc-covered-ahead-of-move/","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt statue in NYC covered ahead of move to North Dakota museum\""},{"Link":"https://abc7ny.com/theodore-roosevelt-statue-nyc-why-is-roosevelts-being-removed-teddy-american-museum-of-natural-history/6260686/","external_links_name":"\"Family member of Theodore Roosevelt weighs in on statue removal: 'I think it gives the wrong message'\""},{"Link":"https://www.trlibrary.com/","external_links_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Super_League | 2014–15 Swiss Super League | ["1 Teams","1.1 Stadia and locations","1.2 Personnel and kits","2 League table","3 Results","3.1 First and Second Round","3.2 Third and Fourth Round","4 Season statistics","4.1 Top scorers","5 Awards","5.1 Annual awards","6 References","7 External links"] | 118th season of top-tier Swiss football
Football league seasonSwiss Super LeagueSeason2014–15Dates19 July 2014 – 29 May 2015ChampionsBasel18th titleRelegatedAarauChampions LeagueBaselYoung BoysEuropa LeagueSionThunZürichVaduzMatches played180Goals scored517 (2.87 per match)Top goalscorerShkëlzen Gashi (22 goals)Biggest home winBasel 6–0 Aarau(4 April 2015)Biggest away winSion 0–5 Grasshopper Club Zürich(3 April 2015)Highest scoringLuzern 6–2 St. Gallen(30 April 2015)Aarau 2–6 Luzern(3 May 2015)Sion 6–2 Young Boys(25 May 2015)Longest winning run6 gamesBaselLongest unbeaten run13 gamesYoung BoysLongest winless run16 gamesAarauLongest losing run5 gamesSionZürichSt. GallenTotal attendance1,956,021Average attendance10,867← 2013–14 2015–16 →
All statistics correct as of 1 June 2015.
The 2014–15 Swiss Super League was the 118th season of top-tier football in Switzerland. It began on 19 July 2014 and ended on 29 May 2015. Basel successfully defended their title for a record sixth time in a row.
A total of 10 teams competed in the league, the 9 best teams from the 2013–14 season and the 2013–14 Swiss Challenge League champion FC Vaduz.
Teams
Stadia and locations
AarauBaselGrasshopperLuzernSionSt. GallenThunVaduzYoung BoysZürichclass=notpageimage| Location of the 2014–15 Swiss Super League teams
Club
Location
Stadium
Capacity
Aarau
Aarau
Stadion Brügglifeld
9,249
Basel
Basel
St. Jakob-Park
38,512
Grasshopper
Zürich
Letzigrund
23,605
Luzern
Lucerne
Swissporarena
17,500
Sion
Sion
Stade Tourbillon
16,500
St. Gallen
St. Gallen
AFG Arena
19,694
Thun
Thun
Arena Thun
10,000
Vaduz
Vaduz
Rheinpark Stadion
7,584
Young Boys
Bern
Stade de Suisse
31,783
Zürich
Zürich
Letzigrund
23,605
Personnel and kits
Team
Manager
Captain
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor
Aarau
Raimondo Ponte
Sandro Burki
Nike
Zehnder Group AG
Basel
Paulo Sousa
Marco Streller
adidas
Novartis
Grasshopper
Pierluigi Tami
Vero Salatić
Puma
FROMM/adt innova
Luzern
Markus Babbel
Claudio Lustenberger
adidas
Otto's
Sion
Didier Tholot
Vilmos Vanczák
Erreà
Les Fils Maye SA
St. Gallen
Jeff Saibene
Philippe Montandon
Jako
St. Galler Kantonalbank
Thun
Urs Fischer
Roland Bättig
Nike
Panorama Center/Sky Work
Vaduz
Giorgio Contini
Franz Burgmeier
adidas
Liechtensteinische Landesbank
Young Boys
Uli Forte
Marco Wölfli
Jako
Honda
Zürich
Urs Meier
Yassine Chikhaoui
Nike
Netstream AG
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Basel (C)
36
24
6
6
84
41
+43
78
Qualification for the Champions League third qualifying round
2
Young Boys
36
19
9
8
64
45
+19
66
3
Zürich
36
15
8
13
55
48
+7
53
Qualification for the Europa League third qualifying round
4
Thun
36
13
13
10
47
45
+2
52
Qualification for the Europa League second qualifying round
5
Luzern
36
12
11
13
54
46
+8
47
6
St. Gallen
36
13
8
15
57
65
−8
47
7
Sion
36
12
9
15
47
48
−1
45
Qualification for the Europa League group stage
8
Grasshopper
36
11
10
15
50
56
−6
43
9
Vaduz
36
7
10
19
28
59
−31
31
Qualification for the Europa League first qualifying round
10
Aarau (R)
36
6
12
18
31
64
−33
30
Relegation to Swiss Challenge League
Source: Swiss Super LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Sion qualified for the UEFA Europa League group stage by winning the 2014–15 Swiss Cup.
^ Vaduz qualified for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round by winning the 2014–15 Liechtenstein Cup.
Results
First and Second Round
Home \ Away
AAR
BAS
GCZ
LUZ
SIO
STG
THU
VAD
YB
ZÜR
Aarau
1–2
1–2
0–3
1–0
0–3
2–1
1–1
3–2
0–1
Basel
3–0
2–0
3–0
1–1
0–2
1–1
3–1
3–1
4–1
Grasshopper
2–1
3–1
3–2
0–0
3–0
2–3
0–1
0–1
1–3
Luzern
1–1
0–3
1–1
1–1
1–2
0–0
0–0
1–2
1–1
Sion
2–2
2–3
3–3
3–1
1–0
0–0
1–0
0–1
1–3
St. Gallen
2–2
2–1
3–0
2–1
2–0
1–0
3–3
2–2
0–2
Thun
0–0
2–3
3–2
3–2
2–1
3–1
1–0
0–1
2–1
Vaduz
1–0
0–4
1–1
1–1
1–0
2–2
0–1
0–2
1–4
Young Boys
1–1
0–1
4–0
3–2
2–1
4–2
1–1
0–1
2–1
Zürich
0–0
1–2
1–0
2–3
4–1
1–1
2–1
3–0
2–1
Source: Swiss Super LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Third and Fourth Round
Home \ Away
AAR
BAS
GCZ
LUZ
SIO
STG
THU
VAD
YB
ZÜR
Aarau
2–1
0–1
2–6
0–1
0–2
3–2
0–1
1–1
0–0
Basel
6–0
2–0
1–2
1–1
4–3
3–0
1–0
0–0
5–1
Grasshopper
3–1
2–4
1–0
0–0
2–0
0–0
1–1
2–2
0–2
Luzern
4–0
1–4
2–0
3–0
6–2
0–0
2–0
1–1
0–1
Sion
1–0
0–1
0–5
2–2
3–0
3–0
4–0
6–2
1–2
St. Gallen
5–1
2–2
1–1
0–0
0–1
2–1
1–2
3–1
1–4
Thun
1–1
2–2
2–2
1–0
2–1
4–1
4–0
0–0
2–2
Vaduz
0–2
1–3
0–1
0–2
0–2
3–1
1–1
0–1
2–2
Young Boys
2–2
4–2
4–2
0–1
3–2
3–1
4–0
2–1
3–0
Zürich
0–0
1–2
4–3
0–1
0–1
1–2
0–1
2–2
0–1
Source: Swiss Super LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
As of 30 May 2015
Top scorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Shkëlzen Gashi
Basel
22
2
Guillaume Hoarau
Young Boys
17
Marco Schneuwly
Luzern
4
Moussa Konaté
Sion
16
5
Mu'nas Dabbur
Grasshopper
13
6
Marco Streller
Basel
12
Dario Lezcano
Luzern
Berat Sadik
Thun
9
Caio Alves
Grasshopper
11
10
Breel Embolo
Basel
10
11
Franck Etoundi
Zürich
9
Goran Karanović
St. Gallen
Renato Steffen
Young Boys
Awards
Annual awards
Award
Winner
Club
Player of the Season
Shkelzen Gashi
Basel
Young Player of the Season
Breel Embolo
Basel
Coach of the Season
Urs Fisher
Thun
Goal of the Season
Renato Steffen
Young Boys
Team of the Year
Goalkeeper
Tomáš Vaclík (Basel)
Defence
Michael Lang (GC)
Marek Suchý (Basel)
Fabian Schär (Basel)
Taulant Xhaka (Basel)
Midfield
Marco Schönbächler (Zürich)
Alexander Frei (Basel)
Yassine Chikhaoui (Zürich)
Renato Steffen (Young Boys)
Attack
Shkëlzen Gashi (Basel)
Marco Streller (Zürich)
References
^ a b c d "Swiss Super League 2014-2015 Longest Sequences Table". Statto.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ a b "Zuschauerzahlen – Raiffeisen Super League". Swiss Super League (in German). Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ "Torschützenliste – Raiffeisen Super League". Swiss Super League (in German). Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^ "Gashi footballeur de l'année 2014". Le Matin (in French). 2 February 2015. ISSN 1018-3736. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ "Gashi footballeur de l'année 2014". Le Matin (in French). 2 February 2015. ISSN 1018-3736. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
External links
Official website (in German)
Official website (in French)
Swiss Super League at uefa.com
vteSeasons of the Swiss Football LeagueSerie A era, 1897–1931Seasons
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
Nationalliga era, 1931–1944Seasons
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
Nationalliga A era, 1944–2003Seasons
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
Super League era, 2003–presentSeasons
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte2014–15 in Swiss football « 2013–14 2015–16 » Domestic leagues
Super League
Challenge League
Promotion League
1. Liga
2. Liga Interregional
2. Liga
Domestic cups
Swiss Cup
International clubcompetitionsMen
Champions League
Europa League
Women
Women's Champions League
Related tonational teamsMen
UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying (Group E)
2015 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualification (Group 5)
Women
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup (Group C), (Qualification)
2015 Algarve Cup
Club seasonsSuper League
Aarau
Basel
Grasshopper Club
Luzern
St. Gallen
Sion
Thun
Vaduz
Young Boys
Zürich
Challenge League
Biel-Bienne
Chiasso
Lausanne
Le Mont
Lugano
Schaffhausen
Servette
Wil
Winterthur
Wohlen
vte2014–15 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus '14 '15
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia '14 '15
Faroe Islands '14 '15
Finland '14 '15
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '14 '15
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '14 '15
Latvia '14 '15
Lithuania '14 '15
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '14 '15
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '14 '15
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '14 '15
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '14 '15
Finland '14 '15
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '14 '15
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '14 '15
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '14 '15
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '14 '15
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
League cups
England
Finland '14 '15
Estonia
France
Gibraltar
Hungary
Iceland '14 '15
Israel
Latvia
Northern Ireland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '14 '15
Romania
Scotland
Wales
Supercups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
England
Estonia '14 '15
Faroe Islands
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia '14
Lithuania '14 '15
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '14 '15
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Ukraine
UEFA competitions
Champions League
qualifying phase and play-off round
group stage
knockout phase
Final
Europa League
qualifying phase and play-off round
group stage
knockout phase
Final
Super Cup
Youth League
Women's Champions League
qualifying round
knockout phase
Final
International competitions
UEFA Euro 2016
qualification
2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup
2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup
2015 Euro Under-21
qualification
2015 Euro Under-19
qualification
2015 Euro Under-17
qualification | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"top-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Swiss Challenge League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Swiss_Challenge_League"},{"link_name":"FC Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2014–15 Swiss Super League was the 118th season of top-tier football in Switzerland. It began on 19 July 2014 and ended on 29 May 2015. Basel successfully defended their title for a record sixth time in a row.A total of 10 teams competed in the league, the 9 best teams from the 2013–14 season and the 2013–14 Swiss Challenge League champion FC Vaduz.","title":"2014–15 Swiss Super League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Thun"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadia and locations","text":"AarauBaselGrasshopperLuzernSionSt. GallenThunVaduzYoung BoysZürichclass=notpageimage| Location of the 2014–15 Swiss Super League teams","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personnel and kits","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfl.ch/superleague/matchcenter/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_ELPO0.61485159192926_3-0"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Europa_League#Group_stage"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Swiss Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_EL1Q0.61485159192926_4-0"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League first qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Europa_League#First_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Liechtenstein Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Liechtenstein_Cup"}],"text":"Source: Swiss Super LeagueRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Sion qualified for the UEFA Europa League group stage by winning the 2014–15 Swiss Cup.\n\n^ Vaduz qualified for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round by winning the 2014–15 Liechtenstein Cup.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Super_League&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"AAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"BAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"GCZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"LUZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"SIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"STG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"THU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Thun"},{"link_name":"VAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"YB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"ZÜR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Thun"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfl.ch/superleague/matchcenter/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Super_League&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"AAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"BAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"GCZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"LUZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"SIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"STG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"THU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Thun"},{"link_name":"VAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"YB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"ZÜR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sion"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Thun"},{"link_name":"Vaduz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Vaduz"},{"link_name":"Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfl.ch/superleague/matchcenter/"}],"text":"First and Second Round[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nAAR\n\nBAS\n\nGCZ\n\nLUZ\n\nSIO\n\nSTG\n\nTHU\n\nVAD\n\nYB\n\nZÜR\n\n\nAarau\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nBasel\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n\nGrasshopper\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nLuzern\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n\nSion\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–3\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nSt. Gallen\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n\nThun\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nVaduz\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–4\n\n\nYoung Boys\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n\nZürich\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: Swiss Super LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.\n\n\nThird and Fourth Round[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nAAR\n\nBAS\n\nGCZ\n\nLUZ\n\nSIO\n\nSTG\n\nTHU\n\nVAD\n\nYB\n\nZÜR\n\n\nAarau\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–6\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nBasel\n\n6–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n4–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n5–1\n\n\nGrasshopper\n\n3–1\n\n2–4\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n\nLuzern\n\n4–0\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n6–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nSion\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n6–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nSt. Gallen\n\n5–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–4\n\n\nThun\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nVaduz\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n\nYoung Boys\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n\nZürich\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n\n\nSource: Swiss Super LeagueLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As of 30 May 2015[3]","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top scorers","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annual awards","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Swiss Super League 2014-2015 Longest Sequences Table\". Statto.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/stats/switzerland/super-league/2014-2015/longest-sequences","url_text":"\"Swiss Super League 2014-2015 Longest Sequences Table\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zuschauerzahlen – Raiffeisen Super League\". Swiss Super League (in German). Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140814181356/http://www.sfl.ch/statistik-archiv/super-league-20142015/zuschauer/","url_text":"\"Zuschauerzahlen – Raiffeisen Super League\""},{"url":"http://www.sfl.ch/statistik-archiv/super-league-20142015/zuschauer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torschützenliste – Raiffeisen Super League\". Swiss Super League (in German). Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Remy | Nicholas Rémy | ["1 Early life","2 Publications","3 Career","4 Claims 800 executed and a revision","5 Pop culture","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nicholas Rémy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
French anti-witchcraft magistrate
Nicholas Rémy, Latin Remigius (1530–1616) was a French magistrate who claimed in his book to have overseen the execution of more than 800 witches and the torture or persecution of a similar number. His work shows much influence from Jean Bodin.
Early life
After studying law at the University of Toulouse, Remy practised in Paris from 1563 to 1570. In 1570, his uncle retired as Lieutenant General of Vosges and Remy was appointed to the post; in 1575 he was appointed secretary to Duke Charles III of Lorraine.
Publications
Remy wrote a number of poems and several books on history, but is known for his Daemonolatreiae libri tres ("Demonolatry"), written in Latin and published in Lyon in 1595. The book was reprinted several times, translated into German, and eventually replaced the Malleus Maleficarum as the most recognized handbook of witch-hunters in parts of Europe.
According to Remy, the Devil could appear before people in the shape of a black cat or man, and liked Black Masses. Demons could also have sexual relationships with women and, in case they did not agree, rape them.
Career
He was of the Catholic faith, and wrote his Latin works with the blessings of the Church, but was not himself a priest and married at least once (possibly twice), fathering quite a few children. One of them, a favored son, was supposedly killed in a street accident at the beginning of Remy's judicial career after being cursed by an old beggar woman when Remy refused to give her any money. This incident in 1582 was the start of Remy's career as a witch-hunter. He successfully prosecuted the beggar for bewitching his son and had the woman put to death.
Finding witches was very personal business for Remy. An extremely educated man for his day, he seemed to have utterly believed in what he was doing. Remy personally sentenced 900 people to death between 1581 and 1591. In 1592, Remy retired and moved to the country to escape the bubonic plague. There he compiled notes from his ten-year campaign against witchcraft into the Demonolatry.
Claims 800 executed and a revision
Remy brags that during a mere 16-year period when he worked as a judge in Lorraine, not less than 800 persons (non minus octingentos) were condemned at the stake for sortilegis crimen or the crime of witchcraft (sorcery seems to derive from the Latin sortilegus), which certain witch-phobic Christians of this time period considered to a real supernatural power that was sourced from the devil. Remy further claims than an equivalent number of around 800 persons escaped punishment by fleeing capture or by "a stubborn endurance of the torture."
Writing more than 400 years later, the scholar William Monter scoffs at these numbers and claims that Lorraine's records from the 1580s are "well-preserved" and amount to barely "one-sixth as many as Nicholas Remy boasted in his Demonalatria of 1595." Monter characterizes Remy's claim of 800 condemned as "a literary flourish" and refers to Remy as a "humanist" though there does not seem to be any instance in which Remy used the term "humanist" to describe himself. Remy dedicated his book to the Cardinal of Lorraine and characterizes himself a soldier in a war against anti-Christian forces that he considers aligned with the devil. Monter's reason for doubting Remy's numbers is that Remy's book lists the specific names of "only about 125 individuals tried for witchcraft." Monter compares Remy's list to some instances of non-corroboration within the surviving records and concludes that "we must take his numbers with a very large grain of salt; but the documented reality is dreadful enough."
In forwarding his theory, Monter doesn't proffer a reason or motive for Remy to inflate his numbers or why the printer and booksellers (including a number of reprints) would have wanted a brag of "900 Person's More or Less" on the title page of Remy's work, and whether this may have helped sell books, and if so, what this also might say about the well-educated Latin readers who were the target audience for Remy's work, written and sold in a Catholic borderland region during a time period often referred to as the Counter Reformation.
Pop culture
In the 1988 television series Werewolf, Nicholas Remy is shown as a werewolf who has been alive since the times of the Inquisition. He used his position as a magistrate to conceal his own lycanthropy. The character was portrayed by Brian Thompson.
Nicholas Remy and his book, Daemonolatreiae libri tres, are also featured in the 1999 movie The Ninth Gate.
References
^ Jackson J. Spielvogel Western Civilization: Since 1300 Page 446 "Nicholas Rémy, a witchcraft judge in France in the 1590s, found it "not unreasonable that this scum of humanity should be drawn chiefly from the feminine sex.""
^ Lambert Daneau, De Veneficis Quos Olim Sortilegio, 1580
^ N. Remy, Daemonolatrae, p. 108. Also see title page. See first paragraph of Chapter XV of any English translation including Montague Summers' translation of Demonalatry (1930) p. 56.
^ This is the next clause of the same line in the original Latin work and separated by a semi-colon in M. Summers' English translation.
^ William Monter, A Bewitched Duchy (2007) p. 70.
^ William Monter, A Bewitched Duchy (2007) p. 70.
^ William Monter, A Bewitched Duchy (2007) p.71.
^ "900 Persons More or Less" is M. Summers translation (1930) on the unpaginated title page. Remy's 1697 edition in Latin reads: capitalibus DCCCC plus minus. See also, William Monter, A Bewitched Duchy (2007) p. 70-1.
Guiley, Rosemary (1999). The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. Checkmark Books.
Baroja, Julio (1975). The World of the Witches. University of Chicago Press.
Rémy, Nicholas (1974). Demonolatry. University Books.
External links
Nicholas Rémy, Daemonolatreiae 1597 printing: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=oRY6AAAAcAAJ
Witchcraft and the Occult, 1400-1700. Nicolas Rémy (1530-1612)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Park | Elgin Park | ["1 Models and photography","2 Michael Paul Smith","2.1 Death","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | For the 2000 album, see Elgin Park (album).
Miniature imaginary townElgin ParkGeneral informationTypeMiniature imaginary townConstruction started2008OwnerMichael Paul SmithWebsiteOfficial website
Elgin Park was a perpetual miniature imaginary village created by artist and photographer Michael Paul Smith in 2008. It was a 1:24-scale recreation of everyday scenes from mid-20th-century America, ranging from the 1920s to the mid-1960s, based loosely on Sewickley, Pennsylvania, where Smith lived for the first seventeen years of his life. Smith, who was "founder, chief architect and mayor" of Elgin Park, photographed with his digital camera, using forced perspective, meticulously arranged scenes from the village and shared them online. Each photograph was a self-contained miniature play, meant to be viewed as a window into his memories and imagination.
Models and photography
Smith used a Helms Bakery delivery truck in his set-ups. This is a full-size one, circa 1950, on display
Smith mentioned the work of photographer Charles Cushman as being an inspiration for his own work.
The buildings Smith used were constructed of resin-coated paper, styrene plastic and basswood. The vehicles were from his collection of over three hundred commercially produced, diecast models.
His experience as a mail carrier helped make his imaginary town as close to real as something non-existent can be. "When I was mailman, it made me aware of how streets are laid out, how towns grow. My photographs read well because there is a logic to it."
Smith's desire for authenticity meant he would put baking soda on car tires for a winter scene, or create a tiny puddle beneath an old-fashioned Divco milk float to demonstrate that blocks of ice inside it were melting as the truck sat idly at the curb. As for scaling, he said: "From the thickness of the shingles down to the wallpaper design and door knobs, everything must be in the proper relationship to each other. I can't stress that enough."
He used a series of digital cameras: a six-megapixel Sony, then a 12-megapixel Sony and finally a 14-megapixel Canon SX280.
He did not include people in his photographs, because he wanted the viewer to imagine themselves in the scenes. He also did not use Photoshop or other editing tools; the photographs were all composed in the camera.
Smith posted his first photograph in 2008, but his work did not draw much attention. In 2010, the Flickr site where he displayed those pictures went viral, after it was published in a British magazine, and within four years 74 million virtual visitors had viewed the site (20 million visited between January and March 2010 alone).
Michael Paul Smith
Smith was born on November 22, 1950, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Roy (1926–1986) and Audrey Smith (1929–2003). He grew up north of that city, in Sewickley, which became a model for his fictional one. "Elgin Park is not an exact re-creation of Sewickley," he told The New York Times in 2010, "but it does capture the mood of my memories."
For his twelfth birthday, Smith's father gave him an Aluminum Model Toys three-in-one plastic kit. It was a 1963 Chevy Impala with working headlights.
Smith was bullied in elementary school because he was gay. His family moved to Auburn, Massachusetts, when he was 17 years old. Upon graduating high school, he attended a three-year course at the Worcester Art Museum. He also enrolled briefly at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, before getting a job with an advertising agency. He left after suffering a heart attack at the age of 33.
Moving to downtown Boston, Smith started a wallpaper and painting company, before making models for KlingStubbins architectural firm. It was at this time that he developed a hobby of collecting model miniature cars, many of them from the Franklin Mint or the Danbury Mint.
In 2010, Smith was living in Winchester, Massachusetts.
Despite his love of the aesthetics of cars, Smith did not own one for the majority of his life. A favorite that he did own, however, was a 1951 Studebaker.
In 1995, after a meeting with Larry Cultrera, Smith decided he wanted to pursue scale models.
Death
Smith died on November 19, 2018, in Reading, Massachusetts. He was 67. Per his own wish, the announcement of his death, on his Flickr site, was that he had "moved permanently to Elgin Park." Three years earlier, he said: "I needed a place that I felt comfortable in. Elgin Park is never a lonely place for me." His final words were: "It's been an interesting and sometimes fascinating trip."
Smith's longtime partner, Henry Goldberg, said Smith died from pancreatic cancer and complications of diabetes.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Lots of Web Traffic in Such a Tiny Town" – New York Times, March 12, 2010
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Michael Paul Smith, 67, Founder of a Beloved Imaginary Town, Dies" – New York Times, December 13, 2018
^ The Twin Coach Delivery Truck - 1938 – Flickr, September 8, 2017
^ "Charles W. Cushman Photograph Collection" – University of Indiana library program
^ a b About – VisitElginPark.com
^ "The Man Behind a Mysterious Miniature Town | Short Film Showcase" – National Geographic, YouTube, October 14, 2015
^ a b "Michael Paul Smith Captured Auto History in a Unique Way" – Motorcities.org, January 2, 2019
^ a b "Michael Paul Smith, whose miniature dioramas of ‘Elgin Park’ captivated fans, dies at 67" – Boston Globe, December 22, 2018
^ "A Tribute to Michael Paul Smith, a true artist in Forced Perspective Photography" – Diner Hotline, January 12, 2019
^ "Michael Paul Smith has Moved to Elgin Park" – Flickr.com, November 22, 2018
Bibliography
Elgin Park: An Ideal American Town, Gail K. Ellison (2011) ISBN 3791345486
Elgin Park: Visual Memories of Midcentury America at 1/24th Scale, Gail K. Ellison (2015) ISBN 0986148903
External links
Official website
Flickr page
Flickr blog
"The oldest trick in the special effects book: Go behind the scenes with Michael Paul Smith" – Hemmings Motor News, July 10, 2015 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elgin Park (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Park_(album)"},{"link_name":"miniature imaginary village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_village"},{"link_name":"1:24-scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1:24_scale"},{"link_name":"1920s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s"},{"link_name":"1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s"},{"link_name":"Sewickley, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewickley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"forced perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_perspective"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"}],"text":"For the 2000 album, see Elgin Park (album).Miniature imaginary townElgin Park was a perpetual miniature imaginary village created by artist and photographer Michael Paul Smith in 2008. It was a 1:24-scale recreation of everyday scenes from mid-20th-century America, ranging from the 1920s to the mid-1960s, based loosely on Sewickley, Pennsylvania, where Smith lived for the first seventeen years of his life.[1] Smith, who was \"founder, chief architect and mayor\" of Elgin Park,[2] photographed with his digital camera, using forced perspective, meticulously arranged scenes from the village and shared them online.[2] Each photograph was a self-contained miniature play, meant to be viewed as a window into his memories and imagination.[1]","title":"Elgin Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helms-truck-lemay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helms Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helms_Bakery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"basswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basswood"},{"link_name":"diecast models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-cast_toy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-5"},{"link_name":"mail carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_carrier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"baking soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_soda"},{"link_name":"Divco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divco"},{"link_name":"milk float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_float"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motor-7"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motor-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"Photoshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoshop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-5"},{"link_name":"Flickr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"}],"text":"Smith used a Helms Bakery delivery truck in his set-ups. This is a full-size one, circa 1950, on display[3]Smith mentioned the work of photographer Charles Cushman as being an inspiration for his own work.[2][4]The buildings Smith used were constructed of resin-coated paper, styrene plastic and basswood. The vehicles were from his collection of over three hundred commercially produced, diecast models.[5]His experience as a mail carrier helped make his imaginary town as close to real as something non-existent can be. \"When I was mailman, it made me aware of how streets are laid out, how towns grow. My photographs read well because there is a logic to it.\"[6]Smith's desire for authenticity meant he would put baking soda on car tires for a winter scene, or create a tiny puddle beneath an old-fashioned Divco milk float to demonstrate that blocks of ice inside it were melting as the truck sat idly at the curb.[2] As for scaling, he said: \"From the thickness of the shingles down to the wallpaper design and door knobs, everything must be in the proper relationship to each other. I can't stress that enough.\"[7]He used a series of digital cameras: a six-megapixel Sony, then a 12-megapixel Sony and finally a 14-megapixel Canon SX280.[7]He did not include people in his photographs, because he wanted the viewer to imagine themselves in the scenes.[1] He also did not use Photoshop or other editing tools; the photographs were all composed in the camera.[5]Smith posted his first photograph in 2008, but his work did not draw much attention. In 2010, the Flickr site where he displayed those pictures went viral, after it was published in a British magazine, and within four years 74 million virtual visitors had viewed the site (20 million visited between January and March 2010 alone).[1]","title":"Models and photography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"Aluminum Model Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_Model_Toys"},{"link_name":"Chevy Impala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Impala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Auburn, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"Worcester Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts at Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_at_Amherst"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"KlingStubbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KlingStubbins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"model miniature cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-cast_toy"},{"link_name":"Franklin Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Mint"},{"link_name":"Danbury Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbury_Mint"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"Studebaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studebaker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2-1"},{"link_name":"scale models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_models"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Smith was born on November 22, 1950, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Roy (1926–1986) and Audrey Smith (1929–2003).[8] He grew up north of that city, in Sewickley, which became a model for his fictional one. \"Elgin Park is not an exact re-creation of Sewickley,\" he told The New York Times in 2010, \"but it does capture the mood of my memories.\"[2]For his twelfth birthday, Smith's father gave him an Aluminum Model Toys three-in-one plastic kit. It was a 1963 Chevy Impala with working headlights.[1]Smith was bullied in elementary school because he was gay. His family moved to Auburn, Massachusetts, when he was 17 years old.[1] Upon graduating high school, he attended a three-year course at the Worcester Art Museum. He also enrolled briefly at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, before getting a job with an advertising agency. He left after suffering a heart attack at the age of 33.[2]Moving to downtown Boston, Smith started a wallpaper and painting company, before making models for KlingStubbins architectural firm.[1] It was at this time that he developed a hobby of collecting model miniature cars, many of them from the Franklin Mint or the Danbury Mint.[2]In 2010, Smith was living in Winchester, Massachusetts.[1]Despite his love of the aesthetics of cars, Smith did not own one for the majority of his life. A favorite that he did own, however, was a 1951 Studebaker.[1]In 1995, after a meeting with Larry Cultrera, Smith decided he wanted to pursue scale models.[9]","title":"Michael Paul Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-2"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Smith died on November 19, 2018, in Reading, Massachusetts. He was 67.[8] Per his own wish, the announcement of his death, on his Flickr site, was that he had \"moved permanently to Elgin Park.\"[2] Three years earlier, he said: \"I needed a place that I felt comfortable in. Elgin Park is never a lonely place for me.\"[2] His final words were: \"It's been an interesting and sometimes fascinating trip.\"[10]Smith's longtime partner, Henry Goldberg, said Smith died from pancreatic cancer and complications of diabetes.[2]","title":"Michael Paul Smith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3791345486","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3791345486"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0986148903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0986148903"}],"text":"Elgin Park: An Ideal American Town, Gail K. Ellison (2011) ISBN 3791345486\nElgin Park: Visual Memories of Midcentury America at 1/24th Scale, Gail K. Ellison (2015) ISBN 0986148903","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Smith used a Helms Bakery delivery truck in his set-ups. This is a full-size one, circa 1950, on display[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Helms-truck-lemay.jpg/220px-Helms-truck-lemay.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.visitelginpark.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/automobiles/collectibles/14SCALE.html","external_links_name":"\"Lots of Web Traffic in Such a Tiny Town\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/obituaries/michael-paul-smith-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Michael Paul Smith, 67, Founder of a Beloved Imaginary Town, Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelpaulsmith/36973065802/","external_links_name":"The Twin Coach Delivery Truck - 1938"},{"Link":"https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cushman/index.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Charles W. Cushman Photograph Collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitelginpark.com/index.html","external_links_name":"About"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upwyB9YegdU","external_links_name":"\"The Man Behind a Mysterious Miniature Town | Short Film Showcase\""},{"Link":"https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-week/2019/michael-paul-smith-captured-auto-history-in-a-unique-way","external_links_name":"\"Michael Paul Smith Captured Auto History in a Unique Way\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2018/12/22/michael-paul-smith-whose-miniature-dioramas-elgin-park-captivated-fans/gjZkPqVIJjYLB1XuxnnifJ/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Michael Paul Smith, whose miniature dioramas of ‘Elgin Park’ captivated fans, dies at 67\""},{"Link":"https://dinerhotline.wordpress.com/2019/01/12/a-tribute-to-michael-paul-smith-a-true-artist-in-forced-perspective-photography/","external_links_name":"\"A Tribute to Michael Paul Smith, a true artist in Forced Perspective Photography\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/24796741@N05/32132709178/in/datetaken/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Paul Smith has Moved to Elgin Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitelginpark.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/24796741@N05/","external_links_name":"Flickr page"},{"Link":"https://blog.flickr.net/en/2013/10/04/crafting-scenes-of-iconic-americana/","external_links_name":"Flickr blog"},{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2015/07/10/the-oldest-trick-in-the-special-effect-book-go-behind-the-scenes-with-michael-paul-smith","external_links_name":"\"The oldest trick in the special effects book: Go behind the scenes with Michael Paul Smith\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Silkin | Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin | ["1 Career","2 Global policy","3 Honours","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | British Labour Party politician
Silkin in 1945
Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin CH (14 November 1889 – 11 May 1972), was a British Labour Party politician.
Career
Lewis Silkin was born on 14 November 1889 to Abraham and Fanny Silkin, who were Litvak Jews from what was then the Lithuanian part of the Russian Empire. His parents came to settle in the East End of London and were of modest means, Abraham cleaned the toilets of the Synagogue, gave Hebrew lessons and sold fruit off a barrow. Lewis had several siblings, including Joseph Silkin (father of the poet Jon Silkin) who he worked with as a solicitor and with whom he co-founded Silkin and Silkin. In 1950 he founded Lewis Silkin & Partners together with his son John. This is the London law firm where he practised and which still bears his name. He became a member of the London County Council in 1925. He chaired the LCC Town Planning and the Housing and Public Health Committees and was a member of the Central Housing Advisory Committee.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Peckham in 1936, and was a member of the Select committee on National Expenditure. He was Minister of Town and Country Planning in the Government of Clement Attlee from 1945 until he retired in 1950. He appointed Clough Williams-Ellis as the first Chairman of the Stevenage Development Corporation in 1946, with Monica Felton as the first woman Deputy Chairman. (who then became the first female chairman between 1949 and 1951) and appointed Baroness Denington as the second female chairman of the same corporation in 1966.
Global policy
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.
Honours
Sculpture by Franta Belsky on Stevenage Clock Tower
Silkin was raised to the peerage as Baron Silkin, of Dulwich in the County of London, in the 1950 Birthday Honours. He was further honoured in 1965 when he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. Of his three sons, his eldest, Arthur, a civil servant, disclaimed the peerage. The other two, Samuel and John, both followed him into Parliament and became members of the Privy Council as well as Government Ministers. Although Samuel refused a knighthood as Attorney-General, he eventually became a life peer as Baron Silkin of Dulwich, of North Leigh in the County of Oxfordshire.
Samuel's son Christopher also disclaimed the hereditary peerage on the death of his uncle Arthur in 2001, the first time a peerage has been disclaimed twice.
See also
Lewis Silkin LLP
Silkin Test
References
^ a b c "Who Was Who In Dulwich - Jon Silkin (1930-1997) poet". Dulwich Society. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
^ Lewis Silkin LLP
^ "MRS. Felton (Visit to Korea)". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "Obituary: Baroness Denington". The Independent. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
^ Balchin, Jack (1980). First New Towns: An Autobiography of the Stevenage Development Corporation 1946-1980. pp. 15–17.
^ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
Iain Dale, ed. (2003). The Times House of Commons 1929, 1931, 1935. Politico's (reprint). ISBN 1-84275-033-X.
The Times House of Commons 1945. 1945. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lewis Silkin
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byViscount Borodale
Member of Parliament for Peckham 1936–1950
Succeeded byFreda Kunzlen Corbet
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Preceded byCecil Manning
Leader of the Labour Party on London County Council 1930–1933
Succeeded byHerbert Morrison
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Preceded byWilliam Morrison
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Succeeded byHugh Dalton
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Baron Silkin 1950–1972
Succeeded byArthur Silkin
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National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Silkin_MP.jpg"},{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"Silkin in 1945Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin CH (14 November 1889 – 11 May 1972), was a British Labour Party politician.","title":"Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Litvak Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvak_Jews"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dul-1"},{"link_name":"East End of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dul-1"},{"link_name":"Jon Silkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Silkin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dul-1"},{"link_name":"solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Silkin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Town Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peckham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Town and Country Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Town_and_Country_Planning"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Government_1945-1951"},{"link_name":"Clement Attlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee"},{"link_name":"Clough Williams-Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clough_Williams-Ellis"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stevenage_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monica Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Felton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baroness Denington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Denington,_Baroness_Denington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lewis Silkin was born on 14 November 1889 to Abraham and Fanny Silkin, who were Litvak Jews from what was then the Lithuanian part of the Russian Empire.[1] His parents came to settle in the East End of London and were of modest means, Abraham cleaned the toilets of the Synagogue, gave Hebrew lessons and sold fruit off a barrow.[1] Lewis had several siblings, including Joseph Silkin (father of the poet Jon Silkin)[1] who he worked with as a solicitor and with whom he co-founded Silkin and Silkin. In 1950 he founded Lewis Silkin & Partners together with his son John. This is the London law firm where he practised and which still bears his name.[2] He became a member of the London County Council in 1925. He chaired the LCC Town Planning and the Housing and Public Health Committees and was a member of the Central Housing Advisory Committee.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Peckham in 1936, and was a member of the Select committee on National Expenditure. He was Minister of Town and Country Planning in the Government of Clement Attlee from 1945 until he retired in 1950. He appointed Clough Williams-Ellis as the first Chairman of the Stevenage Development Corporation in 1946, with Monica Felton as the first woman Deputy Chairman.[3] (who then became the first female chairman between 1949 and 1951) and appointed Baroness Denington as the second female chairman of the same corporation in 1966.[4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"world constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_constitution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Constitution for the Federation of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[6][7] As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[8]","title":"Global policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franta_Belsky_Lewis_Silkin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franta Belsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franta_Belsky"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_Clock_Tower"},{"link_name":"Baron Silkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Silkin"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"1950 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Silkin,_2nd_Baron_Silkin"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Silkin,_Baron_Silkin_of_Dulwich"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Silkin"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"North Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Silkin,_3rd_Baron_Silkin"}],"text":"Sculpture by Franta Belsky on Stevenage Clock TowerSilkin was raised to the peerage as Baron Silkin, of Dulwich in the County of London, in the 1950 Birthday Honours. He was further honoured in 1965 when he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. Of his three sons, his eldest, Arthur, a civil servant, disclaimed the peerage. The other two, Samuel and John, both followed him into Parliament and became members of the Privy Council as well as Government Ministers. Although Samuel refused a knighthood as Attorney-General, he eventually became a life peer as Baron Silkin of Dulwich, of North Leigh in the County of Oxfordshire.Samuel's son Christopher also disclaimed the hereditary peerage on the death of his uncle Arthur in 2001, the first time a peerage has been disclaimed twice.","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Silkin in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lewis_Silkin_MP.jpg/220px-Lewis_Silkin_MP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sculpture by Franta Belsky on Stevenage Clock Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Franta_Belsky_Lewis_Silkin.jpg/220px-Franta_Belsky_Lewis_Silkin.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Lewis Silkin LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Silkin_LLP"},{"title":"Silkin Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkin_Test"}] | [{"reference":"\"Who Was Who In Dulwich - Jon Silkin (1930-1997) poet\". Dulwich Society. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dulwichsociety.com/the-journal/winter-2017/who-was-who-in-dulwich-jon-silkin-1930-1997-poet","url_text":"\"Who Was Who In Dulwich - Jon Silkin (1930-1997) poet\""}]},{"reference":"\"MRS. Felton (Visit to Korea)\". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1951-06-14a.2676.0&s=speaker:18371","url_text":"\"MRS. Felton (Visit to Korea)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Baroness Denington\". The Independent. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-baroness-denington-1197526.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Baroness Denington\""}]},{"reference":"Balchin, Jack (1980). First New Towns: An Autobiography of the Stevenage Development Corporation 1946-1980. pp. 15–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961\". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8","url_text":"\"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials\". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 3 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6","url_text":"\"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems\". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465","url_text":"\"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems\""}]},{"reference":"Iain Dale, ed. (2003). The Times House of Commons 1929, 1931, 1935. Politico's (reprint). ISBN 1-84275-033-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84275-033-X","url_text":"1-84275-033-X"}]},{"reference":"The Times House of Commons 1945. 1945.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.dulwichsociety.com/the-journal/winter-2017/who-was-who-in-dulwich-jon-silkin-1930-1997-poet","external_links_name":"\"Who Was Who In Dulwich - Jon Silkin (1930-1997) poet\""},{"Link":"http://www.lewissilkin.com/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Lewis Silkin LLP"},{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1951-06-14a.2676.0&s=speaker:18371","external_links_name":"\"MRS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1457 | 1457 | ["1 Events","1.1 January–December","1.2 Date unknown","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1457" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Calendar year
Millennium:
2nd millennium
Centuries:
14th century
15th century
16th century
Decades:
1430s
1440s
1450s
1460s
1470s
Years:
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1457 by topic
Arts and science
Architecture
Art
Leaders
Political entities
State leaders
Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1457 in poetry
vte
1457 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1457MCDLVIIAb urbe condita2210Armenian calendar906ԹՎ ՋԶAssyrian calendar6207Balinese saka calendar1378–1379Bengali calendar864Berber calendar2407English Regnal year35 Hen. 6 – 36 Hen. 6Buddhist calendar2001Burmese calendar819Byzantine calendar6965–6966Chinese calendar丙子年 (Fire Rat)4154 or 3947 — to —丁丑年 (Fire Ox)4155 or 3948Coptic calendar1173–1174Discordian calendar2623Ethiopian calendar1449–1450Hebrew calendar5217–5218Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1513–1514 - Shaka Samvat1378–1379 - Kali Yuga4557–4558Holocene calendar11457Igbo calendar457–458Iranian calendar835–836Islamic calendar861–862Japanese calendarKōshō 3 / Chōroku 1(長禄元年)Javanese calendar1372–1374Julian calendar1457MCDLVIIKorean calendar3790Minguo calendar455 before ROC民前455年Nanakshahi calendar−11Thai solar calendar1999–2000Tibetan calendar阳火鼠年(male Fire-Rat)1583 or 1202 or 430 — to —阴火牛年(female Fire-Ox)1584 or 1203 or 431Year 1457 (MCDLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
February 11 – After years of captivity and absence from the Ming throne, the Zhengtong Emperor of China is reinstated, as the Tianshun Emperor.
February 24 – Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed. The Archbishop of Sweden, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The throne is then offered to Christian I of Denmark and Norway.
March 6 – King James II of Scotland decrees that ". . . ye futebawe and ye golf be uterly cryt done and not usyt . . ", the first historical mention of the game of golf.
April 12 – Ştefan cel Mare secures the throne of Moldavia, which he retains for the next 47 years.
June 23 – Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the Kalmar Union.
June 29 – The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire.
August 14 – The Mainz Psalter, the second major book printed with movable type in the West, the first to be wholly finished mechanically (including colour), and the first to carry a printed date, is printed for the Elector of Mainz.
September 2 – Battle of Ujëbardha: One of Skanderbeg's most important victories is won against the Ottoman army, in the open field.
Date unknown
Albrechts University is founded at Freiburg im Breisgau.
Edo Castle is built by Ōta Dōkan in modern-day Tokyo.
Births
January 18 – Antonio Trivulzio, seniore, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1508)
January 28 – King Henry VII of England (d. 1509)
February 2 – Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Italo-Spanish historian and diplomat (d. 1526)
February 13 – Mary of Burgundy, sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1482)
August 20 – Seongjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1494)
September 21 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria, Polish princess (d. 1502)
November 16 – Beatrice of Naples, Hungarian queen (d. 1508)
date unknown
Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (d. 1505)
George Nevill, Duke of Bedford (d. 1483)
probable
Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (d. 1521)
Filippino Lippi, Florentine painter (d. 1504)
Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr (d. 1525)
Deaths
March 14 – Jingtai Emperor of China (b. 1428)
March 16 – László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. 1433)
May 22 – Saint Rita of Cascia, Italian saint (b. 1381)
August 1 – Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist
August 19 – Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter (b. 1421)
September 12 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (b. 1423)
September 14 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, countess consort of Hanau (b. 1432)
September 22 – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1418)
November 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (b. 1439)
November 23 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1440)
December 24 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1441)
date unknown
Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, ruler of Khurasan (b. 1422)
Bartolomeu Perestrello, Portuguese navigator and explorer (b. 1395)
References
^ "Building". Vrienden van de Grote Kerk Dordrecht. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^ Roger Lockyer; Andrew Thrush (September 19, 2014). Henry VII. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-317-89432-2.
^ Clayton J. Drees (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-313-30588-7.
^ Lucia Corrain (2008). The Art of the Renaissance. The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-934545-04-1.
^ Zsigmond M¢ricz (January 1, 1995). Be Faithful Unto Death. Central European University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-85866-060-8.
^ O. J. Schnaubelt; Joseph C. Schnaubelt; Frederick Van Fleteren (1999). Augustine in Iconography: History and Legend. P. Lang. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-8204-2291-6. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCDLVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"}],"text":"Calendar yearYear 1457 (MCDLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.","title":"1457"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_11"},{"link_name":"Ming throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhengtong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tianshun Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna"},{"link_name":"Erik Axelsson Tott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Christian I of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"March 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_6"},{"link_name":"James II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"April 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_12"},{"link_name":"Ştefan cel Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_cel_Mare"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"June 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"},{"link_name":"Kalmar Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_union"},{"link_name":"June 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_29"},{"link_name":"Dordrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"Mainz Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Psalter"},{"link_name":"Elector of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"September 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ujëbardha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uj%C3%ABbardha"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"sub_title":"January–December","text":"February 11 – After years of captivity and absence from the Ming throne, the Zhengtong Emperor of China is reinstated, as the Tianshun Emperor.\nFebruary 24 – Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed. The Archbishop of Sweden, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The throne is then offered to Christian I of Denmark and Norway.\nMarch 6 – King James II of Scotland decrees that \". . . ye futebawe and ye golf be uterly cryt done and not usyt . . \", the first historical mention of the game of golf.\nApril 12 – Ştefan cel Mare secures the throne of Moldavia, which he retains for the next 47 years.\nJune 23 – Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the Kalmar Union.\nJune 29 – The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire.[1]\nAugust 14 – The Mainz Psalter, the second major book printed with movable type in the West, the first to be wholly finished mechanically (including colour), and the first to carry a printed date, is printed for the Elector of Mainz.\nSeptember 2 – Battle of Ujëbardha: One of Skanderbeg's most important victories is won against the Ottoman army, in the open field.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albrechts 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa_Ennosuke_III | Ichikawa En'ō II | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese actor (1939–2023)
In this Japanese name, the surname is Ichikawa.
Ichikawa En'ō II二代目 市川 猿翁BornMasahiko Kinoshi(1939-12-09)December 9, 1939Tokyo, JapanDiedSeptember 13, 2023(2023-09-13) (aged 83)Tokyo, JapanOther namesIchikawa Ennosuke III, Ichikawa Danko III, OmodakayaSpouse
Yuko Hama
(m. 1965; div. 1968)
Murasaki Fujima
(m. 2000; died 2009)ChildrenIchikawa Chusha IX (son)Parent(s)Ichikawa Danshirō III (father)Sanae Takasugi (mother)RelativesIchikawa Danshirō II (great-grandfather)Ichikawa En'ō I (grandfather)Ichikawa Danko V (grandson)Ichikawa Danshirō IV (younger brother)Ichikawa Ennosuke IV (nephew)
Masahiko Kinoshi (喜熨斗 政彦, Kinoshi Masahiko, December 9, 1939 – September 13, 2023), better known by the stage name Ichikawa Ennosuke III (三代目 市川 猿之助, Sandaime Ichikawa Ennosuke), was a Japanese kabuki actor, famous for his love of keren (stage tricks). He was considered the king of chūnori; he flew out over the audience, held aloft on strings, over 5000 times.
Biography
Ennosuke made his stage debut at the age of eight, at the Tōkyō Gekijō, as Ichikawa Danko III. He would formally take the name Ennosuke in 1963, at the age of 24. He is the brother of Ichikawa Danshirō IV; their father is Danshirō III, and their mother is Sanae Takasugi. Their great-grandfather and grandfather, respectively, were the first and second to be called Ichikawa Ennosuke.
Ennosuke was known as a great proponent of dramatic costumes, flamboyant theater signage, and stage tricks (keren), which are looked down upon by many kabuki connoisseurs as "playing to the gallery" and as distracting from the true dramatic art. Nevertheless, among those who enjoy keren, Ennosuke is quite well regarded. He performed chūnori for the first time in 1968, as the fox in Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura, and for the five thousandth time in 2000, as Guan Yu. He has revived a number of old plays, including Date no Jūyaku (The Ten Roles of Date), in which he played ten roles in one performance, through the use of a number of methods of hayagawari (costume quick-change). Ennosuke also created a more contemporary version of kabuki called the "Super Kabuki" style in 1986.
In November 2003, Ennosuke suffered from symptoms of a stroke, and did not perform for most of the following year. He stopped performing in 2004 and retired under the name of Ichikawa En'no II in 2012. His nephew, Takahiko Kinoshi, previously operating under the stage name Kamejiro II, adopted the Ennosuke stage name to become Ichikawa Ennosuke IV.
His son is the actor Teruyuki Kagawa (better known as Ichikawa Chusha IX, his stage name as a Kabuki actor).
Ichikawa En'ō II died from arrhythmia in Tokyo, on September 13, 2023, at the age of 83.
References
^ While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the Meiji Restoration are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (1989-09-19). "Ennosuke's New Kabuki". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ Date, Natsume (2014-03-12). "Super Kabuki 'spells fun'". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ McKirdy, Andrew (2020-02-15). "Virtual idols, anime and a rock 'n' roll spirit: Nakamura Shido II leads kabuki's evolution". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ Eglinton, Mika (2013-12-18). "Show marks award of kabuki star's new name". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Ichikawa Ennosuke leaves hospital as police suspect Kabuki family suicide attempt". The Japan Times.
^ "Kabuki Actor En-ou Ichikawa Died at The Age of 83". The Japan Times. 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
External links
Ichikawa Ennosuke III at Kabuki21.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Japan
Academics
CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"keren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keren_(kabuki)"},{"link_name":"chūnori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABnori"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Ichikawa.Masahiko Kinoshi (喜熨斗 政彦, Kinoshi Masahiko, December 9, 1939 – September 13, 2023), better known by the stage name Ichikawa Ennosuke III (三代目 市川 猿之助, Sandaime Ichikawa Ennosuke), was a Japanese kabuki actor, famous for his love of keren (stage tricks). He was considered the king of chūnori; he flew out over the audience, held aloft on strings, over 5000 times.","title":"Ichikawa En'ō II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tōkyō Gekijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_Gekij%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa Danshirō IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichikawa_Danshir%C5%8D_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danshirō III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichikawa_Danshir%C5%8D_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanae Takasugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Takasugi"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichikawa_Danshir%C5%8D_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichikawa_Eno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa Ennosuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichikawa_Ennosuke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitsune_Senbon_Zakura"},{"link_name":"Guan Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yu"},{"link_name":"Date no Jūyaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Date_no_J%C5%AByaku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_family"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa Ennosuke IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa_Ennosuke_IV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Teruyuki Kagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruyuki_Kagawa"},{"link_name":"arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ennosuke made his stage debut at the age of eight,[2] at the Tōkyō Gekijō, as Ichikawa Danko III. He would formally take the name Ennosuke in 1963, at the age of 24. He is the brother of Ichikawa Danshirō IV; their father is Danshirō III, and their mother is Sanae Takasugi. Their great-grandfather and grandfather, respectively, were the first and second to be called Ichikawa Ennosuke.Ennosuke was known as a great proponent of dramatic costumes, flamboyant theater signage, and stage tricks (keren), which are looked down upon by many kabuki connoisseurs as \"playing to the gallery\" and as distracting from the true dramatic art. Nevertheless, among those who enjoy keren, Ennosuke is quite well regarded. He performed chūnori for the first time in 1968, as the fox in Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura, and for the five thousandth time in 2000, as Guan Yu. He has revived a number of old plays, including Date no Jūyaku (The Ten Roles of Date), in which he played ten roles in one performance, through the use of a number of methods of hayagawari (costume quick-change). Ennosuke also created a more contemporary version of kabuki called the \"Super Kabuki\" style in 1986.[3][4]In November 2003, Ennosuke suffered from symptoms of a stroke, and did not perform for most of the following year. He stopped performing in 2004 and retired under the name of Ichikawa En'no II in 2012. His nephew, Takahiko Kinoshi, previously operating under the stage name Kamejiro II, adopted the Ennosuke stage name to become Ichikawa Ennosuke IV.[5][6]His son is the actor Teruyuki Kagawa (better known as Ichikawa Chusha IX, his stage name as a Kabuki actor).Ichikawa En'ō II died from arrhythmia in Tokyo, on September 13, 2023, at the age of 83.[7]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bumiller, Elisabeth (1989-09-19). \"Ennosuke's New Kabuki\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. 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Retrieved 2023-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/obituaries/20230915-136872/","url_text":"\"Kabuki Actor En-ou Ichikawa Died at The Age of 83\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/09/19/ennosukes-new-kabuki/a43388a0-5c65-4747-a4e1-58a1a551c9d6/","external_links_name":"\"Ennosuke's New Kabuki\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/03/12/stage/super-kabuki-spells-fun/","external_links_name":"\"Super Kabuki 'spells fun'\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/02/15/stage/virtual-idols-anime-rock-n-roll-kabuki-evolution/","external_links_name":"\"Virtual idols, anime and a rock 'n' roll spirit: Nakamura Shido II leads kabuki's evolution\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/12/18/stage/show-marks-award-of-kabuki-stars-new-name/","external_links_name":"\"Show marks award of kabuki star's new name\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/19/national/kabuki-actor-ichikawa-ennosuke-discharged-hospital/","external_links_name":"\"Ichikawa Ennosuke leaves hospital as police suspect Kabuki family suicide attempt\""},{"Link":"https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/obituaries/20230915-136872/","external_links_name":"\"Kabuki Actor En-ou Ichikawa Died at The Age of 83\""},{"Link":"http://kabuki21.com/ennosuke3.php","external_links_name":"Ichikawa Ennosuke III at Kabuki21.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000399828870","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/294997525","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001125838","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07302835?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Bathery | Sultan Bathery | ["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Location","3.2 Climate","4 Religion and worship","5 Notable landmarks","6 Education","7 Transport","8 Politics","8.1 Municipality Chairperson","8.2 Members of Legislative Assembly","8.3 Municipality Vice Chairperson","8.4 Grama Panchayat President","9 Municipality","10 Notable residents","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28Town in Kerala, India
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Municipality in Kerala, IndiaSultan BatheryMunicipalitySultan BatheryLocation in Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaSultan BatherySultan Bathery (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictWayanadNamed forartillery battery of Tipu SultanGovernment • Municipal ChairpersonT K RameshArea • Total102.24 km2 (39.48 sq mi)Elevation901 m (2,956 ft)Population (2011) • Total45,417 • Density440/km2 (1,200/sq mi)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN673592Area code91 4936ISO 3166 codeIN-KLVehicle registrationKL-73Sex ratio1,029 male/femaleLiteracy89.36%
Paddy field in Sultan Bathery
View of a mall in Sultan Bathery
A river in Sultan Bathery
Garden city
Sultan Bathery is a town and municipality in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India, near its borders with Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Once known as a strategic location in the Malabar region, Sultan Bathery is the headquarters of the Sultan Bathery taluk.
It is credited with being Kerala's cleanest town and is known for its tourism and commercial activities. The prehistoric caves, jungle trails, streams and rivers and lush greenery of the undulating hills draw a lot of tourists to the region every year.
Etymology
The modern town was part of Kidanganad village, so-called because of the presence of the Kidangan tribe. During the invasion of Malabar by Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, the town was used by the Mysore army as the storeroom or battery for its ammunition and used a 13th century Ganapathi Temple located here as a battery. Thus the town known as "Sultan's Battery" in British records later got to be called as "Sultan Bathery".
History
Main article: History of Wayanad
Tipu Sultan
The recorded history of Sultan Bathery, commensurate with that of Wayanad, begins in the 10th century. In 930 AD, Emperor Erayappa of the Ganga dynasty led his troops to what would later become the district in the south-west of Mysore and, after conquering it, called it Bayalnad, meaning the land of swamps. After Erayappa died, his sons Rachamalla and Battunga fought each other for the new kingdom of their father's legacy. Rachamalla was killed and Battunga became the undisputed ruler of Bayalnad.
In the 12th century AD, the Gangas were dethroned by the Kadamba dynasty of North Canara. In 1104 AD, Vishnuvardhana of Hoysala invaded Bayalnad followed by the Vijayanagara dynasty in the 16th century. In 1610 AD, Udaiyar Raja Wadiyar of Mysore drove out Vijayanagara and became the ruler of Bayalnad and the Nilgiris. When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed. Later, the British rulers developed this route into Carter Road.
British rule began at the start of the 19th Century after the East India Company seized Wayanad from the hands of Pazhassi Raja and administered the district until it was superseded by the British Raj in 1858. Until 1947, Wayanad was under the rule of the Malabar collector. History has it that Wayanad has a rich folk culture that gave way to the British domination of Wayanad. The British named the village Sultan's Battery, which in later history means the Sultan's Armory.
The Edakkal Caves have evidence of the existence of a Neolithic civilisation in Wayanad. According to H. S. Graeme, the Thalassery Sub-Collector T. H. Balan was the first to start a revenue settlement in Wayanad. For administrative convenience, the area was divided into Munnadu, Muthoornadu, Ilangkornadu, Nallurnadu, Edanashankur, Poronnur, Kurumbala, Wayanad, Nambikkoli and Ganapathivattam (Ganapati). The importance and relevance of Ganapati has been mentioned often in the reports. History records that Sultan Bathery later became the place of Ganapati on the roadside during the battle of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.
Ganapati grew as the medieval cities flourished, the four-way street, the main highway, and the center of worship. In 1934, the Kidanganad Panchayat was established. From the administration of the Malabar District Board, Ganapati became the administrative centre of the Kidanganad panchayat. The Niluppuzha Panchayat was formed in 1968 by the division of Kidanganad Panchayat, Nenmeni Panchayat in 1974 and Sultanbathery Panchayat in 1968.
New places of worship and educational institutions have emerged in different parts of the panchayat with the support of Hindu, Muslim and Christian communities. The Ganapati Temple, the Jain Temple and the Malankara Mosque are examples of the ancient history of Sultan Bathery. There is evidence that Sultan Bathery and other parts of Wayanad had been in contact through Tamil, Karnataka and Kodagu villages since medieval times.
Geography
Location
Sultan Bathery is located at 11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28, on the Kozhikode–Kollegal National Highway (NH 766) 97 kilometers from Kozhikode. It is 114 km from Mysore and about 100 km from Ooty (Udagamandalam). It is also connected with Nilambur. It has an average elevation of 907 m (2,976 ft).
Climate
Sunflower field at Sultan Bathery
Sultan Bathery has a humid climate. The mean average rainfall in this area is 2,322 mm. Lakkidi, Vythiri and Meppadi are the high rainfall areas in Wayanad. The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 mm. High-velocity winds are common during the southwest monsoon season and dry winds blow in March and April. High altitude regions experience severe cold. In Wayanad (Ambalavayal) the mean maximum and minimum temperature for the last five years were 29 °C and 18 °C respectively. This place experiences high relative humidity, which can rise to 95 per cent during the southwest monsoon period. Generally the year is classified into four seasons, namely, the cold weather (December–February), hot weather (March–May), southwest monsoon (June–September), and northeast monsoon (October–November) seasons.
Climate data for Sultan Bathery, Kerala
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
26.3(79.3)
28.3(82.9)
30.0(86.0)
30.1(86.2)
29.1(84.4)
25.7(78.3)
24.2(75.6)
24.8(76.6)
25.7(78.3)
26.1(79.0)
25.8(78.4)
25.7(78.3)
26.8(80.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
15.6(60.1)
16.8(62.2)
18.5(65.3)
19.9(67.8)
20.1(68.2)
19.1(66.4)
18.8(65.8)
18.7(65.7)
18.5(65.3)
18.6(65.5)
17.6(63.7)
16.1(61.0)
18.2(64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
3(0.1)
8(0.3)
14(0.6)
89(3.5)
171(6.7)
451(17.8)
903(35.6)
497(19.6)
225(8.9)
220(8.7)
79(3.1)
21(0.8)
2,681(105.7)
Source: Climate-Data.org
Religion and worship
In ancient times, the region was home to the native tribes of Chettiars, Paniyar, Kurumar and Urali Nayakkar. Although there are many ethnic groups among the people, their main occupation is agriculture. The panchayath has 26 temples, 15 churches and 15 mosques. Sultan Bathery has a Jain temple that is about 2,000 years old. The center, which is in the possession of the Department of Archeology, has no festivals other than temple rituals. The festival at Sultan Bathery Mariamman Kovil is one of the festivals celebrated here. It is considered to be the national festival of Bathery. Similar festivals are celebrated in the Bathery Mahaganapathi Temple, Kuppadi Devi Temple and Karivallikkunnu Temple.
Notable landmarks
Main article: Tourist attractions in Wayanad
Edakkal caves
Krishnagiri Stadium
Wayanad wildlife
Saint Mary Orthodox Cathedral and Pilgrim Centre is the oldest church in Sultan Bathery, established in 1944. The church has the holy relics of three saints and is the headquarters of Sultan Bathery Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church the administrative head of the 48 orthodox parishes in the area.. There is also the Nirmalagiri Aramana where the diocesan metropolitan resides in Poomala.
Edakkal caves are located 10 km from Sultan Bathery and are noted for anthropological research. The caves are two natural rock formations believed to have been formed by a large split in a huge rock.
Sultan Bathery Jain Temple is one of the prominent Jain temples in Kerala, believed to have been built in the 13th century. This Mahavir stone temple at Kidanganad in Sultan Bathery is also known as Digambara Jain Temple and Kidanganad Basti. The temple architecture, inscriptions and drawings on the pillars and walls are strongly influenced by the architectural style of the Vijayanagara dynasty. An inscription on one of the pillars depicts Dharnendra Bandanam, in the form of a coiled snake.
Krishnagiri Stadium is a cricket stadium located in Krishnagiri village in Wayanad. It holds up to 20,000 people and at 2,100 feet above sea level is the highest-altitude stadium used exclusively for cricket.
Thovarimala Ezhuthupara
Wayanad Heritage Museum, Ambalavayal
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary houses a wide range of mammals, birds and other fauna. The mammals include elephants, tigers, panthers, jungle cats, civet cats, monkeys, wild dogs, bison, deer, and bears. More than 200 species of birds, including peacocks, babblers, cuckoos, owls, woodpeckers and jungle fowl, and 45 species of reptiles like monitor lizard and a variety of snakes and tortoises reside there.
Education
Main article: Education in Wayanad
There are many government and private schools offering education. Compared to other districts of Kerala, institutions offering higher education are limited in Wayanad. One of the oldest colleges in Wayanad is St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, established in 1965. This arts and science college is affiliated with the University of Calicut.
Transport
A KSRTC SWIFT bus in the town
Sultan Bathery has very good road connectivity with south Indian states. The major road is NH 766 which connects to Mysore, Bangalore and Kozhikode, two state highways connected to Ooty and Coimbatore and a state highway connected to Mangalore, Kannur, Thalassery and Kasaragod. Sultan Bathery is the biggest transport hub of Wayanad district. It is located near the border with the Karnataka state.
There is a major Kerala Transport Depot in Sultan Bathery. Most of the long-distance buses to Kozhikode, Ooty and Bangalore start from this depot. The town also has two smaller bus stations for local travellers. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to Kannur and Thalassery. The Thamarassery mountain road connects Calicut with Kalpetta. The Kuttiady mountain road connects Vatakara with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The Palchuram mountain road connects Kannur and Iritty with Mananthavady. The road from Nilambur to Ooty is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.
The nearest railway stations are at Mysore and Calicut. The nearest airports are at Mysore, Calicut and Kannur.
Politics
The Sultan Bathery assembly constituency is part of the Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency. Its member of parliament is Rahul Gandhi of the Indian National Congress (INC) party, and the MLA is I. C. Balakrishnan (INC).
The Sultan Bathery Municipality has been governed by the Left Democratic Front (LDF) since 2015.
Chairperson: TK Ramesh (Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))
Vice Chairperson: Elsy Paulose (CPI(M))
Since its establishment in 1962, the Bathery panchayat (council) has mainly been held by the INC-led United Democratic Front (UDF). P. C. Ahmed Haji of the Indian Union Muslim League was the first president and held office for three decades. The LDF was in power for only eight months in 2005 with the help of the Democratic Indira Congress (Kerala) party. The president was CK Sahadevan who later became the first chairman when it was converted to a municipality in 2015.
Municipality Chairperson
Source:
Sultan Bathery Municipality Chairperson list
No:
Name
Party
Year
Division
1
C. K. Sahadevan
CPI(M)
18 November 2015–03/04/2018
1st
Beenachi
2
T. L. Sabu
Kerala Congress (M)
26 April 2018–11 November 2020
Kattayad
3
T. K. Ramesh
CPI(M)
28 December 2020–incumbent
2nd
Dottappankulam
Members of Legislative Assembly
Source:
Election
Niyama Sabha
Member
Party
Tenure
1977
5th
K. Raghavan Master
INC
1977–1980
1980
6th
K. K. Ramachandran Master
1980–1982
1982
7th
1982–1987
1987
8th
1987–1991
1991
9th
K. C. Rosakutty
1991–1996
1996
10th
P. V. Varghese Vaidyar
CPI(M)
1996–2001
2001
11th
N. D. Appachan
INC
2001–2006
2006
12th
P. Krishna Prasad
CPI(M)
2006–2011
2011
13th
I. C. Balakrishnan
INC
2011–2016
2016
14th
2016–2021
2021
15th
2021–2026
Municipality Vice Chairperson
Source:
Sultan Bathery Municipality Vice Chairperson list
No:
Name
Party
Year
Division
1
Jisha Shaji
CPI(M)
18/11/2015–11 November 2020
1st
Kuppady
2
Elsy Paulose
CPI(M)
28/12/2020–incumbent
2nd
Sultan Bathery
Grama Panchayat President
Source:
Sultan Bathery Grama Panchayat President List
No:
Name
Party
Year
1
P. C. Ahamad Haji
IUML
2
Special Officer
–
1979–1980
3
P. C. Ahamad Haji
IUML
1980–1985
4
Special Officer
–
1985-1988
5
P. C. Ahamad Haji
IUML
1988-1995
6
P. C. Ahamad Haji
IUML
1995-1998
7
N. M. Vijayan
INC
1998-2000
8
Nafeeza Ahamad koya
IUML
2000–2005
9
C. K. Sahadevan
CPI(M)
2005–2006
10
Babu Pazhupathoor
INC
2006-2006
11
Radha Raveendran
INC
2006–2009
12
O. M. George
INC
2009–2010
13
P. P. Ayyoob
IUML
2010–2012
14
O. M. George
INC
2012–2015
Municipality
Sultan Bathery MunicipalityHistoryFounded2015 (2015)LeadershipChairpersonT. K. Ramesh SecretaryK. M. Sainudheen StructurePolitical groupsLDF (24)
CPI(M) (21)
KC(M) (1)
Independent (2)
UDF (11)
INC (5)
IUML (3)
Kerala Congress (1)
Independent (2)
Websitesulthanbatherymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en
Governing Council
Position
Name
Party
Division
Chairperson
T. K. Ramesh
CPI(M)
Dottappankulam
Deputy Chairperson
Elsy Paulose
CPI(M)
Sultan Bathery
Standing Committee
Chairperson
Party
Division
Finance
Elsy Paulose
CPI(M)
Sultan Bathery
Development
Lisha Teacher
CPI(M)
Kidangil
Welfare
C. K. Sahadevan
CPI(M)
Manthamkolly
Health
Shamila Junaise
Independent (LDF)
Manichira
Public Works
K Rasheed
CPI(M)
Kuppady
Education, Arts & Sports
Tom Jose
Kerala Congress (M)
Manthandikunnu
Councillors
Division number
Division name
Member
Role
Party
Category
1
Aram mile
Girija Chandran
Councillor
IUML
ST Woman
2
Chethalayam
A. R. Jayakrishnan
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
3
Chenad
Nisha P. R.
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
4
Vengur North
Bindhu Ravi
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
5
Odappallam
Priya Vinod
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
6
Vengur South
Sheeba Chacko
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
7
Pazhery
Radakrishnan
Councillor
CPI(M)
ST
8
Karuvallikunnu
Valsa Jose
Councillor
INC
Woman
9
Armad
Samshad P
Councillor
Independent (UDF)
General
10
Kottakunnu
P. K. Sumathi
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
11
Kidangil
Lisha Teacher
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
12
Kuppady
K Rasheed
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
13
Thirunelly
Saly Paulose
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
14
Manthandikunnu
Tom Jose
Councillor
Kerala Congress (M)
General
15
Sathramkunnu
Prajitha Ravi
Councillor
INC
Woman
16
Cheroorkunnu
Radha Raveendran
Councillor
INC
Woman
17
Palakkara
Pramod K. S.
Councillor
CPI(M)
SC
18
Thelambatta
Hema C
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
19
Thoduvatty
Asees Madala
Councillor
INC
General
20
Kaipanchery
Jamsheer Ali
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
21
Maithanikunnu
Babu M. C.
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
22
Fairland
Shameer Madathil
Councillor
Independent (LDF)
General
23
Kattayad
Nisha Sabu
Councillor
Independent
Woman
24
Sultan Bathery
Elsy Paulose
Deputy Chairperson
CPI(M)
General
25
Pallikandi
Harif A. C.
Councillor
IUML
General
26
Manichira
Shamila Junaise
Councillor
Independent (LDF)
Woman
27
Kalluvayal
Salim Madathil
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
28
Poomala
Bindhu Saji
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
29
Dottappankulam
T. K. Ramesh
Chairperson
CPI(M)
ST
30
Beenachi
Bindhu Pramod
Councillor
CPI(M)
Woman
31
Poothikadu
K. C. Yohannan
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
32
Cheenapullu
Radha Babu
Councillor
IUML
ST Woman
33
Manthamkolly
C. K. Sahadevan
Councillor
CPI(M)
General
34
Pazhupathur
Mercy Teacher
Councillor
INC
Woman
35
Kaivattamoola
Shoukath Kallikudan
Councillor
Independent (UDF)
General
Notable residents
Basil Joseph, director in the Malayalam film industry
See also
Jainism in Kerala
Mysorean invasion of Malabar
Sultan Battery (Mangalore)
References
^ "Maha Ganapathi Temple – Sulthan Bathery – Travel Info".
^ "Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in.
^ Nair, Susheela (28 August 2023). "Sulthan Bathery: The journey from an ammunition depot to Kerala's cleanest town". The News Minute. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
^ https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/kerala-bjp-wayanad-sulthan-bathery-ganapathyvattam-tipu-sultan-9264627/lite/
^ Moraes, George M. (1931). The Kadamba Kula. Bombay: B. X. Furtado & Sons.
^ Madras District Gazetteers – the Nilgiris by W. Francic, pages 90–104. Madras, 1908.
^ Report of the Administration of Mysore, 1863–64. British Parliament Library.
^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sultans Battery, India". www.fallingrain.com.
^ "Mysore to Sulthan Bathery". mysore.ind.in. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ "Sulthan Bathery climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sulthan Bathery weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org.
^ "ചരിത്രം | Sulthanbatherymunicipality.gov.in". sulthanbatherymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in.
^ "Sultan Bathery Diocese". moscbatherydiocese.com. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ "Diocese of Sultan Bathery". MOSC.in. MOSC Publications. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ "Krishnagiri Stadium in Wayanad | Districts of Malabar". www.keralatourism.org. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ "Short history of Wayanad" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2012.
^ "St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery official website". Retrieved 18 July 2012.
^ "Road from Meppadi to Nilambur-Ooty Highway". Google Maps. 11 April 2024.
^ "Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies" (PDF). Kerala. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
^ "Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Sulthan Bathery". Maps of India.
^ "Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department". lsgkerala.gov.in.
^ S, Harikumar J. (10 October 2018). "Basil Joseph on his side-splitting act and Thiruvananthapuram dialect in 'Padayottam'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
External links
Media related to Sultan Bathery at Wikimedia Commons
Sultan Bathery travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website of the Wayanad district
vteWayanad districtCities and towns
Sulthan Bathery
Mananthavady
Kalpetta
Meenangadi
Padinharethara
Panamaram
Pulpally
Vythiri
Sub-districts,panchayatsandvillagesKalpetta/Vythiri
Achooranam
Chundale
Kalpetta
Kaniyambetta
Kavumannam
Kottappadi
Kottathara
Kunnathidavaka
Kuppadithara
Muppanad
Muttil North
Muttil South
Padijarethara
Pozhuthana
Thariode
Thrikkaipetta
Vellarimala
Vengapally
Mananthavady
Anjukunnu
Edavaka
Kanjirangadu
Koolivayal
Mananthavady
Nalloornadu
Panamaram
Payyampally
Periya
Porunnannur
Thavinjal
Thirunelly
Thrissilery
Valad
Vellamunda
Cherukattoor
Thondernadu
Sulthan Bathery
Ambalavayal
Cheeral
Irulam
Krishnagiri
Kuppadi
Nadavayal
Nenmeni
Noolpuzha
Padichira
Poothadi
Pulpally
Purakkadi
Sulthan Bathery
Kidanganad
Thomattuchal
vteMalabar regionMetropolitan cities: Kozhikode, Malappuram, KannurStates/UTs
Kerala
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Tamil Nadu
Districts
Kannur
Kozhikode
Lakshadweep
Mahe
Malappuram
Nilgiris (part)
Palakkad (part)
Thrissur (part)
Ernakulam (part)
Kollam (part)
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Wayanad
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India portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mint_mall_Sulthan_bathery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Back_water_sulthan_bathery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gardencity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayanad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town in Kerala, IndiaMunicipality in Kerala, IndiaPaddy field in Sultan BatheryView of a mall in Sultan BatheryA river in Sultan BatheryGarden citySultan Bathery is a town and municipality in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India, near its borders with Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Once known as a strategic location in the Malabar region, Sultan Bathery is the headquarters of the Sultan Bathery taluk.[1]It is credited with being Kerala's cleanest town and is known for its tourism and commercial activities. The prehistoric caves, jungle trails, streams and rivers and lush greenery of the undulating hills draw a lot of tourists to the region every year.","title":"Sultan Bathery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kidanganad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidanganad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The modern town was part of Kidanganad village, so-called because of the presence of the Kidangan tribe.[2] During the invasion of Malabar by Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, the town was used by the Mysore army as the storeroom or battery for its ammunition and used a 13th century Ganapathi Temple located here as a battery.[3][4] Thus the town known as \"Sultan's Battery\" in British records later got to be called as \"Sultan Bathery\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Ganga dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kadamba dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMM-5"},{"link_name":"Hoysala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nilgiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"ghat road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat_Roads"},{"link_name":"Vythiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vythiri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Pazhassi Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Tipu SultanThe recorded history of Sultan Bathery, commensurate with that of Wayanad, begins in the 10th century. In 930 AD, Emperor Erayappa of the Ganga dynasty led his troops to what would later become the district in the south-west of Mysore and, after conquering it, called it Bayalnad, meaning the land of swamps.[citation needed] After Erayappa died, his sons Rachamalla and Battunga fought each other for the new kingdom of their father's legacy. Rachamalla was killed and Battunga became the undisputed ruler of Bayalnad.[citation needed]In the 12th century AD, the Gangas were dethroned by the Kadamba dynasty of North Canara.[5] In 1104 AD, Vishnuvardhana of Hoysala invaded Bayalnad followed by the Vijayanagara dynasty in the 16th century. In 1610 AD, Udaiyar Raja Wadiyar of Mysore drove out Vijayanagara and became the ruler of Bayalnad and the Nilgiris. When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed.[6] Later, the British rulers developed this route into Carter Road.[7]British rule began at the start of the 19th Century after the East India Company seized Wayanad from the hands of Pazhassi Raja and administered the district until it was superseded by the British Raj in 1858. Until 1947, Wayanad was under the rule of the Malabar collector. History has it that Wayanad has a rich folk culture that gave way to the British domination of Wayanad. The British named the village Sultan's Battery, which in later history means the Sultan's Armory.[citation needed]The Edakkal Caves have evidence of the existence of a Neolithic civilisation in Wayanad. According to H. S. Graeme, the Thalassery Sub-Collector T. H. Balan was the first to start a revenue settlement in Wayanad.[citation needed] For administrative convenience, the area was divided into Munnadu, Muthoornadu, Ilangkornadu, Nallurnadu, Edanashankur, Poronnur, Kurumbala, Wayanad, Nambikkoli and Ganapathivattam (Ganapati). The importance and relevance of Ganapati has been mentioned often in the reports. History records that Sultan Bathery later became the place of Ganapati on the roadside during the battle of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.[citation needed]Ganapati grew as the medieval cities flourished, the four-way street, the main highway, and the center of worship. In 1934, the Kidanganad Panchayat was established. From the administration of the Malabar District Board, Ganapati became the administrative centre of the Kidanganad panchayat. The Niluppuzha Panchayat was formed in 1968 by the division of Kidanganad Panchayat, Nenmeni Panchayat in 1974 and Sultanbathery Panchayat in 1968.[citation needed]New places of worship and educational institutions have emerged in different parts of the panchayat with the support of Hindu, Muslim and Christian communities. The Ganapati Temple, the Jain Temple and the Malankara Mosque are examples of the ancient history of Sultan Bathery.[citation needed] There is evidence that Sultan Bathery and other parts of Wayanad had been in contact through Tamil, Karnataka and Kodagu villages since medieval times.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultan_Bathery¶ms=11.67_N_76.28_E_"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Kollegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollegal"},{"link_name":"NH 766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH_766"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"Nilambur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilambur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Sultan Bathery is located at 11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28,[8] on the Kozhikode–Kollegal National Highway (NH 766) 97 kilometers from Kozhikode. It is 114 km from Mysore[9] and about 100 km from Ooty (Udagamandalam). It is also connected with Nilambur. It has an average elevation of 907 m (2,976 ft).[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakkidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad"},{"link_name":"Meppadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meppadi"},{"link_name":"Wayanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad"},{"link_name":"southwest monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon#Southwest_monsoon"},{"link_name":"Ambalavayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalavayal"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"northeast monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon#Northeast_monsoon"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Sunflower field at Sultan BatherySultan Bathery has a humid climate. The mean average rainfall in this area is 2,322 mm. Lakkidi, Vythiri and Meppadi are the high rainfall areas in Wayanad. The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 mm. High-velocity winds are common during the southwest monsoon season and dry winds blow in March and April. High altitude regions experience severe cold. In Wayanad (Ambalavayal) the mean maximum and minimum temperature for the last five years[when?] were 29 °C and 18 °C respectively. This place experiences high relative humidity, which can rise to 95 per cent during the southwest monsoon period. Generally the year is classified into four seasons, namely, the cold weather (December–February), hot weather (March–May), southwest monsoon (June–September), and northeast monsoon (October–November) seasons.Climate data for Sultan Bathery, Kerala\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n26.8(80.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n3(0.1)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n89(3.5)\n\n171(6.7)\n\n451(17.8)\n\n903(35.6)\n\n497(19.6)\n\n225(8.9)\n\n220(8.7)\n\n79(3.1)\n\n21(0.8)\n\n2,681(105.7)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-11"}],"text":"In ancient times, the region was home to the native tribes of Chettiars, Paniyar, Kurumar and Urali Nayakkar. Although there are many ethnic groups among the people, their main occupation is agriculture. The panchayath has 26 temples, 15 churches and 15 mosques. Sultan Bathery has a Jain temple that is about 2,000 years old. The center, which is in the possession of the Department of Archeology, has no festivals other than temple rituals. The festival at Sultan Bathery Mariamman Kovil is one of the festivals celebrated here. It is considered to be the national festival of Bathery. Similar festivals are celebrated in the Bathery Mahaganapathi Temple, Kuppadi Devi Temple and Karivallikkunnu Temple.[11]","title":"Religion and worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edakkalcave.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krishnagiri_Stadiumimage.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wayanad_wildlife_sanctuary_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sultan Bathery Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulthan_Bathery_Orthodox_Diocese"},{"link_name":"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Edakkal caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edakkal_caves"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sultan Bathery Jain Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Temple,_Kidanganad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Krishnagiri Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnagiri_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Thovarimala Ezhuthupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thovarimala_Ezhuthupara"},{"link_name":"Wayanad Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ambalavayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalavayal"},{"link_name":"Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Edakkal cavesKrishnagiri StadiumWayanad wildlifeSaint Mary Orthodox Cathedral and Pilgrim Centre is the oldest church in Sultan Bathery, established in 1944. The church has the holy relics of three saints and is the headquarters of Sultan Bathery Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church the administrative head of the 48 orthodox parishes in the area.[12]. There is also the Nirmalagiri Aramana where the diocesan metropolitan resides in Poomala.[13]\nEdakkal caves are located 10 km from Sultan Bathery and are noted for anthropological research. The caves are two natural rock formations believed to have been formed by a large split in a huge rock.[citation needed]\nSultan Bathery Jain Temple is one of the prominent Jain temples in Kerala, believed to have been built in the 13th century. This Mahavir stone temple at Kidanganad in Sultan Bathery is also known as Digambara Jain Temple and Kidanganad Basti. The temple architecture, inscriptions and drawings on the pillars and walls are strongly influenced by the architectural style of the Vijayanagara dynasty. An inscription on one of the pillars depicts Dharnendra Bandanam, in the form of a coiled snake.[citation needed]\nKrishnagiri Stadium is a cricket stadium located in Krishnagiri village in Wayanad. It holds up to 20,000 people and at 2,100 feet above sea level is the highest-altitude stadium used exclusively for cricket.[14]\nThovarimala Ezhuthupara\nWayanad Heritage Museum, Ambalavayal\nWayanad Wildlife Sanctuary houses a wide range of mammals, birds and other fauna. The mammals include elephants, tigers, panthers, jungle cats, civet cats, monkeys, wild dogs, bison, deer, and bears. More than 200 species of birds, including peacocks, babblers, cuckoos, owls, woodpeckers and jungle fowl, and 45 species of reptiles like monitor lizard and a variety of snakes and tortoises reside there.[citation needed]","title":"Notable landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wayanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad"},{"link_name":"St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Sulthan_Bathery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"University of Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calicut"}],"text":"There are many government and private schools offering education. Compared to other districts of Kerala, institutions offering higher education are limited in Wayanad.[15] One of the oldest colleges in Wayanad is St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery, established in 1965.[16] This arts and science college is affiliated with the University of Calicut.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ksrtc_sulthan_bathery.jpg"},{"link_name":"KSRTC SWIFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSRTC_SWIFT"},{"link_name":"south Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highways_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur"},{"link_name":"Thalassery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery"},{"link_name":"Kasaragod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kalpetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpetta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicut_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Airport"},{"link_name":"Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicut_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A KSRTC SWIFT bus in the townSultan Bathery has very good road connectivity with south Indian states. The major road is NH 766 which connects to Mysore, Bangalore and Kozhikode, two state highways connected to Ooty and Coimbatore and a state highway connected to Mangalore, Kannur, Thalassery and Kasaragod. Sultan Bathery is the biggest transport hub of Wayanad district. It is located near the border with the Karnataka state.[citation needed]There is a major Kerala Transport Depot in Sultan Bathery. Most of the long-distance buses to Kozhikode, Ooty and Bangalore start from this depot. The town also has two smaller bus stations for local travellers. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to Kannur and Thalassery. The Thamarassery mountain road connects Calicut with Kalpetta. The Kuttiady mountain road connects Vatakara with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The Palchuram mountain road connects Kannur and Iritty with Mananthavady. The road from Nilambur to Ooty is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.[17]The nearest railway stations are at Mysore and Calicut. The nearest airports are at Mysore, Calicut and Kannur.[citation needed]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Rahul Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)"},{"link_name":"I. C. Balakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._C._Balakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Sultan Bathery Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Bathery_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India (Marxist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)"},{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Democratic Indira Congress (Kerala)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC(K)"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Sultan Bathery assembly constituency is part of the Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency. Its member of parliament is Rahul Gandhi of the Indian National Congress (INC) party,[18] and the MLA is I. C. Balakrishnan (INC).The Sultan Bathery Municipality has been governed by the Left Democratic Front (LDF) since 2015.Chairperson: TK Ramesh (Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))\nVice Chairperson: Elsy Paulose (CPI(M))Since its establishment in 1962, the Bathery panchayat (council) has mainly been held by the INC-led United Democratic Front (UDF). P. C. Ahmed Haji of the Indian Union Muslim League was the first president and held office for three decades. The LDF was in power for only eight months in 2005 with the help of the Democratic Indira Congress (Kerala) party. The president was CK Sahadevan who later became the first chairman when it was converted to a municipality in 2015.[citation needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Municipality Chairperson","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Members of Legislative Assembly","text":"Source: [19]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Municipality Vice Chairperson","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Grama Panchayat President","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"[20]","title":"Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Basil Joseph, director in the Malayalam film industry[21]","title":"Notable residents"}] | [{"image_text":"Paddy field in Sultan Bathery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm3.jpg/220px-Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm3.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of a mall in Sultan Bathery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mint_mall_Sulthan_bathery.jpg/220px-Mint_mall_Sulthan_bathery.jpg"},{"image_text":"A river in Sultan Bathery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Back_water_sulthan_bathery.jpg/220px-Back_water_sulthan_bathery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garden city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gardencity.jpg/220px-Gardencity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tipu Sultan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunflower field at Sultan Bathery"},{"image_text":"Edakkal caves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Edakkalcave.jpg/220px-Edakkalcave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Krishnagiri Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Krishnagiri_Stadiumimage.jpg/220px-Krishnagiri_Stadiumimage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wayanad wildlife","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wayanad_wildlife_sanctuary_image.jpg/220px-Wayanad_wildlife_sanctuary_image.jpg"},{"image_text":"A KSRTC SWIFT bus in the town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ksrtc_sulthan_bathery.jpg/220px-Ksrtc_sulthan_bathery.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Jainism in Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala"},{"title":"Mysorean invasion of Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Malabar"},{"title":"Sultan Battery (Mangalore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Battery_(Mangalore)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Maha Ganapathi Temple – Sulthan Bathery – Travel Info\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trawell.in/kerala/kalpetta/maha-ganapathi-temple-sulthan-bathery","url_text":"\"Maha Ganapathi Temple – Sulthan Bathery – Travel Info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeological Survey of India\". asi.nic.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://asi.nic.in/","url_text":"\"Archaeological Survey of India\""}]},{"reference":"Nair, Susheela (28 August 2023). \"Sulthan Bathery: The journey from an ammunition depot to Kerala's cleanest town\". The News Minute. Retrieved 21 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/sulthan-bathery-journey-ammunition-depot-kerala-s-cleanest-town-181624","url_text":"\"Sulthan Bathery: The journey from an ammunition depot to Kerala's cleanest town\""}]},{"reference":"Moraes, George M. (1931). The Kadamba Kula. Bombay: B. X. Furtado & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kadambakula035210mbp","url_text":"The Kadamba Kula"}]},{"reference":"\"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sultans Battery, India\". www.fallingrain.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Sultans_Battery.html","url_text":"\"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sultans Battery, India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mysore to Sulthan Bathery\". mysore.ind.in. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mysore.ind.in/mysore-to-sulthan-bathery","url_text":"\"Mysore to Sulthan Bathery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sulthan Bathery climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sulthan Bathery weather averages - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/sulthan-bathery-37325/","url_text":"\"Sulthan Bathery climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sulthan Bathery weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"ചരിത്രം | Sulthanbatherymunicipality.gov.in\". sulthanbatherymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://sulthanbatherymunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/history","url_text":"\"ചരിത്രം | Sulthanbatherymunicipality.gov.in\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Bathery Diocese\". moscbatherydiocese.com. Retrieved 17 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moscbatherydiocese.com/about/","url_text":"\"Sultan Bathery Diocese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of Sultan Bathery\". MOSC.in. MOSC Publications. Retrieved 17 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-sulthan-bathery-diocese/","url_text":"\"Diocese of Sultan Bathery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishnagiri Stadium in Wayanad | Districts of Malabar\". www.keralatourism.org. Retrieved 7 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keralatourism.org/","url_text":"\"Krishnagiri Stadium in Wayanad | Districts of Malabar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short history of Wayanad\" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/district/wyd.pdf","url_text":"\"Short history of Wayanad\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery official website\". Retrieved 18 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmaryssby.com/","url_text":"\"St Mary's College, Sulthan Bathery official website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road from Meppadi to Nilambur-Ooty Highway\". Google Maps. 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Nilambur,+Kerala,+India/Meppadi,+Kerala,+India/Udhagamandalam,+Tamil+Nadu,+India/@11.4813226,76.1258367,11z/data=!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba63b7644696f47:0x855ba2b7d1add177!2m2!1d76.2385793!2d11.2855356!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba60d856224a9cd:0x348c54976be3ea5c!2m2!1d76.1348944!2d11.5549739!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba8bd84b5f3d78d:0x179bdb14c93e3f42!2m2!1d76.6950324!2d11.4102038!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Road from Meppadi to Nilambur-Ooty Highway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies\" (PDF). Kerala. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies\""},{"url":"http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Sulthan Bathery\". Maps of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/sulthanbathery-st-assembly-constituency-map.html","url_text":"\"Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Sulthan Bathery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department\". lsgkerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/1283","url_text":"\"Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department\""}]},{"reference":"S, Harikumar J. (10 October 2018). \"Basil Joseph on his side-splitting act and Thiruvananthapuram dialect in 'Padayottam'\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/basil-joseph-on-his-side-splitting-act-and-thiruvananthapuram-dialect-in-padayottam/article25180407.ece","url_text":"\"Basil Joseph on his side-splitting act and Thiruvananthapuram dialect in 'Padayottam'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultan_Bathery¶ms=11.67_N_76.28_E_type:city(45417)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 76.28"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Bathery&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sultan+Bathery%22","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Bathery\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sultan+Bathery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sultan+Bathery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sultan+Bathery%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sultan+Bathery%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sultan+Bathery%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultan_Bathery¶ms=11.67_N_76.28_E_type:city(45417)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"11°40′N 76°17′E / 11.67°N 76.28°E / 11.67; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Brack_Egg | Antonio Brack Egg | ["1 Bibliography","2 References","3 External links"] | Antonio Brack Egg20101st Minister of the Environment of PeruIn office16 May 2008 – 28 July 2011PresidentAlan García PérezPreceded byOffice createdSucceeded byRicardo Giesecke
Personal detailsBorn(1940-06-03)3 June 1940Oxapampa, PeruDied30 December 2014(2014-12-30) (aged 74)Lima, PeruPolitical partyIndependentAlma materSalesian Normal School of ChosicaUniversity of Würzburg
Antonio José Brack Egg (3 June 1940 – 30 December 2014) was an agronomist engineer, an ecologist, and researcher. He was the first Peruvian Minister of the Environment. He is a national and international authority on issues pertaining to biological diversity and biocommercial development. He died after a brief hospitalization in 2014.
Brack's Andes frog (Phrynopus bracki), a tiny frog occurring in the Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park that Brack help to establish, is named in his honor.
Bibliography
El ambiente en que vivimos (1975)
Desarrollo sostenido de la selva: un manual técnico para promotores y extensionistas Perú (1990)
La sierra del Perú: pobreza y posibilidades (1994)
Amazonía: desarrollo y sustentabilidad (1994–1995)
Gran geografía del Perú: naturaleza y hombre (1996)
Kuntursuyu: el territorio del condor (1996)
Uturunkusuyo: el territorio del jaguar (1996)
Pobreza y manejo adecuado de los recursos en la Amazonía peruana: respuesta (1997)
Amazonía peruana comunidades indígenas, conocimientos y tierras tituladas: atlas y base de datos (1997)
Dinámicas territoriales: afirmación de las ciudades intermedias y surgimiento de los espacios locales (1999)
Diccionario enciclopédico de las plantas útiles del Perú (1999), Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas, ISBN 9972691217
Biodiversidad y ambiente en el Perú (2000)
El medio ambiente en el Perú (2000)
Ecología del Perú (2000)
Perú maravilloso (2002)
Legado del Perú andino (2002)
Perú: diez mil años de domesticación - plantas y animales domésticados - láminas didácticas (2003)
Perú: diez mil años de domesticación (2003)
Perú: País de bosques (incluyen fotografías hechas por el autor) (2009)
References
^ CIA World Leaders
^ "Antonio Brack - exministro del Ambiente - falleció a los 74 años | FOTOS | LaRepublica.pe". www.larepublica.pe. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30.
^ "In Memoriam Dr Antonio Brack Egg". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
^ Hedges, S. Blair (1990). "A new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Perú". Copeia. 1990 (1): 108–112. doi:10.2307/1445826. JSTOR 1445826.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8.
External links
Media related to Antonio Brack at Wikimedia Commons
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This article about a Peruvian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agronomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomist"},{"link_name":"ecologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologist"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Minister of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phrynopus bracki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynopus_bracki"},{"link_name":"Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanachaga%E2%80%93Chemill%C3%A9n_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hedges_1990-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beolens_et_al._2013-5"}],"text":"Antonio José Brack Egg (3 June 1940 – 30 December 2014) was an agronomist engineer, an ecologist, and researcher. He was the first Peruvian Minister of the Environment.[1] He is a national and international authority on issues pertaining to biological diversity and biocommercial development. He died after a brief hospitalization in 2014.[2][3]Brack's Andes frog (Phrynopus bracki), a tiny frog occurring in the Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park that Brack help to establish, is named in his honor.[4][5]","title":"Antonio Brack Egg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diccionario enciclopédico de las plantas útiles del Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cbc.org.pe/catalogo-editorial/diccionario-enciclopedico-de-plantas-utiles-del-peru/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9972691217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972691217"}],"text":"El ambiente en que vivimos (1975)\nDesarrollo sostenido de la selva: un manual técnico para promotores y extensionistas Perú (1990)\nLa sierra del Perú: pobreza y posibilidades (1994)\nAmazonía: desarrollo y sustentabilidad (1994–1995)\nGran geografía del Perú: naturaleza y hombre (1996)\nKuntursuyu: el territorio del condor (1996)\nUturunkusuyo: el territorio del jaguar (1996)\nPobreza y manejo adecuado de los recursos en la Amazonía peruana: respuesta (1997)\nAmazonía peruana comunidades indígenas, conocimientos y tierras tituladas: atlas y base de datos (1997)\nDinámicas territoriales: afirmación de las ciudades intermedias y surgimiento de los espacios locales (1999)\nDiccionario enciclopédico de las plantas útiles del Perú (1999), Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas, ISBN 9972691217\nBiodiversidad y ambiente en el Perú (2000)\nEl medio ambiente en el Perú (2000)\nEcología del Perú (2000)\nPerú maravilloso (2002)\nLegado del Perú andino (2002)\nPerú: diez mil años de domesticación - plantas y animales domésticados - láminas didácticas (2003)\nPerú: diez mil años de domesticación (2003)\nPerú: País de bosques (incluyen fotografías hechas por el autor) (2009)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Antonio Brack - exministro del Ambiente - falleció a los 74 años | FOTOS | LaRepublica.pe\". www.larepublica.pe. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230212642/http://www.larepublica.pe/30-12-2014/fallecio-antonio-brack-el-primer-ministro-del-ambiente","url_text":"\"Antonio Brack - exministro del Ambiente - falleció a los 74 años | FOTOS | LaRepublica.pe\""},{"url":"http://www.larepublica.pe/30-12-2014/fallecio-antonio-brack-el-primer-ministro-del-ambiente","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam Dr Antonio Brack Egg\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2015-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418154525/https://fzs.org/en/news/memoriam-dr-antonio-brack-egg/","url_text":"\"In Memoriam Dr Antonio Brack Egg\""},{"url":"https://fzs.org/en/news/memoriam-dr-antonio-brack-egg/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hedges, S. Blair (1990). \"A new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Perú\". Copeia. 1990 (1): 108–112. doi:10.2307/1445826. JSTOR 1445826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1445826","url_text":"10.2307/1445826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445826","url_text":"1445826"}]},{"reference":"Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 29. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_Fiberfill | Polyester fiberfill | ["1 References"] | Synthetic fiber used for stuffing
Polyester fiberfill is a synthetic fiber used for stuffing pillows and other soft objects such as stuffed animals. It is also used in audio speakers for its acoustic properties. It is commonly sold under the trademark name Poly-Fil, or un-trademarked as polyfill.
References
^ "How to Make a Pillow With Polyfill". Retrieved 2017-11-04.
^ "Poly-Fil Crafter's Choice Dry Packing FIber Fill - Fairfield World". Fairfield World. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
^ "What is Polyfill and Why Should I Use It? | Learning Center | Sonic Electronix". Learning Center | Sonic Electronix. 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
^ "Poly-Fil® Premium Polyester Fiber, White, 1 Bag, 32 Ounces | JOANN". Joann.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
^ "Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark". trademarkia.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
This article about polymer science is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthetic fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber"},{"link_name":"pillows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"stuffed animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffed_animals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"audio speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Polyester fiberfill is a synthetic fiber used for stuffing pillows[1] and other soft objects such as stuffed animals.[2] It is also used in audio speakers for its acoustic properties.[3] It is commonly sold under the trademark name Poly-Fil,[4][5] or un-trademarked as polyfill.","title":"Polyester fiberfill"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How to Make a Pillow With Polyfill\". Retrieved 2017-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://homeguides.sfgate.com/make-pillow-polyfill-95023.html","url_text":"\"How to Make a Pillow With Polyfill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poly-Fil Crafter's Choice Dry Packing FIber Fill - Fairfield World\". Fairfield World. Retrieved 2017-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairfieldworld.com/poly-fil-crafters-choice-dry-packing-fiber-fill/","url_text":"\"Poly-Fil Crafter's Choice Dry Packing FIber Fill - Fairfield World\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Polyfill and Why Should I Use It? | Learning Center | Sonic Electronix\". Learning Center | Sonic Electronix. 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2019-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://knowledge.sonicelectronix.com/what-is-polyfill/","url_text":"\"What is Polyfill and Why Should I Use It? | Learning Center | Sonic Electronix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poly-Fil® Premium Polyester Fiber, White, 1 Bag, 32 Ounces | JOANN\". Joann.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joann.com/32oz-poly-fil-premium-polyester-fiberfill/7400203.html","url_text":"\"Poly-Fil® Premium Polyester Fiber, White, 1 Bag, 32 Ounces | JOANN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark\". trademarkia.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trademarkia.com/polyfil-86948056.html","url_text":"\"Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://homeguides.sfgate.com/make-pillow-polyfill-95023.html","external_links_name":"\"How to Make a Pillow With Polyfill\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairfieldworld.com/poly-fil-crafters-choice-dry-packing-fiber-fill/","external_links_name":"\"Poly-Fil Crafter's Choice Dry Packing FIber Fill - Fairfield World\""},{"Link":"https://knowledge.sonicelectronix.com/what-is-polyfill/","external_links_name":"\"What is Polyfill and Why Should I Use It? | Learning Center | Sonic Electronix\""},{"Link":"http://www.joann.com/32oz-poly-fil-premium-polyester-fiberfill/7400203.html","external_links_name":"\"Poly-Fil® Premium Polyester Fiber, White, 1 Bag, 32 Ounces | JOANN\""},{"Link":"https://www.trademarkia.com/polyfil-86948056.html","external_links_name":"\"Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyester_fiberfill&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Scutari | Convention of Scutari | ["1 Background","2 The treaty","3 Aftermath","4 References"] | 1862 treaty between Montenegro and the Ottomans
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Convention of Scutari" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Convention of Scutari (Modern Turkish: İşkodra Barışı) was a treaty signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Montenegro on 31 August 1862.
Background
The Principality of Montenegro was not recognized state by the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of the 19th century the Ottoman dominance was weakened and Nikola I, the prince of Montenegro, felt free to support a rebellion in the neighbouring Ottoman province of Herzegovina. Ottoman general Ömer Pasha, who was in charge of suppressing the rebellion, defeated the rebels and marched towards Cetinje (then the capital of Montenegro) .
The treaty
The treaty was signed in Scutari in Ottoman Empire (present-day Shkodër, Albania) after Montenegro sued for peace. The terms were:
Vassal status of Montenegro (as well as province borderline) was ratified
Mirko Petrović-Njegoš, Nikola's father who had fought against Ottomans was deported
Weapon import to Montenegro was banned
The provincial borderline between Montenegro and Herzegovina was put under Ottoman military control
Aftermath
Montenegro became independent by the Treaty of Berlin signed after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
References
^ a b Erik Goldstein, Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 978-0-203-97682-1, p. 28.
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Turkey portal
Treaties of Turkey | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein-1"},{"link_name":"Modern Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Principality of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein-1"}],"text":"The Convention of Scutari[1] (Modern Turkish: İşkodra Barışı) was a treaty signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Montenegro on 31 August 1862.[1]","title":"Convention of Scutari"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikola I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Ottoman province of Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"}],"text":"The Principality of Montenegro was not recognized state by the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of the 19th century the Ottoman dominance was weakened and Nikola I, the prince of Montenegro, felt free to support a rebellion in the neighbouring Ottoman province of Herzegovina.[citation needed] Ottoman general Ömer Pasha, who was in charge of suppressing the rebellion, defeated the rebels and marched towards Cetinje (then the capital of Montenegro) .","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mirko Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"}],"text":"The treaty was signed in Scutari in Ottoman Empire (present-day Shkodër, Albania) after Montenegro sued for peace. The terms were[citation needed]:Vassal status of Montenegro (as well as province borderline) was ratified\nMirko Petrović-Njegoš, Nikola's father who had fought against Ottomans was deported\nWeapon import to Montenegro was banned\nThe provincial borderline between Montenegro and Herzegovina was put under Ottoman military control","title":"The treaty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%931878"}],"text":"Montenegro became independent by the Treaty of Berlin signed after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.","title":"Aftermath"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22","external_links_name":"\"Convention of Scutari\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Convention+of+Scutari%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VjWnMm53xQ8C&dq=%22In+the+Convention+of+Scutari+%2831+Aug.+1862%29%2C%22&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"p. 28."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelon_Vriesendorp | Madelon Vriesendorp | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"] | Dutch artist, painter, sculptor and art collector
Madelon VriesendorpBorn1945 (age 78–79)Bilthoven, HollandNationalityDutchOccupation(s)Artist, IllustratorSpouseRem Koolhaas (?–2012)Children2
Madelon Vriesendorp (born 1945 in Bilthoven) is a Dutch artist, painter, sculptor and art collector. She was married to Rem Koolhaas and best known as one of the co-founders of the Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) in the early 1970s (together with Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis and Zoe Zenghelis). Vriesendorp would often create visuals and graphics for OMA in the early years.
Biography
Madelon Vriesendorp was born 1945, Bilthoven, Netherlands. She attended Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam in 1964. In 1969, she attended classes at St. Martin’s School of Art in London.
For many years Vriesendorp contributed to Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) by providing graphics and illustrations for the publications of their theoretical concepts. Her painting "Flagrant Delit" (English: Flagrant Crime) (1978) is recognizable and was used as the cover image for Delirious New York, written by Rem Koolhaas and first published in 1978. Flagrant Delit features the Empire State building and the Chrysler building of New York City, post coitus in bed together while outside the window an armless version of the Statue of Liberty looks sad. Vriesendorp noted that both buildings were built in the 1930s in New York City and were competing to be the tallest in the skyline, however the Empire State building appeared more masculine when compared to the Chrysler building. Koolhaas suggested she add in the Rockefeller Center catching the two buildings in the act, as a reference to Modernity.
Her largest artwork was a mural (1987–2015) on the stage tower of the Netherlands Dance Theatre in The Hague, however in 2015 the building and the mural was demolished.
"The World of Madelon Vriesendorp: Paintings/Postcards/Objects/Games" was a 40-year retrospective exhibition of the artist's career, curated by Shumon Basar and Stephan Trüby. It originated at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London in 2008, and then toured to Aedes, Berlin; the Venice Biennale of Architecture; and finally the Swiss Architecture Museum, Basel. It was accompanied by a richly illustrated catalogue, and had contributions from Beatriz Colomina, Douglas Coupland, Hubert Damisch, Teri Wehn-Damisch, Zaha Hadid, Charles Jencks, Charlie Koolhaas, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Brett Steele and Fenna Haakma Wagenaar.
In 2018, she was awarded the Architectural Review, Ada Louise Huxtable Prize for her contributions to the architectural industry. Her acceptance speech for the award was political and talked about the "women written out of the script", because for many years Vriesendorps contributions to Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) were not acknowledged.
Madelon Vriesendorp lives in London and has two children, Charlie Koolhaas, a photographer, and Tomas Koolhaas, a filmmaker. She was previously married to Rem Koolhaas, they divorced in 2012.
Vriesendorp work is featured in various public art collections including Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the FRAC Centre, among others.
Bibliography
Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan, first edition. Oxford University Press, 1978
Shumon Basar, Stephan Trüby (eds.): The World of Madelon Vriesendorp, Architectural Association Publications, London, 2008
References
^ a b c d Card, Nell. "Madelon Vriesendorp: Architecture's lost heroine". the Guardian. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ a b c d e "Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant délit, 1975". FRAC Centre (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ Thorne, Sam. "Madelon Vriesendorp". Frieze. No. 114. ISSN 0962-0672. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ a b Lucarelli, Fosco (2015-02-02). "Madelon Vriesendorp's Manhattan Project". SOCKS. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ a b "Couple Format: The Identity Between Love and Work - e-flux Architecture - e-flux". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ "Amid Zero Protest, OMA's Netherlands Dance Theater Meets Its End". Metropolis. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ "The World of Madelon Vriesendorp | AA Bookshop".
^ Jacob, Sam. "'If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again': Madelon Vriesendorp on being written out of history". Architectural Review. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ Lubow, Arthur. "Rem Koolhaas Is Not a Starchitect". W Magazine. Retrieved 2019-12-20. Koolhaas and Blaisse have been together since 1986—not living together, she notes, "but having a life together." Three years ago, they began sharing an apartment. Two years later, he obtained a divorce from Madelon Vriesendorp, an artist who is the mother of his two children.
^ "Madelon Vriesendorp | MoMA Collection". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
External links
Official website
Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant Délit (1975) and Freud Unlimited (1976), Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)
Print Publisher's Website
vteRem Koolhaas – OMAOMA buildings(ital: demolished)
Police Station Almere Haven
Nederlands Dans Theater
Patio Villa
De Brink
Video Bus Stop
Villa Dall'Ava
Nexus World Housing
Byzantium
Kunsthal
Museumpark
Euralille
Lille Grand Palais
Congrexpo
Educatorium
Maison à Bordeaux
Chassé Park
Embassy of the Netherlands, Berlin
McCormick Tribune Campus Center
Paard van Troje
The Hague Tram Tunnel
Seattle Central Library
Leeum Museum
Kinepolis Almere
Seoul National University Museum of Art
Guggenheim Hermitage Museum
Casa da Música
Almere Masterplan
Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre
Kiang Malingue
CCTV Headquarters
Beijing Television Cultural Center
The Interlace
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
De Rotterdam
G-Star Raw HQ
Timmerhuis
Garage Museum of Contemporary Art
Holland Green
Faena Park
Bibliothèque Alexis de Tocqueville
Qatar National Library
Genesis Gangnam
Fondation Galeries Lafayette
BLOX/DAC
Sotheby's New York
121 East 22nd
Fondazione Prada
New Museum
Taipei Performing Arts Center
MediaPrint
Delirious New York
S,M,L,XL
Project on the City
Great Leap Forward
The Harvard Guide to Shopping
Elements of Architecture
Bigness or the Problem of Large
Content: Rem Koolhaas and OMA-AMO
Project Japan: Metabolism Talks
Content Magazine
Volume Magazine
AV
Koolhaas Houselife
Rem Koolhaas: A Kind of Architect
REM: Rem Koolhaas Documentary
Associated peopleEmployeesCurrentRem Koolhaas · Reinier de Graaf · Ellen van Loon · Shohei Shigematsu · Chris van DuijnFormerFloris Alkemade · Zaha Hadid · Winy Maas · Joshua Prince-Ramus · Ole Scheeren · Madelon Vriesendorp · Elia ZenghelisOther
Irma Boom
Reinier de Graaf
Zaha Hadid
Bjarke Ingels
Bruce Mau
Hans-Ulrich Obrist
Joshua Prince-Ramus
Ole Scheeren
Shohei Shigematsu
Madelon Vriesendorp
Elia Zenghelis
Concepts
Postmodern architecture
Deconstructivism
Paranoiac-critical method
Manhattanism
Culture of congestion
Bigness
Junkspace
Generic city
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilthoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilthoven"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Rem Koolhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas"},{"link_name":"Office of Metropolitan Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Metropolitan_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Rem Koolhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas"},{"link_name":"Elia Zenghelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Zenghelis"},{"link_name":"Zoe Zenghelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoe_Zenghelis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Madelon Vriesendorp (born 1945 in Bilthoven) is a Dutch artist, painter, sculptor and art collector.[1] She was married to Rem Koolhaas and best known as one of the co-founders of the Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) in the early 1970s (together with Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis and Zoe Zenghelis). Vriesendorp would often create visuals and graphics for OMA in the early years.","title":"Madelon Vriesendorp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rietveld Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld_Academie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"St. Martin’s School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin%27s_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Delirious New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirious_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Empire State building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"Chrysler building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building"},{"link_name":"post coitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(P)"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Center"},{"link_name":"Modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Dance Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Dans_Theater"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shumon Basar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumon_Basar"},{"link_name":"Stephan Trüby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Tr%C3%BCby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Architectural Association School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Association_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Swiss Architecture Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Architecture_Museum"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Colomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Colomina"},{"link_name":"Douglas Coupland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Coupland"},{"link_name":"Hubert Damisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Damisch"},{"link_name":"Zaha Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Charles Jencks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jencks"},{"link_name":"Hans Ulrich Obrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Obrist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Architectural Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"FRAC Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRAC_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Madelon Vriesendorp was born 1945, Bilthoven, Netherlands. She attended Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam in 1964.[2] In 1969, she attended classes at St. Martin’s School of Art in London.[2]For many years Vriesendorp contributed to Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) by providing graphics and illustrations for the publications of their theoretical concepts.[2] Her painting \"Flagrant Delit\" (English: Flagrant Crime) (1978) is recognizable and was used as the cover image for Delirious New York, written by Rem Koolhaas and first published in 1978.[2][3][4] Flagrant Delit features the Empire State building and the Chrysler building of New York City, post coitus in bed together while outside the window an armless version of the Statue of Liberty looks sad.[4] Vriesendorp noted that both buildings were built in the 1930s in New York City and were competing to be the tallest in the skyline, however the Empire State building appeared more masculine when compared to the Chrysler building.[5] Koolhaas suggested she add in the Rockefeller Center catching the two buildings in the act, as a reference to Modernity.[5]Her largest artwork was a mural (1987–2015) on the stage tower of the Netherlands Dance Theatre in The Hague, however in 2015 the building and the mural was demolished.[6]\"The World of Madelon Vriesendorp: Paintings/Postcards/Objects/Games\" was a 40-year retrospective exhibition of the artist's career, curated by Shumon Basar and Stephan Trüby. It originated at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London in 2008, and then toured to Aedes, Berlin; the Venice Biennale of Architecture; and finally the Swiss Architecture Museum, Basel. It was accompanied by a richly illustrated catalogue, and had contributions from Beatriz Colomina, Douglas Coupland, Hubert Damisch, Teri Wehn-Damisch, Zaha Hadid, Charles Jencks, Charlie Koolhaas, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Brett Steele and Fenna Haakma Wagenaar.[7]In 2018, she was awarded the Architectural Review, Ada Louise Huxtable Prize for her contributions to the architectural industry.[1] Her acceptance speech for the award was political and talked about the \"women written out of the script\", because for many years Vriesendorps contributions to Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) were not acknowledged.[1][8]Madelon Vriesendorp lives in London and has two children, Charlie Koolhaas, a photographer, and Tomas Koolhaas, a filmmaker. She was previously married to Rem Koolhaas, they divorced in 2012.[1][9]Vriesendorp work is featured in various public art collections including Museum of Modern Art (MoMA),[10] the FRAC Centre,[2] among others.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan, first edition. Oxford University Press, 1978\nShumon Basar, Stephan Trüby (eds.): The World of Madelon Vriesendorp, Architectural Association Publications, London, 2008","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Card, Nell. \"Madelon Vriesendorp: Architecture's lost heroine\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/ng-interactive/2019/apr/08/madelon-vriesendorp-architectures-lost-heroine","url_text":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp: Architecture's lost heroine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant délit, 1975\". FRAC Centre (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frac-centre.fr/_en/art-and-architecture-collection/vriesendorp-madelon/flagrant-delit-317.html?authID=207&ensembleID=310","url_text":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant délit, 1975\""}]},{"reference":"Thorne, Sam. \"Madelon Vriesendorp\". Frieze. No. 114. ISSN 0962-0672. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://frieze.com/article/madelon-vriesendorp","url_text":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-0672","url_text":"0962-0672"}]},{"reference":"Lucarelli, Fosco (2015-02-02). \"Madelon Vriesendorp's Manhattan Project\". SOCKS. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://socks-studio.com/2015/02/02/madelon-vriesendorps-manhattan-project/","url_text":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp's Manhattan Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Couple Format: The Identity Between Love and Work - e-flux Architecture - e-flux\". www.e-flux.com. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/superhumanity/66873/couple-format-the-identity-between-love-and-work/","url_text":"\"Couple Format: The Identity Between Love and Work - e-flux Architecture - e-flux\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amid Zero Protest, OMA's Netherlands Dance Theater Meets Its End\". Metropolis. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/cultural-architecture/amid-zero-protest-oma-netherlands-dance-theater-meets-end/","url_text":"\"Amid Zero Protest, OMA's Netherlands Dance Theater Meets Its End\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World of Madelon Vriesendorp | AA Bookshop\".","urls":[{"url":"https://aabookshop.net/?wpsc-product=the-world-of-madelon-vriesendorp","url_text":"\"The World of Madelon Vriesendorp | AA Bookshop\""}]},{"reference":"Jacob, Sam. \"'If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again': Madelon Vriesendorp on being written out of history\". Architectural Review. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/if-at-first-you-dont-succeed-cry-cry-again-madelon-vriesendorp-on-being-written-out-of-history/10028475.article","url_text":"\"'If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again': Madelon Vriesendorp on being written out of history\""}]},{"reference":"Lubow, Arthur. \"Rem Koolhaas Is Not a Starchitect\". W Magazine. Retrieved 2019-12-20. Koolhaas and Blaisse have been together since 1986—not living together, she notes, \"but having a life together.\" Three years ago, they began sharing an apartment. Two years later, he obtained a divorce from Madelon Vriesendorp, an artist who is the mother of his two children.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rem-koolhaas-venice-architecture-biennale","url_text":"\"Rem Koolhaas Is Not a Starchitect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp | MoMA Collection\". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/artists/6957","url_text":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp | MoMA Collection\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/ng-interactive/2019/apr/08/madelon-vriesendorp-architectures-lost-heroine","external_links_name":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp: Architecture's lost heroine\""},{"Link":"http://www.frac-centre.fr/_en/art-and-architecture-collection/vriesendorp-madelon/flagrant-delit-317.html?authID=207&ensembleID=310","external_links_name":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant délit, 1975\""},{"Link":"https://frieze.com/article/madelon-vriesendorp","external_links_name":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-0672","external_links_name":"0962-0672"},{"Link":"http://socks-studio.com/2015/02/02/madelon-vriesendorps-manhattan-project/","external_links_name":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp's Manhattan Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/superhumanity/66873/couple-format-the-identity-between-love-and-work/","external_links_name":"\"Couple Format: The Identity Between Love and Work - e-flux Architecture - e-flux\""},{"Link":"https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/cultural-architecture/amid-zero-protest-oma-netherlands-dance-theater-meets-end/","external_links_name":"\"Amid Zero Protest, OMA's Netherlands Dance Theater Meets Its End\""},{"Link":"https://aabookshop.net/?wpsc-product=the-world-of-madelon-vriesendorp","external_links_name":"\"The World of Madelon Vriesendorp | AA Bookshop\""},{"Link":"https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/if-at-first-you-dont-succeed-cry-cry-again-madelon-vriesendorp-on-being-written-out-of-history/10028475.article","external_links_name":"\"'If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again': Madelon Vriesendorp on being written out of history\""},{"Link":"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rem-koolhaas-venice-architecture-biennale","external_links_name":"\"Rem Koolhaas Is Not a Starchitect\""},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/6957","external_links_name":"\"Madelon Vriesendorp | MoMA Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.madelonvriesendorp.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=Madelon%20Vriesendorp&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22works%20of%20art%22%5D%7D","external_links_name":"Madelon Vriesendorp, Flagrant Délit (1975) and Freud Unlimited (1976)"},{"Link":"https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=Madelon%20Vriesendorp&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22works%20of%20art%22%5D%7D&img_filter=1","external_links_name":"digitized items"},{"Link":"https://www.point101.com/madelon-vriesendorp","external_links_name":"Print Publisher's Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079905208","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35675293","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmpjFwXc4dvBj8qtw6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10103013","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb159538998","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb159538998","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13559152X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007423608605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008085604","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/6957","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/82173","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500463419","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13559152X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/140806709","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Beech | Walter Beech | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Walter Herschel BeechBorn(1891-01-30)January 30, 1891Pulaski, TennesseeDiedNovember 29, 1950(1950-11-29) (aged 59)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Test pilot, entrepreneur, United States Army Air Forces aviatorKnown forCo-founder of the Beech Aircraft CorporationSpouseOlive Ann Beech
Walter Herschel Beech (January 30, 1891 – November 29, 1950) was an American aviator and early aviation entrepreneur who co-founded the Beech Aircraft Company (now called Beechcraft) in 1932 with his wife, Olive Ann Beech, and a team of three others.
Biography
He was born in Pulaski, Tennessee on January 30, 1891. Beech started flying in 1905, at age 14, when he built a glider of his own design. Then, after flying for the United States Army during World War I, he joined the Swallow Airplane Company as a test pilot. He later became general manager of the company. In 1924, he, Lloyd Stearman, and Clyde Cessna formed Travel Air Manufacturing Company. When the company merged with Curtiss-Wright, Beech became vice-president.
In 1932, he and his wife, Olive Ann Beech, along with Ted Wells, K.K. Shaul, and investor C.G. Yankey, co-founded the Beech Aircraft Company in Wichita, Kansas. Their early Beechcraft planes won the Bendix Trophy. During World War II, Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 military aircraft. The twin Beech AT-7/C-45 trained more than 90 percent of the U.S. Army Air Forces navigator/bombardiers. The company went on to become one of the "big three" in American general aviation aircraft manufacturing during the 20th century (along with Cessna and Piper).
Beech died from a heart attack on November 29, 1950. He and his wife are buried at Old Mission Mausoleum in Wichita.
In 1977, Beech was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, and 1982, he was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
In 2023, Beech was inducted, along with his wife Olive, into the Paul E Garber First Flight Shrine in Kill Devil Hills, NC.
References
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: https://web.archive.org/web/20060228063018/http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/history/walterbeech.htm
^ Dick, Ron; Dan Patterson (2003). "Great Names". Aviation Century: The Early Years. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills. p. 206. ISBN 1-55046-407-8.
^ "Walter Herschel Beech". Hill Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2011-11-14. Walter Beech began a long and distinguished career in aviation at the early age of 14, when he built a glider of his own design. Then, after flying for the U.S. Army during World War I, he joined the Swallow Airplane Company as a test pilot. He later became General Manager of the company. In 1924, Beech joined Clyde Cessna in co-founding Travel Air Manufacturing Company, which was to become the world's largest producer of both monoplane and biplane commercial aircraft. ...
^ Edward H. Phillips (1996). The Staggerwing Story: A History of the Beechcraft Model 17. Eagan, Minn.: Flying Books International. ISBN 978-0-911139-27-3.
^ "Walter Beech, 59, Leader In Aviation". New York Times. December 1, 1950. Retrieved 2011-11-14. Walter Beech, founder and president of the Beech Aircraft Corporation died ...
^ "Enshrinee Walter Beech". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ Linda Sprekelmeyer, ed. (2006). These We Honor: the International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
^ "Paul E. Garber Shrine - First Flight Society - Aviation organization on the Outer Banks in Kill Devil Hills, NC". First Flight Society. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
External links
Biography at Hill Air Force Base website Archived 2011-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
Archive - Walter H. and Olive Ann Beech Collection at Wichita State University
Walter Beech at Find a Grave | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beech Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Olive Ann Beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Ann_Beech"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Walter Herschel Beech (January 30, 1891 – November 29, 1950) was an American aviator and early aviation entrepreneur who co-founded the Beech Aircraft Company (now called Beechcraft) in 1932 with his wife, Olive Ann Beech, and a team of three others.[1]","title":"Walter Beech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulaski, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps"},{"link_name":"Swallow Airplane Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_Airplane_Company"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Stearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Stearman"},{"link_name":"Clyde Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Cessna"},{"link_name":"Travel Air Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Air_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Curtiss-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss-Wright"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Olive Ann Beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Ann_Beech"},{"link_name":"Ted Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_A._Wells"},{"link_name":"Beech Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bendix Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendix_Trophy"},{"link_name":"twin Beech AT-7/C-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Aviation Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"International Air & Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"San Diego Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Ann_Beech"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He was born in Pulaski, Tennessee on January 30, 1891. Beech started flying in 1905, at age 14, when he built a glider of his own design. Then, after flying for the United States Army during World War I, he joined the Swallow Airplane Company as a test pilot. He later became general manager of the company. In 1924, he, Lloyd Stearman, and Clyde Cessna formed Travel Air Manufacturing Company. When the company merged with Curtiss-Wright, Beech became vice-president.[2]In 1932, he and his wife, Olive Ann Beech, along with Ted Wells, K.K. Shaul, and investor C.G. Yankey, co-founded the Beech Aircraft Company in Wichita, Kansas.[3] Their early Beechcraft planes won the Bendix Trophy. During World War II, Beech Aircraft produced more than 7,400 military aircraft. The twin Beech AT-7/C-45 trained more than 90 percent of the U.S. Army Air Forces navigator/bombardiers. The company went on to become one of the \"big three\" in American general aviation aircraft manufacturing during the 20th century (along with Cessna and Piper).Beech died from a heart attack on November 29, 1950.[4] He and his wife are buried at Old Mission Mausoleum in Wichita.In 1977, Beech was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.[5] at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, and 1982, he was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[6]In 2023, Beech was inducted, along with his wife Olive, into the Paul E Garber First Flight Shrine in Kill Devil Hills, NC.[7]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dick, Ron; Dan Patterson (2003). \"Great Names\". Aviation Century: The Early Years. Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills. p. 206. ISBN 1-55046-407-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlyyears0000dick/page/206","url_text":"\"Great Names\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlyyears0000dick/page/206","url_text":"206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55046-407-8","url_text":"1-55046-407-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Herschel Beech\". Hill Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2011-11-14. Walter Beech began a long and distinguished career in aviation at the early age of 14, when he built a glider of his own design. Then, after flying for the U.S. Army during World War I, he joined the Swallow Airplane Company as a test pilot. He later became General Manager of the company. In 1924, Beech joined Clyde Cessna in co-founding Travel Air Manufacturing Company, which was to become the world's largest producer of both monoplane and biplane commercial aircraft. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104200856/http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","url_text":"\"Walter Herschel Beech\""},{"url":"http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edward H. Phillips (1996). The Staggerwing Story: A History of the Beechcraft Model 17. Eagan, Minn.: Flying Books International. ISBN 978-0-911139-27-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911139-27-3","url_text":"978-0-911139-27-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Beech, 59, Leader In Aviation\". New York Times. December 1, 1950. Retrieved 2011-11-14. Walter Beech, founder and president of the Beech Aircraft Corporation died ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/01/archives/walter-beech-59-leader-in-aviation.html","url_text":"\"Walter Beech, 59, Leader In Aviation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enshrinee Walter Beech\". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/walter-beech/","url_text":"\"Enshrinee Walter Beech\""}]},{"reference":"Linda Sprekelmeyer, ed. (2006). These We Honor: the International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4","url_text":"978-1-57864-397-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul E. Garber Shrine - First Flight Society - Aviation organization on the Outer Banks in Kill Devil Hills, NC\". First Flight Society. Retrieved 2024-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://firstflight.org/first-flight-shrine/","url_text":"\"Paul E. Garber Shrine - First Flight Society - Aviation organization on the Outer Banks in Kill Devil Hills, NC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060228063018/http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/history/walterbeech.htm","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060228063018/http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/history/walterbeech.htm"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/earlyyears0000dick/page/206","external_links_name":"\"Great Names\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/earlyyears0000dick/page/206","external_links_name":"206"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104200856/http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","external_links_name":"\"Walter Herschel Beech\""},{"Link":"http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/01/archives/walter-beech-59-leader-in-aviation.html","external_links_name":"\"Walter Beech, 59, Leader In Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/walter-beech/","external_links_name":"\"Enshrinee Walter Beech\""},{"Link":"https://firstflight.org/first-flight-shrine/","external_links_name":"\"Paul E. Garber Shrine - First Flight Society - Aviation organization on the Outer Banks in Kill Devil Hills, NC\""},{"Link":"http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","external_links_name":"Biography at Hill Air Force Base website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111104200856/http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5843","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://specialcollections.wichita.edu/collections/ms/97-02/97-2-a.html","external_links_name":"Archive - Walter H. and Olive Ann Beech Collection at Wichita State University"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7522647","external_links_name":"Walter Beech"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanygrisiau | Tanygrisiau | ["1 Geography","2 Industrial Past and Present","3 Language","4 Leisure","5 Gallery","6 Notable residents","7 Noted former residents","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°59′10″N 3°57′22″W / 52.986°N 3.956°W / 52.986; -3.956
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Human settlement in WalesTanygrisiauTanygrisiau, with the Moelwynion behindTanygrisiauLocation within GwyneddPopulation349 OS grid referenceSH687450CommunityFfestiniogPrincipal areaGwyneddPreserved countyGwyneddCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBLAENAU FFESTINIOGPostcode districtLL41Dialling code01766PoliceNorth WalesFireNorth WalesAmbulanceWelsh
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52°59′10″N 3°57′22″W / 52.986°N 3.956°W / 52.986; -3.956
Tanygrisiau is a village and area within Blaenau Ffestiniog in the upper end of the Vale of Ffestiniog in the county of Gwynedd, north-west Wales (52°59′12″N 3°57′25″W / 52.98667°N 3.95694°W / 52.98667; -3.95694). It can be found along the southern side of the Moelwyn mountain range and dates to around 1750. It joins onto the semi-urban area of Blaenau Ffestiniog, and is in the community of Ffestiniog; located between 650 feet (200 m) and 750 feet (230 m) above sea level. it is in the electoral ward of Bowydd and Rhiw which had a 2011 census population of 1878. The village itself has a population of around 350.
Geography
The Moelwyns protect the village from much of the wind from northerly gales in the winter and give the village a pleasant southerly aspect with relatively mild weather considering its location high in Snowdonia. However rainfall in the upper end of the Ffestiniog valley can be very high all year around.
Industrial Past and Present
Tanygrisiau, or more properly 'Tan y grisiau', is Welsh for "below the steps", referring to the stepped cliffs above the village. Tanygrisiau was famous for its slate mining, producing a high quality black slate that was used across the world. The major quarries above the village were Cwmorthin, Wrysgan and Conglog.
Tanygrisiau railway station is on the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow gauge railway built to carry slate from the mines down to the sea at Porthmadog where it was shipped all around the world, mostly for use in roofing.
The nearby Ffestiniog power station, the high Stwlan Dam and Llyn Ystradau, colloquially known as Tanygrisiau Reservoir, are part of a pumped storage hydroelectricity installation. Much nearer the railway station is a waterfall on the Afon Cwmorthin and below the falls, and powered by a different water source, is a very small hydro-electric power station.
The closure of the slate mines during the late 1970s led to massive depopulation of the area from which it has only recently (2005) begun to recover.
Tanygrisiau has close links with the regiment of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
Language
Welsh is the predominant language of the area and the medium of instruction in all local schools.
Leisure
The village is a starting point for walks into the Moelwyns, especially if the intention is to climb Moelwyn itself. Care should be taken as there are numerous mine shafts in the area.
As a result of the slate mining, when the Snowdonia National Park was created, Tanygrisiau, Manod and Blaenau Ffestiniog were left outside, thus creating a doughnut-shaped area excluded from the National Park. Exclusion from the park was also intended to attract new industries to the area.
Gallery
Llyn Ystradau, looking down towards the dam.
Cwmorthin Falls taken from the Porthmadog train leaving Tanygrisiau
The sign at the car park for Tanygrisiau railway station
Notable residents
Gai Toms music artist
Noted former residents
Gwyn Thomas, Welsh poet, academic and the present National Poet for Wales, was born in Tanygrisiau in 1936. As a boy, his family then moved to the main town Blaenau Ffestiniog only a couple of miles away.
Meredydd Evans (born Llanegryn, Wales 1919) was a collector, editor, historian and notable performer of folk music of Wales.
References
^ "Custom report - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics".
^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Tanygrisiau population (W00000278)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tanygrisiau.
Official website
Landscape photographs in and around Blaenau Ffestiniog
geograph.co.uk, photos of Tanygrisiau and surrounding area
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Wales | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"Vale of Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"52°59′12″N 3°57′25″W / 52.98667°N 3.95694°W / 52.98667; -3.95694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tanygrisiau¶ms=52_59_12_N_3_57_25_W_region:GB-GWN_type:city"},{"link_name":"Moelwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moelwynion"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Bowydd and Rhiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowydd_and_Rhiw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in WalesTanygrisiau is a village and area within Blaenau Ffestiniog in the upper end of the Vale of Ffestiniog in the county of Gwynedd, north-west Wales (52°59′12″N 3°57′25″W / 52.98667°N 3.95694°W / 52.98667; -3.95694). It can be found along the southern side of the Moelwyn mountain range and dates to around 1750. It joins onto the semi-urban area of Blaenau Ffestiniog, and is in the community of Ffestiniog; located between 650 feet (200 m) and 750 feet (230 m) above sea level. it is in the electoral ward of Bowydd and Rhiw which had a 2011 census population of 1878.[1] The village itself has a population of around 350.[2]","title":"Tanygrisiau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snowdonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdonia"},{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall"}],"text":"The Moelwyns protect the village from much of the wind from northerly gales in the winter and give the village a pleasant southerly aspect with relatively mild weather considering its location high in Snowdonia. However rainfall in the upper end of the Ffestiniog valley can be very high all year around.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"slate mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cwmorthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmorthin_Quarry"},{"link_name":"Wrysgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrysgan_Quarry"},{"link_name":"Conglog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglog_Slate_Quarry"},{"link_name":"Tanygrisiau railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanygrisiau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ffestiniog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Porthmadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmadog"},{"link_name":"Ffestiniog power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffestiniog_power_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pumped storage hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped_storage_hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"hydro-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-electric"},{"link_name":"power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station"},{"link_name":"Royal Welch Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"}],"text":"Tanygrisiau, or more properly 'Tan y grisiau', is Welsh for \"below the steps\", referring to the stepped cliffs above the village. Tanygrisiau was famous for its slate mining, producing a high quality black slate that was used across the world. The major quarries above the village were Cwmorthin, Wrysgan and Conglog.Tanygrisiau railway station is on the Ffestiniog Railway, a narrow gauge railway built to carry slate from the mines down to the sea at Porthmadog where it was shipped all around the world, mostly for use in roofing.The nearby Ffestiniog power station, the high Stwlan Dam and Llyn Ystradau[citation needed], colloquially known as Tanygrisiau Reservoir, are part of a pumped storage hydroelectricity installation. Much nearer the railway station is a waterfall on the Afon Cwmorthin and below the falls, and powered by a different water source, is a very small hydro-electric power station.The closure of the slate mines during the late 1970s led to massive depopulation of the area from which it has only recently (2005) begun to recover.Tanygrisiau has close links with the regiment of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.","title":"Industrial Past and Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"}],"text":"Welsh is the predominant language of the area and the medium of instruction in all local schools.","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillwalking"},{"link_name":"Snowdonia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdonia"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"}],"text":"The village is a starting point for walks into the Moelwyns, especially if the intention is to climb Moelwyn itself. Care should be taken as there are numerous mine shafts in the area.As a result of the slate mining, when the Snowdonia National Park was created, Tanygrisiau, Manod and Blaenau Ffestiniog were left outside, thus creating a doughnut-shaped area excluded from the National Park. Exclusion from the park was also intended to attract new industries to the area.","title":"Leisure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FR_Ystradau_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwmorthin6293201.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FR_TYG_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tanygrisiau railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanygrisiau_railway_station"}],"text":"Llyn Ystradau, looking down towards the dam.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCwmorthin Falls taken from the Porthmadog train leaving Tanygrisiau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sign at the car park for Tanygrisiau railway station","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gai Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai_Toms"}],"text":"Gai Toms music artist","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwyn Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyn_Thomas_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"National Poet for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Poet_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"Meredydd Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredydd_Evans"}],"text":"Gwyn Thomas, Welsh poet, academic and the present National Poet for Wales, was born in Tanygrisiau in 1936. As a boy, his family then moved to the main town Blaenau Ffestiniog only a couple of miles away.\nMeredydd Evans (born Llanegryn, Wales 1919) was a collector, editor, historian and notable performer of folk music of Wales.","title":"Noted former residents"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Custom report - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=W05000051","url_text":"\"Custom report - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Tanygrisiau population (W00000278)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province | Rift Valley Province | ["1 Counties","2 Geography","3 Geology","4 Economy","5 Ethnicity","6 Villages and settlements","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 0°30′N 36°0′E / 0.500°N 36.000°E / 0.500; 36.000Province of Kenya
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Former Province in KenyaRift Valley Province
Mkoa wa Bonde la UfaFormer ProvinceLocation in KenyaCoordinates: 0°30′N 36°0′E / 0.500°N 36.000°E / 0.500; 36.000Country KenyaNo. of Counties:14CapitalNakuruArea • Total182,505.1 km2 (70,465.6 sq mi)Population (2009) • Total10,006,805 • Density55/km2 (140/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Rift Valley Province (Swahili: Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa) of Kenya, bordering Uganda, was one of Kenya's eight provinces, before the 2013 Kenyan general election.
Rift Valley Province was the largest and one of the most economically important provinces in Kenya. It was dominated by the Kenya Rift Valley which passes through it and gives the province its name. According to the 2009 Census, the former province covered an area of 182,505.1 square kilometres (45,098,000 acres; 70,465.6 sq mi) and would have had a population of 10,006,805, making it the largest and most populous province in the country. The bulk of the provincial population inhabited a strip between former Nairobi and Nyanza Province. The capital was the town of Nakuru.
Counties
As of March 2013 after the Kenyan general election, 2013, the Province was partitioned into counties and Rift Valley Province was dissolved.
Code
County
Former Province
Area (km2)
PopulationCensus 2009
Capital
23
Turkana
Rift Valley
71,597.8
855,399
Lodwar
24
West Pokot
Rift Valley
8,418.2
512,690
Kapenguria
25
Samburu
Rift Valley
20,182.5
223,947
Maralal
26
Trans Nzoia
Rift Valley
2,469.9
818,757
Kitale
27
Uasin Gishu
Rift Valley
2,955.3
894,179
Eldoret
28
Elgeyo-Marakwet
Rift Valley
3,049.7
369,998
Iten
29
Nandi
Rift Valley
2,884.5
752,965
Kapsabet
30
Baringo
Rift Valley
11,075.3
555,561
Kabarnet
31
Laikipia
Rift Valley
8,696.1
399,227
Nanyuki
32
Nakuru
Rift Valley
7,509.5
1,603,325
Nakuru
33
Narok
Rift Valley
17,921.2
850,920
Narok
34
Kajiado
Rift Valley
21,292.7
687,312
Kajiado
35
Kericho
Rift Valley
2,454.5
752,396
Kericho
36
Bomet
Rift Valley
1,997.9
730,129
Bomet
Totals
182,505.1
10,006,805
-
Geography
Map of Kenya, showing its provinces
The Great Rift Valley runs south through Kenya from Lake Turkana in the north and has several unique geographical features, including the Elgeyo escarpment which is a popular tourist attraction.
Apart from the Rift Valley itself, the area has other important geographic features such as: the extinct volcanoes Mount Longonot and Mount Suswa and Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Magadi, Lake Nakuru, Lake Naivasha, the Suguta Valley, and Lake Turkana.
Geology
A large part of Kenya is underlain by Precambrian basement, while the Kenya rift basin (a typical extensional basin) hosts Tertiary volcanics that cover Mesozoic sediments (Recently these sediments have been considered for oil exploration). The sedimentary basins evolved along the Anza trough during the Late Paleozoic to Early Tertiary times through extension tectonics during the major Gondwanaland breakup. In the Miocene Period, the region underwent intermittent uplift and subsidence along major boundary faults accompanied by a large outpouring of lava flows. The Anza trough intersects the modern rift valley in the area of Lake Turkana. Rifting still continues today; primarily in the north, where active volcanoes are more plentiful.
Economy
The highlands provide adequate rainfall for farming and agriculture which is the economic base of the residents of the Rift Valley. Tea from the highlands in the Kericho district enjoys a worldwide reputation, but horticulture is an important part of the district's economy and cattle raising is also practised to a large extent.
The full economic potential of the Rift Valley region is, however, far from fully exploited, though the current growth in population and improved education may change this in a near future. People in the province are still mostly rural, but urbanisation is gradually increasing; new cities and towns contain the rural-urban migration and, provided the right policies are instituted, the Rift Valley province will be able to emerge as a national economic and cultural hub.
Ethnicity
The Rift Valley is home to various communities. The people of the Rift Valley are a mesh work of different ethnic identities, and the Kalenjin and the Maasai are two of the best known ethnic groups. Most of Kenya's top runners come from the Kalenjin community. The Maasai people have the most recognizable cultural identity, both nationally and internationally, and serve as Kenya's international cultural symbol.
Villages and settlements
Baraton
Bartimaro
Burgich
Chamagel
Chebara
Cheboin
Chemosiet
Chemuswa
Chepkum
Cheptonge
Chepunyal
Chororget
Cokereria
Dol Dol
Emdin
Enangiperi
Gichage
Gituandaga
Goroba
Ilbisil
Ilpartimaro
Ilyagaleni
Jamji
Kabaldamet
Kabetwa
Kabisaga
Kabungwa
Kaiboi
Kaitui
Kalema
Kamamut
Kamnunguuawa
Kampi ya Bibi
Kampi ya Simba
Kamugeno
Kamwaura
Kanyarkwat
Kap Sarok
Kapchebelel
Kapchorewe
Kapsamonget
Kapsaos
Kapteren
Kapuset
Karero
Kauro
Kebenet
Kenegut
Kerisa
Kibebetiet
Kiberengi
Kibingor
Kiligis
Kimana
Kiminini
Koiparak
Koitilial
Kongelai
Korikabemitik
Kosipirr
Kukurna
Kunyao
Lamuria
Lengesim
Logumukum
Loichangamatak
Lokwakangole
Lolnguswa
Lomelo
Lomut
Lorugumu
Loruth
Lossom
Lotongot
Machege
Mailua
Makandara
Marashoni
Mbagathi
Melewa
Miti ya Hunter
Mogwooni
Morkwijit
Mtembur
Mugus
Muriling
Murua Korg
Musereita
Nakinglas
Ndamichoni
Ndiuini
Nganukonharengak
Nkidongi
Nyangoso
Nyaru
Ole Seni
Olengarua
Olkeramatian
Oloiyangalani
Olokurto
Orwa
Samuli
Sigoor Camp
Subuku
Thuthuriki
Yatya
See also
Kerio River
References
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Kenya Census 2009".
^ "Open Data Portal". Archived from the original on 2011-07-11.
^ "Petroleum Potential of NW-Kenya Rift Basins: A Synopsis of Evidence and Issues - Exploration & Production Geology".
External links
Media related to Rift Valley Province at Wikimedia Commons
vte First- and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya47 counties(since March 2013)
Baringo (30)
Bomet (36)
Bungoma (39)
Busia (40)
Elgeyo-Marakwet (28)
Embu (14)
Garissa (07)
Homa Bay (43)
Isiolo (11)
Kajiado (34)
Kakamega (37)
Kericho (35)
Kiambu (22)
Kilifi (03)
Kirinyaga (20)
Kisii (45)
Kisumu (42)
Kitui (15)
Kwale (02)
Laikipia (31)
Lamu (05)
Machakos (16)
Makueni (17)
Mandera (09)
Marsabit (10)
Meru (12)
Migori (44)
Mombasa (01)
Murang'a (21)
Nairobi (47)
Nakuru (32)
Nandi (29)
Narok (33)
Nyamira (46)
Nyandarua (18)
Nyeri (19)
Samburu (25)
Siaya (41)
Taita-Taveta (06)
Tana River (04)
Tharaka-Nithi (13)
Trans-Nzoia (26)
Turkana (23)
Uasin Gishu (27)
Vihiga (38)
Wajir (08)
West Pokot (24)
Principal citiesand towns
Nairobi (capital)
Athi River
Baragoi
Bomet
Bungoma
Busia
Chuka
Eldoret
Embu
Garissa
Hola
Homa Bay
Isiolo
Iten
Kabarnet
Kajiado
Kakamega
Kapsabet
Kangundo - Tala
Kapenguria
Karuri
Kericho
Kerugoya
Kiambu
Kibwezi
Kikuyu
Kilifi
Kisii
Kisumu
Kitale
Kitengela
Kitui
Kwale
Limuru
Lodwar
Lokichogio
Loiyangalani
Lamu
Machakos
Makindu
Malindi
Mandera
Maralal
Marsabit
Masii
Meru
Mombasa
Moyale
Mtito Andei
Mumias
Murang'a
Mutomo
Mwingi
Naivasha
Nakuru
Namanga
Nanyuki
Narok
Nyahururu
Nyamira
Nyeri
Ol Kalou
Ongata Rongai
Ruiru
Siaya
Thika
Vihiga
Voi
Wajir
Webuye
Wote
Wundanyi
vteGreat Rift Valley, KenyaVolcanoes
Barrier Volcano
Namarunu
Emuruangogolak
Silali
Paka
Korosi
Menengai
Eburru
Olkaria
Longonot
Mount Suswa
Hills and escarpments
Elgeyo Escarpment
Mau Escarpment
Nguruman Escarpment
Losiolo Escarpment
Aberdare Range
Ngong Hills
Loriu Plateau
Lakes
Turkana
Logipi
Baringo
Bogoria
Nakuru
Elmenteita
Naivasha
Magadi
Natron
Rivers
Suguta
Kerio
Molo
Ol Arabel
Perkerra
Waseges
Gilgil
Malewa
Turasha
Southern Ewaso Ng'iro
Conservation areas
Kerio Valley National Reserve
Lake Baringo National Park
Lake Bogoria National Reserve
Lake Nakuru National Park
Mount Kipipiri Forest Reserve
Kigio Wildlife Conservancy
Lake Naivasha National Park
Hell's Gate National Park
Mount Longonot National Park
Mount Suswa Conservancy
Shompole Conservancy
Urban centres
Kapedo
Kinyang
Marigat
Nakuru
Gilgil
Naivasha
Magadi
Paleontological and archeological sites
Afar Triangle
Aiyangiyang
Amboseli
Karsa
Koobi Fora
Laetoli
Lothagam
Olduvai Gorge
Rusinga Island
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kenyan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_general_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kenya Rift Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Nyanza Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanza_Province"},{"link_name":"Nakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru"}],"text":"Province of KenyaFormer Province in KenyaRift Valley Province (Swahili: Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa) of Kenya, bordering Uganda, was one of Kenya's eight provinces, before the 2013 Kenyan general election.\nRift Valley Province was the largest and one of the most economically important provinces in Kenya. It was dominated by the Kenya Rift Valley which passes through it and gives the province its name. According to the 2009 Census, the former province covered an area of 182,505.1 square kilometres (45,098,000 acres; 70,465.6 sq mi) and would have had a population of 10,006,805,[1][2] making it the largest and most populous province in the country. The bulk of the provincial population inhabited a strip between former Nairobi and Nyanza Province. The capital was the town of Nakuru.","title":"Rift Valley Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenyan general election, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_general_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As of March 2013 after the Kenyan general election, 2013, the Province was partitioned into counties and Rift Valley Province was dissolved.[3]","title":"Counties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Turkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana"},{"link_name":"Elgeyo escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgeyo_escarpment"},{"link_name":"Mount Longonot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Longonot"},{"link_name":"Mount Suswa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Suswa"},{"link_name":"Lake Baringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo"},{"link_name":"Lake Bogoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bogoria"},{"link_name":"Lake Magadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Magadi"},{"link_name":"Lake Nakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nakuru"},{"link_name":"Lake Naivasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha"},{"link_name":"Suguta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suguta"},{"link_name":"Lake Turkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana"}],"text":"Map of Kenya, showing its provincesThe Great Rift Valley runs south through Kenya from Lake Turkana in the north and has several unique geographical features, including the Elgeyo escarpment which is a popular tourist attraction.Apart from the Rift Valley itself, the area has other important geographic features such as: the extinct volcanoes Mount Longonot and Mount Suswa and Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Magadi, Lake Nakuru, Lake Naivasha, the Suguta Valley, and Lake Turkana.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"volcanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanics"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sedimentary basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin"},{"link_name":"Anza trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza_trough"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Gondwanaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"}],"text":"A large part of Kenya is underlain by Precambrian basement, while the Kenya rift basin (a typical extensional basin) hosts Tertiary volcanics that cover Mesozoic sediments (Recently these sediments have been considered for oil exploration).[4] The sedimentary basins evolved along the Anza trough during the Late Paleozoic to Early Tertiary times through extension tectonics during the major Gondwanaland breakup. In the Miocene Period, the region underwent intermittent uplift and subsidence along major boundary faults accompanied by a large outpouring of lava flows. The Anza trough intersects the modern rift valley in the area of Lake Turkana. Rifting still continues today; primarily in the north, where active volcanoes are more plentiful.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"Kericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kericho"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"urbanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation"}],"text":"The highlands provide adequate rainfall for farming and agriculture which is the economic base of the residents of the Rift Valley. Tea from the highlands in the Kericho district enjoys a worldwide reputation, but horticulture is an important part of the district's economy and cattle raising is also practised to a large extent.The full economic potential of the Rift Valley region is, however, far from fully exploited, though the current growth in population and improved education may change this in a near future. 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The Maasai people have the most recognizable cultural identity, both nationally and internationally, and serve as Kenya's international cultural symbol.","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baraton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraton"},{"link_name":"Bartimaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartimaro"},{"link_name":"Burgich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgich"},{"link_name":"Chamagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamagel"},{"link_name":"Chebara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebara"},{"link_name":"Cheboin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboin"},{"link_name":"Chemosiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosiet"},{"link_name":"Chemuswa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemuswa"},{"link_name":"Chepkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepkum"},{"link_name":"Cheptonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheptonge"},{"link_name":"Chepunyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepunyal"},{"link_name":"Chororget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chororget"},{"link_name":"Cokereria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokereria"},{"link_name":"Dol Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol_Dol"},{"link_name":"Emdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emdin"},{"link_name":"Enangiperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enangiperi"},{"link_name":"Gichage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gichage"},{"link_name":"Gituandaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gituandaga"},{"link_name":"Goroba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goroba"},{"link_name":"Ilbisil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilbisil"},{"link_name":"Ilpartimaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilpartimaro"},{"link_name":"Ilyagaleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyagaleni"},{"link_name":"Jamji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamji"},{"link_name":"Kabaldamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaldamet"},{"link_name":"Kabetwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabetwa"},{"link_name":"Kabisaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabisaga"},{"link_name":"Kabungwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabungwa"},{"link_name":"Kaiboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiboi"},{"link_name":"Kaitui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitui"},{"link_name":"Kalema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalema"},{"link_name":"Kamamut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamamut"},{"link_name":"Kamnunguuawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnunguuawa"},{"link_name":"Kampi ya Bibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_ya_Bibi"},{"link_name":"Kampi ya Simba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_ya_Simba"},{"link_name":"Kamugeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamugeno"},{"link_name":"Kamwaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamwaura"},{"link_name":"Kanyarkwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyarkwat"},{"link_name":"Kap Sarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap_Sarok"},{"link_name":"Kapchebelel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapchebelel"},{"link_name":"Kapchorewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapchorewe"},{"link_name":"Kapsamonget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsamonget"},{"link_name":"Kapsaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsaos"},{"link_name":"Kapteren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapteren"},{"link_name":"Kapuset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuset"},{"link_name":"Karero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karero"},{"link_name":"Kauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauro"},{"link_name":"Kebenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebenet"},{"link_name":"Kenegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenegut"},{"link_name":"Kerisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisa"},{"link_name":"Kibebetiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibebetiet"},{"link_name":"Kiberengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberengi"},{"link_name":"Kibingor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibingor"},{"link_name":"Kiligis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiligis"},{"link_name":"Kimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimana"},{"link_name":"Kiminini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiminini"},{"link_name":"Koiparak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiparak"},{"link_name":"Koitilial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koitilial"},{"link_name":"Kongelai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongelai"},{"link_name":"Korikabemitik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korikabemitik"},{"link_name":"Kosipirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosipirr"},{"link_name":"Kukurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukurna"},{"link_name":"Kunyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyao"},{"link_name":"Lamuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamuria"},{"link_name":"Lengesim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengesim"},{"link_name":"Logumukum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logumukum"},{"link_name":"Loichangamatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loichangamatak"},{"link_name":"Lokwakangole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokwakangole"},{"link_name":"Lolnguswa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolnguswa"},{"link_name":"Lomelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomelo"},{"link_name":"Lomut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomut"},{"link_name":"Lorugumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorugumu"},{"link_name":"Loruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loruth"},{"link_name":"Lossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossom"},{"link_name":"Lotongot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotongot"},{"link_name":"Machege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machege"},{"link_name":"Mailua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailua"},{"link_name":"Makandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makandara"},{"link_name":"Marashoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marashoni"},{"link_name":"Mbagathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbagathi"},{"link_name":"Melewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melewa"},{"link_name":"Miti ya Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miti_ya_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Mogwooni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogwooni"},{"link_name":"Morkwijit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morkwijit"},{"link_name":"Mtembur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtembur"},{"link_name":"Mugus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugus"},{"link_name":"Muriling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriling"},{"link_name":"Murua Korg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murua_Korg"},{"link_name":"Musereita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musereita"},{"link_name":"Nakinglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakinglas"},{"link_name":"Ndamichoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndamichoni"},{"link_name":"Ndiuini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndiuini"},{"link_name":"Nganukonharengak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nganukonharengak"},{"link_name":"Nkidongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkidongi"},{"link_name":"Nyangoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyangoso"},{"link_name":"Nyaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaru"},{"link_name":"Ole Seni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Seni"},{"link_name":"Olengarua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olengarua"},{"link_name":"Olkeramatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkeramatian"},{"link_name":"Oloiyangalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloiyangalani"},{"link_name":"Olokurto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olokurto"},{"link_name":"Orwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orwa"},{"link_name":"Samuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuli"},{"link_name":"Sigoor Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigoor_Camp"},{"link_name":"Subuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subuku"},{"link_name":"Thuthuriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuthuriki"},{"link_name":"Yatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatya"}],"text":"Baraton\nBartimaro\nBurgich\nChamagel\nChebara\nCheboin\nChemosiet\nChemuswa\nChepkum\nCheptonge\nChepunyal\nChororget\nCokereria\nDol Dol\nEmdin\nEnangiperi\nGichage\nGituandaga\nGoroba\nIlbisil\nIlpartimaro\nIlyagaleni\nJamji\nKabaldamet\nKabetwa\nKabisaga\nKabungwa\nKaiboi\nKaitui\nKalema\nKamamut\nKamnunguuawa\nKampi ya Bibi\nKampi ya Simba\nKamugeno\nKamwaura\nKanyarkwat\nKap Sarok\nKapchebelel\nKapchorewe\nKapsamonget\nKapsaos\nKapteren\nKapuset\nKarero\nKauro\nKebenet\nKenegut\nKerisa\nKibebetiet\nKiberengi\nKibingor\nKiligis\nKimana\nKiminini\nKoiparak\nKoitilial\nKongelai\nKorikabemitik\nKosipirr\nKukurna\nKunyao\nLamuria\nLengesim\nLogumukum\nLoichangamatak\nLokwakangole\nLolnguswa\nLomelo\nLomut\nLorugumu\nLoruth\nLossom\nLotongot\nMachege\nMailua\nMakandara\nMarashoni\nMbagathi\nMelewa\nMiti ya Hunter\nMogwooni\nMorkwijit\nMtembur\nMugus\nMuriling\nMurua Korg\nMusereita\nNakinglas\nNdamichoni\nNdiuini\nNganukonharengak\nNkidongi\nNyangoso\nNyaru\nOle Seni\nOlengarua\nOlkeramatian\nOloiyangalani\nOlokurto\nOrwa\nSamuli\nSigoor Camp\nSubuku\nThuthuriki\nYatya","title":"Villages and settlements"}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortus | Immortus | ["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","3 Powers and abilities","4 Reception","5 Other versions","6 In other media","6.1 Television","6.2 Marvel Cinematic Universe","7 References","8 External links"] | Fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics
For the DC Comics character, see General Immortus.
Not to be confused with Nathaniel Richards (Marvel Comics).
Comics character
ImmortusPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThe Avengers #10 (November 1964)Created by
Stan Lee
Jack Kirby
In-story informationAlter egoNathaniel RichardsTeam affiliationsThe Time KeepersTime Variance AuthorityThe Brotherhood of BadoonChurch of ImmortusNotable aliasesKang the ConquerorPharaoh Rama-TutIron LadKang the ImmortalMaster of TimePope ImmortusScarlet CenturionWhispererAbilities
Superhuman intelligence
Time manipulation
Immortality
Immortus (/ɪˈmɔːrtəs/; Nathaniel Richards) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the future self of Pharaoh Rama-Tut, Scarlet Centurion, Kang the Conqueror, and Iron Lad / Kid Immortus, and a descendant of the scientist of the same name.
Immortus made his feature film debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.
Publication history
Immortus first appeared in The Avengers #10 and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. In The Celestial Madonna Saga, Immortus was retroactively established to be the future self of the time-travelling Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror, having turned towards a more peaceful outlook on existence.
Fictional character biography
At some point in his personal timeline, Pharaoh Rama-Tut (formerly known as Kang) became weary of battle due to frustration and the loss of his son Marcus and consort Ravonna in several timelines. He was approached by the alien Time-Keepers—time travelers from the end of the universe, the last living creatures in existence—to become their agent, preserving timelines rather than conquering them in exchange for immortality. He accepted and reinvented himself again, this time as Immortus, the lord of the other-dimensional realm of Limbo.
He again came into conflict with the Avengers, but under different circumstances. In his first encounter with the Avengers as Immortus, he attempted the destruction of the Avengers through the use of mythological and historical figures (such as Paul Bunyan, Genghis Khan, Goliath) as combatants after trying to join the Masters of Evil, but being told by Baron Zemo he has to defeat one of the Avengers. The Masters attacked the Avengers after Captain America had been taken to the Tower of London in 1760 where Rick Jones was imprisoned. But when he rescued Rick he was returned to his own time and with his help the Masters were defeated at a near-win. This event was apparently erased after the Enchantress turns back time to prevent the Avengers capturing the Masters. He was partially responsible for the creation of the Vision, allegedly creating a temporal copy of the original Human Torch that the android Ultron used to create the Vision.
Later, he even allied with Kang the Conqueror in one of Kang's schemes against the Avengers and Pharaoh Rama-Tut. He was betrayed by Kang, and imprisoned alongside Pharaoh Rama-Tut while Kang used Immortus's advanced technology to create the first Legion of the Unliving, made up of now-dead characters taken milliseconds before their death. He was subsequently freed by the Avengers, and revealed to be the future persona of Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror. He offered to aid the Vision in learning his past. The Legion of the Unliving were defeated and sent back to their own times, and Kang fled.
Later, Immortus officiated at the double wedding of the Vision to the Scarlet Witch, and Mantis to the Swordsman. He next traveled to the Old West with Thor and Moondragon in pursuit of Kang, and assisted the Avengers in the defeat of Kang. Some time later, he allied with the Space Phantom and the giant Tempus, and removed the time travel enchantment from Thor's uru hammer with a trick, though Thor can still manipulate time. Later he revealed that he had caused Kang to find his fortress in Limbo, faked his death by leaving what Kang thought were his remains in his fortress, caused the disturbance in the timestream, and had manipulated him into destroying the Kang divergent doubles to stop their effect on the timestream, as they were creating more timelines and duplicates. The Avengers were brought to Limbo by Kang to help him defeat another version. They were captured but escaped. Immortus revealed himself when it appeared only one Kang was left. Immortus also claimed to have mentally manipulated the rescue of Ravonna, who kept his counter-divergency project under observation. When Kang tried to seize a device Immortus held that contained the memories of the slain Kangs and which Immortus claimed made him master of Limbo, he was driven insane and ran into Limbo due to the force of many memories, which all ended in his defeat. Immortus claimed that was Kang's chance to redeem and condemn himself, and was then questioned by the Avengers on the moral issues of what he had done, but he sent the Avengers back to their own time.
Much later, he was revealed to have a long-term plot for the manipulation of the Avengers. He deleted various time-line universes as part of this plan. His plot to use the Scarlet Witch to become the "absolute master of time" was revealed, and he sent the third Legion of the Unliving to destroy the Avengers. He was rendered catatonic for a time by the Time-Keepers as punishment for his attempt to overthrow their rule. At this time, the original Human Torch was revealed not to be the progenitor of the Vision, though this discovery was later itself claimed to be a deception created by a Space Phantom. Manipulating beliefs regarding the relationship between the Torch and the Vision have been a priority for Immortus due to the Vision's connections to the Scarlet Witch, a 'nexus being' who may have been powerful enough to give birth to children who could threaten some of the most powerful cosmic entities in the universe; disrupting the Witch's relationship with the Vision limited the possibility that she would pass on her potential.
Immortus was also responsible for manipulating Iron Man to turn against the Avengers by driving him insane, which resulted in Iron Man's death until he was resurrected by Franklin Richards later.
Immortus also came into conflict with his younger self, who was unable to see the reasoning behind Immortus's and Rama-Tut's actions. Kang's conflict with Immortus was dubbed the "Destiny War", with Kang aiding a group of temporally-displaced Avengers from multiple time periods in competing against Immortus's schemes, Kang now determined to defy his and Rama-Tut's destiny to become Immortus and become the servant of the Time Keepers.
Immortus faked his death several times before ultimately turning on the Time-Keepers to assist the Avengers and, as punishment, was truly killed. He was resurrected minutes later as temporal energies from the Time-Keepers' attempts to turn Kang directly into Immortus earlier than Rama-Tut had and thus fulfill the time loop caused a backlash—partially due to Kang's will and partly due to the complex temporal energies of the current conflict—that created Rama-Tut, Kang, and Immortus as separate beings, freeing Kang from what he saw as a destiny as a "doddering old scholar".
When the rash actions of Kang caused the timestream to become critically unbalanced, Immortus allied himself with the Next Avengers and future versions of Iron Man and the Hulk in an attempt to undo the damage. Disguising himself as a younger version of Kang, Immortus traveled back to the 21st century and convinced the Avengers to come to the future so that they could understand what had happened. Once the Avengers had successfully restored the timeline, Immortus turned on his allies and killed Iron Man and the Hulk before the youthful Avengers apparently killed him.
Powers and abilities
Immortus has no superpowers, but he does possess a genius-level intellect and amassed an extensive knowledge of chronophysics. It is known that he was tutored by the Time-Keepers themselves, due to him being virtually immortal.
Reception
In 2022, Screen Rant included Immortus in their "10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics" list.
Other versions
Immortus appears in the alternate timeline seen in the miniseries Earth X, as Pope of the Church of Immortus. The Church of Immortus's goals are to destroy Reed Richards' Human Torches, allowing mankind to keep their mutations. Upon completing this goal, the Church of Immortus would then leave the Earth to colonize the stars. Immortus is advised in his role by a mysterious man known as Mr. Church, who is Mephisto attempting to lead mankind into its own demise.
Initially, Immortus was able to travel into and out of Limbo at his own will, through use of a time machine. Mephisto would eventually use this to get past his inability to travel into Limbo directly, and would lock Immortus out of Limbo. Eventually, Immortus would be mutated into Kang by the Terrigen Mists, and destroys his time machine in a rage after Mephisto refers to him as Kang, cursing Mephisto for making him Kang again. In his final appearance in the series, he has come to grips with his being Kang, and vows to help Reed Richards undo the damage his Church of Immortus has caused.
In other media
Television
Immortus makes a cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "Beyond Good and Evil Pt. 4: End and Beginning", voiced by Stephen Ouimette. During the events of the four-part special, he assumes the identity of time-stream "custodial engineer" Bender.
Marvel Cinematic Universe
See also: He Who Remains (Marvel Cinematic Universe) and Immortus (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
Characters inspired by Immortus appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.
A composite character partially inspired by Immortus and He Who Remains and named after the latter appears in the Disney+ series Loki episode "For All Time. Always." as the creator of the Time Variance Authority.
Immortus debuts in the film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania as a leading member of the Council of Kangs.
References
^ DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.
^ DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.
^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 163. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
^ The Avengers #10. Marvel Comics.
^ The Avengers #131. Marvel Comics.
^ The Avengers #132. Marvel Comics.
^ Giant-Sized Avengers #3. Marvel Comics.
^ Giant-Sized Avengers #4. Marvel Comics.
^ The Avengers #141. Marvel Comics.
^ The Avengers #143. Marvel Comics.
^ Thor #281-282. Marvel Comics.
^ The Avengers #267-269. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers West Coast #48. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers West Coast #53, 55, 59. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers West Coast #61. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers West Coast #62. Marvel Comics.
^ The West Coast Avengers vol. 2 #44–45. Marvel Comics.
^ a b c Avengers Forever #8. Marvel Comics.
^ Heroes Reborn: The Return #4. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers Forever #1–12 (1998–1999). Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers Forever #11. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers Forever #12. Marvel Comics.
^ Avengers vol. 4 #1–6 (May–Oct. 2010). Marvel Comics.
^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z Vol 1 #7 (March 2009). Marvel Comics.
^ Harn, Darby (2022-07-17). "Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
^
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 16, 2021). "'Loki' Season One Finale Postmortem: Director & EP Kate Herron On Whether He Who Remains Is Really Immortus". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ Busch, Jenna (February 16, 2023). "Ant-Man And The Wasp: Quantumania Credits Scenes Explained". /Film. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
^ Odman, Sydney (February 18, 2023). "Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' End-Credits Scenes Tease Future MCU Villains". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
External links
Immortus at Marvel.com
vteKang the Conqueror
Stan Lee
Jack Kirby
Allan Heinberg
Jim Cheung
Sheldon Vella
Mark Waid
Adam Kubert
Alter egos
Pharaoh Rama-Tut
Conqueror
Immortus
Victor Timely
Iron Lad / Kid Immortus
Jonas
Supporting characters
Ravonna Lexus Renslayer
Mantis / Celestial Madonna
Cassie Lang / Stature
Teams
Time Variance Authority (TVA)
Young Avengers
Brotherhood of Badoon
Exiles
Enemies
Agatha Harkness
Ant-Man
Hank Pym
Scott Lang
Apocalypse
Avengers
Beyonder
Black Knight
Black Panther
Black Widow
Blade
Captain America
Captain Marvel
Daredevil
Deadpool
Doctor Doom
Doctor Strange
Falcon
Fantastic Four
Mister Fantastic
Invisible Woman
Human Torch
Thing
Nathaniel Richards I
Echo
Eternals
Galactus
Green Goblin
Guardians of the Galaxy
Star-Lord
Gamora
Drax the Destroyer
Rocket Raccoon
Groot
Mantis
Nebula
Adam Warlock
Hawkeye
Hulk
Iron Fist
Ironheart
Iron Man
Kree
Loki
Luke Cage
Magneto
Miles Morales
Moon Knight
Ms. Marvel
Nick Fury
Nova
Quicksilver
Scarlet Witch
Silver Surfer
Shang-Chi
She-Hulk
S.H.I.E.L.D.
Skrull
Spider-Man
Thanos
Thor
Thunderbolts
Uatu the Watcher
Ultron
Valkyrie
Venom
Vision
War Machine
Wasp
Winter Soldier
Wolverine
X-Men
Angel
Banshee
Beast
Betsy Braddock
Colossus
Emma Frost
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Immortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Immortus"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Richards (Marvel Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Richards_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"/ɪˈmɔːrtəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh Rama-Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_Rama-Tut"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Iron Lad / Kid Immortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Lad"},{"link_name":"scientist of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Richards_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp:_Quantumania"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Majors"}],"text":"For the DC Comics character, see General Immortus.Not to be confused with Nathaniel Richards (Marvel Comics).Comics characterImmortus (/ɪˈmɔːrtəs/; Nathaniel Richards) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the future self of Pharaoh Rama-Tut, Scarlet Centurion, Kang the Conqueror, and Iron Lad / Kid Immortus, and a descendant of the scientist of the same name.Immortus made his feature film debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.","title":"Immortus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"retroactively established","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh Rama-Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_Rama-Tut"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Immortus first appeared in The Avengers #10 and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.[1] In The Celestial Madonna Saga, Immortus was retroactively established to be the future self of the time-travelling Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror, having turned towards a more peaceful outlook on existence.[2]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharaoh Rama-Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_Rama-Tut"},{"link_name":"Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Limbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(Marvel_Comics)#Immortus'_Limbo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Paul Bunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bunyan"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath"},{"link_name":"Baron Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Zemo"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Rick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jones_(character)"},{"link_name":"Enchantress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchantress_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"original Human Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Torch_(android)"},{"link_name":"Ultron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultron"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh Rama-Tut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_Rama-Tut"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Legion of the Unliving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_the_Unliving"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scarlet Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Witch"},{"link_name":"Mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Swordsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordsman_(character)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Moondragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondragon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Space Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Phantom"},{"link_name":"Tempus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"uru hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjolnir_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Legion of the Unliving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_the_Unliving"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AF8-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AF8-18"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AF8-18"},{"link_name":"Franklin Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Richards_(character)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Destiny War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Forever"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Next Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Next"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"At some point in his personal timeline, Pharaoh Rama-Tut (formerly known as Kang) became weary of battle due to frustration and the loss of his son Marcus and consort Ravonna in several timelines. He was approached by the alien Time-Keepers—time travelers from the end of the universe, the last living creatures in existence—to become their agent, preserving timelines rather than conquering them in exchange for immortality. He accepted and reinvented himself again, this time as Immortus, the lord of the other-dimensional realm of Limbo.[3]He again came into conflict with the Avengers, but under different circumstances. In his first encounter with the Avengers as Immortus, he attempted the destruction of the Avengers through the use of mythological and historical figures (such as Paul Bunyan, Genghis Khan, Goliath) as combatants after trying to join the Masters of Evil, but being told by Baron Zemo he has to defeat one of the Avengers. The Masters attacked the Avengers after Captain America had been taken to the Tower of London in 1760 where Rick Jones was imprisoned. But when he rescued Rick he was returned to his own time and with his help the Masters were defeated at a near-win. This event was apparently erased after the Enchantress turns back time to prevent the Avengers capturing the Masters.[4] He was partially responsible for the creation of the Vision, allegedly creating a temporal copy of the original Human Torch that the android Ultron used to create the Vision.Later, he even allied with Kang the Conqueror in one of Kang's schemes against the Avengers and Pharaoh Rama-Tut.[5] He was betrayed by Kang, and imprisoned alongside Pharaoh Rama-Tut while Kang used Immortus's advanced technology to create the first Legion of the Unliving, made up of now-dead characters taken milliseconds before their death.[6] He was subsequently freed by the Avengers, and revealed to be the future persona of Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror. He offered to aid the Vision in learning his past. The Legion of the Unliving were defeated and sent back to their own times, and Kang fled.[7]Later, Immortus officiated at the double wedding of the Vision to the Scarlet Witch, and Mantis to the Swordsman.[8] He next traveled to the Old West with Thor and Moondragon in pursuit of Kang,[9] and assisted the Avengers in the defeat of Kang.[10] Some time later, he allied with the Space Phantom and the giant Tempus, and removed the time travel enchantment from Thor's uru hammer with a trick, though Thor can still manipulate time.[11] Later he revealed that he had caused Kang to find his fortress in Limbo, faked his death by leaving what Kang thought were his remains in his fortress, caused the disturbance in the timestream, and had manipulated him into destroying the Kang divergent doubles to stop their effect on the timestream, as they were creating more timelines and duplicates. The Avengers were brought to Limbo by Kang to help him defeat another version. They were captured but escaped. Immortus revealed himself when it appeared only one Kang was left. Immortus also claimed to have mentally manipulated the rescue of Ravonna, who kept his counter-divergency project under observation. When Kang tried to seize a device Immortus held that contained the memories of the slain Kangs and which Immortus claimed made him master of Limbo, he was driven insane and ran into Limbo due to the force of many memories, which all ended in his defeat. Immortus claimed that was Kang's chance to redeem and condemn himself, and was then questioned by the Avengers on the moral issues of what he had done, but he sent the Avengers back to their own time.[12]Much later, he was revealed to have a long-term plot for the manipulation of the Avengers.[13] He deleted various time-line universes as part of this plan.[14] His plot to use the Scarlet Witch to become the \"absolute master of time\" was revealed, and he sent the third Legion of the Unliving to destroy the Avengers.[15] He was rendered catatonic for a time by the Time-Keepers as punishment for his attempt to overthrow their rule.[16] At this time, the original Human Torch was revealed not to be the progenitor of the Vision,[17] though this discovery was later itself claimed to be a deception created by a Space Phantom.[18] Manipulating beliefs regarding the relationship between the Torch and the Vision have been a priority for Immortus due to the Vision's connections to the Scarlet Witch, a 'nexus being' who may have been powerful enough to give birth to children who could threaten some of the most powerful cosmic entities in the universe; disrupting the Witch's relationship with the Vision limited the possibility that she would pass on her potential.[18]Immortus was also responsible for manipulating Iron Man to turn against the Avengers by driving him insane,[18] which resulted in Iron Man's death until he was resurrected by Franklin Richards later.[19]Immortus also came into conflict with his younger self, who was unable to see the reasoning behind Immortus's and Rama-Tut's actions.[20] Kang's conflict with Immortus was dubbed the \"Destiny War\", with Kang aiding a group of temporally-displaced Avengers from multiple time periods in competing against Immortus's schemes, Kang now determined to defy his and Rama-Tut's destiny to become Immortus and become the servant of the Time Keepers.Immortus faked his death several times before ultimately turning on the Time-Keepers to assist the Avengers and, as punishment, was truly killed.[21] He was resurrected minutes later as temporal energies from the Time-Keepers' attempts to turn Kang directly into Immortus earlier than Rama-Tut had and thus fulfill the time loop caused a backlash—partially due to Kang's will and partly due to the complex temporal energies of the current conflict—that created Rama-Tut, Kang, and Immortus as separate beings, freeing Kang from what he saw as a destiny as a \"doddering old scholar\".[22]When the rash actions of Kang caused the timestream to become critically unbalanced, Immortus allied himself with the Next Avengers and future versions of Iron Man and the Hulk in an attempt to undo the damage. Disguising himself as a younger version of Kang, Immortus traveled back to the 21st century and convinced the Avengers to come to the future so that they could understand what had happened. Once the Avengers had successfully restored the timeline, Immortus turned on his allies and killed Iron Man and the Hulk before the youthful Avengers apparently killed him.[23]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Immortus has no superpowers, but he does possess a genius-level intellect and amassed an extensive knowledge of chronophysics. It is known that he was tutored by the Time-Keepers themselves, due to him being virtually immortal.[24]","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2022, Screen Rant included Immortus in their \"10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics\" list.[25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_X"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Immortus appears in the alternate timeline seen in the miniseries Earth X, as Pope of the Church of Immortus. The Church of Immortus's goals are to destroy Reed Richards' Human Torches, allowing mankind to keep their mutations. Upon completing this goal, the Church of Immortus would then leave the Earth to colonize the stars. Immortus is advised in his role by a mysterious man known as Mr. Church, who is Mephisto attempting to lead mankind into its own demise.[volume & issue needed]Initially, Immortus was able to travel into and out of Limbo at his own will, through use of a time machine. Mephisto would eventually use this to get past his inability to travel into Limbo directly, and would lock Immortus out of Limbo. Eventually, Immortus would be mutated into Kang by the Terrigen Mists, and destroys his time machine in a rage after Mephisto refers to him as Kang, cursing Mephisto for making him Kang again. In his final appearance in the series, he has come to grips with his being Kang, and vows to help Reed Richards undo the damage his Church of Immortus has caused.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ouimette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ouimette"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Immortus makes a cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode \"Beyond Good and Evil Pt. 4: End and Beginning\", voiced by Stephen Ouimette.[26] During the events of the four-part special, he assumes the identity of time-stream \"custodial engineer\" Bender.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"He Who Remains (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Who_Remains_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Immortus (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortus_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Majors"},{"link_name":"He Who Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Who_Remains"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"For All Time. Always.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_All_Time._Always."},{"link_name":"Time Variance Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Variance_Authority_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp:_Quantumania"},{"link_name":"Council of Kangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Kangs_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-/FilmPostCredits-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THRPostCredits-29"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","text":"See also: He Who Remains (Marvel Cinematic Universe) and Immortus (Marvel Cinematic Universe)Characters inspired by Immortus appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.A composite character partially inspired by Immortus and He Who Remains and named after the latter appears in the Disney+ series Loki episode \"For All Time. Always.\" as the creator of the Time Variance Authority.[27]\nImmortus debuts in the film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania as a leading member of the Council of Kangs.[28][29]","title":"In other media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 163. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin","url_text":"Rovin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"Harn, Darby (2022-07-17). \"Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics\". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2022-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/hercules-most-powerful-villains-thor-love-and-thunder/","url_text":"\"Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 16, 2021). \"'Loki' Season One Finale Postmortem: Director & EP Kate Herron On Whether He Who Remains Is Really Immortus\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/07/loki-season-one-finale-postmortem-director-ep-kate-herron-on-whether-he-who-remains-is-really-immortus-1234794570/","url_text":"\"'Loki' Season One Finale Postmortem: Director & EP Kate Herron On Whether He Who Remains Is Really Immortus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716203332/https://deadline.com/2021/07/loki-season-one-finale-postmortem-director-ep-kate-herron-on-whether-he-who-remains-is-really-immortus-1234794570/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Busch, Jenna (February 16, 2023). \"Ant-Man And The Wasp: Quantumania Credits Scenes Explained\". /Film. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1201199/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-credits-scenes-explained/","url_text":"\"Ant-Man And The Wasp: Quantumania Credits Scenes Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217034337/https://www.slashfilm.com/1201199/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-credits-scenes-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Odman, Sydney (February 18, 2023). \"Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' End-Credits Scenes Tease Future MCU Villains\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-post-credits-scene-explained-1235328248/","url_text":"\"Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' End-Credits Scenes Tease Future MCU Villains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230219023714/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-post-credits-scene-explained-1235328248/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsu0000rovi_h5r9/page/162/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/hercules-most-powerful-villains-thor-love-and-thunder/","external_links_name":"\"Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics\""},{"Link":"http://drg4.dancemania-ex.com/xcast.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/07/loki-season-one-finale-postmortem-director-ep-kate-herron-on-whether-he-who-remains-is-really-immortus-1234794570/","external_links_name":"\"'Loki' Season One Finale Postmortem: Director & EP Kate Herron On Whether He Who Remains Is Really Immortus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716203332/https://deadline.com/2021/07/loki-season-one-finale-postmortem-director-ep-kate-herron-on-whether-he-who-remains-is-really-immortus-1234794570/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1201199/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-credits-scenes-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Ant-Man And The Wasp: Quantumania Credits Scenes Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217034337/https://www.slashfilm.com/1201199/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-credits-scenes-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-post-credits-scene-explained-1235328248/","external_links_name":"\"Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' End-Credits Scenes Tease Future MCU Villains\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230219023714/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-post-credits-scene-explained-1235328248/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/immortus","external_links_name":"Immortus"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Troph%C3%A9e_Eric_Bompard | 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard | ["1 Eligibility","2 Entries","3 Results","3.1 Men","3.2 Ladies","3.3 Pairs","3.4 Ice dance","4 References","5 External links"] | Figure skating competition held in Paris
2013 Trophée Éric BompardIce rink of Bompard 2013Type:Grand PrixDate:November 15 – 17Season:2013–14Location:ParisHost:Federation Française des Sports de GlaceVenue:Palais Omnisports de Paris BercyChampionsMen's singles: Patrick ChanLadies' singles: Ashley WagnerPairs: Pang Qing / Tong JianIce dance: Tessa Virtue / Scott MoirNavigationPrevious: 2012 Trophée Éric BompardNext: 2014 Trophée Éric BompardPrevious GP: 2013 NHK TrophyNext GP: 2013 Rostelecom Cup
The 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard was the fifth event of six in the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris Bercy in Paris on November 15–17. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2013–14 Grand Prix Final.
Eligibility
Skaters who reached the age of 14 by July 1, 2013 were eligible to compete on the senior Grand Prix circuit.
Entries
The entries were as follows.
Country
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dance
Canada
Patrick Chan
Amelie Lacoste
Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford Natasha Purich / Mervin Tran
Nicole Orford / Thomas Williams Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir
China
Song Nan Yan Han
Pang Qing / Jian Tong
Czech Republic
Michal Březina
France
Florent Amodio
Maé Bérénice Méité
Vanessa James / Morgan Ciprès
Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat
Germany
Annabelle Prolss / Ruben Blommaert
Nelli Zhiganshina / Alexander Gazsi
Great Britain
Penny Coomes / Nicholas Buckland
Italy
Nicole Della Monica / Matteo Guarise
Japan
Yuzuru Hanyu
Russia
Anna Pogorilaya Adelina Sotnikova
Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov
Elena Ilinykh / Nikita Katsalapov Ksenia Monko / Kirill Khaliavin
Sweden
Alexander Majorov
Viktoria Helgesson
Ukraine
Natalia Popova
United States
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner Christina Gao Samantha Cesario
Caydee Denney / John Coughlin
In the men's event, Romain Ponsart withdrew and was replaced by Alexander Majorov. Chafik Besseghier withdrew and was not replaced. Ross Miner withdrew due to an ankle sprain and was not replaced.
In the ladies' event, Yuna Kim withdrew due to an injury. Kiira Korpi also withdrew. They were replaced by Amelie Lacoste and Natalia Popova. Lenaelle Gilleron-Gorry withdrew and was not replaced.
In the pairs' event, Daria Popova / Bruno Massot withdrew and were replaced by Annabelle Prolss / Ruben Blommaert.
Results
Men
Patrick Chan
Jason Brown
Rank
Name
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
1
Patrick Chan
Canada
295.27
1
98.52
1
196.75
2
Yuzuru Hanyu
Japan
263.59
2
95.37
2
168.22
3
Jason Brown
United States
243.09
3
84.77
3
158.32
4
Yan Han
China
214.23
4
84.34
6
129.89
5
Michal Březina
Czech Republic
206.22
6
71.91
4
134.31
6
Song Nan
China
204.73
7
71.36
5
133.37
7
Florent Amodio
France
191.13
5
73.65
8
117.48
8
Alexander Majorov
Sweden
180.62
8
59.72
7
120.90
Ladies
Adelina Sotnikova
Rank
Name
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
1
Ashley Wagner
United States
194.37
1
66.75
2
127.62
2
Adelina Sotnikova
Russia
189.81
3
60.01
1
129.80
3
Anna Pogorilaya
Russia
184.69
2
60.03
3
124.66
4
Samantha Cesario
United States
172.70
5
56.55
4
116.15
5
Maé Bérénice Méité
France
166.11
6
56.50
5
109.61
6
Amélie Lacoste
Canada
158.11
7
55.92
6
102.19
7
Viktoria Helgesson
Sweden
153.27
8
53.25
7
100.02
8
Christina Gao
United States
152.85
4
58.81
8
94.04
9
Natalia Popova
Ukraine
136.43
9
50.87
9
85.56
Pairs
Pang Qing / Tong Jian
Rank
Name
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
1
Pang Qing / Tong Jian
China
193.86
1
67.69
1
126.17
2
Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford
Canada
190.89
2
66.07
2
124.82
3
Caydee Denney / John Coughlin
United States
184.01
4
63.52
3
120.49
4
Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov
Russia
180.07
3
65.67
5
114.40
5
Vanessa James / Morgan Ciprès
France
172.27
5
56.78
4
115.49
6
Natasha Purich / Mervin Tran
Canada
162.09
6
55.89
6
106.20
7
Annabelle Prölß / Ruben Blommaert
Germany
157.62
7
54.18
7
103.44
8
Nicole Della Monica / Matteo Guarise
Italy
147.88
8
48.59
8
99.29
Ice dance
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir
Rank
Name
Nation
Total points
SD
FD
1
Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir
Canada
180.96
1
75.31
1
105.65
2
Elena Ilinykh / Nikita Katsalapov
Russia
171.89
3
69.07
2
102.82
3
Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat
France
171.08
2
70.59
3
100.49
4
Nelli Zhiganshina / Alexander Gazsi
Germany
147.27
4
60.13
4
87.14
5
Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron
France
143.26
5
58.10
5
85.16
6
Ksenia Monko / Kirill Khaliavin
Russia
139.96
6
56.53
6
83.43
7
Penny Coomes / Nicholas Buckland
Great Britain
128.59
7
52.52
7
76.07
8
Nicole Orford / Thomas Williams
Canada
119.60
8
47.45
8
72.15
References
^ a b "Preview". International Skating Union. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
^ a b "Entries". International Skating Union. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
^ a b "Alexander to compete at Trophee Eric Bompard". Official Website of Alexander Majorov. October 31, 2013. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ a b "U.S. skater Ross Miner to miss Trophee Bompard". USA Today. November 12, 2013.
^ a b "Olympic champ Kim Yu-na sidelined with foot injury". ESPN. September 26, 2013.
^ a b "Entry/Resultlist". ISU. September 30, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Men - Result". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Men - Short Program". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Men - Free Skating". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ladies - Result". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ladies - Short Program". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ladies - Free Skating". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Pairs - Result". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Pairs - Short Program". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Pairs - Free Skating". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ice Dance - Result". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ice Dance - Short Dance". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "ISU GP Trophee Eric Bompard 2013: Ice Dance - Free Dance". International Skating Union. isuresults.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard.
Entries
Detailed results
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trophée Éric Bompard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9e_%C3%89ric_Bompard"},{"link_name":"2013–14 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"Palais Omnisports de Paris Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Omnisports_de_Paris_Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-1"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"}],"text":"The 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard was the fifth event of six in the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris Bercy in Paris on November 15–17.[1] Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2013–14 Grand Prix Final.","title":"2013 Trophée Éric Bompard"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Skaters who reached the age of 14 by July 1, 2013 were eligible to compete on the senior Grand Prix circuit.","title":"Eligibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entries-2"},{"link_name":"Romain Ponsart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Ponsart"},{"link_name":"Alexander Majorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Majorov"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majorov-3"},{"link_name":"Chafik Besseghier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafik_Besseghier"},{"link_name":"Ross Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Miner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minerusatoday-4"},{"link_name":"Yuna Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuna_Kim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiminj-5"},{"link_name":"Kiira Korpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiira_Korpi"},{"link_name":"Amelie Lacoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelie_Lacoste"},{"link_name":"Natalia Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Popova"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resultlist-6"},{"link_name":"Lenaelle Gilleron-Gorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaelle_Gilleron-Gorry"},{"link_name":"Daria Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria_Popova"},{"link_name":"Bruno Massot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Massot"},{"link_name":"Annabelle Prolss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Prolss"},{"link_name":"Ruben Blommaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Blommaert"}],"text":"The entries were as follows.[2]In the men's event, Romain Ponsart withdrew and was replaced by Alexander Majorov.[3] Chafik Besseghier withdrew and was not replaced. Ross Miner withdrew due to an ankle sprain and was not replaced.[4]In the ladies' event, Yuna Kim withdrew due to an injury.[5] Kiira Korpi also withdrew. They were replaced by Amelie Lacoste and Natalia Popova.[6] Lenaelle Gilleron-Gorry withdrew and was not replaced.In the pairs' event, Daria Popova / Bruno Massot withdrew and were replaced by Annabelle Prolss / Ruben Blommaert.","title":"Entries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Patrick_Chan_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Jason_Brown_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jason Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Brown_(figure_skater)"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"Patrick ChanJason Brown","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Adelina_Sotnikova_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelina Sotnikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Sotnikova"}],"sub_title":"Ladies","text":"Adelina Sotnikova","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Pang_Tong_1_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pang Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Qing"},{"link_name":"Tong Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Jian"}],"sub_title":"Pairs","text":"Pang Qing / Tong Jian","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_Virtue_Moir_5_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tessa Virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Virtue"},{"link_name":"Scott Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Moir"}],"sub_title":"Ice dance","text":"Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir","title":"Results"}] | [{"image_text":"Patrick Chan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jielbeaumadier_Patrick_Chan_Bompard_2013.jpg/200px-Jielbeaumadier_Patrick_Chan_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jason Brown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jielbeaumadier_Jason_Brown_Bompard_2013.jpg/150px-Jielbeaumadier_Jason_Brown_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adelina Sotnikova","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jielbeaumadier_Adelina_Sotnikova_Bompard_2013.jpg/150px-Jielbeaumadier_Adelina_Sotnikova_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pang Qing / Tong Jian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jielbeaumadier_Pang_Tong_1_Bompard_2013.jpg/150px-Jielbeaumadier_Pang_Tong_1_Bompard_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jielbeaumadier_Virtue_Moir_5_Bompard_2013.jpg/220px-Jielbeaumadier_Virtue_Moir_5_Bompard_2013.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Preview\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Seymour | Julie Seymour | ["1 Early career","2 Silver Ferns captain","3 ANZ Championship","4 Personal life","5 References"] | New Zealand netball coach, netball player and middle distance runner
Julie SeymourMNZM
Seymour in 2014Personal informationFull name
Julie Seymour (née Dawson)Born
(1971-03-29) 29 March 1971 (age 53)Wigan, EnglandHeight
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Spouse
Dallas SeymourNetball career
Playing position(s): C, WDYears
Club team(s)
Apps1998
Canterbury Flames
1999
Capital Shakers
2000–2007
Canterbury Flames
2008–2009
Canterbury Tactix
Years
National team(s)
Caps1994–2009
New Zealand
92
Medal record
Representing New Zealand
Netball World Championships
1995 Manchester
Netball
1999 Christchurch
Netball
2007 Auckland
Netball
Commonwealth Games
1998 Kuala Lumpur
Netball
2002 Manchester
Netball
Last updated: 22 October 2010
Julie Seymour MNZM (née Dawson; born 29 March 1971) is a New Zealand netball coach, former international netball player and former representative middle distance runner. Seymour played for the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns, in 92 test matches spanning 16 years. During her international career she has competed at three Netball World Championships and two Commonwealth Games. She also captained the Silver Ferns in 2002 and again during the last two years of her international career. After two years in the ANZ Championship, Seymour announced her retirement from competitive netball in 2009. She subsequently took on a coaching role at the Canterbury Tactix as assistant coach.
Early career
Seymour, a physical education teacher at Heretaunga College in Upper Hutt made her debut for the Silver Ferns in 1994. She was again selected for the Silver Ferns the following year to compete at the 1995 Netball World Championships in Manchester, where New Zealand finished a disappointing third place. She missed selection for the Silver Ferns in 1997 and made a return to athletics that year, finishing second in the 800 m at the national track and field championships in 1998.
That year also saw the introduction of netball to the Commonwealth Games, and the start of a new domestic netball league in New Zealand. Seymour signed with the Canterbury Flames for the inaugural Coca-Cola Cup (later the National Bank Cup), and was also selected for the Silver Ferns team that won silver at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. In 1999, she transferred to the Capital Shakers for the Coca-Cola Cup, and joined the Silver Ferns again for the 1999 Netball World Championships in Christchurch. While her World Championships campaign finished with a silver medal, Seymour was named as the official player of the tournament.
Silver Ferns captain
Seymour returned to the Flames for the 2000 Coca-Cola Cup as captain. In 2002, she was elevated to Silver Ferns captain, after incumbent skipper Bernice Mene retired. That year, Seymour led New Zealand to their second Commonwealth Games netball silver in Manchester. But just ten months into her captaincy she withdrew from the national team after becoming pregnant with her second child.
Seymour continued to play domestic netball with the Canterbury Flames until she announced her retirement following the 2004 season. However, she once again returned to the Flames in 2006 after the birth of her third child. She missed out on the 2006 Commonwealth Games team that won gold in Melbourne, but earned a callup to the Silver Ferns later that year following an injury to Casey Williams. Seymour was picked the following year for the 2007 Netball World Championships in Auckland, in which the Silver Ferns finished second.
ANZ Championship
The Canterbury Flames played their last match of the National Bank Cup in 2007, after which the competition was retired and replaced with a new trans-Tasman league, the ANZ Championship. The Canterbury Flames were one of five New Zealand teams in the new league, and were renamed the Canterbury Tactix. Seymour stayed with the Canterbury franchise and was named captain for the inaugural season in 2008. She also resumed her role as Silver Ferns captain later that year.
During Seymour's two years in the ANZ Championship, the Tactix finished in 8th and 6th place, respectively. At the end of the 2009 season, Seymour announced her retirement from all levels of competitive netball, pending the birth of her fourth child. After her retirement, Seymour accepted a position as assistant coach for the Tactix from 2010, under head coach Helen Mahon-Stroud.
Personal life
Julie Seymour is married to former All Black and long-time New Zealand rugby sevens representative player Dallas Seymour. Dallas and Julie have four children, with all four pregnancies occurring during Julie Seymour's long elite netball career. In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, Seymour was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to netball.
References
^ a b Rowberry, Lee (29 September 2006). "Mother who won't hang up the bib". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Bleach, Keiran (28 July 1995). "What went wrong?". The Dominion Post. p. 20.
^ Blackshaw, Andrea (20 March 1998). "Dawson in running for Ferns". The Dominion Post. p. 22.
^ Boock, Richard (4 October 1999). "Devastated Colling accepts blame for loss". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Boock, Richard (27 May 2000). "Upset defeat seen as blessing in disguise". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ NZPA (14 October 2002). "Pregnant Seymour withdraws from the Silver Ferns". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Ash, Julie (13 October 2006). "Seymour gets the black number returned". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ "New faces, new name". The Press. 4 February 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ McFadden, Suzanne (23 August 2008). "Seymour keen to embrace captaincy role". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Sewell, Jane (7 July 2009). "Fans farewell Seymour". The Press. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Johannsen, Dana (16 June 2009). "End of an era for Seymour". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
^ Walshe, Cathy (18 March 2010). "Contrasting challenges for Kiwi coaches". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
^ Ash, Julie (2 June 2003). "Queen's Birthday Honours: Former Silver Fern stars honoured for service". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
vteNew Zealand national netball team
Netball New Zealand
Players
Notable players
TournamentsNetball World Cup
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Commonwealth Games
1998
2002
2006
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2014
2018
2022
Taini Jamison Trophy
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2020
2021
2022
2023
Constellation Cup
2010
2011
2013
2014
2015
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2017
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2021
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Netball Quad Series/Nations Cup
2016
2017 (I)
2017 (II)
2018 (I)
2018 (II)
2019
2020
2022
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2024
Fast5 Netball World Series
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2016
2018
2022
2023
World Games
1985
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1993
Captains
Margaret Matangi
Oonah Shannahan
Beverley Malcolm
Betty Plant
June Mariu
Pamela Barham
Judy Blair
Joan Harnett
Shirley Langrope
Lyn Gunson
Leigh Gibbs
Tracey Fear
Waimarama Taumaunu
Julie Townsend
Ana Noovao
Julie Carter
Sandra Edge
Lesley Rumball
Bernice Mene
Belinda Colling
Julie Seymour
Anna Rowberry
Adine Wilson
Casey Kopua
Temepara George
Laura Langman
Katrina Rore
Ameliaranne Ekenasio
Jane Watson
Gina Crampton
Sulu Fitzpatrick
Phoenix Karaka
Kate Heffernan
Head coaches
Myrtle Muir
Dixie Cockerton
Taini Jamison
Lois Muir
Lyn Gunson
Leigh Gibbs
Yvonne Willering
Ruth Aitken
Waimarama Taumaunu
Janine Southby
Noeline Taurua
vte2002 New Zealand Commonwealth Games teamAthletics
Valerie Adams
Michael Aish
Jane Arnott
Craig Barrett
Chantal Brunner
Phil Costley
Beatrice Faumuina
Gabrielle Gorst
Melina Hamilton
John Henwood
Philip Jensen
Craig Kirkwood
Dallas Roberts
Tony Sargisson
Tasha Williams
Jonathan Wyatt
Badminton
Geoff Bellingham
Chris Blair
John Gordon
Nicole Gordon
Nick Hall
Tammy Jenkins
Rhona Robertson
Sara Petersen
Daniel Shirley
Boxing
Kahukura Bentson
Shane Cameron
Danny Codling
Daniel Headifen
Cycling
Heath Blackgrove
Fiona Carswell
Hayden Godfrey
Justin Grace
Vanessa Guyton
Greg Henderson
Melissa Holt
Kashi Leuchs
Gordon McCauley
Glen Mitchell
Karl Moore
Sadie Parker-Wynyard
Anthony Peden
Susy Pryde
Matthew Randall
Rosalind Reekie-May
Kirsty Robb
Hayden Roulston
Ryan Russell
Nathan Seddon
Matt Sinton
Sarah Ulmer
Lee Vertongen
Field hockey
Ryan Archibald
Sandy Bennett
Michael Bevin
Phil Burrows
Helen Clarke
Dean Couzins
Amanda Christie
Tara Drysdale
Paula Enoka
Dion Gosling
Colleen Gubb-Suddaby
Bevan Hari
Blair Hopping
Anne-Marie Irving
David Kosoof
Wayne McIndoe
Caryn Paewai
Umesh Parag
Mitesh Patel
Suzie Pearce
Jaimee Provan
Niniwa Roberts
Rachel Robertson
Moira Senior
Hayden Shaw
Darren Smith
Peter Stafford
Rachel Sutherland
Simon Towns
Michelle Turner
Diana Weavers
Paul Woolford
Gymnastics
Kate Brocklehurst
Belinda Castles
Daniel Good
Garrick Rowe
Nicola Wells
Judo
Mellissa Jones
Gareth Knight
Andrew Ross
Tim Slyfield
Elinore Stallworthy
Rochelle Stormont
Lawn bowls
Peter Belliss
Rowan Brassey
Marlene Castle
Andrew Curtain
John Davies
Jo Edwards
Paul Girdler
Peter Horne
Wendy Jensen
Sean Johnson
Patsy Jorgensen
Mike Kernaghan
Jan Khan
Anne Lomas
Russell Meyer
Marilyn Savage
Sharon Sims
Barry Wynks
Netball
Sheryl Clarke
Jenny-May Coffin
Belinda Colling
Vilimaina Davu
Donna Loffhagen
Lesley Nicol
Anna Rowberry
Julie Seymour
Linda Vagana
Irene van Dyk
Anna Veronese
Daneka Wipiiti
Rugby sevens
Craig De Goldi
Brad Fleming
Chris Masoe
Mils Muliaina
Craig Newby
Roger Randle
Bruce Reihana
Eric Rush
Rodney So'oialo
Karl Te Nana
Anthony Tuitavake
Amasio Valence
Shooting
Teresa Borrell
Mike Collings
Diane Collings
Tania Corrigan
Alan Earle
Juliet Etherington
David Grummitt
Bill Jones
Geoffrey Jukes
Jocelyn Lees
Sean McCabe
Kathryn Mead
Stephen Petterson
Dayle Slinn
Michael Smith
Nadine Stanton
Jason Wakeling
Paul Wilson
Scott Wilson
Brian Wistrand
Greg Yelavich
Squash
Daniel Sharplin
Shelley Kitchen
Carol Owens
Lara Petera
Leilani Rorani
Glen Wilson
Swimming
Moss Burmester
Cameron Gibson
Charlotte Glynan
Melissa Ingram
Toni Jeffs
Dean Kent
Hannah McLean
Vivienne Rignall
Nicholas Sheeran
Anna Thomas
Elizabeth Van Welie
Jonathan Winter
Table tennis
Andrew Hubbard
Peter Jackson
Shane Laugeson
Aaron Li
Chunli Li
Karen Li
Tracey McLauchlan
Laura-Lee Smith
Triathlon
Hamish Carter
Heather Evans
Kris Gemmell
Craig Watson
Evelyn Williamson
Weightlifting
Nigel Avery
Olivia Baker
Grant Cavit
Terry Hughes
Keisha-Dean Soffe
George Taamaru
Wrestling
Ricardo Aryan
Nicholas Daly
Martin Liddle
New Zealand netball squads
vteNew Zealand squad at the 1995 World Netball Championships (3rd place)Players
Belinda Blair
Julie Dawson
Sandra Edge (c)
Sharon Gold
Carron Jerram
Debbie Matoe
Bernice Mene
Lesley Nicol
Anna Rowberry
Tracy Eyrl-Shortland
Elisa Taringa
Noeline Taurua-Barnett
Team officials
Leigh Gibbs (head coach)
vteNew Zealand netball squad at the 1998 Commonwealth Games (2nd place)Players
Anna Rowberry
Belinda Blair
Belinda Colling (c)
Bernice Mene
Donna Loffhagen
Joanne Steed
Julie Dawson
Lesley Nicol
Linda Vagana
Lorna Suafoa
Noeline Taurua
Sonya Hardcastle
Coaches
Yvonne Willering
vteNew Zealand squad at the 1999 World Netball Championships (2nd place)Players
Belinda Colling (c)
Donna Loffhagen
Adine Harper
Teresa Tairi
Anna Rowberry
Sonya Hardcastle
Julie Seymour
Lesley Nicol
Belinda Charteris
Lorna Suafoa
Linda Vagana
Bernice Mene
Team officials
Yvonne Willering (head coach)
vteNew Zealand netball squad at the 2002 Commonwealth Games (2nd place)Players
Anna Rowberry
Anna Veronese
Belinda Colling
Daneka Wipiiti
Donna Loffhagen
Irene van Dyk
Jenny-May Coffin
Julie Seymour (c)
Lesley Nicol
Linda Vagana
Sheryl Clarke
Vilimaina Davu
Coaches
Ruth Aitken (head coach)
vteNew Zealand squad at the 2007 World Netball Championships (2nd place)Players
Maree Bowden
Leana de Bruin
Paula Griffin
Joline Henry
Laura Langman
Sheryl Scanlan
Julie Seymour (vc)
Jodi Te Huna
Maria Tutaia
Irene van Dyk
Casey Williams
Adine Wilson (c)
vteMainland TactixEstablished 2007 in Christchurch, New ZealandSeasonsANZ Championship
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
ANZ Premiership
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Home venues
Wolfbrook Arena
Trafalgar Centre
Captains
Julie Seymour
Maree Bowden
Donna Wilkins
Anna Thompson
Jess Moulds
Jane Watson
Kimiora Poi
Head coaches
Helen Mahon-Stroud
Leigh Gibbs
Sue Hawkins
Marianne Delaney-Hoshek
History
Canterbury Flames | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MNZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowberry-1"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"New Zealand national netball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team"},{"link_name":"Netball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tactix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tactix"}],"text":"Julie Seymour MNZM (née Dawson; born 29 March 1971)[1] is a New Zealand netball coach, former international netball player and former representative middle distance runner. Seymour played for the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns, in 92 test matches spanning 16 years. During her international career she has competed at three Netball World Championships and two Commonwealth Games. She also captained the Silver Ferns in 2002 and again during the last two years of her international career. After two years in the ANZ Championship, Seymour announced her retirement from competitive netball in 2009. She subsequently took on a coaching role at the Canterbury Tactix as assistant coach.","title":"Julie Seymour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"Heretaunga College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretaunga_College"},{"link_name":"Upper Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Hutt"},{"link_name":"1995 Netball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Netball_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Bank Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Capital Shakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Shakers"},{"link_name":"1999 Netball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Netball_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Seymour, a physical education teacher at Heretaunga College in Upper Hutt made her debut for the Silver Ferns in 1994. She was again selected for the Silver Ferns the following year to compete at the 1995 Netball World Championships in Manchester, where New Zealand finished a disappointing third place.[2] She missed selection for the Silver Ferns in 1997 and made a return to athletics that year, finishing second in the 800 m at the national track and field championships in 1998.[3]That year also saw the introduction of netball to the Commonwealth Games, and the start of a new domestic netball league in New Zealand. Seymour signed with the Canterbury Flames for the inaugural Coca-Cola Cup (later the National Bank Cup), and was also selected for the Silver Ferns team that won silver at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. In 1999, she transferred to the Capital Shakers for the Coca-Cola Cup, and joined the Silver Ferns again for the 1999 Netball World Championships in Christchurch. While her World Championships campaign finished with a silver medal, Seymour was named as the official player of the tournament.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bernice Mene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Mene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowberry-1"},{"link_name":"Casey Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Williams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2007 Netball World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Netball_World_Championships"}],"text":"Seymour returned to the Flames for the 2000 Coca-Cola Cup as captain.[5] In 2002, she was elevated to Silver Ferns captain, after incumbent skipper Bernice Mene retired. That year, Seymour led New Zealand to their second Commonwealth Games netball silver in Manchester. But just ten months into her captaincy she withdrew from the national team after becoming pregnant with her second child.[6]Seymour continued to play domestic netball with the Canterbury Flames until she announced her retirement following the 2004 season. However, she once again returned to the Flames in 2006 after the birth of her third child.[1] She missed out on the 2006 Commonwealth Games team that won gold in Melbourne, but earned a callup to the Silver Ferns later that year following an injury to Casey Williams.[7] Seymour was picked the following year for the 2007 Netball World Championships in Auckland, in which the Silver Ferns finished second.","title":"Silver Ferns captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANZ Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_Championship"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tactix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tactix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Helen Mahon-Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Mahon-Stroud"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Canterbury Flames played their last match of the National Bank Cup in 2007, after which the competition was retired and replaced with a new trans-Tasman league, the ANZ Championship. The Canterbury Flames were one of five New Zealand teams in the new league, and were renamed the Canterbury Tactix. Seymour stayed with the Canterbury franchise and was named captain for the inaugural season in 2008.[8] She also resumed her role as Silver Ferns captain later that year.[9]During Seymour's two years in the ANZ Championship, the Tactix finished in 8th and 6th place, respectively. At the end of the 2009 season, Seymour announced her retirement from all levels of competitive netball, pending the birth of her fourth child.[10][11] After her retirement, Seymour accepted a position as assistant coach for the Tactix from 2010, under head coach Helen Mahon-Stroud.[12]","title":"ANZ Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"Dallas Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Seymour"},{"link_name":"2003 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Julie Seymour is married to former All Black and long-time New Zealand rugby sevens representative player Dallas Seymour. Dallas and Julie have four children, with all four pregnancies occurring during Julie Seymour's long elite netball career. In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, Seymour was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to netball.[13]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rowberry, Lee (29 September 2006). \"Mother who won't hang up the bib\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10403493","url_text":"\"Mother who won't hang up the bib\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Bleach, Keiran (28 July 1995). \"What went wrong?\". The Dominion Post. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Blackshaw, Andrea (20 March 1998). \"Dawson in running for Ferns\". 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Retrieved 22 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10528552","url_text":"\"Seymour keen to embrace captaincy role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Jane (7 July 2009). \"Fans farewell Seymour\". The Press. Retrieved 22 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/netball/2569750/Fans-farewell-Seymour","url_text":"\"Fans farewell Seymour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"Johannsen, Dana (16 June 2009). \"End of an era for Seymour\". The New Zealand Herald. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tilbury | East Tilbury | ["1 History","2 Education","3 Politics","4 Communications and facilities","5 Developments","6 References"] | Coordinates: 51°27′57″N 0°25′46″E / 51.4657°N 0.4294°E / 51.4657; 0.4294Village in Essex, England
Human settlement in EnglandEast TilburyEast TilburyLocation within EssexPopulation6,363 (2011 Thurrock Ward)OS grid referenceTQ688768Unitary authorityThurrockCeremonial countyEssexRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townTILBURYPostcode districtRM18Dialling code01375PoliceEssexFireEssexAmbulanceEast of England
UK ParliamentSouth Basildon and East Thurrock
List of places
UK
England
Essex
51°27′57″N 0°25′46″E / 51.4657°N 0.4294°E / 51.4657; 0.4294
East Tilbury is a village and former civil parish in the unitary authority of Thurrock borough, Essex, England, and one of the traditional Church of England parishes in Thurrock. In 2011 the ward had a population of 6,363.
History
In Saxon times, the location on which St Catherine’s Church (right) now stands was surrounded by tidal marshland. This is the probable location for the minster church established by St Cedd at Tilaburg, which is mentioned in Bede's History of the English Church and People.
In the 1860s, Coalhouse Fort was constructed on the bank of the Thames, close to the parish church. This fort was an active part of the defences of London up to and including World War II, having originally been developed as a precaution against French ironclads approaching London up the Thames it was refortified with new armaments as threats changed over the years.
From 1894 to 1936 East Tilbury was part of the Orsett Rural District. In 1931 the parish had a population of 353. The East Tilbury civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1936 when the area became part of Thurrock Urban District.
The Bata Factory by John Winfield The construction of a Bata Shoes factory in the 1930s resulted in substantial development in East Tilbury. The factory has since closed down.
The Bata company developed not only a factory, but also a town for workers, built in the modernist style, and a sizeable estate of listed buildings remains. A sizeable Czech workforce was relocated here, and has merged into the local community after connections were lost with Czechoslovakia after World War II. The father of arts administrator John Tusa, also called John (Jan), was managing director of the factory in the late 30s.
Education
East Tilbury is served by modern infants and junior schools sharing a site opposite the old Bata factory and adjacent to parkland. The junior school recently acquired foundation status.
Politics
East Tilbury ward consists the areas of East Tilbury, East Tilbury Village, Linford and West Tilbury. East Tilbury ward has two Thurrock Councillors, Councillor Sue Sammons elected 2016 (Independent) and Councillor Fraser Massey elected 2019 (Independent).
Communications and facilities
The town is served by East Tilbury railway station on the Tilbury branch of the c2c service from London Fenchurch Street to Southend Central via Ockendon. East Tilbury is also served by the Nibs Buses route 374 which operates between Grays bus station and Basildon on Mondays to Saturdays.
It is located about 2 miles south of the A13 road from London to Southend.
East Tilbury does not have a developed shopping centre; its nearest major retail centres are located at Basildon and Lakeside.
Developments
The area forms part of the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone and responsibility for delivery in this area is with the Thurrock Development Corporation. Large sections of Metropolitan Green Belt land have been earmarked for development; it is expected to include 14,000 homes and provide 20,000 jobs. East Tilbury is one of seven conservation areas in Thurrock.
On the northern end of the town is a small park called 'Gobions Park'. This got a development grant in 2009 of £50,000. The name may have come from Sir Richard Gobion from UpHavering.
From the late 1950s Esso Petroleum made tentative plans to build an oil refinery on East Tilbury marshes. In 1956 Tilbury Contracting & Dredging sold land that they owned in East Tilbury to Esso Petroleum for about £250,000. The land is marked on an undated map made by the Ministry of Power which also identifies the Occidental Refineries Limited and the United Refineries Limited sites on Canvey Island, which dates the map to about 1971. The land at East Tilbury is marked as 'land suggested for examination as oil refining site'. The 'Esso' land extends southwest from Low Street level crossing (TQ669776) to the river Thames (TQ663754) east of Tilbury power station then along the river past Coalhouse Fort to just north of Coalhouse Battery (TQ691776) then west to Low Street. The project is likely to have been abandoned as a consequence of the 1973 oil crisis and the resulting slump in oil and petroleum consumption.
References
^ "Thurrock ward population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ A Saunders Chapel-Hospital-Blockhouse?, Panorama, The Journal of the Thurrock Local History Society, Volume 13, 1970
^ Vision of Britain Archived 1 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Orsett RD. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ "Population statistics East Tilbury AP/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ Vision of Britain Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – East Tilbury parish (historic map Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ Guardian – Welcome to Bata-ville. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ "BataStory.net: 2005 - 2010". batastory.net.
^ "Thurrock bus timetables - Bus timetables - Thurrock Council". www.thurrock.gov.uk.
^ OPSI – The Thurrock Development Corporation (Area and Constitution) Order 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ European Agricultural Investment Services Archived 18 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Developers aim to use 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) of green belt. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ Guardian – Row looms over plan for Thames new town. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
^ "Thurrock Council - Natural & Historic Environment - Conservation Areas In Th..." 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
^ "Cash handout for playgrounds". basildonrecorder.co.uk. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^
^ 'Tilbury Contracting Land Sale', The Times 13 December 1956 p.17.
^ Ministry of Power/Ministry of Technology/Department of Trade and Industry, The National Archives, POWE 64/13.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Tilbury.
vteThurrockTraditional parishes in Thurrock
Aveley
Bulphan
Chadwell St Mary
Corringham
East Tilbury
Fobbing
Grays
Horndon-on-the-Hill
Langdon Hills
Little Thurrock
Mucking
Orsett
South Ockendon
Stanford-le-Hope
Stifford
West Thurrock
West Tilbury
Other places in Thurrock
Baker Street
Belhus
Biggin
Bill Meroy Creek
Chafford Gorges Nature Park
Chafford Hundred
Globe Pit
Hangman's Wood
High House, Purfleet
Linford Wood
Lower Horse
Mardyke (river)
Orsett Heath
Purfleet
Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve
Shell Haven
Terrel's Heath
Thurrock Thameside Nature Park
Tilbury Town
Historic buildings in Thurrock
Baker Street Mill, Orsett
Bata Factory
Belmont Castle
Coalhouse Fort
The Dell
High House, Purfleet
Kings Head, West Tilbury
Orsett Hall
South Ockendon Windmill
State Cinema
Tilbury Fort
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Thurrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurrock"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Church of England parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_traditional_(Church_of_England)_parish_churches_in_Thurrock"}],"text":"Village in Essex, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandEast Tilbury is a village and former civil parish in the unitary authority of Thurrock borough, Essex, England, and one of the traditional Church of England parishes in Thurrock. In 2011 the ward had a population of 6,363.","title":"East Tilbury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Cedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cedd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Coalhouse Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhouse_Fort"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship"},{"link_name":"Orsett Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsett_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thurrock Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurrock_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bata_Factory,_Bata_Estate,_East_Tilbury.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Bata Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_shoe_factory_(East_Tilbury)"},{"link_name":"Bata Shoes factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_shoe_factory_(East_Tilbury)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bata company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_Shoes"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"John Tusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tusa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In Saxon times, the location on which St Catherine’s Church (right) now stands was surrounded by tidal marshland. This is the probable location for the minster church established by St Cedd at Tilaburg,[2] which is mentioned in Bede's History of the English Church and People.In the 1860s, Coalhouse Fort was constructed on the bank of the Thames, close to the parish church. This fort was an active part of the defences of London up to and including World War II, having originally been developed as a precaution against French ironclads approaching London up the Thames it was refortified with new armaments as threats changed over the years.From 1894 to 1936 East Tilbury was part of the Orsett Rural District.[3] In 1931 the parish had a population of 353.[4] The East Tilbury civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1936 when the area became part of Thurrock Urban District.[5]The Bata Factory by John WinfieldThe construction of a Bata Shoes factory in the 1930s resulted in substantial development in East Tilbury. 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This got a development grant in 2009 of £50,000.[13] The name may have come from Sir Richard Gobion from UpHavering.[14]From the late 1950s Esso Petroleum made tentative plans to build an oil refinery on East Tilbury marshes. In 1956 Tilbury Contracting & Dredging sold land that they owned in East Tilbury to Esso Petroleum for about £250,000.[15] The land is marked on an undated map made by the Ministry of Power which also identifies the Occidental Refineries Limited and the United Refineries Limited sites on Canvey Island, which dates the map to about 1971.[16] The land at East Tilbury is marked as 'land suggested for examination as oil refining site'. The 'Esso' land extends southwest from Low Street level crossing (TQ669776) to the river Thames (TQ663754) east of Tilbury power station then along the river past Coalhouse Fort to just north of Coalhouse Battery (TQ691776) then west to Low Street. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_%C8%9Augui | Pavel Țugui | ["1 References"] | Romanian communist activist and literary historian (1921–2021)
Țugui in 1977
Pavel Țugui (1 November 1921 – 20 September 2021) was a Romanian communist activist and literary historian.
Born in Vicovu de Jos, Rădăuți County (now part of Suceava County), he graduated from high school in Cernăuți, after which he became a teacher. In 1943–1944 he attended military school, and in the fall of 1944 he fought in World War II on the Transylvanian front. Initially a member of the Ploughmen's Front, Țugui joined in July 1945 the Romanian Communist Party (PCR; later PMR). In 1945 he enrolled in the Law School of the University of Iași, but quit after one semester, and in 1947 went to study at the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy in Bucharest.
Working in the agitation and propaganda section of the Central Committee of the PMR, he advanced between 1955 and 1960 from instructor to head of the literature and arts section to division chief. In the latter capacity, he met many of the writers, artists and scientists of the day, as his office lay at the intersection between the cultural and arts sphere on the one hand and the party leadership on the other. From 1953 to 1955 he was deputy to the Culture Minister, then Constanța Crăciun. Elected an alternate member of the Central Committee at the 7th Party Congress in December 1955, after 1960 he stopped holding important positions in the party or the state.
Țugui also worked as a university professor and literary historian. He had a good knowledge of Bukovina, and wrote several books about the region. He published his memoirs in 1999. In June 2021, he was awarded the Eminescu the Journalist Prize by the Union of the Professional Journalists in Romania . Țugui died in September 2021, at the age of 99.
References
^ a b c "Pavel Țugui, un intelectual patriot". mnlr.ro. Muzeul Național al Literaturii Române. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ a b Cristina Diac (25 April 2007). "Academicianul fără operă". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ Nicolae Scurtu, "O epistolă necunoscută a lui Petru Dumitriu" Archived 2014-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, România Literară Nr.39/2010; accessed May 29, 2012
^ Zigu Ornea, "O carte despre anii 1955-1960" Archived 2014-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, România Literară Nr.3/2001; accessed May 29, 2012
^ "Premiile UZPR Eminescu Ziaristul: Acad. D.R. Popescu, Nicolae Georgescu și Pavel Țugui – printre laureați". Agerpres (in Romanian). June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
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Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavel_%C8%9Augui_in_1977.png"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Vicovu de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicovu_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Rădăuți County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_County"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Cernăuți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnlr-1"},{"link_name":"Ploughmen's Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front"},{"link_name":"Romanian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diac-2"},{"link_name":"University of Iași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Gheorghiu_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnlr-1"},{"link_name":"Culture Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Patrimony_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Constanța Crăciun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_Cr%C4%83ciun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diac-2"},{"link_name":"Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Union of the Professional Journalists in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_of_the_Professional_Journalists_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Ziari%C8%99tilor_Profesioni%C8%99ti_din_Rom%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnlr-1"}],"text":"Țugui in 1977Pavel Țugui (1 November 1921 – 20 September 2021) was a Romanian communist activist and literary historian.Born in Vicovu de Jos, Rădăuți County (now part of Suceava County), he graduated from high school in Cernăuți, after which he became a teacher. In 1943–1944 he attended military school, and in the fall of 1944 he fought in World War II on the Transylvanian front.[1] Initially a member of the Ploughmen's Front, Țugui joined in July 1945 the Romanian Communist Party (PCR; later PMR).[2] In 1945 he enrolled in the Law School of the University of Iași, but quit after one semester, and in 1947 went to study at the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy in Bucharest.[1]Working in the agitation and propaganda section of the Central Committee of the PMR, he advanced between 1955 and 1960 from instructor to head of the literature and arts section to division chief. In the latter capacity, he met many of the writers, artists and scientists of the day, as his office lay at the intersection between the cultural and arts sphere on the one hand and the party leadership on the other. From 1953 to 1955 he was deputy to the Culture Minister, then Constanța Crăciun. Elected an alternate member of the Central Committee at the 7th Party Congress in December 1955, after 1960 he stopped holding important positions in the party or the state.[2]Țugui also worked as a university professor and literary historian. He had a good knowledge of Bukovina, and wrote several books about the region.[3] He published his memoirs in 1999.[4] In June 2021, he was awarded the Eminescu the Journalist Prize by the Union of the Professional Journalists in Romania [ro].[5] Țugui died in September 2021, at the age of 99.[1]","title":"Pavel Țugui"}] | [{"image_text":"Țugui in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pavel_%C8%9Augui_in_1977.png/220px-Pavel_%C8%9Augui_in_1977.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pavel Țugui, un intelectual patriot\". mnlr.ro. Muzeul Național al Literaturii Române. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mnlr.ro/pavel-tugui-un-intelectual-patriot/","url_text":"\"Pavel Țugui, un intelectual patriot\""}]},{"reference":"Cristina Diac (25 April 2007). \"Academicianul fără operă\". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/interviuri/academicianul-fara-opera-91214.html","url_text":"\"Academicianul fără operă\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional","url_text":"Jurnalul Național"}]},{"reference":"\"Premiile UZPR Eminescu Ziaristul: Acad. D.R. Popescu, Nicolae Georgescu și Pavel Țugui – printre laureați\". Agerpres (in Romanian). June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agerpres.ro/cultura/2021/06/28/video-premiile-uzpr-eminescu-ziaristul-acad-d-r-popescu-nicolae-georgescu-si-pavel-tugui-printre-laureati--738671","url_text":"\"Premiile UZPR Eminescu Ziaristul: Acad. D.R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMAX_(Asian_TV_channel) | DMAX (Asian TV channel) | ["1 History","2 Programmes","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "DMAX" Asian TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Television channel
DMAXCountrySingaporeBroadcast areaSoutheast AsiaAustraliaHeadquartersSingaporeProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 480i/576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-PacificSister channelsDiscovery ChannelAnimal PlanetTLCDiscovery ScienceEveDiscovery KidsDiscovery AsiaHistoryLaunched7 July 2014ReplacedDiscovery Turbo (2008-2014, SD feed; 2013-2015, HD feed)
DMAX is a Southeast Asian pay television channel centred on broadcasting documentaries, factual-entertainment, lifestyle and reality programming TV series for male audiences.
It is owned by Discovery Asia-Pacific, a division of Warner Bros. Discovery In South Asia, the channel is available under the Discovery Turbo name carrying the same content and schedule.
History
The channel was launched in 2004 as Discovery Real Time and rebranded as Discovery Turbo in 2008. It was rebranded on 7 July 2014 as DMAX with the airing of American Digger at 6:00 AM (UTC+8).
Some of its shows are also broadcast on Discovery Channel in Motor Mania every Thursday nights.
Programmes
Airplane Repo
Alaska: The Last Frontier
American Chopper
American Digger
American Loggers
American Muscle
America's Worst Tattoos
Around The World in 80 Ways
Artifact or Fiction
Backyard Oil
#BikerLive
Bounty Wars
Car Chasers
Car Crazy Central
Car That Rocks with Brian Johnson
Chasing Classic Cars
Chop Shop: London Garage
Chrome Underground
Dallas Cars Sharks
Desert Car Kings
The Devils Ride
Dukes of Haggle
Extreme Car Hoarders
FantomWorks
Fat N' Furious: Rolling Thunder
Fast N' Loud
Fifth Gear
The Fighters
Flying Wild Alaska
The Garage
High Tech Rednecks
Inside West Coast Customs
Last Car Standing
Mighty Planes
Mighty Ships
Machine Morphers
The Motorbike Show
Out of Control Drivers
Outrageous 911
Overhaulin'
Porter Ridge
Property Wars
Railroad Alaska
Restoration Garage
Rods N' Wheels
Smokin' Sundays
Swamp Loggers
Trick My What?
Twist the Throttle
Unique Whips Special Edition
Warlock Rising
What's in the Barn?
Wheeler Dealers
Wrecked
See also
DMAX (TV channel)
DMAX (UK TV channel)
DMAX (Italy)
References
^ BiG TV Indonesia (July 3, 2014). "Discovery Turbo rebrands to DMAX". BiG TV Indonesia. YouTube. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
External links
DMAX on Facebook
vteWarner Bros. DiscoveryExecutivesBoard of directors
Samuel DiPiazza (Chairman)
David Zaslav (CEO)
Robert Bennett
Li Haslett Chen
Richard Fisher
Paul Gould
Debra Lee
John C. Malone
Fazal Merchant
Paula Price
Geoff Yang
Senior management
David Zaslav (President and CEO)
Michael De Luca
Pamela Abdy
Channing Dungey
Casey Bloys
Kathleen Finch
Sir Mark Thompson
JB Perrette
Gerhard Zeiler
David Decker
Warner Bros.EntertainmentWarner Bros.Motion Picture Group
Warner Bros. Pictures
New Line Cinema
DC Studios
Warner Bros. Pictures Animation
Castle Rock Entertainment
Discovery Films
Spyglass Media Group (minority)
Flagship Entertainment Group (49%)
Warner Bros. Studios
Burbank
Leavesden
Warner Bros.Television GroupUnited States
Warner Bros. Television
Warner Horizon Unscripted Television
Telepictures
A Very Good Production
Alloy Entertainment
Blue Ribbon Content
Cartoon Network Studios
Williams Street
Warner Bros. Animation
The CW (12.5%)
The CW Plus
CW Seed
International
Warner Bros. International Television Production
Netherlands
UK
Ricochet
Twenty Twenty Television
Wall to Wall
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Spain
Australia
CN LA Original Productions
Other units
Warner Bros. Theatre Ventures
WaterTower Music
Fandango Media (25% with NBCUniversal)
Fandango Movieclips
Movies.com
MovieTickets.com
Rotten Tomatoes
Fandango Latam
Vudu
Turner Entertainment Co.
Wolper Organization
U.S. linear networks
American Heroes Channel
Animal Planet
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Adult Swim
Adult Swim Games
Toonami
Cartoonito
brand
Destination America
Discovery Channel
Discovery en Español
Discovery Family (60%)
Discovery Familia
Discovery Life
Food NetworkJV
Cooking Channel
Free TV NetworksJV
The365
Outlaw
Dare (50%)
VCR Action
VCR Haha
HGTV
Hogar de HGTV
Investigation Discovery
HLN
Magnolia NetworkJV
MeTV Toons (50%)
Oprah Winfrey Network (95%)
Science Channel
TBS
TCM
TLC
TNT
Travel Channel
TruTV
WBTV
Watchlist
Keeping It Real
All Together
Sweet Escapes
Paws & Claws
Slice of Life
Welcome Home
At the Movies
How To
Supernatural
Crime Series
Mysteries
Love & Marriage
Family Rules
Home Box Office
HBO
HBO Kids block
Cinemax
Production
HBO Films
HBO Documentary Films
CNN Worldwide
CNN
CNN-News18
CNN Türk
CNN Business
CNN International
EMEA
Asia-Pacific
South Asia
CNN en Español
CNN Headlines
CNN Fast
Production
CNN Films
Licensed
A2 CNN
Antena 3 CNN
CNN Chile
CNN Brazil
CNN Indonesia
CNN Philippines (defunct)
CNN Portugal
CNN Prima News
N1
TNT Sports
Bleacher Report
NBA TV
MLB Network (16.67%)
Golf Digest
Golf World
Motor Trend Group
Motor Trend
Motor Trend TV
Hot Rod
Four Wheeler
Global Streaming& InteractiveEntertainment
Streaming Services
Boomerang
CNNgo
Discovery+
HBO Go
Max
Player.pl
TVN24 GO
TVN24.pl
Kontakt 24
TVN Warszawa
TVN Meteo
TVN Zdrowie
ThreeNow
BluTV
Warner Bros. Games
Avalanche Software
Cartoon Network Games
Monolith Productions
NetherRealm Studios
Portkey Games
Rocksteady Studios
TT Games
Traveller's Tales
WB Games Boston
WB Games Montréal
Vox Media (minority)
Global Brands andExperiences
Consumer Products
Themed Entertainment
Warner Bros. Movie World
Parque Warner Madrid
Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi
Studio Tours
Hollywood
London
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Harry Potter: The Exhibition
Content Sales & Distribution
Television Distribution
Domestic
International
Home Entertainment
Studio Distribution Services (50%)
The Burbank Studios
DC Entertainment
DC Comics
DC Black Label
DC's Young Animal
Milestone Media
WildStorm
DC Universe Infinite
Mad
InternationalNetworksvteWarner Bros. Discovery AmericasUSA headquarters: Miami LATAM headquarters: Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santiago, São Paulo, BogotáCanadaJV
Animal Planet
Adult Swim
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Cooking Channel
Discovery Channel
Discovery Science
Discovery Velocity
Food Network
HGTV
HBO
Investigation Discovery
Magnolia Network
Oprah Winfrey Network
Latin America, the Caribbean and Brazil
Adult Swim
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Cinemax
Discovery
Discovery Home & Health
Discovery Kids
Discovery Science
Discovery Theater HD
Discovery Turbo
Discovery World HD
Food Network
Golf Channel
HBO
+
2
Brasil
Caribbean
Family
Mundi
Pop
Signature
Xtreme
HGTV
HTV
ID
Space
TCM
TLC
TNT
Novelas
Series
TNT Sports
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Mexico
Tooncast
Warner TV
vteWarner Bros. Discovery Asia-PacificHeadquarters: SingaporePan-Asia
Animal Planet
Asian Food Network
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery Asia
Discovery Channel
Discovery Science
DMAX
Eurosport Asia Pacific
EVE
Food Network
TLC
Travel Channel
East Asia
Boomerang Korea
Cartoon Network
Japan
Korea
Taiwan
Mondo TV (Japan)
Tabi Channel
South Asia
Cartoon Network
India
HD+
Pakistan
Pogo
Animal Planet India
Discovery Channel India
HGTV India
Travel Channel
Food Network
DTamil India
Discovery Science India
Discovery Turbo India
Discovery Kids India
Eurosport India
Investigation Discovery
TLC India
Southeast Asia
Boomerang Thailand
Cartoon Network
Asia
Philippines
Cartoonito Asia
Cinemax Asia
HBO Asia
Family
Hits
Signature
World Heritage Channel
Warner TV
Australasia
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Discovery
Discovery Turbo
Investigation Discovery
TLC
Australia
9Rush (co-owned with Nine)
Boomerang
New Zealand
Bravo
Eden
Living
Newshub
Rush
Three
Online
Discovery+ (India only)
HBO Go Asia
Newshub
ThreeNow
Defunct
C4
C42
China Entertainment Television (36%)
Four
+ 1
Imagine TV
Imagine Showbiz
Lumiere Movies
Mondo Mah-jong
Oh!K
Red by HBO
Setanta Sports Asia
Tabi Tele
ThreeLife
+ 1
Food Network NZ
The Edge TV
Breeze TV
vteWarner Bros. Discovery EMEAHeadquarters: London and AmsterdamFrance, Belgium & Switzerland
Animal Planet
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery Channel
Eurosport
1
2
2 Xtra
Investigation Discovery
TCM Cinéma
TLC
Warner TV
Warner TV Next
Germany, Benelux & CEE
Animal Planet
Germany
Netherlands & Flanders
Cartoon Network
Central & Eastern Europe
Germany
Netherlands & Flanders
Bulgaria, CIS & SEE
Cartoonito
Discovery
Flanders
Germany
Hungary
CIS
Discovery Science
DMAX (Germany)
Eurosport
1
2
HGTV
Netherlands
Tele 5 (Germany)
TLC
Germany
MENA
Netherlands
Warner TV
Czech Republic
Germany
Comedy
Film
Serie
Romania
Travel Channel
Italy
Boing
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
CNN International
Discovery Channel
DMAX
Eurosport
1
2
Frisbee
Giallo
K2
Motor Trend
Nove
Real Time
Warner TV
Scandinavia
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Eurosport
1
2
TLC
Sweden
Norway
Travel Channel
Denmark
6'eren
Canal 9
Kanal 4
Kanal 5
Max
Finland
Frii
Kutonen
TV5
Kanal 5
Kanal 9
Kanal 11
Norway
FEM
REX
Travel Channel
TVNorge
VOX
Sweden
Kanal 5
Kanal 9
Kanal 11
Iberia
Boing Spain
Cartoon Network Portugal
Cartoonito Portugal
Discovery
Portugal
Spain
DMAX Spain
TCM Spain
Warner TV Spain
UK & Ireland
Adult Swim
Animal Planet
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Discovery
Discovery History
Discovery Turbo
DMAX
Eurosport 1
Eurosport 2
Food Network
HGTV
Investigation Discovery
Quest
Quest Red
Really
TLC
TNT Sports
TNT Sports 4
TNT Sports Box Office
Turkey
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
DMAX
Eurosport 1
Eurosport 2
TLC
Middle East & Africa
Asharq Discovery
Boing (Africa)
Cartoon Network
Arabic
Hindi
Cartoonito
Toonami (Africa)
TNT Africa
Warner TV
Defunct
Boomerang Germany
Boomerang Spain
Cartoonito Spain
Cartoon Network Spain
CNN+
DTX
TCM Scandinavia, Netherlands & Flanders
TCM UK & Ireland
TNT Benelux
TNT Sweden
vteTVN Warner Bros. DiscoveryHeadquarters: WarsawTV channels
TVN
TVN 7
TVN24
TVN24 BiS
TVN Fabuła
iTVN
iTVN Extra
TVN Style
TVN Turbo
TTV
Food Network
HGTV
Travel Channel
Discovery
Discovery Science
Animal Planet
TLC
Discovery Life
ID
DTX
Discovery Historia
Metro
Eurosport 1
Eurosport 2
HBO
HBO 2
HBO 3
Cinemax
Cinemax 2
Warner TV
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
FAST channels
TVN Rewolucje w Kuchni
TVN Millionerzy
TVN Kultowe Seriale
TVN Rajska Miłość
TVN Telenowele
TVN Kryminalnie
TVN Momenty Prawdy
TVN Życie Jak w Bajce
TVN Szpitalne Historie
TVN Talk Show
TVN Szkoła Życia
TVN Seriale o Kobietach
TVN W Domu
TVN Moto
TVN Usterka
TVN Prawo i Życie
TVN Pora na Show
Online services
Max
Player.pl
TVN24 GO
TVN24.pl
Kontakt 24
TVN Warszawa
TVN Meteo
TVN Zdrowie
Other assets
Platforma Canal+
Warner Bros. Entertainment Polska
Former unitsfrom WB
Crunchyroll
DramaFever
eleveneleven
Hooq (17.5%)
Shed Productions
In2TV
Midway Games
New Line Home Entertainment
Infinifilm
Outright Distribution
QuibiJV
Rooster Teeth (Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment)
Shed Productions
Snowblind Studios
Stage 13
Surreal Software
The WB
The WB 100+ Station Group
Warner Premiere
Raw Feed
Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics
Warner Independent Pictures
DC Universe
Warner Max
Watershed Television
Yalli Productions
fromTurner
Audience Network
AT&T SportsNet
Root Sports Northwest (29%)
Pittsburgh
SportsNet Rocky Mountain
Southwest
Boomerang (Germany)
Boomerang (Latin America)
Cable Music Channel
Cartoon Network Too
CNN+
CNN+ (Channel)
CNNfn
CNNSI
CNN Airport
CNX
FilmStruck
Game Show Network (42%)
Great Big Story
Hulu (10%)
iStreamPlanet
LazyTown Entertainment
Oh!K
Retro
Super Deluxe
Studio T
Toonami Channel (Asia)
Toonami India
Toonami UK
TNT Sweden
TCM South East Asia
TCM Northern Europe
Turner Program Services
Turner South
WB Channel
Woohoo (Brazil)
Universal Wrestling Corporation
WPCH-TV
from HBO
Festival
HBO Boxing Pay-Per-View
HBO Defined (India)
HBO Downtown Productions
HBO en Español
HBO España
HBO Hits
HBO Home Entertainment
HBO Independent Productions
HBO Latin America Group
HBO Netherlands
HBO Nordic
HBO Now
HBO NYC Productions
HBO Portugal
Red by HBO
Take 2
Time Life Television
fromDiscovery& Scripps
All3MediaJV
3netJV
7food network
Animal Planet Italy
Canal 8 Sport
Canal+ DiscoveryJV (Poland)
Discovery Channel Radio
Discovery Channel Romania
Discovery Civilization
Discovery Digital Networks
Discovery Family (France)
Discovery Geschichte
Discovery Health Channel
Discovery Home & Health
Southeast Asia
UK & Ireland
Discovery Kids
Australia
Canada
Southeast Asia
United Kingdom
Discovery Kids on NBC
Discovery Networks
CEEMEA
Northern Europe
Discovery People
Discovery Real Time
France
UK and Ireland
Discovery Shed
Discovery Showcase HD
Discovery Travel & Living Europe
Discovery Turbo Asia
Discovery Wings
Discovery World Europe
DKids
Dplay
Eurosport 360°
Eurosport 2 Xtra Portugal
Eurosport DK
Eurosport News
Eurosport Pluss (Norway)
Fine Living Europe
FitTV
Focus
Food Network New Zealand
FYI Canada
GB News (minority)
Great American Country
Good Food
GolfTV
GXT
Joyn
PixL
Quest Arabiya
Ready Set Learn!
SBS Radio Nordic
Setanta Sports Asia
VivoltaJV (France)
See also
AT&T's WarnerMedia
Kinney National Company
Time Inc.
AOL
Turner Broadcasting System
Discovery, Inc.
Discovery Holding Company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_M._Gough | Barry M. Gough | ["1 Education","2 Teaching and consulting","3 Affiliations and affinities","4 Awards and medals","5 Published works","6 Selected bibliography","7 See also","8 References"] | Canadian naval historian
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Barry Morton GoughBorn (1938-09-17) 17 September 1938 (age 85)Victoria, British ColumbiaOccupation(s)maritime and naval historian
Barry Morton Gough is a global maritime and naval historian.
Education
Gough was educated at Victoria High School and was a 1957 graduate of Victoria College, which preceded University of Victoria. He completed his bachelor of education degree at University of British Columbia and master's studies at University of Montana, then earning his PhD at King's College London. His doctoral research on seapower and geopolitics across the Pacific Rim became the inaugural publication in 1971 of the University of British Columbia Press: The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1810–1914: A Study of British Maritime Ascendancy. Former Dominion Archivist W. Kaye Lamb remarked that "author and publisher alike have set a high standard for the publications of the new Press." An expanded edition was later published by Heritage House as Britannia's Navy on the West Coast of North America, 1812–1914.
Years after the earned doctorate, Gough was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of London in 1991 for distinguished contributions to Imperial and Commonwealth history. In June 2021, University of Victoria conferred on him another doctorate, an Honorary Doctor of Laws.
Teaching and consulting
Initially returning to Victoria High School as teaching staff, Gough became Lecturer at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington, and co-director of the Centre for Pacific Northwest Studies. From 1972 to 2004 in the history faculty at Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, he was named associate professor, then Professor and University Research Professor. He was founding coordinator of Canadian Studies at Laurier and served as coordinator of Interdisciplinary Studies and Assistant Dean of Arts. The material in a series of public lectures he organized was published with his introduction as In Search of the Visible Past.
Gough was asked to prepare a historical legal claims dossier for the Tribal Council of the Nuu Chah Nulth in the Meares Island case (Moses Martin et al. v H.M. the Queen) in 1985 and later, on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, to prepare materials on the Alaska inland waters case, Alaska v the United States of America (2005).
His Great Lakes shipwrecks research led to involvement with HMCS Haida and him becoming the ship's official historian. Gough was advisory editor to Macmillan Publishing for World Explorers and Discoverers (1992) and was editor-in-chief of the magazine American Neptune based at the Peabody Essex Museum in Massachusetts (1997–2003).
At his retirement from WLU after thirty-three years, Gough was appointed Professor Emeritus.
Affiliations and affinities
Gough is a former president of the British Columbia Historical Federation and after his term was named BCHF honorary president.
He worked with the Vancouver Maritime Museum as curator for the Vancouver 125 exhibition, "Captain George Vancouver" (2011), and was advisor to the Maritime Museum of BC, Victoria, on projects such as "War of 1812 in the Pacific" (2012). Continuing as historical consultant to CFB Naval and Military Museum, Esquimalt, B.C., he was in 2017 curator of the Canada 150 Public History Project, "The Royal Canadian Navy and the Pacific Gateway to Wider Seas." A corresponding video production was released the following year as Our Seas Our Coasts Our Navy.
Awards and medals
Barry Gough and his writings have received honours, awards and prizes in the United States, the U.K., Spain and Canada.
The British Maritime Foundation announced in November 2015 that Pax Britannica: Ruling the Waves and Keeping the Peace before Armageddon won the Mountbatten Literary Award 2015 for best literary contribution to the understanding of the importance of the seas.
The highest award bestowed by the Washington State Historical Society, the Robert Gray Medal for lifetime achievement, was given to Gough in September 2016.
The Naval Association of Canada presented Gough with the 2019 Admirals’ Medal, bestowed upon individual Canadians in recognition of his lifetime achievement as a global maritime and naval historian "through some thirty major volumes and numerous articles, ... a body of work which has earned him international acclaim as a Canadian scholar of the highest order."
A life member of the Society for the History of Discoveries, Gough was in November 2019 named a Fellow of the Society "for his many outstanding publications in Canadian and British imperial and naval history; for his fine record of teaching and mentoring students, particularly at Wilfrid Laurier University; and for his contributions to the scholarly community of imperial, international and maritime historians."
Gough has received the Psi Upsilon Distinguished Service Alumnus Award, the Wilfrid Laurier University Alumni Hoffmann-Little Award for Outstanding Teaching, and the Distinguished Alumni award in 2019 from the University of Victoria.
For civic contributions in both Ontario and British Columbia, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal.
In November 2014, Gough received the Maritime Museum of B.C.'s 2014 SS Beaver Medal for Maritime Excellence.
Prizes have included the medals, awards and honourable mentions from a number of organizations: the North American Society for Oceanic History, the Writers Trust of Canada Non-Fiction Prize.
The Keith Matthews Award recognizes outstanding publications in the field of nautical research. When Possessing Meares Island won it in 2022, it was the fourth time Gough's books had won the award.
Published works
Gough's dissertation, the basis of his first book, argued that British Columbia owed its existence to British sea power, that the Hudson's Bay Company was not the only agent in the commercial and political project of creating British Columbia's boundaries. His investigations of early navigation in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Strait of Georgia resulted in publication of Charles Duncan's long-neglected plan and elevation of Cape Flattery and Fuca's Pillar, charted by Duncan in August 1788 and first published in 1790. "I've always felt the seas were blindsided in the writing of Canadian history, and I have made it my own particular calling to turn that around," Gough said in 1994.
His 1997 account of Sir Alexander Mackenzie's overland explorations to the Arctic and Pacific coasts, First Across the Continent, continues as a central contribution to the study of North American exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is an account of the explorer's journey to the Pacific following indigenous pathways, guided by their knowledge and by European navigational science.
In The Elusive Mr. Pond, Gough studied the soldier, fur trader and explorer Peter Pond, historically important in pushing northwest into the Mackenzie River basin and establishing the North West Company.
Pax Britannica in 2014 explored the intersection of British naval reach and the guarding of imperial commerce during the post-Napoleonic century.
Churchill and Fisher: Titans at the Admiralty (2017) received acclaim as an inquiry into the role of personality in the making of history: the administration of the Royal Navy in the Great War by First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John ("Jacky") Fisher and his young political master, First Lord Winston Churchill. In The Times Literary Supplement, Jan Morris wrote: "This enthralling book by an eminent Canadian naval historian is a work of profound scholarship and interpretation…. Barry Gough has himself heightened the book's sense of personal drama by surrounding his central characters with powerful expositions of the state of the world around them." James Wood in The Ormsby Review leads attends to Gough's accounts of the struggles within the Admiralty and British Cabinet in formulating strategy and policy for war and the "bitter complications" of Churchill's and Fisher's fall from power. The Australian Naval Institute forum noted an approach in which the author "distilled and weighed the rancour, political intrigue, strategic and operational challenges and the (mostly) dismal record of the war at sea up to Jutland. The well-known politicians and admirals return to life with all their proclivities – admirable and less so." One military-website commentator, observing that Gough writes "history as literature," says this "places Dr. Gough in a distinguished company of historians who are also great and readable writers. Sir Steven Runciman, Barbara Tuchman and Sir Winston Churchill come to mind." He adds this is "likely to remain the definitive work on this subject for years to come."
The following year, research in Spanish and English archival sources became the 2018 book by Gough and Charles Borras, The War Against the Pirates: British and American Suppression of Caribbean Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century, which examines the roots of piracy in those seas and how its suppression laid the foundation for the decline of the Spanish empire in the Americas.
The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of Canada, edited by Stephen Azzi and Barry M. Gough, was published in April 2021. This carries forward Gough's work on the 1999 original edition and 2010 second edition.
Possessing Meares Island won the 2021 Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Historical Writing, announced at the 2022 conference of the British Columbia Historical Federation. It was a finalist for the BC and Yukon Book Prizes' Roderick Haig-Brown Regional Prize, the 2022 BC Book Awards' George Ryga Award for Social Awareness in Literature, the J.W. Dafoe Foundation's John W. Dafoe Book Prize and the 2022 City of Victoria Butler Book Prize. Gough's account of the evolving Meares Island situation and his research participation in it won the Keith Matthews Award for Best Book at the 2022 AGM of the Canadian Nautical Research Society. The judges noted that the book links "early maritime history, Indigenous land rights, and modern environmental advocacy in the Clayoquot Sound region" and "connects 18th century Indigenous-colonial trade relations to more recent historical upheavals and bridges the gap between centuries…." The North American Society for Oceanic History (NASOH) in June 2022 awarded the book the John Lyman Award in Canadian Naval and Maritime History. Dave Obee, editor-in-chief and publisher of the Times Colonist, described the Meares Island book as "a superb examination of a rather small location that is highly significant to British Columbia as a whole." Obee commented that the book brought together Indigenous history, maritime history, land rights and environmental issues, and that it would be hard to consider any one element without the others. Maryland's William S. Dudley wrote that the author shows how the understanding of the word "possessing" changed "depending on which culture and at what period of time. It is also a concept that can exist simultaneously in the minds of concerned people, whether they are Indigenous, white traders, modern logging corporations, environmentalists, historians, or tourists." Aimee Greenaway of British Columbia History interviewed Gough about the initial legal researches and how the "complicated story" evolved, one of "multi-layered, multi-disciplinary situations" with roots back hundreds of years that affect present-day developments. Jason Colby commented that in tracking the consistent Indigenous presence on and control of Meares Island, Gough did "an exemplary job of showing how the case both reflected and contributed to changing the balance between federal and provincial views of native rights in Canada."
The Curious Passage of Richard Blanshard, First Governor of Vancouver Island sets out the circumstances converging on the southern tip of Vancouver Island as the first governor of the colony arrived in March 1830. Gough gathers what's known of Blanshard's life and, around that, details the complicated events of the post-boundary settlement era in the colony. "Unpaid, suffering from malaria and stymied by James Douglas of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the first colonial governor of Vancouver Island still managed to establish the government on Vancouver Island."
Along with official duties that included handling labour strife up-Island, this "gentleman capitalist" was partly responsible for the skilled labour required to build forts, harbours, and housing in the fledgling colony. Blanshard returned to England, married, and regained his health. Eventually reporting in London to an 1857 Select Standing Committee, Blanshard answered their 260 questions about Vancouver Island having been made an unwelcome place for settlers and "took his revenge on Douglas and the company, testifying to the corruption under their rule." The book won honourable mention for the BC Historical Federation Historical Writing Awards in May 2024. It has been closely evaluated by Michael Ledger-Lomas in the Literary Review of Canada and Dave Flawse and Aimee Greenaway have each posted long interviews with the author about Blanshard's story.
Selected bibliography
The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1810–1914: A Study of British Maritime Ascendancy. UBC Press, 1971. ISBN 0-7748-0000-3. Rev. edition, 2016.
Canada. Modern Nations in Historical Perspective Series. Prentice Hall, 1975. ISBN 0-13-112789-6.
New Dimensions in Ethnohistory: Papers of the Second Laurier Conference on Ethnohistory and Ethnology. Huron College, University of Western Ontario, 1983. Co-edited with Laird Christie. Canadian Ethnology Service, Mercury Series Paper 120. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991. ISBN 0-660-12911-6.
The Northwest Coast: British Navigation, Trade and Discoveries to 1812. UBC Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7748-0399-1. UBC Press 1980 first edition published as Distant Dominion.
Gunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and Northwest Coast Indians. UBC Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-7748-0175-1.
British Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris, 1763: Trade, War and Empire. Studies in British History. Edwin Mellen Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0773495487
The Falkland Islands/Malvinas: The Contest for Empire in the South Atlantic. London: Continuum, 1992/Athlone Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-485-11419-5.
First Across the Continent: Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8061-3002-6.; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7710-3406-0.
"Possessing Meares Island," The Journal of Canadian Studies 33, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 177–85.
Fighting Sail on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay: The War of 1812 and its Aftermath. Naval Institute Press/Vanwell Publishing. 2002. ISBN 978-1-55750-314-5.
Geography and Exploration: Biographical Portraits. Vol. 4, Scribner Science Reference Series. Princeton, N.J.: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-684-80662-2.
Through Water, Ice and Fire: Schooner Nancy of the War of 1812. Dundurn Press Ltd. 2006. ISBN 978-1-55002-569-9. Barry M. Gough.
Britain, Canada and the North Pacific: Maritime Enterprise and Dominion, 1778-1914. Ashgate Variorum, 2004. ISBN 0-86078-939-X.
Fortune's a River: The Collision of Empires in Northwest America. Harbour Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-55017-428-2.
HMCS Haida: Anatomy of a Destroyer. Vanwell Publishing/Looking Back Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1550689587
Historical Dreadnoughts: Arthur Marder, Stephen Roskill and Battles for Naval History. Seaforth/Pen & Sword, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84832-077-2.
Juan de Fuca's Strait: Voyages in the Waterway of Forgotten Dreams. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-55017-573-8.
From Classroom to Battlefield: Victoria High School and the First World War. Heritage House Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-1-77203-006-8.
The Elusive Mr. Pond: The Soldier, Fur Trader and Explorer Who Opened the Northwest. Douglas & McIntyre, 2014. ISBN 978-1-77162-039-0.
Pax Britannica: Ruling the Waves and Keeping the Peace before Armageddon. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 978-0-23035-430-2.
Britannia's Navy on the West Coast of North America, 1812–1914. Heritage House Publishing, 2016. ISBN 978-1-77203-109-6.
"The Caneing in Conduit Street," Trafalgar Chronicle: Journal of the 1805 Club 25 (2015), 201–12.
That Hamilton Woman: Emma and Nelson. Seaforth Publishing, 2016 ISBN 978-1-4738-7563-0, in conjunction with the exhibition Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity, 3 Nov 2016 – 17 Apr 2017, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich; and Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016. ISBN 1591146135.
Barry Gough and Charles Borras. The War Against the Pirates: British and American Suppression of Caribbean Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. ISBN 978-0-230-35481-4; EPUB ISBN 978-1-137-31414-7
The Historical Dictionary of Canada. Scarecrow Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8108-3541-2. 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, October 2010. 3rd ed., Stephen Azzi and Barry M. Gough, eds. Rowman & Littlefield, April 2021. ISBN 978-1-5381-2033-0, ISBN 978-1-5381-2034-7 eBook.
Possessing Meares Island: A Historian's Journey into the Past of Clayoquot Sound. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2021. Hardcover ISBN 978-1-550-17957-6 ; EPUB ISBN 978-1-550-17958-3
The Curious Passage of Richard Blanshard, First Governor of Vancouver Island. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2023. Hardcover ISBN 978-1-990776-38-0; EPUB ISBN 978-1-990776-397
See also
Churchill College, Cambridge
References
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^ Gough was one of the Lansdowne-era students at Victoria College (VC '57) and is listed among its notable alumni; retrieved 2020-01-16 at https://www.uvic.ca/humanities/history/alumni/student-success/index.php/. Edward B. Harvey, ed., The Lansdowne Era: Victoria College 1946–1963, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008. Retrieved 2020-01-16 at https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7znzc/.
^ W. Kaye Lamb on The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1810–1914 by Barry M. Gough, BC Studies, No. 12 (Winter 1971/72), pp. 75–78. Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2011-02-25.
^ International Who’s Who 2004, entry at "Gough, Barry Morton"; Europa Publications/Routledge, p. 634; retrieved 2011-02-02.
^ Spring 2021 Honorary Degree Recipients, University of Victoria, retrieved 7 June 2021 at https://www.uvic.ca/ceremonies/convocation/traditions/honoraries/2021-hdrs/2021-honorary-degree-recipients.php/
^ Rose Simone, "Naval historian named research prof of the year," The Record (Kitchener, Ont.), 28 Oct 1994, p. B-4.
^ "The Canadian Studies curriculum was brought within the North American Studies program in academic year 2008/2009. Laurier Faculty of Arts home page, retrieved 2011-05-10". Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
^ "Biography note, B.C. Studies Conference, New Westminster, B.C., 2–4 May 2013; retrieved 2013-05-01". Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ Barry Gough, In Search of the Visible Past: History Lectures at Wilfrid Laurier University 1973–1974. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1975. ISBN 9781554584772. Retrieved 2018-05-12 at https://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/Books/I/In-Search-of-the-Visible-Past/.
^ Discussed in Gough, "Possessing Meares Island," Journal of Canadian Studies, 1 July 1998 (Trent University, Peterborough, Ont.); retrieved 2011-02-21 Archived 2 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine; as specified in keynote intro, B.C. Studies Conference, New Westminster, B.C., 2–4 May 2013; retrieved 2013-05-01 Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine here].
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^ ; retrieved 2011-02-23 Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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^ CFB Esquimalt: Marpac Imaging, 2018.
^ a b Harbour Publishing: Barry Gough. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ "Barry Gough wins the Mountbatten Maritime Award for Pax Britannica #MMA2015," Maritime Foundation @BMCF_UK 12 Nov 2015; Richard Watts, "Our History: When Britannia ruled the waves," Times Colonist, 9 Jan 2016, retrieved 2016-01-11 here.
^ "Washington State Historical Society > History Awards". www.washingtonhistory.org.
^ Naval Association of Canada, retrieved 16 June 2022 at https://www.navalassoc.ca/the-admirals-medal/2019-admirals-medal-recipient-dr-barry-gough/; "Former Victoria teacher, longtime maritime historian earns 35th Admiral’s Medal", Victoria News 31 May 2022, retrieved 1 June 2022 at https://www.vicnews.com/community/former-victoria-teacher-longtime-maritime-historian-earns-35th-admirals-medal/.
^ Lauren Beck, citation, 60th AGM of the Society for the History of Discoveries, Gainesville, FL., 15 November 2019; retrieved 2019-12-25 at https://discoveryhistory.org/project/barry-gough/ Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Psi Upsilon Distinguished Service Alumnus Award, discussed online Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2011-01-30
^ the Hoffmann-Little Award for Outstanding Teaching; retrieved 2011-01-30.
^ Distinguished Alumni Awards 2019: criteria, retrieved 2020-01-23 at https://www.uvic.ca/alumni/impact/home/awards/distinguished/index.php/;citation, retrieved 020-01-23 at https://www.uvic.ca/alumni/assets/docs/alumni-week/daa-program-booklet-final.pdf/ Archived 24 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. BC Historical Federation notice, retrieved 2019-01-16 at https://www.bchistory.ca/barry-gough-selected-as-a-distinguished-alumni-of-uvic/.
^ General, The Office of the Secretary to the Governor (11 June 2018). "The Governor General of Canada".
^ Katherine Dedyna, "Maritime historian honoured for his work," Times Colonist, 27 Nov 2014, A-6; retrieved 2014-11-27 at http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/victoria-maritime-historian-honoured-for-his-work-1.1623620#sthash.8BvOXHe6.dpuf/.
^ "SS Beaver medals awarded to Vancouver-based recipients," BC Shipping News, 29 Oct 2014, retrieved 2014-11-26 at . Co-honourees Leonard McCann and Captain Tom McCullogh received their medals at the Vancouver Maritime Museum; award recognition was also given in Victoria to the Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Sciences (ROPOS).
^ The North American Society for Oceanic History (NASOH) gives the John Lyman Book Awards annually for books published in six categories of the maritime history field. Gough's Fortune's a River: The Collision of Empires in Northwest America (Harbour Publishing) was 2007 winner in category "Canadian Naval and Maritime History"; Through Water, Ice and Fire: Schooner Nancy of the War of 1812 (Dundurn Press) received a 2006 Honourable Mention in category "Canadian Naval and Maritime History"; and Fur Traders from New England: The Boston Men in the North Pacific, 1787–1800 (Arthur H. Clark Co.) was 1997 winner in category "Primary Source Materials, Reference Works, and Guide Books"; discussion of awards retrieved 2011-02-19 here.
^ "Writers Trust of Canada list online".
^ CNRS awards listings, retrieved 28 August 2022 at https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/books_and_awards/matthews_e.html#winners.
^ Barry Gough, "From British Columbia to Pax Britannica and Return," British Columbia History 46:2 (Summer 2015), p.15. Retrieved 2019-11-28 at https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bch/items/1.0380632#p2z-6r0f:gough/.
^ Barry Gough, "Charles Duncan, Cape Flattery, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca: A Voyage to the Waterway of Forgotten Dreams, Terrae Incognitae: The Journal of the Society for the History of Discoveries 49:1 (April 2017), 37–49. Retrieved 2017-05-25 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00822884.2017.1295597?journalCode=ytin20/.
^ Rose Simone, "Naval historian named research prof of the year," The Record (Kitchener, Ont.), 28 Oct 1994, B-4.
^ Jamie Morton, on First Across the Continent: retrieved 2011-02-27 here.
^ Barry Gough, "Exploration and Empire," Canada's History 102:2 (April–May 2022), 38-47.
^ Matthew S. Seligmann, "Pax Britannica: Ruling the Waves and Keeping the Peace Before Armageddon," Diplomacy & Statecraft, 26:3, 552–553; retrieved 2016-02-18 here; Howard J. Fuller, "Review: Pax Britannica," The International Journal of Maritime History 27(3) (August 2015), 598–599; retrieved 2016-02-18 here.
^ Wilfrid Laurier University, "Laurier Professor Emeritus Barry Gough receives acclaim for history book on the British Royal Navy," retrieved 2015-12-06 here Archived 8 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine and reposted here.
^ a b "Churchill and Fisher: Titans of the Admiralty – Australian Naval Institute". navalinstitute.com.au.
^ Jan Morris, "Clash and clatter," TLS, posted 2018-01-24; retrieved 2018-01-28 here.
^ James Wood, "Naval giants of the Great War" (#350),Ormsby Review, posted 23 Aug 2018, retrieved 2018-08-26 at
https://bcbooklook.com/2018/08/23/350-naval-giants-of-the-great-war-2/ Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Contributor metellus cimber II, “Churchill and Fisher: Titans at the Admiralty,”Firetrench, posted 2017-11-06; retrieved 2017-11-09.
^ Barry Gough and Charles Borras, The War Against The Pirates: British and American Suppression of Caribbean Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave, 2018. Britain and the World series. Retrieved 2018-08-09 at https://www.worldcat.org/title/war-against-the-pirates-british-and-american-suppression-of-caribbean-piracy-in-the-early-nineteenth-century/oclc/1038068034/.
^ In the series Historical Dictionaries of the Americas, retrieved 26 Mar 2021 at https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538120330/Historical-Dictionary-of-Canada-Third-Edition/.
^ BCHF newsletter, 5 June 2022, Possessing Meares Island wins Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Historical Writing,"retrieved 23 Aug 2022 at https://www.bchistory.ca/possessing-meares-island-wins-lieutenant-governors-medal-for-historical-writing/.
^ "Shortlists announced for 2022 BC and Yukon Book Prizes," retrieved 28 Aug 2022 at https://www.createastir.ca/articles/2022-bc-and-yukon-book-prizes-shortlists/.
^ "2022 Ryga Award shortlist", retrieved 8 April 2022 at bcbooklook.com/.
^ "Book Prize 2022: Five Outstanding books are shortlisted…", retrieved 26 Dec 2022 at https://dafoefoundation.ca/2022/05/25/book-prize-2022-five-outstanding-books-are-shortlisted-for-john-w-dafoe-book-prize/.
^ "Finalists announced for Victoria’s best books of the past year," retrieved 11 Jan 2023 at https://www.vicnews.com/entertainment/finalists-announced-for-victorias-best-books-of-the-past-year/.
^ CNRS citation text, in personal communication from Dr. Thomas Malcomson, chairperson, CNRS Awards Committee, to Barry M. Gough, August 2022.
^ John Lyman Book Award, retrieved 28 June 2022 at https://twitter.com/NASOH_History/status/1540494338563661829/.
^ Dave Obee,"In-depth examination of Meares Island history engaging, highly readable," Times Colonist, Victoria, B.C., Sun 10 April 2022, p. C7.
^ William S. Dudley, The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord 32, no. 2 (Summer 2022), pp. 247-48; retrieved 10 March 2023 at https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol32/tnm_32_br_223-285.pdf/.
^ Aimee Greenaway, interview June 2022, online 26 Aug 2022, "In Conversation with Barry Gough, Possessing Meares Island: A Historian's Journey Through the Past of Clayoquot Sound," retrieved 29 Aug 2022 at https://www.bchistory.ca/in-conversation-with-barry-gough-possessing-meares-island/; same interview posted online by BC Historical Federation, producer Elwin Xie, retrieved 28 Sept 2022; part of the interview was published as "Refracting History: Writing in the Dark," British Columbia History 55 no. 4 (Winter 2022), pp. 44-45.
^ Jason M. Colby, "History Matters: Meares Island,"The British Columbia Review #1513, 2 July 2022: retrieved 5 July 2022 at https://thebcreview.ca/2022/07/02/1513-colby-gough-meares/.
^ Dave Obee, "Richard Blanshard finally gets the recognition he deserves," Times Colonist, 11 Dec 2023, retrieved 28 Feb 2024 at
https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/book-review-richard-blanshard-finally-gets-the-recognition-he-deserves-7938954/
^ Ron Verzuh, "Vancouver Island’s mystery governor," 22 Jan 2024, The British Columbia Review, https://thebcreview.ca/2024/01/22/2046-verzuh-gough/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email/
^ "Winners of BC Historical Writing Award announced," 6 May 2024; retrieved at https://www.bchistory.ca/news/13352990/
^ Michael Ledger-Lomas, "The Colonist: Richard Blanshard's brief tenure as governor of Vancouver Island," Literary Review of Canada, May 2024.
^ Dave Flawse, "Barry Gough recounts early corporate grip on the island in latest book, The Curious Passage of Richard Blanshard," Vancouver Island History site, online 23 Jan 2024 at <[email protected]
^ Aimee Greenaway, editor, BC Historical Magazine, "Dr. Barry Gough in conversation with Aimee Greenaway"; interview May 2024 retrieved 10 June 2024 at https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc9e_RczltA/
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barry Morton Gough is a global maritime and naval historian.","title":"Barry M. Gough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_High_School_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"University of Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gough was educated at Victoria High School[1] and was a 1957 graduate of Victoria College, which preceded University of Victoria.[2] He completed his bachelor of education degree at University of British Columbia and master's studies at University of Montana, then earning his PhD at King's College London.[citation needed] His doctoral research on seapower and geopolitics across the Pacific Rim became the inaugural publication in 1971 of the University of British Columbia Press: The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1810–1914: A Study of British Maritime Ascendancy. Former Dominion Archivist W. Kaye Lamb remarked that \"author and publisher alike have set a high standard for the publications of the new Press.\"[3] An expanded edition was later published by Heritage House as Britannia's Navy on the West Coast of North America, 1812–1914.Years after the earned doctorate, Gough was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of London in 1991 for distinguished contributions to Imperial and Commonwealth history.[4] In June 2021, University of Victoria conferred on him another doctorate, an Honorary Doctor of Laws.[5]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nuu Chah Nulth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"American Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Neptune"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Initially returning to Victoria High School as teaching staff, Gough became Lecturer at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington, and co-director of the Centre for Pacific Northwest Studies. From 1972 to 2004 in the history faculty at Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, he was named associate professor, then Professor and University Research Professor.[6] He was founding coordinator of Canadian Studies at Laurier[7] and served as coordinator of Interdisciplinary Studies and Assistant Dean of Arts.[8] The material in a series of public lectures he organized was published with his introduction as In Search of the Visible Past.[9]Gough was asked to prepare a historical legal claims dossier for the Tribal Council of the Nuu Chah Nulth in the Meares Island case (Moses Martin et al. v H.M. the Queen) in 1985[10] and later, on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, to prepare materials on the Alaska inland waters case, Alaska v the United States of America (2005).[11]His Great Lakes shipwrecks research led to involvement with HMCS Haida and him becoming the ship's official historian. Gough was advisory editor to Macmillan Publishing for World Explorers and Discoverers (1992)[12] and was editor-in-chief of the magazine American Neptune based at the Peabody Essex Museum in Massachusetts (1997–2003).[13]At his retirement from WLU after thirty-three years, Gough was appointed Professor Emeritus.[14]","title":"Teaching and consulting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia Historical Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Historical_Federation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Gough is a former president of the British Columbia Historical Federation and after his term was named BCHF honorary president.[15][16]He worked with the Vancouver Maritime Museum as curator for the Vancouver 125 exhibition, \"Captain George Vancouver\" (2011), and was advisor to the Maritime Museum of BC, Victoria, on projects such as \"War of 1812 in the Pacific\" (2012). Continuing as historical consultant to CFB Naval and Military Museum, Esquimalt, B.C., he was in 2017 curator of the Canada 150 Public History Project, \"The Royal Canadian Navy and the Pacific Gateway to Wider Seas.\" A corresponding video production was released the following year as Our Seas Our Coasts Our Navy.[17]","title":"Affiliations and affinities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Maritime Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Mountbatten Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountbatten_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"North American Society for Oceanic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Society_for_Oceanic_History"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Barry Gough and his writings have received honours, awards and prizes in the United States, the U.K., Spain and Canada.[18]The British Maritime Foundation announced in November 2015 that Pax Britannica: Ruling the Waves and Keeping the Peace before Armageddon won the Mountbatten Literary Award 2015 for best literary contribution to the understanding of the importance of the seas.[19]The highest award bestowed by the Washington State Historical Society, the Robert Gray Medal for lifetime achievement, was given to Gough in September 2016.[18][20]The Naval Association of Canada presented Gough with the 2019 Admirals’ Medal, bestowed upon individual Canadians in recognition of his lifetime achievement as a global maritime and naval historian \"through some thirty major volumes and numerous articles, ... a body of work which has earned him international acclaim as a Canadian scholar of the highest order.\"[21]A life member of the Society for the History of Discoveries, Gough was in November 2019 named a Fellow of the Society \"for his many outstanding publications in Canadian and British imperial and naval history; for his fine record of teaching and mentoring students, particularly at Wilfrid Laurier University; and for his contributions to the scholarly community of imperial, international and maritime historians.\"[22]Gough has received the Psi Upsilon Distinguished Service Alumnus Award, the Wilfrid Laurier University Alumni Hoffmann-Little Award for Outstanding Teaching,[23][24] and the Distinguished Alumni award in 2019 from the University of Victoria.[25]For civic contributions in both Ontario and British Columbia, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal.[26]In November 2014, Gough received the Maritime Museum of B.C.'s 2014 SS Beaver Medal for Maritime Excellence.[27][28]Prizes have included the medals, awards and honourable mentions from a number of organizations: the North American Society for Oceanic History,[29] the Writers Trust of Canada Non-Fiction Prize.[30]The Keith Matthews Award recognizes outstanding publications in the field of nautical research. When Possessing Meares Island won it in 2022, it was the fourth time Gough's books had won the award.[31]","title":"Awards and medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Gough's dissertation, the basis of his first book, argued that British Columbia owed its existence to British sea power, that the Hudson's Bay Company was not the only agent in the commercial and political project of creating British Columbia's boundaries.[32] His investigations of early navigation in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Strait of Georgia resulted in publication of Charles Duncan's long-neglected plan and elevation of Cape Flattery and Fuca's Pillar, charted by Duncan in August 1788 and first published in 1790.[33] \"I've always felt the seas were blindsided in the writing of Canadian history, and I have made it my own particular calling to turn that around,\" Gough said in 1994.[34]His 1997 account of Sir Alexander Mackenzie's overland explorations to the Arctic and Pacific coasts, First Across the Continent, continues as a central contribution to the study of North American exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries.[35] It is an account of the explorer's journey to the Pacific following indigenous pathways, guided by their knowledge and by European navigational science.[36]In The Elusive Mr. Pond, Gough studied the soldier, fur trader and explorer Peter Pond, historically important in pushing northwest into the Mackenzie River basin and establishing the North West Company.Pax Britannica in 2014 explored the intersection of British naval reach and the guarding of imperial commerce during the post-Napoleonic century.[37][38]Churchill and Fisher: Titans at the Admiralty (2017) received acclaim as an inquiry into the role of personality in the making of history: the administration of the Royal Navy in the Great War by First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John (\"Jacky\") Fisher and his young political master, First Lord Winston Churchill.[39] In The Times Literary Supplement, Jan Morris wrote: \"This enthralling book by an eminent Canadian naval historian is a work of profound scholarship and interpretation…. Barry Gough has himself heightened the book's sense of personal drama by surrounding his central characters with powerful expositions of the state of the world around them.\"[40] James Wood in The Ormsby Review leads attends to Gough's accounts of the struggles within the Admiralty and British Cabinet in formulating strategy and policy for war and the \"bitter complications\" of Churchill's and Fisher's fall from power.[41] The Australian Naval Institute forum noted an approach in which the author \"distilled and weighed the rancour, political intrigue, strategic and operational challenges and the (mostly) dismal record of the war at sea up to Jutland. The well-known politicians and admirals return to life with all their proclivities – admirable and less so.\"[39] One military-website commentator, observing that Gough writes \"history as literature,\" says this \"places Dr. Gough in a distinguished company of historians who are also great and readable writers. Sir Steven Runciman, Barbara Tuchman and Sir Winston Churchill come to mind.\" He adds this is \"likely to remain the definitive work on this subject for years to come.\"[42]The following year, research in Spanish and English archival sources became the 2018 book by Gough and Charles Borras, The War Against the Pirates: British and American Suppression of Caribbean Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century, which examines the roots of piracy in those seas and how its suppression laid the foundation for the decline of the Spanish empire in the Americas.[43]The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of Canada, edited by Stephen Azzi and Barry M. Gough, was published in April 2021.[44] This carries forward Gough's work on the 1999 original edition and 2010 second edition.Possessing Meares Island won the 2021 Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Historical Writing, announced at the 2022 conference of the British Columbia Historical Federation.[45] It was a finalist for the BC and Yukon Book Prizes' Roderick Haig-Brown Regional Prize,[46] the 2022 BC Book Awards' George Ryga Award for Social Awareness in Literature,[47] the J.W. Dafoe Foundation's John W. Dafoe Book Prize[48] and the 2022 City of Victoria Butler Book Prize.[49] Gough's account of the evolving Meares Island situation and his research participation in it won the Keith Matthews Award for Best Book at the 2022 AGM of the Canadian Nautical Research Society. The judges noted that the book links \"early maritime history, Indigenous land rights, and modern environmental advocacy in the Clayoquot Sound region\" and \"connects 18th century Indigenous-colonial trade relations to more recent historical upheavals and bridges the gap between centuries….\"[50] The North American Society for Oceanic History (NASOH) in June 2022 awarded the book the John Lyman Award in Canadian Naval and Maritime History.[51] Dave Obee, editor-in-chief and publisher of the Times Colonist, described the Meares Island book as \"a superb examination of a rather small location that is highly significant to British Columbia as a whole.\" Obee commented that the book brought together Indigenous history, maritime history, land rights and environmental issues, and that it would be hard to consider any one element without the others.[52] Maryland's William S. Dudley wrote that the author shows how the understanding of the word \"possessing\" changed \"depending on which culture and at what period of time. It is also a concept that can exist simultaneously in the minds of concerned people, whether they are Indigenous, white traders, modern logging corporations, environmentalists, historians, or tourists.\"[53] Aimee Greenaway of British Columbia History interviewed Gough about the initial legal researches and how the \"complicated story\" evolved, one of \"multi-layered, multi-disciplinary situations\" with roots back hundreds of years that affect present-day developments.[54] Jason Colby commented that in tracking the consistent Indigenous presence on and control of Meares Island, Gough did \"an exemplary job of showing how the case both reflected and contributed to changing the balance between federal and provincial views of native rights in Canada.\"[55]The Curious Passage of Richard Blanshard, First Governor of Vancouver Island sets out the circumstances converging on the southern tip of Vancouver Island as the first governor of the colony arrived in March 1830. Gough gathers what's known of Blanshard's life and, around that, details the complicated events of the post-boundary settlement era in the colony. \"Unpaid, suffering from malaria and stymied by James Douglas of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the first colonial governor of Vancouver Island still managed to establish the government on Vancouver Island.\"[56] \nAlong with official duties that included handling labour strife up-Island, this \"gentleman capitalist\" was partly responsible for the skilled labour required to build forts, harbours, and housing in the fledgling colony. Blanshard returned to England, married, and regained his health. Eventually reporting in London to an 1857 Select Standing Committee, Blanshard answered their 260 questions about Vancouver Island having been made an unwelcome place for settlers and \"took his revenge on Douglas and the company, testifying to the corruption under their rule.\"[57] The book won honourable mention for the BC Historical Federation Historical Writing Awards in May 2024.[58] It has been closely evaluated by Michael Ledger-Lomas in the Literary Review of Canada[59] and Dave Flawse and Aimee Greenaway have each posted long interviews with the author about Blanshard's story.[60][61]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7748-0000-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0000-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-112789-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-112789-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-660-12911-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-12911-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7748-0399-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0399-1"},{"link_name":"Gunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and Northwest Coast 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Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America, 1810–1914: A Study of British Maritime Ascendancy. UBC Press, 1971. ISBN 0-7748-0000-3. Rev. edition, 2016.\nCanada. Modern Nations in Historical Perspective Series. Prentice Hall, 1975. ISBN 0-13-112789-6.\nNew Dimensions in Ethnohistory: Papers of the Second Laurier Conference on Ethnohistory and Ethnology. Huron College, University of Western Ontario, 1983. Co-edited with Laird Christie. Canadian Ethnology Service, Mercury Series Paper 120. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991. ISBN 0-660-12911-6.\nThe Northwest Coast: British Navigation, Trade and Discoveries to 1812. UBC Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7748-0399-1. UBC Press 1980 first edition published as Distant Dominion.\nGunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and Northwest Coast Indians. UBC Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-7748-0175-1.\nBritish Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris, 1763: Trade, War and Empire. Studies in British History. Edwin Mellen Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0773495487\nThe Falkland Islands/Malvinas: The Contest for Empire in the South Atlantic. London: Continuum, 1992/Athlone Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-485-11419-5.\nFirst Across the Continent: Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8061-3002-6.; Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7710-3406-0.\n\"Possessing Meares Island,\" The Journal of Canadian Studies 33, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 177–85.\nFighting Sail on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay: The War of 1812 and its Aftermath. Naval Institute Press/Vanwell Publishing. 2002. ISBN 978-1-55750-314-5.\nGeography and Exploration: Biographical Portraits. Vol. 4, Scribner Science Reference Series. Princeton, N.J.: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-684-80662-2.\nThrough Water, Ice and Fire: Schooner Nancy of the War of 1812. Dundurn Press Ltd. 2006. ISBN 978-1-55002-569-9. Barry M. Gough.\nBritain, Canada and the North Pacific: Maritime Enterprise and Dominion, 1778-1914. Ashgate Variorum, 2004. ISBN 0-86078-939-X.\nFortune's a River: The Collision of Empires in Northwest America. Harbour Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-55017-428-2.\nHMCS Haida: Anatomy of a Destroyer. Vanwell Publishing/Looking Back Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1550689587\nHistorical Dreadnoughts: Arthur Marder, Stephen Roskill and Battles for Naval History. Seaforth/Pen & Sword, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84832-077-2.\nJuan de Fuca's Strait: Voyages in the Waterway of Forgotten Dreams. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-55017-573-8.\nFrom Classroom to Battlefield: Victoria High School and the First World War. Heritage House Publishing, 2014. ISBN 978-1-77203-006-8.\nThe Elusive Mr. Pond: The Soldier, Fur Trader and Explorer Who Opened the Northwest. Douglas & McIntyre, 2014. ISBN 978-1-77162-039-0.\nPax Britannica: Ruling the Waves and Keeping the Peace before Armageddon. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 978-0-23035-430-2.\nBritannia's Navy on the West Coast of North America, 1812–1914. Heritage House Publishing, 2016. ISBN 978-1-77203-109-6.\n\"The Caneing in Conduit Street,\" Trafalgar Chronicle: Journal of the 1805 Club 25 (2015), 201–12.\nThat Hamilton Woman: Emma and Nelson. Seaforth Publishing, 2016 ISBN 978-1-4738-7563-0, in conjunction with the exhibition Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity, 3 Nov 2016 – 17 Apr 2017, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich; and Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016. ISBN 1591146135.\nBarry Gough and Charles Borras. The War Against the Pirates: British and American Suppression of Caribbean Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. ISBN 978-0-230-35481-4; EPUB ISBN 978-1-137-31414-7\nThe Historical Dictionary of Canada. Scarecrow Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8108-3541-2. 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, October 2010. 3rd ed., Stephen Azzi and Barry M. Gough, eds. Rowman & Littlefield, April 2021. ISBN 978-1-5381-2033-0, ISBN 978-1-5381-2034-7 eBook.\nPossessing Meares Island: A Historian's Journey into the Past of Clayoquot Sound. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2021. Hardcover ISBN 978-1-550-17957-6 ; EPUB ISBN 978-1-550-17958-3\nThe Curious Passage of Richard Blanshard, First Governor of Vancouver Island. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2023. Hardcover ISBN 978-1-990776-38-0; EPUB ISBN 978-1-990776-397","title":"Selected bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Churchill College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge"}] | [{"reference":"Gunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and Northwest Coast Indians. UBC Press. 1984. 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Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160614172433/http://www.goldstreamgazette.com/community/381744611.html","url_text":"\"Don Descoteau, \"Victoria-area author jazzed about B.C. history's future,\" Goldstream News Gazette, updated 4 June 2016, retrieved 2016-06-06 and 2019-11-10\""},{"url":"http://www.goldstreamgazette.com/community/381744611.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harbour Publishing: Barry Gough. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval_Gardens | Neighbourhood shopping centres in Montreal | ["1 Baie d'Urfé","1.1 Plaza Baie d'Urfé","2 Beaconsfield","2.1 Beaconsfield","3 Côte Saint-Luc","3.1 Cavendish Mall","3.2 Côte Saint-Luc","3.3 Décarie Square","4 Dollard-des-Ormeaux","4.1 Galeries des Sources","5 Dorval","5.1 Dorval Gardens","6 Montreal","6.1 Boulevard Shopping Centre","6.2 Carrefour de La Pointe","6.3 Carrefour Langelier","6.4 Centre Le Cavalier (defunct)","6.5 Domaine","6.6 Forest","6.7 Galeries Lachine","6.8 Galeries Normandie","6.9 Galeries Saint-Laurent","6.10 Méga Centre Côte-Vertu","6.11 Norgate","6.12 Place Bourassa","6.13 Place LaSalle","6.14 Place Newman","6.15 Place Viau","6.16 Plaza Côte-des-Neiges","6.17 Van Horne","6.18 Village Champlain","6.19 Village Montpellier","6.20 Wilderton","7 Pointe-Claire","7.1 Centre Terrarium","7.2 Complexe Pointe-Claire","7.3 Plaza Pointe-Claire","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | This is a list of small shopping centres (mostly neighbourhood shopping centres) in the island of Montreal.
A neighbourhood shopping centre is an industry term in North America for a shopping centre with 30,000 to 125,000 square feet (2,800 to 11,600 m2) of gross leasable area, typically anchored by a supermarket and/or large drugstore.
Large neighbourhood shopping centres (a.k.a. community centres) are slightly larger centres 125,000 to 400,000 square feet (11,600 to 37,200 m2) with general merchandise or convenience-oriented offerings, typically with a "wider range of apparel and other soft goods, usually configured in a straight line as a strip, or laid out in an L or U shape".
Baie d'Urfé
Plaza Baie d'Urfé
Plaza Baie d'Urfé is a small strip mall located in Baie d'Urfé, Quebec, Canada, on 90 Morgan Street across from Quebec Autoroute 20. The shopping centre is currently owned by First Capital Realty and is anchored by Provigo. It opened in 1967 but was destroyed by a fire 1980. It was rebuilt and reopened in 1981.
Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield
Centre commercial Beaconsfield is a small indoor shopping mall (one of the smallest in the West Island) located in Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada, on 50 St. Charles Blvd. across from Quebec Autoroute 20. The anchor of this mall is a Metro Plus.
Beaconsfield opened in 1961 as an outdoor shopping centre. In 1973, it was turned an enclosed shopping mall and its number of stores jumped from 23 to 35.
In 1992 its primary tenants were Steinberg and a Canadian Tire and the former became Metro on June 8, 1992. In 1995, Canadian Tire relocated to a new standalone store in Kirkland, Quebec, while Dollarama, Wimgym & Royal Bank took over the lease.
Formerly an Ivanhoe shopping centre, Beaconsfield was sold in 2002 to First Capital Realty by Ivanhoé Cambridge.
Royal Bank moved to a new standalone location near the mall in 2008 and the mall's northern half was demolished (except for the former Metro store) and was replaced entirely with glass. Metro Plus replaced the former Canadian Tire store in December 2008.
Côte Saint-Luc
Cavendish Mall
Cavendish MallLocation5800 Cavendish Boulevard Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, CanadaCoordinates45°28′33″N 73°39′55″W / 45.47583°N 73.66528°W / 45.47583; -73.66528Opening dateAugust 1973ManagementMandevco Properties Inc.No. of stores and services48No. of anchor tenants2 (IGA, CinéStarz)Total retail floor area250,000 square feet (23,000 m2)No. of floors1 (excluding highrise building)ParkingOutdoorPublic transit access STM Bus: 104, 138 , 161, 162, 370Websitequartiercavendish.com
Cavendish Mall (also known as Quartier Cavendish) is an indoor shopping centre in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, Canada. It includes a food court, a multiplex movie theatre and a medical clinic: the CLSC René Cassin. A small highrise office-building is adjoined to the mall's southern half. Redeveloped in 2011, the mall was reduced to almost half its original size.
David Cronenberg's 1977 film Rabid features scenes shot in the mall.
The mall has experienced declining patronage over the past decade due to an aging population. Another serious blow was the closing of its two main anchors: Eaton's and Canadian Tire. Other notable closures included Caplan Duval, The Source, Gap, Consumers Distributing, Music World, Steinberg's, Miracle Mart, Staples, Cineplex theater and restaurants: Pumpernicks, Cattleman's and Katerina's. With the southern half of the mall vacant it had been considered a dead mall throughout the 2000s. In 2010, a large portion of the mall was demolished to make way for a new residential development.
Timeline
1973: Mall opens. Anchors are Eaton's, Warshaw's, Steinberg's & Miracle Mart
1978: Warshaws closes; becomes a Canadian Tire
: Miracle Mart closes; space divided to become Lupton Duval (later Caplan Duval) & Cineplex Odeon
1991: Opening of J&R Kosher Meat and Delicatessen.
1992: Steinberg's ceases operations; this store is taken over by IGA
1995: Firestone taken over by Pneus Expert.
1996: Consumers Distributing closes.
1997: Scotiabank acquires National Trust
1998: Eaton's closes; part of space becomes Superclub videotron.
2005: Canadian Tire closes & RadioShack becomes The Source By Circuit City
2006: The Gap closes.
2007: Music World, Browns Shoes & The Source close. Dollarama opens in (part of) Canadian Tire space.
2009: Caplan Duval and Superclub Videotron close.
2010: 40% of the mall demolished to make way for residential housing development.
2011: Cavendish Mall rebranded as Quartier Cavendish.
2015: Staples closes; Econofitness gym opens in its space.
2018: McDonald's closes.
2020: Cineplex Odeon multiplex theater closes; taken over by CinéStarz Deluxe.
Consolidation and revitalization
In August 2007 the owners announced a partial demolition to reduce the mall and consolidate its tenants. In August 2010 the remaining tenants were relocated to the north end of the mall. Demolition of the south end began October 2010.
In December 2010 demolition of 40% of mall was completed, effectively removing its southern end. The mall was reduced to 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) of space (for let) with room for 55 stores and space for a small indoor children's play area. Previously the mall was approximately 400,000 square feet (37,161.2 m2). Extensive reconstruction was done in the old Caplan Duval site, where the CLSC Rene Cassin is now located. The former section of the demolished mall underwent construction of roads and sidewalks along with newly built townhouses and semi-detached homes. This included the sale of 39 lots for single-family homes.
Côte Saint-Luc
Côte Saint-Luc Shopping Centre is a small indoor shopping mall in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1956 by Ivanhoe, it is now operated by First Capital Realty. It was transformed into an enclosed mall in 1970.
The first anchors of the mall were a Steinberg & Zellers. Prohome eventually took place of the Zellers store in 1987. Steinberg went bankrupt in 1992, and the store was sold as an IGA store. Prohome closed in 1997, and Rona Le Quincallier took its place. That store closed in 2005. Jean Coutu, which relocated within the mall, took part of the space, and a Caplan Duval opened in part of the former Rona space in 2010. Also, in the late 2000s, IGA's store was remodelled by counting its exterior.
Since its inception, the mall has always had only two major anchors; the current ones are IGA & Jean Coutu (occupying the former Zellers/Prohome/Rona space).
A Blockbuster store opened in the late 1990s, and closed in 2011.
Décarie Square
Décarie SquareThe main entrance of Décarie SquareLocationCôte Saint-Luc, Quebec, CanadaCoordinates45°29′28″N 73°39′1″W / 45.49111°N 73.65028°W / 45.49111; -73.65028Address6900 Décarie BlvdOpening dateMarch 1977OwnerCanpro Investments Ltd.No. of anchor tenants1 (Winners/HomeSense)Total retail floor area486,000 sq ft (45,200 m2)No. of floors3 (includes office level)ParkingIndoor & outdoorPublic transit access at Namur Namur Terminus STM Bus: 17, 160 and 166Websitewww.decariesquare.com
Décarie Square is a three-story indoor shopping mall, with two floors of retail shopping and one floor of office space, located on the outskirt of Côte Saint-Luc, a city in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The mall was constructed in 1977 at a cost of over $20 million, under the ownership of Oshawa Group. Going back as far back as the mid-1980s, it has been described as a white elephant due its extremely high vacancy rate and low shopper traffic. Even today, much space in the mall remains empty with for renting signs plastered on vacant shop windows.
The mall includes the chain store Winners-HomeSense and various independent discount and service shops. A fitness gym and a video lottery gambling bar are also situated within the mall. Government service offices of the SAAQ automobile licence bureau, Saint-Laurent Local Employment Center and Service Canada employment insurance center are also found within the mall, as well as the Décarie Medical Centre. The third floor is exclusively for rental office space.
Galeries des SourcesLocationDollard-des-Ormeaux, QuebecCoordinates45°29′02″N 73°43′08″W / 45.4838°N 73.7190°W / 45.4838; -73.7190Opening dateOctober 4, 1966DeveloperIvanhoe CorporationOwnerCogirNo. of anchor tenants5 (Cinémas Guzzo, Bureau En Gros, Super C, Winners, Canadian Tire)No. of floors1ParkingOutdoorPublic transit access STM Bus: 208, 209, 215, 356, 376, 409
By 2011, in an effort to re-purpose much of the vacant shopping space into a more profitable venture, the mall owner, Canpro Investments Ltd., moved ahead with a project to convert more than a fifth of the 486,000 square foot mall's retail space into a medical centre (spanning 3 floors) with room for doctors' offices. The construction and renovation cost was estimated at the time between $10-million to $15-million and was started before any interested parties came forward or signed any leases; in essence a built-it-and-they-will-come strategy. The late David Azrieli, former head of Canpro, was quoted as saying "I'm willing to sign off that by August 2012 it will be ready and occupied." After a slow start, by 2017, the medical center had over 20 tenants with 30,000 square feet still available to lease. The space currently includes a walk in clinic, various specialists and doctor's offices.
Dollard-des-Ormeaux
Galeries des Sources
Galeries des Sources (originally West Island Mall until 1988) is an indoor shopping mall owned by Cogir located in the bordering cities of Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Quebec & Dorval, Quebec, Canada on Des Sources Blvd. & Quebec Autoroute 40. Popular stores include Marché Adonis, Cinemas Guzzo, Canadian Tire and Bureau en Gros.
Restaurants inaccessible from the inside of the mall but with their own exterior entrance include Bellepro's, Jack Astor's, and Marathon Souvlaki, the latter occupying some of the old M Store space. Other types of businesses with no indoor mall entrance include the clinics, the Guzzo movie theatre, the Canadian Tire hardware store, and Optimum personnel.
The mall opened on October 4, 1966, and was anchored by Steinberg's and Miracle Mart. It was built by Ivanhoe Corporation which also was the original manager of the mall until January 2002.
The mall was expanded in 1986, and Steinberg moved out to the expanded space, becoming a Marché Du Jour (later Steinberg Plus in 1988 & Xtra in 1991). In addition, Miracle Mart was renamed M Store, and reducing the space of the store as well, giving part of the former Miracle Mart space to Bouclair. The Steinberg space (not counting Marché Du Jour/Steinberg Plus/Xtra) was left vacant until Canadian Tire occupied it in 1991. A mechanic centre was built as a result of expansion of the former Steinberg store that time. After Canadian Tire moved in, it kept the old Steinberg outdoor entrance, which has since been demolished.
In 1992, the Xtra store & M Store closed after Steinberg went bankrupt; Super C & Club Biz replaced the former Xtra store. Winners occupied the former M space in 1994, alongside a Club Ultima.
In 1993, the west mall entrance was discontinued in favor of a Coconuts play park (which closed in early 1999; now a dental office & pediatric medical centre).
Club Ultima closed in 1996, with a 10-screen Cinemas Guzzo occupying the old space in 1998. There is no mall entrance to Cinemas Guzzo. There was no outdoor entrance to Club Ultima, thus the indoor Club Ultima entrance became a Rubino shoe store. The Rubino shoe store moved to the old Stokes warehouse store in the early 2000s, with EconoSport occupying the old Rubino space, and it is currently used by Benix & Co.
Club Biz went bankrupt, and its previously occupied site became Bureau en Gros which officially launched on June 1, 1996 (though the store had already opened its doors before that date).
Also, Consumers Distributing left the mall in 1996, with its current tenants Corbeil Appliances occupying the first half of it in 1998. The second half was occupied by a Stokes warehouse store.
In the late 2000s, Bouclair reduced its space, and an Elixir restaurant took the other half of the former Bouclair space. Following the expansion of Canadian Tire in 2009, the mall entrance for Canadian Tire was closed, and L'Aubainerie Entrepôt took the old mall entrance.
Dorval
Dorval Gardens
Dorval GardensCoordinates45°26′40″N 73°44′35″W / 45.44449°N 73.74304°W / 45.44449; -73.74304Address352 Dorval Ave Dorval, Quebec, CanadaH9S 3H8Opening dateApril 7, 1954DeveloperIvanhoe CorporationManagementCentreCorp Management Services Ltd.No. of stores and services≈ 60No. of anchor tenants3Total retail floor area360,000 sq ft (33,000 m2). (GLA)No. of floors1ParkingOutdoorPublic transit access Dorval Bus Terminal STM BusesWebsitelesjardinsdorval.ca
Dorval Gardens (French: Les Jardins Dorval) is a shopping mall in the suburb of Dorval, in Montreal, Quebec, located on Dorval Avenue near Autoroute 20. It is the oldest shopping centre in the West Island and the fourth in Montreal after Norgate, Village Champlain and Le Boulevard. It was built in 1954 by Sam Steinberg and his Ivanhoe Corporation. The shopping centre was owned for more than 45 years by Ivanhoe but was sold in 2001. It is currently managed by CentreCorp Management Services Ltd. Anchor stores are Walmart, Hudson's Bay (closing in late 2021) and Maxi.
Dorval Gardens in 1954Dorval Gardens was originally built as a large L-shaped strip mall which opened in 1954 with 35 stores. Anchor stores in 1954 were Morgan's department store and Steinberg's supermarket. Steinberg's and most of the original 35 tenants opened on April 7, 1954. A minority of tenants opened at slightly later dates including Morgan's which inaugurated on April 29, 1954. At 57, 000 square feet of floor space, it was the largest of the three suburban Morgan's locations until it was surpassed by a new store at Lawrence Plaza in North York.
Morgan's added a second floor to its store on August 28, 1961. The Morgan's store was destroyed by a major fire on April 21, 1969, which caused over $1.0 million in damage (equivalent to $8 million in 2023) and required the help of firefighters from other neighbouring West Island municipalities to contain the blaze. Following the destruction of its store, Morgan's relocated to a temporary location on the site of a former bowling alley in the same building as the Dorval Theatre. The store was rebuilt afterwards and reopened on March 4, 1970. It was rebranded as The Bay in 1972.
Dorval Gardens was converted into an enclosed shopping centre in 1968. In the 1970s, Dorval Gardens was surrounded with glass (save for Steinberg's and The Bay). In 1985, the mall was expanded into its current layout, doubling its number of stores: the original parts of the mall correspond to what is to the south or west of the enclosed walkway, including the spaces currently occupied by Maxi and Hudson's Bay; areas to the east or north of the walkway were added. These additions included a Pascal hardware store, which relocated from a nearby strip mall.
The Pascal store was closed and emptied in 1991, before reopening as Zellers in October 1992. Zellers closed its doors on January 22, 2012. Walmart assumed the lease and remodelled the store before opening it to the public in September 2012. This location was not one of the 39 Zellers stores that Walmart Canada acquired from Target Canada at a similar time.
In mid-1992, the Steinberg's supermarket became a Provigo despite the presence at the time of another grocery store with the same banner in the adjacent strip mall (located on 960 Herron Road). By late 1992, the Provigo at Dorval Gardens had been rebranded to its sister chain Maxi which remains to this day.
A Dollarama operated for a number of years before closing in late 2009. After a one-year absence, Dollarama returned to the mall in the space of Pharmaprix which itself has relocated to Dollarama's former space.
Sports Experts returned to the mall, opening November 1, 2012 and occupying the same space it did in the 2000s (formerly Cohoes in the 1990s and early 2000s).
Hudson's Bay announced it will be permanently closing its store location at Dorval Gardens by September 2021, after 67 years of operation.
Montreal
Boulevard Shopping Centre
Le Boulevard
Le Boulevard Shopping Centre is a small indoor shopping centre at the corner of Jean-Talon East and Pie-IX Boulevard in Montreal. The mall was officially inaugurated on September 29, 1953, with 32 stores. It was the third shopping centre built in the Montreal area, preceded by Norgate and Village Champlain.
Le Boulevard is built in the shape of a L and is composed of 70 stores. The former The Bay store (originally Morgan's) and Metro Plus (originally Steinberg's) each border a side of the mall, with Canadian Tire (formerly Pascal's) being in the middle. Geographically, Le Boulevard is situated partly in the Saint-Michel neighbourhood and partly in the former city of Saint-Léonard. The mall is just a block north of the Rosemont neighbourhood.
Le Boulevard was previously managed by Crofton Moore.
The Bay closed its Le Boulevard location on September 14, 2018, a few days shy of the store's 65th anniversary. Its first floor was occupied by a Surplus RD furniture store, but closed in 2022. Surplus RD has since been replaced by an Urban Planet store.
Montreal Metro transit Blue line extension
Le Boulevard was slated to close on December 1, 2021, after 68 years and be demolished to accommodate the addition of new stations of the Montreal Metro Blue Line. However it was later announced that the shopping mall will remain open and that only its parking lot will be used for the extension of the Blue Line. Since the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) had already been forced by a provincial court to purchase the entire mall from owner Crofton Moore as part of its expropriation of the land, Le Boulevard will get a new landlord. The STM gave the right to operate the shopping centre to its subsidiary Transgesco which in turn hired the service of Colliers International to support it and to manage the operations of Le Boulevard.
In March 2023, the STM announced that part of the shopping mall will need to be demolished by early 2024 for the construction of its new Metro transit station (not to be confused with the Metro grocery store). The upcoming demolition affects Urban Planet (former RD Surplus) as well as the empty space left by the vacated SAQ store. Jean Coutu's current location will also be torn down but the pharmacy will relocate elsewhere in the mall and will live on in the trimmed shopping centre, as will the anchors in the eastern part such as the Metro grocery store and Canadian Tire. The five tenant spaces south of the current Jean Coutu pharmacy, including The Source, will also be razed. Overall, Le Boulevard will lose its western portion which is basically the part that is in the Saint-Michel neighbourhood, representing about a third of the shopping mall.
Comparison of anchor spaces:
1953
2018
Steinberg's
Metro Plus
Morgan's
The Bay (closed in September 2018)
Pascal
Canadian Tire
Woolworth
Various stores
Zellers
A small Zellers store was in the Boulevard shopping centre from about 1955 until 1976. It directly touched the north side of the Morgan/Bay store. After Zellers closed, The Bay expanded into the former space of Zellers and merged it into its own store.
Today, the old Zellers space can be recognized as the section of the vacant Bay store that had one floor (in contrast to the original section of The Bay which had 2 floors). The basement of The Bay, which was closed to the public in 2011, was also part of this defunct Zellers store.
Carrefour de La Pointe
Carrefour De La PointeLocationMontréal, QuébecCoordinates45°39′18″N 73°30′46″W / 45.6549532233°N 73.5126551395°W / 45.6549532233; -73.5126551395Address12675, rue Sherbrooke EstOpening dateAugust 26, 1976OwnerCreccal Placements LtéeNo. of anchor tenants2No. of floors1 (there is a minor section with two floors)ParkingOutdoorWebsitecarrefourdelapointe.com
Carrefour de La Pointe is small indoor mall and one of the few enclosed malls in Montreal's Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles borough. It first opened on August 26, 1976, with Zellers as anchor and retail chain stores like Reitmans and SAQ Sélection. In 1981, the mall was sold to First City & ABRIM, then ABRIM & SITQ in 1990, later Ivanhoé Cambridge and then to its current owners Creccal Placements Ltée in 2004. Zellers closed down and was replaced by the current Walmart in October 2012.
The mall also has minor tenants such as Reitmans, National Bank, Jean Coutu & Dollarama, as well as two in-mall restaurants: Prince d'Orient and Montaza. There are also free-standing SAQ Sélection & Tim Hortons buildings.
Carrefour Langelier
Carrefour LangelierLocationSaint-Léonard, Quebec, CanadaCoordinates45°29′24″N 73°37′40″W / 45.48998°N 73.62764°W / 45.48998; -73.62764Address7373 LangelierOpening dateApril 9, 1970No. of stores and services50+No. of anchor tenants2No. of floors1ParkingOutdoorWebsitecarrefourlangelier.com
Carrefour Langelier is a small indoor shopping mall located in the Saint-Léonard borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on the corner of Langelier Blvd. & Jean-Talon Blvd. The major anchors are Walmart & Ciné Starz, and minor anchors such as TD Canada Trust, Jean Coutu & Dollarama.
The mall opened in 1970 as Centre Langelier with 50 tenants anchored by the Marché Union & Woolco. In the 1970s, the Marché Union evolved into Aliments Hypermarché and after IGA Boniprix; it eventually closed in the 1990s.
In 1994, Walmart replaced Woolco. In October 2012, Walmart transitioned to a Walmart Supercentre, without an increase in size of its retail space. It remains to this day the last of the original 1994 Walmart Canada stores in the Montreal Island that is still located in its former Woolco space.
A standalone Burger King used to exist at the mall, but was closed in 2009 and demolished in 2011.
Walmart store at Carrefour Langelier before its conversion to a Walmart Supercentre in October 2012
Centre Le Cavalier (defunct)
Centre Le Cavalier was a shopping mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada located on Champlain Blvd., next to the Place LaSalle shopping centre. The major anchors were Maxi & Walmart.
The mall began in 1971 with a Woolco, Wise & Dominion Stores. By the late 70s, Wise had pulled out of the mall and its space was divided between Canada Post's sorting office and 3 boutiques on the mall. By the 1980s, Dominion became Provigo. By 1992, Provigo became Héritage. In 1994, Wal-Mart took the former space of Woolco after Woolworth sold Woolco to Walmart. In 1995, Héritage was renamed Maxi. In the summer of 1999 the Maxi store in this mall was shuttered and used by Walmart as extra storage space. In 2002, Walmart closed and they relocated to a standalone location next to the Carrefour Angrignon shopping centre and the last stores were also closed.
The mall was demolished in sections between 2002 and 2003. The former Walmart store was removed in the autumn of 2002 to be replaced by an IGA Extra store. Shortly thereafter, the former Provigo was demolished to allow for construction of condos. Canada Post and Scotiabank stayed in the mall right until the end in 2003. In the early 2000s space that had formerly been a Sunnys gas bar was cleared (upon demolition it was landscaped) and paved into new parking space to allow the vacant parking space adjacent to the Caisse Populaire to be redeveloped as a new Jean Coutu store.
Domaine
Centre Domaine is small indoor shopping centre located in the Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the corner of Sherbrooke St. & Langelier Blvd., on Granby Av. It is a two-minute walk from the Langelier métro station and about 1 km from the nearby larger Place Versailles shopping centre. It is currently operated by First Capital Realty. The anchors are Metro Plus and Walmart Canada.
It opened on August 13, 1959, with 25 tenants anchored by Steinberg and Woolworth, and were shortly joined by Zellers and Reitmans.
In late 1972, the Domaine shopping centre was acquired by Cadillac Fairview (called at the time simply Fairview) from Parkdale Home Development Corp. Cadillac Fairview then proceeded to announce in 1974 that the centre would both be enlarged and turned into an enclosed mall. The enclosed mall officially opened in November 1974. The shopping centre grew from 130,000 square feet of retail space to 225,000 and doubled its number of stores from 27 to 55. An Horizon department store opened on March 5, 1975.
Horizon was succeeded by Eaton's Bargain in 1979 and the original Zellers store in the mall closed in 1980. The latter was substituted mainly by Rossy in 1981, while Eaton's Bargain closed in 1982. After an absence of 3 years, Zellers returned to the mall in 1983, this time as an anchor store, assuming the lease of the former Eaton's Bargain store. The new Zellers was slightly bigger than the Horizon/Eaton's store it replaced because its Family Restaurant stood on a portion of the old Zellers that closed in 1980.
In the 1980s, Woolworth was losing ground in Quebec and the store in the mall was shut down. Its space has since been subdivided.
By 1992, the Steinberg supermarket chain went bankrupt and the store at the mall was sold to Metro Inc. The Metro became a Metro Plus after the supermarket expansion in the early 2000s.
In June 2012, Zellers closed and was replaced by Walmart in October 2012.
Forest
Centre commercial Forest is a small shopping mall in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the borough of Montréal-Nord. It is located on Pie-IX boulevard. The anchor was a Bureau en Gros (Staples). Others stores includes Pharmaprix, Dollarama, Rossy and a Yellow shoe source. There is a St-Hubert restaurant in the parking lot, at the eastern part of the mall. Formerly an Ivanhoe mall, it is now owned by RioCan.
Defunct grocery stores chain Steinberg originally built a supermarket on this land in December 1955. In September 1956, a strip mall anchored by Woolworth at the other end was added to form the Forest shopping centre, making this Steinberg one of the most profitable for the company. In the early 1970s, the mall was enclosed.
In the 1980s, facing difficulties with others supermarket chains, the Steinberg became a Steinberg Super Marché, more akin to the 21st century supermarket. In 1992, when Steinberg went bankrupt, Provigo bought the store and after being a Provigo for a while, it was converted to Héritage (Provigo's former discount supermarket banner). After being Héritage, it became a Maxi.
Woolworth, which had survived the company's waves of closures in the 1980s, finally succumbed in 1994 when the chain folded in the country. Rossy replaced Woolworth.
When Loblaws (after having bought Maxi in 1998) opened a new Loblaws location south of the mall, the Maxi supermarket was closed and the space was taken by Bureau en Gros. Some years later, a Casa Grecque restaurant opened in a small part of the Bureau en Gros.
In spring 2011, due to Blockbuster financial difficulties, one third of all Blockbusters in Quebec were closed, including the location in the mall. The space formerly occupied has been taken by the Dollarama store.
Galeries Lachine
Galeries Lachine is small indoor shopping centre located at the intersection of 32e Avenue & Rue Remembrance in Lachine. This enclosed shopping centre offers 45 units totalling 167,383 sq. ft featuring retailers such as Maxi, Pharmaprix, Dollarama,
and Rossy.
Galeries Lachine opened in mid-March 1972 with 48 stores and the original anchor tenants were Steinberg and Miracle Mart. Some of the retail chains were Reitmans and Laura Secord. The mall had two banks: the Royal Bank and the Toronto-Dominion.
In the 1980s, the Miracle Mart chain progressively adopted the M name and the store at Galeries Lachine got converted during the phase in April 1987 that rebranded the locations in western Montreal.
The Steinberg's supermarket was replaced by Provigo on June 8, 1992.
Galeries Lachine was one of many shopping centres in Montreal that used to be owned by Ivanhoe.
It now is the property of RioCan.
Galeries Normandie
NormandieGaleries NormandieLocationAhuntsic-Cartierville, Montreal, QuebecCoordinates45°32′15″N 73°41′59″W / 45.5376299°N 73.6995986°W / 45.5376299; -73.6995986Address2062 Rue de SalaberryOpening dateAugust 22, 1961No. of stores and services43No. of anchor tenants3No. of floors1ParkingoutdoorPublic transit access STM Bus Routes 180 and 365
Galeries Normandie is a small indoor shopping mall located in the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on the corner of De Salaberry Ave. & Quebec Autoroute 15. The major anchors are IGA Extra, Rossy & Bureau En Gros. Within the mall, there are standalone McDonald's, SAQ & Tim Hortons/Thai Express buildings.
Galeries Normandie began on August 22, 1961, as a 210,000 square feet L-shapped shopping centre bordered by the suprmarkets Steinberg and Dominion Stores. Its largest anchor was the Pascal located at the junction of the shopping centre's L. Other stores at inauguration included Woolworth, Zellers, Greenberg.
On July 13, 1981, the Dominion store in this mall became Provigo. Pascal went bankrupted on May 16, 1991. Pascal's location was converted between mall space & Rossy, even though Pascal had a second floor (now office spaces). In 1990/91, the Steinberg became Xtra, the new discount supermarket division for the group. By 1992, Xtra was converted to IGA when Steinberg went bankrupt. Loblaws acquired Provigo in 1998, and Provigo closed in 2007. Provigo's vacant space became Baron Sports for a little while until the IGA moved to the former Provigo space and expanded the space to become the current IGA Extra. Later on, the former Steinberg store was divided to both a Bureau En Gros & Pharmaprix (which can only be accessed outdoor). By 2011, Blockbuster closed down.
Galeries de Normandie
Galeries Saint-Laurent
Galeries Saint-Laurent is a small indoor shopping centre located on Marcel-Laurin Blvd, north of Côte-Vertu Blvd., in the Bois-Franc neighbourhood of St. Laurent. Some of its tenants include Giant Tiger, Dollarama, Jean Coutu, SAQ and Bank of Montreal. It opened on October 31, 1973, with 60 stores anchored by Horizon, Zellers and a Dominion supermarket. It was built on land formerly owned by Canadair.
Méga Centre Côte-Vertu
Méga Centre Côte-Vertu is a power centre located in Montreal, Quebec's St. Laurent borough at the corner of Côte-Vertu Blvd. & Bégin Street. The main anchors are Rona L'entrepôt, Michaels, Bureau En Gros, Economax and Walmart.
The mall began in the Spring 1973 as Le Bazar, an enclosed mall, with exactly 50 stores. Original anchors were Steinberg, Woolco, as well as a Pascal furniture store that had opened before the others in 1972.
In the 1990s, it also housed a Toys "R" Us store. During the 2000s, the indoor mall format and Le Bazar name were both retired. Previously, there was also a Bikini Village warehouse and a Future Shop in the shopping centre.
Le Bazar had Canada's first Club Price in 1986. It had replaced the former Woolco store.
Norgate
NorgateGaleries NorgateLocationSaint-Laurent, Montreal, QuebecCoordinates45°30′57″N 73°41′01″W / 45.5157°N 73.6837°W / 45.5157; -73.6837Address1179 Rue DécarieOpening dateDecember 6, 1950ArchitectMax KalmanNo. of stores and services12No. of anchor tenants2No. of floors1ParkingoutdoorPublic transit access at Côte-Vertu station Terminus Côte-Vertu
Norgate shopping centre (French: Galeries Norgate) is a strip mall in Saint-Laurent, Quebec. It was designed by architect Max Kalman and built in 1949. It officially opened its doors on December 6, 1950. It is the oldest shopping centre in Montreal. It is also one of the first major shopping centres in the province and the oldest strip mall in the country. It inaugurated with more than 15 tenants and parking space for 750 cars.
Norgate was expanded in 1956 and houses were built directly north of the shopping centre to form a residential district, known as Les Habitations Norgate, that was eventually renovated in the 1970s. The 1956 extension can be recognized today as the two southernmost tenant spaces occupied by the Pharmaprix drug store and the Cité Santé Saint-Laurent medical clinic. Back then, the expansion had brought a Zellers store which was located where Pharmaprix is now.
On March 10, 2008, the anchor tenant, Provigo supermarket, suffered a partial roof collapse due to the weight of snow from the intense snowfall occurring from March 8 through March 10.
Norgate is located between Décarie Boulevard and Saint-Germain Street as well as between rue Rochon and Côte-Vertu Boulevard. The shopping centre is L-shaped, fronting the street at the bottom of the L and its related short-side. The bottom of the L coincides with rue Rochon, the short side of the bottom and the long leg of the L correspond with Décarie. The long part of the L sits in the middle of the parking lot, with loading docks along the back, and parking spaces all around, running parallel to Décarie. The back and front of the L open onto parking lots. Across Décarie Boulevard from Norgate lies the Côte-Vertu Metro station and the Terminus Côte-Vertu Nord.
Panoramic view of the Norgate shopping centre, looking eastward from the west side of Décarie Boulevard. From left to right: Tim Hortons, Pizza Planete, Photo Norgate, Safir Bakery (now closed), Clinique Physio R.P.G., RBC Groupe Financier, Fredco Shoes, old shops, grocery store, Buanderie Hi-Tec, Le SuperClub Vidéotron, Poissonnerie Norgate, Voyages Décarie, Bangkok Express, Centre Médical Cité Santé Saint-Laurent, Restaurant Zouki's (now closed), Provigo, Excel Personnel, BaoTax Accountant, Pharmaprix, and a driving school.
Place Bourassa
The Zellers at Place Bourassa was the retailer's last location in Quebec by the time it closed in 2014. The store had been in operation since 1971.
Place Bourassa is a small indoor shopping centre located in the borough of Montréal-Nord, Montreal, at the corner of Lacordaire Boulevard and Henri Bourassa Boulevard. The mall has 54 stores, with 265,732-square-foot (24,687.3 m2) and its anchor tenants are Super C and Canadian Tire.
Place Bourassa opened in 1966 with tenants such as a Steinberg, Hart and The Royal Bank of Canada. It inaugurated as an enclosed shopping mall from the start. Place Bourassa was expanded in the spring of 1971, anchored by Steinberg's and Zellers.
When the Steinberg supermarket company went out of business in 1992, the store was sold to Metro and by 1997, the Metro store was converted to its sister chain Super C.
During the January 1998 North American ice storm, at least 25% of the roof of the Zellers store collapsed. As a result, Zellers announced it would temporarily close 12 of its stores in the province for inspection and roof de-icing. The administrators of Place Bourassa closed as well the entire shopping mall for inspection due to the Zellers collapse.
Ivanhoe and its descendant Ivanhoe Cambridge owned and managed the mall from its construction in 1966 to 2006. The mall is currently owned and managed by SmartCentres.
The Zellers store closed in 2014 is now a Canadian Tire.
Place LaSalle
Place LaSalleLocationLaSalle, Quebec, CanadaAddress7852 Boul. ChamplainOpening date1964No. of anchor tenants2No. of floors1ParkingOutdoor
Place LaSalle is a strip mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The major anchors are Super C, Hart, and to a lesser extent, Pharmaprix.
Place LaSalle was opened in the 1960s with a Steinberg, Miracle Mart and Greenberg as the main anchors. There was also an outparcel that was home to a Fina Service Centre (this would later become McDonald's and Yellow shoes). Along with the now-defunct Centre Le Cavalier, Place LaSalle was one of the first indoor malls in LaSalle.
Initially the mall was built as a 2 store unit (Miracle Mart and Steinbergs) with a Fina service centre outparcel (later McDonald's); the mall was added shortly after with a section going from the end of Miracle Mart towards Gagné street. In the early 1980s, the mall was extended towards the Steinberg store (Steinberg only gained mall access with this renovation). There was an attempt in 1988 to modernize the mall due to competition from other malls. This included a new entrance facing Champlain leading to an attempt at creating a food court. Around this time the former Greenberg space became Géant des Aubaines (it later became Dollarama)
In April 1987, Miracle Mart was renamed as M. In 1991, in an effort to compete with Maxi, Héritage and Super C, the Steinberg was converted to Sélex, a discount supermarket. By 1992, when the Steinberg group went bankrupt, Sélex became a Metro, and the M store was closed. In 1994, a 12-screen Cineplex Odeon and a GoCart track took over the lease of M. In the early 2000s, Hart replaced the GoCart track. Somewhat around the mid/late-2000s, the Metro store was converted as a Metro Plus. In May 2010, Metro Plus was converted to Super C and Pharmaprix was relocated to a standalone building, joining the McDonald's (which has since been demolished & rebuilt due to the classic look of the building), Tim Hortons & SAQ buildings. In November 2020, the Cineplex Odeon theater closed.
Since then, the mall has started to experience such a decline, making Place LaSalle a dead mall due to increased competition up against larger rival Carrefour Angrignon & smaller rival Place Newman. To ensure its death, lease renewals were refused by management, in favour of dividing the land between condominiums and the more profitable outdoor mall concept. In mid-October 2011, a National Bank of Canada opened next to the SAQ. Place LaSalle is currently under heavy renovation, but is still open. The new mall should open in Winter.
In 2011, Arcade Fire filmed parts of their music video for 'Sprawl II' inside Place LaSalle and its parking lot.
Place Newman
Place NewmanLocationLaSalle, QuebecAddress2101 DollardOpening date1971DeveloperIvanhoe CorporationManagementRioCanOwnerRioCanNo. of anchor tenants3 (Maxi, Rossy & Winners)No. of floors1ParkingOutdoor
Place Newman is a small indoor shopping mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on Dollard Ave. corner Newman Blvd. The major tenants are Maxi, Rossy, Bouclair Maison, Dollarama, and Winners. There is a standalone Wendy's restaurant location.
Built in 1971 by Ivanhoe Corporation, roughly at the same time as Galeries Lachine, it was sold in September 2002 to RioCan. Place Newman's anchors from 1971 until 1992 were Steinberg and Zellers; the former went bankrupt in 1992 and the latter closed its Place Newman store circa 2001.
In mid-1992, Steinberg's became Provigo, which would in turn be converted into Maxi in late 1992. The store was remodelled, making the supermarket have an outdoor entrance for the first time in this mall.
The anchor space of Zellers was dismantled and is now the home of Rossy, Au Vieux Duluth and a few others.
Schools near by Place Newman are Saint Lawrence Academy Junior/Senior and Children's World.
Place Viau
Place ViauLocationSaint-Léonard, QuebecAddress7640 Boulevard ViauOpening dateSeptember 7, 2015DeveloperFirst Capital REITManagementFirst Capital REITOwnerFirst Capital REITNo. of stores and services22No. of anchor tenants4 (Walmart, Dollarama, Michaels and Marshalls)Total retail floor area650,000 sq.ft.No. of floors3Parking2 levels (Indoor and Outdoor)Public transit access STM Bus: 136, 188 and 460
Place Viau is a new multi-level open-air shopping centre on top of a building that includes a Walmart store and other retail/commercial space, all connected with convenient pedestrian and vehicular access, vertical transportation and surface and covered parking. Other big tenants include Marshalls, Michaels and Dollarama. The mall was built in 2012, after an existing strip mall housing a Zellers, which was also called Place Viau, was demolished.
Plaza Côte-des-Neiges
Plaza Côte-Des-NeigesPart of Plaza Côte-des-Neiges in Montreal, as seen at night.Coordinates45°30′07″N 73°38′17″W / 45.502061°N 73.637967°W / 45.502061; -73.637967Address6700, chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaOpening dateOctober 3, 1968OwnerGestion Plaza Côte-Des-NeigesNo. of stores and services70No. of anchor tenants5 (Ciné Starz, Canadian Tire, Marché Fu Tai, Walmart, Giant Tiger)No. of floors3 (excluding highrise building)ParkingIndoor & OutdoorPublic transit access at Plamondon station
STM Bus: 160, 165, 369 and 465Websitewww.plazacdn.com/en
Plaza Côte-des-Neiges is a mid-size two stories indoor mall located in the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by Gestion Plaza Côte-des-Neiges. The Plaza has space for over 100 stores. They include a medical clinic, a dental clinic, daycare centre, a movie theatre, restaurants and many small independent businesses. The plaza was officially opened on October 3, 1968, with 68 stores anchored by Miracle Mart, Steinberg's and Wise.
In October 1985, Plaza Côte-des-Neiges announced an expansion to add 46 more stores and a Canadian Tire. The mall owner had to reacquire the lease of Miracle Mart in order to find the necessary space for the expansion. Miracle Mart left in June 1985.
Zellers opened a new store at Plaza Côte-des-Neiges on August 10, 1991. A Cineplex Odeon opened the same month on August 29, 1991. 20 years later, Walmart Canada acquired the lease from Zellers to open its own store in October 2012. Like Canadian Tire, Dollarama, Marché Fu Tai or any other store at Plaza Côte-des-Neiges, Walmart has no outdoor entrance and can only accessed from inside the mall.
As of April 1, 2023, a new Giant Tiger store has opened in the mall, which also features a new row of escalators right beside it.
Hans Schleeh's 'Trialogue' near the front entrance of Plaza Côte-des-Neiges
Van Horne
Centre commercial Van Horne is a strip mall located Côte-des-Neiges borough located next to the Plamondon metro station. The shopping centre was built by Steinberg in 1955. Due to its small size, it never transitonned into an indoor shopping centre as did most Ivanhoe strip malls in the 1960s and 1970s such as Dorval Gardens, Wilderton, Place Sainte-Foy or St-Martin in Laval. Despite its size and generic layout, it is considered a strong shopping centre even today. It was home to a popular Jewish delicatessen Brown Derby (closed in 2000) that has since been replaced by the equally busy Tim Hortons. Steinberg rebranded as IGA in 1992.
It was sold in January 2002 to First Capital Realty by Ivanhoé Cambridge.
Village Champlain
Village Champlain is located in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Montreal, at the corner of Sherbrooke Street East and Honoré-Beaugrand, adjacent to the Honoré-Beaugrand station. The centre is located in the eponymous Village Champlain neighborhood; a primarily residential area bordered by the streets Sherbrooke, Liébert, Hochelaga and De Boucherville. Although a generic strip mall with fewer than 20 tenants, Village Champlain is notable for being one of the oldest shopping centres in Montreal, second only to Norgate.
The shopping centre opened to the public on September 15, 1953 though its formal inauguration occurred on September 22. Anchor stores upon inauguration were Steinberg and Woolworth for a total of 18 tenants sprawled over 150,000 square feet. Its inauguration ceremony had been attended by high-profile business and political figures including Montreal mayor Camillien Houde and MP Marcel Monette, and the shopping centre could serve a population of up to 22,000 families at its opening and 500 cars on its parking lot. Today it includes well-known contemporary tenants like Jean Coutu, St-Hubert, Subway, Provi-Soir, M&M Food Market, Bulk Barn and a Toronto Dominion Bank that has been there since 1953 (when it was still The Dominion Bank). The former spaces of Steinberg and Woolworth are now occupied respectively by a Dollar Max variety store and Bulk Barn.
Village Montpellier
Village Montpellier, also known as Centre commercial Place Montpellier is located at 740 Côte-Vertu Ouest boulevard. It is a small neighborhood indoor mall located in the Ville Saint-Laurent borough. The biggest tenants are a Metro Plus super market and Jean Coutu pharmacy. It is currently managed by Développement Métro.
Wilderton
Centre commercial Wilderton is a small indoor mall in the Côte-des-Neiges borough and bordering Outremont. It is located on Van Horne Avenue between Wilderton and Darlington Avenues. Its anchors are Metro, Dollarama and Pharmaprix.
Wilderton was built by Steinberg through Ivanhoe. Its construction began in mid-December 1959 and it officially opened on September 7, 1960.
In 1970, Wilderton was converted from a strip mall to an indoor one. Steinberg rebranded as Metro in 1992. The mall was acquired by First Capital Realty in 2002.
Redevelopment
In 2016, First Capital announced plans to demolish the property and redeveloped it into a mixed-use residential and commercial project. The new complex will continue with the Wilderton namesake.
The western portion of the mall, which housed the Metro grocery store and the Royal Bank, was demolished circa 2019. As part of the first phase of Wilderton's transformation, a brand new building was built on the mall's parking for the Royal Bank, Tim Hortons and several other tenants. Another two-story building is currently under construction for Metro, Pharmaprix, SAQ, and residences for seniors.
As of 2021, the eastern part of the old shopping mall is still standing with all of its tenants.
Pointe-Claire
Centre Terrarium
Centre Terrarium (formerly Terrarium Pointe-Claire until 1997) is as strip mall with two sectors located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. Popular stores include Walmart, The Home Depot, Domino's Pizza, L'Equipeur, Tim Hortons, Pier 1 Imports, Pennington's and Subway. It also houses a free-standing TD Canada Trust.
The mall began in the 1970s with a Kmart, a CIBC and a Dominion supermarket (which pulled out of the mall in 1983 even though the space had remained empty until Famous Players moved to that space). It was Pointe-Claire's third-largest indoor shopping mall behind Fairview Pointe-Claire and Plaza Pointe-Claire until the indoor space was converted to sports stores in 2005.
In October 1983, Kmart announced that it would close all of its stores in the Montreal area for January 28, 1984 including Ponte-Claire's. In April 1984, it was reported that a Zellers department store would "open shortly in a location vacated by a competitor in the Montreal suburb of Pointe-Claire". The opened Zellers happened on October 31, 1984. It was the first Zellers store to sell fur coats. In August 2000, the store was enlarged from 66,000 square feet to 110,000 square feet.
When it was an indoor shopping mall, most stores, such as Domino's Pizza and CIBC were moved to Complexe Pointe-Claire) or other nearby locations. Other tenants such as Famous Players, L'Île du Dollar, Coiffure Maxicolor and Talons were closed in the indoor mall. Around 2010, Bernard Trottier Sports closed down, and Dollarama took its vacant space the following year. The Zellers store closed in 2013 and Target took over its space. The Target store closed in 2015, and Walmart took over its space in 2016.
Complexe Pointe-Claire
Complexe Pointe-ClaireLocationPointe-Claire, Quebec, CanadaCoordinates45°28′00″N 73°49′30″W / 45.4668°N 73.8251°W / 45.4668; -73.8251Opening date1987OwnerWestcliffNo. of anchor tenants4No. of floors1ParkingOutdoorPublic transit access STM Bus: 200, 202, 203, 204, 208, 215, 225, 382, 419
Complexe Pointe-Claire is one of the West Island's largest strip malls, located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, on Saint-Jean Boulevard at the Quebec Autoroute 40. Owned by Westcliff, the major anchors of this mall are Maxi & Cie, Marshalls, Chapters and Toys "R" Us. Restaurants are Subway, La Cage aux Sports , Sushi Shop and Le Chocolat Belge, as well as a McKibbins pub to name a few.
The mall opened in 1987 with Maxi, Litrerie Etc. and Toys "R" Us as anchors. Toys "R" Us actually opened before the shopping centre in October 1986.
A six-screen Cineplex Odeon theatre opened in 1988. By 1995, Litrerie Etc. and Consumers Distributing were both closed. Future Shop and Globo Shoes shortly took over the former spots. The following year, Red Lobster (which withdrew from Quebec at the time) and the National Bank of Canada were closed; the latter would reappear during the time when Maxi & Cie replaced Maxi in 1997. The Nature Pet Centre was relocated to Red Lobster's old location; welcoming the old Nature Pet Centre site to house the current Chapters. A Dic Ann's restaurant operated within the mall, but closed down in 1999. The former Dic Ann's space is now Reitmans, which also occupies the former space of the National Bank.
Around 2002, CIBC and the Nature Pet Centre replaced the old Cineplex Odeon site (which closed in 2001); causing closure of the National Bank inside the Maxi & Cie store and the current Nature Pet Centre entrance was where it housed Dollar ou Deux. The old Nature Pet Centre location became a J. Schreters store, which also in turn, closed.
Today, Addition Elle is located at the former Red Lobster site. Cohoes went bankrupt in 2005, and that store had been there since the mall's inception. A McKibbins takes the former Cohoes space. Best Buy closed the Future Shop in 2015.
Plaza Pointe-Claire
Plaza Pointe-Claire is an indoor shopping centre in Pointe-Claire, Quebec (a suburb of Montreal). It is located on 269 St. Jean Boulevard near Autoroute 20. Tenant stores include Metro, Uniprix, TD Canada Trust, SAQ and Swiss Vienna Patisserie. Most stores are independently operated. The mall has a number of longstanding tenants including Ted's Hobby Shop, Blue Nose Collectibles, Vienna Pastry, Librairie Clio and Conservatoire de Musique.
Its first anchor store Steinberg's supermarket opened its doors on September 19, 1957. After the rest of the mall was completed, the inauguration was held on October 16, 1958. The mall was originally known simply as the Pointe-Claire shopping centre. Although many of the stores were independent businesseses, the shopping centre also had its share of national retailers including Woolworth and Reitmans. Plaza Pointe-Claire was initially managed by Ivanhoe Corporation. Among the small notable tenants to this mall was the Steve's hardware and variety store which opened in May 1983 and operated for 40 years until its owners decided in late 2022 to close the business for an unspecified date.
In 1976, Plaza Pointe-Claire was purchased by Kurt Scheunert and his partner who since added a new wing to the shopping centre. Scheunert still co-owns the shopping centre as of 2023.
See also
List of shopping malls in Montreal
List of shopping malls in Greater Longueuil
List of largest shopping malls in Canada
Notes
^ Morgan's at Le Boulevard was itself a one level store until 1958.
References
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^ -- CNW Group (Retrieved October 9, 2012)
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External links
Beaconsfield
Boulevard Shopping Centre (current website)
Boulevard Shopping Centre (former website)
Carrefour Langelier
Côte Saint-Luc
Complexe Pointe-Claire
Decarie Square
Forest
Jardins Dorval (Dorval Gardens)
Norgate
Place Bourassa
Place LaSalle
Place LaSalle Profile
Place Newman
Plaza Côte-des-Neiges
Plaza Pointe-Claire
Quartier Cavendish (Cavendish Mall)
Van Horne
Wilderton
vteList of shopping centres in Greater MontrealDowntown
Alexis Nihon Complex
Complexe Desjardins
Les Cours Mont-Royal
Montreal Eaton Centre
Place Bonaventure
Place Montreal Trust
Place Ville Marie
Promenades Cathédrale
City of Montreal
Carrefour Angrignon
Galeries d'Anjou
Place Versailles
Place Vertu
Island of Montreal
Fairview Pointe-Claire
Rockland Centre
Westmount Square
Laval
Carrefour Laval
Centre Laval
South Shore
Champlain Mall
Le Faubourg de l'Île
Promenades Saint-Bruno
Quartier DIX30
North Shore
Carrefour du Nord
Place Rosemère
Premium Outlets Montreal
See also
Underground City
List of small shopping centres
List of shopping centres in Greater Longueuil | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"gross leasable area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_leasable_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icsc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icsc-1"}],"text":"A neighbourhood shopping centre is an industry term in North America for a shopping centre with 30,000 to 125,000 square feet (2,800 to 11,600 m2) of gross leasable area, typically anchored by a supermarket and/or large drugstore.[1]\nLarge neighbourhood shopping centres (a.k.a. community centres) are slightly larger centres 125,000 to 400,000 square feet (11,600 to 37,200 m2) with general merchandise or convenience-oriented offerings, typically with a \"wider range of apparel and other soft goods, usually configured in a straight line as a strip, or laid out in an L or U shape\".[1]","title":"Neighbourhood shopping centres in Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Baie d'Urfé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baie d'Urfé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_d%27Urf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Quebec Autoroute 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20"},{"link_name":"First Capital Realty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Capital_Realty"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baie_d'Urf%C3%A9_History-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baie_d'Urf%C3%A9_History-3"}],"sub_title":"Plaza Baie d'Urfé","text":"Plaza Baie d'Urfé is a small strip mall located in Baie d'Urfé, Quebec, Canada, on 90 Morgan Street across from Quebec Autoroute 20. The shopping centre is currently owned by First Capital Realty and is anchored by Provigo.[2] It opened in 1967 but was destroyed by a fire 1980.[3] It was rebuilt and reopened in 1981.[3]","title":"Baie d'Urfé"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beaconsfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec Autoroute 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20"},{"link_name":"Metro Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Plus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_22,_1974-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_22,_1974-4"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-08_June_1992-5"},{"link_name":"Kirkland, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Dollarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarama"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_2,_1986-6"},{"link_name":"First Capital Realty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Capital_Realty"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoé Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-January_15,_2002-7"},{"link_name":"Metro Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Plus"}],"sub_title":"Beaconsfield","text":"Centre commercial Beaconsfield is a small indoor shopping mall (one of the smallest in the West Island) located in Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada, on 50 St. Charles Blvd. across from Quebec Autoroute 20. The anchor of this mall is a Metro Plus.Beaconsfield opened in 1961 as an outdoor shopping centre.[4] In 1973, it was turned an enclosed shopping mall and its number of stores jumped from 23 to 35.[4]In 1992 its primary tenants were Steinberg and a Canadian Tire and the former became Metro on June 8, 1992.[5] In 1995, Canadian Tire relocated to a new standalone store in Kirkland, Quebec, while Dollarama, Wimgym & Royal Bank took over the lease.Formerly an Ivanhoe shopping centre,[6] Beaconsfield was sold in 2002 to First Capital Realty by Ivanhoé Cambridge.[7]Royal Bank moved to a new standalone location near the mall in 2008 and the mall's northern half was demolished (except for the former Metro store) and was replaced entirely with glass. Metro Plus replaced the former Canadian Tire store in December 2008.","title":"Beaconsfield"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Côte Saint-Luc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"Côte Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc"},{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"multiplex movie theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)"},{"link_name":"David Cronenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg"},{"link_name":"Rabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabid_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lampert-8"},{"link_name":"Eaton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%27s"},{"link_name":"Warshaw's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshaw%27s"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mart"},{"link_name":"year needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mart"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"J&R Kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%26R_Kosher"},{"link_name":"IGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11_June_1992-9"},{"link_name":"Consumers Distributing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Distributing"},{"link_name":"Scotiabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotiabank"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Superclub videotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superclub_videotron"},{"link_name":"RadioShack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RadioShack"},{"link_name":"The Source By Circuit City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Music World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_World"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cohen-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenberg-12"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Odeon_Cinemas"}],"sub_title":"Cavendish Mall","text":"Cavendish Mall (also known as Quartier Cavendish) is an indoor shopping centre in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, Canada. It includes a food court, a multiplex movie theatre and a medical clinic: the CLSC René Cassin. A small highrise office-building is adjoined to the mall's southern half. Redeveloped in 2011, the mall was reduced to almost half its original size.David Cronenberg's 1977 film Rabid features scenes shot in the mall.The mall has experienced declining patronage over the past decade due to an aging population. Another serious blow was the closing of its two main anchors: Eaton's and Canadian Tire.[8] Other notable closures included Caplan Duval, The Source, Gap, Consumers Distributing, Music World, Steinberg's, Miracle Mart, Staples, Cineplex theater and restaurants: Pumpernicks, Cattleman's and Katerina's. With the southern half of the mall vacant it had been considered a dead mall throughout the 2000s. In 2010, a large portion of the mall was demolished to make way for a new residential development.Timeline1973: Mall opens. Anchors are Eaton's, Warshaw's, Steinberg's & Miracle Mart\n1978: Warshaws closes; becomes a Canadian Tire\n[year needed]: Miracle Mart closes; space divided to become Lupton Duval (later Caplan Duval) & Cineplex Odeon\n1991: Opening of J&R Kosher Meat and Delicatessen.\n1992: Steinberg's ceases operations; this store is taken over by IGA[9]\n1995: Firestone taken over by Pneus Expert.\n1996: Consumers Distributing closes.\n1997: Scotiabank acquires National Trust\n1998: Eaton's closes;[10] part of space becomes Superclub videotron.\n2005: Canadian Tire closes & RadioShack becomes The Source By Circuit City\n2006: The Gap closes.\n2007: Music World, Browns Shoes & The Source close. Dollarama opens in (part of) Canadian Tire space.\n2009: Caplan Duval and Superclub Videotron close.\n2010: 40% of the mall demolished to make way for residential housing development.\n2011: Cavendish Mall rebranded as Quartier Cavendish.[11][12]\n2015: Staples closes; Econofitness gym opens in its space.\n2018: McDonald's closes.\n2020: Cineplex Odeon multiplex theater closes; taken over by CinéStarz Deluxe.Consolidation and revitalization\nIn August 2007 the owners announced a partial demolition to reduce the mall and consolidate its tenants. In August 2010 the remaining tenants were relocated to the north end of the mall. Demolition of the south end began October 2010.In December 2010 demolition of 40% of mall was completed, effectively removing its southern end. The mall was reduced to 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) of space (for let) with room for 55 stores and space for a small indoor children's play area. Previously the mall was approximately 400,000 square feet (37,161.2 m2). Extensive reconstruction was done in the old Caplan Duval site, where the CLSC Rene Cassin is now located. The former section of the demolished mall underwent construction of roads and sidewalks along with newly built townhouses and semi-detached homes. This included the sale of 39 lots for single-family homes.","title":"Côte Saint-Luc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"First Capital Realty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Capital_Realty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"IGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11_June_1992-9"},{"link_name":"Rona Le Quincallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_(company)"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc."}],"sub_title":"Côte Saint-Luc","text":"Côte Saint-Luc Shopping Centre is a small indoor shopping mall in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1956 by Ivanhoe, it is now operated by First Capital Realty. It was transformed into an enclosed mall in 1970.[13]The first anchors of the mall were a Steinberg & Zellers. Prohome eventually took place of the Zellers store in 1987. Steinberg went bankrupt in 1992, and the store was sold as an IGA store.[9] Prohome closed in 1997, and Rona Le Quincallier took its place. That store closed in 2005. Jean Coutu, which relocated within the mall, took part of the space, and a Caplan Duval opened in part of the former Rona space in 2010. Also, in the late 2000s, IGA's store was remodelled by counting its exterior.Since its inception, the mall has always had only two major anchors; the current ones are IGA & Jean Coutu (occupying the former Zellers/Prohome/Rona space).A Blockbuster store opened in the late 1990s, and closed in 2011.","title":"Côte Saint-Luc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Oshawa Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa_Group"},{"link_name":"white elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winners"},{"link_name":"HomeSense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeSense"},{"link_name":"video lottery gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Lottery_Terminal"},{"link_name":"SAAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAAQ"},{"link_name":"Service Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Canada"},{"link_name":"David Azrieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Azrieli"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Décarie Square","text":"Décarie Square is a three-story indoor shopping mall, with two floors of retail shopping and one floor of office space, located on the outskirt of Côte Saint-Luc, a city in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.The mall was constructed in 1977 at a cost of over $20 million, under the ownership of Oshawa Group. Going back as far back as the mid-1980s, it has been described as a white elephant due its extremely high vacancy rate and low shopper traffic.[14] Even today, much space in the mall remains empty with for renting signs plastered on vacant shop windows.The mall includes the chain store Winners-HomeSense and various independent discount and service shops. A fitness gym and a video lottery gambling bar are also situated within the mall. Government service offices of the SAAQ automobile licence bureau, Saint-Laurent Local Employment Center and Service Canada employment insurance center are also found within the mall, as well as the Décarie Medical Centre. The third floor is exclusively for rental office space.By 2011, in an effort to re-purpose much of the vacant shopping space into a more profitable venture, the mall owner, Canpro Investments Ltd., moved ahead with a project to convert more than a fifth of the 486,000 square foot mall's retail space into a medical centre (spanning 3 floors) with room for doctors' offices. The construction and renovation cost was estimated at the time between $10-million to $15-million and was started before any interested parties came forward or signed any leases; in essence a built-it-and-they-will-come strategy. The late David Azrieli, former head of Canpro, was quoted as saying \"I'm willing to sign off that by August 2012 it will be ready and occupied.\"[15] After a slow start, by 2017, the medical center had over 20 tenants with 30,000 square feet still available to lease. The space currently includes a walk in clinic, various specialists and doctor's offices.","title":"Côte Saint-Luc"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dollard-des-Ormeaux"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Dollard-des-Ormeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollard-des-Ormeaux"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Dorval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec Autoroute 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40"},{"link_name":"Marché Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%C3%A9_Adonis"},{"link_name":"Cinemas Guzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemas_Guzzo"},{"link_name":"Canadian Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tire"},{"link_name":"Bureau en Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Bellepro's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellepro%27s"},{"link_name":"Jack Astor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Astor%27s"},{"link_name":"Marathon Souvlaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marathon_Souvlaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_4,_1966-16"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_4,_1966-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Report_(Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge-17"},{"link_name":"Bouclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouclair"},{"link_name":"Super C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_C_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Club Biz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Biz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Club Ultima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Ultima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"play park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_park"},{"link_name":"EconoSport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EconoSport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benix & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benix_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Bureau en Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_en_Gros"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stokes_(store)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tire"}],"sub_title":"Galeries des Sources","text":"Galeries des Sources (originally West Island Mall until 1988) is an indoor shopping mall owned by Cogir located in the bordering cities of Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Quebec & Dorval, Quebec, Canada on Des Sources Blvd. & Quebec Autoroute 40. Popular stores include Marché Adonis, Cinemas Guzzo, Canadian Tire and Bureau en Gros. \nRestaurants inaccessible from the inside of the mall but with their own exterior entrance include Bellepro's, Jack Astor's, and Marathon Souvlaki, the latter occupying some of the old M Store space. Other types of businesses with no indoor mall entrance include the clinics, the Guzzo movie theatre, the Canadian Tire hardware store, and Optimum personnel.The mall opened on October 4, 1966, and was anchored by Steinberg's and Miracle Mart.[16] It was built by Ivanhoe Corporation which also was the original manager of the mall until January 2002.[16][17]The mall was expanded in 1986, and Steinberg moved out to the expanded space, becoming a Marché Du Jour (later Steinberg Plus in 1988 & Xtra in 1991). In addition, Miracle Mart was renamed M Store, and reducing the space of the store as well, giving part of the former Miracle Mart space to Bouclair. The Steinberg space (not counting Marché Du Jour/Steinberg Plus/Xtra) was left vacant until Canadian Tire occupied it in 1991. A mechanic centre was built as a result of expansion of the former Steinberg store that time. After Canadian Tire moved in, it kept the old Steinberg outdoor entrance, which has since been demolished.In 1992, the Xtra store & M Store closed after Steinberg went bankrupt; Super C & Club Biz replaced the former Xtra store. Winners occupied the former M space in 1994, alongside a Club Ultima.In 1993, the west mall entrance was discontinued in favor of a Coconuts play park (which closed in early 1999; now a dental office & pediatric medical centre).Club Ultima closed in 1996, with a 10-screen Cinemas Guzzo occupying the old space in 1998. There is no mall entrance to Cinemas Guzzo. There was no outdoor entrance to Club Ultima, thus the indoor Club Ultima entrance became a Rubino shoe store. The Rubino shoe store moved to the old Stokes warehouse store in the early 2000s, with EconoSport occupying the old Rubino space, and it is currently used by Benix & Co.Club Biz went bankrupt, and its previously occupied site became Bureau en Gros which officially launched on June 1, 1996 (though the store had already opened its doors before that date).[18]Also, Consumers Distributing left the mall in 1996, with its current tenants Corbeil Appliances occupying the first half of it in 1998. The second half was occupied by a Stokes warehouse store.In the late 2000s, Bouclair reduced its space, and an Elixir restaurant took the other half of the former Bouclair space. Following the expansion of Canadian Tire in 2009, the mall entrance for Canadian Tire was closed, and L'Aubainerie Entrepôt took the old mall entrance.","title":"Dollard-des-Ormeaux"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dorval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Autoroute 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island"},{"link_name":"Norgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Galeries_Norgate"},{"link_name":"Village Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Champlain"},{"link_name":"Le Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_juin_1954-20"},{"link_name":"Sam Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001_Report_(Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge-17"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Jardins_Dorval_1954_Steinberg%27s.jpg"},{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_7,_1954-24"},{"link_name":"Morgan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_7,_1954-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_7,_1954-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_7,_1954-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"bowling alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_alley"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December_1,_2020-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_10,_1971-35"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Target Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Canada"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_18,_1992-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_18,_1992-39"},{"link_name":"Dollarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarama"},{"link_name":"Pharmaprix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaprix"},{"link_name":"Sports Experts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Experts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December_1,_2020-34"}],"sub_title":"Dorval Gardens","text":"Dorval Gardens (French: Les Jardins Dorval) is a shopping mall in the suburb of Dorval, in Montreal, Quebec, located on Dorval Avenue near Autoroute 20. It is the oldest shopping centre in the West Island and the fourth in Montreal after Norgate, Village Champlain and Le Boulevard.[20] It was built in 1954 by Sam Steinberg and his Ivanhoe Corporation.[21][22] The shopping centre was owned for more than 45 years by Ivanhoe but was sold in 2001.[23][17] It is currently managed by CentreCorp Management Services Ltd. Anchor stores are Walmart, Hudson's Bay (closing in late 2021) and Maxi.Dorval Gardens in 1954Dorval Gardens was originally built as a large L-shaped strip mall which opened in 1954 with 35 stores.[24] Anchor stores in 1954 were Morgan's department store and Steinberg's supermarket.[24] Steinberg's and most of the original 35 tenants opened on April 7, 1954.[24] A minority of tenants opened at slightly later dates including Morgan's which inaugurated on April 29, 1954.[24][25] At 57, 000 square feet of floor space, it was the largest of the three suburban Morgan's locations until it was surpassed by a new store at Lawrence Plaza in North York.[26]Morgan's added a second floor to its store on August 28, 1961.[27] The Morgan's store was destroyed by a major fire on April 21, 1969, which caused over $1.0 million in damage (equivalent to $8 million in 2023) and required the help of firefighters from other neighbouring West Island municipalities to contain the blaze.[28][29] Following the destruction of its store, Morgan's relocated to a temporary location on the site of a former bowling alley in the same building as the Dorval Theatre.[30][31] The store was rebuilt afterwards and reopened on March 4, 1970.[32][33] It was rebranded as The Bay in 1972.[34]Dorval Gardens was converted into an enclosed shopping centre in 1968.[35] In the 1970s, Dorval Gardens was surrounded with glass (save for Steinberg's and The Bay). In 1985, the mall was expanded into its current layout, doubling its number of stores: the original parts of the mall correspond to what is to the south or west of the enclosed walkway, including the spaces currently occupied by Maxi and Hudson's Bay; areas to the east or north of the walkway were added. These additions included a Pascal hardware store, which relocated from a nearby strip mall.The Pascal store was closed and emptied in 1991, before reopening as Zellers in October 1992.[36] Zellers closed its doors on January 22, 2012. Walmart assumed the lease and remodelled the store before opening it to the public in September 2012.[37] This location was not one of the 39 Zellers stores that Walmart Canada acquired from Target Canada at a similar time.[38]In mid-1992, the Steinberg's supermarket became a Provigo despite the presence at the time of another grocery store with the same banner in the adjacent strip mall (located on 960 Herron Road).[39] By late 1992, the Provigo at Dorval Gardens had been rebranded to its sister chain Maxi which remains to this day.[39]A Dollarama operated for a number of years before closing in late 2009. After a one-year absence, Dollarama returned to the mall in the space of Pharmaprix which itself has relocated to Dollarama's former space.Sports Experts returned to the mall, opening November 1, 2012 and occupying the same space it did in the 2000s (formerly Cohoes in the 1990s and early 2000s).Hudson's Bay announced it will be permanently closing its store location at Dorval Gardens by September 2021, after 67 years of operation.[40][34]","title":"Dorval"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_commercial_Le_Boulevard.jpg"},{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"Jean-Talon East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Talon_Street"},{"link_name":"Pie-IX Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie-IX_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September_29,_1953-41"},{"link_name":"Norgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Galeries_Norgate"},{"link_name":"Village Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Champlain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_juin_1954-20"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L"},{"link_name":"The Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Metro Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Inc."},{"link_name":"Canadian Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tire"},{"link_name":"Saint-Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Michel_district,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Léonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Leonard,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Rosemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemont,_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retail_Insider-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_23,_2023-44"},{"link_name":"Montreal Metro Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Metro_Blue_Line"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_30,_2021-47"},{"link_name":"Société de transport de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"expropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expropriation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_30,_2021-47"},{"link_name":"Colliers International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_International"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_23,_2023-44"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_23,_2023-44"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_23,_2023-44"},{"link_name":"The Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STM_Boulevard_redesigned_map-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STM_Boulevard_redesigned_map-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_23,_2023-44"},{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Boulevard Shopping Centre","text":"Le BoulevardLe Boulevard Shopping Centre is a small indoor shopping centre at the corner of Jean-Talon East and Pie-IX Boulevard in Montreal. The mall was officially inaugurated on September 29, 1953, with 32 stores.[41] It was the third shopping centre built in the Montreal area, preceded by Norgate and Village Champlain.[20]Le Boulevard is built in the shape of a L and is composed of 70 stores. The former The Bay store (originally Morgan's) and Metro Plus (originally Steinberg's) each border a side of the mall, with Canadian Tire (formerly Pascal's) being in the middle. Geographically, Le Boulevard is situated partly in the Saint-Michel neighbourhood and partly in the former city of Saint-Léonard. The mall is just a block north of the Rosemont neighbourhood.Le Boulevard was previously managed by Crofton Moore.[42]The Bay closed its Le Boulevard location on September 14, 2018, a few days shy of the store's 65th anniversary.[43] Its first floor was occupied by a Surplus RD furniture store, but closed in 2022. Surplus RD has since been replaced by an Urban Planet store.[44]Montreal Metro transit Blue line extensionLe Boulevard was slated to close on December 1, 2021, after 68 years and be demolished to accommodate the addition of new stations of the Montreal Metro Blue Line.[45][46] However it was later announced that the shopping mall will remain open and that only its parking lot will be used for the extension of the Blue Line.[47] Since the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) had already been forced by a provincial court to purchase the entire mall from owner Crofton Moore as part of its expropriation of the land, Le Boulevard will get a new landlord.[47] The STM gave the right to operate the shopping centre to its subsidiary Transgesco which in turn hired the service of Colliers International to support it and to manage the operations of Le Boulevard.[48]In March 2023, the STM announced that part of the shopping mall will need to be demolished by early 2024 for the construction of its new Metro transit station (not to be confused with the Metro grocery store).[44] The upcoming demolition affects Urban Planet (former RD Surplus) as well as the empty space left by the vacated SAQ store.[44] Jean Coutu's current location will also be torn down but the pharmacy will relocate elsewhere in the mall and will live on in the trimmed shopping centre, as will the anchors in the eastern part such as the Metro grocery store and Canadian Tire.[44] The five tenant spaces south of the current Jean Coutu pharmacy, including The Source, will also be razed.[49] Overall, Le Boulevard will lose its western portion which is basically the part that is in the Saint-Michel neighbourhood, representing about a third of the shopping mall.[49][44]Comparison of anchor spaces:ZellersA small Zellers store was in the Boulevard shopping centre from about 1955 until 1976. It directly touched the north side of the Morgan/Bay store. After Zellers closed, The Bay expanded into the former space of Zellers and merged it into its own store.Today, the old Zellers space can be recognized as the section of the vacant Bay store that had one floor (in contrast to the original section of The Bay which had 2 floors).[a] The basement of The Bay, which was closed to the public in 2011, was also part of this defunct Zellers store.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-des-Prairies%E2%80%93Pointe-aux-Trembles"},{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"SAQ Sélection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrefour_de_la_Pointe-51"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoé Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrefour_de_la_Pointe-51"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"},{"link_name":"SAQ Sélection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Carrefour de La Pointe","text":"Carrefour de La Pointe is small indoor mall and one of the few enclosed malls in Montreal's Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles borough. It first opened on August 26, 1976, with Zellers as anchor and retail chain stores like Reitmans and SAQ Sélection.[50] In 1981, the mall was sold to First City & ABRIM, then ABRIM & SITQ in 1990, later Ivanhoé Cambridge and then to its current owners Creccal Placements Ltée in 2004.[50] Zellers closed down and was replaced by the current Walmart in October 2012.[51]The mall also has minor tenants such as Reitmans, National Bank, Jean Coutu & Dollarama, as well as two in-mall restaurants: Prince d'Orient and Montaza. There are also free-standing SAQ Sélection & Tim Hortons buildings.[52]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Léonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Leonard,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ciné Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TD Canada Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"},{"link_name":"Woolco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolco"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Walmart Supercentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada#Supercentres_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Montreal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Island"},{"link_name":"Burger King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_Entrance_Of_Walmart_Carrefour_Langelier_(Summer-October_2012)_%26_%2705-%2708_Audi_A4_B7_Convertible_--_Rear.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Carrefour Langelier","text":"Carrefour Langelier is a small indoor shopping mall located in the Saint-Léonard borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on the corner of Langelier Blvd. & Jean-Talon Blvd. The major anchors are Walmart & Ciné Starz, and minor anchors such as TD Canada Trust, Jean Coutu & Dollarama.The mall opened in 1970 as Centre Langelier with 50 tenants anchored by the Marché Union & Woolco.[53] In the 1970s, the Marché Union evolved into Aliments Hypermarché[54] and after IGA Boniprix;[55] it eventually closed in the 1990s.In 1994, Walmart replaced Woolco.[56] In October 2012, Walmart transitioned to a Walmart Supercentre, without an increase in size of its retail space. It remains to this day the last of the original 1994 Walmart Canada stores in the Montreal Island that is still located in its former Woolco space.A standalone Burger King used to exist at the mall, but was closed in 2009 and demolished in 2011.Walmart store at Carrefour Langelier before its conversion to a Walmart Supercentre in October 2012","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Woolco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolco"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Stores"},{"link_name":"Dominion Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"Héritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ritage_(Canadian_store)"},{"link_name":"Woolco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolco"},{"link_name":"Woolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Carrefour Angrignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour_Angrignon"},{"link_name":"IGA Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_Extra"},{"link_name":"Scotiabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotiabank"},{"link_name":"Caisse Populaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desjardins_Group"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"}],"sub_title":"Centre Le Cavalier (defunct)","text":"Centre Le Cavalier was a shopping mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada located on Champlain Blvd., next to the Place LaSalle shopping centre. The major anchors were Maxi & Walmart.The mall began in 1971 with a Woolco, Wise & Dominion Stores.[57] By the late 70s, Wise had pulled out of the mall and its space was divided between Canada Post's sorting office and 3 boutiques on the mall. By the 1980s, Dominion became Provigo. By 1992, Provigo became Héritage. In 1994, Wal-Mart took the former space of Woolco after Woolworth sold Woolco to Walmart. In 1995, Héritage was renamed Maxi. In the summer of 1999 the Maxi store in this mall was shuttered and used by Walmart as extra storage space. In 2002, Walmart closed and they relocated to a standalone location next to the Carrefour Angrignon shopping centre and the last stores were also closed.The mall was demolished in sections between 2002 and 2003. The former Walmart store was removed in the autumn of 2002 to be replaced by an IGA Extra store. Shortly thereafter, the former Provigo was demolished to allow for construction of condos. Canada Post and Scotiabank stayed in the mall right until the end in 2003. In the early 2000s space that had formerly been a Sunnys gas bar was cleared (upon demolition it was landscaped) and paved into new parking space to allow the vacant parking space adjacent to the Caisse Populaire to be redeveloped as a new Jean Coutu store.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve"},{"link_name":"Langelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langelier_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Place Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Versailles"},{"link_name":"First Capital Realty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Capital_Realty"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Metro Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Inc."},{"link_name":"Walmart Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg%27s_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Woolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Fairview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Fairview"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_22,_1974-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_22,_1974-4"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September_25,_1974-61"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June_22,_1974-4"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(store)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kopytek-62"},{"link_name":"Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossy"},{"link_name":"anchor store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_store"},{"link_name":"Family Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers#Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Metro Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Inc."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-08_June_1992-5"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"}],"sub_title":"Domaine","text":"Centre Domaine is small indoor shopping centre located in the Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the corner of Sherbrooke St. & Langelier Blvd., on Granby Av. It is a two-minute walk from the Langelier métro station and about 1 km from the nearby larger Place Versailles shopping centre. It is currently operated by First Capital Realty.[58] The anchors are Metro Plus and Walmart Canada.It opened on August 13, 1959, with 25 tenants anchored by Steinberg and Woolworth, and were shortly joined by Zellers and Reitmans.[59]In late 1972, the Domaine shopping centre was acquired by Cadillac Fairview (called at the time simply Fairview) from Parkdale Home Development Corp.[4] Cadillac Fairview then proceeded to announce in 1974 that the centre would both be enlarged and turned into an enclosed mall.[4] The enclosed mall officially opened in November 1974.[60] The shopping centre grew from 130,000 square feet of retail space to 225,000 and doubled its number of stores from 27 to 55.[4] An Horizon department store opened on March 5, 1975.[61]Horizon was succeeded by Eaton's Bargain in 1979 and the original Zellers store in the mall closed in 1980. The latter was substituted mainly by Rossy in 1981, while Eaton's Bargain closed in 1982. After an absence of 3 years, Zellers returned to the mall in 1983, this time as an anchor store, assuming the lease of the former Eaton's Bargain store. The new Zellers was slightly bigger than the Horizon/Eaton's store it replaced because its Family Restaurant stood on a portion of the old Zellers that closed in 1980.In the 1980s, Woolworth was losing ground in Quebec and the store in the mall was shut down. Its space has since been subdivided.By 1992, the Steinberg supermarket chain went bankrupt and the store at the mall was sold to Metro Inc.[5] The Metro became a Metro Plus after the supermarket expansion in the early 2000s.In June 2012, Zellers closed and was replaced by Walmart in October 2012.[62]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Montréal-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Nord"},{"link_name":"Bureau en Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_en_Gros"},{"link_name":"Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossy"},{"link_name":"St-Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-Hubert"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_2,_1986-6"},{"link_name":"RioCan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RioCan"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg%27s_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"Héritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ritage_(Canadian_store)"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Loblaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblaws"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc."}],"sub_title":"Forest","text":"Centre commercial Forest is a small shopping mall in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the borough of Montréal-Nord. It is located on Pie-IX boulevard. The anchor was a Bureau en Gros (Staples). Others stores includes Pharmaprix, Dollarama, Rossy and a Yellow shoe source. There is a St-Hubert restaurant in the parking lot, at the eastern part of the mall. Formerly an Ivanhoe mall,[6] it is now owned by RioCan.Defunct grocery stores chain Steinberg originally built a supermarket on this land in December 1955. In September 1956, a strip mall anchored by Woolworth at the other end was added to form the Forest shopping centre, making this Steinberg one of the most profitable for the company. In the early 1970s, the mall was enclosed.In the 1980s, facing difficulties with others supermarket chains, the Steinberg became a Steinberg Super Marché, more akin to the 21st century supermarket. In 1992, when Steinberg went bankrupt, Provigo bought the store and after being a Provigo for a while, it was converted to Héritage (Provigo's former discount supermarket banner). After being Héritage, it became a Maxi.Woolworth, which had survived the company's waves of closures in the 1980s, finally succumbed in 1994 when the chain folded in the country. Rossy replaced Woolworth.When Loblaws (after having bought Maxi in 1998) opened a new Loblaws location south of the mall, the Maxi supermarket was closed and the space was taken by Bureau en Gros. Some years later, a Casa Grecque restaurant opened in a small part of the Bureau en Gros.In spring 2011, due to Blockbuster financial difficulties, one third of all Blockbusters in Quebec were closed, including the location in the mall. The space formerly occupied has been taken by the Dollarama store.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"anchor tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_tenant"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mart"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_11,_1972-65"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"Laura Secord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord_Chocolates"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_11,_1972-65"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto-Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_11,_1972-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_9,_1987-66"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_2,_1986-6"},{"link_name":"RioCan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RioCan"}],"sub_title":"Galeries Lachine","text":"Galeries Lachine is small indoor shopping centre located at the intersection of 32e Avenue & Rue Remembrance in Lachine. This enclosed shopping centre offers 45 units totalling 167,383 sq. ft featuring retailers such as Maxi, Pharmaprix, Dollarama,\nand Rossy.[63]Galeries Lachine opened in mid-March 1972 with 48 stores and the original anchor tenants were Steinberg and Miracle Mart.[64] Some of the retail chains were Reitmans and Laura Secord.[64] The mall had two banks: the Royal Bank and the Toronto-Dominion.[64]In the 1980s, the Miracle Mart chain progressively adopted the M name and the store at Galeries Lachine got converted during the phase in April 1987 that rebranded the locations in western Montreal.[65]The Steinberg's supermarket was replaced by Provigo on June 8, 1992.[66]Galeries Lachine was one of many shopping centres in Montreal that used to be owned by Ivanhoe.[6] \nIt now is the property of RioCan.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahuntsic-Cartierville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuntsic-Cartierville"},{"link_name":"Quebec Autoroute 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_15"},{"link_name":"IGA Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_Extra"},{"link_name":"Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossy"},{"link_name":"Bureau En Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"Thai Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Express_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg%27s_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Dominion Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Stores_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_21,_1961-68"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pascal%27s_Hardware_and_Furniture"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_21,_1961-68"},{"link_name":"Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Stores"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_21,_1961-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossy"},{"link_name":"Loblaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblaw_Companies_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Pharmaprix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaprix"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staples_%26_Shoppers_Drug_Mart_Galeries_Normandie_With_A_Dodge_RT_Grand_Caravan_--_Rear.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staples_%26_Shoppers_Drug_Mart_Galeries_Normandie_With_A_Dodge_RT_Grand_Caravan_--_Rear.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Galeries Normandie","text":"Galeries Normandie is a small indoor shopping mall located in the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on the corner of De Salaberry Ave. & Quebec Autoroute 15. The major anchors are IGA Extra, Rossy & Bureau En Gros. Within the mall, there are standalone McDonald's, SAQ & Tim Hortons/Thai Express buildings.Galeries Normandie began on August 22, 1961, as a 210,000 square feet L-shapped shopping centre bordered by the suprmarkets Steinberg and Dominion Stores.[67] Its largest anchor was the Pascal located at the junction of the shopping centre's L.[67] Other stores at inauguration included Woolworth, Zellers, Greenberg.[67]On July 13, 1981, the Dominion store in this mall became Provigo.[68] Pascal went bankrupted on May 16, 1991. Pascal's location was converted between mall space & Rossy, even though Pascal had a second floor (now office spaces). In 1990/91, the Steinberg became Xtra, the new discount supermarket division for the group. By 1992, Xtra was converted to IGA when Steinberg went bankrupt. Loblaws acquired Provigo in 1998, and Provigo closed in 2007. Provigo's vacant space became Baron Sports for a little while until the IGA moved to the former Provigo space and expanded the space to become the current IGA Extra. Later on, the former Steinberg store was divided to both a Bureau En Gros & Pharmaprix (which can only be accessed outdoor). By 2011, Blockbuster closed down.Galeries de Normandie","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bois-Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois-Franc,_Montreal"},{"link_name":"St. Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Giant Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Bank of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(store)"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Stores_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_30,_1973-70"},{"link_name":"Canadair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_30,_1973-70"}],"sub_title":"Galeries Saint-Laurent","text":"Galeries Saint-Laurent is a small indoor shopping centre located on Marcel-Laurin Blvd, north of Côte-Vertu Blvd., in the Bois-Franc neighbourhood of St. Laurent. Some of its tenants include Giant Tiger, Dollarama, Jean Coutu, SAQ and Bank of Montreal. It opened on October 31, 1973, with 60 stores anchored by Horizon, Zellers and a Dominion supermarket.[69] It was built on land formerly owned by Canadair.[69]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_center_(retail)"},{"link_name":"St. Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Rona L'entrepôt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_(company)"},{"link_name":"Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaels"},{"link_name":"Bureau En Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Economax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brault_%26_Martineau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21_aout_1972-71"},{"link_name":"Woolco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolco"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Pascal%27s_Hardware_and_Furniture"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21_aout_1972-71"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"Bikini Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose"},{"link_name":"Future Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shop"},{"link_name":"Club Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Club"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27_October_1986-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27_October_1986-72"}],"sub_title":"Méga Centre Côte-Vertu","text":"Méga Centre Côte-Vertu is a power centre located in Montreal, Quebec's St. Laurent borough at the corner of Côte-Vertu Blvd. & Bégin Street. The main anchors are Rona L'entrepôt, Michaels, Bureau En Gros, Economax and Walmart.The mall began in the Spring 1973 as Le Bazar, an enclosed mall, with exactly 50 stores.[70] Original anchors were Steinberg, Woolco, as well as a Pascal furniture store that had opened before the others in 1972.[70]In the 1990s, it also housed a Toys \"R\" Us store. During the 2000s, the indoor mall format and Le Bazar name were both retired. Previously, there was also a Bikini Village warehouse and a Future Shop in the shopping centre.Le Bazar had Canada's first Club Price in 1986.[71] It had replaced the former Woolco store.[71]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Max Kalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Kalman"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May_31,_2006-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_juin_1954-20"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Pharmaprix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaprix"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zellers_history-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Décarie Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarie_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Côte-Vertu Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Côte-Vertu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Vertu_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Metro"},{"link_name":"Terminus Côte-Vertu Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_C%C3%B4te-Vertu_(AMT)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norgate_shopping_centre_panoramic.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norgate_shopping_centre_panoramic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Décarie Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery"},{"link_name":"Physio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"link_name":"RBC Groupe Financier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Le SuperClub Vidéotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_SuperClub_Vid%C3%A9otron"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"Pharmaprix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaprix"},{"link_name":"driving school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_education"}],"sub_title":"Norgate","text":"Norgate shopping centre (French: Galeries Norgate) is a strip mall in Saint-Laurent, Quebec. It was designed by architect Max Kalman and built in 1949.[72] It officially opened its doors on December 6, 1950.[73] It is the oldest shopping centre in Montreal.[20] It is also one of the first major shopping centres in the province and the oldest strip mall in the country.[74][75] It inaugurated with more than 15 tenants and parking space for 750 cars.[76]Norgate was expanded in 1956 and houses were built directly north of the shopping centre to form a residential district, known as Les Habitations Norgate, that was eventually renovated in the 1970s.[77] The 1956 extension can be recognized today as the two southernmost tenant spaces occupied by the Pharmaprix drug store and the Cité Santé Saint-Laurent medical clinic.[78] Back then, the expansion had brought a Zellers store[79] which was located where Pharmaprix is now.[80][81]On March 10, 2008, the anchor tenant, Provigo supermarket, suffered a partial roof collapse due to the weight of snow from the intense snowfall occurring from March 8 through March 10.[82]Norgate is located between Décarie Boulevard and Saint-Germain Street as well as between rue Rochon and Côte-Vertu Boulevard. The shopping centre is L-shaped, fronting the street at the bottom of the L and its related short-side. The bottom of the L coincides with rue Rochon, the short side of the bottom and the long leg of the L correspond with Décarie. The long part of the L sits in the middle of the parking lot, with loading docks along the back, and parking spaces all around, running parallel to Décarie. The back and front of the L open onto parking lots. Across Décarie Boulevard from Norgate lies the Côte-Vertu Metro station and the Terminus Côte-Vertu Nord.Panoramic view of the Norgate shopping centre, looking eastward from the west side of Décarie Boulevard. From left to right: Tim Hortons, Pizza Planete, Photo Norgate, Safir Bakery (now closed), Clinique Physio R.P.G., RBC Groupe Financier, Fredco Shoes, old shops, grocery store, Buanderie Hi-Tec, Le SuperClub Vidéotron, Poissonnerie Norgate, Voyages Décarie, Bangkok Express, Centre Médical Cité Santé Saint-Laurent, Restaurant Zouki's (now closed), Provigo, Excel Personnel, BaoTax Accountant, Pharmaprix, and a driving school.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zellers_Boulevard_Lacordaire_Montreal-Nord,_QC_1_(8274473022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Montréal-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Nord"},{"link_name":"Henri Bourassa Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bourassa_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Super C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_C_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tire"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg%27s_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Stores"},{"link_name":"The Royal Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_8,_1966-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_8,_1966-87"},{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Inc."},{"link_name":"Super C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_C_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"January 1998 North American ice storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1998_North_American_ice_storm"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan_25,_1998-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan_25,_1998-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan_25,_1998-89"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"SmartCentres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartCentres"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Place Bourassa","text":"The Zellers at Place Bourassa was the retailer's last location in Quebec by the time it closed in 2014. The store had been in operation since 1971.Place Bourassa is a small indoor shopping centre located in the borough of Montréal-Nord, Montreal, at the corner of Lacordaire Boulevard and Henri Bourassa Boulevard. The mall has 54 stores,[83] with 265,732-square-foot (24,687.3 m2)[84] and its anchor tenants are Super C and Canadian Tire.Place Bourassa opened in 1966 with tenants such as a Steinberg, Hart and The Royal Bank of Canada.[85][86] It inaugurated as an enclosed shopping mall from the start.[86] Place Bourassa was expanded in the spring of 1971, anchored by Steinberg's and Zellers.[87]When the Steinberg supermarket company went out of business in 1992, the store was sold to Metro and by 1997, the Metro store was converted to its sister chain Super C.During the January 1998 North American ice storm, at least 25% of the roof of the Zellers store collapsed.[88] As a result, Zellers announced it would temporarily close 12 of its stores in the province for inspection and roof de-icing.[88] The administrators of Place Bourassa closed as well the entire shopping mall for inspection due to the Zellers collapse.[88]Ivanhoe and its descendant Ivanhoe Cambridge owned and managed the mall from its construction in 1966 to 2006. The mall is currently owned and managed by SmartCentres.The Zellers store closed in 2014 is now a Canadian Tire.[89][90]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Super C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_C_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Stores"},{"link_name":"Fina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_9,_1987-66"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Héritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ritage_(Canadian_store)"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Odeon"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Odeon"},{"link_name":"dead mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_mall"},{"link_name":"Carrefour Angrignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour_Angrignon"},{"link_name":"Place Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Newman"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Arcade Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_Fire"}],"sub_title":"Place LaSalle","text":"Place LaSalle is a strip mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The major anchors are Super C, Hart, and to a lesser extent, Pharmaprix.Place LaSalle was opened in the 1960s with a Steinberg, Miracle Mart and Greenberg as the main anchors. There was also an outparcel that was home to a Fina Service Centre (this would later become McDonald's and Yellow shoes). Along with the now-defunct Centre Le Cavalier, Place LaSalle was one of the first indoor malls in LaSalle.Initially the mall was built as a 2 store unit (Miracle Mart and Steinbergs) with a Fina service centre outparcel (later McDonald's); the mall was added shortly after with a section going from the end of Miracle Mart towards Gagné street. In the early 1980s, the mall was extended towards the Steinberg store (Steinberg only gained mall access with this renovation). There was an attempt in 1988 to modernize the mall due to competition from other malls. This included a new entrance facing Champlain leading to an attempt at creating a food court. Around this time the former Greenberg space became Géant des Aubaines (it later became Dollarama)In April 1987, Miracle Mart was renamed as M.[65] In 1991, in an effort to compete with Maxi, Héritage and Super C, the Steinberg was converted to Sélex, a discount supermarket. By 1992, when the Steinberg group went bankrupt, Sélex became a Metro, and the M store was closed. In 1994, a 12-screen Cineplex Odeon and a GoCart track took over the lease of M. In the early 2000s, Hart replaced the GoCart track. Somewhat around the mid/late-2000s, the Metro store was converted as a Metro Plus. In May 2010, Metro Plus was converted to Super C and Pharmaprix was relocated to a standalone building, joining the McDonald's (which has since been demolished & rebuilt due to the classic look of the building), Tim Hortons & SAQ buildings. In November 2020, the Cineplex Odeon theater closed.Since then, the mall has started to experience such a decline, making Place LaSalle a dead mall due to increased competition up against larger rival Carrefour Angrignon & smaller rival Place Newman. To ensure its death, lease renewals were refused by management, in favour of dividing the land between condominiums and the more profitable outdoor mall concept. In mid-October 2011, a National Bank of Canada opened next to the SAQ. Place LaSalle is currently under heavy renovation, but is still open. The new mall should open in Winter.In 2011, Arcade Fire filmed parts of their music video for 'Sprawl II' inside Place LaSalle and its parking lot.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Maxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossy"},{"link_name":"Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winners"},{"link_name":"Wendy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%27s"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RioCan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RioCan"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Place_Newman_2001-2002_store_list-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Place_Newman_2002-2003_store_list-93"},{"link_name":"Provigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provigo"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_7,_1992-95"}],"sub_title":"Place Newman","text":"Place Newman is a small indoor shopping mall located in the LaSalle borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada on Dollard Ave. corner Newman Blvd. The major tenants are Maxi, Rossy, Bouclair Maison, Dollarama, and Winners. There is a standalone Wendy's restaurant location.Built in 1971 by Ivanhoe Corporation, roughly at the same time as Galeries Lachine, it was sold in September 2002 to RioCan. Place Newman's anchors from 1971 until 1992 were Steinberg and Zellers; the former went bankrupt in 1992 and the latter closed its Place Newman store circa 2001.[91][92]In mid-1992, Steinberg's became Provigo, which would in turn be converted into Maxi in late 1992.[93][94] The store was remodelled, making the supermarket have an outdoor entrance for the first time in this mall.The anchor space of Zellers was dismantled and is now the home of Rossy, Au Vieux Duluth and a few others.Schools near by Place Newman are Saint Lawrence Academy Junior/Senior and Children's World.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Place Viau","text":"Place Viau is a new multi-level open-air shopping centre on top of a building that includes a Walmart store and other retail/commercial space, all connected with convenient pedestrian and vehicular access, vertical transportation and surface and covered parking.[95] Other big tenants include Marshalls, Michaels and Dollarama. The mall was built in 2012, after an existing strip mall housing a Zellers, which was also called Place Viau, was demolished.","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges%E2%80%93Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"movie theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theatre"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mart"},{"link_name":"Steinberg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Stores"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-07_Feb_1985-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-07_Feb_1985-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-07_Feb_1985-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_8,_1991-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August_8,_1991-99"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-63"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HansSchleehSculpture.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Plaza Côte-des-Neiges","text":"Plaza Côte-des-Neiges is a mid-size two stories indoor mall located in the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by Gestion Plaza Côte-des-Neiges. The Plaza has space for over 100 stores. They include a medical clinic, a dental clinic, daycare centre, a movie theatre, restaurants and many small independent businesses. The plaza was officially opened on October 3, 1968, with 68 stores anchored by Miracle Mart, Steinberg's and Wise.[96]In October 1985, Plaza Côte-des-Neiges announced an expansion to add 46 more stores and a Canadian Tire.[97] The mall owner had to reacquire the lease of Miracle Mart in order to find the necessary space for the expansion.[97] Miracle Mart left in June 1985.[97]Zellers opened a new store at Plaza Côte-des-Neiges on August 10, 1991.[98] A Cineplex Odeon opened the same month on August 29, 1991.[98] 20 years later, Walmart Canada acquired the lease from Zellers to open its own store in October 2012.[62] Like Canadian Tire, Dollarama, Marché Fu Tai or any other store at Plaza Côte-des-Neiges, Walmart has no outdoor entrance and can only accessed from inside the mall.[99]As of April 1, 2023, a new Giant Tiger store has opened in the mall, which also features a new row of escalators right beside it.[100]Hans Schleeh's 'Trialogue' near the front entrance of Plaza Côte-des-Neiges","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges"},{"link_name":"Plamondon metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamondon_station"},{"link_name":"Dorval Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Wilderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderton"},{"link_name":"Place Sainte-Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Sainte-Foy"},{"link_name":"Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_10,_1971-35"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aug_31,_2019-102"},{"link_name":"delicatessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aug_31,_2019-102"},{"link_name":"IGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11_June_1992-9"},{"link_name":"First Capital Realty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Capital_Realty"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoé Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-January_15,_2002-7"}],"sub_title":"Van Horne","text":"Centre commercial Van Horne is a strip mall located Côte-des-Neiges borough located next to the Plamondon metro station. The shopping centre was built by Steinberg in 1955. Due to its small size, it never transitonned into an indoor shopping centre as did most Ivanhoe strip malls in the 1960s and 1970s such as Dorval Gardens, Wilderton, Place Sainte-Foy or St-Martin in Laval.[35] Despite its size and generic layout, it is considered a strong shopping centre even today.[101] It was home to a popular Jewish delicatessen Brown Derby (closed in 2000) that has since been replaced by the equally busy Tim Hortons.[101] Steinberg rebranded as IGA in 1992.[9]It was sold in January 2002 to First Capital Realty by Ivanhoé Cambridge.[7]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercier%E2%80%93Hochelaga-Maisonneuve"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Honoré-Beaugrand station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Beaugrand_station"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Norgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Galeries_Norgate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19_juin_1954-20"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15_Sep_1953-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21_Sep_1953-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15_Sep_1953-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23_Sep_1953-106"},{"link_name":"Camillien Houde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillien_Houde"},{"link_name":"Marcel Monette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Monette"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21_Sep_1953-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23_Sep_1953-106"},{"link_name":"Jean Coutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group"},{"link_name":"St-Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-Hubert"},{"link_name":"Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Provi-Soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provi-Soir"},{"link_name":"M&M Food Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26M_Food_Market"},{"link_name":"Bulk Barn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_Barn"},{"link_name":"Toronto Dominion Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Dominion_Bank"},{"link_name":"The Dominion Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Bank"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%A9poussi%C3%A9reuse-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%A9poussi%C3%A9reuse-107"}],"sub_title":"Village Champlain","text":"Village Champlain is located in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Montreal, at the corner of Sherbrooke Street East and Honoré-Beaugrand, adjacent to the Honoré-Beaugrand station. The centre is located in the eponymous Village Champlain neighborhood; a primarily residential area bordered by the streets Sherbrooke, Liébert, Hochelaga and De Boucherville.[102] Although a generic strip mall with fewer than 20 tenants, Village Champlain is notable for being one of the oldest shopping centres in Montreal, second only to Norgate.[20]The shopping centre opened to the public on September 15, 1953[103] though its formal inauguration occurred on September 22.[104] Anchor stores upon inauguration were Steinberg and Woolworth for a total of 18 tenants sprawled over 150,000 square feet.[103][105] Its inauguration ceremony had been attended by high-profile business and political figures including Montreal mayor Camillien Houde and MP Marcel Monette, and the shopping centre could serve a population of up to 22,000 families at its opening and 500 cars on its parking lot.[104][105] Today it includes well-known contemporary tenants like Jean Coutu, St-Hubert, Subway, Provi-Soir, M&M Food Market, Bulk Barn and a Toronto Dominion Bank that has been there since 1953 (when it was still The Dominion Bank).[106][107] The former spaces of Steinberg and Woolworth are now occupied respectively by a Dollar Max variety store and Bulk Barn.[106]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ville Saint-Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Village_Montpellier-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Village_Montpellier-109"}],"sub_title":"Village Montpellier","text":"Village Montpellier, also known as Centre commercial Place Montpellier is located at 740 Côte-Vertu Ouest boulevard. It is a small neighborhood indoor mall located in the Ville Saint-Laurent borough. The biggest tenants are a Metro Plus super market and Jean Coutu pharmacy.[108] It is currently managed by Développement Métro.[108]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges"},{"link_name":"Outremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremont"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_19,_2019-110"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Inc."},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_29,_2018-111"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-November_10,_1971-35"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_29,_2018-111"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-08_June_1992-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-January_15,_2002-7"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_19,_2019-110"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilderton_Redevelopment_page-116"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilderton_Redevelopment_page-116"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July_19,_2019-110"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Wilderton","text":"Centre commercial Wilderton is a small indoor mall in the Côte-des-Neiges borough and bordering Outremont. It is located on Van Horne Avenue between Wilderton and Darlington Avenues.[109] Its anchors are Metro, Dollarama and Pharmaprix.Wilderton was built by Steinberg through Ivanhoe.[110][35] Its construction began in mid-December 1959 and it officially opened on September 7, 1960.[111]In 1970, Wilderton was converted from a strip mall to an indoor one.[110] Steinberg rebranded as Metro in 1992.[5] The mall was acquired by First Capital Realty in 2002.[7]RedevelopmentIn 2016, First Capital announced plans to demolish the property and redeveloped it into a mixed-use residential and commercial project.[112] The new complex will continue with the Wilderton namesake.[109]The western portion of the mall, which housed the Metro grocery store and the Royal Bank, was demolished circa 2019.[113][114] As part of the first phase of Wilderton's transformation, a brand new building was built on the mall's parking for the Royal Bank, Tim Hortons and several other tenants.[115] Another two-story building is currently under construction for Metro, Pharmaprix, SAQ, and residences for seniors.[115][109]As of 2021, the eastern part of the old shopping mall is still standing with all of its tenants.[116][117]","title":"Montreal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pointe-Claire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strip mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mall"},{"link_name":"Pointe-Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Claire"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"Domino's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"L'Equipeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%27s_Work_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"Pier 1 Imports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_1_Imports"},{"link_name":"Pennington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penningtons"},{"link_name":"Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"TD Canada Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Famous Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players"},{"link_name":"Fairview Pointe-Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview_Pointe-Claire"},{"link_name":"Plaza Pointe-Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Pointe-Claire"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Domino's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"CIBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Canada"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Centre Terrarium","text":"Centre Terrarium (formerly Terrarium Pointe-Claire until 1997) is as strip mall with two sectors located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. Popular stores include Walmart, The Home Depot, Domino's Pizza, L'Equipeur, Tim Hortons, Pier 1 Imports, Pennington's and Subway. It also houses a free-standing TD Canada Trust.The mall began in the 1970s with a Kmart, a CIBC and a Dominion supermarket (which pulled out of the mall in 1983 even though the space had remained empty until Famous Players moved to that space). It was Pointe-Claire's third-largest indoor shopping mall behind Fairview Pointe-Claire and Plaza Pointe-Claire until the indoor space was converted to sports stores in 2005.In October 1983, Kmart announced that it would close all of its stores in the Montreal area for January 28, 1984 including Ponte-Claire's.[118] In April 1984, it was reported that a Zellers department store would \"open shortly in a location vacated by a competitor in the Montreal suburb of Pointe-Claire\".[119] The opened Zellers happened on October 31, 1984.[120] It was the first Zellers store to sell fur coats.[121] In August 2000, the store was enlarged from 66,000 square feet to 110,000 square feet.[122]When it was an indoor shopping mall, most stores, such as Domino's Pizza and CIBC were moved to Complexe Pointe-Claire) or other nearby locations. Other tenants such as Famous Players, L'Île du Dollar, Coiffure Maxicolor and Talons were closed in the indoor mall. Around 2010, Bernard Trottier Sports closed down, and Dollarama took its vacant space the following year. The Zellers store closed in 2013[123] and Target took over its space. The Target store closed in 2015,[124] and Walmart took over its space in 2016.[125]","title":"Pointe-Claire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island"},{"link_name":"Pointe-Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Claire"},{"link_name":"Quebec Autoroute 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40"},{"link_name":"Maxi & Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Marshalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalls"},{"link_name":"Chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_(bookstore)"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"La Cage aux Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Cage_aux_Sports&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Sports"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Cineplex Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineplex_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Consumers Distributing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Distributing"},{"link_name":"Future Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shop"},{"link_name":"Globo Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Group"},{"link_name":"Red Lobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lobster_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Dic Ann's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dic_Ann%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"CIBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Dollar ou Deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Buck_or_Two"},{"link_name":"Addition Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_Elle"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Complexe Pointe-Claire","text":"Complexe Pointe-Claire is one of the West Island's largest strip malls, located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, on Saint-Jean Boulevard at the Quebec Autoroute 40. Owned by Westcliff, the major anchors of this mall are Maxi & Cie, Marshalls, Chapters and Toys \"R\" Us. Restaurants are Subway, La Cage aux Sports [fr], Sushi Shop and Le Chocolat Belge, as well as a McKibbins pub to name a few.The mall opened in 1987 with Maxi, Litrerie Etc. and Toys \"R\" Us as anchors. Toys \"R\" Us actually opened before the shopping centre in October 1986.[126]A six-screen Cineplex Odeon theatre opened in 1988. By 1995, Litrerie Etc. and Consumers Distributing were both closed. Future Shop and Globo Shoes shortly took over the former spots. The following year, Red Lobster (which withdrew from Quebec at the time) and the National Bank of Canada were closed; the latter would reappear during the time when Maxi & Cie replaced Maxi in 1997. The Nature Pet Centre was relocated to Red Lobster's old location; welcoming the old Nature Pet Centre site to house the current Chapters. A Dic Ann's restaurant operated within the mall, but closed down in 1999. The former Dic Ann's space is now Reitmans, which also occupies the former space of the National Bank.Around 2002, CIBC and the Nature Pet Centre replaced the old Cineplex Odeon site (which closed in 2001); causing closure of the National Bank inside the Maxi & Cie store and the current Nature Pet Centre entrance was where it housed Dollar ou Deux. The old Nature Pet Centre location became a J. Schreters store, which also in turn, closed.Today, Addition Elle is located at the former Red Lobster site. Cohoes went bankrupt in 2005, and that store had been there since the mall's inception. A McKibbins takes the former Cohoes space. Best Buy closed the Future Shop in 2015.[127]","title":"Pointe-Claire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center"},{"link_name":"Pointe-Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Claire"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Autoroute 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_20"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Uniprix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniprix"},{"link_name":"TD Canada Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Swiss Vienna Patisserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Vienna_Patisserie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_27,_2023-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September_23,_2020-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September_23,_2020-130"},{"link_name":"Woolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-September_23,_2020-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-October_11,_1958-131"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_6,_1957-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May_18,_2023-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May_18,_2023-134"}],"sub_title":"Plaza Pointe-Claire","text":"Plaza Pointe-Claire is an indoor shopping centre in Pointe-Claire, Quebec (a suburb of Montreal). It is located on 269 St. Jean Boulevard near Autoroute 20. Tenant stores include Metro, Uniprix, TD Canada Trust, SAQ and Swiss Vienna Patisserie. Most stores are independently operated. The mall has a number of longstanding tenants including Ted's Hobby Shop, Blue Nose Collectibles, Vienna Pastry, Librairie Clio and Conservatoire de Musique.[128]Its first anchor store Steinberg's supermarket opened its doors on September 19, 1957. After the rest of the mall was completed, the inauguration was held on October 16, 1958.[129] The mall was originally known simply as the Pointe-Claire shopping centre.[129] Although many of the stores were independent businesseses, the shopping centre also had its share of national retailers including Woolworth and Reitmans.[129][130] Plaza Pointe-Claire was initially managed by Ivanhoe Corporation.[131] Among the small notable tenants to this mall was the Steve's hardware and variety store which opened in May 1983 and operated for 40 years until its owners decided in late 2022 to close the business for an unspecified date.[132]In 1976, Plaza Pointe-Claire was purchased by Kurt Scheunert and his partner who since added a new wing to the shopping centre.[133] Scheunert still co-owns the shopping centre as of 2023.[133]","title":"Pointe-Claire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"}],"text":"^ Morgan's at Le Boulevard was itself a one level store until 1958.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Dorval Gardens in 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Les_Jardins_Dorval_1954_Steinberg%27s.jpg/220px-Les_Jardins_Dorval_1954_Steinberg%27s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Le Boulevard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Centre_commercial_Le_Boulevard.jpg/250px-Centre_commercial_Le_Boulevard.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walmart store at Carrefour Langelier before its conversion to a Walmart Supercentre in October 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Exterior_Entrance_Of_Walmart_Carrefour_Langelier_%28Summer-October_2012%29_%26_%2705-%2708_Audi_A4_B7_Convertible_--_Rear.JPG/220px-Exterior_Entrance_Of_Walmart_Carrefour_Langelier_%28Summer-October_2012%29_%26_%2705-%2708_Audi_A4_B7_Convertible_--_Rear.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Zellers at Place Bourassa was the retailer's last location in Quebec by the time it closed in 2014. The store had been in operation since 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zellers_Boulevard_Lacordaire_Montreal-Nord%2C_QC_1_%288274473022%29.jpg/500px-Zellers_Boulevard_Lacordaire_Montreal-Nord%2C_QC_1_%288274473022%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans Schleeh's 'Trialogue' near the front entrance of Plaza Côte-des-Neiges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HansSchleehSculpture.jpg/220px-HansSchleehSculpture.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of shopping malls in Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Montreal"},{"title":"List of shopping malls in Greater Longueuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Greater_Longueuil"},{"title":"List of largest shopping malls in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"\"US Center Classification\" (PDF). www.icsc.org. Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf","url_text":"\"US Center Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plaza Baie – D'Urfé – First Capital\".","urls":[{"url":"https://fcr.ca/properties/quebec/montreal-west-island/baie-durfe/plaza-baie-durfe/","url_text":"\"Plaza Baie – D'Urfé – First Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baie d'Urfé History and Heritage - Part 2\". City of Baie d'Urfé.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baie-durfe.qc.ca/en/the-town/page/history-and-heritage-part-2","url_text":"\"Baie d'Urfé History and Heritage - Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old-style shopping centres turned into indoor malls\". Montreal Star. Montreal. June 22, 1974. p. C8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-old-style-shopping-cen/130460363/","url_text":"\"Old-style shopping centres turned into indoor malls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Star","url_text":"Montreal Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Steinberg stores begin the changeover\". Montreal Gazette. June 8, 1992. p. A5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-former-steinberg-stores-begi/130207104/","url_text":"\"Former Steinberg stores begin the changeover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Ivanhoe advertisement page\". Montreal Gazette. July 2, 1986. p. B4.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19860702&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ivanhoe advertisement page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Ivanhoe sells 6 shopping centres\". Montreal Gazette. January 15, 2002. p. C5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-ivanhoe-sells-6-shopping-cen/130318977/","url_text":"\"Ivanhoe sells 6 shopping centres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Lampert, Allison (July 3, 2010). \"Cavendish mall: Seeking a retail renaissance\". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/Seeking+retail+renaissance/3230494/story.html","url_text":"\"Cavendish mall: Seeking a retail renaissance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"STEINBERG\". Montreal Gazette. June 11, 1992. p. G3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-steinberg-june-11-1992/130207427/","url_text":"\"STEINBERG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Changes to the Cavendish Mall: Montreal Gazette, July 5, 2010\". Mike in the Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mikecohen.ca/in_the_media/2010/07/changes-to-the-cavendish-mall-montreal-gazette-july-5-2010.html","url_text":"\"Changes to the Cavendish Mall: Montreal Gazette, July 5, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Mike (November 27, 2011). \"Cavendish Mall/Quartier Cavendish\". MikeCohen.ca. Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mikecohen.ca/mikecohen/cavendish-mall/","url_text":"\"Cavendish Mall/Quartier Cavendish\""}]},{"reference":"Goldenberg, Joel (November 30, 2011). \"Cavendish Mall becoming Quartier Cavendish\". The Suburban. Retrieved January 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?referral=other&pnum=6&refresh=Lb31o0H21G8y&EID=d8615035-78a9-4439-9b36-ec7cdde49aac&skip=&p=6","url_text":"\"Cavendish Mall becoming Quartier Cavendish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suburban","url_text":"The Suburban"}]},{"reference":"\"Store manager happy in mall\". Montreal Gazette. November 10, 1971. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19711110&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Store manager happy in mall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Steinberg's Chain Boosted By Two Units\". Montreal Gazette. October 4, 1966. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19661004&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Steinberg's Chain Boosted By Two Units\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Report\" (PDF). Ivanhoé Cambridge. 2001. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060531063501/http://www.ivanhoecambridge.com/pdf/report_on_activities_pdf/report_on_activities_2001.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 Report\""},{"url":"http://www.ivanhoecambridge.com/pdf/report_on_activities_pdf/report_on_activities_2001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bureau en Gros opens 4 stores\". Montreal Gazette. May 31, 1996. p. C8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-bureau-en-gros-opens-4-store/130294201/","url_text":"\"Bureau en Gros opens 4 stores\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Jardins Dorval (Dorval Gardens)\". Edgecombe Property Management. August 8, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827090045/http://www.lesjardinsdorval.ca/home/","url_text":"\"Les Jardins Dorval (Dorval Gardens)\""},{"url":"http://www.lesjardinsdorval.ca/home/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A coups de millions, des \"shopping center\"\" (PDF). Photo Journal. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.banq.qc.ca/biblio/js/pdfjs/pdfjs-1.6.210-dist_banq/web/pdf.php/j1YUMgoGBPPECIY-nCUDeA.pdf","url_text":"\"A coups de millions, des \"shopping center\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_Journal","url_text":"Photo Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Dorval looks back 125 years through an artistic lens | Montreal Gazette\". March 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/west-island-gazette/dorval-looks-back-125-years-through-an-artistic-lens","url_text":"\"Dorval looks back 125 years through an artistic lens | Montreal Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ivanhoe shopping centre advertisement\". Montreal Gazette. March 24, 1956. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19560324&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ivanhoe shopping centre advertisement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Jardins Dorval celebrates its 45th anniversary\". Ivanhoe. November 6, 1999. Archived from the original on February 10, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020210224758/http://www.ivanhoe.ca/en/frameset-en.html","url_text":"\"Les Jardins Dorval celebrates its 45th anniversary\""},{"url":"http://www.ivanhoe.ca/en/frameset-en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Dorval Gardens advertisement page\". Montreal Gazette. April 7, 1954. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19540407&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"'Dorval Gardens advertisement page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan's advertisement page\". Montreal Gazette. April 29, 1954. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-morgans-dorval-april-29-1/130207861/","url_text":"\"Morgan's advertisement page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan's to Open Department Store in North York\". Montreal Gazette. Montreal. November 12, 1954. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-morgans-to-open-department/130216568/","url_text":"\"Morgan's to Open Department Store in North York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan's advertisement page\". Montreal Star. Montreal. August 26, 1961. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-morgans-dorval-1961/130203006/","url_text":"\"Morgan's advertisement page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Star","url_text":"Montreal Star"}]},{"reference":"\"All that's left\". Montreal Gazette. April 22, 1969. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19690422&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"All that's left\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"School gutted in fire\". Montreal Gazette. 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Archived from the original on December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/hudsons-bay-to-shut-dorval-gardens-location-for-good-next-september","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay to shut Dorval Gardens location for good next September\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209032926/https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/hudsons-bay-to-shut-dorval-gardens-location-for-good-next-september","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Boulevard Shopping Centre page\". Montreal Gazette. September 29, 1953. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19530929&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Boulevard Shopping Centre page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"CROFTON MOORE – Our office properties\". www.croftonmoore.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214091204/http://www.croftonmoore.com:80/property-details.php?pid=1","url_text":"\"CROFTON MOORE – Our office properties\""},{"url":"http://www.croftonmoore.com/property-details.php?pid=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson's Bay Closes 2nd-Oldest Suburban Store\". RETAIL INSIDER. September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retail-insider.com/retail-insider/2018/9/hudsons-bay-morgans-closed-le-boulevard-montreal","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay Closes 2nd-Oldest Suburban Store\""}]},{"reference":"Hendry, Leah. \"STM to revitalize aging mall as part of blue line extension\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/mall-blue-line-extension-le-boulevard-1.6787482","url_text":"\"STM to revitalize aging mall as part of blue line extension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Boulevard Shopping Centre to close December 1st (February 24 2021)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdL5xhDuRNo","url_text":"\"Boulevard Shopping Centre to close December 1st (February 24 2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Shopping Centre 'Le Boulevard' in Montreal to Shutter Entirely\". April 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retail-insider.com/retail-insider/2021/04/shopping-centre-le-boulevard-in-montreal-to-shutter-entirely/","url_text":"\"Shopping Centre 'Le Boulevard' in Montreal to Shutter Entirely\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Boulevard mall will stay open despite Blue Line extension\".","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/real-estate/le-boulevard-mall-will-stay-open-despite-blue-line-extension","url_text":"\"Le Boulevard mall will stay open despite Blue Line extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update from STM on Le Boulevard remaining open for the next few years\". Société de transport de Montréal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/press/news/2021/update-from-stm-on-le-boulevard-remaining-open-for-the-next-few-years","url_text":"\"Update from STM on Le Boulevard remaining open for the next few years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al","url_text":"Société de transport de Montréal"}]},{"reference":"\"Centre Commercial Le Boulevard redesign project\" (PDF). Société de transport de Montréal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/sites/default/files/media/Affairespubliques/Communiques/2023/Centre_Boulevard/23817_26_plan_demolition_centre_boulevard_cab_avec_commerce_ang.pdf","url_text":"\"Centre Commercial Le Boulevard redesign project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al","url_text":"Société de transport de Montréal"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrefour de la pointe - About us\". www.carrefourdelapointe.com. Crecca Investments.","urls":[{"url":"https://carrefourdelapointe.com/a-propos/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Carrefour de la pointe - About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carrefour de la pointe - More than 45 shops for the whole family!\". www.carrefourdelapointe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://carrefourdelapointe.com/stores/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Carrefour de la pointe - More than 45 shops for the whole family!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre Langelier advertisement page\". Montreal Star. Montreal. April 8, 1970. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star-centre-langelier-adver/130180177/","url_text":"\"Centre Langelier advertisement page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Star","url_text":"Montreal Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Aliments Hypermarché advertisement\". Montreal Gazette. 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Montreal.","urls":[{"url":"https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/retailer-hudson-s-bay-co-to-close-most-of-its-remaining-64-zellers-stores-1.894493","url_text":"\"Retailer Hudson's Bay Co. to close most of its remaining 64 Zellers stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walmart to take over Target store in Pointe-Claire\". montrealgazette.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/west-island-gazette/walmart-to-take-over-target-store-in-pointe-claire","url_text":"\"Walmart to take over Target store in Pointe-Claire\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Walmart in Pointe-Claire to open in spring 2016\". montrealgazette.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/west-island-gazette/new-walmart-in-pointe-claire-to-open-in-spring-2016","url_text":"\"New Walmart in Pointe-Claire to open in spring 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toys 'R' Us to open 4 Montreal stores\". Montreal Gazette. October 8, 1986. p. 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The Suburban Newspaper.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesuburban.com/profiles/business_profiles/plaza-pointe-claire-experiences-a-renaissance-as-it-celebrates-65-years-in-business/article_5fe89430-e4f6-11ed-bc02-ff90405dc3a0.html","url_text":"\"Plaza Pointe-Claire experiences a renaissance as it celebrates 65 years in business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beloved Plaza Pointe-Claire up for sale - Montreal | Globalnews.ca\". Global News.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7353849/plaza-pointe-claire-for-sale/","url_text":"\"Beloved Plaza Pointe-Claire up for sale - Montreal | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shopping Centre Opening Slated\". Montreal Gazette. October 11, 1958. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19581011&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Shopping Centre Opening Slated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Ivanhoe Corp. advertisement\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_buona_figliuola | La buona figliuola | ["1 Performance history","2 Roles","3 Synopsis","4 Recordings","5 References","6 External links"] | "La Cecchina" redirects here. For the singer known as "La Cecchina", see Francesca Caccini.
La buona figliuolaOpera buffa by Niccolò PiccinniAntonia Zamperini in the title role, Cecchina, 1769TranslationThe Good-Natured GirlLibrettistCarlo GoldoniLanguageItalianPremiere6 February 1760 (1760-02-06)Teatro delle Dame, Rome
La buona figliuola (The Good-Natured Girl or The Accomplish'd Maid), or La Cecchina (The girl from Cecchina), is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni. The libretto, by Carlo Goldoni, is based on Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. This was Piccinni's most successful Italian opera. There was a sequel entitled La buona figliuola maritata (1761) by the same composer and librettist. La buona figliuola supposta vedova by Gaetano Latilla followed in 1766.
Performance history
It was first performed at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome, on 6 February 1760 with an all-male cast. It was given in London at the King's Theatre on 25 November 1766 with Gaetano Guadagni, Savi, Lovattini, Morigi, Quercioli, Piatti, and Michele; and at Covent Garden in English as The Accomplish'd Maid on 3 December 1766. It was revived as La Cecchina (with alterations) on 7 February 1928 in Bari (the composer's native city), as part of a celebration of the bicentenary of Piccinni's birth.
This opera is said to have been performed by Jesuits in China in 1778, namely at the court of the Qianlong Emperor.
Roles
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 6 February 1760
Cecchina, a maid
soprano castrato travesti
Tommaso Borghesi
Armidoro, engaged to Lucinda
soprano castrato
Carlo De Cristofori
The marquis of Conchiglia, in love with Cecchina
tenor
Giovanni Lovatini
Lucinda, the marquis' sister
soprano castrato travesti
Gaspero Savoj
Mengotto, a poor man in love with Cecchina
baritone
Giuseppe Casaccia
Paoluccia, a maid
mezzo-soprano castrato travesti
Francesco Pieri
Sandrina, a maid
soprano castrato travesti
Giuseppe Giustinelli
Tagliaferro, a German soldier
baritone
Francesco Carattoli
Synopsis
The marquis of Conchiglia has fallen in love with Cecchina, who is a maid. Shocked by the social impropriety of such a match, Cavaliere Armidoro, the fiancé of the marquis's sister, refuses to marry Lucinda. Distraught over losing the man she loves, Lucinda begs the marquis to stop seeing Cecchina. Meanwhile, Cecchina has several problems of her own, including Mengotto, a poor man who is infatuated with her and won't leave her alone, and Sandrina and Paoluccia, two jealous maids who try to cause as much trouble for Cecchina as they can. After many plot twists, the opera ends well when Tagliaferro, a German soldier, reveals that Cecchina is in fact the daughter of a German baron, which enables Cecchina to marry the Marchese without upsetting Armidoro.
Recordings
Piccinni: La Cecchina, ossia La buona figliuola – Orchestra Serenissima Pro Arte
Conductor: Bruno Campanella
Principal singers: Alessandra Ruffini, Bruno Pratico, Maria Angeles Peters, Gabriella Morigi, Giuseppe Morino
Recording date: 8 January 2002
Label: Nuova Era 7123/25 (3 cd)
Piccinni: La buona figliola – Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma
Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti
Principal singers: Lucia Aliberti, Enzo Dara, Margherita Rinaldi, Emilia Raviglia, Ugo Benelli
Recording date: 4 February 1981
Label: Fonit Cetra CDC 95 (2 cd)
Piccinni: La Cecchina, ossia La buona figliuola – La Lyra di Anfione
Conductor: Vito Paternoster
Principal singers: Serena Farnocchia, Graziella Merrino, Danilo Formaggia, Eun Young Oh, Larissa Schmidt, Eugenia Pont-Burgoyne, Piero Terranova, Davude Pelissero
Recording date: 25 September 2001
Label: Bongiovanni GB 2293/94-2 (2 cd)
References
Notes
^ Hunter 1992 and 2001. A variety of other titles have been used, including La Cecchina, ossia La buona figliuola; Cecchina zitella, o La buona figliuola; Cecchina nubile o La buona figliuola; La buona figliuola zitella; La buona figliuola puta; La baronessa riconosciuta; Das gute Mädchen; Der fromme Pige; La bonne fille. "Figliuola" is sometimes rendered as its modern Italian variant "figliola".
^ Loewenberg 1978, columns 243–245.
^ Ginguené 1809, pp. 10–11.
Sources
Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "La buona figliola, 6 February 1760". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
Ginguené, Pierre-Louis (1809). Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Nicolas Piccini (in French). Paris: Panckoucke.
Hunter, Mary (1992). "Buona figliuola, La" in Sadie 1992, vol. 1, pp. 640–642.
Hunter, Mary (2001). "Piccinni: (1) Niccolò Piccinni. Works" (with James L. Jackman, Marita P. McClymonds, David Charlton) in Sadie 2001.
Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). Annals of Opera 1597–1940 (third edition, revised). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-87471-851-5.
Rushton, Julian (2001). "Niccolò Piccinni", pp. 673–676, in The New Penguin Opera Guide, edited by Amanda Holden. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.
Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-56159-228-9.
Sadie, Stanley, editor (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5 (hardcover), OCLC 419285866 (eBook), and Grove Music Online.
Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Opera New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869164-5.
External links
La buona figliuola: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Act 1 on YouTube, performance by Northwestern University School of Music, 30 March 2007
1760 libretto for Bergamo (Libretti der Musikgeschichtlichen Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom)
vteNiccolò PiccinniOpera
La buona figliuola (1760)
Le donne vendicate (1763)
Il finto astrologo (1765)
L'americano (1772)
Roland (1778)
Atys (1780)
Iphigénie en Tauride (1781)
Adèle de Ponthieu (1781)
Didon (1783)
Diane et Endymion (1784)
Pénélope (1785)
List of operas by Niccolò Piccinni · Category:Operas by Niccolò Piccinni
Portal: Opera
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francesca Caccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Caccini"},{"link_name":"Cecchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecchina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"opera buffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_buffa"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Piccinni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinni"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Carlo Goldoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni"},{"link_name":"Samuel Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela;_or,_Virtue_Rewarded"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Latilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Latilla"}],"text":"\"La Cecchina\" redirects here. For the singer known as \"La Cecchina\", see Francesca Caccini.La buona figliuola (The Good-Natured Girl or The Accomplish'd Maid), or La Cecchina (The girl from Cecchina),[1] is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni. The libretto, by Carlo Goldoni, is based on Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. This was Piccinni's most successful Italian opera. There was a sequel entitled La buona figliuola maritata (1761) by the same composer and librettist. La buona figliuola supposta vedova by Gaetano Latilla followed in 1766.","title":"La buona figliuola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teatro delle Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_delle_Dame"},{"link_name":"King's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Guadagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Guadagni"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinguen%C3%A91809[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwcwUAAAAQAAJpgPA10_10%E2%80%9311]-3"}],"text":"It was first performed at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome, on 6 February 1760 with an all-male cast. It was given in London at the King's Theatre on 25 November 1766 with Gaetano Guadagni, Savi, Lovattini, Morigi, Quercioli, Piatti, and Michele; and at Covent Garden in English as The Accomplish'd Maid on 3 December 1766. It was revived as La Cecchina (with alterations) on 7 February 1928 in Bari (the composer's native city), as part of a celebration of the bicentenary of Piccinni's birth.[2]This opera is said to have been performed by Jesuits in China in 1778, namely at the court of the Qianlong Emperor.[3]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The marquis of Conchiglia has fallen in love with Cecchina, who is a maid. Shocked by the social impropriety of such a match, Cavaliere Armidoro, the fiancé of the marquis's sister, refuses to marry Lucinda. Distraught over losing the man she loves, Lucinda begs the marquis to stop seeing Cecchina. Meanwhile, Cecchina has several problems of her own, including Mengotto, a poor man who is infatuated with her and won't leave her alone, and Sandrina and Paoluccia, two jealous maids who try to cause as much trouble for Cecchina as they can. After many plot twists, the opera ends well when Tagliaferro, a German soldier, reveals that Cecchina is in fact the daughter of a German baron, which enables Cecchina to marry the Marchese without upsetting Armidoro.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruno Campanella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Campanella"},{"link_name":"Gianluigi Gelmetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Gelmetti"},{"link_name":"Lucia Aliberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Aliberti"},{"link_name":"Margherita Rinaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Rinaldi"},{"link_name":"Ugo Benelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Benelli"},{"link_name":"Vito Paternoster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Paternoster"},{"link_name":"Serena Farnocchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Farnocchia"}],"text":"Piccinni: La Cecchina, ossia La buona figliuola – Orchestra Serenissima Pro ArteConductor: Bruno Campanella\nPrincipal singers: Alessandra Ruffini, Bruno Pratico, Maria Angeles Peters, Gabriella Morigi, Giuseppe Morino\nRecording date: 8 January 2002\nLabel: Nuova Era 7123/25 (3 cd)Piccinni: La buona figliola – Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di RomaConductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti\nPrincipal singers: Lucia Aliberti, Enzo Dara, Margherita Rinaldi, Emilia Raviglia, Ugo Benelli\nRecording date: 4 February 1981\nLabel: Fonit Cetra CDC 95 (2 cd)Piccinni: La Cecchina, ossia La buona figliuola – La Lyra di AnfioneConductor: Vito Paternoster\nPrincipal singers: Serena Farnocchia, Graziella Merrino, Danilo Formaggia, Eun Young Oh, Larissa Schmidt, Eugenia Pont-Burgoyne, Piero Terranova, Davude Pelissero\nRecording date: 25 September 2001\nLabel: Bongiovanni GB 2293/94-2 (2 cd)","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ginguené, Pierre-Louis (1809). Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Nicolas Piccini (in French). Paris: Panckoucke.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Ginguen%C3%A9","url_text":"Ginguené, Pierre-Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Louis-Fleury_Panckoucke","url_text":"Panckoucke"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wcwUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"10–11"},{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=06&Mese=02&Anno=1760&Testo=La_buona_figliola&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"La buona figliola, 6 February 1760\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/419285866","external_links_name":"419285866"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A70_Cju-hiA","external_links_name":"Act 1"},{"Link":"http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0004/bsb00043949/images/index.html?id=00043949&fip=xsxdsydxdsydewqwxdsydeayaqrseayaewqw&no=1&seite=3","external_links_name":"1760 libretto for Bergamo"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6910147270660435700002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13916985g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13916985g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300372396","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83148846","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/ba6d06c2-76d5-4065-a30c-c9ac2c68a12b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_De_Masi | Francesco De Masi | ["1 Biography","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian composer (1930–2005)
Francesco De MasiBorn(1930-01-11)11 January 1930Rome, ItalyDied6 November 2005(2005-11-06) (aged 75)Rome, ItalyOccupation(s)Conductor, film score composer
Francesco De Masi (11 January 1930 – 6 November 2005) was an Italian conductor and film score composer.
Biography
He studied composition at the San Pietro a Maiella Conservatory in Naples under the guidance of Achille Longo, his uncle. De Masi became interested in film music when Longo was asked to compose a soundtrack for a film, and he asked De Masi to be his assistant. De Masi's filmography includes scores for over 200 films and TV series, ranging from Spaghetti Westerns and sword and sandal epics to gialli and horror films, such as Lucio Fulci's Lo squartatore di New York (The New York Ripper).
De Masi also scored several action films, such as Enzo G. Castellari's Quel maledetto treno blindato (The Inglorious Bastards), but he is best remembered for his work on Spaghetti Westerns. Unlike most other composers, De Masi started writing western scores slightly earlier than the genre's most influential musician, Ennio Morricone. As De Masi's music was less influenced by Morricone, his style had a distinctive sound. Many of his songs were performed by the low-voiced member of the I Cantori Moderni choir, Ettore "Raoul" Lovecchio.
De Masi was also very interested in classical music. He taught at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory, also conducting the conservatory's orchestra. In an interview, De Masi listed Palestrina, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Ravel and Shostakovich as his main classical influences.
De Masi died of cancer at the age of 75.
Selected filmography
Year
Film
Directed by
Singles
Latest CD / Digital Release
1962
Toto vs. Maciste
Fernando Cerchio
Digitmovies / DGST027 / 2017
The Carpet of Horror
Harald Reinl
Saimel / 3998956 / 2020
Colossus of the Arena
Michele Lupo
Tiko and the Shark
Folco Quilici
Beat Records Company / BCM 9537 / 2014
1963
Hercules the Invincible
Alvaro Mancori, Lewis Mann
The Sign of the Coyote
Mario Caiano
Goliath and the Sins of Babylon
Michele Lupo
Digitmovies / CDDM234 / 2013
The ghost
Riccardo Freda
Digitmovies / CDDM122 / 2008
1964
Man from Cursed Valley
Siro Marcellini, Primo Zeglio
Beat Records / CDCR149 / 2023
Maciste in King Solomon's Mines
Piero Regnoli
The Lion of Thebes
Giorgio Ferroni
Seven Slaves Against the World
Michele Lupo
The Revenge of Spartacus
Michele Lupo
1965
Seven Rebel Gladiators
Michele Lupo
Mutiny in the South Seas
Wolfgang Becker
Beat Records / BCM9555 / 2015
Serenade for Two Spies
Michael Pfleghar, Alberto Cardone
Beat Records / BCM 9552 / 2014
Desperate Mission (1965 film)
Roberto Bianchi Montero
A Coffin for the Sheriff
Mario Caiano
Beat Records / CDCR 95 / 2011
1966
Seven Dollars on the Red
Alberto Cardone, Melchiade Coletti
Beat Records / CDCR121 / 2012
The Murder Clinic
Elio Scardamaglia
Digitmovies / CDDM122 / 2008
FBI Operation Yellow Viper
Alfredo Medori, Wolfgang Schleif
Beat Records / BCM 9546 / 2014
An Angel for Satan
Camillo Mastrocinque
The Third Eye
Mino Guerrini
Ringo, the Mark of Vengeance
Mario Caiano
GDM / GDM 2060 / 2005
Arizona Colt
Michele Lupo
Beat Records / CDCR 96 / 2012
Alla scoperta dell'Africa (TV Movie)
Folco Quilici
Beat Records / BCM 9547 / 2015
India (TV Movie)
Folco Quilici
Cometa Edizioni Musicali / CMT 10028-10029 / 2012
1967
Two Crosses at Danger Pass
Rafael Romero Marchent
Seven Pistols for a Massacre
Mario Caiano
Any Gun Can Play
Enzo G. Castellari
Beat Records / CDCR 91 / 2011
Your Turn to Die
Michele Lupo
Digitmovies / CDDM024 / 2004
1968
Johnny Hamlet
Enzo G. Castellari
Seven Winchesters for a Massacre
Enzo G. Castellari
The Moment to Kill
Giuliano Carmineo
Kill Them All and Come Back Alone
Enzo G. Castellari
Beat Records / CDCR 92 / 2011
1969
Lesbo
Edoardo Mulargia
Beat Records / CDCR 99 / 2010
Eagles Over London
Enzo G. Castellari
Ariete / AR 8008: La Battaglia D'Inghilterra / Tema Di Meg
Beat Records / CDCR 62 / 2002
1970
Una storia d'amore (1969 film)
Michele Lupo
Beat Records / BCM 9553 / 2015
Sartana's Here… Trade Your Pistol for a Coffin
Giuliano Carnimeo
The Weekend Murders
Michele Lupo
Beat Records / BCM9512 / 2013
1971
Terrible Day of the Big Gundown
Sergio Garrone
FBI Operation Pakistan
Harald Reinl
Beat Records / BCM9542 / 2015
African Story
Marino Girolami
Digitmovies / CDDM169 / 2010
1972
The Weapon, the Hour & the Motive
Francesco Mazzei
Crime Boss (film)
Alberto De Martino
Beat Records / CDCR 139 / 2018
The House of the Doves
Claudio Guerin
Hector the Mighty
Enzo G. Castellari
Beat Records / CDCR 111 / 2011
1973
The Big Game (1973 film)
Robert Day
Chris' Soundtrack Corner / CSC001 / 2007
The Hanging Woman
José Luis Merino
Bawdy Tales
Sergio Citti
1974
The Arena
Steve Carver, Michael Wotruba
1975
Private Vices, Public Virtues
Miklós Jancsó
1977
Nazi Love Camp 27
Mario Caiano
Weapons of Death
Mario Caiano
Beat Records / CDCR 83 / 2007
Kid Vengeance
Joseph Manduke
1978
The Inglorious Bastards
Enzo G. Castellari
1980
The European Man
Folco Quilici
Kronos Records / KRONGOLD038 / 2020
1982
The New York Ripper
Lucio Fulci
Beat Records / CDCR129 / 2016
Invaders of the Lost Gold
Alan Birkinshaw
1983
Rush (1983 film)
Tonino Ricci
Thor the Conqueror
Tonino Ricci
Lone Wolf McQuade
Steve Carver
Beat Records / CDCR 26 / 1995
Escape from the Bronx
Enzo G. Castellari
Beat Records / CDCR146 / 2021
Thunder Warrior
Fabrizio De Angelis
Beat Records / CDCR 87 / 2008
1984
Mad Dog
Fabrizio De Angelis
Kronos Records / KRONCD009 / 2012
1985
Formula for a Murder
Alberto De Martino
Beat Records / CDCR 29 / 1996
1986
Operation Nam
Fabrizio De Angelis
1988
Thunder Warrior III
Fabrizio De Angelis
Beat Records / CDCR 87 / 2008
1989
Mortacci (Death to You)
Sergio Citti
References
^ a b Mansell, John. "Interview to Francesco De Masi". Soundtrackfan.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Ehresmann, Patrick. "Western, Italian Style". Chimai.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
External links
Francesco De Masi at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"film score composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score_composer"}],"text":"Francesco De Masi (11 January 1930 – 6 November 2005) was an Italian conductor and film score composer.","title":"Francesco De Masi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Pietro a Maiella Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_a_Maiella_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Achille Longo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Longo"},{"link_name":"film music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stf-1"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"sword and sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_and_sandal"},{"link_name":"gialli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo#Film"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Lucio Fulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fulci"},{"link_name":"Lo squartatore di New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_squartatore_di_New_York"},{"link_name":"Enzo G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Joseph | Prayer to Saint Joseph | ["1 The Catholic tradition of Saint Joseph","2 Prayer to Saint Joseph after the Rosary","3 Litany of Saint Joseph","4 Traditional Novena","5 \"Dear Guardian of Mary\"","6 References","7 External links"] | Prayers in Roman Catholicism
Part of a series onJosephologyof the Catholic ChurchSaint Joseph (c. 1640) by Guido Reni.
General articles
Saint Joseph
Holy Family
marriage
Saint Joseph's dreams
Saint Joseph's Day
Prayers and devotions
Prayer
Novena
Chaplet
Scapular
Cord
Organisations
Sisters of St. Joseph
Josephite Fathers
Josephites of Belgium
Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart
Oblates of St. Joseph
Papal documents
Quamquam pluries
Redemptoris custos
Catholicism portalvte
The following are Roman Catholic prayers to Saint Joseph.
The Catholic tradition of Saint Joseph
Joseph, the silent man of the Gospels, is in the line of the great men of faith of the Old Testament. He is described as a "just man", a righteous man of integrity. He is in the tradition of Abraham who was called by God to "walk before my face and be upright (Gen: 17.1);and of Moses who was told to be "entirely sincere", "entirely faithful" (Deut: 18.13). For centuries his place in the story of Jesus was comparatively unnoticed. Gradually, in Catholic tradition, he was recognised as patron of fathers of families, of bursars and procurators, of manual workers, especially carpenters, and of all who desire a holy death.
The parish in Buenos Aires where Pope Francis grew up is dedicated to San José. Solemnly inaugurated on 19 March 2013, Francis’ pontificate is placed under the protection of Saint Joseph. One of the few things the Pope had sent over from Argentina after his election is a statue he had. It depicts the saint lying down asleep, a reference to the gospel accounts of Saint Joseph receiving the counsel of angels in several dreams. The Pope slips pieces of paper with prayer requests under the pedestal of the statue, which is just outside his room at St. Martha's House.
“You know,” said Francis, “you have to be patient with these carpenters: they tell you they’ll have a piece of furniture finished in a couple of weeks and it ends up taking a month even. But they get the job done and they do it well! You just need to be patient…”
Prayer to Saint Joseph after the Rosary
The purpose of Pope Leo XIII's 1889 encyclical Quamquam pluries was to implore divine help by means of prayer, joining to the intercession of Mary that of Saint Joseph. Leo XIII therefore attached to his encyclical a special Prayer to Saint Joseph requesting that it be added to the recitation of the Rosary during the month of October.
The encyclical Quamquam pluries established the Prayer to Saint Joseph is mandatory to be recited at the end of each holy Rosary recited during the Marian Month of October. The prescription is forever (in Latin: perpetuo idem servetur) and thus it can't be deleted by any subsequent Vatican document. It causes an indulgence of seven years and seven Lents.
Moreover, it is recommended, even if not mandatory, in the three days preceding March 19, the day in which the Solemnity of St Joseph takes place. This type of indulgences was abolished by 'Indulgentiarum Doctrina of 1967. The Enchiridion Indulgentiarum of 2004 reports the partial indulgence for the faithful of Christ who have piously recited a prayer to "Saint Joseph, husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary", legitimately approved by an episcopal authority (for example the present To you, blessed Joseph).
The Prayer to St Joseph may be said after the customary Salve Regina and concluding prayer. It may also be used to conclude other Marian devotions.
To thee, O blessed Joseph, we have recourse in our affliction, and having implored the help of thy thrice holy Spouse, we now, with hearts filled with confidence, earnestly beg thee also to take us under thy protection. By that charity wherewith thou wert united to the Immaculate Virgin Mother of God, and by that fatherly love with which thou didst cherish the Child Jesus, we beseech thee and we humbly pray that thou wilt look down with gracious eye upon that inheritance which Jesus Christ purchased by His blood, and wilt succor us in our need by thy power and strength.
Defend, O most watchful guardian of the Holy Family, the chosen off-spring of Jesus Christ. Keep from us, O most loving Father, all blight of error and corruption. Aid us from on high, most valiant defender, in this conflict with the powers of darkness. And even as of old thou didst rescue the Child Jesus from the peril of His life, so now defend God's Holy Church from the snares of the enemy and from all adversity. Shield us ever under thy patronage, that, following thine example and strengthened by thy help, we may live a holy life, die a happy death, and attain to everlasting bliss in Heaven. Amen.
Litany of Saint Joseph
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Prayer to Saint Joseph
The litany of Saint Joseph was sanctioned by Pope Pius X in 1909. After the usual petitions to the Holy Trinity and one to the Blessed Virgin, the litany is composed of twenty-five invocations expressing the virtues and dignities of Joseph.
Furthermore, Pius X composed a Prayer to Saint Joseph the Worker for the sanctification of labor.
Traditional Novena
A very old and beautiful invocation to Saint Joseph is traditionally prayed for nine days before the Feast of Saint Joseph, starting on March 10. It is found in many places, and was released in 1950 with the Imprimatur of the Bishop of Pittsburgh, Hugh C. Boyle. It is used in novenas, according to the text after the prayer, and the prayer text specifically seems to limit it to "spiritual blessings".
"O Saint Joseph, whose protection is so great, so strong, so prompt before the throne of God, I place in you all my interests and desires."
"O Saint Joseph, do assist me by your powerful intercession, and obtain for me from your Divine Son all spiritual blessings, through Jesus Christ, our Lord, So that, having engaged here below your heavenly power, I may offer my thanksgiving and homage to the most Loving of Fathers."
"O Saint Joseph, I never weary contemplating you and Jesus asleep in your arms; I dare not approach while He reposes near your heart. Press Him in my name and kiss his fine head for me and ask him to return the Kiss when I draw my dying breath."
"Saint Joseph, Patron of departed souls – pray for me. (Mention your intention) Amen."
Older copies of the prayer, sometimes contain an additional comment that,
"The above prayer was found in the fiftieth year of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. In 1505 it was sent from the Pope to Emperor Charles, when he was going into battle. Whoever shall read this prayer or hear it, or keep it about themselves, shall never die a sudden death or be drowned, nor shall poison take effect on them; neither shall they fall into the hands of the enemy, or shall be burned in any fire or shall be overpowered in any battle. Say for nine mornings in a row for anything you may desire. It has never been known to fail."
However, the year 50 A.D. is a very early date for a published prayer, preceding much of the New Testament, which does not mention very much about the father of Jesus. The statements about the year 50 A.D. and regarding the Pope and Emperor are not supported.
"Dear Guardian of Mary"
"Dear Guardian of Mary" is a hymn written in honor of Saint Joseph by Frederick William Faber in 1863.
References
^ The Novena of Saint Joseph
^ a b "Those little prayers Francis slips under his St. Joseph statue", La Stampa, April 30, 2014
^ Pope Leo XIII (August 15, 1889). "Encyclical "Quamquam pluries"". City of Vatican (in English and Latin).
^ Enchiridion Indulgentiarum, Concessiones, n°. 19, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 4th edition, 2004, p. 66. ISBN 88-209-2785-3. Latin quote: "Partialis indulgentia conceditur christifideli qui S.Joseph Sponsum B.V.M., prece legitime adprobata pie invocaverit (e.g. Ad te, beate Joseph)".
^ "Prayer to St. Joseph After the Rosary", USCCB
^ Externals of the Catholic Church Her Government, Ceremonies, Festivals, Sacramentals, and Devotions By John Francis Sullivan
^ "Prayer to St. Joseph for sanctification of labor". Society of Saint Pius X. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Prayer to Saint Joseph by Pope Saint Pius X - Very Powerful. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019.
^ "PrayerToStJoseph.org". Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ "Prayers to St. Joseph". ShrineOfSaintJoseph.org. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ "Dear Guardian of Mary", Hymnary
External links
Prayers from the votive Chapel at Saint-Joseph's Oratory, Mount Royal
"Dear Guardian of May", The De La Salle Hymnal, 1913
"Devotions in Honor of St. Joseph", With God: a book of prayers and reflections by Francis Xavier Lasance, 1911
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"}],"text":"The following are Roman Catholic prayers to Saint Joseph.","title":"Prayer to Saint Joseph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"in several dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams"},{"link_name":"St. Martha's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martha%27s_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stampa-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stampa-2"}],"text":"Joseph, the silent man of the Gospels, is in the line of the great men of faith of the Old Testament. He is described as a \"just man\", a righteous man of integrity. He is in the tradition of Abraham who was called by God to \"walk before my face and be upright (Gen: 17.1);and of Moses who was told to be \"entirely sincere\", \"entirely faithful\" (Deut: 18.13). For centuries his place in the story of Jesus was comparatively unnoticed. Gradually, in Catholic tradition, he was recognised as patron of fathers of families, of bursars and procurators, of manual workers, especially carpenters, and of all who desire a holy death.[1]The parish in Buenos Aires where Pope Francis grew up is dedicated to San José. Solemnly inaugurated on 19 March 2013, Francis’ pontificate is placed under the protection of Saint Joseph. One of the few things the Pope had sent over from Argentina after his election is a statue he had. It depicts the saint lying down asleep, a reference to the gospel accounts of Saint Joseph receiving the counsel of angels in several dreams. The Pope slips pieces of paper with prayer requests under the pedestal of the statue, which is just outside his room at St. Martha's House.[2]“You know,” said Francis, “you have to be patient with these carpenters: they tell you they’ll have a piece of furniture finished in a couple of weeks and it ends up taking a month even. But they get the job done and they do it well! You just need to be patient…”[2]","title":"The Catholic tradition of Saint Joseph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Quamquam pluries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quamquam_pluries"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"indulgence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence"},{"link_name":"Lents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"March 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Indulgentiarum Doctrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgentiarum_Doctrina"},{"link_name":"Enchiridion Indulgentiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchiridion_Indulgentiarum"},{"link_name":"indulgence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The purpose of Pope Leo XIII's 1889 encyclical Quamquam pluries was to implore divine help by means of prayer, joining to the intercession of Mary that of Saint Joseph. Leo XIII therefore attached to his encyclical a special Prayer to Saint Joseph requesting that it be added to the recitation of the Rosary during the month of October.The encyclical Quamquam pluries established the Prayer to Saint Joseph is mandatory to be recited at the end of each holy Rosary recited during the Marian Month of October. The prescription is forever (in Latin: perpetuo idem servetur) and thus it can't be deleted by any subsequent Vatican document. It causes an indulgence of seven years and seven Lents.\nMoreover, it is recommended, even if not mandatory, in the three days preceding March 19, the day in which the Solemnity of St Joseph takes place.[3] This type of indulgences was abolished by 'Indulgentiarum Doctrina of 1967. The Enchiridion Indulgentiarum of 2004 reports the partial indulgence for the faithful of Christ who have piously recited a prayer to \"Saint Joseph, husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary\", legitimately approved by an episcopal authority (for example the present To you, blessed Joseph).[4]The Prayer to St Joseph may be said after the customary Salve Regina and concluding prayer. It may also be used to conclude other Marian devotions.[5]To thee, O blessed Joseph, we have recourse in our affliction, and having implored the help of thy thrice holy Spouse, we now, with hearts filled with confidence, earnestly beg thee also to take us under thy protection. By that charity wherewith thou wert united to the Immaculate Virgin Mother of God, and by that fatherly love with which thou didst cherish the Child Jesus, we beseech thee and we humbly pray that thou wilt look down with gracious eye upon that inheritance which Jesus Christ purchased by His blood, and wilt succor us in our need by thy power and strength.Defend, O most watchful guardian of the Holy Family, the chosen off-spring of Jesus Christ. Keep from us, O most loving Father, all blight of error and corruption. Aid us from on high, most valiant defender, in this conflict with the powers of darkness. And even as of old thou didst rescue the Child Jesus from the peril of His life, so now defend God's Holy Church from the snares of the enemy and from all adversity. Shield us ever under thy patronage, that, following thine example and strengthened by thy help, we may live a holy life, die a happy death, and attain to everlasting bliss in Heaven. Amen.","title":"Prayer to Saint Joseph after the Rosary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Prayer to Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Prayer_to_Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nPrayer to Saint JosephThe litany of Saint Joseph was sanctioned by Pope Pius X in 1909. After the usual petitions to the Holy Trinity and one to the Blessed Virgin, the litany is composed of twenty-five invocations expressing the virtues and dignities of Joseph.[6]Furthermore, Pius X composed a Prayer to Saint Joseph the Worker for the sanctification of labor.[7][8]","title":"Litany of Saint Joseph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feast of Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Imprimatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimatur"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Hugh C. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_C._Boyle"}],"text":"A very old and beautiful invocation to Saint Joseph is traditionally prayed for nine days before the Feast of Saint Joseph, starting on March 10. It is found in many places,[9][10] and was released in 1950 with the Imprimatur of the Bishop of Pittsburgh, Hugh C. Boyle. It is used in novenas, according to the text after the prayer, and the prayer text specifically seems to limit it to \"spiritual blessings\".\"O Saint Joseph, whose protection is so great, so strong, so prompt before the throne of God, I place in you all my interests and desires.\"\"O Saint Joseph, do assist me by your powerful intercession, and obtain for me from your Divine Son all spiritual blessings, through Jesus Christ, our Lord, So that, having engaged here below your heavenly power, I may offer my thanksgiving and homage to the most Loving of Fathers.\"\"O Saint Joseph, I never weary contemplating you and Jesus asleep in your arms; I dare not approach while He reposes near your heart. Press Him in my name and kiss his fine head for me and ask him to return the Kiss when I draw my dying breath.\"\"Saint Joseph, Patron of departed souls – pray for me. (Mention your intention) Amen.\"Older copies of the prayer, sometimes contain an additional comment that,\"The above prayer was found in the fiftieth year of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. In 1505 it was sent from the Pope to Emperor Charles, when he was going into battle. Whoever shall read this prayer or hear it, or keep it about themselves, shall never die a sudden death or be drowned, nor shall poison take effect on them; neither shall they fall into the hands of the enemy, or shall be burned in any fire or shall be overpowered in any battle. Say for nine mornings in a row for anything you may desire. It has never been known to fail.\"However, the year 50 A.D. is a very early date for a published prayer, preceding much of the New Testament, which does not mention very much about the father of Jesus. The statements about the year 50 A.D. and regarding the Pope and Emperor are not supported.","title":"Traditional Novena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick William Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Faber"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"\"Dear Guardian of Mary\" is a hymn written in honor of Saint Joseph by Frederick William Faber in 1863.[11]","title":"\"Dear Guardian of Mary\""}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Pope Leo XIII (August 15, 1889). \"Encyclical \"Quamquam pluries\"\". City of Vatican (in English and Latin).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15081889_quamquam-pluries.html","url_text":"\"Encyclical \"Quamquam pluries\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prayer to St. Joseph for sanctification of labor\". Society of Saint Pius X. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411131956/https://sspx.org/en/prayer-st-joseph-sanctification-labor","url_text":"\"Prayer to St. Joseph for sanctification of labor\""}]},{"reference":"Prayer to Saint Joseph by Pope Saint Pius X - Very Powerful. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sbZt00BF-c","url_text":"Prayer to Saint Joseph by Pope Saint Pius X - Very Powerful"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803130421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sbZt00BF-c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PrayerToStJoseph.org\". Retrieved 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://prayertostjoseph.org/","url_text":"\"PrayerToStJoseph.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prayers to St. Joseph\". ShrineOfSaintJoseph.org. Retrieved 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shrineofsaintjoseph.org/Prayers_to_St.php","url_text":"\"Prayers to St. Joseph\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://penzancecatholicchurch.org/novstjoseph.htm","external_links_name":"The Novena of Saint Joseph"},{"Link":"http://www.lastampa.it/2014/04/30/vaticaninsider/eng/the-vatican/those-little-prayers-francis-slips-under-his-st-joseph-statue-RtS7Azmhb1udlQEzub40fP/pagina.html","external_links_name":"\"Those little prayers Francis slips under his St. Joseph statue\", La Stampa, April 30, 2014"},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15081889_quamquam-pluries.html","external_links_name":"\"Encyclical \"Quamquam pluries\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/prayers-and-devotions/prayers/prayer-to-st-joseph-after-rosary.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Prayer to St. Joseph After the Rosary\", USCCB"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vugQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Litany%20of%20St.%20Joseph%22&pg=PA279&ci=96,1020,725,247&source=bookclip%7CThe","external_links_name":"Externals of the Catholic Church Her Government, Ceremonies, Festivals, Sacramentals, and Devotions By John Francis Sullivan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411131956/https://sspx.org/en/prayer-st-joseph-sanctification-labor","external_links_name":"\"Prayer to St. Joseph for sanctification of labor\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sbZt00BF-c","external_links_name":"Prayer to Saint Joseph by Pope Saint Pius X - Very Powerful"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803130421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sbZt00BF-c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://prayertostjoseph.org/","external_links_name":"\"PrayerToStJoseph.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.shrineofsaintjoseph.org/Prayers_to_St.php","external_links_name":"\"Prayers to St. Joseph\""},{"Link":"http://www.hymnary.org/text/dear_guardian_husband_of_mary_dear_nurse","external_links_name":"\"Dear Guardian of Mary\", Hymnary"},{"Link":"https://www.saint-joseph.org/en/shrine/saint-joseph/prayers","external_links_name":"Prayers from the votive Chapel at Saint-Joseph's Oratory, Mount Royal"},{"Link":"http://www.hymnary.org/hymn/DLSH1913/page/108","external_links_name":"\"Dear Guardian of May\", The De La Salle Hymnal, 1913"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/With_God/Devotions_to_St._Joseph","external_links_name":"\"Devotions in Honor of St. Joseph\", With God: a book of prayers and reflections by Francis Xavier Lasance, 1911"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland | Advocate General for Scotland | ["1 History","2 List of Advocates General for Scotland","3 Organisation","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | One of the Law Officers of the Crown
Not to be confused with Lord Advocate.
Office of the Advocate General for ScotlandScottish Gaelic: Àrd-neach-tagraidh an Rìgh airson AlbaDepartment overviewFormed1999JurisdictionScotlandHeadquartersQueen Elizabeth House, EdinburghMinister responsibleKeith Stewart, Baron Stewart of Dirleton KC, HM Advocate General for ScotlandDepartment executiveNeil Taylor, Director and Solicitor to the Advocate GeneralWebsitegov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-the-advocate-general-for-scotland
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His Majesty's Advocate General for Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-neach-tagraidh an Rìgh airson Alba) is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, whose duty it is to advise the Crown and His Majesty's Government on Scots law. The Office of the Advocate General for Scotland is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. The position is currently held by Lord Stewart of Dirleton.
History
The office of Advocate General for Scotland was created in 1999 by the Scotland Act 1998 to be the chief legal adviser to the United Kingdom Government on Scots law. This function had previously been carried out by the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland, who were transferred to the Scottish Government on the establishment of the Scottish Parliament. The office of the Advocate General for Scotland should not be confused with that of "His Majesty's Advocate", which is the term used for the Lord Advocate in Scottish criminal proceedings.
List of Advocates General for Scotland
Advocate General for Scotland
Portrait
Name(birth–death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Ref.
The Right HonourableLynda ClarkBaroness Clark of CaltonPC KC (born 1949)
19 May1999
18 January2006
Labour
Blair I
Blair II
The Right HonourableNeil DavidsonLord Davidson of Glen ClovaKC(born 1950)
21 March2006
11 May2010
Blair III
Brown
The Right HonourableJim WallaceLord Wallace of TankernessPC KC(born 1954)
14 May2010
8 May2015
LiberalDemocrat
Cameron–Clegg(Con.–LD)
The Right HonourableRichard KeenLord Keen of ElieKC PC(born 1954)
29 May2015
16 September2020
Conservative
Cameron II
May I
May II
Johnson I
Johnson II
The Right HonourableKeith StewartLord Stewart of DirletonKC
15 October2020
Incumbent
Truss
Sunak
The first holder of the office was Lynda Clark, then Member of Parliament for Edinburgh Pentlands and from 2005 a member of the House of Lords as Baroness Clark of Calton. On 18 January 2006, Baroness Clark resigned to take up office as a Senator of the College of Justice, a judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland.
The office was then vacant until 15 March of that year when, under section 87 of the Scotland Act 1998, its functions were temporarily conferred on the Secretary of State for Scotland, Alastair Darling MP, himself a Scottish advocate.
There had been substantial criticism from the judiciary and others of the length of time the office had been left vacant. On 21 March, however, it was announced Neil Davidson, former Solicitor General for Scotland, had been appointed Advocate General. He was created a life peer, as Baron Davidson of Glen Clova, on 22 March 2006.
On 14 May 2010, Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness, a former Deputy First Minister of Scotland, was appointed by the coalition government.
Richard Keen was appointed Advocate General in David Cameron's majority government on 29 May 2015, and has retained the post through two subsequent prime ministers to 2020. He was created a life peer, as Baron Keen of Elie, on 8 June 2015. He resigned on 16 September 2020 citing concerns arising from the UK Internal Market Bill, noting in his letter of resignation to Boris Johnson that he found it "increasingly difficult to reconcile what I consider to be my obligations as a Law Officer with your policy intentions".
Keith Stewart was appointed to succeed Keen on 15 October 2020.
Organisation
The office has a staff of around 40.
All staff are on secondment or loan from other government organisations, mainly the Scottish Government and the Ministry of Justice.
Offices of the Advocate General
Advocate General's Private Office, based in London
Legal Secretariat to the Advocate General (LSAG), based in London
Legal Secretary to the Advocate General
Office of the Advocate General (OAG), based in Edinburgh
Solicitor to the Advocate General
Head of Litigation Division (Scots law)
Head of Advisory & Legislation Division (Primary legislation, subordinate legislation, Scotland Act draft orders)
Head of HMRC Division
See also
Advocate General
Lord Advocate
Attorney General for England and Wales
Notes
^ MP for Edinburgh Pentlands until 2005; created Baroness Clark of Calton thereafter
References
^ "List of Ministerial Responsibilities. Including Executive Agencies and Non-Ministerial Departments" (PDF). Cabinet Office. December 2013. p. 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
^ "Baroness Clark of Calton". UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
^ "Lord Davidson of Glen Clova". UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
^ "Lord Wallace of Tankerness". UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
^ "Lord Keen of Elie". UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
^ "Keith Stewart QC". GOV.UK. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "Keith Stewart QC appointed Advocate General for Scotland". Holyrood Magazine. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "Keith Stewart QC to be next Advocate General for Scotland". Scottish Legal News. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "Advocate General for Scotland appointed" (Press release). Government of the United Kingdom. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
^ "Lord Keen: Senior law officer quits over Brexit bill row". BBC News. 16 September 2020.
^ "UK government appoints QC as new Scots law chief". BBC News. 15 October 2020.
^ "Organization chart" (PDF). Office of the Advocate General. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
External links
Official website
vteOffice of the Secretary of State for ScotlandHeadquarters: Dover House, Whitehall, LondonMelville Crescent, EdinburghSecretary of State
Alister Jack
Under-Secretaries of State
John Lamont
The Lord Cameron of Lochiel
Advocate General
The Lord Stewart of Dirleton
Predecessor: Scottish Office
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This function had previously been carried out by the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland, who were transferred to the Scottish Government on the establishment of the Scottish Parliament. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity..._Get_Me_out_of_Here!_(US) | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (American TV series) | ["1 History","1.1 Celebrity Castle","2 Series overview","3 Main series results","3.1 Season 1 (2003)","3.2 Season 2 (2009)","4 References","5 External links"] | U.S. TV series
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!GenreReality televisionCreated byGranada Television (now part of ITV Studios)Based onI'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!Presented byMyleene KlassDamien FaheyJohn LehrCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes30ProductionProduction locationsDungay, New South Wales, Australia (2003)Costa Rica (2009)Running time60–120 minsProduction companyITV AmericaOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseFebruary 19 (2003-02-19) –March 5, 2003 (2003-03-05)NetworkNBCReleaseJune 1 (2009-06-01) –June 24, 2009 (2009-06-24)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts.
History
The series, broadcast on ITV since August 2002, is produced by ITV Studios (previously known as Granada Productions), a British company. The format was picked up by ABC soon after, which aired for one season in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC in 2009, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010, NBC announced that there would not be a third season.
Celebrity Castle
On October 21, 2021, it was reported that ITV Studios subsidiary ITV America was pitching a reboot of the series under the title Celebrity Castle, with Blumhouse Productions—a studio known for its production of horror films—as co-producer. The pitch was reported to have been influenced by series 20 of the UK version, which moved from Australia to Gwrych Castle in Wales due to COVID-19 travel restrictions.
Series overview
Key:
King of the Jungle
Season
Start date
End date
Days in camp
Campmates
Honour places
Winner
Second place
Third place
1
February 19, 2003 (2003-02-19)
March 5, 2003 (2003-03-05)
15
10
Cris Judd
Melissa Rivers
John Melendez
2
June 1, 2009 (2009-06-01)
June 24, 2009 (2009-06-24)
24
13
Lou Diamond Phillips
Torrie Wilson
John Salley
Main series results
Colour key
Winner
Runner-up
Third place
Left due to reasons other than eviction (walking out/illness etc)
Late arrival.
Season 1 (2003)
The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003, to March 5, 2003, on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed.
Celebrity
Fame
Entered
Exited
Finished
Cris Judd
Dancer & choreographer
Day 1
Day 15
1st
Melissa Rivers
Daughter of Joan Rivers
Day 1
Day 15
2nd
John Melendez
The Howard Stern Show lackey
Day 1
Day 15
3rd
Bruce Jenner
Olympic decathlete
Day 1
Day 15
4th
Downtown Julie Brown
MTV VJ
Day 1
Day 14
5th
Tyson Beckford
Supermodel
Day 1
Day 13
6th
Nikki Schieler Ziering
Playboy model
Day 1
Day 12
7th
Maria Conchita Alonso
Singer & actress
Day 1
Day 11
8th
Alana Stewart
Model & actress
Day 1
Day 10
9th
Robin Leach
Television host
Day 1
Day 9
10th
^ Competed under "Bruce Jenner" prior to her transition in 2015.
Season 2 (2009)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (American season 2)
NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK show's format. The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8-10 PM EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode at 8-10 PM every Monday and at 8-9 PM Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 finale. MTV subsequently showed a marathon (adding unaired footage and commentary from cast members) of the preceding week's episodes on Sundays. The location of the second season was the jungle of Costa Rica. Lou Diamond Phillips won in what was, according to Damien Fahey, a close vote between him and Torrie.
Celebrity
Fame
Entered
Exited
Finished
Lou Diamond Phillips
Stage & screen actor
Day 1
Day 24
1st
Torrie Wilson
WWE Diva
Day 1
Day 24
2nd
John Salley
NBA power forward
Day 1
Day 24
3rd
Patti Blagojevich
First Lady of Illinois
Day 1
Day 23
4th
Sanjaya Malakar
American Idol contestant
Day 1
Day 23
5th
Holly Montag
The Hills star
Day 8
Day 22
6th
Stephen Baldwin
Film & television actor
Day 1
Day 22
7th
Janice Dickinson
Supermodel
Day 1
Day 18
8th
Daniel Baldwin
Film & television actor
Day 3
Day 11
9th
Heidi Montag
The Hills star
Day 1
Day 8
10th
Spencer Pratt
The Hills star
Day 1
Day 8
11th
Frances Callier
Frangela comedian & actress
Day 1
Day 8
12th
Angela V. Shelton
Frangela comedian & actress
Day 1
Day 4
13th
References
^ "NBC Fills in More of Summer Lineup". The Futon Critic. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
^ a b Hibberd, James (2009-03-12). "NBC's summer schedule revealed: 'Philanthropist,' 'Merlin,' 'Celebrity,' Conan and more". The Live Feed. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
^ Petski, Denise (October 21, 2021). "'I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Here': ITV America & Blumhouse TV Scare Up U.S. Reboot Of Hit UK Format". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
External links
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! at IMDb
Official website (ABC version)
Official website (NBC version)
vteInternational versions of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
United Kingdom (original)
Australia
France
Germany
Hungary
India
Romania
Russia
Sweden
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"British television show of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series)"}],"text":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts.","title":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"ITV Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Studios"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FutonCritic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibberd-2"}],"text":"The series, broadcast on ITV since August 2002, is produced by ITV Studios (previously known as Granada Productions), a British company. The format was picked up by ABC soon after, which aired for one season in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC in 2009, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010, NBC announced that there would not be a third season.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blumhouse Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumhouse_Productions"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"series 20 of the UK version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_20)"},{"link_name":"Gwrych Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrych_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 travel restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_travel_restrictions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Celebrity Castle","text":"On October 21, 2021, it was reported that ITV Studios subsidiary ITV America was pitching a reboot of the series under the title Celebrity Castle, with Blumhouse Productions—a studio known for its production of horror films—as co-producer. The pitch was reported to have been influenced by series 20 of the UK version, which moved from Australia to Gwrych Castle in Wales due to COVID-19 travel restrictions.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key:King of the Jungle","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colour key\n Winner\n Runner-up\n Third place\n Left due to reasons other than eviction (walking out/illness etc)\n Late arrival.","title":"Main series results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"John Lehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lehr"},{"link_name":"outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2003)","text":"The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003, to March 5, 2003, on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed.^ Competed under \"Bruce Jenner\" prior to her transition in 2015.","title":"Main series results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hibberd-2"},{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2009)","text":"NBC picked up the former ABC show. It aired for 14 episodes and followed the UK show's format.[2] The series premiered with a two-hour episode 8-10 PM EDT on June 1, 2009. It aired with a two-hour episode at 8-10 PM every Monday and at 8-9 PM Tuesday through Thursday until its June 24 finale. MTV subsequently showed a marathon (adding unaired footage and commentary from cast members) of the preceding week's episodes on Sundays. The location of the second season was the jungle of Costa Rica. Lou Diamond Phillips won in what was, according to Damien Fahey, a close vote between him and Torrie.[citation needed]","title":"Main series results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NBC Fills in More of Summer Lineup\". The Futon Critic. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2020-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?date=03/08/10&id=8562","url_text":"\"NBC Fills in More of Summer Lineup\""}]},{"reference":"Hibberd, James (2009-03-12). \"NBC's summer schedule revealed: 'Philanthropist,' 'Merlin,' 'Celebrity,' Conan and more\". The Live Feed. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2020-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090313231837/http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/03/nbcs-summer-schedule.html","url_text":"\"NBC's summer schedule revealed: 'Philanthropist,' 'Merlin,' 'Celebrity,' Conan and more\""},{"url":"http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/03/nbcs-summer-schedule.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (October 21, 2021). \"'I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Here': ITV America & Blumhouse TV Scare Up U.S. Reboot Of Hit UK Format\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/im-a-celebrity-get-me-out-here-itv-america-blumhouse-scare-up-u-s-reboot-of-hit-uk-format-1234859416/","url_text":"\"'I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Here': ITV America & Blumhouse TV Scare Up U.S. Reboot Of Hit UK Format\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?date=03/08/10&id=8562","external_links_name":"\"NBC Fills in More of Summer Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090313231837/http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/03/nbcs-summer-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"NBC's summer schedule revealed: 'Philanthropist,' 'Merlin,' 'Celebrity,' Conan and more\""},{"Link":"http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/03/nbcs-summer-schedule.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/im-a-celebrity-get-me-out-here-itv-america-blumhouse-scare-up-u-s-reboot-of-hit-uk-format-1234859416/","external_links_name":"\"'I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Here': ITV America & Blumhouse TV Scare Up U.S. Reboot Of Hit UK Format\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0355096/","external_links_name":"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603110916/http://abc.go.com/primetime/imacelebrity/index.html","external_links_name":"Official website (ABC version)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090526223619/http://www.nbc.com/im-a-celebrity/","external_links_name":"Official website (NBC version)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Starlite | Operation Starlite | ["1 Background","2 Planning","3 Battle","4 Aftermath","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 15°17′56″N 108°50′24″E / 15.299°N 108.84°E / 15.299; 108.84Part of the Vietnam War (1965)
Operation StarlitePart of the Vietnam WarVietcong prisoners (or civilians) await transport during Operation StarliteDateAugust 18–24, 1965LocationVan Tuong, South Vietnam15°17′56″N 108°50′24″E / 15.299°N 108.84°E / 15.299; 108.84Result
Both sides claim victoryTerritorialchanges
15 miles south of Chu Lai on the border of Quảng Tín and Quảng Ngãi ProvincesBelligerents
United States
Viet CongCommanders and leaders
LG Lewis W. WaltCol. Oscar F. Peatross
Lê Hữu Trữ (commanding officer) Nguyễn Đình Trọng (commissar)Units involved
3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines2nd Battalion, 4th Marines1st Battalion, 7th Marines3rd Battalion, 7th Marines3rd Battalion, 12th Marines
1st Regiment52nd CompanyOne company of the 45th Weapons BattalionStrength
5,500
~1,500Casualties and losses
45 killedViet Cong claim:919 killed and wounded
U.S body count:614 killed9 captured42 suspects detained109 weapons recoveredViet Cong report:~200 killed, wounded or captured (including 50 killed)vteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase
Laos
Biên Hòa
Đồng Khởi
Chopper
Palace Bombing
Sunrise
Shufly
Ấp Bắc
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
34A
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Quyet Thang 202
USNS Card
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Ka Nak
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1965
Starlite
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Hump
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Bushmaster II
Harvest Moon
1966
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Houston
Patrick
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Quyet Thang
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Walker
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Duc Lap
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Speedy Express
Taylor Common
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Vietnamization 1969–1971
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1972
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Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Paracel Islands
East Sea
Lists of allied operations
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
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1973–74
1975
Operation Starlite (also known in Vietnam as Battle of Van Tuong) was the first major offensive action conducted by a purely U.S. military unit during the Vietnam War from 18 to 24 August 1965. The operation was launched based on intelligence provided by Major general Nguyen Chanh Thi, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) I Corps commander. III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) commander Lieutenant General Lewis W. Walt devised a plan to launch a pre-emptive strike against the Viet Cong (VC) 1st Regiment to nullify their threat to the vital Chu Lai Air Base and Base Area and ensure its powerful communication tower remained intact.
The operation was conducted as a combined arms assault involving ground, air and naval units. U.S. Marines were deployed by helicopter insertion while an amphibious landing was used to deploy other Marines. The VC used a variety of tactics to counter the Marine assault, fighting from prepared positions and then withdrawing as the Marines gained local superiority and ambushing a lost supply column. The VC were unable to withstand the weight of the Marine assault and U.S. firepower.
Background
The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954. The Vietnam War effectively began with the start of the North Vietnamese backed VC insurgency in 1959/60 and the U.S. increased its military aid and advisory support to South Vietnam in response.: 119–20 With the worsening military and political situation in South Vietnam, the U.S. increasingly became directly involved in the conflict.: 131 U.S. Marines were the first ground troops deployed to South Vietnam, landing at Da Nang on 8 March 1965.: 246–7 In May the Marines and ARVN forces secured the Chu Lai area to establish a jet-capable airfield and base area.: 29–35
On 30 July, COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland told III MAF commander General Walt that he expected him to undertake larger offensive operations with the South Vietnamese against the VC at greater distances from his base areas. Walt reminded Westmoreland that the Marines were still bound by the 6 May Letter of Instruction that restricted III MAF to reserve/reaction missions in support of South Vietnamese units heavily engaged with a VC force. Westmoreland replied "these restraints were no longer realistic, and invited Walt to rewrite the instructions, working into them the authority he thought he needed, and promised his approval." On 6 August, General Walt received official permission to take the offensive against the VC. With the arrival of the 7th Marine Regiment a week later, he prepared to move against the 1st VC Regiment.: 69
In early July, the 1st VC Regiment had launched a second attack against the hamlet of Ba Gia, 20 miles (32 km) south of Chu Lai. The ARVN garrison was overrun, causing 130 casualties and the loss of more than 200 weapons, including two 105 mm howitzers. After the attack on Ba Gia, US intelligence agencies located the 1st VC Regiment in the mountains west of the hamlet. Reports indicated that the regiment was once more on the march. Acting on this intelligence, the 4th Marine Regiment conducted a one-battalion operation with the ARVN 51st Regiment, 1st Division in search of the 1st VC Regiment south of the Trà Bồng River. Codenamed Thunderbolt, the operation lasted from 6 to 7 August, and extended 7 km south of the river in an area west of Route 1. The ARVN and Marines found little sign of any major VC force in the area and encountered only scattered resistance.: 69
Eight days after Thunderbolt, the Allies finally confirmed the location of the 1st VC Regiment. On 15 August, a deserter from the regiment surrendered to the ARVN. During his interrogation at General Thi's headquarters he revealed that the regiment had established its base in the Van Tuong village complex on the coast, 12 miles (19 km) south of Chu Lai and planned to attack Chu Lai. The prisoner told his interrogators that the 1st VC Regiment at Van Tuong consisted of two of its three battalions, the 60th and 80th, reinforced by the 52nd Company and a company from the 45th Weapons Battalion; approximately 1,500 men in all. Thi, who personally questioned the prisoner and believed the man was telling the truth, relayed the information to Walt. At about the same time, the III MAF intelligence section received corroborative information from another source. Convinced of the danger to the airfield, Walt's subordinates advised a spoiling attack in the Van Tuong region. Walt flew to Chu Lai and held a hurried council of war with his senior commanders there: Brigadier general Frederick J. Karch, who had become the Chu Lai Coordinator on 5 August, Colonel McClanahan of the 4th Marines and Colonel Oscar F. Peatross, the newly arrived 7th Marines' commander. Walt then decided to proceed with an operation.: 70
Planning
In a hectic two-day period, the III MAF, division, wing and 7th Marines staffs assembled forces and prepared plans for the attack. The concept for the operation dictated a two-battalion assault, one battalion to land across the beach and the other to land by helicopter further inland. The division reassigned two battalions previously under the operational control of the 4th Marines to Peatross as the assault battalions, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph R. Fisher's 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph E. Muir's 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines. Walt, who wanted a third battalion as a floating reserve, requested permission to use the Shore Landing Force (SLF) which Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. approved immediately. At the time of the request the amphibious task force was located at Subic Bay Naval Base, 720 miles (1,160 km) away. Based upon its transit time to the operational area, the planners selected 18 August as D-Day. The operation was originally called Satellite, but a power blackout led to a clerk working by candlelight typing "Starlite" instead.: 70
In order to maintain the secrecy of the operation, none of the ARVN Joint General Staff were informed about the operation until after it had started. Only Generals Thi and ARVN 2nd Division commander General Hoàng Xuân Lãm had advance knowledge of the operation in order to keep ARVN forces out of the operational area.: 82–3
Peatross and his commanders conducted an aerial surveillance of the area and selected the amphibious assault landing site, as well as the helicopter landing zones (LZs). They chose the beach north of the coastal hamlet of An Cuong, later designated Green Beach, for the landing. A force there would block VC avenues of escape to the south. Three LZs, Red, White and Blue, were selected 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Route 1 and roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from the coast. LZ Blue, about 2 km west of Green Beach, was the southernmost of the LZs. White was 2 km west northwest of Blue, while Red was 2 km north of White. From these positions, the Marines were to move northeast to the South China Sea.: 71
On the morning of the 17th the plans were completed. 3/3 Marines was to land across Green Beach at 06:30, 18 August with Companies I and K abreast, K on the right. Company L, the battalion reserve, was to follow as the lead companies swerved to the northwest. The remaining company, Company M, was to make an overland movement from Chu Lai to a ridgeline blocking position in the northern portion of the operations area, 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Green Beach and 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from the sea, closing off the VCs' retreat. Soon after H-Hour, UH-34s from HMM-261 and HMM-361 were to shuttle the 2/4th Marines into the three LZs. The two battalions were to join forces when Company H from LZ Blue linked up with Company I outside the hamlet of An Cuong , 1.8 km inland from Green Beach. From there, the Marines were to sweep to the sea through the Van Tuong village complex and over the Phuoc Thuan Peninsula. Artillery batteries at Chu Lai were to provide artillery support while two United States Navy destroyers, the USS Orleck and the USS Prichett and the cruiser USS Galveston were available for naval gunfire support. Aircraft from Marine Aircraft Group 11 and Marine Aircraft Group 12 were to fly close support for the operation.: 71–2
Battle
Operation Starlite 18–19 August 1965
At 10:00 on the 17th, Company M, 3/3 Marines boarded LVTP-5s at Chu Lai and moved along the coast to the Trung Phan Peninsula; then the company marched 4 miles (6.4 km) south where it established its blocking position. The Marines of Company M met only minor resistance, an occasional sniper and booby traps. Before dawn on the 18th, the company reached its objective and dug in. Marine patrols had been active in this area for some time and to the casual observer the company's activity was just another small unit movement. At 17:00 on 17 August, the rest of 3/3rd Marines, with Colonel Peatross and his staff, embarked on the three ships of the amphibious task group, USS Bayfield, USS Cabildo and USS Vernon County. Three M67 Flame Thrower Tanks attached to the 7th Marines and a platoon of five M48 tanks assigned to Fisher's battalion boarded two LCUs, which then sailed independently towards the amphibious objective area, timing their arrival to coincide with that of the troop transports. The task force first sailed east to deceive any VC in sampans in the coastal waters. Once over the horizon, the ships changed course to the southwest, arriving in the amphibious objective area shortly after 05:00. There they were joined by the Galveston and the Orleck, which were to cover the landing.: 72
At 06:15, 15 minutes before H-Hour, Battery K, 4th Battalion, 12th Marines, which had displaced to firing positions on the northern bank of the Trà Bồng River the night before, began 155 mm preparation fires of the helicopter landing zones. The artillery was soon reinforced by 20 Marine A-4s and F-4s which dropped 18 tons of bombs and napalm on the LZs. The Marines limited their preparation of Green Beach to 20mm cannon strafing runs by MAG-12 A-4s, because of the proximity of An Cuong to the landing site. As the air and artillery fires lifted, the ground forces arrived, Companies I and K, in LVTP-5s, landed across Green Beach at 06:30 and pushed inland according to plan. The troops quickly spread out and moved into An Cuong. After a futile search for VC, the company continued advancing to the west. Company K received sniper fire from its right as it crossed the northern portion of Green Beach. Two platoons quickly moved northward and the VC fire ceased. The third platoon secured the northern half of An Cuong. Fifteen minutes after H-Hour, Company G, 2/4th Marines landed at LZ Red. Company F and the command group landed at LZ White and Company H arrived at LZ Blue 45 minutes later. On the beach, Muir, who had moved his command post ashore, was joined at 07:30 by Peatross and his staff. Tanks and M50 Ontos rolled off the LCUs and landing craft mechanized (LCMs) and made their way forward to support the assault companies. Company L came ashore and established perimeter security for the supply area at the beach. Most of the Marine companies met only light resistance as they moved into the attack. Company G searched two hamlets in the vicinity of LZ Red and then advanced to the northeast and linked up with Company M without incident. At LZ White Company E encountered stiffer opposition from the VC. The VC manned firing positions on a ridgeline east and northeast of the LZ, employing mortars, machine guns, and small arms. After dogged fighting, the Marines cleared the hills. By midmorning, Company E began moving northeast. At one juncture, the Marines spotted about 100 VC in the open and asked for artillery fire. The 107mm Mortar (Howtar) Battery, 3rd Battalion, 12th Marines, helilifted into the position held by Company M, shelled the VC force killing an estimated 90 VC. Company E continued to push forward, finding only occasional opposition.: 72–3
Along the coast, Company K had advanced to Phase Line Banana, 2 km north of Green Beach. There a VC force, entrenched on a hill overlooking the Marine positions, blocked the advance of the company. Muir, who had established his forward command post with Company K, ordered Company L forward. By midafternoon, the two Marine companies, aided by supporting arms, captured the high ground and set up night defenses. The major action developed in the south near LZ Blue, at the junction of 2/4th Marines and 3/3rd Marines. This area, roughly one square kilometer, was bound by the hamlets of An Thoi on the north, Nam Yen on the south and An Cuong to the east. It was a patchwork of rice paddies, streams, hedgerows, woods and built-up areas, interspersed by trails leading in all directions. Two small knolls dominated the flat terrain, Hill 43, a few hundred meters southwest of Nam Yen, and Hill 30, 400 meters north of An Cuong. LZ Blue was just south of Nam Yen, between Hill 43 and the hamlet. Company H's LZ was almost on top of the VC 60th Battalion. The VC allowed the first helicopters to touch down with little interference, but then opened fire as the others came in. Three U.S. Army UH-1B gunships from the 7th Airlift Platoon, took the VC on Hill 43 under fire while Company H formed a defensive perimeter around the LZ.: 73–5 The Company H commander, First Lieutenant Homer K. Jenkins, was not yet aware of the size of the VC force. He ordered one platoon to take the hill and the rest of the company to secure Nam Yen, both attacks soon stalled. The platoon attacking Hill 43 was still at the bottom of the hill when Jenkins called back his other two platoons from the outskirts of Nam Yen in order to regroup. He requested air strikes against both the VC hill position and Nam Yen and then renewed the attack, but this time, Jenkins moved all three of his platoons into the assault on the hill. The VC fought tenaciously, but the Marines, reinforced by close air support and tanks, were too strong. One Marine platoon counted six dead VC near a heavy machine gun position and more bodies scattered throughout the brush. Jenkins' men took one prisoner and collected over 40 weapons.: 73–5
The airstrikes called by Jenkins against VC positions at Nam Yen momentarily halted the advance of Company I, 3/3rd Marines at a streambed east of Nam Yen. Bomb fragments slightly wounded two Marines. After the bombing run, Company I moved north along the stream for 500 meters to a point opposite An Cuong. Under fire from An Cuong, An Thoi and Nam Yen, Captain Bruce D. Webb, the company commander, requested permission to attack An Cuong, although it was across the bank in the area of responsibility of the 2/4th Marines. Muir approved the request, after consulting with Peatross. An Cuong was a fortified hamlet, ideally suited to VC combat tactics. The area surrounding the hamlet was heavily wooded with severely restricted fields of fire. The only open areas were the rice paddies and even these were interspersed with hedgerows of hardwood and bamboo thickets. An Cuong itself consisted of 25-30 huts, with fighting holes and camouflaged trench lines connected by a system of interlocking tunnels. As the company cleared the first few huts, a grenade exploded, killing Webb and wounding three other Marines. No sooner had the grenade exploded, than two 60mm mortar rounds fell on the advancing troops, inflicting three more casualties. First Lieutenant Richard M. Purnell, the company executive officer, assumed command and committed the reserve platoon. The company gained the upper hand and the action slackened as the troops secured the hamlet. Making a hurried survey of the battlefield, Purnell counted 50 VC bodies. He then radioed his battalion commander for further instructions. Muir ordered Purnell's company to join Company K, which was heavily engaged at Phase Line Banana, 2 km to the northeast. Company H remained near Nam Yen to clean out all VC opposition there and then planned to link up with Muir's battalion.: 75 While Company I maneuvered through An Cuong Peatross committed one company of his reserve battalion to the battle. Company I, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines on USS Iwo Jima were landed by HMM-163 helicopters shortly after 09:30.: 77
As Company I was preparing to move from An Cuong, a UH-1E gunship from VMO-2 was shot down by VC small arms fire northeast of the hamlet. Muir ordered Purnell to leave some men behind to protect the helicopter. Purnell ordered two squads and three tanks to stay with the helicopter until the craft was evacuated. As the company departed, its members could see that Jenkins' Company H had left Hill 43 and was advancing on the left flank of Company I. At 11:00 Jenkins led his unit, augmented by five tanks and three Ontos, from the Hill 43 area into the open rice paddy between Nam Yen and An Cuong. Jenkins bypassed Nam Yen as he mistakenly believed that Company I had cleared both hamlets. Suddenly, from positions in Nam Yen and from Hill 30, the VC opened up with small arms and machine gun fire, catching the Marine rearguard in a crossfire. Then mortar shells began bursting upon the lead platoons. Company H was taking fire from all directions, and tracked vehicles, Ontos and tanks, were having trouble with the muck of the paddies. Jenkins drew his armor into a tight circle and deployed his infantry. One squad moved to the northwest of Nam Yen and killed nine VC who were manning a mortar, but were driven off by small arms fire and had to withdraw to the relative security of the tanks. Jenkins saw that his position was untenable, and after radioing for supporting arms, he ordered his force to withdraw to LZ Blue. Artillery hit Nam Yen while F-4s and A-4s attacked Hill 30. About 14:00, the company tried to move back to the LZ. The lead platoon was forced to alter course when medical evacuation helicopters tried to land in the midst of the unit. As it maneuvered off to the flank of Company H, this platoon became separated from Jenkins' main body and was engaged by the VC. At this juncture, the platoon unexpectedly linked up with Purnell's helicopter security detail which had started to move toward its parent company after the downed helicopter had been repaired and flown out. The small force was quickly engaged by a VC unit, but together the two Marine units fought their way to An Cuong. Meanwhile, Jenkins and his other two platoons fought a delaying action and withdrew to LZ Blue, arriving there at 16:30. Fisher directed Jenkins to establish a defensive perimeter and await reinforcements.: 76
A MAG-16 helicopter evacuates casualties, while a Marine M48 Patton tank stands guard
The expected reinforcements never arrived; they had been diverted to help a supply column that had been ambushed 400m west of An Cuong. Just before noon, Muir had ordered his executive officer in charge of the 3/3rd Marines rear command group, Major Andrew G. Comer, to dispatch the mobile (LVT) resupply to Company I, which, at the time, was only a "few hundred yards" in front of the command group.: 76 Five LVTP-5s and three flame tanks, the only tactical support available at the time, were briefed on the location of the company and marked the routes they were to follow on their maps. The supply column left the command post (CP) shortly after noon, but got lost between Nam Yen and An Thoi. It had followed a trail that was flanked on one side by a rice paddy and on the other by trees and hedgerows. As the two lead vehicles, a tank and an LVTP, went around a bend in the road, an explosion occurred near the tank, followed by another in the middle of the column. Fire from VC recoilless rifles and a barrage of mortar rounds tore into the column. The vehicles backed off the road and turned their weapons to face the VC. Using all of their weapons the troops held off the closing VC infantry. The rear tank tried to use its flamethrower, but a VC shell had rendered it useless. Throughout the fighting, the convoy was still able to maintain communications with the command post, radioing that the column was surrounded by VC and was about to be overrun. The LVT radio operator kept the microphone button depressed the entire time and pleaded for help. The command post was unable to quiet him sufficiently to gain essential information as to their location. This continued for an extended period, perhaps an hour. Informed of the ambush Muir replied that he was returning Company I to the rear CP and ordered Comer to gather whatever other support they could and to rescue them as rapidly as possible. Peatross, well aware of the vulnerable positions of both Company H and the supply column and fearing that the VC was attempting to drive a salient between the two battalions approved a rescue mission. The plan was to use a rapidly moving tank, LVTP and Ontos column through the previously cleared An Cuong area. Before the planning meeting broke up, one of the flame tanks which had been in the supply column arrived at the CP, the crew chief, a staff sergeant, reported that they had just passed through An Cuong without being fired upon and that he could lead them to the supply column.: 76
Shortly after 13:00, Comer's force moved out. Just after cresting Hill 30, the M-48 tank was hit by recoilless rifle fire and stopped short. The other vehicles immediately jammed together and simultaneously mortar and small arms fire saturated the area. Within a few minutes, the Marines suffered five dead and 17 wounded. The infantry quickly dismounted and the Ontos maneuvered to provide frontal fire and to protect the flanks while artillery fire and air support was called in. With the response of supporting arms, the VC fire diminished and Company I was ordered to resume its advance toward An Cuong leaving a small rear guard on Hill 30 to supervise the evacuation of the casualties. The company entered An Cuong against little resistance, but Comer's command group were caught by intense fire from a wooded area to their right front and forced to take what cover they could in the open rice paddies. At the same time, the Marines came upon the two reinforced squads from Company I which had been left to guard the downed Huey and the platoon from Company H. The two squads from Company I fought their way to Hill 30 where they were evacuated while the Company H platoon remained in the rice paddies.: 77
As the intensity of the battle increased, Peatross ordered a halt to the advance of the units from LZs Red and White and along the coast to prevent the overextension of his lines. Company L, 3/7th Marines arrived at the regimental CP at 17:30 and was placed under the operational control of Muir, who ordered them to reinforce Company I in the search for the supply column. Supported by two tanks, Company L moved out. As they advanced through the open rice paddies east of An Cuong, they came under heavy fire, wounding 14 and killing four. The Marines persevered and the VC broke contact as night fell. The addition of a third Marine company to the area, coupled with the weight of supporting arms fire available, evidently forced the VC 60th Battalion to break contact. The Marines radioed the Galveston and Orleck requesting continuous illumination throughout the evening over the Nam Yen-An Cuong area. As darkness fell, Peatross informed Walt that the VC apparently intended to defend selected positions, while not concentrating their forces. Muir decided that it was too risky to continue searching for the supply column that night, especially after having learned that the column, although immobilized, was no longer in danger. Muir ordered Company L to move to Phase Line Banana and join Companies K and L, and establish a perimeter defense there. He also ordered Company I to return to the regimental CP. For all intents and purposes, the fighting was over for Company I; of its 177 men who had crossed the beach, 14 were dead, including the company commander, and another 53 were wounded, but the company claimed 125 VC killed.: 77–8
During the night of 18 August, Peatross brought the rest of the SLF battalion ashore. Company I, 3/7th Marines arrived at the regimental CP at 18:00, followed shortly by Lieutenant Colonel Charles R. Bodley and his command group. Just after midnight, Company M landed across Green Beach from the USS Talladega. With the arrival of his third battalion, Peatross completed his plans for the next day. The concept of action remained basically the same, squeeze the vice around the VC and drive them toward the sea. As a result of the first day's action against the VC 60th Battalion, he readjusted the battalions' boundaries. At 07:30, Muir's 3/3rd Marines, with Companies K and L abreast and Company L, 3/7th Marines following in reserve, was to attack to the northeast from Phase Line Banana. Simultaneously, Fisher's 2/4th Marines, with Companies E and G, was to drive eastward to the sea, joining 3/3rd Marines. Jenkins' Company H, Comer's group, and Company I were to withdraw to the regimental CP. The remainder of 3/7th Marines was to fill the gap. Companies I and M were to move out of the regimental CP, extract the ambushed supply column, and then move toward An Thoi to establish a blocking position there which would prevent the VC from slipping southward. Company M, 3/3rd Marines was to hold its blocking positions further north. The VC were to be left no avenue of escape.: 78–9
On the 19th, 3/7th Marines moved into its zone of action which included the area of the fiercest fighting of the day before, but the VC were gone. At 09:00, Companies I and M left the regimental CP, and moved through An Cuong, meeting no VC resistance. They brought out the supply column and by 15:00 had established their assigned blocking position at An Thoi. Although much of the VC resistance had disappeared, Fisher and Muir still found pockets of stiff opposition when they launched their combined attacks at 07:30. The terrain was very difficult as the rice paddies, ringed by dikes and hedgerows, hindered control, observation and maneuverability. The VC were holed up in bunkers, trenches, and caves which were scattered throughout the area. Marines would sweep through an area, only to have VC snipers fire upon them from the rear. In many cases, the Marines had to dig out the VC or blow up the tunnels. By 10:30, Company E had linked up with Company K and the two battalions continued their advance to the sea. By nightfall, the 2/4th Marines had completed its sweep of the Phuoc Thuan Peninsula. VC organized resistance had ceased.: 79
Aftermath
Although the cordon phase of Starlite had been completed, Walt decided to continue the operation for five more days so that the entire area could be searched systematically. He believed that some of the VC had remained behind in underground hiding places. 2/4th Marines and 3/3rd Marines returned to Chu Lai on the 20th and 1st Battalion, 7th Marines moved into the objective area and joined 3/7th Marines and units from the ARVN 2nd Division for the search. The Marines killed 54 more VC in the Van Tuong complex before Starlite came to an end on 24 August. The Marines had killed 614 VC by body count, taken nine prisoners, held 42 suspects and collected 109 assorted weapons, at a cost of 45 Marines dead and 203 wounded.: 79–80 Corporal Robert E. O'Malley (3/3 Marines) and Lance Corporal Joe C. Paul (2/4 Marines) received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the operation; Muir was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the operation. Purnell (3/3 Marines) received the Silver Star for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action. To the Americans, the battle was considered a great success for U.S. forces as they had engaged a local force VC unit and come out victorious.
The VC also claimed victory, announcing that they had inflicted 900 American casualties (killed and wounded), destroyed 22 tanks and APCs and downed 13 helicopters, while suffering ~200 casualties before withdrawing. According to Lê Duẩn, the VC suffering 50 killed in this battle
The ambush of the Marine supply column was reported by journalist Peter Arnett and proved an embarrassment to the Johnson administration, who wanted to retain the secrecy of the operation. The story of the ambush of the Marine supply column was denied by the USMC.
Lessons learned from the battle included the knowledge that the daily allotment of 2 US gallons (7.6 L; 1.7 imp gal) of water per man was inadequate in the heat of Vietnam.: 82
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
^ Wilkins, Warren (2011). Grab Their Belts To Fight Them: The Viet Cong's Big-Unit War Against the U.S., 1965–1966. Naval Institute Press. p. 76. ISBN 9781591149613.
^ "TRẬN ĐÁNH VẠN TƯỜNG" (in Vietnamese). quangngai.gov.vn. August 17, 2004. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009.
^ https://nhandan.vn/cach-mang-tien-cong-post585684.html
^ a b c Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975. Harper. ISBN 9780062405661.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Shulimson, Jack (1978). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup 1965 (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 978-1494287559. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Richard Purnell, , "Military Times", August 18, 1965
^ Nguyen Ngoc Toan, "Van Tuong victory raises confidence in defeating US troops", People's Army Newspaper, 21 December 2014.
^ Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. trans. Pribbenow, Merle. University of Kansas Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4.
^ https://nhandan.vn/cach-mang-tien-cong-post585684.html
^ a b "The Death of Supply Column 21". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
Further reading
Andrew, Rod (2015). The First Fight: U.S. Marines in Operation Starlite, August 1965 (PDF). Marine Corps University, History Division. ISBN 978-0160928796.
Lehrack, Otto (2004). The First Battle - Operation Starlite and the Beginning of the Blood Debt in Vietnam. Casemate. ISBN 1-932033-27-0.
Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.
Summers, Harry G. Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Authority control databases: National
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IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_IX"},{"link_name":"Neosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neosho"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kien Giang 9-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kien_Giang_9-1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Napoleon/Saline"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Program"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowstone_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Muscatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Muscatine"},{"link_name":"Badger 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Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_US_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_battle_of_Cholon_and_Phu_Tho_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Joint General Staff Compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Joint_General_Staff_Compound"},{"link_name":"Bien Hoa and Long Binh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attacks_on_Bien_Hoa_and_Long_Binh"},{"link_name":"Hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Quảng Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Tri_(1968)"},{"link_name":"Bến Tre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre"},{"link_name":"Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coburg"},{"link_name":"Lo Giang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lo_Giang"},{"link_name":"Hop Tac I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hop_Tac_I"},{"link_name":"Coronado XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_XI"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Houston"},{"link_name":"Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Tam Kỳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tam_K%E1%BB%B3"},{"link_name":"Truong Cong Dinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Truong_Cong_Dinh"},{"link_name":"Lima Site 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85"},{"link_name":"Quyet Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang"},{"link_name":"My Lai 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Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dai_Do"},{"link_name":"West Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Landing Zone Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landing_Zone_Center"},{"link_name":"An Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_Bao"},{"link_name":"South Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Concordia Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Concordia_Square"},{"link_name":"Kham Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kham_Duc"},{"link_name":"Coral–Balmoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral"},{"link_name":"Jeb Stuart III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jeb_Stuart_III"},{"link_name":"Nevada Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nevada_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Mameluke Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mameluke_Thrust"},{"link_name":"Toan 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Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1968)"},{"link_name":"Maui Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maui_Peak"},{"link_name":"Henderson Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Henderson_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sheridan_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Meade River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Meade_River"},{"link_name":"Hat Dich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich"},{"link_name":"Speedy Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Speedy_Express"},{"link_name":"Taylor Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Taylor_Common"},{"link_name":"Fayette Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fayette_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Vietnamization 1969–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ_Campaign_(1969%E2%80%931971)"},{"link_name":"Bold Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bold_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Dewey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_III"},{"link_name":"2nd Tet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_1969"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Massachusetts_Striker"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wayne_Grey"},{"link_name":"Purple Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Purple_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ben Het","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Het"},{"link_name":"Maine Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maine_Crag"},{"link_name":"Atlas Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlas_Wedge"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frederick_Hill"},{"link_name":"Geneva Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Geneva_Park"},{"link_name":"Montana Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montana_Mauler"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oklahoma_Hills"},{"link_name":"Washington Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Washington_Green"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Apache Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill"},{"link_name":"Lamar Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lamar_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pipestone Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipestone_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Binh Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montgomery_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Utah Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Utah_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Campbell Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Campbell_Streamer"},{"link_name":"Idaho Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Idaho_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nantucket_Beach"},{"link_name":"Fulton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fulton_Square"},{"link_name":"LZ Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate#History"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_IV"},{"link_name":"Randolph Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Randolph_Glen"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Green_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas_Star"},{"link_name":"FSB Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fire_Support_Base_Ripcord"},{"link_name":"Cambodian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pennsylvania_Square"},{"link_name":"Clinch Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clinch_Valley"},{"link_name":"Elk Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Elk_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Pickens Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pickens_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wolfe_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Chicago Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chicago_Peak"},{"link_name":"Firebase O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Chenla I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Imperial_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jefferson_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Tailwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tailwind"},{"link_name":"Son Tay Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Cuu Long 44-02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cuu_Long_44-02"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang 1/71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_1/71"},{"link_name":"Snuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Snuol"},{"link_name":"Lam Son 719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719"},{"link_name":"Finney Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Finney_Hill"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Middlesex_Peak"},{"link_name":"FSB Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_FSB_Mary_Ann"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Caroline_Hill"},{"link_name":"Long Khánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Chenla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_II"},{"link_name":"Nui Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nui_Le"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Cambodia and Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"1st Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"Loc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"An Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Chánh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line"},{"link_name":"Kontum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum"},{"link_name":"Thunderhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderhead"},{"link_name":"2nd Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"The Vinh wiretap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinh_wiretap"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"War of the flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_flags"},{"link_name":"Cửa Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BB%ADa_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Hồng Ngự","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%E1%BB%93ng_Ng%E1%BB%B1"},{"link_name":"Tong Le Chon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tong_Le_Chon"},{"link_name":"Trung Nghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trung_Nghia"},{"link_name":"Ap Da Bien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Da_Bien"},{"link_name":"Quang Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Duc"},{"link_name":"Tri Phap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tri_Phap"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng"},{"link_name":"Iron Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Duc Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Duc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1974)"},{"link_name":"Phú Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Phước Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long"},{"link_name":"Spring 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Ban Me Thuot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot"},{"link_name":"Hue–Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Phan Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base#Capture_of_Phan_Rang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Xuân Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Fall of Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Mayaguez incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguez_incident"},{"link_name":"Air operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Farm Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Farm_Gate"},{"link_name":"Chopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Ranch Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand"},{"link_name":"Pierce Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Barrel Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"Flaming Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flaming_Dart"},{"link_name":"Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand"},{"link_name":"Rolling Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Steel Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Arc Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light"},{"link_name":"Combat Skyspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Skyspot"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound"},{"link_name":"Shed Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shed_Light"},{"link_name":"Thanh Hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolo"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Popeye"},{"link_name":"Yen Vien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1967"},{"link_name":"Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Igloo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White"},{"link_name":"Commando Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Giant Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance"},{"link_name":"Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Menu"},{"link_name":"Patio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patio"},{"link_name":"Freedom Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal"},{"link_name":"Proud Deep Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Proud_Deep_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Linebacker I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Enhance Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus"},{"link_name":"Linebacker II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Babylift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Babylift"},{"link_name":"New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull"},{"link_name":"Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"Naval operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Station"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident"},{"link_name":"Market Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Time"},{"link_name":"Vung Ro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_R%C3%B4_Bay_incident"},{"link_name":"Game Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Stable Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stable_Door"},{"link_name":"PIRAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRAZ"},{"link_name":"Sea Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Dragon_(Vietnam_War)"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five"},{"link_name":"Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968"},{"link_name":"Sealords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealords"},{"link_name":"Đồng Hới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pocket Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money"},{"link_name":"Custom Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Custom_Tailor"},{"link_name":"End Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"East Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sea_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lists of allied operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1964)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1966)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1967)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1968)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1969)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1970)"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1971)"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1972)"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1973%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1975)"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Nguyen Chanh Thi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Chanh_Thi"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"I Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"III Marine Amphibious Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lewis W. Walt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_W._Walt"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"Chu Lai Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Lai_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Base Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Lai_Base_Area"},{"link_name":"combined arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_arms"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"helicopter insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_assault"}],"text":"Part of the Vietnam War (1965)Operation StarlitePart of the Vietnam WarVietcong prisoners (or civilians) await transport during Operation StarliteDateAugust 18–24, 1965LocationVan Tuong, South Vietnam15°17′56″N 108°50′24″E / 15.299°N 108.84°E / 15.299; 108.84Result\nBoth sides claim victory[1]Territorialchanges\n15 miles south of Chu Lai on the border of Quảng Tín and Quảng Ngãi ProvincesBelligerents\n United States\n Viet CongCommanders and leaders\nLG Lewis W. WaltCol. Oscar F. Peatross\nLê Hữu Trữ (commanding officer) Nguyễn Đình Trọng (commissar)Units involved\n3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines2nd Battalion, 4th Marines1st Battalion, 7th Marines3rd Battalion, 7th Marines3rd Battalion, 12th Marines\n1st Regiment52nd CompanyOne company of the 45th Weapons BattalionStrength\n5,500\n~1,500Casualties and losses\n45 killedViet Cong claim:919 killed and wounded\nU.S body count:614 killed9 captured42 suspects detained109 weapons recoveredViet Cong report:~200 killed, wounded or captured[2] (including 50 killed[3])vteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase\nLaos\nBiên Hòa\nĐồng Khởi\nChopper\nPalace Bombing\nSunrise\nShufly\nẤp Bắc\nGo Cong\nHiep Hoa\n34A\nLong Dinh\nKien Long\nQuyet Thang 202\nUSNS Card\nNam Dong\nAn Lao\nBinh Gia\nCamp Holloway\nDương Liễu – Nhông Pass\nQui Nhơn\nKa Nak\nSông Bé\nBa Gia\nDong Xoai\nAmerican intervention\n1965\n\nStarlite\nPiranha\nAn Ninh\nPlei Me\nHump\nGang Toi\n1st Bau Bang\nIa Drang\nBushmaster II\nHarvest Moon\n1966\n\nMarauder\nCrimp\nVan Buren\nMasher/White Wing\nDouble Eagle\nMastiff\nSuoi Bong Trang\nNew York\nHarrison\nCocoa Beach\nUtah\nSilver City\nA Sau\nOregon\nTexas\nLincoln\nFillmore\nJackstay\nBuddhist Uprising\nXa Cam My\nGeorgia\nBirmingham\nDavy Crockett\nAustin IV\nPaul Revere\nCrazy Horse\nEl Paso\nHardihood\nWahiawa\nLam Son II\nHawthorne\nHill 488\nNathan Hale\nJay\nMacon\nHastings\nMinh Thanh Road\nJohn Paul Jones\nPrairie\nColorado\nDuc Co\nLong Tan\nSS Baton Rouge Victory\nAmarillo\nByrd\nSunset Beach\nSeward\nThayer, Irving and Thayer II\nAttleboro\nDeckhouse IV\nShenandoah\nAtlanta\nPaul Revere IV\nGeronimo\nTan Son Nhut airbase\nFairfax\nFirebase Bird\n1967\n\nDeckhouse V\nCedar Falls\nDesoto\nGadsden\nSam Houston\nPershing\nEnterprise\nTra Binh Dong\nBribie\nJunction City (1st Prek Klok\n2nd Prek Klok\nAp Gu\nSuoi Tre\n2nd Bàu Bàng)\nFrancis Marion\nLejeune\nUnion\nBaker\nManhattan\nThe Hill Fights\nBeaver Cage\nCon Thien/DMZ\nHickory\nPrairie II\nPrairie III\nPrairie IV\nBuffalo\nKentucky\nKingfisher\nCrockett\nMalheur I and Malheur II\nKole Kole\nBarking Sands\nUnion II\nDragnet\nAkron\nBillings\nConcordia\nThe Slopes\nHong Kil Dong\nDiamond Head\nCoronado\nCoronado II\nHood River\nSuoi Chau Pha\nBenton\nCoronado IV\nSwift\nDragon Fire\nWheeler/Wallowa\nCoronado V\nKunia\nBolling\nMedina\nShenandoah II\nOng Thanh\n1st Loc Ninh\nMacArthur\nDak To\nOsceola\nLancaster\nCoronado IX\nNeosho\nSanta Fe\nEssex\nKien Giang 9-1\nNapoleon\nPhoenix\nManchester\nSaratoga\nYellowstone\nMuscatine\nBadger Tooth\nAuburn\nTet Offensive and aftermath\n\nNew Year's Day battle of 1968\nMcLain\nKhe Sanh\nBan Houei Sane\nLang Vei\nCoronado X\nTet Offensive\nDa Nang\nUS Embassy\nCholon and Phu Tho Racetrack\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nJoint General Staff Compound\nBien Hoa and Long Binh\nHue\nQuảng Trị\nBến Tre\nCoburg\nLo Giang\nHop Tac I\nCoronado XI\nHouston\nPatrick\nTam Kỳ\nTruong Cong Dinh\nLima Site 85\nQuyet Thang\nMy Lai Massacre\nWalker\nCarentan\nPegasus\nCochise Green\nToan Thang I\nBurlington Trail\nScotland II\nDelaware\nAllen Brook\nMay Offensive\nDai Do\nWest Saigon\nLanding Zone Center\nAn Bao\nSouth Saigon\nConcordia Square\nKham Duc\nCoral–Balmoral\nJeb Stuart III\nNevada Eagle\nMameluke Thrust\nToan Thang II\nRobin\nBinh An\nThor\nPocahontas Forest\nQuyet Chien\nSomerset Plain\nPhase III Offensive\nDuc Lap\nChampaign Grove\nVinh Loc\nThượng Đức\nMaui Peak\nHenderson Hill\nSheridan Sabre\nMeade River\nHat Dich\nSpeedy Express\nTaylor Common\nFayette Canyon\nVietnamization 1969–1971\n\nDMZ Campaign (1969–1971)\nBold Mariner\nDewey Canyon\nToan Thang III\n2nd Tet\nIron Mountain\nMassachusetts Striker\nWayne Grey\nPurple Martin\nBen Het\nMaine Crag\nAtlas Wedge\nFrederick Hill\nGeneva Park\nMontana Mauler\nOklahoma Hills\nWashington Green\nVirginia Ridge\nApache Snow\nHamburger Hill\nLamar Plain\nPipestone Canyon\nBinh Ba\nMontgomery Rendezvous\nUtah Mesa\nCampbell Streamer\nIdaho Canyon\nNantucket Beach\nFulton Square\nLZ Kate\nToan Thang IV\nRandolph Glen\nGreen River\nTexas Star\nFSB Ripcord\nCambodian campaign\nPennsylvania Square\nClinch Valley\nElk Canyon\nPickens Forest\nWolfe Mountain\nChicago Peak\nFirebase O'Reilly\nChenla I\nImperial Lake\nJefferson Glenn\nTailwind\nSon Tay Raid\nCuu Long 44-02\nToan Thang 1/71\nSnuol\nLam Son 719\nFinney Hill\nMiddlesex Peak\nFSB Mary Ann\nCaroline Hill\nLong Khánh\nChenla II\nNui Le\n1972\n\nEaster Offensive\nCambodia and Mekong Delta\n1st Quang Trị\nLoc Ninh\nAn Lộc\nMỹ Chánh Line\nKontum\nThunderhead\n2nd Quang Trị\nThe Vinh wiretap\nPost-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)\n\nWar of the flags\nCửa Việt\nHồng Ngự\nTong Le Chon\nTrung Nghia\nAp Da Bien\nQuang Duc\nTri Phap\nSvay Rieng\nIron Triangle\nDuc Duc\nThượng Đức\nPhú Lộc\nPhước Long\nSpring 1975\n\nBan Me Thuot\nHue–Da Nang\nPhan Rang\nXuân Lộc\nFall of Phnom Penh\nFall of Saigon\nMayaguez incident\nAir operations\n\nFarm Gate\nChopper\nRanch Hand\nPierce Arrow\nBarrel Roll\nPony Express\nFlaming Dart\nIron Hand\nRolling Thunder\nSteel Tiger\nArc Light\nCombat Skyspot\nTiger Hound\nShed Light\nThanh Hoa\nBolo\nPopeye\nYen Vien\nNiagara\nIgloo White\nCommando Hunt\nGiant Lance\nMenu\nPatio\nFreedom Deal\nProud Deep Alpha\nLinebacker I\nEnhance Plus\nLinebacker II\nHomecoming\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nBabylift\nNew Life\nEagle Pull\nFrequent Wind\nNaval operations\n\nYankee & Dixie stations\nGulf of Tonkin\nMarket Time\nVung Ro Bay\nGame Warden\nDouble Eagle\nStable Door\nPIRAZ\nSea Dragon\nDeckhouse Five\nBo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River\nSealords\nĐồng Hới\nPocket Money\nCustom Tailor\nEnd Sweep\nParacel Islands\nEast Sea\nLists of allied operations\n\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973–74\n1975Operation Starlite (also known in Vietnam as Battle of Van Tuong) was the first major offensive action conducted by a purely U.S. military unit during the Vietnam War from 18 to 24 August 1965. The operation was launched based on intelligence provided by Major general Nguyen Chanh Thi, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) I Corps commander. III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) commander Lieutenant General Lewis W. Walt devised a plan to launch a pre-emptive strike against the Viet Cong (VC) 1st Regiment to nullify their threat to the vital Chu Lai Air Base and Base Area and ensure its powerful communication tower remained intact.The operation was conducted as a combined arms assault involving ground, air and naval units. U.S. Marines were deployed by helicopter insertion while an amphibious landing was used to deploy other Marines. The VC used a variety of tactics to counter the Marine assault, fighting from prepared positions and then withdrawing as the Marines gained local superiority and ambushing a lost supply column. The VC were unable to withstand the weight of the Marine assault and U.S. firepower.","title":"Operation Starlite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hastings-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hastings-4"},{"link_name":"Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hastings-4"},{"link_name":"Chu Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Lai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"COMUSMACV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMUSMACV"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"7th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Marine_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"105 mm howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M101_howitzer"},{"link_name":"4th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Trà Bồng River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0_B%E1%BB%93ng_River"},{"link_name":"Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_1_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Frederick J. Karch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_J._Karch"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oscar F. Peatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_F._Peatross"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954. The Vietnam War effectively began with the start of the North Vietnamese backed VC insurgency in 1959/60 and the U.S. increased its military aid and advisory support to South Vietnam in response.[4]: 119–20 With the worsening military and political situation in South Vietnam, the U.S. increasingly became directly involved in the conflict.[4]: 131 U.S. Marines were the first ground troops deployed to South Vietnam, landing at Da Nang on 8 March 1965.[4]: 246–7 In May the Marines and ARVN forces secured the Chu Lai area to establish a jet-capable airfield and base area.[5]: 29–35On 30 July, COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland told III MAF commander General Walt that he expected him to undertake larger offensive operations with the South Vietnamese against the VC at greater distances from his base areas. Walt reminded Westmoreland that the Marines were still bound by the 6 May Letter of Instruction that restricted III MAF to reserve/reaction missions in support of South Vietnamese units heavily engaged with a VC force. Westmoreland replied \"these restraints were no longer realistic, and invited Walt to rewrite the instructions, working into them the authority he thought he needed, and promised his approval.\" On 6 August, General Walt received official permission to take the offensive against the VC. With the arrival of the 7th Marine Regiment a week later, he prepared to move against the 1st VC Regiment.[5]: 69In early July, the 1st VC Regiment had launched a second attack against the hamlet of Ba Gia, 20 miles (32 km) south of Chu Lai. The ARVN garrison was overrun, causing 130 casualties and the loss of more than 200 weapons, including two 105 mm howitzers. After the attack on Ba Gia, US intelligence agencies located the 1st VC Regiment in the mountains west of the hamlet. Reports indicated that the regiment was once more on the march. Acting on this intelligence, the 4th Marine Regiment conducted a one-battalion operation with the ARVN 51st Regiment, 1st Division in search of the 1st VC Regiment south of the Trà Bồng River. Codenamed Thunderbolt, the operation lasted from 6 to 7 August, and extended 7 km south of the river in an area west of Route 1. The ARVN and Marines found little sign of any major VC force in the area and encountered only scattered resistance.[5]: 69Eight days after Thunderbolt, the Allies finally confirmed the location of the 1st VC Regiment. On 15 August, a deserter from the regiment surrendered to the ARVN. During his interrogation at General Thi's headquarters he revealed that the regiment had established its base in the Van Tuong village complex on the coast, 12 miles (19 km) south of Chu Lai and planned to attack Chu Lai. The prisoner told his interrogators that the 1st VC Regiment at Van Tuong consisted of two of its three battalions, the 60th and 80th, reinforced by the 52nd Company and a company from the 45th Weapons Battalion; approximately 1,500 men in all. Thi, who personally questioned the prisoner and believed the man was telling the truth, relayed the information to Walt. At about the same time, the III MAF intelligence section received corroborative information from another source. Convinced of the danger to the airfield, Walt's subordinates advised a spoiling attack in the Van Tuong region. Walt flew to Chu Lai and held a hurried council of war with his senior commanders there: Brigadier general Frederick J. Karch, who had become the Chu Lai Coordinator on 5 August, Colonel McClanahan of the 4th Marines and Colonel Oscar F. Peatross, the newly arrived 7th Marines' commander. Walt then decided to proceed with an operation.[5]: 70","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Fisher's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Fisher_(USMC)"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion, 4th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_4th_Marines"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_3rd_Marines"},{"link_name":"Shore Landing Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_ready_group"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U. S. Grant Sharp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Grant_Sharp_Jr."},{"link_name":"Subic Bay Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Hoàng Xuân Lãm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Xu%C3%A2n_L%C3%A3m"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"landing zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_zone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"UH-34s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34"},{"link_name":"HMM-261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-261"},{"link_name":"HMM-361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-361"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Orleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Orleck"},{"link_name":"USS Prichett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Prichett"},{"link_name":"USS Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Galveston_(CL-93)"},{"link_name":"naval gunfire support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_11"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_12"},{"link_name":"close support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"In a hectic two-day period, the III MAF, division, wing and 7th Marines staffs assembled forces and prepared plans for the attack. The concept for the operation dictated a two-battalion assault, one battalion to land across the beach and the other to land by helicopter further inland. The division reassigned two battalions previously under the operational control of the 4th Marines to Peatross as the assault battalions, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph R. Fisher's 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph E. Muir's 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines. Walt, who wanted a third battalion as a floating reserve, requested permission to use the Shore Landing Force (SLF) which Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. approved immediately. At the time of the request the amphibious task force was located at Subic Bay Naval Base, 720 miles (1,160 km) away. Based upon its transit time to the operational area, the planners selected 18 August as D-Day. The operation was originally called Satellite, but a power blackout led to a clerk working by candlelight typing \"Starlite\" instead.[5]: 70In order to maintain the secrecy of the operation, none of the ARVN Joint General Staff were informed about the operation until after it had started. Only Generals Thi and ARVN 2nd Division commander General Hoàng Xuân Lãm had advance knowledge of the operation in order to keep ARVN forces out of the operational area.[5]: 82–3Peatross and his commanders conducted an aerial surveillance of the area and selected the amphibious assault landing site, as well as the helicopter landing zones (LZs). They chose the beach north of the coastal hamlet of An Cuong, later designated Green Beach, for the landing. A force there would block VC avenues of escape to the south. Three LZs, Red, White and Blue, were selected 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Route 1 and roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from the coast. LZ Blue, about 2 km west of Green Beach, was the southernmost of the LZs. White was 2 km west northwest of Blue, while Red was 2 km north of White. From these positions, the Marines were to move northeast to the South China Sea.[5]: 71On the morning of the 17th the plans were completed. 3/3 Marines was to land across Green Beach at 06:30, 18 August with Companies I and K abreast, K on the right. Company L, the battalion reserve, was to follow as the lead companies swerved to the northwest. The remaining company, Company M, was to make an overland movement from Chu Lai to a ridgeline blocking position in the northern portion of the operations area, 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Green Beach and 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from the sea, closing off the VCs' retreat. Soon after H-Hour, UH-34s from HMM-261 and HMM-361 were to shuttle the 2/4th Marines into the three LZs. The two battalions were to join forces when Company H from LZ Blue linked up with Company I outside the hamlet of An Cuong , 1.8 km inland from Green Beach. From there, the Marines were to sweep to the sea through the Van Tuong village complex and over the Phuoc Thuan Peninsula. Artillery batteries at Chu Lai were to provide artillery support while two United States Navy destroyers, the USS Orleck and the USS Prichett and the cruiser USS Galveston were available for naval gunfire support. Aircraft from Marine Aircraft Group 11 and Marine Aircraft Group 12 were to fly close support for the operation.[5]: 71–2","title":"Planning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Starlite_18-19_August_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"LVTP-5s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVTP-5"},{"link_name":"USS Bayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bayfield"},{"link_name":"USS Cabildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cabildo"},{"link_name":"USS Vernon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vernon_County"},{"link_name":"M67 Flame Thrower Tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M67_Flame_Thrower_Tank"},{"link_name":"M48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton"},{"link_name":"LCUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Craft_Utility"},{"link_name":"sampans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"4th Battalion, 12th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Battalion,_12th_Marines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"155 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer"},{"link_name":"A-4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"F-4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"M50 Ontos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M50_Ontos"},{"link_name":"landing craft mechanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft_mechanized"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, 12th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_12th_Marines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"rice paddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"},{"link_name":"UH-1B gunships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, 7th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_7th_Marines"},{"link_name":"USS Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iwo_Jima_(LPH-2)"},{"link_name":"HMM-163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-163"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"VMO-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMO-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operationstarlite1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"M48 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"USS Talladega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Talladega"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"Operation Starlite 18–19 August 1965At 10:00 on the 17th, Company M, 3/3 Marines boarded LVTP-5s at Chu Lai and moved along the coast to the Trung Phan Peninsula; then the company marched 4 miles (6.4 km) south where it established its blocking position. The Marines of Company M met only minor resistance, an occasional sniper and booby traps. Before dawn on the 18th, the company reached its objective and dug in. Marine patrols had been active in this area for some time and to the casual observer the company's activity was just another small unit movement. At 17:00 on 17 August, the rest of 3/3rd Marines, with Colonel Peatross and his staff, embarked on the three ships of the amphibious task group, USS Bayfield, USS Cabildo and USS Vernon County. Three M67 Flame Thrower Tanks attached to the 7th Marines and a platoon of five M48 tanks assigned to Fisher's battalion boarded two LCUs, which then sailed independently towards the amphibious objective area, timing their arrival to coincide with that of the troop transports. The task force first sailed east to deceive any VC in sampans in the coastal waters. Once over the horizon, the ships changed course to the southwest, arriving in the amphibious objective area shortly after 05:00. There they were joined by the Galveston and the Orleck, which were to cover the landing.[5]: 72At 06:15, 15 minutes before H-Hour, Battery K, 4th Battalion, 12th Marines, which had displaced to firing positions on the northern bank of the Trà Bồng River the night before, began 155 mm preparation fires of the helicopter landing zones. The artillery was soon reinforced by 20 Marine A-4s and F-4s which dropped 18 tons of bombs and napalm on the LZs. The Marines limited their preparation of Green Beach to 20mm cannon strafing runs by MAG-12 A-4s, because of the proximity of An Cuong to the landing site. As the air and artillery fires lifted, the ground forces arrived, Companies I and K, in LVTP-5s, landed across Green Beach at 06:30 and pushed inland according to plan. The troops quickly spread out and moved into An Cuong. After a futile search for VC, the company continued advancing to the west. Company K received sniper fire from its right as it crossed the northern portion of Green Beach. Two platoons quickly moved northward and the VC fire ceased. The third platoon secured the northern half of An Cuong. Fifteen minutes after H-Hour, Company G, 2/4th Marines landed at LZ Red. Company F and the command group landed at LZ White and Company H arrived at LZ Blue 45 minutes later. On the beach, Muir, who had moved his command post ashore, was joined at 07:30 by Peatross and his staff. Tanks and M50 Ontos rolled off the LCUs and landing craft mechanized (LCMs) and made their way forward to support the assault companies. Company L came ashore and established perimeter security for the supply area at the beach. Most of the Marine companies met only light resistance as they moved into the attack. Company G searched two hamlets in the vicinity of LZ Red and then advanced to the northeast and linked up with Company M without incident. At LZ White Company E encountered stiffer opposition from the VC. The VC manned firing positions on a ridgeline east and northeast of the LZ, employing mortars, machine guns, and small arms. After dogged fighting, the Marines cleared the hills. By midmorning, Company E began moving northeast. At one juncture, the Marines spotted about 100 VC in the open and asked for artillery fire. The 107mm Mortar (Howtar) Battery, 3rd Battalion, 12th Marines, helilifted into the position held by Company M, shelled the VC force killing an estimated 90 VC. Company E continued to push forward, finding only occasional opposition.[5]: 72–3Along the coast, Company K had advanced to Phase Line Banana, 2 km north of Green Beach. There a VC force, entrenched on a hill overlooking the Marine positions, blocked the advance of the company. Muir, who had established his forward command post with Company K, ordered Company L forward. By midafternoon, the two Marine companies, aided by supporting arms, captured the high ground and set up night defenses. The major action developed in the south near LZ Blue, at the junction of 2/4th Marines and 3/3rd Marines. This area, roughly one square kilometer, was bound by the hamlets of An Thoi on the north, Nam Yen on the south and An Cuong to the east. It was a patchwork of rice paddies, streams, hedgerows, woods and built-up areas, interspersed by trails leading in all directions. Two small knolls dominated the flat terrain, Hill 43, a few hundred meters southwest of Nam Yen, and Hill 30, 400 meters north of An Cuong. LZ Blue was just south of Nam Yen, between Hill 43 and the hamlet. Company H's LZ was almost on top of the VC 60th Battalion. The VC allowed the first helicopters to touch down with little interference, but then opened fire as the others came in. Three U.S. Army UH-1B gunships from the 7th Airlift Platoon, took the VC on Hill 43 under fire while Company H formed a defensive perimeter around the LZ.[5]: 73–5 The Company H commander, First Lieutenant Homer K. Jenkins, was not yet aware of the size of the VC force. He ordered one platoon to take the hill and the rest of the company to secure Nam Yen, both attacks soon stalled. The platoon attacking Hill 43 was still at the bottom of the hill when Jenkins called back his other two platoons from the outskirts of Nam Yen in order to regroup. He requested air strikes against both the VC hill position and Nam Yen and then renewed the attack, but this time, Jenkins moved all three of his platoons into the assault on the hill. The VC fought tenaciously, but the Marines, reinforced by close air support and tanks, were too strong. One Marine platoon counted six dead VC near a heavy machine gun position and more bodies scattered throughout the brush. Jenkins' men took one prisoner and collected over 40 weapons.[5]: 73–5The airstrikes called by Jenkins against VC positions at Nam Yen momentarily halted the advance of Company I, 3/3rd Marines at a streambed east of Nam Yen. Bomb fragments slightly wounded two Marines. After the bombing run, Company I moved north along the stream for 500 meters to a point opposite An Cuong. Under fire from An Cuong, An Thoi and Nam Yen, Captain Bruce D. Webb, the company commander, requested permission to attack An Cuong, although it was across the bank in the area of responsibility of the 2/4th Marines. Muir approved the request, after consulting with Peatross. An Cuong was a fortified hamlet, ideally suited to VC combat tactics. The area surrounding the hamlet was heavily wooded with severely restricted fields of fire. The only open areas were the rice paddies and even these were interspersed with hedgerows of hardwood and bamboo thickets. An Cuong itself consisted of 25-30 huts, with fighting holes and camouflaged trench lines connected by a system of interlocking tunnels. As the company cleared the first few huts, a grenade exploded, killing Webb and wounding three other Marines. No sooner had the grenade exploded, than two 60mm mortar rounds fell on the advancing troops, inflicting three more casualties. First Lieutenant Richard M. Purnell, the company executive officer, assumed command and committed the reserve platoon. The company gained the upper hand and the action slackened as the troops secured the hamlet. Making a hurried survey of the battlefield, Purnell counted 50 VC bodies. He then radioed his battalion commander for further instructions. Muir ordered Purnell's company to join Company K, which was heavily engaged at Phase Line Banana, 2 km to the northeast. Company H remained near Nam Yen to clean out all VC opposition there and then planned to link up with Muir's battalion.[5]: 75 While Company I maneuvered through An Cuong Peatross committed one company of his reserve battalion to the battle. Company I, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines on USS Iwo Jima were landed by HMM-163 helicopters shortly after 09:30.[5]: 77As Company I was preparing to move from An Cuong, a UH-1E gunship from VMO-2 was shot down by VC small arms fire northeast of the hamlet. Muir ordered Purnell to leave some men behind to protect the helicopter. Purnell ordered two squads and three tanks to stay with the helicopter until the craft was evacuated. As the company departed, its members could see that Jenkins' Company H had left Hill 43 and was advancing on the left flank of Company I. At 11:00 Jenkins led his unit, augmented by five tanks and three Ontos, from the Hill 43 area into the open rice paddy between Nam Yen and An Cuong. Jenkins bypassed Nam Yen as he mistakenly believed that Company I had cleared both hamlets. Suddenly, from positions in Nam Yen and from Hill 30, the VC opened up with small arms and machine gun fire, catching the Marine rearguard in a crossfire. Then mortar shells began bursting upon the lead platoons. Company H was taking fire from all directions, and tracked vehicles, Ontos and tanks, were having trouble with the muck of the paddies. Jenkins drew his armor into a tight circle and deployed his infantry. One squad moved to the northwest of Nam Yen and killed nine VC who were manning a mortar, but were driven off by small arms fire and had to withdraw to the relative security of the tanks. Jenkins saw that his position was untenable, and after radioing for supporting arms, he ordered his force to withdraw to LZ Blue. Artillery hit Nam Yen while F-4s and A-4s attacked Hill 30. About 14:00, the company tried to move back to the LZ. The lead platoon was forced to alter course when medical evacuation helicopters tried to land in the midst of the unit. As it maneuvered off to the flank of Company H, this platoon became separated from Jenkins' main body and was engaged by the VC. At this juncture, the platoon unexpectedly linked up with Purnell's helicopter security detail which had started to move toward its parent company after the downed helicopter had been repaired and flown out. The small force was quickly engaged by a VC unit, but together the two Marine units fought their way to An Cuong. Meanwhile, Jenkins and his other two platoons fought a delaying action and withdrew to LZ Blue, arriving there at 16:30. Fisher directed Jenkins to establish a defensive perimeter and await reinforcements.[5]: 76A MAG-16 helicopter evacuates casualties, while a Marine M48 Patton tank stands guardThe expected reinforcements never arrived; they had been diverted to help a supply column that had been ambushed 400m west of An Cuong. Just before noon, Muir had ordered his executive officer in charge of the 3/3rd Marines rear command group, Major Andrew G. Comer, to dispatch the mobile (LVT) resupply to Company I, which, at the time, was only a \"few hundred yards\" in front of the command group.[5]: 76 Five LVTP-5s and three flame tanks, the only tactical support available at the time, were briefed on the location of the company and marked the routes they were to follow on their maps. The supply column left the command post (CP) shortly after noon, but got lost between Nam Yen and An Thoi. It had followed a trail that was flanked on one side by a rice paddy and on the other by trees and hedgerows. As the two lead vehicles, a tank and an LVTP, went around a bend in the road, an explosion occurred near the tank, followed by another in the middle of the column. Fire from VC recoilless rifles and a barrage of mortar rounds tore into the column. The vehicles backed off the road and turned their weapons to face the VC. Using all of their weapons the troops held off the closing VC infantry. The rear tank tried to use its flamethrower, but a VC shell had rendered it useless. Throughout the fighting, the convoy was still able to maintain communications with the command post, radioing that the column was surrounded by VC and was about to be overrun. The LVT radio operator kept the microphone button depressed the entire time and pleaded for help. The command post was unable to quiet him sufficiently to gain essential information as to their location. This continued for an extended period, perhaps an hour. Informed of the ambush Muir replied that he was returning Company I to the rear CP and ordered Comer to gather whatever other support they could and to rescue them as rapidly as possible. Peatross, well aware of the vulnerable positions of both Company H and the supply column and fearing that the VC was attempting to drive a salient between the two battalions approved a rescue mission. The plan was to use a rapidly moving tank, LVTP and Ontos column through the previously cleared An Cuong area. Before the planning meeting broke up, one of the flame tanks which had been in the supply column arrived at the CP, the crew chief, a staff sergeant, reported that they had just passed through An Cuong without being fired upon and that he could lead them to the supply column.[5]: 76Shortly after 13:00, Comer's force moved out. Just after cresting Hill 30, the M-48 tank was hit by recoilless rifle fire and stopped short. The other vehicles immediately jammed together and simultaneously mortar and small arms fire saturated the area. Within a few minutes, the Marines suffered five dead and 17 wounded. The infantry quickly dismounted and the Ontos maneuvered to provide frontal fire and to protect the flanks while artillery fire and air support was called in. With the response of supporting arms, the VC fire diminished and Company I was ordered to resume its advance toward An Cuong leaving a small rear guard on Hill 30 to supervise the evacuation of the casualties. The company entered An Cuong against little resistance, but Comer's command group were caught by intense fire from a wooded area to their right front and forced to take what cover they could in the open rice paddies. At the same time, the Marines came upon the two reinforced squads from Company I which had been left to guard the downed Huey and the platoon from Company H. The two squads from Company I fought their way to Hill 30 where they were evacuated while the Company H platoon remained in the rice paddies.[5]: 77As the intensity of the battle increased, Peatross ordered a halt to the advance of the units from LZs Red and White and along the coast to prevent the overextension of his lines. Company L, 3/7th Marines arrived at the regimental CP at 17:30 and was placed under the operational control of Muir, who ordered them to reinforce Company I in the search for the supply column. Supported by two tanks, Company L moved out. As they advanced through the open rice paddies east of An Cuong, they came under heavy fire, wounding 14 and killing four. The Marines persevered and the VC broke contact as night fell. The addition of a third Marine company to the area, coupled with the weight of supporting arms fire available, evidently forced the VC 60th Battalion to break contact. The Marines radioed the Galveston and Orleck requesting continuous illumination throughout the evening over the Nam Yen-An Cuong area. As darkness fell, Peatross informed Walt that the VC apparently intended to defend selected positions, while not concentrating their forces. Muir decided that it was too risky to continue searching for the supply column that night, especially after having learned that the column, although immobilized, was no longer in danger. Muir ordered Company L to move to Phase Line Banana and join Companies K and L, and establish a perimeter defense there. He also ordered Company I to return to the regimental CP. For all intents and purposes, the fighting was over for Company I; of its 177 men who had crossed the beach, 14 were dead, including the company commander, and another 53 were wounded, but the company claimed 125 VC killed.[5]: 77–8During the night of 18 August, Peatross brought the rest of the SLF battalion ashore. Company I, 3/7th Marines arrived at the regimental CP at 18:00, followed shortly by Lieutenant Colonel Charles R. Bodley and his command group. Just after midnight, Company M landed across Green Beach from the USS Talladega. With the arrival of his third battalion, Peatross completed his plans for the next day. The concept of action remained basically the same, squeeze the vice around the VC and drive them toward the sea. As a result of the first day's action against the VC 60th Battalion, he readjusted the battalions' boundaries. At 07:30, Muir's 3/3rd Marines, with Companies K and L abreast and Company L, 3/7th Marines following in reserve, was to attack to the northeast from Phase Line Banana. Simultaneously, Fisher's 2/4th Marines, with Companies E and G, was to drive eastward to the sea, joining 3/3rd Marines. Jenkins' Company H, Comer's group, and Company I were to withdraw to the regimental CP. The remainder of 3/7th Marines was to fill the gap. Companies I and M were to move out of the regimental CP, extract the ambushed supply column, and then move toward An Thoi to establish a blocking position there which would prevent the VC from slipping southward. Company M, 3/3rd Marines was to hold its blocking positions further north. The VC were to be left no avenue of escape.[5]: 78–9On the 19th, 3/7th Marines moved into its zone of action which included the area of the fiercest fighting of the day before, but the VC were gone. At 09:00, Companies I and M left the regimental CP, and moved through An Cuong, meeting no VC resistance. They brought out the supply column and by 15:00 had established their assigned blocking position at An Thoi. Although much of the VC resistance had disappeared, Fisher and Muir still found pockets of stiff opposition when they launched their combined attacks at 07:30. The terrain was very difficult as the rice paddies, ringed by dikes and hedgerows, hindered control, observation and maneuverability. The VC were holed up in bunkers, trenches, and caves which were scattered throughout the area. Marines would sweep through an area, only to have VC snipers fire upon them from the rear. In many cases, the Marines had to dig out the VC or blow up the tunnels. By 10:30, Company E had linked up with Company K and the two battalions continued their advance to the sea. By nightfall, the 2/4th Marines had completed its sweep of the Phuoc Thuan Peninsula. VC organized resistance had ceased.[5]: 79","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Battalion, 7th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_7th_Marines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Robert E. O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Joe C. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_C._Paul"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lê Duẩn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Arnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Arnett"},{"link_name":"Johnson administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnett-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnett-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"Although the cordon phase of Starlite had been completed, Walt decided to continue the operation for five more days so that the entire area could be searched systematically. He believed that some of the VC had remained behind in underground hiding places. 2/4th Marines and 3/3rd Marines returned to Chu Lai on the 20th and 1st Battalion, 7th Marines moved into the objective area and joined 3/7th Marines and units from the ARVN 2nd Division for the search. The Marines killed 54 more VC in the Van Tuong complex before Starlite came to an end on 24 August. The Marines had killed 614 VC by body count, taken nine prisoners, held 42 suspects and collected 109 assorted weapons, at a cost of 45 Marines dead and 203 wounded.[5]: 79–80 Corporal Robert E. O'Malley (3/3 Marines) and Lance Corporal Joe C. Paul (2/4 Marines) received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the operation; Muir was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the operation. Purnell (3/3 Marines) received the Silver Star for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action.[6] To the Americans, the battle was considered a great success for U.S. forces as they had engaged a local force VC unit and come out victorious.The VC also claimed victory, announcing that they had inflicted 900 American casualties (killed and wounded), destroyed 22 tanks and APCs and downed 13 helicopters, while suffering ~200 casualties before withdrawing.[7][8] According to Lê Duẩn, the VC suffering 50 killed in this battle[9]The ambush of the Marine supply column was reported by journalist Peter Arnett and proved an embarrassment to the Johnson administration, who wanted to retain the secrecy of the operation.[10] The story of the ambush of the Marine supply column was denied by the USMC.[10]Lessons learned from the battle included the knowledge that the daily allotment of 2 US gallons (7.6 L; 1.7 imp gal) of water per man was inadequate in the heat of Vietnam.[5]: 82","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The First Fight: U.S. Marines in Operation Starlite, August 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/The_First_Fight_Starlite.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0160928796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160928796"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-932033-27-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932033-27-0"},{"link_name":"The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-790-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-790-5"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477118#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542355005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005001546"}],"text":"Andrew, Rod (2015). The First Fight: U.S. Marines in Operation Starlite, August 1965 (PDF). Marine Corps University, History Division. ISBN 978-0160928796.\nLehrack, Otto (2004). The First Battle - Operation Starlite and the Beginning of the Blood Debt in Vietnam. Casemate. ISBN 1-932033-27-0.\nSimmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.\nSummers, Harry G. Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Operation Starlite 18–19 August 1965","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Operation_Starlite_18-19_August_1965.jpg/220px-Operation_Starlite_18-19_August_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"A MAG-16 helicopter evacuates casualties, while a Marine M48 Patton tank stands guard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Operationstarlite1965.jpg/220px-Operationstarlite1965.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Wilkins, Warren (2011). Grab Their Belts To Fight Them: The Viet Cong's Big-Unit War Against the U.S., 1965–1966. Naval Institute Press. p. 76. ISBN 9781591149613.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591149613","url_text":"9781591149613"}]},{"reference":"\"TRẬN ĐÁNH VẠN TƯỜNG\" [The Battle of Wanxiang / The Battle of the Thousand Walls] (in Vietnamese). quangngai.gov.vn. August 17, 2004. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090302013331/http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/bangtin/2004/1847/","url_text":"\"TRẬN ĐÁNH VẠN TƯỜNG\""},{"url":"http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/bangtin/2004/1847/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975. Harper. ISBN 9780062405661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062405661","url_text":"9780062405661"}]},{"reference":"Shulimson, Jack (1978). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup 1965 (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 978-1494287559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam_The%20Landing%20and%20the%20Buildup%201965%20%20PCN%2019000307600.pdf","url_text":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup 1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1494287559","url_text":"978-1494287559"}]},{"reference":"Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. trans. Pribbenow, Merle. University of Kansas Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4","url_text":"0-7006-1175-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Death of Supply Column 21\". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2018-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.cjr.org/feature/the_death_of_supply_column_21.php","url_text":"\"The Death of Supply Column 21\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew, Rod (2015). The First Fight: U.S. Marines in Operation Starlite, August 1965 (PDF). Marine Corps University, History Division. ISBN 978-0160928796.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/The_First_Fight_Starlite.pdf","url_text":"The First Fight: U.S. Marines in Operation Starlite, August 1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160928796","url_text":"978-0160928796"}]},{"reference":"Lehrack, Otto (2004). The First Battle - Operation Starlite and the Beginning of the Blood Debt in Vietnam. Casemate. ISBN 1-932033-27-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932033-27-0","url_text":"1-932033-27-0"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Naval Institute Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella_Education | Strategic Education, Inc. | ["1 History","1.1 Capella Education Company","1.2 Strategic Education, Inc.","2 References","3 External links"] | American education services holding company
Strategic Education, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: STRAS&P 600 componentIndustryEducationHeadquartersHerndon, Virginia, U.S.Key peopleRobert S. Silberman(Executive Chairman)Karl McDonnell (CEO)Daniel W. Jackson (CFO)ServicesOnline educationRevenue US$ 1,027,700,000 (2020)Operating income US$ 94,400,000 (2020)Net income US$ 39,300,000 (2020)Number of employees3,076 (2019)Websitestrategiceducation.comFootnotes / references
Entrance to Capella Education Corporation headquarters at 225 South Sixth in Minneapolis
Strategic Education, Inc. (SEI), is an education services holding company and is formerly known as Strayer Education, Inc. The company owns for-profit, online Capella University and Strayer University, as well as non-degree programs schools such as DevMountain, Hackbright Academy, and Sophia Learning.
History
In August 2018, Capella Education Company merged with Strayer Education, Inc., in a $1.9 billion deal. The two publicly traded parent companies combined corporate functions; however, the universities remain operating as separate institutions. Strayer shareholders control 52% of Strategic Education, while Capella shareholders control the other 48%.
In July 2020, Strategic Education announced a series of acquisitions: Laureate Education, Inc.'s Australia and New Zealand operations for a reported $642 million; Torrens University in Australia and Think Education and Media Design School in New Zealand for a combined $900 million.
Strayer University and Capella University collectively serve about 80,000 students.
Capella Education Company
Capella Education Company was founded in 1991 by Stephen Shank, former CEO of Tonka Corporation. In 1993, it opened The Graduate School of America (TGSA). In 1999, the company and university were renamed to Capella Education Company and University. In 2003, the company was named to Inc. magazine's Inc. 500 Hall of Fame after being named one of America's 500 Fastest-Growing Private Companies for the fifth year in a row. Prior to going public the company raised more than $67 million from private investors, including Maveron.
On January 8, 2005, Capella Education Co. said it had two new investors following deals totaling more than $60 million. The company announced its intentions to go public with an initial public offering in April 2005. It reported 2005 earnings of $10.2 million on sales of nearly $150 million. On November 9, 2006, it completed a public offering that raised $80 million.
In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that changed the name of the building to Capella Tower. The expanded facility housed all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis employees, since Capella, as the online school does not have classrooms, the space houses administrative staff and faculty. The name change took place in March 2009.
In July 2011, Capella Education Company acquired the UK based Resource Development International Ltd to gain access to the fast-growing international higher education market. In August 2015, RDI received approval in the UK to become the newly formed Arden University in 2015. The following year Capella sold Arden University and its subsidiaries to Global University Systems.
In April 2016, Capella Education Company acquired the software engineering school for women, Hackbright Academy and coding bootcamp, DevMountain.
Strategic Education, Inc.
Strayer Education Inc. was a publicly traded corporation, established as a holding company for the college and other assets in 1996. The company was created to take what was then Strayer College public and raise capital for expansion. Its corporate headquarters are in Herndon, Virginia. Karl McDonnell has been CEO since May 2013. McDonnell joined Strayer in July 2006, and was previously president and COO. Previous CEO Robert S. Silberman, who took the position in March 2001, was named executive chairman of the board.
Between 2001 and 2005, the company's main owners were New Mountain Capital and a private equity unit of Deutsche Bank, DB Capital. In 2021, Strategic Education's top shareholders are BlackRock, T. Rowe Price, and Vanguard Group.
In 2009, Robert S. Silberman had a total compensation of $41.5 million, a large portion of which was restricted stock that does not vest until 2019. This was the highest compensation in the for-profit education industry and led in 2010 to the Washington Post naming him the most highly compensated CEO in the Washington, D.C., area. His annual compensation in 2010 was $1.5 million.
In 2010, Strayer (STRA) shares peaked at $253. but the stock dropped to $34 in 2013. By June 2020, however, STRA shares had rebounded to $170 a share. In November 2021, shares are $61, dropping 35 percent for the year.
References
^ "US SEC: Form 10-K Strategic Education, Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ "Strategic Education, Inc 10-K filed in 2020"". www.sec.gov. March 2, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Ashley Smith. "Strayer and Capella Merger Finalized".
^ Andy Medici. "Pencils down: Strayer completes 'merger of equals' with Minneapolis education firm".
^ Gemma Cottrell. "Strayer Education (NASDAQ:STRA) Downgraded by Zacks Investment Research".
^ "Amid the gloom in higher education, Torrens University's sale shines a light on things to come". Crikey. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Sydney Lake (6 August 2020). "Strategic Education Inc. to raise $191.5M through public stock offering". Virginia Business. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Emma Whitford. "Strayer and Capella Merger Approved".
^ "CAPELLA INVESTORS BUY $60M WORTH OF SHARES".
^ Sam Black, Capella lease to rename 225 South Sixth, Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal, March 20, 2008.
^ Wall Street Journal Online Edition http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110715-705702.html
^ Capella Education Company News Release "Capella University News Releases - Capella Education Company Press Releases - Capella News Releases". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
^ MarketWatch.com RDI, Subsidiary of Capella Education Company, Approved to Operate as Arden University in the United Kingdom
^ Times Higher News, For-profit RDI granted university status
^ Peters, Kai; Smith, Richard R.; Thomas, Howard (eds.) (2018). Rethinking the Business Models of Business Schools, p. 161. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 1787548740
^ "Hackbright Academy Joins Capella Education Company to Further Goal of Closing the Gender Gap in Software Engineering".
^ "History". Strayer Education. Strayer Education, Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ "Strayer Education Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Strayer Education Inc. Bloomberg, May 10, 2016.
^ Robert S. Silberman Bloomberg, May 10, 2016.
^ Strayer Education Inc. Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2016.
^ a b c d "For Profit Higher Education: The Failure to Safeguard the Federal Investment and Ensure Student Success". U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. pp. 713–727. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^ "STRA Institutional Ownership and Shareholders - Strayer Education, Inc. (NASDAQ) Stock". fintel.io. FINTEL. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ Beyers, Dan (2010). "Executive Compensation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ "Strategic Education". seekingalpha.com. Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
External links
Company Website
Mark Reilly, Capella jumps after $80M IPO, Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal, November 10, 2006
Evan Ramstad, Changing competition, technology pushed Capella and Strayer together, Star Tribune, August 4, 2018
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:051207-MPLS-004CapellaHQ.jpg"},{"link_name":"225 South Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/225_South_Sixth"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit_college"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_college"},{"link_name":"Capella University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella_University"},{"link_name":"Strayer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strayer_University"},{"link_name":"DevMountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevMountain"},{"link_name":"Hackbright Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackbright_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sophia Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOPHIA.org"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Entrance to Capella Education Corporation headquarters at 225 South Sixth in MinneapolisStrategic Education, Inc. (SEI), is an education services holding company and is formerly known as Strayer Education, Inc. The company owns for-profit, online Capella University and Strayer University, as well as non-degree programs schools such as DevMountain, Hackbright Academy, and Sophia Learning.[2]","title":"Strategic Education, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In August 2018, Capella Education Company merged with Strayer Education, Inc., in a $1.9 billion deal.[3] The two publicly traded parent companies combined corporate functions; however, the universities remain operating as separate institutions.[4] Strayer shareholders control 52% of Strategic Education, while Capella shareholders control the other 48%.[5]In July 2020, Strategic Education announced a series of acquisitions: Laureate Education, Inc.'s Australia and New Zealand operations for a reported $642 million; Torrens University in Australia and Think Education and Media Design School in New Zealand for a combined $900 million.[6][7]Strayer University and Capella University collectively serve about 80,000 students.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonka Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Maveron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maveron"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"225 South Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/225_South_Sixth"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Capella Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella_Tower"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCBZ031708-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arden University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Global University Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_University_Systems"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hackbright Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackbright_Academy"},{"link_name":"coding bootcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_bootcamp"},{"link_name":"DevMountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevMountain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Capella Education Company","text":"Capella Education Company was founded in 1991 by Stephen Shank, former CEO of Tonka Corporation. In 1993, it opened The Graduate School of America (TGSA). In 1999, the company and university were renamed to Capella Education Company and University. In 2003, the company was named to Inc. magazine's Inc. 500 Hall of Fame after being named one of America's 500 Fastest-Growing Private Companies for the fifth year in a row. Prior to going public the company raised more than $67 million from private investors, including Maveron.On January 8, 2005, Capella Education Co. said it had two new investors following deals totaling more than $60 million.[9] The company announced its intentions to go public with an initial public offering in April 2005. It reported 2005 earnings of $10.2 million on sales of nearly $150 million. On November 9, 2006, it completed a public offering that raised $80 million.In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that changed the name of the building to Capella Tower. The expanded facility housed all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis employees, since Capella, as the online school does not have classrooms, the space houses administrative staff and faculty. The name change took place in March 2009.[10]In July 2011, Capella Education Company acquired the UK based Resource Development International Ltd to gain access to the fast-growing international higher education market.[11][12] In August 2015, RDI received approval in the UK to become the newly formed Arden University in 2015.[13][14] The following year Capella sold Arden University and its subsidiaries to Global University Systems.[15]In April 2016, Capella Education Company acquired the software engineering school for women, Hackbright Academy and coding bootcamp, DevMountain.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Herndon, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hern-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Silberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Silberman"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateReport2012-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateReport2012-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateReport2012-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateReport2012-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Strategic Education, Inc.","text":"Strayer Education Inc. was a publicly traded corporation, established as a holding company for the college and other assets in 1996. The company was created to take what was then Strayer College public and raise capital for expansion. Its corporate headquarters are in Herndon, Virginia.[17][18] Karl McDonnell has been CEO since May 2013.[19][20] McDonnell joined Strayer in July 2006, and was previously president and COO. Previous CEO Robert S. Silberman, who took the position in March 2001, was named executive chairman of the board.[21]Between 2001 and 2005, the company's main owners were New Mountain Capital and a private equity unit of Deutsche Bank, DB Capital.[22] In 2021, Strategic Education's top shareholders are BlackRock, T. Rowe Price, and Vanguard Group.[23]In 2009, Robert S. Silberman had a total compensation of $41.5 million, a large portion of which was restricted stock that does not vest until 2019.[22] This was the highest compensation in the for-profit education industry and led in 2010 to the Washington Post naming him the most highly compensated CEO in the Washington, D.C., area.[22][24] His annual compensation in 2010 was $1.5 million.[22]In 2010, Strayer (STRA) shares peaked at $253. but the stock dropped to $34 in 2013. By June 2020, however, STRA shares had rebounded to $170 a share. In November 2021, shares are $61, dropping 35 percent for the year.[25]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Entrance to Capella Education Corporation headquarters at 225 South Sixth in Minneapolis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/051207-MPLS-004CapellaHQ.jpg/250px-051207-MPLS-004CapellaHQ.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"US SEC: Form 10-K Strategic Education, Inc\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 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Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1013934/000101393420000004/stra-20191231x10k.htm","url_text":"\"Strategic Education, Inc 10-K filed in 2020\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ashley Smith. \"Strayer and Capella Merger Finalized\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/08/02/strayer-and-capella-merger-finalized","url_text":"\"Strayer and Capella Merger Finalized\""}]},{"reference":"Andy Medici. \"Pencils down: Strayer completes 'merger of equals' with Minneapolis education firm\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/08/03/pencils-down-strayer-completes-merger-of-equals.html","url_text":"\"Pencils down: Strayer completes 'merger of equals' with Minneapolis education firm\""}]},{"reference":"Gemma Cottrell. \"Strayer Education (NASDAQ:STRA) Downgraded by Zacks Investment Research\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairfieldcurrent.com/2018/08/14/strayer-education-stra-downgraded-by-zacks-investment-research-to-hold.html","url_text":"\"Strayer Education (NASDAQ:STRA) Downgraded by Zacks Investment Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amid the gloom in higher education, Torrens University's sale shines a light on things to come\". Crikey. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/08/07/amid-the-gloom-in-higher-education-torrens-universitys-sale-shines-a-light-on-things-to-come/","url_text":"\"Amid the gloom in higher education, Torrens University's sale shines a light on things to come\""}]},{"reference":"Sydney Lake (6 August 2020). \"Strategic Education Inc. to raise $191.5M through public stock offering\". Virginia Business. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/strategic-education-inc-to-raise-191-5m-through-public-stock-offering/","url_text":"\"Strategic Education Inc. to raise $191.5M through public stock offering\""}]},{"reference":"Emma Whitford. \"Strayer and Capella Merger Approved\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/07/11/strayer-and-capella-merger-approved","url_text":"\"Strayer and Capella Merger Approved\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAPELLA INVESTORS BUY $60M WORTH OF SHARES\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=a508dc6b88d86693b2aa2a86b1d286e8&docnum=8&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLzVzt-zSkAA&_md5=3e92029ff5b202509d17b3643bc95800","url_text":"\"CAPELLA INVESTORS BUY $60M WORTH OF SHARES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capella University News Releases - Capella Education Company Press Releases - Capella News Releases\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133322/http://www.capellaeducation.com/news/news_releases_index.aspx","url_text":"\"Capella University News Releases - Capella Education Company Press Releases - Capella News Releases\""},{"url":"http://www.capellaeducation.com/news/news_releases_index.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hackbright Academy Joins Capella Education Company to Further Goal of Closing the Gender Gap in Software Engineering\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capellaeducation.com/investor-relations/investor-news/news-release-details/2016/Hackbright-Academy-Joins-Capella-Education-Company-to-Further-Goal-of-Closing-the-Gender-Gap-in-Software-Engineering/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Hackbright Academy Joins Capella Education Company to Further Goal of Closing the Gender Gap in Software Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Strayer Education. Strayer Education, Inc. Retrieved 30 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strayereducation.com/history.cfm","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strayer Education Inc\". Bloomberg Businessweek. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110537/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=STRA:US","url_text":"\"Strayer Education Inc\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=STRA:US","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"For Profit Higher Education: The Failure to Safeguard the Federal Investment and Ensure Student Success\". U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. pp. 713–727. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=cdd6e130-5056-9502-5dd2-e4d005721cb2","url_text":"\"For Profit Higher Education: The Failure to Safeguard the Federal Investment and Ensure Student Success\""},{"url":"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/Contents.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"STRA Institutional Ownership and Shareholders - Strayer Education, Inc. (NASDAQ) Stock\". fintel.io. FINTEL. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://fintel.io/so/us/stra","url_text":"\"STRA Institutional Ownership and Shareholders - Strayer Education, Inc. (NASDAQ) Stock\""}]},{"reference":"Beyers, Dan (2010). \"Executive Compensation\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/capitalbusiness/executive-compensation/","url_text":"\"Executive Compensation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Education\". seekingalpha.com. Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 14 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/symbol/STRA","url_text":"\"Strategic Education\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/stra","external_links_name":"STRA"},{"Link":"http://strategiceducation.com/","external_links_name":"strategiceducation.com"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1013934/000101393420000004/stra-20191231x10k.htm","external_links_name":"\"US SEC: Form 10-K Strategic Education, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1013934/000101393420000004/stra-20191231x10k.htm","external_links_name":"\"Strategic Education, Inc 10-K filed in 2020\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/08/02/strayer-and-capella-merger-finalized","external_links_name":"\"Strayer and Capella Merger Finalized\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/08/03/pencils-down-strayer-completes-merger-of-equals.html","external_links_name":"\"Pencils down: Strayer completes 'merger of equals' with Minneapolis education firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairfieldcurrent.com/2018/08/14/strayer-education-stra-downgraded-by-zacks-investment-research-to-hold.html","external_links_name":"\"Strayer Education (NASDAQ:STRA) Downgraded by Zacks Investment Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/08/07/amid-the-gloom-in-higher-education-torrens-universitys-sale-shines-a-light-on-things-to-come/","external_links_name":"\"Amid the gloom in higher education, Torrens University's sale shines a light on things to come\""},{"Link":"https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/strategic-education-inc-to-raise-191-5m-through-public-stock-offering/","external_links_name":"\"Strategic Education Inc. to raise $191.5M through public stock offering\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/07/11/strayer-and-capella-merger-approved","external_links_name":"\"Strayer and Capella Merger Approved\""},{"Link":"https://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=a508dc6b88d86693b2aa2a86b1d286e8&docnum=8&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLzVzt-zSkAA&_md5=3e92029ff5b202509d17b3643bc95800","external_links_name":"\"CAPELLA INVESTORS BUY $60M WORTH OF SHARES\""},{"Link":"http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2008/03/17/daily35.html","external_links_name":"Capella lease to rename 225 South Sixth"},{"Link":"http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110715-705702.html","external_links_name":"http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110715-705702.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133322/http://www.capellaeducation.com/news/news_releases_index.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Capella University News Releases - Capella Education Company Press Releases - Capella News Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.capellaeducation.com/news/news_releases_index.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/rdi-subsidiary-of-capella-education-company-approved-to-operate-as-arden-university-in-the-united-kingdom-2015-08-05","external_links_name":"MarketWatch.com RDI, Subsidiary of Capella Education Company, Approved to Operate as Arden University in the United Kingdom"},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/profit-rdi-granted-university-status","external_links_name":"Times Higher News, For-profit RDI granted university status"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ACdFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"Rethinking the Business Models of Business Schools"},{"Link":"http://www.capellaeducation.com/investor-relations/investor-news/news-release-details/2016/Hackbright-Academy-Joins-Capella-Education-Company-to-Further-Goal-of-Closing-the-Gender-Gap-in-Software-Engineering/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hackbright Academy Joins Capella Education Company to Further Goal of Closing the Gender Gap in Software Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://www.strayereducation.com/history.cfm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110537/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=STRA:US","external_links_name":"\"Strayer Education Inc\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=STRA:US","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=28438362&ticker=STRA","external_links_name":"Strayer Education Inc."},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=635745&ticker=STRA","external_links_name":"Robert S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_President%27s_Plane_Is_Missing_(film) | The President's Plane Is Missing (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Novel","4 Production","5 Reception","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"] | 1973 American TV series or program
The President's Plane Is MissingVHS box coverartGenreDramaBased onThe novel of the same name by Robert J. SerlingScreenplay byErnest KinoyMark CarlinerDirected byDaryl DukeStarringBuddy EbsenPeter GravesArthur KennedyRaymond MasseyMercedes McCambridgeRip TornMusic byGil MelleCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducersMark CarlinerPeter Gettinger (co-producer)CinematographyRichard C. GlounerEditorJohn F. LinkRunning time100 minutesProduction companyABC Circle FilmsOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseOctober 23, 1973 (1973-10-23)
The President's Plane Is Missing is a 1973 American TV movie directed by Daryl Duke with a screenplay by Ernest Kinoy and Mark Carliner based upon the Robert J. Serling 1967 novel of the same name. It aired on the ABC Movie of the Week.
Plot
With diplomatic tensions building and the United States facing a possible military confrontation with China, Air Force One mysteriously crashes in the desert while heading to California, with President Jeremy Haines on board. While the crash is being investigated and with the president's fate yet uncertain, Vice President Kermit Madigan becomes acting president. Unfortunately, Haines had left him uninformed of current foreign policies. Madigan must now rely on Haines' cabinet and aides to fill him in on information he lacks, while the aides attempt to further their own agendas.
National Security Advisor George Oldenburg claims that Haines was preparing to go to war if the Chinese did not back down, while Secretary of State Freeman Sharkey asserts that Haines was pursuing a peaceful solution to the problem with China. Madigan's wife, Hester, sees this as an opportunity to advance his career, but the Washington political community doubts his competence. In dealing with growing tensions and conflicting advice, Madigan struggles to avoid a nuclear war with China. Meanwhile, it turns out that President Haines was not aboard the crashed plane after all.
Cast
Buddy Ebsen as Vice President Kermit Madigan
Peter Graves as Mark Jones
Arthur Kennedy as Gunther Damon
Raymond Massey as Secretary of State Freeman Sharkey
Mercedes McCambridge as Second Lady Hester Madigan
Rip Torn as National Security Advisor George Oldenburg
Louise Sorel as Joanna Spencer
Dabney Coleman as Senator Bert Haines
Joseph Campanella as Colonel Doug Henderson
Richard Eastham as General Colton
Byron Morrow as Admiral Phillips
Bill Walker as Thomas
Richard Bull as First Controller
Richard Stahl as Dentist
Gil Peterson as Tower Controller
Barry Cahill as Ground Crew Chief
Lillian Lehman as Genesse
James Sikking as Aide to Dunbar
Barbara Leigh as WAF
George Barrows as Mr. Meyers
John Amos as Marine Corporal
John Ward as Major D'Andrea
Tod Andrews as President Jeremy Haines
James Wainwright as General Ben Dunbar
James B. Smith as Major Earl Foster
Novel
Main article: The President's Plane Is Missing (novel)
Robert J. Serling's 1967 novel spent multiple weeks on The New York Times Bestseller List and its success enabled Serling to become a full-time writer. Serling later penned a sequel to the novel entitled Air Force One Is Haunted, which centered around the ghost of President Franklin Roosevelt haunting the incumbent president whenever he boards Air Force One.
Production
The President's Plane Is Missing was completed for release in 1971, but due to then-President Richard Nixon's ongoing diplomatic relationship with and planned visit to China it was decided to postpone release of a film which painted China in a negative light until after Nixon's return from his visit to China.
The President's Plane Is Missing was released on October 23, 1973, as a period piece.
Reception
In Cinema and Nation, when comparing The President's Plane Is Missing to such films as JFK (1991) and The Manchurian Candidate (1962) reviewers noted that while many films use a premise that actual democracy is an illusion, this one was rare in that it turned the president into an action hero. In 1988, the reviewer for the Sydney Morning Herald wrote that it was a "dull film despite an excellent cast."
References
Notes
^ McLellan, Dennis. "Robert J. Serling dies at 92; one of the nation's top aviation writers." Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2010. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ "Review: Air Force One is haunted." Kirkus Reviews, February 1, 1984. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ McKenna 2013, p. 297.
^ "Overview: 'The President's Plane is Missing' (1973)." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ Dudek, Duane. "Will Malaysian airliner mystery join missing plane movie genre?" Journal Sentinel, March 20, 2014. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ "Overview: 'President's Plane Is Missing' - TV Movie." The New York Times. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ "TV Scout". The Victoria Advocate, October 23, 1973. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ "Review: 'The President's Plane Is Missing' (1971)." The Harvard Crimson, October 18, 1973. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
^ Hjort and Mackenzie (2005), Cinema and Nation, pp. 38–39.
^ "Fine cast can't save this one." The Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 1988. Retrieved: December 1, 2015.
Bibliography
Hjort, Mette and Scott Mackenzie. Cinema and Nation. London: Routledge, 2005.ISBN 978-0-4152-0863-5.
McKenna, Michael. The ABC Movie of the Week: Big Movies for the Small Screen. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8108-9156-2.
External links
The President's Plane Is Missing at the TCM Movie Database
The President's Plane Is Missing at the Internet Movie Database | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daryl Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Duke"},{"link_name":"Ernest Kinoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Kinoy"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Serling"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_President%27s_Plane_Is_Missing_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ABC Movie of the Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Movie_of_the_Week"}],"text":"1973 American TV series or programThe President's Plane Is Missing is a 1973 American TV movie directed by Daryl Duke with a screenplay by Ernest Kinoy and Mark Carliner based upon the Robert J. Serling 1967 novel of the same name. It aired on the ABC Movie of the Week.","title":"The President's Plane Is Missing (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One"}],"text":"With diplomatic tensions building and the United States facing a possible military confrontation with China, Air Force One mysteriously crashes in the desert while heading to California, with President Jeremy Haines on board. While the crash is being investigated and with the president's fate yet uncertain, Vice President Kermit Madigan becomes acting president. Unfortunately, Haines had left him uninformed of current foreign policies. Madigan must now rely on Haines' cabinet and aides to fill him in on information he lacks, while the aides attempt to further their own agendas.National Security Advisor George Oldenburg claims that Haines was preparing to go to war if the Chinese did not back down, while Secretary of State Freeman Sharkey asserts that Haines was pursuing a peaceful solution to the problem with China. Madigan's wife, Hester, sees this as an opportunity to advance his career, but the Washington political community doubts his competence. In dealing with growing tensions and conflicting advice, Madigan struggles to avoid a nuclear war with China. Meanwhile, it turns out that President Haines was not aboard the crashed plane after all.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddy Ebsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Ebsen"},{"link_name":"Peter Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Graves"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kennedy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Raymond Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Massey"},{"link_name":"Mercedes McCambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_McCambridge"},{"link_name":"Rip Torn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Torn"},{"link_name":"Louise Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Sorel"},{"link_name":"Dabney Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabney_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Joseph Campanella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campanella"},{"link_name":"Richard Eastham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eastham"},{"link_name":"Byron Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Bill Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walker_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Richard Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bull_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Richard Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stahl"},{"link_name":"Gil Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Barry Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Cahill_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lillian Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Lehman"},{"link_name":"James Sikking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sikking"},{"link_name":"Barbara Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Leigh"},{"link_name":"George Barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barrows"},{"link_name":"John Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Amos"},{"link_name":"John Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ward_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Tod Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Andrews"},{"link_name":"James Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wainwright_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_B._Smith_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Buddy Ebsen as Vice President Kermit Madigan\nPeter Graves as Mark Jones\nArthur Kennedy as Gunther Damon\nRaymond Massey as Secretary of State Freeman Sharkey\nMercedes McCambridge as Second Lady Hester Madigan\nRip Torn as National Security Advisor George Oldenburg\nLouise Sorel as Joanna Spencer\nDabney Coleman as Senator Bert Haines\nJoseph Campanella as Colonel Doug Henderson\nRichard Eastham as General Colton\nByron Morrow as Admiral Phillips\nBill Walker as Thomas\nRichard Bull as First Controller\nRichard Stahl as Dentist\nGil Peterson as Tower Controller\nBarry Cahill as Ground Crew Chief\nLillian Lehman as Genesse\nJames Sikking as Aide to Dunbar\nBarbara Leigh as WAF\nGeorge Barrows as Mr. Meyers\nJohn Amos as Marine Corporal\nJohn Ward as Major D'Andrea\nTod Andrews as President Jeremy Haines\nJames Wainwright as General Ben Dunbar\nJames B. Smith as Major Earl Foster","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times Bestseller List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Bestseller_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Robert J. Serling's 1967 novel spent multiple weeks on The New York Times Bestseller List and its success enabled Serling to become a full-time writer.[1] Serling later penned a sequel to the novel entitled Air Force One Is Haunted, which centered around the ghost of President Franklin Roosevelt haunting the incumbent president whenever he boards Air Force One.[2]","title":"Novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"diplomatic relationship with and planned visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon#China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book_1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner_Classic_Movies-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSOnline-5"},{"link_name":"visit to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Victoria_Advocate-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard_Crimson-8"}],"text":"The President's Plane Is Missing was completed for release in 1971, but due to then-President Richard Nixon's ongoing diplomatic relationship with and planned visit to China it was decided to postpone release of a film which painted China in a negative light[3][4][5] until after Nixon's return from his visit to China.[6]The President's Plane Is Missing was released on October 23, 1973,[7] as a period piece.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Manchurian Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sydney_Morning_Herald-10"}],"text":"In Cinema and Nation, when comparing The President's Plane Is Missing to such films as JFK (1991) and The Manchurian Candidate (1962) reviewers noted that while many films use a premise that actual democracy is an illusion, this one was rare in that it turned the president into an action hero.[9] In 1988, the reviewer for the Sydney Morning Herald wrote that it was a \"dull film despite an excellent cast.\"[10]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/20/local/la-me-robert-serling-20100520","external_links_name":"\"Robert J. Serling dies at 92; one of the nation's top aviation writers.\""},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-serling-2/air-force-one-is-haunted/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Air Force One is haunted.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCFAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+President%27s+Plane+is+Missing%22,+ABC","external_links_name":"2013, p. 297."},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/470704/President-s-Plane-Is-Missing-The/","external_links_name":"\"Overview: 'The President's Plane is Missing' (1973).\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/251195671.html","external_links_name":"\"Will Malaysian airliner mystery join missing plane movie genre?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/tv/show/58455/President-s-Plane-Is-Missing/overview","external_links_name":"\"Overview: 'President's Plane Is Missing' - TV Movie.\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19731023&id=EzEcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OFoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3546,3359679","external_links_name":"\"TV Scout\"."},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/10/18/television-pthursday-babc-news-close-upb-an/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'The President's Plane Is Missing' (1971).\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l9GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"Cinema and Nation, pp. 38–39."},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19880821&id=4ipWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ouQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3385,156703","external_links_name":"\"Fine cast can't save this one.\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/470704/enwp","external_links_name":"The President's Plane Is Missing"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067608/","external_links_name":"The President's Plane Is Missing"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Brother_(album) | Half Brother (album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | 1978 studio album by Half BrotherHalf BrotherStudio album by Half BrotherReleased1978StudioScorpio Sound, London, EnglandGenrePop rockLabelAriola HansaProducerDel NewmanSingles from Half Brother
"Holding Hands With Love"Released: 1978
Half Brother is a vinyl LP record album by the band Half Brother. It is the first album by the BAFTA, Brit, Emmy, and Gramophone award-winning composer Howard Goodall.
The album was released by Ariola Hansa (AHAL 8002). It was recorded at Scorpio Sound studios, engineered by Richard Dodd. It was produced and arranged by Del Newman.
Track listing
Side one
"You Never Tell Me" (Howard Goodall)
"Holding Hands With Love" (Jonathan Kermode)
"Love Too Short" (Howard Goodall)
"English Love Song" (Howard Goodall)
"Ain't No Rock 'n Roller" (Jonathan Kermode)
"Mama Says" (Howard Goodall)
Side two
"Don't Leave Me Alone" (Howard Goodall)
"Disko Donki" (Howard Goodall)
"Brigitte" (Howard Goodall)
"Hey Little Girl" (Jonathan Kermode)
"I Look In Your Eyes" (Jonathan Kermode, Dave Blackburn)
Personnel
Howard Goodall – vocals, keyboards
Jon Kermode – vocals, keyboards
John Mealing – keyboards
Bill Kristian – bass guitar
Alan Jones – bass guitar
Paul Hart – bass guitar
Brian Odgers – bass guitar
Henry Spinetti – drums
Frank Gibson – drums
Les Davidson – guitar
Alan Parker – guitar
Richie Hitchcock – guitar
Colin Green – guitar
Laurence Juber – guitar
Ray Cooper – percussion
References
^ a b c "Half Brother". Discogs. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ "Holding Hands With Love / You Never Tell Me". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Half Brother". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ "Compose Yourself: Howard Goodall". The Guardian. UK. 9 May 2000.
^ "Half Brother – UK Orig LP – Howard Goodall, Alan Parker". www.worthpoint.com. WorthPoint. Retrieved 21 June 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Half Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Brother_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rateyourmusic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian00-4"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"Brit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Gramophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Award"},{"link_name":"Howard Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Goodall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worthpoint-5"},{"link_name":"Ariola Hansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariola_Hansa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-1"},{"link_name":"Scorpio Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_Sound"},{"link_name":"Richard Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Del Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Newman"}],"text":"1978 studio album by Half BrotherHalf Brother is a vinyl LP record album by the band Half Brother.[1][3][4] It is the first album by the BAFTA, Brit, Emmy, and Gramophone award-winning composer Howard Goodall.[5]The album was released by Ariola Hansa (AHAL 8002).[1] It was recorded at Scorpio Sound studios, engineered by Richard Dodd. It was produced and arranged by Del Newman.","title":"Half Brother (album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Side one\"You Never Tell Me\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"Holding Hands With Love\" (Jonathan Kermode)\n\"Love Too Short\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"English Love Song\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"Ain't No Rock 'n Roller\" (Jonathan Kermode)\n\"Mama Says\" (Howard Goodall)Side two\"Don't Leave Me Alone\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"Disko Donki\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"Brigitte\" (Howard Goodall)\n\"Hey Little Girl\" (Jonathan Kermode)\n\"I Look In Your Eyes\" (Jonathan Kermode, Dave Blackburn)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Goodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Goodall"},{"link_name":"Jon Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kermode"},{"link_name":"John Mealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mealing"},{"link_name":"Bill Kristian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Kristian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Jones_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hart_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Odgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Odgers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Spinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Spinetti"},{"link_name":"Frank Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gibson,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Richie Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richie_Hitchcock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colin Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Green_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurence Juber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Juber"},{"link_name":"Ray Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cooper"}],"text":"Howard Goodall – vocals, keyboards\nJon Kermode – vocals, keyboards\nJohn Mealing – keyboards\nBill Kristian – bass guitar\nAlan Jones – bass guitar\nPaul Hart – bass guitar\nBrian Odgers – bass guitar\nHenry Spinetti – drums\nFrank Gibson – drums\nLes Davidson – guitar\nAlan Parker – guitar\nRichie Hitchcock – guitar\nColin Green – guitar\nLaurence Juber – guitar\nRay Cooper – percussion","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Half Brother\". Discogs. Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Half-Brother-Half-Brother/release/5394947","url_text":"\"Half Brother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Holding Hands With Love / You Never Tell Me\". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/half-brother/holding-hands-with-love-you-never-tell-me/","url_text":"\"Holding Hands With Love / You Never Tell Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_Your_Music","url_text":"Rate Your Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Half Brother\". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/half_brother/half_brother/","url_text":"\"Half Brother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_Your_Music","url_text":"Rate Your Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Compose Yourself: Howard Goodall\". The Guardian. UK. 9 May 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.howardgoodall.co.uk/articles-press-etc/compose-yourself","url_text":"\"Compose Yourself: Howard Goodall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Half Brother – UK Orig LP – Howard Goodall, Alan Parker\". www.worthpoint.com. WorthPoint. Retrieved 21 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/half-brother-uk-orig-lp-howard-167307623","url_text":"\"Half Brother – UK Orig LP – Howard Goodall, Alan Parker\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Half-Brother-Half-Brother/release/5394947","external_links_name":"\"Half Brother\""},{"Link":"https://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/half-brother/holding-hands-with-love-you-never-tell-me/","external_links_name":"\"Holding Hands With Love / You Never Tell Me\""},{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/half_brother/half_brother/","external_links_name":"\"Half Brother\""},{"Link":"http://www.howardgoodall.co.uk/articles-press-etc/compose-yourself","external_links_name":"\"Compose Yourself: Howard Goodall\""},{"Link":"https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/half-brother-uk-orig-lp-howard-167307623","external_links_name":"\"Half Brother – UK Orig LP – Howard Goodall, Alan Parker\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unine_(band) | Unine (band) | ["1 History","2 Members","3 Endorsements","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Extended plays","4.3 Singles","5 Filmography","5.1 Television shows","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Unine" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Chinese boy band
This article is about a Chinese boy band. For the Swiss university, see University of Neuchâtel.
UNINEOriginChinaGenresC-PopMandopopYears active2019–2020LabelsiQiyiPast members
Li Wenhan
Li Zhenning
Yao Mingming
Guan Yue
Jiayi
Hu Chunyang
Xia Hanyu
Chen Youwei
He Changxi
Unine (stylized as UNINE) was a nine-member Chinese boy band active from April 2019 to October 2020.
The band was formed by a TV show called Youth with You. The group consisted of Li Wenhan, Li Zhenning, Yao Mingming, Guan Yue, Jia Yi, Hu Chunyang, Xia Hanyu, Chen Youwei, and He Changxi.
History
Unine was formed through the reality survival television show Youth With You, which aired from January 21 to April 6, 2019. It was the second edition of Idol Producer. Out of the 100 trainees, only 9 were to debut through audience votings. In the final episode the debut lineup was announced, in which Li Wenhan had come in first place, followed by Li Zhenning, Yao Mingming, Guan Yue, Jia Yi, Hu Chunyang, Xia Hanyu, Chen Youwei and He Changxi respectively.
Prior to Unine, Li Wenhan debuted in the Chinese-South Korean boy band Uniq in 2014. He also made his acting debut in 2016.
Yao Mingming trained with SEVENTEEN and appeared in Seventeen TV. He was also a contestant in a South Korean survival show Mix Nine, but failed to debut in 10th place. Afterwards, he joined South Korean boy band BLK on November 28, 2017, but the group disbanded on September 17, 2018.
Unine released their first EP, UNLOCK, on May 6, 2019, and their second, UNUSUAL, on October 21, 2019. The group performed title song "Set It Off" at the 2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards' Red Carpet Special Stage.
Unine released their album U-Night Flight of 11 songs on May 6, 2020, and, before their disbandment, the EP UNFORGETTABLE on September 30, 2020. The group officially disbanded on October 6, 2020.
Members
Member
Birth Date
Place of Birth
Company
Final Ranking
Li Wenhan (李汶翰)
July 22, 1994
Hangzhou, China
Yuehua Entertainment
1
Li Zhenning (李振宁)
November 5, 1995
Guangdong, China
BG Project
2
Yao Mingming (姚明明)
January 5, 1997
Shanxi, China
One Cool Jacso Entertainment
3
Guan Yue (管栎)
January 16, 1994
Chongqing, China
Cast Planet Entertainment
4
Jia Yi (嘉羿)
July 14, 1998
Jiangxi, China
Star Master Entertainment
5
Hu Chunyang (胡春杨)
February 5, 1999
Hebei, China
Yuehua Entertainment
6
Xia Hanyu (夏瀚宇)
June 11, 1997
Hunan, China
Show City Times
7
Chen Youwei (陈宥维)
July 7, 1998
Zhejiang, China
Ciwen Media
8
He Changxi (何昶希)
November 24, 1997
Hunan, China
OACA Entertainment
9
Endorsements
On 6 April, after their debut, PD Lay Zhang and guest host He Jiong announced the group's logo and that Unine would be the ambassador of 蒙牛真果粒.
Unine were also announced as endorsers of SASELOMO and 海豚家 in 2019.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Album details
Sales
U-Night Flight
Released: May 6, 2020
Language: Mandarin
Label: 天津花路
Track listing
Ready Go
Bad bad bad
Future world
Precious
Over
Controller
我明白 (I Know)
Arrival
超努力 (Superpower)
Now
U're Mine
China: 138,020
Extended plays
Title
Album details
Sales
UNLOCK
Released: May 6, 2019
Language: Mandarin
Label: 天津花路
Track listing
Bomba
Like A Gentleman
春日记忆 (Spring Day Memories)
China: 777,293
UNUSUAL
Released: October 21, 2019
Language: Mandarin
Label: 天津花路
Track listing
租辆大巴去月亮 (Rent a Bus to the Moon)
Set It Off
海水不下坠 (Butterfly)
China: 1,251,121
UNFORGETTABLE
Released: September 30, 2020
Language: Mandarin
Label: 天津花路
Track listing
I Made It
無言絮語
閃亮的日子
China: 82,075
Singles
Title
Year
Album
"Bomba"
2019
Unlock
"Set It Off"
Unusual
"Rock Me"
2020
Non-album singles
"Ready Go"
U-Night Flight
"U're Mine"
"I Made It"
Unforgettable
Filmography
Television shows
Year
Title
Network
Notes
2019
Youth With You (season 1)
iQiyi
Contestants
Unine蹦吧
iQiyi
Variety show
超新星全运会第二季
Tencent
-
Vlog 营业中
iQiyi
Vlog
2020
Vlog 营业中 2
iQiyi
Vlog
超新星全运会第三季
Tencent
-
References
^ "解散倒计时一天，UNINE毕业合影留念". www.yangtse.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
^ "《青春有你》冠軍9人出爐！李汶翰「UNINE」C位出道 第2名的他逆襲翻盤". ET Today (in Chinese). April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "UNINE九人成团 ! 李汶翰第一李振宁第二何昶希卡九". Sina (in Chinese). April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "BLK's label confirms 'Mix Nine's Ming Ming has joined the group as an official member". allkpop. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
^ "Watch: Stars Stun On Red Carpet At 2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards". Soompi. December 4, 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
^ "UNINE出道500天快乐". Weibo (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ "爱奇艺《青春有你》收官，新一代青年励志团体UNINE正式走向市场". Yule (in Chinese). April 7, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
^ "海豚家新签青春有你UNINE代言人，5000万会员都在用海淘平台！". ah.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
^ "三草两木十年欣生，签约全新品牌代言人"UNINE"_网易新闻". 2019-08-09. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
^ "Total Chinese Music sales - U-Night Flight". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ "Total Chinese Music sales - UNLOCK". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ "Total Chinese Music sales - UNUSUAL". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ "Total Chinese Music sales - UNFORGETTABLE". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
External links
Unine on Sina Weibo
vteYouth With YouPredecessor
Idol Producer
Seasons
1
2
3
WinnersIdol Producer (NINE PERCENT)
Cai Xukun
Chen Linong
Fan Chengcheng
Huang Minghao
Lin Yanjun
Zhu Zhengting
Wang Ziyi
Wang Linkai
You Zhangjing
Season 1 (UNINE)
Li Wenhan
Li Zhenning
Yao Mingming
Guan Yue
Jia Yi
Hu Chunyang
Xia Hanyu
Chen Youwei
He Changxi
Season 2 (THE9)
Liu Yuxin
Yu Shuxin
Xu Jiaqi
Yu Yan
Xie Keyin
An Qi
Zhao Xiaotang
Kong Xue'er
Lu Keran
Season 3 (IXFORM)
Luo Yizhou
Tang Jiuzhou
Lian Huaiwei
Liu Guanyou
Deng Xiaoci
Sun Yinghao
Liu Jun
Duan Xingxing
Sun Yihang
Other notablecontestantsIdol Producer
Bi Wenjun
Qian Zhenghao
Li Xikan
Qin Fen
Season 1
Lian Huaiwei
Season 2
Dai Meng
Zhang Yuge
Duan Yixuan
Fei Qinyuan
Su Shanshan
Season 3
Wang Nanjun
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Youth with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_With_You_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"Li Wenhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenhan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chinese boy bandThis article is about a Chinese boy band. For the Swiss university, see University of Neuchâtel.Unine (stylized as UNINE) was a nine-member Chinese boy band active from April 2019 to October 2020.[1]The band was formed by a TV show called Youth with You. 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It was the second edition of Idol Producer. Out of the 100 trainees, only 9 were to debut through audience votings. In the final episode the debut lineup was announced, in which Li Wenhan had come in first place, followed by Li Zhenning, Yao Mingming, Guan Yue, Jia Yi, Hu Chunyang, Xia Hanyu, Chen Youwei and He Changxi respectively.[3]Prior to Unine, Li Wenhan debuted in the Chinese-South Korean boy band Uniq in 2014. He also made his acting debut in 2016.Yao Mingming trained with SEVENTEEN and appeared in Seventeen TV. He was also a contestant in a South Korean survival show Mix Nine, but failed to debut in 10th place. Afterwards, he joined South Korean boy band BLK on November 28, 2017, but the group disbanded on September 17, 2018.[4]Unine released their first EP, UNLOCK, on May 6, 2019, and their second, UNUSUAL, on October 21, 2019. The group performed title song \"Set It Off\" at the 2019 Mnet Asian Music Awards' Red Carpet Special Stage.[5]Unine released their album U-Night Flight of 11 songs on May 6, 2020, and, before their disbandment, the EP UNFORGETTABLE on September 30, 2020.[6] The group officially disbanded on October 6, 2020.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lay Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Zhang"},{"link_name":"He Jiong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jiong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On 6 April, after their debut, PD Lay Zhang and guest host He Jiong announced the group's logo and that Unine would be the ambassador of 蒙牛真果粒.[7]Unine were also announced as endorsers of SASELOMO and 海豚家 in 2019.[8][9]","title":"Endorsements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television shows","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"解散倒计时一天，UNINE毕业合影留念\". www.yangtse.com. 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Retrieved April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.yule.com.cn/html/201904/294142.html","url_text":"\"爱奇艺《青春有你》收官，新一代青年励志团体UNINE正式走向市场\""}]},{"reference":"\"海豚家新签青春有你UNINE代言人，5000万会员都在用海淘平台！\". ah.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2020-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://ah.ifeng.com/a/20190510/7391691_0.shtml","url_text":"\"海豚家新签青春有你UNINE代言人，5000万会员都在用海淘平台！\""}]},{"reference":"\"三草两木十年欣生，签约全新品牌代言人\"UNINE\"_网易新闻\". 2019-08-09. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2020-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190809171843/http://news.163.com/19/0806/16/ELTKOOMJ000189DG.html","url_text":"\"三草两木十年欣生，签约全新品牌代言人\"UNINE\"_网易新闻\""},{"url":"http://news.163.com/19/0806/16/ELTKOOMJ000189DG.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - U-Night Flight\". Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/371/","url_text":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - U-Night Flight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - UNLOCK\". Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/192/","url_text":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - UNLOCK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - UNUSUAL\". Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://y.saoju.net/szzj/album/267/","url_text":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - UNUSUAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Chinese Music sales - UNFORGETTABLE\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Patterson | Neal Patterson | ["1 Early life","2 Military service","3 Management","4 Sporting Kansas City","5 Death","6 References"] | Neal PattersonPatterson in 2012Born(1949-12-10)December 10, 1949Anthony, KansasDiedJuly 9, 2017 (aged 67)NationalityAmericanOccupationBusinessmanKnown forCEO of Cerner
Neal L. Patterson (December 10, 1949 – July 9, 2017) was an American businessman who was CEO of Cerner Corporation, a Kansas City-based medical software corporation. Patterson was also owner of the Sporting Kansas City soccer team.
Early life
Patterson grew up on the family farm in South Central Kansas near Manchester, Oklahoma and received his bachelors and Masters from Oklahoma State University in 1971 and 1972. Following a stint with Arthur Andersen, he and Arthur Andersen colleagues Cliff Illig and Paul Gorup founded Cerner in 1979.
Military service
Patterson served in the Army National Guard during Vietnam, though only served on active duty during basic training.
Management
Patterson was featured in the USA Today article titled "Scandals lead execs to Atlas Shrugged" as a member of a group of CEOs who have a working knowledge of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. He became a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity at Oklahoma State University.
Patterson is infamous for an email scolding managers for not coming to work before 8 am and leaving before 5 pm, now a prominent example used when discussing email netiquette. On the day that the email was posted to Yahoo!, the company's market cap fell by over 22% from a high of US$1.5 billion.
In April 2010, Forbes named Patterson fourth on its annual list of "America's Best-Performing Bosses" based on a formula for calculating which executives delivered the best shareholder value relative to their total compensation. Factors included stock performance relative to industry peers over the past six years, annualized stock performance during the leader's total tenure and performance relative to the S&P 500 over that time, and total compensation over the past six years.
Sporting Kansas City
On August 31, 2006, Patterson and five other individuals purchased Sporting Kansas City (then known as the Kansas City Wizards), a Major League Soccer team, from Lamar Hunt. The other members of the ownership group at the time of purchase were Cliff Illig, Rock Island Capital’s Robb Heineman, Greg Maday, David French, and Pat Curran, founder of C3 Holdings. The group stated its intention to keep Sporting Kansas City in the Kansas City area.
Death
Patterson died on July 9, 2017, from complications from soft-tissue cancer, which was diagnosed in January 2016 and that he had been previously treated for.
References
^ "Neal L. Patterson". The Cerner Blog. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017.
^ a b Cummings, Ian; Vockrodt, Steve; McDowell, Sam. "'A profound loss': Cerner CEO Neal Patterson dies from cancer at age 67". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ http://www.bizjournals.com/gen/executive.html?excode=556ec5a235694b648740ba66e73f5d3c&market=kansascity
^ Histalk, Tim. "104. cerner, part 1". Archived from the original on July 24, 2015.
^ Jones, Del. "USATODAY.com - Scandals lead execs to 'Atlas Shrugged'". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
^ "Welcome to Pi Kappa Alpha, Iota Theta Chapter!". Archived from the original on July 8, 2006.
^ "BBC News - AMERICAS - Boss's e-mail bites back". BBC. April 6, 2001. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009.
^ Fennelly, Carole (June 28, 2003). "Unix security: Proprietary email". ITworld.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2003.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Flynn, Nancy; Kahn, Randolph (2003). E-mail Rules: A Business Guide to Managing Policies, Security, and Legal Issues for E-mail and Digital Communication. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 45. ISBN 9780814471883. netiquette.
^ "In Pictures: America's Best-Performing Bosses". Forbes. April 28, 2010. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010.
^ DeCarlo, Scott (January 23, 2013). "Bang For The Buck - Forbes.com". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Brinson, Nate (September 27, 2007). "American Soccer News - Kansas City Wizards". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Stafford, Diane. "Cerner co-founder Neal Patterson surprises crowd at health conference". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"Cerner Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerner_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Sporting Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-2"}],"text":"Neal L. Patterson (December 10, 1949[1] – July 9, 2017) was an American businessman who was CEO of Cerner Corporation, a Kansas City-based medical software corporation. Patterson was also owner of the Sporting Kansas City soccer team.[2]","title":"Neal Patterson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Patterson grew up on the family farm in South Central Kansas near Manchester, Oklahoma and received his bachelors and Masters from Oklahoma State University in 1971 and 1972. Following a stint with Arthur Andersen, he and Arthur Andersen colleagues Cliff Illig and Paul Gorup founded Cerner in 1979.[3][citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Patterson served in the Army National Guard during Vietnam, though only served on active duty during basic training.[4]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pi Kappa Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"netiquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E-Mail_Rules-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Patterson was featured in the USA Today article titled \"Scandals lead execs to Atlas Shrugged\" as a member of a group of CEOs who have a working knowledge of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.[5] He became a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity at Oklahoma State University.[6]Patterson is infamous for an email[7] scolding managers for not coming to work before 8 am and leaving before 5 pm, now a prominent example used when discussing email netiquette. On the day that the email was posted to Yahoo!, the company's market cap fell by over 22%[8] from a high of US$1.5 billion.[9]In April 2010, Forbes named Patterson fourth on its annual list of \"America's Best-Performing Bosses\" based on a formula for calculating which executives delivered the best shareholder value relative to their total compensation. Factors included stock performance relative to industry peers over the past six years, annualized stock performance during the leader's total tenure and performance relative to the S&P 500 over that time, and total compensation over the past six years.[10][11]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sporting Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Lamar Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_Island_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C3 Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C3_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On August 31, 2006, Patterson and five other individuals purchased Sporting Kansas City (then known as the Kansas City Wizards), a Major League Soccer team, from Lamar Hunt. The other members of the ownership group at the time of purchase were Cliff Illig, Rock Island Capital’s Robb Heineman, Greg Maday, David French, and Pat Curran, founder of C3 Holdings. The group stated its intention to keep Sporting Kansas City in the Kansas City area.[12]","title":"Sporting Kansas City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-2"}],"text":"Patterson died on July 9, 2017, from complications from soft-tissue cancer, which was diagnosed in January 2016[13] and that he had been previously treated for.[2]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Neal L. Patterson\". The Cerner Blog. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.cerner.com/blog/neal-patterson-obituary/","url_text":"\"Neal L. 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Archived from the original on May 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-compensation-leadership-boss-10-best-performing-ceos_slide_5.html","url_text":"\"In Pictures: America's Best-Performing Bosses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100503001337/http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-compensation-leadership-boss-10-best-performing-ceos_slide_5.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeCarlo, Scott (January 23, 2013). \"Bang For The Buck - Forbes.com\". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123143256/http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-shareholders-leadership-boss-10-bang-for-the-buck.html","url_text":"\"Bang For The Buck - Forbes.com\""}]},{"reference":"Brinson, Nate (September 27, 2007). \"American Soccer News - Kansas City Wizards\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142935/http://www.americansoccernews.net/mls/wizards/060331wiz-preview.shtml","url_text":"\"American Soccer News - Kansas City Wizards\""}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Diane. \"Cerner co-founder Neal Patterson surprises crowd at health conference\". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article115229818.html","url_text":"\"Cerner co-founder Neal Patterson surprises crowd at health conference\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120092432/http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article115229818.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://blogs.cerner.com/blog/neal-patterson-obituary/","external_links_name":"\"Neal L. Patterson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712214311/https://blogs.cerner.com/blog/neal-patterson-obituary/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article160386359.html","external_links_name":"\"'A profound loss': Cerner CEO Neal Patterson dies from cancer at age 67\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709181520/http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article160386359.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/gen/executive.html?excode=556ec5a235694b648740ba66e73f5d3c&market=kansascity","external_links_name":"http://www.bizjournals.com/gen/executive.html?excode=556ec5a235694b648740ba66e73f5d3c&market=kansascity"},{"Link":"https://www.slideshare.net/histalk/104-cerner-part-1","external_links_name":"\"104. cerner, part 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724030720/http://www.slideshare.net/histalk/104-cerner-part-1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"USATODAY.com - Scandals lead execs to 'Atlas Shrugged'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812192106/http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060708020126/http://www.rushpikes.com/page.php?page_id=2757","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Pi Kappa Alpha, Iota Theta Chapter!\""},{"Link":"http://www.rushpikes.com/page.php?page_id=2757","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1263917.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News - AMERICAS - Boss's e-mail bites back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208192101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1263917.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030628164117/http://www.itworld.com/Sec/UIR010427securitynl2/","external_links_name":"\"Unix security: Proprietary email\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/emailrules00nanc","external_links_name":"E-mail Rules: A Business Guide to Managing Policies, Security, and Legal Issues for E-mail and Digital Communication"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/emailrules00nanc/page/45","external_links_name":"45"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-compensation-leadership-boss-10-best-performing-ceos_slide_5.html","external_links_name":"\"In Pictures: America's Best-Performing Bosses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100503001337/http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-compensation-leadership-boss-10-best-performing-ceos_slide_5.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130123143256/http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/27/best-performing-chief-executive-shareholders-leadership-boss-10-bang-for-the-buck.html","external_links_name":"\"Bang For The Buck - Forbes.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142935/http://www.americansoccernews.net/mls/wizards/060331wiz-preview.shtml","external_links_name":"\"American Soccer News - Kansas City Wizards\""},{"Link":"http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article115229818.html","external_links_name":"\"Cerner co-founder Neal Patterson surprises crowd at health conference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120092432/http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article115229818.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuser_(video_game) | Fuser (video game) | ["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Soundtrack","3.1 DLC","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2020 video gameFUSERDeveloper(s)HarmonixPublisher(s)NCSoftEngineUnreal Engine 4Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox OneReleaseNovember 10, 2020Genre(s)Rhythm, party, multiplayerMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Fuser is a rhythm game developed by Harmonix and published by NCSoft. It was released on November 10, 2020 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Fuser allows players to create DJ mixes from a number of licensed musical tracks, awarding the player for synchronized changes of tracks. The game features both single-player and multiplayer modes as well as the means to share remixes with other users. Following the acquisition of Harmonix by Epic Games in 2021, Harmonix shuttered the multiplayer servers in December 2022 and removed the game and additional content from sale, while leaving the single player components playable.
Gameplay
In Fuser, the player takes the role of a DJ at a large concert and make a mashup of different songs. They have a virtual DJ table with four record players, custom instruments, sound filters, and up to 24 records (their crate) along the top of the screen. Each record has four tracks keyed by color and related to a type of musical instrument such as drums, guitar or vocals. At any time, the player can place a record, then select a specific track from that record, and then place it on any of the record players. This adds that instrument's track to the current mix across all four records, automatically adjusting the mix's tempo and musical key. New records/tracks can be added to any record player, overriding the previous track in the mix. Additionally, each player can be cued up with a second instrument track, which can be then switched back and forth individually, or all four players can be changed to the new ones by a single drop or using a "riser" that transitions them over a short period. Audio filters can be used on each instrument, and the user has the ability to create various instrument loops via a multibutton synthesizer which then can be added as another instrument to the current mix. This concept is comparable to Harmonix' prior game DropMix, which was a physical card game incorporating NFC technology with an electronic game board and mobile app that was published through Hasbro.
The game has a single-player campaign featuring multiple sets across various venues. At each set, the player attempts to make mixes, scoring more points by adding new tracks either on the downbeat or at specific beats by each instrument where the track drops. Additionally, the virtual audience will throw out requests, such as for specific songs, songs from a specific genre, or a certain type of instrument. Completing these requests in a short amount of time scores additional points. The player is ranked on a five-star scale based on their total score during the set. To achieve a high score, the player has the opportunity to customize the contents of the crate to be as efficient as possible in switching between tracks.
Fuser also includes both cooperative and competitive multiplayer modes that let players collaborate on creating a mix, or battle against each other. Players can also participate in weekly mix events that tasks players with creating a mix based around a particular musical genre or instrument that is then voted on by other players. The game also features a freestyle mode that allows players to create their own mixes and share them with others over social media.
Harmonix introduced the Headliner Spotlight feature in May 2021. This presents a few "Diamond Stage" dedicated Twitch channel which players can perform Fuser mixes in front of viewers. Players can earn in-game diamonds from other game activities to reserve spots on the Diamond Stage as well as to unlock additional cosmetics, songs, and other features. While a player is performing on the stage, viewers can submit requests, fashioned similar to those in the game's campaign mode, to challenge the current player.
Development
Harmonix had announced a publishing deal through NCSoft in August 2018 for a rhythm game for personal computers and consoles. Harmonix' Dan Sussman said that NCSoft had seen the game in an early state and quickly became their publishing partner for it, including support for showcasing the game at industry events. Fuser was announced at the 2020 PAX East event in February 2020, with plans for release on November 10, 2020.
Sussman said that Fuser was a continued evolution of their music games in how they have looked at player agency. With Fuser, Sussman believed that many players of their games have a wide range of musical tastes, as well wanting to have more control of how they interact with their music, thus enabling them to be creative with their tastes. Additionally, Harmonix found that with games like Rock Band, which offered a large number of songs, the songs essentially became disposable as players didn't have much incentive to learn the songs in details, and wanted a game that gave the player an opportunity to get more familiar with the structure of a song. Compared to many of Harmonix' past games, Fuser does not require any special peripherals. Harmonix's Dan Walsh said that accessibility and ease of bringing the game to market, both as retail and digital products, was a driver behind a peripheral-less game. Sussman also found that because Fuser featured new gameplay compared to any of their previous games, it was able to draw both experienced rhythm game players and new players into it.
Sussman said that as with past Harmonix games, songs from bands closely associated with Harmonix employees will likely also appear on the full setlist. Sussman also said that for music licensing purposes, they assured that the rights for these songs not only include the ability to mix with other songs, but for users to share these songs and mixes to social media.
Harmonix announced that the game's online features will shut down on December 19, 2022. The game and all DLC will be removed from sale, though players will still be able to use all content they own in the game's offline modes following this date. However, it was announced on December 16, 2022 that the servers would stay up until early 2023, due to an unspecified issue.
Soundtrack
The following songs are included with the base Fuser game:
Artist
Song
Genre
Year
50 Cent
"In da Club"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2003
a-ha
"Take On Me"
Pop
1984
Ace of Base
"The Sign"
Pop
1994
Agent 001
"Daniel Wiggy"
Dance
2003
Amy Winehouse
"Rehab"
R&B
2006
Armin van Buuren
"Blah Blah Blah"
Dance
2018
Austin Seltzer
"Shanghai Slugfest"
Dance
2020
Ava Max
"Sweet but Psycho"
Pop
2018
Bad Bunny
"Yo Perreo Sola"
Latin/Caribbean
2020
Basement Jaxx
"Where's Your Head At"
Dance
2001
Basra Khan
"Black Phosphorous"
Dance
2020
Becky G & Natti Natasha
"Sin Pijama"
Latin/Caribbean
2018
Benny Benassi presents The Biz
"Satisfaction"
Dance
2001
Bignums
"High Fructose"
Dance
2020
Billie Eilish
"Bad Guy"
Pop
2019
Black Light Odyssey
"Sequence Her"
Dance
2019
Blue Öyster Cult
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper"
Rock
1976
Bobby Brown
"My Prerogative"
R&B
1988
Brad Paisley
"Mud on the Tires"
Country
2003
Brown
"Reminds Me"
Dance
2020
Cade7
"Dot Calm"
Dance
2020
Cardi B
"Bodak Yellow"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2017
Carly Rae Jepsen
"Call Me Maybe"
Pop
2011
The Chainsmokers ft. Daya
"Don't Let Me Down"
Dance
2015
Charm Syndicate
"Bloom"
Dance
2020
Childish Gambino
"Summertime Magic"
R&B
2018
The Clash
"Rock the Casbah"
Rock
1982
Coldplay
"Clocks"
Rock
2002
Colette
"Physically (Pete Moss Remix)"
Dance
2020
CrackCase
"Rupture Academy"
Dance
2020
Da Sunlounge ft. Sara Z
"Been Here From the Start"
Dance
2013
Danny Humbles
"Streetfire Tango"
Dance
2020
David Youu
"Get Back To Me"
Dance
2020
Deadmau5 ft. Rob Swire
"Ghosts 'n' Stuff"
Dance
2008
Dissentor
"Rotten Colossus"
Dance
2020
DMX
"X Gon' Give It to Ya"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2003
Dolly Parton
"Jolene"
Country
1973
Donna Summer
"Hot Stuff"
Dance
1979
Doscomp
"Lonely Mornings"
Dance
2020
Dua Lipa
"Don't Start Now"
Pop
2019
DYH
"Let's Go Home"
Dance
2020
Eddie Japan
"Summer Hair"
Rock
2019
Eric B. & Rakim
"Don't Sweat the Technique"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1992
Faint Shadow
"Feeling Never Lasts"
Dance
2019
Fatboy Slim
"The Rockafeller Skank"
Dance
1998
Flo Rida feat. Sage the Gemini & Lookas
"G.D.F.R."
Rap/Hip-Hop
2014
Grandmaster Melle Mel
"The Message (2012)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1982
Greg LeBeau
"This Isn’t Enough"
Dance
2020
Grouplove
"Tongue Tied"
Pop
2011
Hashtyani
"Mantra"
Dance
2020
Hollow
"Rip The Floor Open"
Dance
2020
Imagine Dragons
"Thunder"
Rock
2017
J Balvin & Willy William
"Mi Gente"
Latin/Caribbean
2017
Joliet
"Groove on Lockdown"
Dance
2020
Jonas Brothers
"Sucker"
Pop
2019
Justin Timberlake
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"
Pop
2016
Karol G & Nicki Minaj
"Tusa"
Latin/Caribbean
2019
Kendrick Lamar & SZA
"All the Stars"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2018
The Killers
"The Man"
Rock
2017
LaBelle
"Lady Marmalade"
R&B
1974
Lady Gaga
"Born This Way"
Pop
2011
Life On Planets
"Raise it Up"
Dance
2018
Lil Nas X ft. Billy Ray Cyrus
"Old Town Road (Remix)"
Pop
2019
Lizzo
"Good as Hell"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2016
LMFAO ft. Lauren Bennett & GoonRock
"Party Rock Anthem"
Dance
2011
Lonely C ft Kendra Foster
"Hold Up (Radio Edit)"
Dance
2018
Lord Felix
"Studio 54"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ft. Wanz
"Thrift Shop"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2012
Maroon 5 ft. Christina Aguilera
"Moves like Jagger"
Pop
2011
Megadeth
"Symphony of Destruction"
Rock
1992
Meghan Trainor
"Me Too"
Pop
2016
Midnight Magic
"I Gotta Feeling"
Dance
2016
Migos
"Stir Fry"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2017
Naughty by Nature
"O.P.P."
Rap/Hip-Hop
1991
Nelly
"Hot in Herre"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2002
O-Zone
"Dragostea Din Tei"
Dance
2003
ORION
"Time For Crime"
Dance
2019
Otis Redding
"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay"
R&B
1968
Panic! at the Disco
"High Hopes"
Pop
2018
Pattern Drama ft. Aquarius Heaven & Hezza Fezza
"Wait For Me"
Dance
2017
Paul van Dyk
"For an Angel (PvD Remix '09)"
Dance
1994
Pharrell Williams
"Happy"
Pop
2013
Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer
"Give Me Everything"
Pop
2011
Pixies
"Here Comes Your Man"
Rock
1989
Post Malone
"Better Now"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2018
Rage Against the Machine
"Killing in the Name"
Rock
1992
Rick Astley
"Never Gonna Give You Up"
Pop
1987
Rüfüs Du Sol
"Eyes"
Dance
2018
Salt-N-Pepa
"Push It"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1987
Sam Hunt
"Body Like a Back Road"
Country
2017
Sean Paul
"Temperature"
Latin/Caribbean
2006
Shania Twain
"Any Man of Mine"
Country
1995
Sia ft. Sean Paul
"Cheap Thrills"
Pop
2016
Smash Mouth
"All Star"
Rock
1999
Soul Clap ft. Nick Monaco & Bill "Bass" Nelson
"Future 4 Love"
Rock
2016
Steve Porter
"Espresso"
Dance
2017
STL GLD ft. Latrell James
"Chaka Zulu"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2012
T.I. ft. Jay-Z
"Bring Em Out"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2004
TK Sun
"Hold On Infinite"
Dance
2020
Tones and I
"Dance Monkey"
Pop
2019
A Tribe Called Quest
"Can I Kick It?"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1990
Twenty One Pilots
"Stressed Out"
Rock
2015
The Unicorn Princess
"Back To Boston"
Dance
2020
Warren G & Nate Dogg
"Regulate"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1994
The Weeknd
"Blinding Lights"
Pop
2019
Whitney Houston
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
Pop
1987
Young MC
"Bust a Move"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1989
Zedd, Maren Morris & Grey
"The Middle"
Dance
2018
Three songs were also available as pre-order bonuses. The pre-order bonuses were later released as normal DLC on January 21, 2021.
Artist
Song
Genre
Year
Dua Lipa
"New Rules"
Pop
2017
Khalid
"Young Dumb & Broke"
R&B
2017
The Killers
"Mr. Brightside"
Rock
2003
DLC
Upon release, 25 songs became available as the first batch of DLC.
Artist
Song
Genre
Year
21 Savage
"A Lot"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
Afrojack ft. Eva Simons
"Take Over Control"
Dance
2010
Alanis Morissette
"Ironic"
Pop
1996
Amerie
"1 Thing"
R&B
2005
Ava Max
"Kings & Queens"
Pop
2020
Bananarama
"Venus"
Pop
1986
The Cranberries
"Linger"
Rock
1993
DJ Snake, J Balvin & Tyga
"Loco Contigo"
Latin/Caribbean
2019
Echo & the Bunnymen
"Lips Like Sugar"
Rock
1987
Erasure
"A Little Respect"
Pop
1988
Evanescence
"Bring Me to Life"
Rock
2003
Fetty Wap
"Trap Queen"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2014
French Montana ft. Swae Lee
"Unforgettable"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2017
Glen Campbell
"Gentle on My Mind"
Country
1967
Ini Kamoze
"Here Comes the Hotstepper (Heartical Mix)"
Latin/Caribbean
1994
Justin Timberlake
"Rock Your Body"
Pop
2003
Kane Brown ft. Lauren Alaina
"What Ifs"
Country
2017
Kelly Clarkson
"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)"
Pop
2012
Mark Ronson ft. Miley Cyrus
"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart"
Pop
2018
Nicki Minaj
"Starships"
Pop
2012
Sean Paul
"Get Busy"
Latin/Caribbean
2003
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
"Crank That (Soulja Boy)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2007
Tone Loc
"Funky Cold Medina"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1989
Topic with A7S
"Breaking Me"
Dance
2019
Usher ft. Pitbull
"DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love"
Pop
2010
On November 18, 2020, Harmonix announced the first batch of post-release DLC songs, along with the 2020 Backstage Pass which includes all songs and cosmetic packs released until the end of 2020.
Artist
Song
Genre
Year
Release Date
Deee-Lite
"Groove Is in the Heart"
Pop
1990
November 19, 2020
Harry Styles
"Adore You"
Pop
2019
November 19, 2020
Zedd & Griff
"Inside Out"
Dance
2020
November 19, 2020
Maroon 5
"Maps"
Pop
2014
November 24, 2020
Schoolboy Q
"Man of the Year"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2013
November 24, 2020
Tag Team
"Whoomp! (There It Is)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1993
November 24, 2020
Future
"Mask Off"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2017
December 3, 2020
Sub Urban
"Cradles"
Dance
2019
December 3, 2020
OneRepublic
"Counting Stars"
Pop
2013
December 3, 2020
Lizzo
"Juice"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
December 10, 2020
Rascal Flatts
"Life Is a Highway"
Country
2006
December 10, 2020
Weezer
"Buddy Holly"
Rock
1994
December 10, 2020
Mase
"Feel So Good"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1997
December 17, 2020
The Sugarhill Gang
"Apache (2012)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1981
December 17, 2020
Wu-Tang Clan
"Gravel Pit"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2000
December 17, 2020
Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX
"I Love It"
Pop
2012
December 22, 2020
Flo Rida ft. T-Pain
"Low"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2007
December 22, 2020
EMF
"Unbelievable"
Pop
1990
December 22, 2020
Lil Uzi Vert
"XO Tour Llif3"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2017
December 29, 2020
Jack Harlow
"Whats Poppin"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2020
December 29, 2020
SAINt JHN
"Roses (Imanbek Remix)"
Dance
2019
December 29, 2020
Chumbawamba
"Tubthumping"
Rock
1997
January 7, 2021
The Clash
"Should I Stay or Should I Go"
Rock
1982
January 7, 2021
Post Malone
"Circles"
Pop
2019
January 7, 2021
Chaka Demus & Pliers
"Murder She Wrote"
Latin/Caribbean
1992
January 14, 2021
Kat DeLuna ft. Elephant Man
"Whine Up"
Latin/Caribbean
2007
January 14, 2021
Ricky Martin
"Livin' la Vida Loca"
Latin/Caribbean
1999
January 14, 2021
Jason Derulo
"Take You Dancing"
Pop
2020
January 28, 2021
Marshmello ft. Bastille
"Happier"
Dance
2018
January 28, 2021
Shaggy
"Boombastic (Hot Shot 2020)"
Latin/Caribbean
1995
January 28, 2021
24kGoldn ft. Iann Dior
"Mood"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2020
February 4, 2021
Bebe Rexha ft. Doja Cat
"Baby, I'm Jealous"
Pop
2020
February 4, 2021
Shawn Mendes
"Higher"
Pop
2020
February 4, 2021
David Guetta & Sia
"Let's Love"
Dance
2020
February 11, 2021
Dua Lipa & Blackpink
"Kiss and Make Up"
Pop
2017
February 11, 2021
Surf Mesa ft. Emilee
"ILY (I Love You Baby)"
Dance
2019
February 11, 2021
Anitta ft. Cardi B and Myke Towers
"Me Gusta"
Latin/Caribbean
2020
February 18, 2021
Harry Styles
"Golden"
Pop
2020
February 18, 2021
Marshmello, Imanbek ft. Usher
"Too Much"
Dance
2020
February 18, 2021
Bell Biv DeVoe
"Poison"
R&B
1990
February 25, 2021
DaBaby
"Bop"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
February 25, 2021
Daddy Yankee ft. Snow
"Con Calma"
Latin/Caribbean
2019
February 25, 2021
Ava Max
"My Head & My Heart"
Pop
2020
March 4, 2021
Bonnie Tyler
"Holding Out for a Hero"
Rock
1984
March 4, 2021
David Guetta ft. Nicki Minaj & Flo Rida
"Where Them Girls At"
Dance
2011
March 11, 2021
Vengaboys
"We Like to Party! (The Vengabus)"
Dance
1998
March 11, 2021
The White Stripes
"Seven Nation Army"
Rock
2003
March 11, 2021
Sean Kingston
"Fire Burning"
Latin/Caribbean
2009
March 18, 2021
Tiësto
"Red Lights"
Dance
2013
March 18, 2021
Linkin Park
"Numb"
Rock
2003
March 25, 2021
Martin Garrix
"Animals"
Dance
2013
March 25, 2021
Modern English
"I Melt with You"
Pop
1982
March 25, 2021
Darude
"Sandstorm"
Dance
2000
April 1, 2021
Panic! at the Disco
"Dancing's Not a Crime"
Pop
2018
April 1, 2021
La Guerra Naranja
"Una Noche Más"
Latin/Caribbean
2021
April 8, 2021
Winnage
"The Night Porter"
Dance
2021
April 8, 2021
Ja Rule ft. Ashanti
"Always on Time"
R&B
2001
April 15, 2021
Lady Gaga & Blackpink
"Sour Candy"
Pop
2020
April 15, 2021
Free Sheets
"Don't You Dare"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2001
April 22, 2021
ximena
"pi de limón"
Dance
2021
April 22, 2021
Anthrax
"Among the Living"
Rock
1987
April 29, 2021
The Offspring
"Self Esteem"
Rock
1994
April 29, 2021
J. Cole
"No Role Modelz"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2015
May 6, 2021
Some Lover
"Days Ahead, Days Behind"
Country
1995
May 6, 2021
Billie Eilish
"Therefore I Am"
Pop
2020
May 13, 2021
Disclosure ft. Sam Smith
"Latch"
Dance
2012
May 13, 2021
The Cure
"Friday I'm in Love"
Rock
1992
May 20, 2021
Soft Cell
"Tainted Love"
Pop
1981
May 20, 2021
Connecticut River Boys
"Must Be Nice"
Country
1970
May 25, 2021
Dirty Vegas
"Days Go By"
Dance
2001
May 27, 2021
Haddaway
"What Is Love"
Dance
1993
May 27, 2021
Faint Shadow
"Loop Pack 01"
Dance
2021
May 27, 2021
Danny Humbles
"Loop Pack 02"
Dance
2021
May 28, 2021
The Last Cavallard
"Abilene and Down"
Country
1985
May 28, 2021
Fleetwood Mac
"Dreams"
Rock
1977
June 3, 2021
Hall & Oates
"Maneater"
Rock
1982
June 3, 2021
Cap'n Spicy Dill
"Soon May the Wellerman Come"
Pop
1860
June 3, 2021
TK Sun
"Loop Pack 03"
Dance
2021
June 4, 2021
Zara Larsson
"Look What You've Done"
Pop
2021
June 10, 2021
Alesso & Armin van Buuren
"Leave a Little Love"
Dance
2021
June 10, 2021
Imagine Dragons
"Follow You"
Rock
2021
June 17, 2021
Machine Gun Kelly & Blackbear
"My Ex's Best Friend"
Rock
2020
June 17, 2021
Dissentor
"Loop Pack 12"
Dance
2021
June 17, 2021
Dissentor
"Loop Pack 04"
Dance
2021
June 18, 2021
Joel Corry ft. MNEK
"Head & Heart"
Pop
2020
June 24, 2021
Masked Wolf
"Astronaut in the Ocean"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
June 24, 2021
Blanks
"Hart and 12th"
Dance
2013
June 25, 2021
Lil Nas X
"Montero (Call Me by Your Name)"
Pop
2021
July 1, 2021
Tiësto
"The Business"
Dance
2020
July 1, 2021
ATB, Topic, A7S
"Your Love (9PM)"
Dance
2021
July 8, 2021
Skrewbert
"The Game Got You"
Dance
2016
July 8, 2021
Warlords of the Old West
"Strychnine Baby"
Rock
2003
July 9, 2021
Beast Business
"Royce Please"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2016
July 15, 2021
Marlon Kane
"This is How You Left Me"
R&B
1969
July 15, 2021
Black Astrolabe
"Parabola"
Rock
1973
July 15, 2021
Katrina and the Waves
"Walking on Sunshine"
Pop
1983
July 22, 2021
Faint Shadow
"Loop Pack 07"
Dance
2021
July 22, 2021
The Lingala Sound
"Crystal Beach"
Dance
2016
July 29, 2021
TK Sun
"Loop Pack 11"
Dance
2021
July 29, 2021
Jace The Revelator ft. Info$ec
"Silly Bros"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2005
July 30, 2021
Righteous Palms Crew
"Take U 4 A Ride"
Dance
1993
August 5, 2021
Bignums
"Loop Pack 05"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2021
August 12, 2021
The Venona Project
"Fermionic"
Dance
2006
August 19, 2021
Pinhole Cage
"Just About to Snap"
Rock
1997
August 19, 2021
Basra Khan
"Loop Pack 06"
Dance
2021
August 26, 2021
Victoria Chance
"Love Theme from The Invisible Jury"
Pop
2014
September 2, 2021
Spectral Interference
"Slackjaw"
Dance
1986
September 9, 2021
The Proclaimers
"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)"
Rock
1988
September 23, 2021
Fine Young Cannibals
"She Drives Me Crazy"
Rock
1988
September 23, 2021
Freda Turner
"Hard Light"
Dance
1978
September 30, 2021
Ellie Goulding
"Lights"
Pop
2010
October 7, 2021
X Ambassadors
"Renegades"
Rock
2015
October 7, 2021
Deep Purple
"Smoke on the Water"
Rock
1972
October 7, 2021
Talking Heads
"Burning Down the House"
Rock
1983
October 7, 2021
Lossage
"Moon Lab"
Dance
2013
October 14, 2021
Pseudoprime
"Laser Dome"
Dance
2014
October 21, 2021
Bignums
"Larry's Place (Part II)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2019
October 28, 2021
Naughty by Nature
"Hip Hop Hooray"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1993
November 4, 2021
Mobb Deep
"Shook Ones (Part II)"
Rap/Hip-Hop
1995
November 4, 2021
Rick James
"Super Freak"
R&B
1981
November 4, 2021
War
"Low Rider"
Rock
1975
November 4, 2021
Jackson Oak
"Submerged"
Rock
1995
November 4, 2021
Macrotape
"Barcoded"
Dance
1990
November 18, 2021
Tiny Taps
"Dead Metrocard"
Dance
2006
November 25, 2021
Megan Thee Stallion
"Savage"
Rap/Hip-Hop
2020
December 9, 2021
Dua Lipa
"Levitating"
Pop
2020
December 9, 2021
Lizzo ft. Cardi B
"Rumors"
Pop
2021
December 9, 2021
The Kid LAROI
"Stay"
Pop
2021
December 9, 2021
CrackCase
"Somatic"
Dance
2015
December 9, 2021
The Flashpaper Kingdom
"Watch Your Step"
Dance
2012
December 16, 2021
Marlon Kane
"Parlayed"
R&B
1969
January 6, 2022
Candy Kettles
"Dexting"
Dance
2015
January 20, 2022
Nightfeels
"Find You"
Rock
2005
February 10, 2022
5 Bladed
"GrimeTime"
Dance
2015
February 17, 2022
Son Horizon
"That Unbearable Lightness"
Dance
2010
April 14, 2022
On February 10, 2022, it was announced that after the release of individual singles from the 2021 Mixtape pack in March, paid DLC releases for the game would cease, while music inside of the Diamond Shop will continue to be released.
Reception
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023)
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticNS: 80/100PC: 74/100PS4: 82/100XONE: 81/100
Fuser received a generally positive reception from critics. The PC release received "mixed or average reviews".
References
^ a b c d McWhertor, Michael (February 26, 2020). "Harmonix unveils Fuser, a music-mixing game where you play as a festival DJ". Polygon. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ a b Naudus, Kris (March 3, 2020). "'Fuser' is 'Rock Band' and 'DropMix' without the expensive clutter". Engadget. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
^ Fahey, Mike (May 25, 2021). "New Fuser Update Lets Players DJ For 250+ Fans Live". Kotaku. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
^ Kerr, Chris (August 2, 2018). "Harmonix signs multiplatform publishing deal with NCSoft". Gamasutra. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ a b c d e Couture, Joel (March 6, 2020). "Harmonix Talks About Letting Players Get Creative With FUSER". Siliconera. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
^ LeBlanc, Leslie (September 3, 2020). "Harmonix's Fuser Gets November Release Date". IGN. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
^ Dayus, Oscar (February 26, 2020). "Guitar Hero dev's new game snubs physical instruments – here's why". PCGamesN. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ Romano, Sal (December 2, 2022). "FUSER to end all sales, online services on December 19". Gematsu. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
^ "FUSER on Twitter". Twitter. December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
^ Koczwara, Michael (February 26, 2020). "'Fuser' Makes You Feel Like a DJ — Even If You Don't Know Who Billie Eilish Is". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Fuser Music Credits". Harmonix. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ Mejia, Ozzie (October 22, 2020). "Fuser reveals first 25 DLC songs as it goes gold". Shacknews. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ "FUSER 2022 Update". February 10, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
^ a b "Fuser for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ a b "Fuser for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ a b "Fuser for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
^ a b "Fuser for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
External links
Official website
vteHarmonix gamesFrequency series
Frequency
Amplitude
2016
Guitar Hero series
Guitar Hero
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Guitar Hero II
songs
Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s
Rock Band series
Rock Band
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Rock Band 2
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Rock Band Unplugged
The Beatles: Rock Band
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Rock Band Mobile
Rock Band (iOS)
Rock Band Reloaded
Lego Rock Band
songs
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Rock Band 3
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Rock Band Blitz
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Rock Band VR
Dance Central series
Dance Central
Dance Central 2
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Dance Central (Oculus)
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VidRhythm
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EyeToy: AntiGrav
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Chroma
Audica
Fortnite Festival | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhythm game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"Harmonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonix"},{"link_name":"NCSoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSoft"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"DJ mixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_mix"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"}],"text":"Fuser is a rhythm game developed by Harmonix and published by NCSoft. It was released on November 10, 2020 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. Fuser allows players to create DJ mixes from a number of licensed musical tracks, awarding the player for synchronized changes of tracks. The game features both single-player and multiplayer modes as well as the means to share remixes with other users. Following the acquisition of Harmonix by Epic Games in 2021, Harmonix shuttered the multiplayer servers in December 2022 and removed the game and additional content from sale, while leaving the single player components playable.","title":"Fuser (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Audio filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_filter"},{"link_name":"DropMix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DropMix"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_announce-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_announce-2"},{"link_name":"downbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"drops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_announce-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_announce-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_announce-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_announce-1"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_(service)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Fuser, the player takes the role of a DJ at a large concert and make a mashup of different songs. They have a virtual DJ table with four record players, custom instruments, sound filters, and up to 24 records (their crate) along the top of the screen. Each record has four tracks keyed by color and related to a type of musical instrument such as drums, guitar or vocals. At any time, the player can place a record, then select a specific track from that record, and then place it on any of the record players. This adds that instrument's track to the current mix across all four records, automatically adjusting the mix's tempo and musical key. New records/tracks can be added to any record player, overriding the previous track in the mix. Additionally, each player can be cued up with a second instrument track, which can be then switched back and forth individually, or all four players can be changed to the new ones by a single drop or using a \"riser\" that transitions them over a short period. Audio filters can be used on each instrument, and the user has the ability to create various instrument loops via a multibutton synthesizer which then can be added as another instrument to the current mix. This concept is comparable to Harmonix' prior game DropMix, which was a physical card game incorporating NFC technology with an electronic game board and mobile app that was published through Hasbro.[1][2]The game has a single-player campaign featuring multiple sets across various venues. At each set, the player attempts to make mixes, scoring more points by adding new tracks either on the downbeat or at specific beats by each instrument where the track drops. Additionally, the virtual audience will throw out requests, such as for specific songs, songs from a specific genre, or a certain type of instrument. Completing these requests in a short amount of time scores additional points. The player is ranked on a five-star scale based on their total score during the set.[1] To achieve a high score, the player has the opportunity to customize the contents of the crate to be as efficient as possible in switching between tracks.[2]Fuser also includes both cooperative and competitive multiplayer modes that let players collaborate on creating a mix, or battle against each other.[1] Players can also participate in weekly mix events that tasks players with creating a mix based around a particular musical genre or instrument that is then voted on by other players. The game also features a freestyle mode that allows players to create their own mixes and share them with others over social media.[1]Harmonix introduced the Headliner Spotlight feature in May 2021. This presents a few \"Diamond Stage\" dedicated Twitch channel which players can perform Fuser mixes in front of viewers. Players can earn in-game diamonds from other game activities to reserve spots on the Diamond Stage as well as to unlock additional cosmetics, songs, and other features. While a player is performing on the stage, viewers can submit requests, fashioned similar to those in the game's campaign mode, to challenge the current player.[3]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_paxeast-5"},{"link_name":"PAX East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX_(event)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_paxeast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_paxeast-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_paxeast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_paxeast-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Harmonix had announced a publishing deal through NCSoft in August 2018 for a rhythm game for personal computers and consoles.[4] Harmonix' Dan Sussman said that NCSoft had seen the game in an early state and quickly became their publishing partner for it, including support for showcasing the game at industry events.[5] Fuser was announced at the 2020 PAX East event in February 2020, with plans for release on November 10, 2020.[6]Sussman said that Fuser was a continued evolution of their music games in how they have looked at player agency. With Fuser, Sussman believed that many players of their games have a wide range of musical tastes, as well wanting to have more control of how they interact with their music, thus enabling them to be creative with their tastes.[5] Additionally, Harmonix found that with games like Rock Band, which offered a large number of songs, the songs essentially became disposable as players didn't have much incentive to learn the songs in details, and wanted a game that gave the player an opportunity to get more familiar with the structure of a song.[5] Compared to many of Harmonix' past games, Fuser does not require any special peripherals. Harmonix's Dan Walsh said that accessibility and ease of bringing the game to market, both as retail and digital products, was a driver behind a peripheral-less game.[7] Sussman also found that because Fuser featured new gameplay compared to any of their previous games, it was able to draw both experienced rhythm game players and new players into it.[5]Sussman said that as with past Harmonix games, songs from bands closely associated with Harmonix employees will likely also appear on the full setlist. Sussman also said that for music licensing purposes, they assured that the rights for these songs not only include the ability to mix with other songs, but for users to share these songs and mixes to social media.[5]Harmonix announced that the game's online features will shut down on December 19, 2022. The game and all DLC will be removed from sale, though players will still be able to use all content they own in the game's offline modes following this date.[8] However, it was announced on December 16, 2022 that the servers would stay up until early 2023, due to an unspecified issue.[9]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr_intro-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The following songs are included with the base Fuser game:[10][11]Three songs were also available as pre-order bonuses. The pre-order bonuses were later released as normal DLC on January 21, 2021.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"DLC","text":"Upon release, 25 songs became available as the first batch of DLC.[12]On November 18, 2020, Harmonix announced the first batch of post-release DLC songs, along with the 2020 Backstage Pass which includes all songs and cosmetic packs released until the end of 2020.On February 10, 2022, it was announced that after the release of individual singles from the 2021 Mixtape pack in March, paid DLC releases for the game would cease, while music inside of the Diamond Shop will continue to be released.[13]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-15"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticNS: 80/100[14]PC: 74/100[15]PS4: 82/100[16]XONE: 81/100[17]Fuser received a generally positive reception from critics.[14][16][17] The PC release received \"mixed or average reviews\".[15]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McWhertor, Michael (February 26, 2020). \"Harmonix unveils Fuser, a music-mixing game where you play as a festival DJ\". Polygon. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/2/26/21153350/harmonix-fuser-dj-festival-new-music-game-announced-ncsoft","url_text":"\"Harmonix unveils Fuser, a music-mixing game where you play as a festival DJ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Naudus, Kris (March 3, 2020). \"'Fuser' is 'Rock Band' and 'DropMix' without the expensive clutter\". Engadget. Retrieved March 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2020/03/03/harmonix-fuser-hands-on/","url_text":"\"'Fuser' is 'Rock Band' and 'DropMix' without the expensive clutter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, Mike (May 25, 2021). \"New Fuser Update Lets Players DJ For 250+ Fans Live\". Kotaku. Retrieved May 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/new-fuser-update-lets-players-dj-for-250-fans-live-1846962704","url_text":"\"New Fuser Update Lets Players DJ For 250+ Fans Live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Chris (August 2, 2018). \"Harmonix signs multiplatform publishing deal with NCSoft\". Gamasutra. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/323530/Harmonix_signs_multiplatform_publishing_deal_with_NCSoft.php","url_text":"\"Harmonix signs multiplatform publishing deal with NCSoft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Couture, Joel (March 6, 2020). \"Harmonix Talks About Letting Players Get Creative With FUSER\". Siliconera. Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconera.com/fuser-developer-talks-on-bringing-player-creativity-to-rhythm-games/","url_text":"\"Harmonix Talks About Letting Players Get Creative With FUSER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconera","url_text":"Siliconera"}]},{"reference":"LeBlanc, Leslie (September 3, 2020). \"Harmonix's Fuser Gets November Release Date\". IGN. Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/harmonixs-fuser-gets-november-release-date","url_text":"\"Harmonix's Fuser Gets November Release Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Dayus, Oscar (February 26, 2020). \"Guitar Hero dev's new game snubs physical instruments – here's why\". PCGamesN. Retrieved February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/fuser/physical-peripheral-instruments","url_text":"\"Guitar Hero dev's new game snubs physical instruments – here's why\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGamesN","url_text":"PCGamesN"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (December 2, 2022). \"FUSER to end all sales, online services on December 19\". Gematsu. Retrieved December 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/12/fuser-to-end-all-sales-online-services-on-december-19","url_text":"\"FUSER to end all sales, online services on December 19\""}]},{"reference":"\"FUSER on Twitter\". Twitter. December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/FUSERgame/status/1603877095989563396","url_text":"\"FUSER on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Koczwara, Michael (February 26, 2020). \"'Fuser' Makes You Feel Like a DJ — Even If You Don't Know Who Billie Eilish Is\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harmonixs-fuser-is-intro-rhythm-games-not-musically-inclined-1281895","url_text":"\"'Fuser' Makes You Feel Like a DJ — Even If You Don't Know Who Billie Eilish Is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuser Music Credits\". Harmonix. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://harmonixmusic.com/fuser-song-credits","url_text":"\"Fuser Music Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonix","url_text":"Harmonix"}]},{"reference":"Mejia, Ozzie (October 22, 2020). \"Fuser reveals first 25 DLC songs as it goes gold\". Shacknews. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/121094/fuser-reveals-first-25-dlc-songs-as-it-goes-gold","url_text":"\"Fuser reveals first 25 DLC songs as it goes gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"}]},{"reference":"\"FUSER 2022 Update\". February 10, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210224936/https://www.fuser.com/en-us/news/article/7309/fuser-2022-update","url_text":"\"FUSER 2022 Update\""},{"url":"https://www.fuser.com/en-us/news/article/7309/fuser-2022-update","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuser for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Fuser for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuser for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Fuser for PC Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuser for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"Fuser for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuser for Xbox One Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"Fuser for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuser_(video_game)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/2/26/21153350/harmonix-fuser-dj-festival-new-music-game-announced-ncsoft","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix unveils Fuser, a music-mixing game where you play as a festival DJ\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2020/03/03/harmonix-fuser-hands-on/","external_links_name":"\"'Fuser' is 'Rock Band' and 'DropMix' without the expensive clutter\""},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/new-fuser-update-lets-players-dj-for-250-fans-live-1846962704","external_links_name":"\"New Fuser Update Lets Players DJ For 250+ Fans Live\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/323530/Harmonix_signs_multiplatform_publishing_deal_with_NCSoft.php","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix signs multiplatform publishing deal with NCSoft\""},{"Link":"https://www.siliconera.com/fuser-developer-talks-on-bringing-player-creativity-to-rhythm-games/","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix Talks About Letting Players Get Creative With FUSER\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/harmonixs-fuser-gets-november-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Harmonix's Fuser Gets November Release Date\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/fuser/physical-peripheral-instruments","external_links_name":"\"Guitar Hero dev's new game snubs physical instruments – here's why\""},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/12/fuser-to-end-all-sales-online-services-on-december-19","external_links_name":"\"FUSER to end all sales, online services on December 19\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/FUSERgame/status/1603877095989563396","external_links_name":"\"FUSER on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harmonixs-fuser-is-intro-rhythm-games-not-musically-inclined-1281895","external_links_name":"\"'Fuser' Makes You Feel Like a DJ — Even If You Don't Know Who Billie Eilish Is\""},{"Link":"http://harmonixmusic.com/fuser-song-credits","external_links_name":"\"Fuser Music Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/121094/fuser-reveals-first-25-dlc-songs-as-it-goes-gold","external_links_name":"\"Fuser reveals first 25 DLC songs as it goes gold\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220210224936/https://www.fuser.com/en-us/news/article/7309/fuser-2022-update","external_links_name":"\"FUSER 2022 Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.fuser.com/en-us/news/article/7309/fuser-2022-update","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","external_links_name":"\"Fuser for Switch Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"Fuser for PC Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","external_links_name":"\"Fuser for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/fuser/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","external_links_name":"\"Fuser for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.fuser.com/en-us","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
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